m mmmt I Ho CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM The De-oar troent CORNELL UNIVEftSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 070 682 616 CIRCaJLflTE tO^Ql^'p NOV 2 6 1951 NOV 2 6 1951 Ml Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924070682616 DEPAETMENT OF THE INTEEIOR, ' UJ. CENSUS OFFICE :PTIJ^NCZS JL. "WALKER, Superintendent, Appointed April 1, 1879; resigned November 3, 1881. C13.A.S. "W. SEA-TON", Superintendent, Appointed Ifovember 4, 1881. REPORT ON THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO), BY CHARLES S. SARGENT, AKNOLD PEOFESSOE OF ARBORICULTUEE IN HAEVAED COLLEGE, SPKCI^Xi ^G-EN-O? TEjSrXH CENSXTS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE. 1884. (.Ijiry'lu t LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Depaetment op the Inteeioe, Census Office, Washington, D. C, September 1, 1884. Hon. H. M. Teller, Secretary of the Interior, Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Eeport on the Forests of Iforth America (exclusive of Mexico), hj Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboricultare in Harvard College. This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. W. SEATON, Superintendent of Census. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pago. Letter op Transmittal ix PART I. THE FOEEST TREES OF NOETH AMEEIOA, EXCLUSIVE OP MEXICO. The Forests of North America — General remarks 3-16 The Atlantic region 3-6 The Pacific region 6-10 Distribution of genbIia • 10-12 Disti^bution op species 12-16 A Catalogue of the Forest Trees op North Aimbrica, exclusive of Mexico, with remarks upon their Synonomt, Bibliographical History, Distribution, Economic Values, and Uses 17-219 Index to Catalogue 220-243 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Preliminary remarks 247 Specific gravity and ash 24&-251 Fuel value 251,252 The strength of wood ' 252 Comparative values 252 Table of relative values 253-255 Table of averages 256-259 Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific gravity in the wood of certain species 259-264 General remarks 264,265 Tannin values 265 Table I.— Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States. 266-349 Table II. — Actual fuel value of some, of the more important woods op the United States 350-353 Table III. — Behaviob of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-415 Table IV. — Behavior of some of the woods of the United States under transverse strain: specimens eight CENTIMETERS SQUARE 414-417 Table V.— Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression 418-481 Paet III. THE FOEESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIE ECONOMIC ASPECTS. General remarks 485 The lumber industry 485-489 Fuel 489 Wood used as fuel for various purposes 489 Estimated consumption op wood for domestic purposes 489 consumpiton of charcoal 469 Forest fires 491-493 Table op forest fires occurring during the census year 491,492 North Atlantic division - 494-510 Maine 494-496 New Hampshire 496-498 Vermont 498-500 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 500,.501 New York 501-506 New Jersey 506 Pennsylvania 506-510 V vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. South Atlantic division 511-523: Delaware ^^^ Maryland ^^^ District of Columbia ^^1 Virginia - 511,512^ West Virginia 512-615 North Carolina ; - -• --,--.t----!t r -,----•!•- 515-518 Naval stores -- ...'..;... 1 ' 516,517 South Carolina ; -• 518,519 Burning off dead herbage 518 Georgia 51P,52a Florida - t '-r-- 520-583" Pencil cedar 522 Cypress 522 Southern Central division .i..i.l. .^ 524-548 Alabama 524-530 The Maritime pine region j... .iU.-.i- ..J.'.... '. „.j. .... 525-527 Cypress swamps of the Tensas river 525-527 The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc ■. j....l .....i 527,528 Forests of the Tennessee valley ■■■- - 528,529 General remarks 529 The pine belt of central Alabama - - 529 The pine region of the Coosa v- 529 Naval stores. ....:.............':....'.:....::;..i... ......'. 629,530 Mississippi .- .- --.- 530-536 The pine forests of southern Mississippi ...- 531,532 The northeastern counties - 532-534 Central pine hills : 534 Western Mississippi i :........ 534,535 The Yazoo delta 535,536 Louisiana .......: ..iJj... ..liLj... ....i. ...; ......v.. , 536-540 Moss ginning 536,537 Texas 540-543 Indian territory 543 Arkansas 543,544 Tennessee 544,545 Effect of fires upon the forest t--.--, --•, 545 Kentucky 545,546 Pasturage of woodlands.. 546 Northern Central division 547-563 Ohio 547 Indiana , 547 Illinois ., ,., .., 5477550 Michigan r. 550-554 Forest fires . , ,. ,.., 550,551 Statistics of growing timber ----., 551 Wisconsin 554-558 Minnesota r.--.. 558-560 Forests on Indian reservations •. 559, 560 Iowa 560 Missouri 1..; 560,561 Dakota ^ 561,562 Nebraska ^ .., 562 Kansas 562,563 Western division , 564-580 Montana u 564-566 Wyoming , 566,567 Colorado. 567,568 New Mexico 568 Arizona , 568,569 Utah 569-571 Lake range, west of Utah lake ; j 570 Sanpete Valley range 570 Sevier Kiver mountains 570 Nevada : , .' 571 Idaho 571-573 Washington ; ....:..... ^.Li.-. 573-576 Oregon 576-578 California 578-580 Pasturage of mountain forests 579, 5ti0 Alaska 580 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vn LIST OF ILLUSTKATIOI^S. Pago. Map of the United States, showing the character of the Fuel used in the different sections of the settled portion of the country ' 489 Map op the United States, showing the proportion op Woodland within the settled area burned over during the census year ., 491 Map showing Density of Forests in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 495 Map op Maine, showing the Distribution of Pine and Spruce Forests 496 Map op New Hampshire and Vermont, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Spruce Forests 497 Map of Pennsylvania, showing the Distrib ution of the Pine and Hemlock Forests 506 Map showing Density of Forests in Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucbty, Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois 511 Map of West Virginia, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood, Spruce, and Pine Forests 512 Map op North Carolina, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests , 515 Map showing Density of Forests in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana 518 Map of South Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 519 Map op Georgia, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 520 Map op Florida, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 522 Map op Alabama, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 524 Map of Mississippi, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 530 Map of Louisiana, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 536 Map showing Density op Forests in Texas 540 Map op Texas, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 541 Map showing Density of Forests in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian Territory 543 Map of Aricansas, S'HOwing the Distribution op the Pine and Hardwood Forests 544 Map showing Density op Forests in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa 550 Map of the Lower Peninsula op Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551 Map op the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551 Map of Wisconsin, showing the Distribution op the Hardwood and Pine Forests 554 Map op Minnesota, showing the Distribution op the Hardwood and Pine Forests 558 Map showing Density of Forests in Dakota 561 Map showing Density op Forests in Nebraska 562 Map showing Density of Forests in Montana 564 Map showing Density op Forests in Wyoming ; 566 Map showing Density op Forests in Colorado , 567 Map showing Density of Forests in New Mexico 568 Map showing Density op Forests in Arizona 569 Map showing Density of Forests in Utah 570 Map showing Density op Forests in Nevada 571 Map showing Density op Forests in Idaho ., .' 572 Map showing Density of Forests in Washington 574 Map showing Density op Forests in Oregon 576 Map showing Density of Forests in California 578 Map of a portion op California, showing the Distribution op the Kedwood Forests , 580 MAPS CONTAINED IN POETFOLIO A0COMPA2!re"ING THIS VOLUME. — Map showing the position of the Forest, Prairie, and Treeless Regions of North America, exclusive op Mexico. — Map showing the Natural Divisions of the North American Forests, exclusive op Mexico. — Map showing the Distribution of the genus Fraxinus (the Ashes) in North America, exclusive of Mexico. — Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Carya and Umbellularia (the Hickories and California Laurel). —Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genus Juglans (the. Walnuts). —Map showing the Distribution of the genus Quercus (the Oaks) in North America, exclusive op Mexico. — Map op the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Castanea and Castanopsis (the Chestnuts AND Chinquapins). — Map showing the Distribution of the genus Pinus (the Pines) in North America, iTsclusive op Mexico. — Map showing the Distribution of the genera Abies and Picea (the Firs and Spruces) in North America, exclu- sive OP Mexico. —Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of Liriodendron Tulipifera and Pinus Lambertiana. —Map of the United States, showing the Distribution op Prosopis Juliflora, Quercus Alba, and Quercus Densiplora. —Map showing the Distribution op Fraxinus Americana and Pinus Ponderosa in North America, exclusive op Mexico. —Map showing the Distribution op the genera Cham^ecyparis and Cupressus in North America, exclusive op Mexico. —Map showing the Distribution of the genera Thuya, Taxodium, and Sequola m North America, exclusive op Mexico. —Map showing the Distribution op Pinus Strobus, Pinus Palustris, and Pseudotsuga Douglasu in North America, exclusive of Mexico. —Map of the United States, showing the Relative Average Density of Existing Forests. No. 1. Np. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. '6. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. No. \2. No. 13. No. 14.- No. 15.- No. 16.- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Beookline, Massachusetts, July 1, 1883. To THE SUPEBINTENDBNT OP CENSUS. SiE : I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forests of the United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent npon the forest for their support. Mr. Andrew Kobeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this report; he has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its correspondence. Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken with the view of determining the value of the dififerent woods produced in the forests of the United States. Mr. C. Or. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern New England and New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California. Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently,, as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests- of southern Florida. Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states. Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan,^ Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower Mississippi River, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the forest statistics of that state. Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the forests of the northern Rocky Mountain region, and Mr. Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, those of the Black hills^ of Dakota. I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates have performed the difiScult duties to which they were assigned ; their zeal and intelligence have made possible the preparation of this report. It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, and Robert Bell, members of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian forests, piiblished in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1879-'80. I am under special obligation to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a long- journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal. Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the benefit of his critical advice in the study of this difficult genus. I desire to express to him and to Dr. Laurence Johnson, of New York, who has furnished me with a full series of notes upon the medical properties of the trees of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. My thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Tenth Census, for cordial co-operation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine there, for advice and assistance afforded Mr. Sharpies while conducting the experiments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of correspondents in all parts of the United States who have favored me with their cordial co-operation. I am, sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES S. SARGENT, Special Agent. F^ET I. THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA. GENERAL EEMARKS. The North American contineut, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here, may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to the Eio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, In natural features, composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central part of the continent, are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and Its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar features of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Tyjiical North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle upon the Black hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. THE ATLANTIC REGION. The forests of the Atlantic region may be considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the Northern Pine Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 2, portfolio). These n.atural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many general features in common,, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of species, making such a separation natural and convenient. The Iforthern Forest stretches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, sweeps to the south of Hudson bay, and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth degree at the 100th meridian. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees in its greatest extension north. and south along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. The region occupied by this Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, eujoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent species, of which this forest is composed, to eight ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder,, with a single exception, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an open, stunted forest upon the low divides of the 3 4 FOBEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. watersheds, and reach a higher latitude than any other arborescent species of the continent ; the valleys and wide bottoms are clothed with broad sheets of poplars, dwarf birches, and willows. The forest of this entire region is scattered, open, stunted, and of no great economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of north latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental plateau, which will be considered hereafter. South of the Northern Forest the Northern Fine Belt extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninety-sixth meridian of longitude ; east of the Apalachian Mountain system it extends south over nearly 6 degrees of latitude, with a long, narrow spur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly 3 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghany mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is replaced south of the forty-third degree of latitude by the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized by the white pine (Pinus Strohus), its most important, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the Apalachian system this tree often forms extensive forests upon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence l)asin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often of considerable extent, scattered through the deciduous forest. Forests of black spruce are still an important feature of this region, especially at the north, and within its boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the white ash, the sugar maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the sassafras, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single species, the red cedar, the tupelo, the sycamore, the beech, and other important genera. The Southern Maritime Pine Belt extends from the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude along the coast in a marrow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tampa ba,y ; it stretches across the Florida peninsula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi are encountered; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and, south of the Red river, and here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississippi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This belt is well characterized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate neighborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long-leaved pine (P, palustris). The live oak, the palmetto, and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the borders of the shallow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, different gums, water oaks, hickories, and ashes attain noble dimensions. The southern cypress ( Taxodium), although extending far beyond- the limits of this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, and, next to the long-leaved pine, may be considered the characteristic species of the maritime pine belt. The Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occupies, with two unimportant exceptions to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where peculiar geological features have favored the growth of Goniferce, belts of pine, growing gregariously or mixed with oaks and other broad-leaved trees, occur, especially upon some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this whole region are found, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed. Oaks, hickories, walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exception of a few species peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development and value. Upon the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower Eed river, regions of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness. Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests of other broad-leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other parts of the country. The forest of the Eed Eiver valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the elevation of the Alleghany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts are hero mingled with plants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here side by side ; here is the center of distribution of the Forth American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain such size and beauty. The osage orange is peculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of American Goniferce, the southern and the yellow pine {Finns palustris and mitis) here reach their best development. Just outside of this region, upon the " bluff'' formation of the lower Mississippi valley and of western Louisiana, the stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their greatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest. . The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very different climatic conditions from those prevailing in the eastern, portion of the continent; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern base of the Eocky mountains, forming what is known as the Great Plains. This great interior region, on account of its lemoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sufficient to insure a growth of herbage, but not sufficient to support, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest GENERAL REMARKS. 5 forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fifty-second degree of north latitude ; it follows southward the trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest width, in about latitude 40° N., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This whole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, i)oplar8, elms, and hackberries, trees adapted to flourish under such unfavorable conditions. These diminish in size and number with the rainfall, and often disappear entirely from the banks of even the largest streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of the forty- fifth degree of latitude. Korth and east of these central treeless plains a belt of prairie extends from the sixtieth degree of north latitude to southern Texas. The average width east and west of this prairie region^ through much of its extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is much greater, however, here reaching the western shores of lake Michigan, and forming a great recess in the western line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a depth of nearly COO miles. The transition from the heavy forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip of debatable ground where a continuous struggle between the forest and the plain takes place. There is here sufficient precipitation of moisture to cause, under normal conditions, a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference quickly turns the scale. Trees planted within this prairie belt thrive if protected from fire and the encroachment of the tough prairie sod, and so extend the forest line westward ; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destroyed it does not soon regain possession of the soil, and the prairie is gradually pushed eastward. The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides it from the prairie where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made to grow under favorable conditions everywhere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent. The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, upon the fortieth degree of north latitude, near the northern boundary of the state of Kansas. North of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the eastern> base of the Eocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This northwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be ascribed to the comparatively small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north aud to a slight local increase of spring and summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas ujion the one hundredth meridian. Other causes, however, than insufficient rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the plain have prevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall of this region is sufficient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in amount that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the region of the heaviest forest growth. It is not want of sufficient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the general spread of forest over these prairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact that trees planted upon them grow with vigor and rapidity, is not unsuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests in this region, supposing that they ever existed, cannot with the present knowledge of the subject be even guessed at. . It is, however, fair to assume that forests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce forests, and that their absence under such conditions must be traced to accidental causes. It is not difficult to understand that the forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil protected by an impenetrable covering of sod and subjected to the annual burnings which have occurred down to the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and difficult. The assumption that these eastern prairies may have once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms have gradually spread to the uplands. Small prairies situated just within the western edge of the forest have entirely disappeared within the memory of persons still living ; the oak openings— open forests of large oaks through which the annual fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the characteristic feature of these prairies, have disappeared. They are replaced by dense forests of oak, which only require protection from fire to spring into existence. In western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less common and destructive, spreading over what a few years ago was treeless prairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated in the region of abundant rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected from fire is gradually gaining in every direction ; regions which fifty years ago were treeless outside the river bottoms now contain forests covering 10 or even 20 per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be confounded with their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between forest and plain — or with the plains themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spread of forest growth upon the plains. They are treeless, on account of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth; and while trees may, perhaps, if planted, survive during a few years 6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. beyond the western limits of the prairie as here laid down, the permanent establishment of forests there does not seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual drought must put an end to all attempts at forest cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Map No. 1, portfolio). It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida and the Mexican, Forei^t of Southern Texas. A group of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the narrow strip of coast and islands of southern Florida. This belt of semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast and to occasional hummocks or islands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great portion of southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the peninsula. This semi-tropical forest belt reaches cape Malabar on the east and the shores of Tampa bay on the west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther north. Ifc is rich in composition ; nearly a quarter of all the arborescent species of the Atlautic forest are found within this insignificant region. The semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic imi)ortance. The species of which it is composed here leach the extreme northern limit of their distribution; they are generally small, stunted, and of comparatively little value. Certain species, however, attain respectable proportions; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal palm, the maugrove, the sea-grape, the -lamaica dogwood, the manchineel, and other species here become considerable and important trees. In western and southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insufficient moisture from farther extension southward outside the river bottoms, are replaced by species of the plateau of northern Mexico. The streams flowing into the gulf of Mexico are still lined, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species of the Atlantic basin, which thus reach southward to beyond the Eio Grande. The Mexican forest belt of Texas extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety eighth meridian, to the Eio Grande. It touches the coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern base of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos ; here the species of which it is composed mingle with those ijeculiar to the Pacific-Mexican forest. The forest of this region, like that of all countries of iusufficient moisture, is open, stunted, and comparatively of little value. It is characterized by enormous areas covered with chaparral (dense and often impenetrable thickets of thorny shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes of heavier timber along the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this whole region, the mesquit, extends to the Pacific coast. With this exception, none of the arborescent species peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although the forest of small junipers wLich covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of trees. The region immediately adjoining the Eio Grande abounds in diffei'cut species of Acacia, Leuccena, aud other Mexican Leguminosw ; and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish bayonet {Yucca baccata) covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth. THE PACIFIC EEGION. The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of the continent. The causes which have influenced the present position and density of these forests must be sought in the peculiar distribution of the rainfall of the region. The precipitation of moisture upon the northwest coast is unequaled by that of any ■ other part of the continent. It gradually decreases with the latitude until, in southern California, the temperature of the land so far exceeds that of the ocean that precipitation is impossible through a large part of the year. The interior of all this great region, shut otf by the high mountain ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent, is very imperfectly supplied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfall, heavier at the north, as upon the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in nearly the same proportion. This entire region is composed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long and generally narrow valleys. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the position of the mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposit the moisture they contain. It follows that, while the interior valleys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges and especially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable precipitation of both rain and snow. If the distribution of the forests of any region is dependent upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives forests exceeding in density those of any other part of the continent would be found upon the northwest coast • they would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disappear near the southern boundary of the United States, while the forests of all the interi.)r region, from the summit of the principal Coast Eanges to the eastern base of the Eocky mountains, wonl-. be confined to the flanks and -summits of the mountains. These forests would be heavy upon the high ranges, especially toward the north ; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution and density they actually follow the distribution of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the influence of moisture upon forest growth. Within the Pacific region the heaviest and the lightest forests of the continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall. The forests of the Pacific region may be considered under four divisions : tl^e Northern Forest the Coast Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 2, portfolio). GENERAL REMARKS. 7 The Northern Forest of tlie Pacific region extends from nearly the seventieth to about the fifty-eighth degree of north latitude, or, immediately upon the coast, is replaced by the Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Iforthern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of the Pacific. The southern limit of this open, scanty j^orthern Forest, composed of species which extend across the continent, or of species closely allied to those of the JSTorthern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imperfectly known, especially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must still be left to further exploration. The Avhite spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here also the most important species. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoe- birch, the balsam poplar, and the aspen, familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northera Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest. The Pacific Coast Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel ; here it widens, embracing the shores of Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the United States. This interior development of the Coast Forest, following the abundant rainfall of the region, is carried northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur extending north nearly to the fifty-fourth parallel. It reaches southward along the Coeur d'Alene, Bitter-Root, and the western ranges of the Eocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory, Idaho, and portions of western Montana, The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern slopes of the Cascade Eange; in California the summits of the i)rincipal southern prolongation of these mountains, the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Eange nearly to the southern boundary of the United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast and to the banks of mountain streams, and, economically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The characteristic and most valuable species of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar [Chamcecyparis), the tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the principal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of the coast between the sixty-first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south. The red fir {Pseudotsuga), the most important and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific region, reaches the coast archipelago in latitude 51° ; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory and Oregon it is the prevailing forest tree. The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far as cape Mendicino, near the fortieth parallel, is replaced south of the Eogue Eiver valley by a forest in which forms peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast reaches its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Eange and the ocean. North of the fifty-first parallel it gradually decreases in density, and south of the forty-third parallel it changes in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) reach here enormous dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple, Cottonwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the space of a few feet. The ground, shaded throughout the year by the impenetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is densely covered by a thick carpet of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The more open portions of this forest are choked by an impenetrable growth of various Vaccinew of almost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple, and other shrubs. The soil which has produced the maximum growth of forest in this region is, outside the river bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in depth ; the luxuriance of vegetable growth, therefore, illustrates the influence of a heavy rainfall and temperate cUmate upon the forest. The general character of this forest in the interior, although composed largely of the species peculiar to the coast, difCers somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition and largely in natural-features. The dense, impenetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the summit of the Cascade Eange, by a more open growth, generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hemlock, and the red cedar [Thvya) are still important elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast Forest — the white fir {Ahies grandis), the jew, the alders, the mountain hemlock {Tsuga Pattoniana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine [Pinus monticola) — are still represented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development toward the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coaat Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not extend east of the Cascades. The tide- 8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 land spruce is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa }, barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains one of the most important and characteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-thirdi degree of latitude changes in composition. The tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the Thuya are gradually replaced by more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lambertima) here first appears. The California laurel {Umbellularia) covers with magnificent growth the broad river bottoms. The Libocedrus, several oaks, and the chinquapin here reach the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the appearance of the Port Orford cedar (Chamweyparis Lawsoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the northern boundary of California, the redwood forests (Sequoia) appear. The Coast Forest of California will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the Coast Eange, the forest of the western slope of the Sierra ]!fevada, which, toward the northern boundary of the state, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra IJiTevada and the Coast Eange ; and, third, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying between the Coast Eange and the Sierra Nevada, south of this northern connection. The important feature of the Coast Eange, as far south as the thirty- seventh degree of latitude, is the belt of redwood occupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the ocean, and hardly exceeding thirty miles in width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the slopes and bottom of the narrow canons of the western slope of the Coast Eange, the maximum productive capacity of the forest is reached. 2^o other forest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered along the coast of northern California. The red fir reaches, in the California Coast Eange, a size and value only surpassed in the more northern forests of the coast; the yellow pine is an important tree in the northern portions of thife region, and here flourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast Eange is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Cupressus macrocarpa and Pinus insignis are confined to a few isolated groves upon the shores of the bay of Monterey; Abies iracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else ; and Pinu» Torreyana, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small groups upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Eange is checked from farther southern development, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insufficient moisture ; the scanty forests which clothe the high declivities of the Coast Eange farther south belong in composition to the Sierra forests. The heavy forest which covers the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Puget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt situated between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at the north to the thirty-fifth parallel; farther south it diminishes in density and disappears upon the southern ridges of the Coast Eange just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greatest width occurs in northern California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges and peaks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine (P. Lamhertiana), which here reaches its greatest development and value, and gives unsurpassed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar pine are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the state, the great Sequoia, appearing first in small isolated groups, and then, farther south, near the headwaters of Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the Sierras, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western flanks of the Cascade Eange, is almost destitute of undergrowth and young trees. It shows the influence of a warm climate and unevenly distributed rainfall upon forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attained an enormous size, but they have grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here subalpine and alpine in character and of little economic value. Different pines and firs, the mountain hemlock, and the western juniper are scattered in open stretches of forest upon the high ridges of the Sierras. The forest below the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the number of species increases. The small pines of the upper foot-hills are mingled with oaks in considerable variety. These gradually increase in number. Pines are less frequent and finally disappear. The forest of the valleys is composed of oaks, the individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but nowhere forming a continuous, compact growth. The Coast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpassed in density^ is composed of a comparatively small number of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the same general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditions of the regions which it covers. The species which compose this forest range through nearly 26 degrees of latitude, or northern species^ are replaced in the south by closely allied forms ; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern species far exceed in number those peculiar to the north. The Interior Forest extends from the southern limits of the northern subarctic forest to the plateau of northern Mexico ; it occupies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and west of it, are stunted and remarkable in their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slope* GENERAL REMARKS. 9 and canons of the numerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or, outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and considerable importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and upon the flanks of the high peaks of the southern Kocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of 13,500 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American forest development, outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species and in the proportion of forest to entire area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the arid region between the Wahsatch mountains and the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Here the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and slopes of the infrequent canons of the low mountain ranges which occupy, with a general north and south trend, this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although often of immense age, and everywhere show the marks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany (Gercocarpus), the only broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the aspen, which throughout the entire interior region borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This tree, with the nut pine {Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipers are scattered over the lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mesas, as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas {Yiicea brevifolia) upon the high Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region. The red fir and the yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur upon the mountain ranges of the Great Basin. The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras an d upon the Eocky Mountain system, are, for the most part, situated sputh of the forty-second degree of latitude. The forests of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outsidfe the region occupied in the northern Eocky mountains by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insufficient moisture; the number of species of which they are composed is not large; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, scattered, without undergrowth, and confined to the canons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally distributed species of this northern region, a scrub pine [Pinus Murrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other species, and is gradually taking possession of ground cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty- second parallel the red fir [Pseudotsuga) and the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) appear ; with them is associated, in the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern Eocky mountains, the western larch (Larix occidentalis),. the largest and most valuable tree of the Columbian basin. The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow pine and the closely- allied Pinus Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks, multiplied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative. The forests of the southern Eocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the western slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe their existence to the comparatively large precipitation .of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a spruce [Picea Ungelmanni) ; it forms, at between 8,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associated a balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and subalpine species of pine; at lower elevations forests of yellow pine and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with Cottonwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Abies concolor), a species of the Coast Forest,. here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution ; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are covered with scant groves of the nut-pine (Pinus edulis), stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely composed of the same species, extends over the high mountains of New Mexico to those of western Texas and western and northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of pine covers the elevated region lying along the thirty-fiith parallel, culminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona. The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borders with the species peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacific-Mexican Forest, although differing widely in natural features from the Atlantic-Mexican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are confined to the high mountains and their foot-hills, and to the banks of the rare water-courses. They disappear entirely from the Colorado desert and from the valleys and low mountain ranges of southwestern Arizona. The most important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the mesquit, the characteristic species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most remarkable species of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the boundary of the United States, between the one hundred and fifth and the one hundred and eleventh meridians, enjoy a larger and more regularly- distributed rainfall than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain ranges are often dense and varied. Upon their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of 10 FOUEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. the Pacific region are mingled with pines, a juniper, an arbutus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican plateau. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican origin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The bottoms of the caiions are lined with a dense growth of cottonwood, hackberry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foot-hills and mesas are covered with open groves of various oaks peculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the United States at least, their greatest development. Such are some of the prominent forest features of North America; a dense forest, largely composed, except at the north, of a great variety of broad-leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly unbroken sheet until checked by insufficient moisture from further western development — the forest of the Atlantic region; a forest of conifers, occupying the ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in density in the humid climate of the coast, open and stunted in the arid interior— the forest of the Pacific region. A more detailed examination of the distribution of North American arborescent genera and species will serve to illustrate the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the comparative poverty of those of the Pacific region. It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions differ in composition. DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA. The forests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the Atlantic and 59 genera in the P'acific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States outside the semi-tropical region of Florida. The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are designated by a *. Magnolia Liriodendron . Asimina , *Aiiona •Capparis *Canella *CluBia Gordonia Fremontia Tilia *Byr8enima ■"Gaaiacnm Porliera. Xanthoxylum Ptelia Canotia ■'Simarnba *Bnrsera *Amyris ■•Swietenia ■"Ximenia Ilex Cyrilla Cliftonia Euonymus 'Myginda *Scli8efferia *Eeyuosia Condalia Ehamnus Ceanothus *Colubrina ^scnlus Ungnadia Sapindus *Hypelate Acer Negundo Bhus Fietacia Genera represented by arbo- rescent species In the Atlantic region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Pacific region. V V V V V V V V V V V Eysenhardtia . . Dalea EobiDia Olneya *Pisoidia Cladrastis Sophora Gymnooladus.. Gledltschia Parkinsonia . . . Cercis Prosopis LeuciBiia Acacia 'Lysiloma *Pitliecolobium . Chrysobalanus , Prunus Vanquelinia . . . Cercocarpus . . . Pyrus Crataegns Heteromeles... Amelanchier ... Hamamelis Liquidambar .. Bhizophora Conocarpus Laguncularia . . *Calyptranthe8 . •Eugenia . Cereus Cornus Nysea Sambuous Viburnnm *Exo8temma Pinckneya *Genipa Guettarda Genera represented by arbo- t-escent species in the Atlantic region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Pacific region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V GENERAL REMARKS. 11 Vaccininm Andromeda Arbutus ■Oxydendrum ... Kalmia Rhododeudron .. *Myrsin6 "Ardisia •Jacquinia "Chryeophyllum . 'Sideroxylon *Dipliolis Bumelia "Mimusops Diospyros Symplooos Halesia ■Fraxinua Forestiera Chionanthns ... Osmanthus Cordia *Bourreria ■*Ehretia Catalpa Chilopsis "Crescentia *Citharexylum .. *Avicennia "Pisonia *Coccoloba Persea *Nectandra Sassafras Umbellularia . . . 'Drypetes *fiebastiania 'Hippomane Ulmus Genera repreaented by arbo- rescent species io the Atlantic region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Genera represented by arbo- reeceot Bpecies in the Pacific region. , V V V V V Planera Celtis *Ficns Morus Madura Platanus Juglans Carya Myrica Quercus Castauopsis ... Castanea ...'... Fagus Ostrya Carpiuus Betula Alnus Salix PopuluB Libocedrus Thuya ChamiBcyparis . Cupressus Juniperus Taxodium Sequoia Taxus Torreya Pinus Picea Tsnga Pseudotsuga . . . Abies Larix Sabal Wasbingtonia . •Thrinax "Oreodoxa Yucca Genera represented bj- arbo- rescent species in the Atlantic region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Pacific V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V orescent species f 43 genera occur withi n the limits of the two regions. They are : Ptelia. Eobiuia. Arbutus. Quercus. Taxus. ■Condalia. Parkinsonia. Bumelia. Betula. Torreya Khamnus. Prosopis. Fraxinus. Alnus. Pinus. ..aSsouIus. Acacia. Chilopsis. Salix. Picea. Ungnadia. Prunus. Celtis. Populus. Tsuga. Sapindus. Pyrus. Morus. Thuya. Abies. Acer. CratsBgus. Platanus. ChamsBcyparis. Larix. Negundo. Cornus. Juglans. Juniperus. Yucca. Eysenbardtia. Sambucus, Myrica. The following genera, 44 in number, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of semi-tropical Florida, are not represented in the Pacific forest: Magnolia. Cliftonia. Ehizophora. Forestiera. Madura. Liriodendron. Pistacia. Nyssa. Chiouantbus. Carya. Asimina. Cladrastis. Viburnum. Osmanthus. Castanea. Gordonia. Sophora. Pincknoya. Cordia. Fagus. Tilia. Gymnocladus. Andromeda. Catalpa. Ostrya. Porliera. Gleditscbiii. Oxydendrum. Porsea. Carpiuus. XantLoxylum. Leucsena. Diospyros. Sassafras. Taxodium Ilex. Hamamelis. Symplooos. Ulmus. Sabal. Cyrilltt. Liqnidambar. Halesia. Planera. 12 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following genera of the Atlantic region, 9 in number, are represented in the Pacific flora by one or more frutescent, but by no arborescent, species : Euonymus. Amelanohier. Vaocinum. Ehododendron. Ehua. Viburnum. Kalmia. Forestiera. Cercis. Ftelia, Gondalia, Sapindus, Bobinia, Bumelia, Geltis, Morus, and Juglans, genera reaching their greatest development in Forth America in the Atlantic region, extend with a single arborescent representative into the Pacific region. Bhamnus, Msculus, Acer, Negundo, Prunus, Pyrui, Gratmgus, Gornus, Sambueus, Fraxinus, Flatanus^. Myrica, Quercus, Betula, Alnus, Salix, Populus, Thuya, Ghammcyparis, Juniperus, Taxus, Torreya, Pinus, Picea, Tsuga, Abies, and Larix, characteristic Korth American genera, are widely represented in the two regions. tfngnadia, Eysenhardtia, ParMnsonia, Prosopis, Acacia, Ghilopsis, and Tucca, genera of the Mexican flora, are common to the two regions. Arbutus, a genus of the Pacific region, just reaches, with a doubtful species, the Atlantic region through western Texas. The following genera of the Pacific region, 13 in number, have no representatives in the Atlantic region: Fremontia. Cercocarpus. Castanopsis. Sequoia. Canotia. Heteromeles. Libocedrus. Pseudotsuga. Olneya. UmbeUularia. Cupressus. Washingtonia. Vauquelinia. The following genera of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented in the Atlantic region by frutescent species : Ceanothus. Dalea. Cereus. The Atlantic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific region and 7 genera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest contains 13 genera unrepresented in the Atlantic region and 3 genera without Atlantic arborescent representatives. The following genera of the Mexican region, 14 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America. Genera with arborescent representatives in both the Atlantic- and Pacific-Mexican regions are designated by a star (*) : . ' Porliera. Pistacia. Olneya. Aoaoia. 'Ghilopsis. I Canotia.i *Eysenbardtia. *Parkinsonia. Vauquelinia. Washingtonia. *Ungnadia. Dalea. Leuoaana. Cereus. Porliera and Leuccena belong to the Atlantic; Ganotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vauquelinia, Gereus, and Washingtonia to the Pacific region. DISTEIBUTIOI>r OF SPECIES. In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have been detected ; of these, 292 species belong to- the Atlantic region, and 153 occur within the limits of the Pacific region. Species common to the two regions are rare; they are principally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southern boundary of the United States. The following species, 10 in number, cross the continent: Prosopis juliflora. Sambucus Mexicana. Salix longifolia. Populus balsatnifera. Picea alba. Pyrus sambucifolia. Betula papyrifera. Populus tremuloidea. Juniperus Virginiana. Yucca baccata. Prosopis juliflora, Sambucus Mexicana, and Yucca baccata belong to the Mexican flora of the south; Salix longifolia also belongs here, although extending northward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast region of the United States. Populus balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Porest.- Pyrus sambucifolia, Populus tremuloides and Juniperus Virginiana are widely distributed through the central portions of the Atlantic and Pacific regions; they are the only really continental arborescent species. The following species of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the Pacific region : Ptelia trifoliata. Negundo aceroides. Cratasgus tomentosa. Quercus Emoryi. Condalia obovata. Parkinsonia aculeata. ,Praxinus viridis. Alnus incana. Sapindus marginatus. Prunus Americana. Celtis oooidentalis. Salix nigra. Ungnadia speciosa. Prunus Pennsylvanioa. Morus microphylla. Ptelia trifoliata, a widely distributed species of the Atlantic region, extends through western Texas into the extreme southeastern portion of the Pacific region. Gondalia obovata, Ungnadia speciosa, ParMnsonia aculeata,. Morus microphylla, and Quercus Emoryi, of the Atlantic-Mexican forest, extend into the Pacific-Mexican region^ Sapindus marginatus, of the southern Atlantic region, extends through western Texas to the Pacific-Mexican region. Prunus Americana, Prunus Pennsylvanica, and Alnus incana, widely distributed through the northern portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region. Negundo aceroides, Gratcegus tomentosa, Fraxinus viridis, and Geltis occidentalis are widely distributed through the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast. GENERAL EEMARKS. 13 The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region : Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Greggii. ChilopsiB saligna. Juniperus occidentalis. Prosopis pnbescens. Fraxinus pigtacieefolia. Juglans rupestris. Juniperus pachyptlcea. Juglans rupestris and Juniperus occidentalis reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and extend through the Pacific-Mexican region into western Texas ; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The 6 remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican region, just reaching western Texas. The following species of the Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region : Salix amygdaloides. The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend beyond its limits : Acer grandidentatum. Crataegus rivularis. Populus angustifolia. Pinus monophylla. Eobinia Neo-Mexicana. Fraxinus anomala. Pinus flexilis. Picea pungens. Cercocarpus ledifolins. Quercus undulata. Pinus edulis. Yucca brevifolia. A detailed examination of the distribution of the arborescent species composing the North American forests shows that — Magnolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Liriodendron is represented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region. Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of the Atlantic region. Anona, Gapparis, Ganella, and Glusla are represented each by a single semi-tropical species. Oordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other rare and local. Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the southern Pacific Coast region. Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Byrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ouaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. Xanthoxylum is represented by two species of the Atlantic region, by a semi-tropical species, and by a second fiemitropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region. Ptelia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region. Ganotia, a genus endemic to the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species. Simaruba, Amyris, Swietenia, Ximenia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Bursera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frutescent species of the Pacific- Mexican region. ' Ilex, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutescent species, with its center of •distribution in the southern Atlantic region. Cyrilla and Gliftonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region. Euonymus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the AMantic, and by a frutescent species an both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Myginda, Schwfferia, and Beynosia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Gondalia is represented by" one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific- Mexican region. Bhamnus is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Atlantic, by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific region, and by one frutescent species common to the two regions. Geanothus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Golubrina is represented by a single semi-tropical species. JEsculus is represented by two arborescent and by three frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific region. Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-Mexican region, and just reaching the Pacific- Mexican region, is Tepresented by a single species. Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species. Acer is represented by five Atlantic and four Pacific species. Negundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions and by A second species in the Pacific region. 14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Rhus is represented by five arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in both the- Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Pistacia is represented by a single species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Eysenhardtia is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, extending into the Atlantic- Mexican region, Avhere a second frutescent species occurs. Dalea is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican and by numerous frutescent and herbaceous species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Bohinia, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region, is represented by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Atlantic and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Olneya, an endemic genus of the. Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species. Piscidia is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ciadrastis is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region. Sophora is represented by a species in the soiithern Atlantic and by a second species in the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by four frutescent or sufi'rutescent species. Gymnocladus is represented bj'^ a single species in the central Atlantic region. Gleditschia is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Parlcinsonia is represented by an arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions^ by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, and by a frutescent species in the Atlantic- Mexican region. , Gereis is represented by a widely-distributed species in the Atlantic, by a second species in the Atlantic- Mexican, and a frutescent species of the California Coast region. Prosopis is represented by two arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions,, and by two frutescent species. Leucmna is rei)resented by two species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. J.ca<;ta is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican, by one arborescent species of the Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by several frutescent species widely distributed through the two regions. Lysiloma is represented by a single semi-tropical species. PithecoloMum is represented by a single polymorphous arborescent species of semi-tropical Florida, and by a-^ shrubby species of the Mexican Boundary region. Chrysobalanus is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent semi-tropical species. Prmius is represented by seven arborescent species in the Atlantic region ; of these, one is semi-tropical and two extend into the Pacific region. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by four species, of which ons' belongs to the Mexican region, and by several frutescent species. Vauquelmia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Mexican region, is there represented by a single species. Gercocarpus is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Pacific region. Pyrus is represented by one species common to both Atlantic and Pacific, by three arborescent and one- frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Gratcegus is represented by twelve arborescent and frutescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends- into the Pacific region, and by two species in the Pacific region. Meteromeles is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Amelanchier is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by one frutescent species in the- Pacific region. Hamamelis and Liquidambar are each represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. BhizopJiora is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Conocarpns, Laguncularia, and Galyptranthes are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Eugenia is represented by five semi-tropical species. Cereas is represented by a single arborescent speoies in the Pacific and by several frutescent species in the- Atlantic and Pacific regions, Gornns is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent species in the Pacific- region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous species in the two regions. Nyssa is represented by three species in the Atlantic region. Sambucus is represented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the Pacific, by one species in the> Pacific- Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frutescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutescent. species in the Pacific, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions. Viburnum is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the? Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Exostemma is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Pinclcntya, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species. Oenipa is represented by a single semi-tropical species. GENERAL REMARKS. 15 Gueitarda is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-tropical species. Yacdnium is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Andromeda is represented by an arborescent and several frutescent species in the Atlantic region. Arbutus is represented by oue species in the Pacific Coast, by a second species in the Pacific^Icxican, and by one species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Oxydendiuiv, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species. Ealmia is represented by one arborescent species and by three frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one extends to the Pacific region. Rhododendron is represented by oue arborescent and by several frutescent sxjecies in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the Pacific region. Myrsine, Ardisia, Jacqvinia, Ghrysophyllum, Sideroxylon, and Biplwlis arc each represented by a single semi- tropical species. Bumclia is represented by four species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific- Mexican region. Miiimisops is represented by one semi-tropical species. Diospyros is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one in the Atlantic Mexican region. Symplocos is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region. Halesia is represented by two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the southern Atlantic region. Frairinus, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region, is represented by seven species in the Atlantic, of which one extends into the Pacific region, and one belongs to the Mexican region, and by three arborescent and oue frutescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the iMcxican region. Forestiera is represented by one arborescent and seven frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one reaches the Mexican-Pacific region. Ghionantlius and Osmanthus are each represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. CorrZia is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-tropical species and by one arborescent and one frutescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Bourreria and Ekretia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Catalj)a is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region. Ghilopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-Mexicao region. Grescentia, Citharexylum, and Avicennia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Piso7iia is represented by one arborescent and by two frutescent semi- tropical species. Goccoloba is represented by two semi-tropical species. Persea is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region. Nectandra is rei)resented by one semi-tropical species. Sassafras is repn^sented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Umhellularia is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Brypetes, Sebastiania, and Hippomane are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ulmus, with its center of distribution in the Mississippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by fiv© species. Planera is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Celti-s is represented by a single polymorphous species of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, exteuding- into the Pacific region, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic- Mexican and the Pacific- Mexican regions. Fiev^ is represented by three semi-tropical species. Mortis is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, and by one species in the Atlantic- Mexican, extending into the Pacific-JIexican region. Madura is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region. Plainnus is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, by a species in the Pacific coast, and by a species in the Pacific-Mexican region. Jugluns is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region and l>y a species in the Pacifie coast, extending througli Ihe Pacific- Mexican into the Atlantic- Mexican region. Carya, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, with its center of distribution west of the Mississippi river, is- represented by seven species. Myrica is represented by one arborescent and two frutescent species in the Atlantic region and by one arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region. Quercus, with its center of most imi)ort.ant distribution in the basin of the lower Ohio river, is represented in the Athintic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into- the Pacilic-Mexican region ; and in the Paiiiflc region by twelve arborescent species, of which one belongs to th& interior and four to the Mexican region, and by two frutescent species. Ga-sianopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. 16 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Gastanea is represented by two species in the. Atlantic region. Fagus, Ostrya, and Garpinus are each represented by a single widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Betula, with its center of distribution in the northern Atlantic region, is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by four arborescent and one frutescent .species in the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Alnus is represented by three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by two frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Salix is represented in the Atlantic region by five arborescent species, of which three are found in the Pacific region, and by many frutescent species. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by ten arborescent and by many frutescent species. Populus is represented by two species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three species in the Atlantic region , and by three species in the Pacific region. Libocedrus is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Thuya is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific region. GhamcBcyparis is represen ted by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific Coast region. Cupressus is represented by four species in the Pacific region, of which three occur in the coast and one in the Mexican region. Junyperus is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two frutescent species common to both regions. Taxodium is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Sequoia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two species. Taxus is represented by an exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region, by a frutescent species in the northern Atlantic region, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region. Torreya is represented by a single exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region and by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Pinus, with its center of distribution in the southern Pacific Coast region, is represented by thirteen species in the Atlantic and by twenty-two species in the Pacific region, of which three belong to the interior and four to the Mexican region. Picea is represented by one species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one species in the Atlantic, and by three species in the Pacific region, of which one belongs to the interior region. Tsuga is represented by two species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region. Pseudotsuga, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there represented by a single widely-distributed species. Abies is represented by one widely-distributed and by one exceedingly local species in the Atlantic region and by seven species in the Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local. Larix is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region. Sabal is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Washingtonia is represented by a single species in the Pacific Mexican region. Tlirinax is represented by two semi-tropical species, and Oreodoxa by one. Yucca is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one arborescent and by two frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Pacific region. A CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TUBES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES. 2 FOR ^^ FOEEST TREES OP NOETH AMEEIOA. Species whicli grow from the ground with a single stem, either wholly or over a large portion of the area of their distribution, are admitted as trees into the following catalogue, without reference to the height or size they may attain. The line which divides trees from shrnbs is entirely arbitrary, and is often unsatisfactory in application. A separation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is perhaps less objectionable, all things considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits. The word "compact", used in the description of various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they show no tendency to check or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure. 18 CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. MAGNOLIAOEiE. 1. — Magnolia grandiflora, LlnniBus, Spec.2ed. 755.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Am. Gewach. t. 185, 186.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— Gsertner, Fruct. i, 343, t. 70.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 1, 13; ii, 20.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. li, 251 ; 2 ed. ill, 329.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 82.— Lamarck, Diet, ill, 672 ; 111. iii, 35, t 490. — Moenoh, Meth. 274. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1255; Enum. i, 579. — Miebaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 219, t. 65. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 265. — Andrews, Bot. Eep.-viii, t. 51b. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 71, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 8, t. 51. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 81 ; 2 ed. i, 96.— De CandoUe, Syst. i,450 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. F). 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 36.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 814.— Sprengel, Syst. u,642. — Audubon, Birds, t. 5,32. — Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,32. — Don, Miller's Diet. i,82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 261 &t.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torroy & Grky, Fl. N. America, i, 42. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 470. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 225. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 210. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 66.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcber, Eesources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i,133, f. 165-169.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 367. — Touug, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Virginiana, var. /3. fcetida, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 536, in part. M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and ohovata, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380. M. grandiflora, - var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. BIG LAUREL. BULL BAY. Cape Fear riv^ r, North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet, and Tampa bay, Florida ; hasin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 32° 30', extending westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texas coast to the val'.ey of the Brazos river. One of ti)'d most magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 Aioter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the "bluff" formations along the eastern bank * of the Mis&'ssippi river from Vicksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, not. strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny; medullary rays very numerous, thin 5 color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6360; ash, 0.53 ; little used except aa fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc. 2. — Magnolia glauca, Linnaeus, Spec.' 2 ed. 755.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 204. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Am. 91. — Marshall, Arbustum, 83. — Wangenheim, Amer. 60, 1. 19, f. 46.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii, 20.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251; 2ed.iii, 329.— Mosnch, Meth. 274.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1256; Enum. i, 579.— Sohkuhr, Handb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — ^Nonveau Dnhamel, ii, 223, t. 66. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Bonpland, PI. Malm. 103, t. 42.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 12, t. 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 67, t. 27 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 77, t. 7; Compend. Fl. Philadelph.il, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— ElUott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Sprengel, Syst. 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t.5.— Audubon, Birds, t. 118.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botanioum, v & t.— Keichenbach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vu, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— GriflSth, Med. Bot. 96, f. 56.— Loudon, Arboretum, 1,267 & t.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 527 ; 2 ed. ii,603 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 226.— Gray, Genera, i,61,t.a3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Sohnizleiu, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 66. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 36.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 369.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. 19 20 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. M. Virginiana, var. a. glauca, Linnieus, Spec, l ed. 535. M. fragrans, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.— Eafinesciue, Fl. Ludoviciana, 91; Med. Bot. ii, 32. M. langifoUa, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 11.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Dietrich, Spi. iii, 308. M. glauca, var. latifoUa, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 350.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. M. glauca, var. longifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. iii, 330.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 361.— Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 91.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. r SWEET BAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVEE TEEE. WHITE LAUEEL. SWAMP LAUEEL. Cape Ann, Massachusetts; Ifew Jersey south vrard, generally near the coast, to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, riorida ; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 35°, extending west to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams of the G^ulf states. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in the Gulf states sometimes used in the manufacture of broom handles and small woodenware. The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acuminata and M. Umbrella is included in the American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers ; a tincture made by macerating the fresh fruit or bark in brandy is a popular remedy for rheumatism ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 567. — N'at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891). 3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus, gpec. 2. ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii, 331.-^Lamaroli, Diet, iii, 674. — Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 1257 ; Euum. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 222. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 453; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Bot. Mag. t. 2427.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. HoJz. 18, t. 17.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot.ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botauicum, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, t'i. — Eeichenbaob, Fl. Exot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, 6 'ed. 218. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 38. — Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 140. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5. ed. 49. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371. — Young, Bot. Texas, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58. M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 536. M. DeCandolUi, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t. TuUpastrum Americanum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CUCUMBEE TEEE. MOUNTAIN MAGXOLIA. Western ¥ew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties). A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4690; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water- troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. 4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 18, t. 54.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. iv, t. 325.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 455 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118.— Elliott, Sit. ii, 38.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 64-2.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Sertum Botanicum, v & t.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eeichenbach, Fl^ Exot. t. 250.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 275 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iiij 308.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, F1.S. States, 14.— Cnrtis iu Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. TuUpastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spaoh, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 21 CUCUMBER TREE. Soathern Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia {Michaux, Mliott),head. of Sipsey creek, "valley of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama {Mohr). A. tree 22 to 24 meters in height, -with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32. 5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 327.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 221.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, .331.— Poiret, Snppl. iii, 573.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 26, t. 57.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 84, t. 33.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, a3; 2 ed. i, 99.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i,80.— Bot. Mag. t. 2189.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Eaflnesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Sertum Botanicum, v & t.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxv, 76. — Eeicheubach, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t. 139.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 271 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 479.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, Iii, 67. — ^Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentucky southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Louisiana; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties). A tree 6 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.35. 6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 475. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Linnsean Soo. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper i-n Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Yirginiana, var. tripetala, Liniiasus, Spec. 1 ed. 536. M. tripetala, Linnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, CoU. i, 14. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 252 ; 2 ed. iii, 331.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1258 ; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — De Candolle, Syst. i, 452. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. — Koch, Dendrologie_, i, 379. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891. UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD. Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattville, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and southwestern Arkansas (Pulton, valley of the Eed river, Harvey). A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4487 ; ash, 0.20. 22 FOEEST TREES OF NOETH AMERICA. e 7. — Magnolia Fraseri, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, i, 59 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Walpers, Rep. i, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, Iii, 68.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. auriculata, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 337.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 222.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 94, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 23, t. 56.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. ix, t. 573.— Bot. Mag. t. 1206.— Cubiferes, Mem. Mag. & t.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 332.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 98.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 39.- Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 477.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 276 & t.— Seringe.Fl. Jard. iii, 229. M. pyramidata, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 338.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. v,t. 407.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1092.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 221.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 277 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. M. auricularis, Salisbury, Parad. tend, i, t. 43.— Kemer, Hort. t. 360. LONG-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. Alleghany mountains, from Virginia southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and southern Alabama (Clark county, Mohr), extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5003 ; ash, 0.28. 8. — Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnasus, Spec. 1 ed. i, 535. — Kalm, Travis, English ed. i, 202.— Marshall, Arbustum, 78. — Wangenheim, Amer. 32, t. 13, f. 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158. — Schmidt, Arb. i, 48. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14, 45. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 250 ; 3 ed. iii, 329. — Gaertner, Fruct. ii, t. 178.— Bot. Mag. t .275.— Moench, Meth. 222.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 102.— Sohkuhr, Handb. ii, 93, t. 147.— Trew, loon. 1. 10. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1254; Enum. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 326. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 62, 1. 18. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 15.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 137 ; 111. iii, 36, t. 491.— St. Hilaire, PI. France, iii, t. 377. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2U2, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 35, t. 61. — Eaton, Manual, 63; 6 ed. 208. — ^Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 91, t. 8; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 462; Prodr. i, 82.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 107, t. 31.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 115.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 239.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 34, t. 29.— Cobbett, Woodlands, No. 516.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 12.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 86.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vi, 488. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 284 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Penu. Cycl. xxv, 341. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N: America, i, 44.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 309.— Griffith, Med. Bot, 98, f. 58.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 529; 2 ed. ii, 605 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 240. — Gray, Genera, i, 64, t. 25 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 312.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. H, f. 2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77. — ^Lemaire, 111. Hort. 15, t. 571. — Wood, CI. Book, 215; Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 39. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. xii, 183. — Bailloh, Hist. PI. i, 143, f. 175-178.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 380.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 746.— Ridgway In Am. Nat. vi, 663 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Eichler, Sit. Bot. Brand, xxii, 83, f. 1-3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53<:. Tulipifera Liriodendron, Miller, Diet. No. l. L. procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 379. TULIP TREE. YELLOW POPLAR. WHITE WOOD. Southwestern Vermont, through western ISew England, southward to northern Florida (latitude 30^) • west through :Sew York, Ontario, and Michigan to lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30', thence south to latitude 31° in the Gulf states east of the Mississippi river ; through southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri to Crowley's ridge, northeastern Arkansas. One of the largest and most valuable trees of the Atlantic forests, 30 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 2 to 4 meters in diameter [Ridgway) ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash river and along the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent; color, light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4230- ash, 0.23 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building' and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, woodenware, etc. ; varieties varying slightly in color and density are recognized by lumbermen. Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark especially of the root [Jour. Philadelphia Col. Phar. iii. 5.—U.S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 556.—]!^at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 871). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23 ANONAOEJ), 9. — Asimina triloba, Dtmal, Mon. Anon. 83.— De CandoUe, Syst. i, 479; Prodr. i, 87.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 42.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 66, t. 53.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 118.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 639.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 222; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 165 —Beck, Bot. 16.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 91.— Nuttall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 11.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 304.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 293, f. 39.— Gray, Genera, i, 69, t. 26,27; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 609.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 212. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 15. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 94. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 347. — Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 199 & figs. — Bot. Mag. i. 5854. — Wood, CI. Book, 215 ; Bot. & Fl. 26. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 41.— Engelmalin in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 183.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 383.— Young, Bot. Texas, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 60.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. Anona triloba, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 537.— Marshall, Arbnstum, 10.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 125.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 29.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,254; 2 ed. iii, 335.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1267; Enum. i, 580.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 83, t. 25. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 21. — Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 161, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 33, t. 60.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. ^g.— Schknhr, Handb. ii, 95, t. 149. Anona pendula, Salisbhry, Prodr. 380. OrcMdocarpum arietinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. Porcelia triloba, Persoon, Syn. ii, 95.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 383.— Rafinesque, PI. Ludovioiana, 92.— Barton, Compond. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 19. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 529. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278. — ^Audubon, Birds, t. 2, 162.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. Uvaria triloba, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 45.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 30.— Camel in Ann. Mns. Firenze, 1864, 9, t. Ij f. 1-7.— Baillon, Adansonia, viii, 333; Hist. PI. i, 193, f. 220-228. A . campaniflora, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 529. PAPAW. OUSTAED APPLE. Western Few York (Lockport and in Monroe county); Ontario (Queen stown heights); eastern and central Pennsylvania, west to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas (Manhattan), south to middle Florida and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley and in the valley of the White river, Arkansas. Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color, light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.3969 ; ash, 0.21. 10. — Anona laurifolia, Dunal, Mon. Anon. 65.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 468; Prodr. i, 84.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 641.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xviy t. 1328.— Schnialein, Icon. 1. 174, f. 9.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 603. A. glabra, chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 2 [not Linnaeus]. A. species, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. POND APPLE. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Malabar to bay Biscayne, on the west coast. Pease creek to the Caloosa river, and through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limit and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the low islands and t.hores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of bay Biscayne. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color, light ■ browB streaked with yellow, sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5053 ; ash, 4.86. The large fruit (0.14 to 0.28 meter long) scarcely edible. 24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OAPPARIDAOB^. 11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 160, t. 101.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De CanaoUe, Prodr. i, 252.— Desoourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, v. t. 273.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39.-7-Grise.bach, Fl. British West Indies, 18.— Chapman,' Fl. S. States, 32.— Porcher, KesonrcesS. Forests, 75.— EicWer in Martins, Fl.Brasil. xiii, 270, t. 64, f. 11.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. C. Breynia, Llnnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ill, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252, in pait.— Swartz, Ohs. 210 [not Jacquin]. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. 0. cynophyllopliora, Llnnoens, Spec. 1 ed. 504 [not subsequent ed. fide Elchler, I. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. 0. Siliquosa, Llnnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 721. C. torulosa, Swartz, Prodr. 81.— De Candolle, Prodr. 1, 252.— Grisebaoh, Fl. British "West Indies, 18. G. unoinata, Loddiges, Cat. [not Wallich]. G. enmrginata, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Rep. i, 201. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter^ or reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6971 ; ash, 4.76. OANELLAOEiE. 12. — Canella alba, Murray; Linnaeus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443. — Swartz, Obs. 190; Trans. LinnEean Soo. i, 96, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851 ; Ennm. i, 496. — ^Aiton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. iii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Suppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 563.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5. — Stevenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. ii, t. 66. -WoodviUe, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, 694, t. 237.— Lindley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t. 16.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. i, 348 ; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisebaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 109.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 93.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 621, f. 767. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. i, 26, t. 26. G. Winterana, Gsertner, Fmct. i, 377, t. 77. Wintera Ganella, Llnnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret in Lamarct, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399. G. laurifoUa, Loddiges, Cat.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 680. WHITE WOOD. CINNAMON BARK. WILD CINNAMON. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's Key, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the We^t Indies. A small tree, often 10 m-eters in height, with a trunk 0.22 meter in diameter ; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9893 ; ash, 1.75. The pale inner bark appears in the Pharmacopcea, under the name of Gortex canellw albw, furnishing an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occasionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to more active remedies {Miers, I. c.—FliicUger & Hanbury, PliarmacograpJda, 68.— CT. 8. Dispematory, 14 ed. mo.— Nat. Bispen-iatory, 2 ed. 337). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25 GUTTIFER^. 13. — Clusia flava, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977 ; Eoum. ii, 1043.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 559.— Macfadyeu, Fl. Jamaica, 134.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. ii, 58, t. 77.— Griseliaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 407.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xiii, 352.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 340.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. C. rosea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 168. Jamaica and other West Indian islands; Key West {Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later explorers (Palmer, Garher, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. TERNSTRGEMIAOEiE. 14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnaeus, Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, t. 11; Letters, t. 2.— L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss.ii, 307, t. 161.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 177.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231 ; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770 ; III. iii, 146, t. 594, f. 1.— Swartz, Oba. 271.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43. — Bot. Mag. t. 668. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 236, t. 68. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. 58. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 573, f. 99.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 168.— Eeichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 79.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 22:3. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258. — Browne, Trees of America, 52. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862. — Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104. — Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 256, — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maout & Decaisne, English ed. 274 & figs.- Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 230, f. 254, 255.— Tasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. Hypericum Lasianthus, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. xv, t. 1, f. 3. G. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386. LOBLOLLY BAY. TAN BAY. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Malabar, and cape Eomano, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi river. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter ; low, sandy swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76 ; somewhat employed in cabinet-making. The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather (Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 160). 1-5. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 308, t. 162. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43. — Ventenat, Jard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Neues Jour. Bot. 1806, 121). — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 237. — Koenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 269. — Miohanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 31, t. 59.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 528.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 573.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Audubon, Birds, t. 185.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 80.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 380, f. 94.— Torrey & Gray, FL N. America, i, 223. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Browne, Trees of America, 54.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 102 t. 141 f. 11-14, t. 142. — Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 257. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Goodale & Sprague, Wild Flowers, 193, t. 47. Franklinia AltamaJia, Marshall, Arbustum, 49.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 16, 465:— Eafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 79 & f. G. FranMini, L'Heritier, stirp. Nov. I.=i6.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 237.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 259.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 816. Michauxia gessilis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386. Lacatliea florida, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 56.— Colla, Hort. Ripul. Appx. i, 134. 26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FEAOTCLINIA. Near Port Barrington, on the Altamaha river, Georgia [J. & W. Bartram, Br. Moses Marshall). Careful explorations of Bartram's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. H. W. Eayenel, have failed to rediscover this species, which is, however, still preserved in cultivation through the original plants inttoduced by the Bartrams. "Florida" given as a locality by Torrey & Gray, I. c, on the authority of Serb. Schweinitz, and followed by Chapman, I. c, is probably an error {Bavenel in Am. Naturalist, xyi, 235). STERCULIAOEJl. 16. — Fremontia Californica, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 5, t. 2, f. 2; Proo. Am. Assoc. It, 191 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 15, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 68.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 319.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146.— Bentham & Hooker, Genera, i, 212, 983.— Bot. Mag. t. 5591,— Lemaire, 111. Hort. xiii, t. 496.— Beige Hort. xvii, 236, t. 13.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1867, 91 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, 1, 483.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1869, 610.— Seemann, Jour. Bot. vii, 297.— London Garden, 1873, 54 & t.— Planchon in Fl. des Serres, xxii, 175.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88 ; ii, 437.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 41, 357. Gheiranthodendron Gdlifornicum, Baillon, Hist. Pi. iv, 70. SLIPPERY ELM. California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Santa Lucia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains ; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7142 ; ash, 1.69. The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices. TILIACBiB. 17.— Tilia Americana, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Marshall, Arbnstnm, 153.— Wangenheim, Amer. 55.— Alton, Hort. Kew. il, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, li, 1162; Enum. i, 565.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Miohanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 81, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 58; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 6.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in Long's Exped. i, 09.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 214; Fl. N.York, i, 116.— Loudon, Arboretum i, 373 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 227.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsetta, 511; 2 ed. ii, 584 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gray, Genera, ii, 96, t. 136; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis' in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352.— Wood, CI. Book 272; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 103.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 186.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480.— Young, Bot. Texas, 188.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 191.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51=.- Ridgway in Proc U S Nat Mus. 1882, 61. T. nigra, Borkhausen, Handb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219. T. glabra, Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2.— Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 681.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 362.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 3.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. il, 2.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 55, t. 45.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 108.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. T. latifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 367. T. Canadensis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683. T. neglecta, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 340, ii. 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 27 LIME TEEE. BASS WOOD. AMEUICAN LINDEN. LIN. BEE TEEE. Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; -extending west in the United States to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and southwest to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 meter in diameter (valley of the lower Wabash river, Bidgway); common in .T,ll northern forests, and always an indication of rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits only along river bottoms. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color, light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4525 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely used in the manufacture of woodenware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper-pulp (the quickly-discolored sap renders it unfit for making white paper). The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cordage and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, highly prized by apiarists. Aqua tiliw, an infusion of the flowers, buds, and leaves of the different species of l^lia, is used in Europe as a domestic remedy in cases of indigestion, nervousness, etc. {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429). Var. pubescens, London, Arboretum, i, 374 &, t. — Browne, Trees of America, 48.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. T. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 56.— Marshall, Arbustum, 154. T, Americana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 153 [not Linnaus]. T. pubescens, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1162; Enum. i, 566.— Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Soi. It, 10, t. 3. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228, t. 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 66. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 317, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 85, t. 133.— Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrey, Comp. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv, 447. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Chapman, F). S. States, 59. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 449. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 479. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. T. laxiflora, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 306.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— WiUdenow, Enum. Suppl. 38.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Spach, Ann. Sci.Nat. 2 ser. ii, 343, 1. 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.— Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. T. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 367. T. pubescens, var. leptophylla, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63. ? T. Stenopetala, Eaflnesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 484. T. truncata, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 342 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. T. Americana, var. Walteri, Wood, Cl. Book, 272 : Bot. & Fl. 64. North Carolina to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, usually near the coast ; Houston, Texas {H. Hall). A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; swamps or low ground ; rare, or often confounded with the typical T. Americana. Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana j specific gravity 0.4074; ash, 0.65. 18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat, Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 229. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,363. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3 ; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 23.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat.*2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg."iv, 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv, 447. — Walpers, Rep. i, 359. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, FI. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, Cl. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103._Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. T. alba, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel], — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262. T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363 [not Michaux].— Elliott, Sk. il, 2. T. Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t. T. heterophylla, var. alba, Wood, Cl. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64. 28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO. Mountains of. Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and Florida (valley of the Apalachicola river, opposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river). A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms, often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4263 ; ash, 0.62 ; generally confounded with that of lilia Americana, and used for similar purposes. MALPIGHIACE^. 19. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, v, 147.— De Oandolle, Prodr. i, 580.— Jussien, Mon. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpers, Eep. t, 168. — Bichaxd, FL Caba, 115, t. 28».— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 82. Malpighia lucida, Swartz, PL Ind. Occ. ii, 852. TALLQWBEREY. GLAMBEEET. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Boca Ohica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground, and frutescent in habit. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5888 ; ash, 2.46. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLAOEiE. 20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linna308, Spec. 1 ed. 382.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 707.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 16, t. 86; 2 ed. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 253, f. 21.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64. Wood, Bot. & Fl. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. Q.verticale, Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 321. LIGNUM-VIT.^;. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Lignum- VitsB Keys, common; Lower Metacombe and Umbrella Keys, rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Eico, etc. A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly-distributed resinous ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure j color, rich yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow'; specific gravity, 1.1432; ash, 0.82; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods. Lignum Guaiaci, Guaiacum wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, Linufsus, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Quaiac, the resinous gum obtaiuedfrom these species, is astimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is still employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. (Fluckiger <& Hanbury, Pharmacographia, Q2.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 456.-^Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 696.—6uibourt, Mist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551.— ^ero, Pharm. Anat. Atl. 53, t. 27). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 29 21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 28.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Snrvey, 42. Guaiacum angustifolium, Engelmann, Wislizenus' Eep. 29.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. STat. Hist, vi, 158; Genera, 11, 123, t. 149.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 840.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 334. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to the Eio Grande (Austin, Matagorda bay, New Braunfels, San Antonio, Brownsville, Fort Mcintosh), extending west to the Eio Pecos {Havard) ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the United States on the calcareous hillsides bordering the valley of the Guadalupe river. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color, rich dark brown, turning green with exposure, the sap-wood brighf yelloTv: ; specifics-gravity, 1.1101 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably possessing medicinal properties similar to those of li^um-vitse. RUTAOEiE 22. — Xanthoxylum Americanum, Miller, Diet. No. 2. — Dn Eoi, Obs. Bot. 57. — Wangenheim, Amer. 116. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214. — Torrey In Nicollet's Eep. 147. — Emerson, Trees Massaoliusetts, 509; 2 ed. ii, 581. — Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii', 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 110. — Eiohardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Eep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 253. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 563.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. X. Glava-HerCuUs, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 38; 111. t. 811, f. 3 [not LinnEeus].— Alton, Hort. Kew.iii, 399.— Moench.Meth. 340. X. fraxinifolium, Marshall, Aibustum, 167.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 1, 52; Ii, 38. X.fraxineum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 757; Enum. 1013; Berl. Baumz. 413.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 615.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. il, 343.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 210. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Nouvoau Duhamel, vii, 3, t. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 156, t. 59; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— De Candolle, Prodr. 1, 726.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 945.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 373.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. 11, 113, f. 96.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1, 802.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.— Beck, Bot. 70.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 364.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 216.-^Loudon, Arboretnm, 1, 488, f. 158 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. 11, 1000.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 482.— Nees, PI. Wied.. 5.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 195, f. 103.— Browne, Trees of America, 150.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PL t. 19, f. 9.— Schnizlein, loon. t. 250, f. 1-14.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 324 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 398, f. 433-438. X. mite, Willdenow, Enum. 1013.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 622.— De Candolle, Prodr. 1, 727.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1, 802.— London, Arboretum, 1, 489. X. ramiflorum, Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235. X. tricarpum, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118 [not Miohaux]. Thylaw fraxineum, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 114. PEICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TEEE. Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 meter in height; common and reaching its greatest development in the region of the .yreat lakes; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms. Wood light, .soft, coarsegrained; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5G54; ash, 0.57. The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in deco i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— Elliott, Sk. i, 289.— De CandoUe,. Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 768. — ^Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,. 202.— Torrey & Gray, PI. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807. — 'Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 537.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Scheele in Eoemer, Texas, 433.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59 ; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Bopk, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall's- PI. Texas, 5. ? Frangula fragillis, Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27. Sarcomphalus Oarolinianus, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 29. Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. 167 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Sirvey, 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251..— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman,^ Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. INDIAN CHEERY. Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec river, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through the Gulf states to western Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally a tall shrub; rich woods along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5462; ash, 0.64. The edible fruit sweet and agreeable. 46! — Rhamnus Californica, EschschoUz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 (Linncea hitt.-Bei. 1828, 149.— Pres'l, Eep. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray,. Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 806.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197. B. oleifolius, Hooker, PI. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 44.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10 ; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 85.— Carrifere iu Eev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49. FndotropiS Oleifolia, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 31. B. laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390. Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 178 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 157 Pacific E. E, Eep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 261.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 69. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento river southward to Santa Barbara and fort Tejon. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41 A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter {Pringle), or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is — var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101. B. tomentellm, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemann, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 267. Frangula Calif ornica, var. tomentella. Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 28.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 74; vii, 9. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6000; ash, 0.58. 47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 25.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43; London Jour. Bot. -vi, 78.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 52 ; 2 ed. i, 200.— Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 69.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. Ii. alnifoUuS, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heritier]. Cardiolepis obtUSa, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28. Frangula Furshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii=, 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 262. BBARBEKET. BEAE WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD. Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington ferritory to the Bitter Eoot mountain, Idaho (MuUan pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, Montana {Canby & Sargent), southward through western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra i:Tevada, to about latitude 40°. A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; depressions and along the sides and bottoms of cailons in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Kange of southern Oregon. Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5672 ; ash, 0.07. The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tinctures, etc., immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests (Fat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 659). 48.— Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Esohscholtz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 285. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 125. — Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 37. — Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 136, 328. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 813. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, .540. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 185. — Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxx, t. 38.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 44, t. 57 ; 2 ed. i, 193, t. 57.— Bentbani, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Ann. Gand. 1847, 1. 107. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 14; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 263.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 69. — Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 57. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, lii, 78. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 621. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, s, 334. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, 1, 102. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. BLUE MYETLE. California Coast ranges, from Mendicino county south to the valley of the San Louis Eey river (Pala, Parish Brothers). A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood, darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.69. The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby G. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1609.— iV^a*. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 373). 49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart, Aon. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 369.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 359.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40. Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Kew. l, 205 ; 2 cd. ii, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. 1, 497. ZizyphilS Dominigensis, Nouveau Duhamel, ill, 56. Ceanothus nclinatus, L'Heritier, Seit. 6.— Eocmer & Schnltes, Syst. v, -.it^y.— De Candolle, Prodr. 11, 31.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 211. 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. NAKED WOOD. * Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrella Key, on the north end of Key Largo, and sparingly on the small islands south of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; ash, 1.75. " The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.152 meter thick it becomes furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiplj' and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter appear like a mass of braided serpents. On small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up and drop "Oflf. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen" {Ourtiss in let). SAPINDAOEiE • SO.^^sculus glabra, Willdenow, Enum. 405.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 164.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652. — Beck, Bot. 65.— Loudon, Arboretum, 1, 467, f. 133. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225. — ^Eaton & "Wright, Bot. 115. — Walpers, Eep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.-Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 508. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Eidgway in Proc. XJ. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. /W . pallida, Willdenow, Enum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 29, t. 25. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166. — Don, Miller's Diet., i, 651. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6. — Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxiv, t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468, f. 134. ^. eehinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38. ^, Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593. — Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, MiUer's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Eiddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17. f^. carnea, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Eep. i,425. Pavia glabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. Pavia pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. ? Pavia carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 301. f Pavia Watsoniana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253. ?^. Watsoniana, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Eep. i, 425. ^, Hippocastanum, var. OhioensiS, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 110. ^. Hippocastanum, var. glabra, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. JE. Hippocastanum, var. pallida, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. OHIO BUCfTEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. Western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian territory. A small tree, 8 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich soil along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay; medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sap wood darker; specific gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.86; largely used in CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 43 common with that of the other species of the genus in the manufacture of woodenware, artificial limbs (for -wbich the wood of JSsculus is preferred to that of all other American ti-ees), paper-pulp, wooden hats, less commenly for the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old world species ^. Hippo castanum occasionally has been found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers ( JJ. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1565. — Wat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 712), and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of ^. glabra. 51. — .ffisculus flava, Alton, Hort.Kew.i,494; 2 ed. ii,335.—B. S.Barton, Coll. 1,13; Bot.Appx. 26, t. 15, f. 2.— WUldenow, Spec. ii,286; Enum.i,405; Berl. Baumz. 13.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Aib. i, 385.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— James in Long's Exped. 1, 22.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— EUiott, Sk. i, 436.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 163.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1280.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Dietrich, Syu. ii, 1225.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Eep. i, 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 266. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 74.^Browne, Trees of America, 118. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230''^, f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, lii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood , CI. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. ^. OCtandra, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.— Miller's Diet. No. 1. Pavia flava, Mosnoh, Meth. 66.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t. ^. lutea, Wangenheim in Sohrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 219. — Persoon, Syn. i, 403. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 509. Pavia, lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouveau Duhamel, ill, 155, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, 1. 11; N. Amarican Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91. ■» ^. neglecta, Lindley, Bat. Eeg. xli, t. 1009. Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 24.— Loudon , Arboretum, i. 472. 4 SWEET BUCKEYE. Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. G. Porter), southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia (Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Iowa, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas. A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the Alleghany mountains of Korth Carolina and Tennessee. A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is — var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118. JEJ. hybrida, De Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 334. JS. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Eeg. iv, t. 310.- Elliott, Sk.i, 436.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 167.— Sertum Botanicnm, iv & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 381. Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. V, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 57 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 512. ^. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Eep. i, 424.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difiQcult to split ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, creamy- white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00. 52. — .^sculus Californica, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 16, t. 64.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Eep. i, 424.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 9 ; PI. Hartweg. 301.— Durand in Jour, Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 85.— Eev. Hort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv,74; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 48; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Bot. Mag. t. 5077.— Fl. des Serres, xiii, 39, t. 1312.— London Gard. Chronicle, ia5S, 844.— Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t.— Gray in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Walpers, Ann. 624.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 513.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 106.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 9. Calothyrsus Californica, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 62 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 35. Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 123.— Carrifere in Eev. Hort. 1862, 3C9 & f. 44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OALIPOENIA BUCKEYE. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height ; borders of streams^ reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Eange, north of San Francisco bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4980; ash, 0.70. 53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher, Atacta Bot. t. 36 ; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 684 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 162.— Walpers, Eep. i, 423-; v, 371; Ann.vii, 625. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; t, 30; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 299; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059. — Toirey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48. — Sclinizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515. — Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 423. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337. v. heterophylla, Scheele in Linnssa, xxi, 589 ; Roemer, Texas, 589. U. Tieptaphylla, ScheeleinLinnsBa,xxii,352; Eosmer, Texas, 432. SPANISH BUCKEYE. Valley of the Trinity river (Dallas, Beverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains, New Mexico {Bigelow) ; southward into Mex^o. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrub; common west of the Colorado river; bottoms and rich hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Braunfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6332 ; ash, 1.17. Fruit reputed poisonous. 54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdenow, Enum. i, 432.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 41.— He CandoUe, Prodr. i, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 665.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. iii, 54.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, 685 ; Pacific E. R. Rep. ii, 162.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 411.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,72,t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Eep. 12.— Torrey in Emory's Eep. 138; Marcy's Eep. 282; Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 2, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47.— Scheele in Eoemer, Texas, 433.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 22.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75. — Porcher, EesourcesS. Forests, 85.— Young, Bot. Texas, 208.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337. S. saponaria, Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Linnteus].- Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 242.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267. f S. incequalis, De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 608. S. falcatUS, Eaflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261. S. acuminata, Eaflnesque, New Fl. 22. S. Briimmondi, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 281 (excl. var.).- Walpers, Eep. i, 417. WILD CHINA. SOAPBEERY. Atlantic coast. Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas, valley of the Washita river (Prescott, Letterman) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies {? 8. incequalis). A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in height; along streams or toward the western limits of its distribution only in mountain valleys, reaching its greati-st developmcTit along the river bottoms' of eastern Texas. CATALOGUE OF FOllEST TREES. 45 Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8126; ash, 1.50; largely used in Texas in the manufacture of cotton-baskets, and in Ifew Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles. Saponin, common in several species of the genus, and affording a substitute for soap, may be looked for in the fruit and roots of this tree. 55. — Sapindus Saponaria, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 367 ; Swartz, Obs. 152.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 468.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 424.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663.— Deaconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv, 121, t. 261.— De CandoUe, Prodr. 1, 607.— Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 53.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 159.— Eafinesque, New Fl. 22.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 72 ; 2 ed. 20.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 280.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 126.— BaiUon, Hist. PI. v, 349, f. 353.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 613. SOAPBEKRY. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, cape Sable, Caximbas bay, Thousand Islands, Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 meter in diameter; common on cape Sable, and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of Caximbas bay. Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8367 ; ash, 4.34. The fruit and roots rich in saponin and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap ( Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 598. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1751) ; the round, black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments. 56. — Hypelate paniculata, Ca,mbe»sedes, Mem. Mus. xviii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 671.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 295.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 127.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. Melieocca paniculata, Jussieu in Mem. Mus. iii, 187, t. 5.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 615.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 74, t. 66 ; 2 ed. ii, 21, t. 66. Exothea oblongifolia., Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 232. M. oblongifolia, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. iii, 226, t. 7. INK WOOD. IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, east coast. Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, susceptible of a good polish, checking in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9533; ash, 1.25; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and piles; resisting the attacks of the teredo. 57. — Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 655, t. 14.— Delessert, Icon, iii, t. 39.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 614.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 78.— Grisebach, FL British West Indies, 127; Cat. PI. Cuba, 46. WHITE IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys; in the West In(li( s. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9102; ash, 1.38; used in sliip-building, for the handles of tools, posts, etc. 46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 58. — Acer Pennsylvanicum, Liim^us, Spec. 1 ed. 1055.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.Am. ii, 252.— Willdeno-sr, Spec, iv, 959 ; Enum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nonveau Dnhamel, iv, 32.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, 1. 11.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fi. N. Y'lrk, i, 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 246.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Emeraoii, Trees Massachusetts, 496; 2 ed. ii, 566 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174, f. 1-3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooperin Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 52.— Buohenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 2, f. 24.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 418-420.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, bS". A. Canadense, Marshall, Arbustum, 4. A. striatum, Du Roi, Diss. 58 ; Harbk. i, 8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim, Amer. 29, 1. 12, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381.— Ehrhart, Beitr iv, 25.— Mcench, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn.i 417.— Michaux, f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, 1. 17; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t.47.— Pnrsh, Fl.Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 593.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i, t. 70.— Don, Miller's Dict.i, 648.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407 & t.— Spach, Hist. Veg.iii, 85; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— Eaton «fe Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne, Trees of America, 76. STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE W^OD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river (Ha-Ha bay), iiorthera shores of lake Ontario, islands of lake Huron, south through the northern Atlantic states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, west through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mountain sides. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5299 ; ash, 0.36. 59. — Acer spicatum, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485.— Persoou, Syn. i, 417.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 593.— Don, MiUer's Diet, i, 648.— Audubon, Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 185. — Browne, Trees of America, 74. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 52. — Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<=. — ^Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172. A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61 ; Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not Linnaeus]. — Wangenheim, Amer. 82, t. 12, f. 30. — Marshall, Arbustum, 2. A. parviflorum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25 ; vi, 40.— Moenoh, Meth. 56. A. montanUM, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435 ; 2 ed. v, 447 (excl. syn. striaiuvi). — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253. — Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 988 ; Enum. i, 1045. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391. — Nonveau Duhamel, iv, 33. — Trattinick, Arohiv. i, t. 13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 398 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 224. - Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains of iforth Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays inconspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5330; ash, 0.43. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47 60. — Acer macrophyllum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Sylva, ii, 77, t. (i7 ; 2 ed. ii, -M, t. 67.— De Caudolle, Prodr. i, 594.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penii. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 112, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 165.— Toixey & Gray, Fl. K. ADuiica, i, 246.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beecliey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 408, t. 28, f. 117, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 301.— Browne, Trees of America, 78.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 84.— Torrey in Pacific E.R.Eep. iy, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258.- Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 21, 67.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 28, 57; Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 258.— Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134, 144.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Wood, CI. Book, 287; Bot. &, Fl. 74.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 334.— Koch, Dendrologie. i, 528.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10. A. palmatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thunberg]. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE. Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county {Parish Brothers), not ascending above 4,000 feet altitude. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon, where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4909; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax and broom handles,, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and vahied in cabinet-making. 61. — Acer circinatum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera,. i, 253; Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t. 67; 2 ed. ii, 27, t. 67.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 651.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 166; Hist. Veg. iii, 97.— London, Arboretum, i, 422, f. 112, 127.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 112, t. 39.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne, Trees of America, 91. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. ii, 156, f. 210 (London Gard. Chronicle, 1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep.vi, 21, 69.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 258.— Lyall iu Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Wood, CI. Book, 287, Bot. & Fl. 74.^Koch, Dendrologie, i, 523. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 85. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new seT. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10. A. virgatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. VINE MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Tale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely ascending to 4,000 feet altitude. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams; the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6660; ash, 0.39; used as fuel; by lumbermen for ax and shovel handles, and by the coast. Indians for the bows of fishing nets. 62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anicriea, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Eep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 86 ; 2. ed.,ii, 33.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep.vi. 69.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858. 'ioS ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 51, 57; Am. Nat. iii, 406.— Engehnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser.xxxiv,259; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 59.—Porter inHayden's- Ecji. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's Eep. v, 52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 763.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 192.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, KiT.— Eothrock in Wheeloi's Eep. vi, 83. —Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 750. 48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A. barbatum, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.i, 113.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 420, f. 125 (excl. syn.)- A. Douglasii, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t. 6. A. tripartitum, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Eep. 1, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 85, t. 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 3.3, t. 71.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 28; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 73. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 69. DWAEP MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river and probably farther north, south through Washington teiTitory, Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of California to the Yosemite valley; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho -and Montana to the eastern base of the Eocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt Eange, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain caiious of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6028; ash, 0.30. 63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247. —Dietrich, Syn.ii, 1283.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Eep.i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 82, t.69; 2ed.ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Eep. v, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 480.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 268.— Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 83.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172. Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river {Nuttall), caSons of the Wahsatch mountains, Utah, and south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene), and reported in the ranges east of the Eio Grande ; southward into Coahuila {Palmer). A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.2i3 to 0.25 meter in diameter; along streams; not common. » Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or 4)ften nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6902; ash, 0.64. 64. — Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim, Amer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 251.— ,Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447. — Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 24. — Persoon, Syu. i, 417. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985 ; Enum. ii, 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Trattinick, Archiv.i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii, 218, 1. 15; N.American Sylva, 3ed. i, 153, t.42.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— Pursh, F). Am. Sept. i, 266.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253,— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— Eichardson, Franklin Jour. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Com]f)end. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. — Beck, Bot. 63. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. —Walpers, Eep. i, 410.— Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88 ; 2ed. ii, 35. — Browne, Trees of America, 83. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 489 ; 2 ed. ii, 258 & t. — Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Parry in Owen's Eep. 610. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 80. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. xii, 187. — Young, Bot. Texas, 206.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51":.— Eidgway in Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. saccharum, Marshall, Arbustum, 4. A. barbatum, Michaux,Fl.Bor.-Am.ii,253.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 989.— Poij-et,Suppl.ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl.U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51. SUGAR MAPLE. SUGAK TREE. HAED MAPLE. KOCK MAPLE. Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John, ■west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern states and -along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var. Floridanum, Chapman, I. c.) ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), and eastern Texas. • A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching .its greatest development in region of the great lakes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49 Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6912; ash, 0.54; largely used in the manufacture of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish, and flooring; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" maple and "bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifwUy curled and contorted, are common and highly prized in cabinet-making. Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash. I Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411.— Browne, Tiees of America, 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<^. A. sacoharinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252 [not Wangenheim]. A. nigrum, Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 163, t. 43.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Dirt, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104; Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietricli, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 532.— Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. BLACK SUGAR MAPLE. Western Vermont, shores of lake Champlain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi {Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, Letterman). A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by numerous intermediate forms. Wood heavier than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.6915 ; ash, 0.71. 65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 24. — Moench, Meth. 56. — Persoon, Syn. i, 417. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Euum. ii, 1044. — ^Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 446. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— NutUU, Genera, i, 252 ; Sylva, ii, 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 35.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. SJates, 1G9; Fl. N. York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Kep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Tausch, Eegeusb. Fl. xii^, 553. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113; Jour. Bot. i, 200.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, .556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 610. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.-^Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. six, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 3. — Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53"=. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f. 24. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. saccharinum, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055. A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434. A. eriocarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,253.— Desfoutaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 573.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylya, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cyol. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177. — Darliugto n, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE. Valley of the Saint John's river. New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; specific gravity, 0.5269; ash, 0.33; somewhat used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc.; maple sugar is occasionally made from this species. 4 FOl! 50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 66. — Acer rubrum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. i055.— Du Roi, Diss. 59.— Marshall, Arbustum, 3.— Lamarck, Diet. ii,300; 111. iii,438, t. 844, f. 3.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iv,23;— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 93.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 (excl. var.) ; 2 ed.v, 446.— Moeuch,' Meth. 56.— Michaux,ri.Bor.-Am. ii, 2.53.— Persoon, Syu. i, 417.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 471.- Nouveau Duliamel, iv,31.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,984; Enum. ii, 1044.— Desfontaines in Ann. Mu8.vii,413, t. 25, f.2; Hist.Arb. i, 391.— Poiret, Snppl. ii, 574.— Trattinick, Arcbiv. i,t. 9.— Michaiix f. Hist.Arb.Am.ii,210,t.l4; N.American Sylva,3ed.i 149, t. 41 .— Pnr-xh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— NutlaU, Genera, i, 252.— Eaton, Mannal, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl.TJ. S. 395 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 160; Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 169.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Audubon, Birds, t. 54, 67.— Tausoh, Regensb. Fl. xii*, 552.— Penn.Cycl. i,79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spacb,Hist.Veg. iii, 113 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176. -Loudon, Arboretum, i, 424, f. 130 & t. -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 483 ; 2 ed. ii, 551 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 34.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansaa, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 79.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. six, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 542.— Young, Bot. Texaa, 206.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 193.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, lB79-'80, 54=.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. ? A. glaucum, Marshall, Arbustum, 2. f A. OoroJim'awa, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 251. A. coccinetim, Michaux f. Hist.Arb. Am. ii, 203; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142. A. sanguineum, Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 115 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. KED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE. New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; borders of streams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash and Yazoo rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6178 ; ash, 0.37 ; largely used in cabinet- making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc. ; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly valued. Ink is occasionally made, domestically, by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and combining the tannin with sulphate of iron ; formerly somewhat used in dyeing. Var. Drummondii. A. Drummondii, Hooker & Aruott in Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 83, t. 70 ; 2 ed. ii, 30, t. 70. Southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf states to southern Georgia. Well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly crenulate- toothed, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum ; fruit convergent, the wings bright red, even when fully ripe. A large tree, in deep, wet swamps, connected with the species by numerous intermediate forms of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Wood lighter than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.5459; ash, 0.34. 67. — Negundo aceroides, Moench, Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147; Fremont's Rop. 88; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv, 29; v, 309: Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 ; Am. Nat. iii, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. Nelson river (White Mud falls), southward through all mountainous regions of the northeastern states, and along tlio higli mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A smuU tree, G to !) meters iu height, with a truuk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; borders of swamps and ia moist, rocky woods, reiuliing its greatest development on the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior. 74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mountains, is— var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, FI.^N. America, i, 472. Sorbus aticuparia, vax. a. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, SuppLv, 164.— Elliott, Sk. i, 555.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 477.— Eaton, , Manual, 6 ed. 351.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 95.— Rcemer, Syn. Men. iii, 138. P. microcarpa, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 6,36.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bst. 113.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 921. Sorhus Ameriqfina, var. microcarpa, Wenzig in Linuaea, xxxviii, 71. Sorbus riparia, Eafiuesque, New Sylva, 15. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6451 ; ash, 0.83. Often planted for ornament. 121. — Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso &Sc]ileclitendalinLinn£ea,ii, 36.— BongardinMem. Acad. Soi. St. Petersburg, 6 aer. ii, 133.— Don, MiUer'sDict. ii, 648.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 53'.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Ledebour, Fl. Eossica, ii, 99.— Trautvetter & Meyer, Fl. Ocbot.37.— Maximowicz,Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 103.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 446.— Gray, Manual K States, 5 ed, 161; Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 382.— Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1870, 475,— Watson in King's Eep. v, 92.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 38.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G, M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. Sorbus aucuparia, var. /9. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus aucuparia, Sohrank, Pi. Labrador, 25, in part [not Linnseus], P. Americana, Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 73 [not De Candolle].— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 60.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Sbhlechtendal in Linnsea, x, 99, in part. — Hooker in Trans. Linnsean Soo. xxii^ 290, 327, in part. Sorbus sambucifolia, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximo wioz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 73. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 159. Sorbus SitchensiS, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139. MOUNTAIN ASH. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the Ba,p-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5928 ; ash, 0.35. The bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., ih the treatment of diarrhea (TSat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 122. — Crataegus rivularis, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, PI. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 58.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 258; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Eep. v, 92. —Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 482.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765.— Braudegee in Hayden's Eep. 1875, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Macoun in Geological Eep, Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. G. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Coulter in Hayden's Eep, 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gray]. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington territory, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains. New Mexico (Greene). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish-brown, the ■ap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7703; ash, 0.35. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 75 123. — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810.— London, Aiboretum, ii, 823, f. 584 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 147.— Kaleniozenko in BnlL Soo. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 26.— Brewer 50' in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.67; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers (Am. Jour. Fharm. vii, 10&. — Maisch in Proe. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 352. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 467). 152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon, Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Eep. it, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 312.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 51, t. 97 ; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97.— Durand in Jour. Philadelpliia Acad. 1855, 89.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 94 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 326. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 75. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 29, 63. — Lyall in Jour. Linnssati Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 387. — Brewer &. Watson, Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452. — VaBey,Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, lt-75-'76, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. O.florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to from 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown linged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash, 0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter, IFl. Caroliniana, 253. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 480. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 740. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 085. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, CI. Book, 392 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 456. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. N. Ogeche, Marshall, Arbustum, 97. N. COCCinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17. HF. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508. N, candicans, .Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259. — Persoon, Syn. ii,614. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 117.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Rcemcr & Schultes, Syst. v, 557.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 83?.- Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.— Browne, Trees of America, 42G. 2f. montana, Gsertner, Fruct. iii, 201, t. 216. OGEEOHEE LIME. SOUE TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM. Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeechee to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Mohr), and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.SO to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river bottom .s ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, contai]iing niiiny regularly- distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distingnishable; specific gravity, 0.4G13 ; ash, 0.34. A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid fruit. 92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 154. — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbustum, 97.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 260, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 116.^Barton, Prodr. FL. PhUadelph. 97 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 193. -?r. aquatiea, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 1058, in part.— St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. ii, 152.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb^ Am. ii, 165, t. 22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 31, t. 111.— Rosmer & Scbultes, Syst. v, 576.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. PMladelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 133.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Dietrich,, Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg.x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States,, 492.— Chapman, Fl.S. States, 168.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 168.— Porcher, Eesources S.- Forests, 347. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. JT. multiflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 46, 1. 16, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torrey, Fl. N. York,ii,161,t.95.— EmersoDr Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, 353 & t.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1,2.— Darlington, Fl. CSstrica. 3 ed. 254.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, FJ. S. States, 168. — Curtis in Eep.- Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53. — Bessey in Am. Nat. xv, 134. — Bell in Geological Eep.. Canada, 1879-'80, SS":.- Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. JT. GaroUnicma, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 1. N. hiflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113 ;. Enum. 1061 ; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Gairtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.v, 167.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 200 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 372. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual, 116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Loudon, Aiboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI.. V, 266, f. 241-244. N. integrifolia, Alton, Hort.Kew.iii,446.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614. If. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. JV. Villosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,258.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Desfontaines Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed- V, 479.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 276.— Eoemer & Scbultes, Syst. V, 575.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Torrey, Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii>. 1317,f. 1197, 1198. JT. multiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442. TUPELO. SOTJE GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM. Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Michigan,, south to Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller^ borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine upland.s; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatiea). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difBcult to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not dura,ble in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly-distributed small open ducts j medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light yellow or often nearlj^ white, the sapwo9d hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.6353; ash, 0.52; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes, and on the gulf coast for wharf piles. Note.— Various forms of Nyesa, which at different times have been considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, are cohneoted by so many intermediate forme, .and offer so few distinctive characters, that they are here united into one polymorphoua species, which thus enlarged may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of Nyssa sylvatica, rather than the more familiar Nyasa multiflora of Wangenheim. 155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 83, t. 27, f. 57.-Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.-Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.-Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.-Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1958, 253.-Chapman,Fl. S. States, 168.-Cnrti8 in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62.-Wood, CI. Book, 392 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.-Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.-Kooh, Dendrologie, ii, 455.-Young, Bot. Texas, 304.-Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 16. » > > &> > j r JSf. aquaUca, Linnaeus, Spec. 1058, in part-Marshall, Arbustum, 96.-Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. -Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 36.. N. dentieulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.-Per8oou, Sjn.ii, 615.-Willdenow, Spec, iv, llU.-Gaertner f.. l7^ ^T^' ^^' *■ 2^6--^"^«'^- Fl- ^■^- Sept. i, 178.-Poiret, Suppl. iv, I15.-Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236,-Hayne,. Dendi F1.229.-E(Bmer & Schultes, Syst. t, 577.-Spreng6l, Syst. i, 832.-Dietrioh, Syn. i, 879. CATALOaUE OF FOREST TEEES. 93 If. angulosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Dict.lv, 507; 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 2.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 578. N. palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175- N. tomentosa, Mlchaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persooii, Syn. ii, 615.— WUldeuow, Spec, iv, 1113.- Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Ecemer & Schaltes, Syst. v, 577.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Sprengel, Syst. 1, 832.— Audubon, Birds, t, 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 498. J^. angulisans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465. If. grandidentata, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; jST. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 364. If. capitata var. grandidentata, Browne, Trees of America, 426. LARGE TUPELO. COTTON GTJM. TUPELO GUM. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Neches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. "Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, or ofteu nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used la turnery, largely for woodenware, broom handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPfllFOLIAOBiE. 156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, 1<'L N. America, ii, 13. — Walpers, Eop. ii, 453. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi, 12; Ives' Eep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.v,66; Proo. Am. Acad. vii,387; Syn. Fl. N.America, i^, 9. — Watsou in King's Eep. v, 134. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 88. — Eothrook in AVheeler's Eep. vi, 135, .%3. S. Californica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72. ? S. Mexicana, Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 75 [not Presl]. ELDER. Valley of the Fraser river and "V ancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through California to the Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sapwooil lighter; specific gravity, O.j'JST; ash, 1.57. The large blue-black fruit edible and sometimes cooked. 157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Pivsl, Hmr. Ilumk.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. iv,322. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. V, 66; Syn. Fl. N. America, i^ 9.— Toncy in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 95; Bot. Jlex. Boundary Survey, 71.— Brewer &. Watson, Bot. C'n'.ifornJa, i, 278.— Eothrook in Wheeler's Kcp. vi, i:!5.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 1. *S'. glauca, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [uot Nuttall]. aS'. relhiina, Dnrand A Hilgard in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. iii, 39. 94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ELDER. Valley of the Nueces river (San Patricio), south and west along the southern boundary of the United States to Posa creek, Kern cqunty, California, and southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; bottom lands, in moist, gravelly loam. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, comjjact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4614; ash, 2.00. 158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 372 ; 2 ed. ii, 168. — Willdenow, Spec. 1,1491; Enum. 327; Berl. Baumz. 531.— Nouveau Duhamel, 11, 129.— Schkuhr, Handb. 234.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 178. — Persoon, Syn. i, 327. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 658. — Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 34 ; 6 ed. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 637.— Elliott, Sk. i, 365.— Torrey, PI. U. S. i, 318; Compend. Fl. N. States, 1.38; Fl. N. York, i, 305.— ■ Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 934.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 325.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 279. — Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440. —Spaoh, Hist. Veg. viii, 311.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1033, f. 780.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 473.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.— Penn. Cycl. xxvii, 294. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 364 ; 2 ed. ii, 412. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 115. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 398; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.newser. xii,194; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 269. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, i^, 12. — Eoch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. — Young, Bot. Texas, 309. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Maconn iu Rep. Geological Snrv. Canada, 1875-'76, 198. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 68. SHEEPBEUBEY. NAJVNYBEREY. Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rocky ridges and^long borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29. 159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Llnnteus, Spec. 1 ed. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 98.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 371 ; 2 ed. ii, 167.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1487; Enum. 326; Berl. Baumz. 530.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 53.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii,128,t.38.— Schkuhr, Handb. 233.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 178.— Persoon, Syn. i, 326.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 653.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. 39; Compend. PI. Philadelph. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— ElUott, Sk. i, 365.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 933.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1034, 1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 279.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 451.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 398 ; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206; Syn.F].N. America, i^ 12.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, u, 269.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. —Young, Bot. Texas, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Watson in Preo. Am. Acad, xviii, 96. V. pyrifoUum, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 658.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.-NuttaU, Genera, i, 202. -Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 152.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 ed. 404.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1034, f. 781, 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123. V. primifoKum, \Sir. ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15. BLACK HAW. STAG BUSH. Fairfield county, Connecticut, valley of the lower Hudson river (Fishkill landing), south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check iu drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8332 ; ash, 0.52. The edible fruit sweet and insipid ; . the tonic and astringent bark somewhat used in the treatment of uterine disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts {Boston Med. and Surg. Jour. October 10, 1867.— U. iS. Dispensatory f 14 ed. 1783.— JVaf. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1821). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95 RUBIAOEiE. 160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, Roemer & Schnltes, Syst. V, 18.— Sprengel, Syst. i,705.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 359.— Don, Miner's Diet, iii, 481.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 722.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. viii, 395.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 36.— Cbapman, Fl. S. States, 180.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 324.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. 628.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i', 23. Cinchona Garibcea, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. t. 176, f. 65.— Gartner, Fmot. i, 169, t. 33.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 228; 2 ed. i, 372. — Lambert, Cinchona, 38, 1. 12 (excl. syn. ).— Andrews, Bot. Rep. vii, t. 481. Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright in Trans. Royal Soc. Ixvii, 504, 1. 10. Semi-tropical Florida, on the soutbern keys ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow; specific gravity, 0.9310; ash, 0.23. 161. — Pinckneya pubens, Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 103, t. 13.— WiUdenow, Enum. Snppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 372.— Michaux f.Hist. Arb. Am.ii,276,t.24; N> American Sylva, i, 180, t. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 37.— Barton, PI. N. America, i, 25, t. 7.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 705.— Elliott, Sk. i, 269.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 57, t. 72.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 165.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 263.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 400.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 357.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37.— Browne, Trees of America, 354.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 347.— Cooper ia Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Wood, CI. Book, 401 ; Bot. & Fl. 150.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 404.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i», 23. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40. p. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, 197.— Gasrtner f. Fruct'. Suppl. 81, t. 194, f. 3. GEORGIA BAEK. South Carolina, near the coast; basin of the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, sandy swamps ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5350; ash, 0.41. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed.l734). 162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, Grisebach, Fl. British West ludies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i=, 29. Gardenia clusicefolia, Jacquin, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— Persoon, Syn. i, 199.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 381 ; Dietrich, Syn. i, 796. Eandia clusicefolia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Va«ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. SETEN-TEAR APPLE. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A sihall, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; saline shores. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.03 16; ash, LOG. The large insipid fruit popularly but incorrectly supposed to require seven years in which to ripen. ^■96 FOREST TREP]S OF NORTH AMERICA. I63.r-Guettarda elliptica, Swartz, Prodr. 59 ; FI. Ind. Occ. i, 634.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 218.— persoon, Syn. i, 200.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 859.— EoBmer & Sohultes, Syst. iv, 442.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 457.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 787.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 551.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, ii, 35.— Grlsebach, Fl. British West Indies, 332.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i^, 30. , G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth in herb.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 178.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; through^ the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged mth red; ..specific gravity, 0.8337 ; ash, 1.05. ERIOAOEiE. 164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Marshall, Axbustum, 157. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 230. — Persoon, Syn. i, 479. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 270. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 285. — Nuttall, Genera, i,263. — Elliott, Sk. i, 495. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 853. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1159. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 567.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 414.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1885.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 259.— Wood, CI. Book, 482; Bot. & Fl, 198.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, iii,20.— V.asey.Cat. Forest Trees, 71. V. nmcronatum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 139 [not Linnseus]. V. diffusum, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 356.— Bot. Mag. t. 1607.— Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 96. Batodendron arboreum, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phi). Soc. 2 8er. viii,261; Sylva, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii. 111. 1 FARKLEBEEEY. North Carolina, south near the coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern ilUinois and southern Missouri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda, bay. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its northern •limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine belt of the Gulf states along the larger ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest development in eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7610; ash, 0.39; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small Shandies, etc. 165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 67 ; 2 ed. iii, 52.— Willdenow, Sp. ii, 609.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 25't,Hort. Brit.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 201. F. ferrvginea, var. Caroliniana, London, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915. 158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BEECH. Nova Scotia and the valley of the Eestegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and Madison county, Arkansas [Letterman). A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters (Bidgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 469; Enum. 982; Berl. Baumz. 260.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Aitqn, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 169.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 618.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.--Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2015, f. 1940.— Hooter, FLBor. -Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 256. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 647 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 233.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi''', 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456.— Young, Bot. Texas, 510.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85. Carpinws Ostrya, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbustum, 25.— Moench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 200.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 109. Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 201. — besfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5. Carpinus triflora, Mcench, Meth. 394. Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 202. 0. Virginica, VSbT. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Soi. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginiana, Koch,Dendrologie,ii^6. HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVEE WOOD. Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8284; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 126.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xviii, 180. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. 0. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Suppl. ii, 202.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Sfftc. iv, 468; Enum. , Suppl. 64; Berl. Baumz. 75.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 26, t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109 ; 6 ed. 82.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. PI. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 168.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 618.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 157.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8.=)4.— Guimi)el,^tto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl.N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Penn. Cycl. iv, 315.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2013, f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252; Hist. Veg. xi, 224.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174; 2 ed. i, 198 &t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 648 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Gr.ay, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 457 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gaziette, iii, 60.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52=. C. Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbustum, 25. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159 HOENBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATEE BEECH. lEON WOOD. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokegama, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0,7286 ; ash, 0.83; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. BETFLAOE^. 294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach, Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 eer. xv, 187 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv', 19.— Eege] in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 76, t. 4, f, 19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Vasey, Cat.Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun iu Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55":. jB. lenta, Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 92 [not LinnaeusJ.- Wangenheim, Amer. 45, t. 29, f. 38. B. populifolia, Marshall, Avbustum, 19.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t. 2, f. 5; Spec, iv, 463. — PerBoon,Syn.ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 476.— NouveanDuhamel, Iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl. i, 687.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,620.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175. — Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva,i,25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— "Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, 1. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed. i, 243 & t. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 256. — Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 646. B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Beitr. Yi, 98.— Mosnch, Meth. 693. B. alba, suhs^eciea populifolia, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 399 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 164. WHITE BIECH. OLD-FIELD BIECH. GEAT BIEOH. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in eastern New England. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check iu drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreumatic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes ( IT. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1592. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287) ; the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture of ink. 295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 180. B. papyracea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981 ; Berl. Baumz. 58, t. 2, f. 1.— Nonveau Duhamel, iii,205. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret, Suppl. i, 688. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,621.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34, t.27, f. ].— Eaton, Manual, 109; ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, i, 25 ; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compend; Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 199.— Audubon, Birds, t. 88. —Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Bostou. 3 ed. 381.— Ponn. Cycl. ii, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed.i,239 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Hookerf. in Trans. Liuusean Soc. xxiii^, 300, 339. — Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 645. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological 160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, B. nigra, Loieeleur in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, t. 51 [not Linnsens]. B. grandis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 2. B. rubra, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. cd. 1836. B. alba, var. papyri/era, Spaoh. in Ann. Soi. Nat. Sser. XV, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234.— Endlioher, Genera, Snppl. iv», 19. -Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, six, 81, t. 5, f. 5-16. B. cordifolia, Eegcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 86, 1. 12, f. 29-36. B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, Ecgel in Bull. See. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvP, 166. B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. cordifolia, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 166. B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. communis, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 166. B. alba, subspecies commutata, Kegel in Bnll. Soc Nat. Moscow, xxxviii-*, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 166. B, OCCidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker]. B. alba, var. populifolia, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, 67 [not Spaoh]. CANOE BIKCH. WHITE BIECH. PAPEE BIECH. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Yuhon river, Alaska, soulh, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota {B. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter Boot mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville, Washington territory {Watson), and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia {Engelmann & Sargent). A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. . 296. — Betula occidentalis. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7.— Endlioher, Genera, Suppl. iv«, 20.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466.— Newberry in Pacific K. K. Kep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 493.— Watson in King's Rep. V, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 79.— Porter &Hayden, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Eothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50 ; Wheeler's Kep. vi, 239.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. B. alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 400; De Candolle, Prodr. xviS 165. BLACK BIECH. British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern canons of the Sierra Nevadas above Owen's valley [Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Eocky mountains to Utah and northern New Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain canons and along streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. Wood soft, strong, brittle, close;- grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0,6030; afih, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161 297.— Betula lutea,.Mioliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152,t.5; N. American Sylva, 3ed.ii,82,t. 73.— Spacli in Aiin.Sci.Nat.2 ser.xv,191; Hist. Vcg. xi, 243.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv^ 20.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 640— Yasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 28.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180. B. excelsa, PursL.Fl.Am. Sept. ii, 621 .[not AitonJ.-Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. FL N. States, 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 200.— Eaton, Mannal, 6 ed. 53.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. 1564, 1565 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 382.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. ii, 349.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 422.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 206; 2 ed. i, 235 & t.-Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 438.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, PI. S. States, 428.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1830, iii, 74,— Wood, CI. Boot, 648.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50<=. B. lenta, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, six, 125, in part ; Bull. See. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 417, in part ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 179, in part. YELLOW BIECH. GRAY BIRCH. ^Newfoundland, uorthern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake Superior and Eainy lake, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Korth Carolina and Tennessee. One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern Ifew England and Canadian forests, ■often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6553; ash, 0.31; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. — Betula nigra, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 982.— Marshall, Arbustum, 18.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 231.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336 ; 2 ed. v, 299.— Gfertner, Fruct. ii, 54, t. 90, f. 1. — ^Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464 ; Enum. 931 ; Berl. Baumz. 56. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. iv. No. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fi. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325. —Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1710, f. 1562, 1563 & t.— Penn. CycL ii, 149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 412; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, ManualN. States, 5 ed. 459; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbank in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. B. lanulosai Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 206. B. nibra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80, t. 72. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248. — Eatont Manual, 6ed. 53.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg.xi, 230.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv", 19. B. angulata, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river. Long island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the lower Mississippi river. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap- wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0,5702; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 11 FOR 162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 299. — Betula lenta, Linnssus, Spec. 1 ed. 983. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 453. — Marshall, Arbustum, 19. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 111,337; 2 ed. v, 300. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981 ; Berl. Baumz. 59. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. 11, 477. — ^Nouveau Dnhamel, ill, 205. — Mlchauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. 11, 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. li, 85, t. 74. — Smith In Eees' Cycl. Iv, No. 3. — ^Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 11, 621. — ^Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Phlladelph. li, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— EUiott, Sk. li, 617.— Watson, Dend. Brit, li, 144.— Sprengel, Syst. 11, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York, 11, 200.— Gnlmpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 105, t. 83.— London, Arboretum, 111, 1713, f. 1566.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. — Llndley in Penn. Cycl. 11, 349. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xy, 190 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 241. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — ^Endlioher, Genera, Snppl. iv^, 20. — Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper In Smithsonian Eep. 1858,256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis In Eep. Geological Surv. K. Carolina, 1860, ill, 74. — Eegel iu Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviil'', 125, In part; Bull. Soo. Nat. Moscow, xxxvlli, 417, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvl^, 179, In part. — Wood. CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308. — Porcher, Eesonrces S. Forests, 265. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458. — Koch, Dendrologle, 11, 639. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears In Bull. Essex Inst. xili,. 180.— Bell In Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55=.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. jB. nigra, DuEoi,Harbk..i,93.— Wangeuheim,Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34. B. excelsa, Alton, Hort. Kew. i ii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 299 [not Pursh].— WiUdenow, Spec. Iv, 464.— Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, 111, 203, t. 52. — ^Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. il, 477. — Polret, Suppl. 1, 687. — Smith in Eees'' Cycl. Iv, No. 10. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 1, 7.— Spach In Ann. Sci. Nat.2ser. xv,188; Hist. Veg. xl,243. — Endlicher, Genera, lv^ 20. B. earpinifoUa, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi, 99.— willdenow, Enum. 981; Berl. Baunqiz. 49. CHERET BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity,. 0.7617 ; ash, 0.26 ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. " Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus. 300. — Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg, Mas.— Nuttall, Sylva, 1, 34, t. 10=; 2 ed. 1, 50, 1. 10^.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Canby in Coulter's Bot.. Gazette, vi, 1881. Betula-Alnus maritima, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. A. oblongata, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xlx, 172, t. vl, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow]. A. maritima typica, Eegel in Bull. Soo. Nat. Moscow, xxxviil'', 427; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 186. SEASIDE ALDER. Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; vailey of the Eed river, Indian territory, in about; longitude 96° 30' W. {U. Hall); Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Begel in Be Candolle,. Prodr. xvi^ 186). A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light. bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 163 301. — Alnus rubra, Bongarcl, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 162.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 205.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv=, 21.— Lyall in Jour. Linnoean Soc. vii, 134.— Kegel in Bull. Soo. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiiS 429; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 186.— Torrey, Hot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331. ?J.. glutinosa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 622 [not Willdenow]. A. Oregana, Nuttall, Sylva, i,28,t. 9; 2 ed. i,44,t. 9.— Newberry in Pacific K. E. Eep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261 ; Pacific R. E. Rep. xii^, 28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. A. ineana, var. rubra, Eegel iu Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. 3-4. ALDER. Sitka, south through the islands and Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lands and borders of streams; most common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays distant, broad ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4813 ; ash, 0.42 ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture. 302. — Alnus phombifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, 1,33; 2 ed. 1, 49.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2e.—Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, in part. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Eegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii", 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part. ALDER. Valley of the lower Eraser river, British Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California, extending east along the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), and the valley of the Flathead river, Montana {Ganby & Sargent). A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys. ;Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, Compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31. 303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 266. — Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 80.— Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 239.— Eusby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Eegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 443; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 188. ALDER. San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and southern New, Mexico to the valley of the Rio Grande; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in deep mountain canons. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3981; ash, 0.42. 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 304. — Alnus serrulata, wiUdenow, Spec, iv, 336; Euum. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 31.— Nouveau Duliamel, ii, 216.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 550.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 488.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 320, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 158.— Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 12.— Nuttall, Genera, ' ii, 206.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 122.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 567.— Torrey, Compend. tl. N. States, 350; Fl. N. York, ii, 202, 1. 115.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 276.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1688, f. 1544.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 220.— Spaoh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv^ 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.^Chapman, Fl. S. States, 429.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & PI. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. Betula rugosa, Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 176.— Wangenheim, Amer. 86, t. 29, f. 60.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 21. ? Betula- Alnus glauca, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. Betula serrulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181. A. serrulata, var. vulgaris, SpachiuAnu. Sci.Nat.2ser. xv,206. A. serrulata, var. macropJiylla, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206. A. serrulata, var. oblongata, .Spach, Hist. Veg. xl, 251. A. serrulata, var. latifoUa, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 251. A. rubra, Tuokerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. A. hybrida, Eeichenbach, loon. Fl. Germ. xii,t. 630, f. 1292. A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, 8, in part. A. glutinosa, var. rugosa, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 165, 1. 11, f. 9, 10. A. serrulata genuina and obtusifolia, Eegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 432 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 188. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, EegelinBall. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 188, in part. A. rugosa, Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 635. A. oblongata, undulata, rugosa. Canadensis, and Americana, Hort.' BLACK ALDER. SMOOTH ALDEE. Essex county, Massachnsetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.46G6; ash, 0.38. A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea and hsematuria, etc. {Ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 135). 305. — Alnus incana, Willdenow, Spec, i V, 335 ; Euum. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 20.— Persoon, Syn. ij , 550.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Hayne, Dend. Fh 152.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 12. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1687, f. 1543. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 157.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120. — Spach in Ann. Sci.Nat.2 8er.xv,2C6; Hist. Veg. xi, 252.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 30 ; 2ed.i,46. — Tuckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32.— Torrey, Fl.N. York, ii, 202.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 220 ; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv=, 21.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 25G.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnrean So.;, xxiii^, 301.— Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot.& Fl. 308.— Eegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mo.scow, xxxviii", 433; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188.— Gray, Manusil N. States, 5 ed. 4fel.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 636.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maeoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Bell in Geological Eep. ' Canada, 1879-'80, 55<=, BetrJa- Alnus, var. /?. incana, Linnteus, Sped ed.983.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 109. Betula incana, Liunajus, Suppl. 417.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. iv,No. 7. 9 Betula-Alnus rubra, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. A. glauca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 89, t. 75, f. 2.— Bigelow, PI. Boston. 3 ed. 307. A. incana, var. glauca. Gray, Manual N. states, 1 ed.423; 3 ed. 461. A. incana, Americana, and genuina, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165 SPEOKXBD ALDER. HOABT ALDEE. BLACK ALDEE. Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Eocky mountains, south to northern New England, "Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is — var. virescens, Watsou, Bot. California, ii, 81. A. incana, var. glauca, Eegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soo. Nat. Moscow, xxxYiii^ 433, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xyi^ 189, in part.— Watsou iu King's Eep. v, 326 [not Alton] ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Eothrock, PI. Wlieeler, 50 ; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 239.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. A. ser'rulata, var. rugosa, Eegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii-", 432, in part ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4607 ; ash, 0.42 ; preferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. SALIC ACB^ 306. — Salix nigra, Marshall, Aibustnm, 139.— Muhlenberg in Neue Sohriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 657; Enum. 1003; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426.— Persaon, Syn. _ii,599.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.iii, 324, t. 5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. it, 61.— Eaton, Manual, 118 ; 6 ed! 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231 ; Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 180.— EUiott, Sk, ii, 670.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 614.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35. — Emerson Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 eA. i, 307 & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Andersson in Ofr. af. "Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 19, f. 15 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 256.— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 339. — Wood,Cl.Book, 654 ; Bot.& Fl. 310. — Porcher, Eesources S.Forests, 334. — Engelmann iuTrans. Am. Phil. Soc. newser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 513. — Young, Bot. Texas, 514. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 181. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180 S. pentandra, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 243. 8. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 226. — Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 62. 8. Houstoniana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 670.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 615.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. S.falcata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poirot, Snppl. v, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. f 8. ambigua, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 617.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. 8. ligustrina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 65, t. 125, f. 2.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 61. 8. Purshiaiia, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 608.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed.560. 8. flavo-mrens, Homemann in Cat. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. ii, 11. f 8. COrdata, vav. falcata, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370. 8. nigra, var. falcata, Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Carey in Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 280. 166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BLACK WILLOW. Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas; Pacific region, valleys of the Sacramento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes ] 5 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifoKa, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Alcad. Handl. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc. The best marked forms are — var. marginata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akacl. Handl. vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201. S. marginata, Wimmer in Schedul. Herb. Vindab. var. longipes, AnderssoninKongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 201. 8. longipes, Shuttleworth in berb. Hooker.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 185S, 114 (Proc, Am. Acad, iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744. Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Alcad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 201, as subvars. venulosa and gongylocarpa [Shuttleioorth], {S. longipes, -var. pubeseens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53; 8. subvillosa, Mliott in herb. 8chweinitz ex. Nuttall, 8ylva, i, 79; 2 ed. i, 94, vide Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53, note). var. 'Wrightii, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 201.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180. 8. Wrightii, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 55 -Walpers, Ann. v, 745.=— Torrey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. var. Wardii, Bebb in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.445(!; ash, 0.70. The tonic and astringent bark used domestically as a popular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. {Am. Jour. Pharm. 1875, 303.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 796, 1748. — Wat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248). Note. — The closely allied Salix oceidentalis, Boso, of the West Indies is not perhaps specifically distinct from S. nigra, with which some of the forms of var. longipes from southern Florida seem to connect it. 307.— Salix amygdaloides, Andersson, Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Bebb in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 240. f8i melanopsis, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. 21; 2 ed. i, 93, t. 21. 8. nigra, var. amygdaloides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 21; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201.— Eothrook, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. WILLOW. Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York, HanJcenson ; Painesville, Ohio, .Bear(?s/ee), westward to. the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Eocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico; banks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Howells). A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; the heart-wood light brown, sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4509; ash, 0.92. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167 308. — Salix laevigata, Bobb, Am. Nat. viii, 202 ; Bot. California, ii, 83. "WILLOW. California, Sierra county (Lemmon) and the valley of the Sacramento river to the southern boundary of the st.ite. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and bottom lands. A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, U. L. Greene) is — var. angUStifolia, BcLb in Bot. California, ii, 84.— Kothrook in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374. A form with short, densely-flowered aments is — var. COngesta, Bel)b in Bot. California, ii, 84. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 0.4872; ash, 0.58. 309. — Salix lasiandra, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Newbaorry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159. • S. speciosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 58, t. 17 ; 2 eel. i, 74, 1. 17 [not Hooker & Amptt].— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 29. S. lucida, var. angwstifolia, forma lasiandra, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,54). 8. arguta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 33; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 206. WILLOW. British Columbia, shores of lake Kamloop (Macoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river, California; Eocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; banks of streams; very common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments. The best marked forms are — var. lancifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. lancifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 34, f. 23. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. 8. lucida, vai\ macrophylla, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 205. The common form of British Columbia and western Washington territory and Oregon. var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. pentandra, var. caudata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 61, t. 18; 2 ed. i, 77, t. 1«. 8. Fendleriana, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forb. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Aoad. iv, 54).— Walpers, Ann. v, 745. 8. arguta, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 32; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 205, in part. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white; specific gravity, O.J:756; ash, 0.60. Var. lancifolia, specific gravity, 0.4547; ash, 0.79. Var. Fendleriana, the heart-wood brown, sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.4598; ash, 0.56. 168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 310. — Salix longifolia, MuMenberg, Neue Sohriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlia, iv, 238, t. 6, f. 6 (Ann. Bot. ii, 66, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 670.— Persson, Syn. ii, 600.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Bfirratt, Sal. Am. No. 23.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton,' Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 439, 440.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad.Forh. 1858, 116 (Proe. Am. Acad, iv, 56); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 54, f. 35; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 745.— Lesquerenx in Owen's SdJKep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 653; Bot. &F1. 310.— Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 465.— Watson iu King's Rep. v, 324 ; Wheeler's Rep. 1872, 493.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116. 8. fluviatalis, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 73; 2 ed. i,89. ?S. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Exped. Appx. 37. 8. longifolia,, var, pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 214.— Maoonn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. SAND-BAB WILLOW. Valley of the Cranecticut river (Sunderland, Massachusetts, N. 0. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at Washington {Ward); west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie river, in latitude 66° N. (Bichardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Eocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast states. t A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghany mountains; rery common throughout the Mississippi Eiver basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon' and northern California. Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., are — var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. exigua, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75 ; 2 ed. i,90. 8. longifolia, var. amgustissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56). Western Texas to California and Oregon. var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'', 214. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrook, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden'a Suiv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. argopTiylla, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 71, t. 20 ; 2 ed. i, 87, t. 20. f 8. hracJiycarpa, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 69 ; 2 ed. i, 85. 8. longifolia, var. Ojpaea, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, E5, 8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla angustissima, AndieTBBOJx in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr, xvi^ 214. 8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca, Andersson in De CandoUe, Prodr. svi^, 214. Western Texas to Oregon. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930 ; ash, 0.48. Var. exigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood darker colored ; specific gravity, 0.5342 ; ash, 1,06. 311. — Salix sessilifolia, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 68; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,'56) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 36; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. sessilifolia, var. Villosa, Andersson in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 215. Puget sound southward to northern California, near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 169' A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and the California Coast ranges, is— var. Hindsiana, Andersaon in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56).— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. S. Hindsiatia, Bentham.Pl. Hartweg. 335.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 89.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 138.— Andersson m Kongl. Sven. Akad. Haudl. vi, 56, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^^, 215.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746. ^. Hindsiana, var. tenuifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 56; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^^, 215. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4397 ; ash, 0.50. 312. — Salix discolor, Muhlenberg, Neue Scbriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 234, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 62, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 599.— Pursh.Fl. Am, Sept. ii,613.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 56.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 669.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 369; Fl. N. York, ii,206.— Sprengel.Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279.— EatoH, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Smitb in Eees' Cycl. No. 25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrioa, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1630, f. 147.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 392.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 147.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 258; 2 ed.i,296 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Eichardson, Ai-ctic Exped. 312.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Aiad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 63) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 225. —Walpers, Ann. v, 750.— Chajiman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 570.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1874-75, 210.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86. S. sensitiva, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8. G-LAUCOtrS WILLOW. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence. The best marked forms are — var. eriocephala, Andersson in KoHgl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 85; De Candolle, Prodr, xvi^, 225. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 463. iS. eriocephalci, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 225. — Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391. — Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 321. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 259; 2 ed. i, 196 & t. — Carey in Gray's Manual N.^ States, 1 ed. 426.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1868, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 57).— Walpers, Ann. V, 746. 8. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7. var. prinoides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 86; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 225. — Emerson,Trees Massachu- setts, 2ed. i,297. 8. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 67.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 366.— Smithin Eees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319. — Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1612, f. 40. Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 150. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1, ed. 259. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4261 ; ash, 0.43. 313. — Salix flavescens, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 65; 2 ed. i, 81.- Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part. Eocky mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to the Mogollon range, New Mexico {JE. L. Ghreene) ; on the Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra ^STevada, California. A small tree sometimes C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of .streams, reaching its greatest development in the southern Kocky Mountain region. Wood light soft, not strong, close-grained, co mpact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4969 ; ash, 0.61. 170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. Scouleriana, Bebb ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 129. S. brachystaehys, Beutham, PL Hartweg. 336.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858,121 (Proc. Am. Acad. Iv, CI); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 8a, f. 48 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvP, 224. 8. Scouleriana, Barratt in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, in part.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii=, 29. 8. hrachystachys, var. 8couleriana, Andersson in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi^ 224. 8. flavescens, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part. BLACK WILLOW. Kadiak island, Alaska {Kellogg), southward through British Columbia, western "Washington territory, and Oregon to Santa Barbara, California. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; uplands, near springs or streams, or often in quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound. Wood light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39. 314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, t. 180.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 59) ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 274. — Walpers, Ann. v, 747. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan (Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.32. 315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andersson, Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 252. DIAMOND WILLOW. Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries, Pqrt Osage, Missouri {Prince Neuwied), Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude. A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub not exceeding 1.80 to 3 meters in height; low bottom lauds, in wet, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, the annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure; color, brown or often tinged red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6069; ash, 0.59; heavier than that of other species examined, and largely used for fence posts, being said to equal, when thoroughly seasoned, red cedar in durability in contact with the soil. Note.— The typical Salix cordata^ Muhlenberg, of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent isizd or habit. 316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 264.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86. 8. lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86 (a vernal state, teste Bebb in Kt.). 8. Bigelovii, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 139.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ; Kougl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, 1 94 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi«, 255.— Walpers, Ann. y, 747. 8. Bigelovii, var. fuscior, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 255. 8. , f Watsou iu King's Eep. v, 325. .>S'. lasiolepis, var.fallax, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86. CATALOGUE OF FORKST TREES." 171 WILLOW. California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the western portions of the state, reaching in the Sierra Nevadas an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angustifolia and latifolia, Andersson in Be Candolle Prodr. xvi^ 255), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring {8. Hartwegi, Bentham in PI. Eartweg, 52 ; S. humilis, var. Harticegi, Andersson, I. c. 236). Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-woiod nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98 ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part •of the state. 317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sauson; • Bongard iu Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, G ser. ii, 162.— Ledebour, Fl. Eossioa, iii, 609.— Eiobardson, Arctic Exped. 439.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 66) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 233.— Walper8,Ann.v, 752. —Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 93.— Bebb in Bot. California, ji, 87 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25. S. cuneata, Nvittall, Sylva, i, 66 ; 2 ed. i, 82. SILKY WILLOW. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, •or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is — var. angUStifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87. 8. cJllorophylla, var. pelUta, Andersson iu KoDgl. Sven. Akad. Handl. 139, f. 72; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 244. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.59. 318. — Populus tremuloides, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 184, t. 53. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 623. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 465. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 6, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 99, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 67.— Torrey,Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fremont's Kep.97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves' Eep. 172; Ives' Eep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468. — Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 370.— Bigelow,Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nal . 2 ser. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 70.— Seringe, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi,25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2.'J7 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii=, 29, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Hooker f. iu Trans. Linnajan Soc. xxiii^ 301.— Wood, 01. Book, 655; Bot. it Fl. 311.— Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466.— Wesma;! iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, S23.— Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1871, 683.— Watson iu King's Eep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 : Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135 ; Bot. California, ii, 91.— Porter iu Hayden's Eep. 1871,494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Macouu in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 51.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv,32,f. 1.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f. 6.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183.— G. M. Daivson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 231.— Eidgway in Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87. P. trepida, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Ive\v.2ed. 395.— Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6*3.- Eaton, Manual, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 24.1.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510. P. ^re»nM?»/br»H's, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 243; 2ed. i,279 & t. P. Atheniensis, Hort.— Koch, Deudrologie,ii, 486 (excl. syu.). ASPEN. QUAKING ASP. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific reo'ion south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Eocky mountains and interior ranges to'southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter iu diameter; very coaimon through British America and spreading over enormous area-s bared by fire of the coniferous forest ; iu the Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms at an. elevation of 0,000 to 10,000 feet; the most widely-distributed North American tree. 172 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,, compact, not durable, containing, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4032 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp, a substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc. A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1763). 319. — Populus grandidentata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243.— Persoon, Syn. ii, C24.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 287,t.8,f.2; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Puish, PI. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 197.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 200.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 67.-El]iott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 214.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 277.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & WrigM, Bot. 370.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511.- Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser. 33; Hist. Veg. x, 384.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2ed.i,278&t.— SeringeinFI. des Jard.ii,56.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooperin Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, PI. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 487.— Wesmsel in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 327.— VaSey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Beal in Am. Nat. xt, 34, f. 2.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56^ P. grandidentata, sr&V. pendula, Torrey,Compend.Fl.N. States, SrS.-Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239. POPLAR. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4632 ; ash, 0.45 ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for woodenware, etc. 320. — Populus heterophylla, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, Arbustum, 107.— Wangenheim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 248. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v, 397.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806 ; Enum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz. 293.— ■ Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fl. A-ia. Sept. ii, 619.— Nattall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203. —Elliott, Sk.ii, 712.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1672, f. 1534. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 386.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 61. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 488. — Wesmael in Be Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 326. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. -Eidgway ia Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,86. P. COrdifolia, Bui^sdorf, Anleit. Erz, Holzart. 3 ed. 152. P. argentea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 390, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 170, t. 97. P. heterophylla, var. argentea, Wosmsel in De Candoll&, Prodr. xvi^, 376. EIVEE COTTONWOOD. SWAMP COTTONWOOD. ' Guilford, Connecticut ( W. B. Dudley), Northport, Long island, south, generally near the coast, to southern Qeorgia, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of river swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown; specific gravity, 0.4089; ash, 0.81. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 173 321. — Populus balsamifera, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 1034.— Du Eoi,- Harbk. 82— Marshall, Arbustum, 107.— Wangenlieim, Amer. 85, t. 28, f. 59.— Aiton, Hort. Ketr. iii, 406 ; 2 ed. V, 397.— Moenoh, Meth. 338.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Nouveau Duliamel, ii, 179, t. 50.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805 ; Enum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz. 290.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 624.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.— Miobaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 306, t. 13, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. ii, 172, t. 98, f. 1.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117 ; 6 ed. 278.— NuttaU, Genera, ii, 239 ; Sylva, i, 55; 2 ed. i,70.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 322.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 320.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1637, f. 1535, 1536 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 153.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 370.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33 ; Hist. Veg. x, 393.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxix. Misc. 20.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 65.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 216; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii=, 301.— Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 495.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Maconn in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. XV, 135, — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 4.— Trelease iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 181.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45^ P. Tacamahaca, Miller, Diet. P. viminea, Bon Jard. 1845, 565. p. balsamifera, var. genuina, Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prortr. xvi^ 329. BALSAM. TACAMAHAC. BALM OF GILBAD. Straits of Belle Isle to Eichmoud gulf and cape Churcliill, Hudson bay, northwest to the shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern IS^ew England, .central Michigan and Minnesota, the E.ocky mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington territory, and British Columbia. A large tree,18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common on all islands and shores of the northern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. triehocarpa, the range of the two species here still uncertain. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3635 ; ash, 0.66. The buds, as well as those of several other species, covered with a resinous exudation, and occasionally used medicinally as a substitute for turi)entiue and other balms. Var. candicans, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 419 ; 5 ed. 467. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129.^Watsou in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb, vii, 57. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. P. balsamifera lanceolata, Marshall, Arbustum, 108. P. candicans, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii,406; 2 ed. v. 397.— Nouveau Duhame], ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enum. 1017; Berl. Baumz. 291. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii,217.— Audubon, Birds, t. 59. — Beck, Bot, 332. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1676, f. 1537. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigetow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33 ; Hist. Veg. X, 392.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxix, Misc. 22. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 245; 2 ed. i, 281. — Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Gray, Mauual N. States, 1 ed. 431.— Wood, CI. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmajl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 330. P. Canadensis, Mojnch, Weiss, yl [not Michaux f.]. P. latifolia, Mccuch, Meth. 338. P. Ontariensis, Hort.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836. P. macrophylla, Lindley in Loudon, Encyc. PI. 840. P. acladesca and P. hcterophylla, Hort. (ex. Koch, Wachen. 1865, 238). A large tree, rare or unknown iu a wild state ; very common in cultivation. The wood heavier than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.4161 ; ash, 0.46. 174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 322. — Populus angustifolia, James, Loiig'B Exped. i, 497.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Fremont's Eep. 97; Sitgreaves' Eep. 172; Ives' Eep. W; Bot. Wilkes. Exped. 469.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 52, t. 16 ; 2 ed. i, 68, t. 16.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Hayden in. Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. CalLfornia, ii,91. P. Canadensis, var. angustifoUa; Wcsmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 329. P. balsamifera, var. angustifoUa, Watson in King's Eep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— I'orter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76,. 211.— Eushy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106. BLACK COTTONWOOD. Black hills of Dakota {B. Douglas), Swimming Horse creek, and the Suowy Mountain region, Montana, Eed Eock creek, southwestern Montana ( Watson), east Humboldt and Shoshone mountains, Nevada, Eocky mountains of Colorado, and the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams,. between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. ' Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3912 ; ash, 0.79. 323. — Populus trichocarpa, Torrey & Gray; Hooker, Icon, v, 878. — Walpers, Ann. v, 767. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 266. — Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 330. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 328 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — MacOun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. P. balsamifera, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154. ' P. angustifoUa, Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 29, 68. P. balsamifera, Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 134 [not Linnaeus].- Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. P. trichocarpa, var. CUpulata, Watsou in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91. P. balsamifera, var. ? Galifornica, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. XV, 136. BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD. Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Eoot mountains, Montana {Watson), south through Washington territory, weetern Oregon and California to the southern borders of the state. A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom lauds below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Columbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27 ; in Oregon and Washington territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc. 324. — Populus monilifera, Alton, Hort. Kew.iii, 406; 2 ed. v, 396.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 71.-Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 186.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805; Euum. 1017 •, Berl. Baumz. 292.— Persoon, Sy n. ii, 623.— Desfontaiue.s, Hist. Arb. ii, 465.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 295, 1. 10, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 168, t. 96, f. 2.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 102.— Beck, Bot. ^23.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1657, f. 1517 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 97 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 215 ; Pacific E. E. Eep.v, 365.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 249 ; 2 ed. i, 287.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 18.58, 257.— Gray in Paciiic E. E. Eep. xii=, 47 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 72.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 655.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xii; 209.— Watson in King's Eep. v, 327 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.— Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Maconn in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 3.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56'^.- Eidgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649. 9 P. deltoide, Marshall, Arbustum, 106. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175 P. cmgulata, Alton, Hort. Kew.iii, 408; 2 ed. v, 396. - -Nouveau Duhamel, di, 186.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805; Enum.1017; Berl. Baumz. 294.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.iu,302,t. 12; N. American gylva, 3 ed. ii, 161, t. 94. -Pursh, Fl. Ann. Sept. ii, 619.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— James in Long's Exped.ii, 164.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 711.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1670, 1533 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.xv,321; Hist. Veg.x,391.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 64.— Scheele in Rosmer, Texas, 446.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,257.— Chapman, F1.S. States, 431.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 655; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Weamuel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 328.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii,494.— Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182. P. Imvigata, Alton, Hort. Kew.iii, 406; 2 ed. v, 395.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,803.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239; Sylva,i,54; 2 ed. 1, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Loddlges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson , Trees Massachusetts, 246 ; 2 ed. i, 283. P. glandulosa, Mceuch, Meth. 339. P. angulosa, Mlchaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. 11,243. P. Canadensis, Michauxf.Hi8t.Arb.Am.iii,302,t. 12; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. 11,164, t. 95.— Spach in Ann. Sol. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 390.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. 11, 65.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 329.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 491. P. Virginiana, Du Mont, Cours. Bot. Cult, vi, 400. P. Marylandica, Bosc in Nouv. Diet, xi, 409.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244. P. macrophylla, Loddlges, Cat. ed. 1836. P. Lindleyana, P. neglecta, and P. Imvigata, Hort. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. BIG COTTONWOOD. Shores of lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western Ifew. England to the Chattahoochee region it ■western Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Eocky mountains of Montana, Colorado, and IsTew Mexico. A large tree, 24 to 51 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common Cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Eocky mountains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, diflflcult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3889; ash, 0.96 ; largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence boards, and fuel. 325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, x, 350 ; Am. Jour. Scl. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 92. P. monilifera, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 327 [not Alton].— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. COTTONWOOD. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river, south to Sau Bernardino county (Colton, Parry), and eastward in Nevada and Utah. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4914; ash, 0.77. Var. Wislizeni, Watson, Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 137 ; Bot. California, 11, 92 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 157. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. P. monilifera, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Rep. 27 [not Alton]. — Bigelow in Pacific E.R. Rep. iv, 21. COTTONWOOD. WHITE COTTONWOOD. San Diego county, California, through Arizona and New Mexico to western Texas and southern Colorado. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the prevalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted as a shade tree and for fuel. \Vood light, soft, not strong, compact ; specific gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 1.13 ; furnishing the ordinary domestic fuel of the region. 176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 00NIFBRJ3]. 326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib., vi,7,t.3; Pacific E. K. Eep.iv, 140; Bot. Mex.fioundary Survey, 211 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. 16.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 338.— Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 695.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— "Walpers, Ann. v, 795.-Bolandor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 456.— E. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 373.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40.— Watson in King's Eep. t, 335; Bot. California, ii, 116.— A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 542.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 402.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 267. Thuya Craigana, Murray in Eep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5. ^ Thuya gigantea, Can-ifere in Eev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 12-14, in part ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 199, f.3-5, in part; Trait, Conif. 106, in part; 2 ed. 112, in part.— Gordon, Pinetum, 321, in part; Snppl. 102, in part.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. . 280, in part. Heyderia decurrens, Koch, Dendrologie,ii-^, 179. . WHITE CEDAR. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR. North fork of the Santian river, Oregqn, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain's between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains. A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; slopes and valleys; common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4017 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water'-flumes, and for interior flnisli, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot (Dcedalia vorax, Sarkness in Pacific Rural Press, Jan. 25, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber. 327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linnsons, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. iii, 170.— Marshall, Arbustum, 152.— Wangenheim, Amer. 7, t. 2, f. 3.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 321.— Gasrtner, Fruct. ii, 62, t. 91, f. 2.— Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 209.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 508 ; Ennm. 990 ; Berl. Baumz. 504. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 12, t. 4. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 369 ; HI. iii, 369.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 287, t. 309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 98.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 177, t. 156. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 384.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 641.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 150.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 888.— Richard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Fl. N. York,ii, 234.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 268.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2454, f. 2312-2314 & t.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 451.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 388.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 339.— Penn. Cycl. sxiv, 409. — Eeid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276. — Emei'son, Trees Massachusetts, 96 ; 2 ed. i, 112. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. — Darlington, FL Cestrica, 3 ed. 294.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 15; Trait. Conif. 103; 2 ed. 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.— Cooper ill Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323; 2 ed. 403.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 662; Bot. & Fl. 315. — Porcher, Eesources S. Forests", 507. — Henkel & Ho(Aistetter, Nadelholz. 278. — Nelson, Pinaceffi, 68. — E. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 363. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 317. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 458. — Sohnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^^, 173. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Macoun I in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 261.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 47'=. T. odorata, Marshall, Arbustum, 152. T. ohtma, Ma!nch,Meth.691. CupreSSUS Arbor-vitw, Targione-Tozzetti,Obs. Bot. ii,51. T. Wareana and T. Sibirica, Hort. WHITE CEDAR. AEBOR-VIT^. New Brunswick to Anticosti island, through the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of James' bay and southeast to the eastern extremity of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to central New Tork, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; cold, wet swamps and along the rocky banks of streams ; very common at the north, spreading over great areas of swamp ; extensively cultivated as a hedge and ornamental plant, and producing innumerable seminal varieties of more or less horticultural value. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 177 Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct; color, light brown, turning darker with exposure, the thiu sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3164; ash, 0.37; largely used for posts, fencing, railway ties, and shingles. The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found useful in the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1775,— JVa*. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1428). 328.— Thuya gigantea, Nuttall, Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 52; Sylva, iii, 102, t. iii; 2 ed. ii, 162, t. 111.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, Iv, 2458.— Hooker, PI. Bor.-Ani. ii, 165.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 342.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 52.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 206.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 56, f. 22.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 102 ; 2ed. 112, in part.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Gordon, Pinetum, 321, in part; Suppl. 102; 2 ed. 181.— Torrey, Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 211.— Lyall in Jour. Linnaian Soo. vii, 133, 144.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 280, in part.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 67.— Eothrook in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 434.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 457.— E. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soo. ix, 367.— Hoopes,"Evergreen8, 315.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1871, 683.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1527.— Kooh, Dendrologie, ii^, 176.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— E. Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 115.- G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 324.— T. Howell in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 267.— Veitcb, Manual Conif. 256. T. plicata, Don, Hort. Cantab. 6 ed. 249.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. ii, 19 ; 2 ed. 114, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 103 ; 2 ed. ii, 164.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 342.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51 (excl. syn. Wareana & odorate).— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 205.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 102 (excl. syn. Wareana & odorata); 2 ed. 106 (excl. syn. JTareana).- Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 27.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 277 (excl. syn. oiiorafo).— Nelson, Pinaceas, 68.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 406.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 457, in part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 263. T. Menmiesii, Douglas, Mss.-Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 106; 2 ed. 107.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 67.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 281. ' T. Lobbii, Hort. T. occidentalism var. plicata, Hort.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 321. BED CBDAE. CANOE CEDAE. Alaska, south along the Coast ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon and the Coast ranges of northern California to Mendocino county, extending east along the mountains of Washington territory to the CtEur d'A16ne, Bitter Eoot, and Salmon Eiver mountains of Idaho and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana {Ganby & Sargent), A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 meters in diameter; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slopes below 6,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington territory and Oregon ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood very light, soft,, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, very, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, distinct; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3796; ash, 0.17; largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and exclusively by the Indians of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes. 329. — Chamsecyparis sphseroidea, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 331.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 61. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 20. — Carribre, Trait. Conif. 133 ; 2 ed. 122.— Gordon, Pinetum, 49 ; 2 ed. 71.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 248.— Nelson, Pinacea, 69.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 464.— Eidgway in. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87. Gupressus thyoides, Linnasus, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 198.— Marshall, Arbustum, 39. — Wangenheim, Amer. 8, t. 2, f. 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 409. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 208. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 512 ; Enum. 991 ; Berl. Baumz. 111.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 6. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 580.^DesfontaiBes, Hist. Arb. ii, 567. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 286, t. 310. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 20, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 152. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 646. — Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 178.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 644.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 156.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2475, f. 2327.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 183, t. 61.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 21.'i.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 98; 2 ed. i, 114. — Eichardsou, Arctic Exped. 442. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 516. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, ill, 28.— Wood, CI. Book, 663;* Bot. & Fl. 315.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 509.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 346. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 162. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 238. Thuya sphwroidea, Spreugel, Syst. iii, 889. Thuya sphwroidalis, Eicbard, Conif. 45, t. 8, f. 2. 12 FOR 178 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE CEDAE. Southern Maine, south near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Peart river, Mississippi. A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; in deep, cold swamps ; rare in the Gulf states, west of the bay of Mobile. Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,, light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3322 ; ash, 0.33; largely used in boat-building, for woodenware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts,, railway ties, etc. Along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward lumber is maniifactured from buried trunks of this. species dug from peat swamps. 330. — Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 333.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 105; 2 ed. ii, 165.— Encllicher, Syn. Conif. 62.— Ledebour, FI. Eossica, iii, 680.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, t, 209. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 134 ; 2 ed. 127. — ^Walpers, Ann. v, 796.— Henkel & Hochstetter,. Nadelholz, 250. — ^Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi°, 465. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian! . Nat. 2 ser. ix, 329. I GupreSSUS NootMtensis, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. ii, 18; 2 ed. ii. No. 60.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2480. GupreSSUS Nutkaensis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 63, f. 28.— Gordon, Pinetum, 66;; 2 ed. 94. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263. — Nelson, Pinacese, 74. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 345. — Lawson, Pinetum* Brit, ii, 199, t. 34, f. 1-12. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii=, 165. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Macoun in Geological Eep.. Canada, 1876-77, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 2,35. Thuya excelsa, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. i'i, 164. Gupressus Americana, Trautvetter, Imag. PI. Fl. Eossica, 12, t. 7. G. Nutkaensis, var. glauca, "Walpers, Ann. v, 769. Thuyopsil iorealis, Hort.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 113. Thuyopsis eupressoides, Carrifere, Man. des PI. iv, 324. G. excelsa, Fischerinherb. Sitka. Thuyopsis Tchugatskoy and T. Tchugatskoyce, Hort. YELLOW CYPRESS. SITKA CYPRESS. Sitka, south along the islands and Coast ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade mountains of Washington, territory and Oregon to the valley of the Santian river, Oregon (" Lucky Camp mountain", Cusick). A large tree of great ecoijomic value, 30 to 38 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter,, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to- about latitude 49° 30' F., then less common and only at higher elevations ; south of British Columbia hardly below 6,000 feet elevation and very rare and local; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly iiistinguishable ; color, bright, light clear- yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4782 ; ash, 0.34 ; somewhat used in boat- and ship- building, for furniture, interior finish, etc., probably unsurpassed in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any North American tree. 331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore, Stud. Organ. Conif. 23, 29, t. 3, f. 22-25; De Candollo, Prodr. xvi^,, 464.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 85.— Watson, Bot. California, ii,- 155. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 8. Gupressvs Lawsoniana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 292, t. 9.— Bot. Mag. t. 5581.— Nelson, Pinaceas^ 72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 191, t, 31, f. 1-13. — Hoopes", Evergreens 342, f. 53.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 246.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Loudon Garden, vii .508 & t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichler in Monatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 29,30. Gupressus fragrans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 103. • • fGupreSSUS attenuata, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 57; 2 ed. 79. G. Boursierii, Cani&re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 125 [not Decaisne]. G. NutJcanus, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. 16. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179 POET OEFOKD CEDAK. OEEGOiSf OEDAE. WHITE CEDAE. LAWSON'S CTPEESS. GINGEE PINE. Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Eogue river, not extending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county). A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter ; rich woods, in low, moist soil, interspersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and reaching its greatest development along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local. Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 0.10 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boat-building; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide. 332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg, Jour* Hort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & t. ; Piuetum, 65 ; 2 ed. 91. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 20. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolander in Proo. California Acad, iii, 228. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 239. — Nelson, Pinaceas, 73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 353. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 473.— ^Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 234. — Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 195, t. 32. C. Lambertiana, Carrifere in Eev. Hort. 1855, 232; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 166. 0. Hartwegii, Carrjfere in Eev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Copif. 2 ed. 168. fC. macrocarpa, var. fasiigiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 473.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 234. ?C. Hartwegii, var. /as%iato, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169. MONTEEEY CYPEESS. California, Monterey (Cypress point, Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo point). A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable iu contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6261 ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and.of undoubted value as a cabinet wood. 333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & f. ; Pinetum, 60 ; 2 ed. 83. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125 ; 2 ed. 170. — Torrey, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 240.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 252. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi', 472. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 230. f G. Californica, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 127; 2 ed. 104. C. Californica gracilis, Nelson, Pinacese, 70, in part ? G. COrnuta, Can-ifere in Eev. Hort. 1866, 251 & f. ? Juniperus aromatica, Hort. Humboldt county, California, south along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lover California. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and mountaia slope.s, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter in height, and occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (Pringle) ; widely but not generally distributed. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4689; ash, 0.45. 180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 334. — Cupressus Macnabi^na, Murray, Edinburgh, New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 393, 1. 10.— Gordon, Pinetum, 64 ; 2 ed. 90.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 165.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 353.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 473.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Watson, Bot, California, ii, 114. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 233. G. glandulosa, Hooker, (ex. Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 241). G. Galiforniea gracilis, Nelson, Pinaoess, 70, in part. California, mountains south of Clear lake, Lake county {Torrey, Bolander, Fringle, Miller). A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground ; very rare and local ; not rediscovered in the original station reported by Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region. Wood not collected. 335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson, , Proo. Am. Acad, xiv, 300 ; Bot. California, ir, 114. G. macrocarpa, ? Watson in Pioo. Am. Acad, xi, 119 [not Hartweg]. G. Arizonica, E. L. Greene in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 64.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 157. San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Greene, Eusby), Santa Catalina and Santa Eita mountains, Arizona {Pringle, Lemmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Gaudalupe island, Mexico [Palmer). A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rocky canons and ridges ; on the New Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally on northern slopes; local. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells, broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44. 336. — ^Juniperus Californica, Carrifere, Eev. Hort, iii, 353 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 58 ; 2ed. 41. — Gordon, Pinetum, 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, lii, 588 ; Wheeler's Eep. yI, 375. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. tetragona, var. osteosperma, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Eep. 28. J. tetragona, Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263 [not Schleohtendal]. J. Gerrosianus, Kellogg in Proo. California Acad, ii, 37. J. oecidentalis, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 38; Pinetum, 2 ed. 162, in part.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 245, in, part.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 299, in part. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. svi°, 489, in part. J. Galiforniea, var. osteosperma, Engelmann ; Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 . JUNIPEE. California, San Francisco bay, south through the Coast ranges to Lower California. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6282 ; ash, 0.75 ; in southern California largely used for fencing and fuel. Var. Utahensis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 588; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 264.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Sargent in Am. Jour. Soi. 3 ser. xvli, 418.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. oecidentalis, Watson in King's Eep. v, 336, in part; PI. Wheeler, 18 [not Hooker]. J. oecidentalis, var. Utahensis, Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181 JTJNIPEE. Western base of the Wahsatch mountains, Utah, to eastern California, south through the Great Basin to southeastern California (Pringle) and the San Francisco mountains, eastern Arizona ( Greene). A small, contorted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often»a tall, much-branched shrub ; very common through the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and the most generally-distributed arborescent species of the region. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5522; ash, 0.49; the common fuel and fencing material of the region. 337. — ^Juniperus pachyphloea, Toney, Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 142; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Eep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Henkel & Hochstetter.Nadelholz. 247.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 56.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 490.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 164.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 589; Whieeler's Eep. vi, 264.— Palmer in Am. Nat. sii, 593.— Veitoli, Manual Conif. 289.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 184. J. plochyderma, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173, t. 16. J. Sabina pachyphloea, Antoine, Kupress. 39. JUNIPER. Eagle and Limpia mountains {Eavard), west along the ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south of latitude 34° ; southward into Mexico. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous ; medullary ra.y8 numerous, obscure ; color, clear light red, often streaked with yell6w, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11. 338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ara.ii, 166.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 202. — Carrifere, Conif. 42, in part; 2 ed. 40, in part. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 142. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263. — Gordon, Pinetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl. 38 (excl. syn.) ; 2 ed. 162 (excl. syn.). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 345, in part. — Nelson, Pinacese, 142. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (excl. syn. Calif ornica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 489, in part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — ^Maooun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California.ii, 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. J. excelsa, Pursh, Pi. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245. . J. Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 95, 1. 110 ; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 55. Ghamcecyparis Boursierii, Deoaisne in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70. J. Mermanni, Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 141 [not Sprengel]. J. occidentalis, Y&V. ■pleiosperma, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 590. J. pyriformis, Hort. JUNIPER. Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino mountains (Parish Bros.). A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel. Yar. monosperma, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 590 ; Whoelor's Rep. vi, 263.— Vtitch, Manual Conif 289.— Eus"by in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, is, 79. 182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. JUNIPER. Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the " mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern Arizona to southern California. ' A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7119; ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing. ■ Var. conjugens, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 590. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 289.— "Watson in Proc. Am. Aoad. xviii, 158. JUNIPEE. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north. A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6907; ash, 0.46; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. 339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Linnssus, Spec. 1 ed. 1039.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 180.— Marshall, Arbustum, 70.— Wangenheim, Amer. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— "Walter, PI. Carolimana,248.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii, 414; 2 ed. v,414.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627.— "Willdenow, Spec. iv,853; Enum. 1025; Berl. Baumz. 198.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 632.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 173, t. 155.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 647.— Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. philadelph. 96; Compend. Fl. Philadolph. ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 2 ed. 194.— Kuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2ed. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 49, t. 45 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 717.— Torrey in Nicollet's Eep. 167 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377 ; PI. N. York, ii, 235 ; Maroy's Eep. 284 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 142 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Eep. 28,— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908.— Richard, Conif, 37, t. 6, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Eaflnesqtue, Med. Bot. ii, 13.— Beck, Bot. 337.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 556.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2495, f. 2357.— Forbes, Pinetum "Woburn. 199.— Peun. Cyol. xiii, 147.— Eaton & "Wright, Bot. 288.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. 1, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, in part. — Scheele in Ecemer, Texas, Appx. 447.— Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202. — Parry in Owen's Eep. G18. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. — Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 101. — Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 130, 175.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44.— Bigelow in Pacific E. E. Eep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Gray in Pacific E. R. Eep. xii^, 48; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxiii'^, 302.— Curtis iu Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 71. — Lesqujreux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 591; Wheeler's Eep. vi,263. — Lyall in Jour. Llun£Bau Soc. vii, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. — Nelson, Pinacese, 153. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 291. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 488. — Young, Bot. Texas, 517. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 138. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 335. — Eothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50 ; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Hayden in WaiTcn's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Guibourt, Hiet. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 242. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — "Veitch, Manual Conif. 282.— Boll in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52<-.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.- Cent. iii, 184. J. Caroliniana, Marshall, Arbustum, 71.— Du Eoi, Harbk. 2 ed. 497. J. arborescens, Mcouch, Meth. 699. J. Barhadensis, Michaux, Pi. Bor.-Am. ii, 246 [not Linnajus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245 ; Sylva, iii, 96; 2ed.ii,1.58. J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 198.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2495. J. Virginiana, var. Hermanni, Porsoon, Syn. ii, 632. J. Hermanni, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908. J.foetida, var. Virginiana, Spacliiu Ann-Sci.Nat.2 ser.xvi,298; Hist. "Veg. xi, 318. J. Virginiana vulgaris, Endlichar,B' •(:.?•!, J. Sabina, var, Virginiana, Antomo, Kupre.ss. t. 83, 84. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 183 ^ EED CEDAR. SAVIN. i Southern New Brunswick to the northern shores of Georgian bay, northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude; in the Pacific region, Eocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of North American Coniferse, a tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps; in northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; andreaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red river, Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926 ; ash, 0.13; largely used for posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic ( TJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 529. — N^at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795). 340. — Taxodium distichum, Eiohard, Aun. Mus. xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouveau Dulianiel, iil, 8. — Eobiu, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210. — Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xsx, 182. — Loudon, .Arboretum, iv, 2481, f. 2335-2339.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, in part.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, v, 234. — Scheele in Eceiner, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 20.— Darlington , Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif 143 ; 2 ed. 180 ; Rev. Hort. viii, 62 & f — Morren in Belg. Hort. vi, 74 & t.— Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2 ed. 382.— London Gard. Ckronicle, 1857, 549.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Cbapmau, Fl. S. States, 435. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 29. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 316.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergreens, '364, f. 58. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 440. — Lawsou, Pinetum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1526. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii»,195. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 127.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Broadheadin Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 214. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. GupreSSUS disticha, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.- Du Roi,Harbk.i,201.— Marshall, Arbustum, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.— Wangenheim, Amer. 43. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 88. — Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 512; Enum. 991; Berl. Banmz. 111. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb.' Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t. 151. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93. — Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215. — De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349. — Dickson & Brown in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508. Cupressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,323. OupreSSUS disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 163.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxviii, 166. Schubertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 890,— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349. T. microfhyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 207. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 207. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. distichum, yav. patens and var. nutans, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, -2481. T. distichum fastigiatum. Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— <::arri6re, Trait. Conif. 145; 2 ed. 161.— Gordon, Pinetum, 307; 2 ed. 383. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 260. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 367. T. distichum, var. mierophyllum, Henkel & Hoch8tetter,Nade]h61z.261.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 441 (T. Sinense pendulum, Forbe.s, Pinetum Woburn. 180. — Glyptosirobus jiendulus, Endlicher, Conif. 71. — Bot. Maj;. i. 5(;(I3. — Carri&re, trait. Conif. 1.52. — T. Sinense, Gordon, Pinetum, 309. — Ciqji-cssvs Sinense, Hort.). Gwprexptnnata disticha, Nelson, Pmacea^ 61, 184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Ti AT.V ) CYPRESS. BLACK CYPEESS. KED CYPEBSS. "WHITE CYPRESS. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. Sussex county, Delaware, soutli near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Eomano, Florida, west througli the Gulf states near the coast to the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree of great economic value, 24 to 46 meters in height,' with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter f deep, submerged swamps, river-bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds ; common and forming extensive forests in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi river, by a species of Dcedalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber. Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder and considered more .durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter Mghter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress. 341. — Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne, Bull. Bot. Soo. France, i, 70 ; Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. 1. — Gray in Proo. Am. Acad, iii, 94 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440 ; xviii, 150, 286. — Torrey in Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 140. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 42.— Blake in Pacific R. R, Rep. v, 257, t. 13. — Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 166.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 315.— BlSomer in Proo. California Acad, iii, 397. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — ^Parlatore in De Candolle Prodr. xvi^, 437. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 194. — Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Muir in Proc. Am. Assoc, xxv, 242.— "Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117. Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778.— C. Lemaire in 111. Hort. 1854, 14 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.— Plor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22.— Gordon, Pinetum, 330 ; Suppl. 106 ; 2 ed. 415. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi. 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhijlz. 222.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitoh, Manual Conif 415. Wellingtonia Californica, "Winslow iu California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii, 26. Taxodium Washingtonianum, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854. Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg &, Behr in Proc. California Acad. i. 51. 8. Wellingtonia, Seemannin Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 161.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51, 53, f 1-37. Gigantabies Wellingtonia, Nelson, PinaeesB, 79. BIG TREE. California, western slopes of the Sierra l^evadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on the southern borders of Tulare county. \ The largest tree of the American forest, 76 to 119 meters in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 meters in diameter; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tracts, often several hundred acres in extent. Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thiu ; color, bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white ; specific gravity, 0.2882 ; ash, 0.50 ; in Fresno county formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber and locally used for fencing, shingles, construction, etc. 342. — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher, Syn. Conif 198.— Decaisne in Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 11, f. 2.— Cariiferc, Trait. Conif 164; 2 ed. 210.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep, iv,23.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Gordon, Pinetum, 303; Suppl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 221 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 346).— Scemann in Aun. &, Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 165.— "Wood, Bot. & Fl. 315.— Bolander iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 231.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 244.— Parla'tore in De CandoUo Prodr. xvi=, 436.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 193.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am.Nat.x.llO.— "Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— "Veitch, Manual Conif. 212. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, t. 52 & figs. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 185- Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert, Pinus, 114; 2 ed.ii, 107, t. 52.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340, 2341.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii,164; loon, iv, t. 379.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 1841.— Fremont, Geographical Mem. California, 36^ 37.— Henkel &. Hoobstetter, Nadelholz. 262. Taxodii species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. Sequoia gigantea, Endlicber, Syn. Conif. 190, in part.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 338. Abies religiosa, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160. Schubertia sempervirens, Spaob, Hist. Veg.xi, 353. S. religiosa, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 357.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 448. Gigantabies taxifolia, Nelson, Pinacea, 78. KEDWOOD. Oaliforuia, from the northern boundary of the state, south through the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the- Bonthern border of Monterey county. A large tree of great economic value, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of Btreams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of cape Mendocino. Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, clear light red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffin8,.^tc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamentaL 343. — Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ili, 86, 1. 108 ; 2 ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (T. ocddentalis on plate). — Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 140. — NewbeiTy in Pacific E. E. Eep, vi, 60, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 203 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 26, 69 ; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Koch, Deudrologle, ii^, 95. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 392. — Vasey, Cat.Forest Trees, 35. — Maooun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot.- California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 305. T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 338. T. baccata, Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 167, in part. T. Boursierii, Carrifere in Eev. Hort. 1854, 228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 ed. 739. T. lAndleyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 294 ; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 1860. — Lawson, Cat. 1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 316 ; Suppl. 99.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinaoese, 174. T. Canadensis, BigelowinPacificE. E. Eep. iv,25[notWilldenow]. TEW Queen Charlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby & Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra ISTevadas to about latitude 37° N. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90- meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rare; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, and British Columbia. Wood heavy, bard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6391 ; ash, 0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc. 186 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, iii,92; 2 ed. ii, 155.— Groom in Am. Jour. Soi. 1 ser.xxvi, 334.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Carrifere, Trait. Coiiif. 2 ed. 741.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 384. — Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36. T. Montana, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 92; 2ed.ii,155. TEW. Western Florida, banks of the Apalachicola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsden county, and Watson's Landing? (Curtiss). A small tree, 3 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6340; ash, 0.21. 345. — Torreya taxifolia, Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 134; Hooter, Icon, iii, t. 332, 233.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 454.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 91, t. 109; 2 ed. li, 153, t. 109.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xl, 298.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 241.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726.— Gordon, Pinetum, 329; 2 ed. 412.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259.— Chapman, PI. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 664; Bot. & PI. 316.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 505. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 100. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Garyotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 367. Fcetataxus montana, Nelson, Pinaoeai, 167. STINKING CEDAR. SAVIN. Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol, •Gadsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs, Wakulla county {Curtiss). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many vigorous shoots from the stem and roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local. Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5145; ash, 0.73; largely used locally for fence posts, etc. 346. — Torreya Californica, Torrey, N. York Jour. Pharm. iii, 49; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Bigelow in Pacific E. R. Rep, iv, 24.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 3').— Newberry in PaciBc R. E. Eep. vi, 61, 90, f. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 385.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 506.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 101.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 410.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 110. T. Myristica, Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4780.— Van Houtte in Fl. des Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carrifere, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.— Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 327.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Garyotaxus Myristica, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholii, 368. Fcetataxus Myristica, Nelson, Pinacese, 168. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR. California, Mendocino county, and along the -western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with "a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots ; borders of streams, in moist soil ; rare. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not conspicuous; medullary rnys numerous, obscure; color, clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4760; ash, 1.34. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187 347. — Pinus Strobus, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 1001 ; Dii Roi, Harbk. ii, 57.— Wangenheim, Amer. i, 1. 1, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 369 ; 2 ed. v, 318.— Swartz, Obs. 363.— Moencb, Meth. 364.— Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 205.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341 ; 111. iii, 369, t. 780, f. 2.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. t. 22; 2ed. i, 27, t. 35; 3ed. i, 51, t. 32.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 501; Enum. 939; BerlBaumz. 213.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 126, 1. 145.— Nouveau Duhamel, r, 249, t. 76.— Smith in Roes' Cycl.xxviii,No.l7.—Pursli,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 265.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223; Sylva, iii, 118; 3 ed. ii, 176 (excl. syn. var. monttcoZa).— Hayne, Dond. 11. 175.— Elliott. Sk. ii, 638.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, eS7.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 360; Fl. N.York, ii,229.— Eicbard,Conif. 60, 1. 12, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 39.— Beck, Bot. 339. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280, f. 2193-2196.— Forbes, Pioetum Woburn. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 161.— Eaton & AVright. Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ^ 3 ed. 385.— Antoine, Conif. 43, t. 20, f. 3.— Lindley in Penu. CycL xvii, 173.— Link in Linnaia, xv, 514.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 394.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 262, t. 4, 5, f. 8.— Emerson, Trees Massacbusetts, 60 ; 2 ed. i, 73 & t.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 147.— Giboul, Arb. Resin. 35, t. 5.— ICnigbt, Syn. Conif. 34.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 302 ; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 239; 2 ed. 322.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257.— Fescali,Forst. Pfl. 56, 1. 11, f. 7-13. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 25.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 312.— Porcher, Re.sources S. Forests, 505.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 92.— Nelson, Pinaoese, 130.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 136, f. 19.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 405.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 319.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 187.— VeitcL, Manual Conif. 183.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49o. P. Strobus, var. alba, var. brevifolia, var. compressa, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. P. Strobus, var. nivea, Hort. WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, " Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter; sandy loam upon drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard-wood forests, here reaching its greatest development ; north of latitude 47° N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3854 ; ash, 0.19 ; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree; the common and most valuable building material of the northern states ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes. Goniferin, a glucoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of Coniferce [Jour, fur Pralct. Ghem. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1867, 261. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901)'. 348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 27, t. 35.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2291, f. 2208, 2209.— Forbes, Piuetnm Woburn. 81, t. 31.— Antoine, Conif. 40, t. 18, f. 3.— Hooker &, Arnott, Bot. Beeohey, 394. — Endlicber, Syn. Couif. 148. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 305; 2 ed. 401. — Gordon, Pinetum, 233; 2 ed. 314. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 27; Am. Nat. iii, 410. — Lyall in Jour. Linnfean Soc. vii, 141. — Henkel &. Hochstutter, Nadelholz. 94. — Nelson, Pinaceas, 120. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 135.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi^, 405. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 322. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 123. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 181, f. 41. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 69, f. 1-6. P. Strobus, var. monticola, NuttaU, Sylva, iii, 118; 2ed. ii,17G. P. Orozelieri, Carriero iu Rev. Hort. 18G9, 126. P. pofphyrocarpa, Jgiwson, Pinetum Brit, i, 83, f. 1-8. WHITE PINE. Vancnovei's island. Coast and Gold ranges of southern British Columbia, through the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Montana (Ganby act, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, consijicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preterred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs. 374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. mops, var. claitsa, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 650. SAND PINE. SCRUB PINE. SPRUCE PINE. Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 meters in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the head of Halifax bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages 'numerous, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5576 ; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels. 375. — Pinus pungens , Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 61, t. 5 ; N. American Sylvi, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140. — Nouveau Dnhamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4. — AitoD, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 314.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 34, 1. 17.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2080.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 17, t. 5.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f. 4.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Nutt.all, Sylva, iii, 125 ; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 287.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 27. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. — Gordon, Pinetum, 181; 2 ed. 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313. — Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz, 21. — ^Nelson, Pinacese, 127. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 98. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 379. — Koch, Dendrologie ii', 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — ^Meehan in Eep. Penu. Fruit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad, iv, 183. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 158. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest develop ment upon the high mountains of East Tennessee, here often the prevailing species and forming extensive forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935 ; ash, 0.27; in Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal. 376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don, Trans. Liunsean Soc. xvii, 441. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, t. 84. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2269, f. 2180. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeohey, 393.— Antoine, Conif. 32, 1. 14, f. 1. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113 ;' 2 ed. ii, 172.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161.-;Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 216 & f (Fl. des Serres, v, 517* & f.); Pinetum, 173 ; 2 ed. 246 (excl. syn. Mun-ayana). — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifrre, Trait. Conif. 359 ; 2 ed. 470. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 54 (P. Edgariana on plate). — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 60. — ^Nelson, Pinacese, 121.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 92.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 379.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 302. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183 ; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9. P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. P, Edgariana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226. P. contorta, Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas]. 200 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OBISPO PINE, bishop's PINE. California, Mendocino county south through the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo county. A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding Ifl meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, anri not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino county; rare and local. Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thick «ap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.26. 377. — Pinus mitis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 96, t. 137.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph, 93.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2195, f. 2073-2076.— Antoine, Conif. 16, t. 5, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, t, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472.— Gordon, Pinetum, 170 ; 2 ed. 243 (excl. syn. Boylei). — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 275. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina^ 1860, iii, 19.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 23. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 88. — Parlatore inDe CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 380. — Yoang| Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 300. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 88. P. echinata, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. J2.— Marshall, Arbustum, 180?— Wangenheim, Amer. 74. P. Virginiana, var. echinata, Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 38. P. Tceda, var. variahilis, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368. P. variabilis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i , 22, 1. 15 ; 2 ed. i, 25, 1. 16 ; 3 ed. i, 29, 1. 14.— WiUdenow, Spec, iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 235, t. 69, f. 2.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 316.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. sxviii. No. 12.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, Sk.ii,633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 35, t. 11. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. — Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2. — Link in Linn»a, xv, 502, — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168 (excl. 8yn.).—Darby,Bot. S. States, 514. P. rigida, Porcher, Eesources S. States, 504 [not Miller]. YELLOW PINE. SHOET-LEAVED PINE. SPRUCE PINE. BULL, PINE, Staten island, Kew York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Gulf states to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, and in Union county, Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1,35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of swamps ; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous teees, extensive forests; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas. Wood, varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth ; very resinous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6104; ash, 0.29; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the Mississippi river, and among yellow pines only inferior in value to that of P. palustris. 378,~Pinus glabra, Walter, t. V, 342.-1 sens, 82.— ■y ?P. mitis, var. paupera, Wood, CI. Book, 660. PI. Caroliniana, 237.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Eavenel in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Porcher Eesources S. Forests, !S06.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 82.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201 OEDAE PINE. SPEtrCE PINE. WHITE PINE. South Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee regiou of western Florida, generally near the coast, and through the Gulf states south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich bottom lands and hummocks in dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi ; not common and local. , Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, 0.45. 379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert, Finus, 1 ed. i, 7, t. 3 ; 2 ed. i, 7, t, 3 ; 3 ed. i, 9, t. 3. — Pereoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 611. — Nouveau Dubamel, t, 234, t. 67, f. 3. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 315. — ^Parsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642. — Smith in Eees' Cyol. xxviii, No. 4. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223; Sylva,iii,124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2190, f. 2064-2067.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 13, t. 3.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton «& Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 8, t. 4, f. 2. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171. — Link in Linnea, xv, 491.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 379.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 177. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 218 (excl. syn. eontorta). — Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. — Carridre, Trait. Conif. 381 ; 2 ed. 485. — Gordon, Pinetum, 163 ; 2 ed. 230. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii'', 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 661. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 44. — Nelson, Pinaoese, 104. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 78. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76,211. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 186.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46'=.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158. P. sylvestris, var. divaricata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366. P. Hudaonica, Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr.xvi', 380.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 298. P. rwpestris, Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 49, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 95, t. 136. aSAT PINE. SCRUB PINE. PEINOE'S PINE. Bay of Chaleur, New Brunswick, to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake, the valley of the Mackenzie river, and the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains between the fifty-second and sixty- fifth degrees of north latitude; south to northern Maine, Ferrisburg, Vermont [R. E. Robinson), the southern shore of lake Michigan, and central Minnesota. A small tree, 9 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich loam ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development in the region north of lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. eontorta and P. Murrayana of the Pacific region. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4761 ; ash, 0.23; largely used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 380. — Pinus palustris, Miller, /)iot. 7 ed. No. 14. — Marshall, Arbustum, 100. — Wangenheim, Amer. 73. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 237.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368; 2 ed. V, 317. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 42. — Du Eoi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 66. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.-^Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 27, t. 20; 2 ed. i, 30, t. 21 ; 3 ed. i, 41, t. 24, 25.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 499.— Poiret in Lnmarck, Diet v, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb.il, 612. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 15. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223 ; Sylva, iii, 126; 2 ed. ii, 185.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 174.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 266.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 59, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link in Linnaa, xv, 206.— GriflSth, Med. Bot. 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, 660.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 106, 1. 141 (the plate as P. auatralis). P. auatralis, Miohauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. i, (34, t. 6.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2255, f. 2156- 2160.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlieher, Syn. Conif 165.— Carson, Med. Bot.ii,43, t. 87. — Gihoal, Arb, Eesin. 33. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 30. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 187; Suppl. 63; 2 ed. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4:m.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel &. Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65.— Nelson, Piuacose, 103.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 109.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 392. — Young, Bot. Texas, 517. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 258, t. 258. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Loais Acad, iv, 185.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 172. 202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. LONG-LEAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEORGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HARD PINE. Southeastern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Red river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150- miles from the coast. A tree of the first economic value, 18 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plain, generally of Tertiary formation, and forming, outside of the river bottoms, extejisive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior range, especially in the Gulf states, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees ; rarely along the borders of swamps in low, wet soil. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6999; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for ship-building, fencing, railway ties, etc. The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufactured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this species ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — FlMcMger <& Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 545). 381. — Pinus Cubensis, Grisebach, Mem. Am. Acad. viii,530; Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi',396. P. Tceda, var. lieterophylla, Elliott, Sk. ii, 636. P. Elliottii, Engelmann; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 186, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 650. P. Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cuba, 217. SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE. South Carolina (Bluffton, MelUehamp), south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland; in the West Indies. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; light sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or wet clay borders af ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of cape Canaveral and bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7504; ash, 0.26; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely manufactured into lumber. Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species. Note.— Specimens collected upon the southern keys of Florida by A. H. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida with the West Indian tree. 382. — Picea nigra, Link, Linnssa, XV, 520.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 241; 2 ed. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii^.SOl,— Brunet, Hist. Picea, 10 &t. f. B.— Peck in Trans. Albany Inst, viii, 283.— Engelmanu in'London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185. Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet.— Wangenheim, Amer. 75. Pinus Mariana, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 107.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24. Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 103. Pinus Americana rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 75. Pinus miflfra, Alton, Hort.Kew. iii, 370; 2ed.v, 319.— Lambert, Pinus, led. 1,41, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 45, t. 27; 3 ed. i, 64, t. 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 506 ; Enum.990; Berl. Baumz. 278.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640. —Smith inEees'Cycl.xxviii, No. 20. —Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.264.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 88, t. 34, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Poroher, Resources 8. Forests, 505. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'', 413. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 203 PinilS Americana, Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 60, t. 91, f. 1. Pinus rubra, Lambert,Pinu8, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 28 ; 2ed. i, 47, t. 30 ; 3 ed. i, 66, t. 38 [not Miclianx f.].— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 319.— Parsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smitli in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 23.-?Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 87, t. 34, f. 2.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 113.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 44. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 413. Abies denticulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .580.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 124, 1. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 139, t. 147.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 292, t. 81, f. 1.— Lindley in Penn.Cyol. i, 32.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2312, f. 2225-2227.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, 410, in part.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 81 ; 2 ed. ii, 96.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 36.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. — Gordon, Piuetum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,434.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27. —Wood, CI. Book, 662; Bot. & Fl. 313. — Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 191. — Nelson, Pinacese, 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 18r9-'80, 44"=.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 74. Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316, f. 2228.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. — Gordon, Pinetum, 11 ; 2 ed. 17. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 189. — ^Nelson, Pinacese, 51. P. rubra, Link in Linnsea, xv, 521.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 240; 2 ed. 322. Abies nigra, var. rubra, Mlohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 123 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed . iii, 141.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 411.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 170. ? Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. Abies alba, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435 [not Poiret]. Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, ii', 241. p. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. Abies arctica, Hort. Abies Marylandica, Hort. BLACK SPETTOE. Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava bay, Kastapokee sound, cape Churchill, Hudson bay, and northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold, wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra). Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4584 ; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber, used in construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway ties, etc. Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used in the manufacture of spruce beer, a popular beverage ( U. 8, Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901). 204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 383.— Picea alba, Lint, Linnsea, xv, 519.— Oorrifere, Trait. Conif. 238 ; 2 ed. 319.— Fl. des Serres, xxi, 157, t. 2251.— Brunei, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.— Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184. Ahies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. l. Pinus Canadensis, Da Roi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 124 [not Linnseus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 5, t. 1, f. 2. P. laoca, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24. P. glauca, Mcencli, Weiss. 73. Pinus alba, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 318.- Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 39 fc. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 43, t. 28; 3 ed. i, 61, t. 35.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Enum. 990 ; Berl. Baumz. 280.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, El. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Bees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sl£.ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. PI. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl: Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 112.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Tuinbouw Flora, 1855, 1, 1. 14, 15. — Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'', 414. Pinus tetragona, Moench, Meth. 364. Abies alba, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. — Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 144, t. 148. — Nouveau Duhamel, v,291,'t. 81, f. 2. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 95, t. 33.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 139; 2 ed. ii, 189.- Spach, Hist. "Veg. xi, 412.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 99. — Gihoul, Arb. Besin. 43. — Enight, Syn. Conif. 36. — Lindley 6 Gordon in Jour. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Bep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. — Bichardson, Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii^, 301. — Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330.— Wood, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 313. — Porcher, Besources S. Forests, 507.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 188. — Nelson, Pinacese, 47. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. V, 253, t. 69, 1 2-7. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Maooun in Geological Bep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Bell in Geological Bep. Canada, 1879-80, 44'=. Abies rubra, var. coerulea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. Abies coerulea, Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 99. P. ccerulea. Link in Linnaea, xv, 522. Pinus rubra, var. violacea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114. p. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242, Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v,253,t. 69, f. 1,8-13. Abies laxa, Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 243. Abies alba, var. coerulea, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 320. Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 414. WHITE SPRUCE. Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava bay, cape Churchill^ and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coast of Maine, northeastern Vermont (West Burke and Elmwood, Pringle), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian reservation, the Black hills of Dakota (JR. Douglas), along the Eocky mountains of northern Montana to the valley of the Blackfoot river {Canby & Sargent), Sitka, and British Columbia. A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. nigra, with which it is associated; its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight- grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0.32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 205 384. — Picea Engelmanni, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 212 ; Wheeler's Rop. vi, 256 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; 1882, 145.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 348. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 325. — Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80. Abies alba, f Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97. Abies nigra, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xsxiii, 330 [not Poiret]. Abies Engelmanni, Pan-y in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 122 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863, 1035; Am. Nat. viii, 179; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 149.— Kegel, Gartenflora, 1864, 244.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 418.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Sury. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 242.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56'=.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 68. Pinus Engelmanni, Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. Pinus commutaia, Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 417.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 5. WHITE SPRTJOE. Peace River plateau, in latitude 55° 46' N. (G. M. Dawson), through the interior of British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie river ; along the principal ranges of the Eopky and Wahsatch mountains to the San Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount Graham, Arizona. A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation; the most valuable timber tree of the central Eocky Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet elevation ; rare and of small size in the mountains of Washington territory, Oregon, and Montana. Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, pale yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; in Colorado manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc. The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used in tanning leather. Note. — ^Forms of northern Montana too closely connect this species with the allied P. alha. The two species occur here, however, only at diiferent elevations, in different soils, and never mingle. 385. — Picea pungens, Engelmann, London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; 1832, 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, £ 130. P. MenziesU, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 214 [not Carrifere]. Abies Menziesii, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxsiii, 330 [not Lindley]. — Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18t>3, 76. — ^Watson in King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in pari . — Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10 [not Lindley ]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley]. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33, in part.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ili, 32. Abies Menziesii Parryana, Audr6 m 111. Hort; xxiii, 198 ; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in 111. Hort. xxiv, 86. Abies Engelmanni glauda, Veitch, Manual Conif. 69. WHITE SPRUOE. BLUB SPRUCE. Valley of the Wind river, south through the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. A tree 30 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in damp oi' wet soil, generally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations an the allied P. Engelmanni; rare and local. Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuout». resin passages few, small ; medullary ru.ys numerous, prominent ; color, very light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.3740; ash, 0.38. 206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 386. — Picea Sitchensis, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 260 ; Engelmanu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 344 ; Bot. California, ii, 122. Pinus Sitchensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 104.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 123. Abies Menziesii, Lindley in Penn. Cycl. 1, 32.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2321, f. 2232.— Forbes,Pinetum Wobum. 93, t.32.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. 116; 3 ed.ii,189, t. 116.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, V, 211. — Newberry in Paclflo E. E. Eep. vi, 56, 90, t. 9, f. 21.— Gordon, Pirietum, 6; 2 ed. 12.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 25, 69, in part. — Wood, Bot. & PI. 314. — Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 131, 133, 144.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 187. — Nelson, Pinacese, 148. — Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1667, 433. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in part. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 333, in part. — Voitoh, Manual Conif. 73. Pinus Menziesii, Douglas in Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 161, t. 71.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoiue, Conif. 85, t. 33, f. 1, 2. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 112. — ^Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 418. ? Abies trigona, Eafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlioier, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 264. ? Abies falcata, Eafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124. — Lindley «fe Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 314. Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa, Autoine, Conif. 85, t. 35, f. 2. Abies Sitchensis, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 213.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^*, 247. P. Mensiesii, Carrifere, Man. des PI. iv, 339; Trait. Conif. 237 ; 3ed.318. ? Sequoia Bafinesquei, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 313. TIDE-LAND SPEUCE. Alaska, south to Mendociuo county,. California, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast. A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 meters in diameter j gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington territory and Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth 50 or, farther north and south, rarely more than 10 or 15 miles in width. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0'.17; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, woodenware, etc. 387. — Tsuga Canadensis, Carrlfere, Trait. Conif. 189; 3 ed. 348.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184. — Eugelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. Pinus Canadensis, Linnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 1421.— Wangenheim, Amer. 39, t. 15, f. 36.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 23.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 320.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. 50, t. 32; .2 ed. i, 56, t. 35; 3 ed. ii, 79, t. 45. — ^Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 277.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 29.— Barton, Compend. El. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nuttal], Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. PI. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359 ; Fl. New York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrioa, 2 ed. 548.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 86.— Gihopl, Arb. Eesin. 46.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Parlatore in De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 428.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 264, t. 264. Pinus Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Du Eoi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151. Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 103. Abies Canadensis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 146, t. 140.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Eiohard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 197.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2322 & t.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobum. 129.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 133 ; 2 ed. ii, 190.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 424.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 309.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291.— Gordon, Piaotum, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 50(3. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 153 (exol. syn. aromatica). — Nelson, Pinaceae, 30. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 184, f. 23.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 347.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, SI".— Veitch, Manual Conif. 114, f. 29. Picea Canadensis, Link in Linnaea, XV, 524. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207 HEMLOCK. Kova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscaming, and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the northern states to JSew Castle county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek falls, Winston county, Alabama {Mohr). A tree 21 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less commonly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, diiBcult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239; ash, 0.4C; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway ties, etc.; two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent. Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this species, is used in the preparation of stimulating plasters, etc. {U. S. Disjpensatory, 14: ed. 709, 903. — Nat. J 'ispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — Flilclciger & Hanburyy Pharmaoographia, 552). 388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Ee . mann, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223. Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soo. i, 286. Abies Caroliniana, Chapman, PI. S. States, Suppl. 650. HEMLOCK. Southern Alleghany region, Blulf mountain, North Carolina {A. Gray), "Saluda mountain," South Carolina (L. S. Gibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina {Gurtiss), New river. North Carolina, and Caesar's head. South Carolina {Canby), Whitesides mountain and Devil's Court-House peak, Jackson county. North Carolina (J. Donnell Smith). A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation ; rare and local ; long confounded with the closely allied T. Canadensis, from which it may be distinguished by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4275; ash, 0.40. 389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 250, — Engelmanu in Bot. California, ii, 121 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. — 6. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 324. f Abies heterophylla, Eafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 265. Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 111.— Ledebour, Fl. Kossica, iii, 668. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-,428. — McNab in Proc. Boyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 4. Pinus Canadensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163 [not Linnaeus]. — Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 187.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part. — Ledebour, Fl. Kossica, iii, 668. Abies Merfensiana, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. H«irt. Soc. London, v, 211.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 232.— Gordon, Pinotum, 18 ; Suppl. 12 ; 2 ed. 29. — Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 133, 144, — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 152.- ■ Eothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Heopes, Evergreens, 192. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 250. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada 1875-'7(), 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Abies Canadensis, f Cooper in Smithsoniaa Rep. 1858, 262 ;. Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^ 69 [not DesfouLainesj. Abies Bridgesii, Kellogg in Proc. Califoruia Acnd. ii, 37. 208 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Abies Albertiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 149 & f.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 111, 1. 16, f. 1-18.— Nelson, PinacecB, 31. — ^Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 75. Abies taxifoUa, Hartweg, ined. (fide Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 148). Pinus Pattoniana, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 2 [not Parlatore] {fide Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 145). Abies Pattonii, MoNab in Jour. Linnasan Soc. xix, 308. HEMLOCK. Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Eoot mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana (valley of the Flathead river, Ganby & Sargent), extending south along the Cascade mountains to southern Oregon and in the Coast ranges to Marin county, California, between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 30 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 meters in diameter j low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington territory, often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade mountains. Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5182; ash, 0.42 ; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the northwest coast in tanning leather. 390. — Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 121 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 145. Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey in Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 291, t. 9, f. 1-7.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 157, t. 22. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii,402. — ^Kooh, Dendrologie, ii^ 252.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 172.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — ^Veitch, Manual Conif. 116, f. 31, 32. fPicea Oalif arnica, Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 261 ; 2 ed. 346. Abies Hodkeriana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 289, t. 9, f. 11-17.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 153, t. 21,22, f. 1-22.— Nelson, PioaceiE, 31.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 312, t. 23, f. 1.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 115, t. 32. AUes Williamsonii, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 53, 90, t. 7, f. 19.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 412.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatorb in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'', 429. Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 10 (excl. syn. trigona). Abies Pattoni, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 12.— Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 151 (excl. syn. trigona). Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, south along the Cascade mountains and the California Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin river, extending east along the high mountains of northern Washington territory to the western slopes and summits of the Oceur d'Al^ne and Bitter Eoot mountains of Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the divide between Thompson and Little Bitter Eoot creeks, northern Montana {H. B. Ayres). An alpine tree, rarely 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; dry slopes and ridges near the limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet in the Sierras of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4454 ; ash, 0.44. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 209 391. — PseudotSUga Douglasii, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 256. — ^Engelmann in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 120. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 323. — Eiohler in Monatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 18-22.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. Pinua taodfoUa, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 51, t. 33; 2 ed. i, 58, fc. 36; 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 47.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Bees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 28.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264,— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. Abies taxifolia, Foiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523.— Nouveau Duhamel, y, 293.— Torrey & Gray in Facifio E. E. Eep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262; Pacific E. E. Eep. xli^, 69. Abies Douglasii, Lindley in Fenn. Cycl. i, 32.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2230.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 127, t. 45.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 57.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129, 1. 115 ; 2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 115.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 163. — Bigelow in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 17. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Eep. 28. — ^Newberry in Facifio E. E. Eep. vi, 54, 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 15 ; Suppl. 10 ; 2 ed. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262 ; FacificE. E.Eep.xii2,24, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 411.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Engelmanu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330; Froo. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Lyall in Jour. Linnisan Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 155. — Nelson, Pinacese, 32. — Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 433; Fl. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 9. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 189. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 18, f. 1-23. — Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 494. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 334 ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 75. — Gray in Free. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii^, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 106.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33— Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35. Abies mucronata, Eafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 119.^-Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 126.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 312. ? Abies mucronata palustris, Eafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 129.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 313. PinUS Douglasii, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162, 1. 183.— Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 3.— Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beeohey,394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173.— Farlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 430.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32", 32*. Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156. Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4. Picea Douglasii, Link in Linnaea, xv, 524. Tsuga Douglasii, Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. Tsuga lAndleyana, Eoezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8. BED FIR. YELLOW FIR. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIE. Oog/St ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains in latitude 51° N. (Bow Eiver pass, Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona, and southward into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66 meters in diameter, or in the Eocky mountains much smaller, here rarely 30 meters in height ; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet ; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its greatest development and value. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difScult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.51.57 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc. ; two varieties, red and yellow fir, are distinguished by lumbermen, dependent probably upon the age of the tree; the former coarse-grained, darker colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. , The bark is found valuable in tanning leather. 14 FOB 210 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. macrocarpa, Engclmann, ELot (Jalifornia, ii, 120. Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torrey in Ives' Eep. 28.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. Abies macrocarpa, Vasey in Gard. Monthly, Jan. 1876. HEMLOCK. California Coast ranges^ San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca mountains. A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between 2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, hard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, difflcult to work ; color, rather darker red than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.4563 ; ash, O.OS ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel. 392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindley, Penn, Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, tinetum Woburn. iii, t. 38.— Link in Linnjea, xv, 531.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 139, 1. 119; 2 ed. ii, 196, t. 119.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 200; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 26.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 169. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472, in part. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertrand in BnU. Soc. Bot. France, xvii 1,379. — Koch, Dendrologie, il^, 216. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Engelmann in Tians. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 596; London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 96. Pinus Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.- Smith in Eee's' Cycl. xxviii, No. 27.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 91.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 419.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 10. A. balsamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi,422. Finns balsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. Ficea Fraseri, London, Arboretum, iv, S340, f. 2243, 2244.— Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 148; 2 ed. 205. BALSAM. SHE BALSAM. High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 6,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3563; ash, 0.5-4. 393. — Abies balsamea, Miller, Diet. No. 5. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 579. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2.— Eichard, Conif. 74, 1. 16. — Lindley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30; Fl. Med. 554— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 109, t. 37.— Link iu Linnaea, xv, 530.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 605, f. 268. — Lindley & Gordon in Joiir. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed. 292. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 441.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Wood, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 506. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 197. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii°, 214. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,246. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597. — Maooun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875.^76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii,184.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46"=. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 88. Pinus balsamea, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Wangenheim, Amer. 40.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Moench, Meth. 364.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 31 ; 2 ed. i, 52, t. 33 ; 3 ed. i, 72, t. 41.— WilldenOw, Spec, iv, 504; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 276.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayns,Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 639. -Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— De8courtilz,Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. V, 1, t. 1.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 385.— Antoine, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 423. — McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11. — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 263, t. 263. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211 PinilS Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 102. A. balsamifera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. li, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Aib. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iil, 150, t. 150, in part. Picea bcUsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2339, f. 2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; ?3 ed. 200.— Henkel & Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 85; 2 ed. i, 101. — Nelson, PinaoeiB, 37. Picea balsamea, var. longifolia, Hort.— Loudon, Arboretum, i¥, 2339. Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 88; 2 ed. 1, 104 [not Loudon]. BALSAM FIK. BALM OP G-ILEAD FIE. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake and the eastern base of the Eocky mountains ; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub (A. Hudsonica, Hort.)^ damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3819 ; ash, 0.45. Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is usetl medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts {U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed, 1417. — Fliickiger & Sanbury, Pharmacographia, 553). 394. — Abies subalpina, Engelmann, Am. Nat. x,554; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 255. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser.ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 236, f. 43,44,45. fPinus lasiocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163 [not Hort.].— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (excl. syn.). fA. lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 138; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Llndley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.). fPinuS species, Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 97. Picea amabilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 154, in part ; 2 ed. 213, in part. A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Kegel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420. A. grandis, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 310 [not Lindley]. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, inpart.— Watson in King's Eep. v, 334, in part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402 [not-?Lindley]. — ^Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley], Pinus amabilis, Parlatore in He Candolle, Prodr. xvl*, 426, in part. Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. A, subalpina, var. fallax, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597. BALSAM. Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° K". {Mutr), ?outh through British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon {Collier), t^xvongh the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyomiug, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter; mountain slopes and cailous between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the i)revailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood liglitor; speciflc gravity, 0.3476; asb, 0.44. 212 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 395. — Abies grandis, Lindley, Penn. Cyol. i, 30.— Forbea, Piiietum Woburn. 123, t. 43.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 ed. ii, 193.— Lindley & Gordon in .Tour. Hort. Sec. London, v, 210. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif, 220; 2 ed. 296 (exol. syn.). — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. IS.'iS, 262; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii', 25, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Linnajan Soc. vii, 143.— Bolandei in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 160. — Nel-son, Pinaoeas, 38. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 211. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. Prance, xviii, 378. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macounin Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684; 1880, 660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, 118. — G. M. Dawson in Canadi'an Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 179, f. 33-36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 97, f. 23, 24. Pinus grandis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 1.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 427 (excl. syn.).— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 678, t. 46, f. 4, 4". ?A. aromatica, Eafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 125.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 266; 2 cd.310. Picea grandis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245, 2246, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 155; Suppl. 5 (exol. syn. Parsonsii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 46, 90, f. 16, t. 6, in part. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 28. A. Gordoniana, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. Parsonsw).— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. A. amabilis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes]. WHITE PIE. Vancouver's island, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of western Washington territory and Oregon south to the Unipqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, through the Blue mountains of Oregon {Gusick) to the eastern slope of the Cceur d'Alfene mountains {Cooper), the Bitter Eoot mountains, Idaho ( Watson), and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Flathead region, Ganby & Sargent). A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest (Jevelopment in the bottom lands of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil; or moist mountain slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meter's in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.3545; ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. — Abies concolor, Lindley &, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 600; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 93. Pinus concolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 426.— MoNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Aoad. 2 ser. ii,681, t.46, f.6. Picea concolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 155; 2 ed. 216.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26. Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfour in Eep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f. -25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 429. ?A. balsamea, Bigelow in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141. Picea grandis, Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 46, in part. Abies grandis, Carrifere, Trait. Conif.; 2 ed. 296, in part.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindley]., Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 53 ; 2 ed. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419. A. Lowiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41. A. amabilis, Watson in King's Eep. v,333 [cot Forbes]. A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoopes, Evergreens, 212. Pinus grandis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 427, in part. Picea concolor, var. violacea, Murray in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 464, f. 94,95. Pinus Lowiana, McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, t. 46, f. 5. A. lasiocarpa, Hort. [not Nuttall]. A. Parsonsii, Hort. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213 WHITE FIB. BALSAM FIE. Northern slopes of tlie Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the Cascade mountains, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mounlnins, California; along the high mountains of northern Arizona to the Mogollon mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsatch mountains of Utah. A large tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; moist slopes and canons between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, ettt, and perhaps merely a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it cannot be always readily distinguished. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; speciflc gravity, 0.3638 ; ash, 0.85; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes. 397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118 ; 2 ed. ii, t. 118. — Hartwog in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 225.— Liudley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, y,209.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 196; 2 ed. 265.— London Sard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bot. Mag. t. 4740.-- Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5. — Fl. des Serre8,ix, 109 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, yi, 211, t. 1, 2). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 167. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 199. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, ii, 118, — Veitch, Manual Conif. 89, f. 14, 15. Pinus VenUSta, Douglas in Compauiou Bot. Mag. ii, 152. Pinm bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 30.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Hooker, Icon. t. 379.— Endlicher,Syn. Conif. 89.— Walpers, Ann. v, 798.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 419. — ^McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1. Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetum, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 171, t. 25, 26, f. 1-7.— Nelson, Pinacese, 37.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286. A. ventlSta, Koch, Deudrologie, ii^,210. Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 miles northward. A tree 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 canons between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range {G. B. Vasey). Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specific gravity, 0.6783; ash, 2.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North American Abies. 398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 125, t. 44. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 219 ; 2 ed. 296. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262. — Lyall in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 159. — ^Nelson, PinaoesB, 36. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'', 211 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — ^Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1880, 720, f. 136-141 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 86. Pinus amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 426, in part. PinttS grandis, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii.t. 26 [not Douglas]. Pi.cea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 154 ; 2ed. 213(exoL syn.). — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 51, 90, f. 18. A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindley]. A. grandis, var. densiflora, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 599. Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent), and probably farther north, south along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A tree 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river between 3,000 and 4,00(» feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development; its northern range not yet determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4228; ash, 0.23. 214 FOREST TREES OF XORTH AMERICA. 399. — Abies nobilis, Linaiey. Penn. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 115, t.40.— LinkmLinn8Ba,xv,532.— Spach,Hi8t. Veg.xi,419.— Nnttall,Sylva,iii,136,t. 117 ; 2 ed. ij, 193, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Horfc. Soc. London, V, 209.— Can-ifere, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 ed. 268.— Jour. Bot. &, Kew Gard. Misc. ix, 85.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 168.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 203.— Kooli, Dendrologie, ii', 209. — VaSey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601, in part; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885 ; Bot. California, ii, 119, in part ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 101. Finus noiilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Lambert, Pftius, 1 ed. iii, 167, t. 74.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endliclier, Syn. Conif. 90. Picea nobilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Londen, t, 209.— Gordon, Pinetum, 149 ; Suppl. 48 ; 2 ed. 207.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.— Lawson, Pinetum, Brit, ii, 181, t. 28, 29, f.1-18.— Nelson, Pinacese, 39. Pseudotsuga nobilis, Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 86. —McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 699, t. 49, f. 29, 29". A. magnifica, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 119, in part. EED FIE. Oregon, Cascade mountaiDS from tlie Columbia river south to the valley of the upper Eogue river, and along the summits of the Coast Eange from the Columbia to the Ifestucca river {Collier). A large tree, Gl to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Eange, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation; less multiplied in the coast ranges, here reaching its greatest individual development. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close grained, compact; bands of small summe:t cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown streaked with red, the sap- wood a little darker; specitic gravity, 0.4661; ash, 0.34. 400. — Abies magnifica, Murray, Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 318, f. 42-50; London Gard.'Chronicle, 1875, 134. — Eegel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 213.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f. 116 ; Bot. California, ii, 119 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 99. A. campylocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 370. A. nobilis robusta, Hort.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 269. Picea magnifica, Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 219.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. Pinus amabilis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 426, in part.— McNab in Proo.Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 677, t. 46, f.3, 3"? A. amaMlis_, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes]. Pseudotsuga magnifica, MoNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30«. A. nobilis, Engelmanu.Bot. California, ii, 119, in part. EED FIE. California, mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Kern courJ;y. A large free, Gl to 7G meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming about the base of mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; farther south less common and reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 6.4701 ; ash, 0.30; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. CATALOaUE OF FOREST TREES. 215 401. — Larix Americana, Michaux, PI. Bor.-Am. ii, 203.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 37, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 167, 1. 153.— Audubon, Birds, t. 4.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2399.— Emerson, Trees Massacliusetts, 89 ; 2 ed. i, 105 & t.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 51.— Parry in Owen's Rep- 618. — Richardson, Arctic. Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 237. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liunsean Soc. xxiii, 302. — Wood, CI. Book, 662; Bot. & Fl. 314.— NeLson, Piuaceaj, 86.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 247.— Regel, Gartenflora, xx, 105, t. 684, f. 7, 8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 105, 1. 10, f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xs, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185. Pinus laricina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49 ; Harbk. ii, 83.— Wangenheim, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Mcench, MetlT. 364. Pinvs Larix rubra, alba and nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 103, 104. Finns intermedia, Wangenheim, Amer. 42, 1. 18, f. 37.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114. Finns pendula, Aiton,Hort. Kew, iii,369; 2 ed.v,320.— Lambert.Pinus, led.i,55, t. 36; 2 ed.ii, 63,t. 39; 3 ed. ii, 86, t. 49.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.^-Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,645. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 32. — Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t. 90, 180.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi% 409. Finns microcarpa, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. GO.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 5C2 ; Enum. 989 ; Berl. Baumz. 273.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed.365. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 2-23. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175. — Spreugel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 040.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoiue, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 132. Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,213. Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveaa Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 33.— Lindley «fe Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213. JD. tenui/olia, Salisbury in Trans. Linnaean Soo. viii, 313. L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Linnasan Soc. viii, 313. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 137, t. 46. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 272. — Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaian Soo. xxiii, 302. , • L. microcarpa, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetam Woburn. 139, t. 47.— Spacb. Hist. Veg. xi, 436. — Link in Linnaja, xv, 536. —Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 137. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaeau Soc. xxiii, 302, 341. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 180. L, intermedia, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 141. — Link in Linnjea, xv, 535. L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40. Ii. Americana, var. pendula, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356. L. Americana, var. prolifera, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356. Ii. decidua, var. Americana, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133. LARCH. BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, cape Churchill and northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle ; south through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; moist uplands and intervale lands, or south of the boundary of the United States in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here much smaller and less valuable. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages iew, obscure; medulhiry rnys numerous, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specitic gravity, 0.6230 ; ash, 0.3.3 ; preferred and largely used tjor the upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. The inner b.ark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections of the pulmonary and urinary passages; probably that of the American species would bo equally eflQcacious. 216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 143, 1. 120; 2 ed.ii,199,t. 120.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 412.— Lyall in Jour. Linn^an Soc.vii, 143.— Nelson, PinacesB,91.—Hoopes, Evergreens, 253.— Eegel, Gartenflora,- XX, 103, t. 685, f. 8-10 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 176.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Veitoh, Manual Conif. 130. Pinus Larix, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Linnaeus]. L. Americana, var. brevifolia, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357. Pinus Nuttallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 412. TAMARACK. British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of Okanagan lake (G. M. Dawson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river, through the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana, and in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclusively forming forests ; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires ; very common, and perhaps reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead river, Montana, here the largest and most valuable timber tree. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc. 403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore, Enum. Sem. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Eegel, Gartenflora, xiii, 244). — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 417. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 361. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 256.— Eegel, Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertraud in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Veitch, Manual Conif, 130. Pinus Lyallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 412. "Cascade mountains, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.fiexilis (P. alhicaulm); on the Galton range at 6,000 feet and in the Eocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P. ^ea^Jts" (iyaH); mount Stewart, Washington territory {Brandegee & Tweedy, August, 1883) ; Grave Creek pass, northern Montana (jB. B. Ayres, September, 1883). A low, much- branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albicaulia and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation (Brandegee). The wood not collected. Note. — ^A well-marked species, distinguished from L. occidentalis by its alpine habit, the larger green or purple deciduous cones with c1 liated scales, and by the dense tomentum covering the young shoots and leaf buds. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TEEES. 217 PALMAOE^ 404. — Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges; Ecemei & Schtiltes, Syst. tu, 14S7.— Croom in Am. Jonr. Scl. 1 ser. xxvi, 315.— Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 247.— Kmith, Enmn. iii, 247.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xii, 107.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 438.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 64.— Wood, CI. Book, 666; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Tasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. Gorypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 119. GhamCBrops Palmetto, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, 1. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 5, 1. 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, St. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 137.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 89. — ^Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 258. — Poroher, Eesources, S. Forests, 526. CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PAIMETTO. Smith island, off the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys. Wood light, soft ; fibro- vascular bundles hard, difiQcult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4404 ; ash, 7.66 ; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water ; largely used for piles, wharves, etc. 405. — 'Washingtonia filifera, Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 68. — ^Watson, Bot. California, ii, 211, 485. Brahea dulcis,? Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442 [not Martins]. Pritchardia filamentosa, Wendlaud in Bot. Zeit. xxxiv, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soc. Tobo. Ort. i, 116 & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 598. Brahea filamentosa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80. FAl^-LEAP PAIiM. San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of the Colorado river. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trank 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles hard, difiQcult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity 0.5173; ash, 1.89. 406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz, Prodr. 57; Fl. Ind. Ooo. i, 614.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 614; 2 ed. ii, 307.— WiUdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. 1, 383.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 20. — Eoemer & Schultea, Syst. vii, 1300. — ^Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 255, t. 103. — Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. t, 818. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 515. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. — Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Snppl. 651. T. Qarberi, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. SILK-TOP PALMETTO. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Honda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 meters in height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless (T. Oarberi). Wood light, soft ; fibro-vasoular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity, 0.5991; ash, 3.99; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls. 218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 407. — Thrinax argentea, Loddiges; Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, 1. 163.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Anu. v,818.— Grisebach, Fl. Britisli West Indies, 515.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. Palma argentea, Jaoqnin, Pragm. 38, No. 125, t. 43, f.l. — Miirter in Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76. SIIiVEK-TOP PALMETTO. BRICKLBY THATCH. BRITTLE THATCH. Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piney Key, Boca Chica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Gurtiss); in the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc. 408. — Oreodoxa regia, HBK. Nov. Genera & Spec. 1, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 168, t. 156, f. 3-5.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Euum. iii, 182.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. (Enocarpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140. 0. oleracea, f Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 440, EOTAL PALM. Semi-tropical Florida, "Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Eomano {Gurtiss), near the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves ; in Florida rare and local. Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54 LILIAOEiE. 409, — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker, Hot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43. Y. Treculiana, Ca.m^i6 in Eev. Hort. vii, 280.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Loudon Garden, xii, 328, t. 94. SPANISH BAYONET. Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in -diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil. Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6677 ; ash, 6.27. The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap. 410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann, , 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351. -Vs Y. Draconis, ? var. arboreseens, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 147. King's Eep.v, 496 ; Trans.St. Louis Acad, iii, 47.-Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351. -Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219 THE JOSHUA. JOSHUA TEEE. Soathwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, California. A tree G to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming upon the Mohave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work; color, very light brown or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3737; ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper-pulp. 411. — Yucca elata, Engelmann, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 17. Y. angusti/olia, var. radiosa, Engelmaun in King's Eep. V, 496. T. angustifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 50; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 270. SPANISH BAYONET. Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas. Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28. 412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Eep. 29. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 266. — Balccr in London Card. Chronicle, 1870, 9'.'.!. — Androrcma 134 Carya angustifolia 132 Carya aqaatica 135 Ga/rya ctithartica .' - 130 Garya cordiformis 133 Carya glabra 134 Oo/rya Illinoensie 132 Carya integrifolia 135 Garya miarocarpa 133 Carya myriaticseformis 135 Carya olivseformis - 132 Carya porcina 134 Carya sulcata 133 ? Carya tetraptera 132 Carya tomentosa 133 Garya tomentosa, var. maxima , 134 Caryotaxus Myristiea 186 Caryotaxue taxifolia 186 C.issadii 101 Casscna 36 CasHne CaroUnia/na 36 Cassine Peragua 86 Cagsine ramulosa 30 Gastanea alnifolia 15G Castanea Americana 157 Castanea chrysoplvylla, 156 Castanea cJtrysophylla, var. minor , 156 Gaiitanea nana 156 Castane.T purnila 150 Castanea ftempervirens 156 Castanea vesca (Cast anea. pumila) 156 Page. Castanea vesca (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana) 157 • Castanea vesca, var. Americana 157 Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana 157 Castanopsis chrysophylla 156 Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. minor -■ 156 Castanopsis chrysophylla, yslt, pumila ■ 156 Catalpa 115 Catalpa bignonioidos 115, Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa communis 115 Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa hignonioidea) 115 Catalpa eordifolia (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa speciosa 115 Catalpa syringcef alia. lig Catalpa, "Western 115 Catawba 115 Gat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 6i( Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrightii) 63 Cat's Claw (Pitbecolobium TJnguis-cati) 64 Ceanothus ferreus 39 Ceanothus Icevigatus 39 Ceanothus reclinatus 41 ■ Ceanothus thyrsiflorus -* 41 Cedar, Bastard.. 1 176 Cedar, Canoe 177 Cedar Elm 132 Cedar, Incense 176 Cedar, Oregon 179 Cedar Pine 201 Cedar, Port Orford 179 Cedar, Post ; 176 Cedar, Eed (Junipenis'Yirginiana) 182 Cetlar, Bed (Thuya gigantea) 177 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Californica) 186 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) 186 Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) 179 Cedar, "White (Chamsecyparis sphseroidea) 178 Cedar, "White (Libocedrns decurrens) 176 Cedar, White (Thuya occidentalis) 176 Cedrus Mahogoni 33 Chlabtrace^ 38,39 Celtisalba 125 Celtis Audibertiana , 126 Celtis Audibertiana, var. obltmgata 126 Celtis Audibertiana,'VB.T. ovata 126 Celtis Serlandieri 126 Celtis brevipes 126 Celtis canvna 125 Celtis cordata 125 Celtis cravsifoUa 125 Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia 125 Celtis crassifolia, var. moHfolia 125 Celtis crassifolia, var. tilicefolia 125 Celtis Douglasii 126 Celtis Floridiana 125 Celtis fuscata 125 Celtis heterophylla 125 Celtis integrifolia 125 Celtis Icevigata 125 Celtis Lindheimeri 126 Celtis longifolia 125 Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Grit. Eov.) 125 Celtis maritima (in !N"ew Fl. andBot.) 125 CelHs Mississippiensis 125 Celtis morifolia 125 Celtis obliqua '. 125 CcUis occidtntaUs 125 Celtis occidcntalis, var. cordata 125 Celtis occidentalism var, crassifolia -• 126 Celtis occidental-is, Yar. grandidentata 125 Celtis occidcntalis, var. integrifolia 125 Celtis occide). talis, \nr. pumnla (Celtis occidentalis) 126 ? Cclliff occidcntalis, v^v.pwnila (Celtis occideutalis war. reticulata) 126 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 126 Celtis occidentalis, var. scabrvuscula 125 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 225 Page. CelHs oeddenteUU, Tar. serrvlata 125 OelHe occidentals, var. tenuifoUa 125 €eUi8patula 125 Celtispumila 125 Cdtis reticulata 126 Celtis salic^olia , 1 25 Celtis tenuifolia 125 Celiia Texana 126 Ocrasus Americana 6-j Cerasus borealis 66 Cerasus Capollin .' 68 Cerasits Oapuli 68 Cerasus Caroliniana 69 Cerasus Okicasa 66 Cerasus demissa 69 Cerasus emarginata 67 Cerastes erecta 67 Cerasus glandulosa 67 Cerasus kiemalis 65 Cerasus ilici/olia 70 Cerasus mollis 67 Cerasus nigra 65 Cerasus Pennsylvanica CG f Cerasus persicifoUa - G6 Cerastes seroiina (Pmnus demisea) 69 Cerasus serotma (Prnnus serotina) 68 Cerasus sphcerocarpa .' 70 Cerasus umhelMta 07 Cerasus Yirginiana 68 Cei-ddium Jloridum 60 Cercis Canadensis 61 Cerds Canadensis, var. puheacens 61 Cercis occidentalie 61 Cercis occidentalism Tar 61 Cercis occidentalism Tar. Texefrms 61 Cercis reniformis , 61 Cercocarpus betulcef alius 71 Cercocarpus betuloides ,._ 71 Cereocarpus hremfolius 71 Cercocarpus intricatus 71 Cercocarpus ledifolius 71 Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatus 71 Cercocarpus paiTifuliua 71 Cercocarpus parvifoUus, var. glaber 71 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatns 71 GerouB giganteus 89 Chapoto 105 Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamfecyparis Lawsoniana) 178 ChamcEcyparis Boursierii ( Jnnipenis occidentalis) 181 Chamcecyparis excelsa 178 Charaa;cyparis Lawaoniana - 178 Cbamsecyparis Nutkaensls 178 Chamcecyparis Nutkae7Uis,ynT,glauea 178 Chamcecyparis Nuikanus 178 ChamoBcyparis spfasBroidea 177 ChamcBTOps Palmetto 217 Cheiranthodendron Califomicum 26 Cherry 100 Cherry Birch 162 Cherry, Indian 40 Cherry, May 84 Cherry, Pigeon 66 Cherry, Pin 66 Cherry, Ram 68 CheiTy, Wild (Prnnns CopuU) 69 Cherry, Wild (Prunus demissa) 69 Cherry, Wild Bhusk 68 Cherry, Wild Red 66 Chestnut 157 Chostunt Oak (Quercus donsiflora) 155 Chestnut Oak (Quercus prlnoides) 143 Chestnut Onk (Quercus Prinus) 142 Chestnut Oak, Rock 142 Chlokasaw Plum 66 Oh Uopti$ glutinosa 116 16 FOB Page. Chil(ypsis linearis ^^^ Cbilopsis aaligna ^^^ Ckim,anthus amygdalinus ®^ China, Wild 44 Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) 1^^ Chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla) ^56 Chinquapin Oak ^^^ Chionanihus angustifolia 112 Chionantkus heterophyUa H^ Cidonanthv^ longifolia 112 Chionanihus maritima 112 Chionanihus montana 112 Chionanthus trifida 112 Cliionanthua Virginica 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia 112 Chionanthits Virginica, var. lati/olia 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana 112 Ch ittarawood 52 Chloromeles sewpervirens 72 Chi y .sobalanus Icaco 64 Chrysohalanus Icaco, var. pellocarpa 65 Chrysohalanus pellocarpa 65 Chrysophyllum, Barbasco 100 Chrysophyllum Caneto, ^ 100 Chrysophyllum /errugineum, ICO Chrysophyllvm micropliyllum 100 Chrysophyllum monopyrenuTn 100 Chrysophyllum oliviforme 100 Cigar Tree 115 Cinchona Garibaea 95 Cinchona Caroliniana 05 Cinchona Jamaicensis 95 Cinnamon Bark 24 Cinnamon, Wild 24 Citbarexylum villosum 116 Cladrastis lutea 57 CladrastJs tinctoria 57 Clammy Locust 56 ClifFElm 123 Cliftonia ligustrina 38 Clusia flava 25 Clusia rosea .. , 25 Coast Live Oak 147 Coccoloba Floridana 117 Ooccoloha Loeganensis 118 Coccoloba parvifolia 117 Coccoloba uvifera , 118 Coccoloba uvifcra, var. Lceganensis 118 Coccoloba uvifera, var. ovalifolia 118 Cockspur Thorn 76 Cocoa Plum 65 Coffee Nut 58 Coffee Tree, Kentucky ! 58 Colubrina rcclinata 41 COHBRBTACB.£ 87 Condalia ferrea 39 Condalia ohovata 46 CoxiFERJi 176-216 Conocarpus acut^folia 87 Conocarpus erecta 87 Conocaipus erecta, var. proeumbena 87 Conocarpus pro&umbens 87 Conocarpus racemosa 87 Coral Sumach 54 Cordia Boissicri 114 Cordia Floridana 114 f Cordia juglandifoHa 113 Cordia Sebcstena 113 Cordia speeiosa 113 Cork Elm 123 Corkwood 117 COKNACKJB 00-03 Comus altema ^ Comus altemifolia q^ 226 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Comas florida 90 Comusfiorida (Comns Nnttallii) 91 Cornna ^atlallii '. 91 Oorypha Palmetto 217 Cotinua Amerwanus 52 Cotinus coggygria 52 Cotton Gum 93 Cottonwood (Popnlus Fremontii) ". 175 Cottonwood (Popnlns Fremontli, var. 'Wislizeni) 175 Cottonwood (Fopnlus monilifera) 175 Cottonwood, Balsam 174 Cottonwood, Big 175 Cottonwood, Black (Fopnlus angastifolla) 174 Cottonwood, Black (Populns tricIiocaTpa) >.. 174 Cottonwood, Biver 172 Cottonwood, Swamp 172 Cottonwood, White 175 Cow Oak 141 Crab, American 72 Crab Apple, American 72 Crab Apple, Oregon 73 Crab Apple, Southern 72 Crab, Sweet-scented 72 Crabwood 121 Crataegns aBstivalis 82 Crataegus apiifolia 81 Crataegus arborescens 75 OratcBgus arTyuti^olia 83 Crataegus berberifolia 82 Oratcegus Bosciana 77 Cratsegns brachyacantha 75 Crattxgus CaroUniana 82 •Crataegus cocoinea 77 Oratcegus coccmea (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegu8 coccinea,-vax. cordata 79 Crataegus coccinea, vaT.mollia i. 78 Crataegus coccinea var. oligandra 78 -Crataegus coccinea, var. popnllfolla 78 €ratagua coccinea^ Yox.typioa 78 Crataegus coccinea, var. viridis 78 1 Orataegua coccinea, var. viridis (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Crataegus cordata 80 Cratcegue eoronaria 72 Oratcegua Coureetiana 76 Crataegus Crus-galli 76 Oratcegm Crus-galli (Crataegus coccinea) 77 Cfratcegua Orua-galli (Cratsegos tomentosa, vao". punctata) 80 -Crataegus Cms-galli, var. linearis 76 CratasguB Crus-galli, var. ovalifolia 76 Crataegus Crus-galli, uar. prunifolia 77 Crataegus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 7G Cratcegue Crue-galii, var. pyracanthifolia (Crataegns arborescens) 75 Oratcegus Crus-galli, var. aalicifolicc 76 Oratcegus Orua,-galli, var. splendena 76 Oratcegus curuifolia 80 Crataegus Douglasii 75 Oratcegus elliptica (Crataegus aestivalis) 82 Oratcegua elliptica (Crataegus flavsj vwr. pnbeacens) 83 Crataegus flava 82 Oratcegua fiava (Crataegus llava, var. pubescens) 83 Oratcegua flava (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus fiava (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Oratcegus flava, Yax.lobata 82 Crataegus flava, »ar. pubescens 83 I Oratcegus flexuosa 80 €ratcegus glcmduloaa (Crataegus cocoinea) 77 I Oratcegua glanduioaa (Cratsgus Douglasii) 75 Oratcegus glanduioaa (Crataegus flava) 77 Oratcegus glandmlosa (Crataegus flava, var. pubescens) 83 Oratcegus glandulosa, vnT. macracantha 77 Oratcegua glamdulosa,v!i,T.rotundifolia 78 Oratcegus latifolia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus latifolia (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Oratcegus leucocephaltta 70 Oratcegus leueopkloeoa 79 Page. Oratcegus linearis 77 Oratcegus lobata (Crataegus flava) 82 Oratcegua lobata (Crataegus tomentosa) 7j> Oratcegua lucida (Crataegus aestivalis) 82 Cratcegua lucida (Crataegns Crus-galli) 79 Oratcegua macrctccmtha 77 Oratcegus Micha/itccii gg Oratcegus microccvrpa *. gj Oratcegua mollis 79 Oratcegus obovatifolia '. so Oratcegus opaca g^ Oratcegus ovalifolia 75 Oratcegus oxyacantha 81 Oratcegus oxyaccmtha,-7a.T. (tpiifolia 81 Cratffigus parvifolia 83 Oratcegus populifolia (Crataegus coccinea) 78 Oratcegus populifolia (Crataegus cordata) go Oratiegua prunellifolia 79 Oratcegua prunifolia 77 Oratcegua punctata 80 Oratcegus punctata, var. brevispina 75 Oratcegus punctata, \a,T. rubra and a/urea go Oratcegus punctata, vaT.xanthocarpa go Oratcegus pyrifoUa ■ 79 Crataegus race/moaa 84 Crataegus rivularis 74 Oratcegus rivularia (Crataegus Douglasii) 75 Oratcegus salicifolia 76 Oratcegus sanguinta 75 Oratcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Crataegus Don glasii) % 75 Oratcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Crataegus rivularis) 74 Cratcegua 8anguinea,Ya,T.vill08a 78 Crataegus spathulata gi Oratcegua spathulata (Crataegus flava^ var. pubescens) 83 Oratcegus apicata S5 Crataegus snbvillosa 7g Oratcegus lexana 7g Crataegus tomentosa 79 Oratcegus tomentosa (Amelanchier Canadensis) 84 Oratcegua tomentosa, var. mollis 78 Oratcegus tomentosa, var. plicata 80 Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata 80 Oratcegus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia 79 Oratcegus turHnata gg Oratcegus Tvrginica gj Oratcegus viridis (Crataegus coccinea) 78 Oratcegus viridis (Crataegus flava, dot. pubescens) 83 Oratcegua Watsoniana '. 76 Cresceutia cucurbitiua ,^ 116 Oreacentia latifolia 116 CreacenHa lethifeva ne Oreacentia obovatcc 116 Oreacentia ovata 116 Oreacentia toxicaria 116 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) 20 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata) 21 Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved 21 Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved 22 Ouprespinnata disticha 183 Ouprossua Americana 178 Cupressvs Arbor-vitce 176 Ouprcasiis Arizonica , 180 9 Oupressus attenuata 178 ? Oupressus Califomica 179 Oupressus Calif ornitsa gracilis (Cupressus G-oveniana) 379 Oupressus Califomica graeilia (Cupressus Macnabiana) 180 ? Oupressus cornuta 179 Oupresaua disticha ] 83 Cupressus disticha, var. imbricaria 183 Cupressus disticha, var. nutans 183 Cupressus disticha, var. patens 183 Oupressus fragrans 178 Cupressus glanduioaa loi~ Ouprossua (joveniana 179 Cupressus Guiulalupensis 1ft* INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 227 Page. Cupressus Hartwegii 179 9 Ovpretrus Martwegii, ■vax. fattigiala 179 Chtpresmi Lambertia/na 179 €wpr688U3 LttAosoniana 178 Cnpressus Kacnabiana 180 CapTesaas macrocarpa 179 Cvprensus macrocarpa t (Cnpreesus Guadalupensis) 180 ? Oupresau8 macrocarpa, vb.t. faeligiata 179 Cupressus Nootkaten^ 178 Cupresaus Nutkaensis 178 Cupressus thyoides 177 CUPUUFEK.B 137-159 Custard Apple 23 C.vpresa, Bald 184 Cypress, Black 184 Cypress, Deciduous 184 Cypress, I.awson'8 179 Cypress, Monterey 179 Cj'press, Red 184 Cypress, Sitka 178 Cypress, Wliite 184 Cypress, Yellow 178 CYniLLACE^E 37,38 Oj/riUa Carolini/ma 37 Oyrilla futcata 37 Oyrilla paniculata 100 Cyrilla parvifolia 37 Oyrilla polyftachia 37 Cyrilla racemiflora 37 Oyrilla racemosa 37 ». Dahoon 35 Dahoon Holly 35 Dalea spinosa 55 Darling Plum 39 Datisca hirta 52 Deciduous Cypress 184 DermatophylluTn apeciosum 57 Desert Willow 118 Devilwood 113 Diamend Willow 170 Dif^ger Fine 195 Dilly, Wild 103 Diospyroa anguiH/olia 104 ZHoepyrot ealycina 104 IHoapyros cUiata 104 Dio»pyro8 concolor 104 Diospyroa Guaiacana 104 IHoapyroa intermedia 104 Dioapyroa lucida 104 Sioepyroa Peraimon 104 IHoapyroa pubeacena 104 Diospyroa Texana, 195 Dioapyros Virginiana 104 IHoapyroa Virginiana, var. concolor 104 IHoapyroa Virginiana, var. macrocarpa 104 Dioapyroa Virginiana, var. microearpa 104 IHoapyroa Virginiana, var. pttbtaaena 104 Dipholis salicifolla 101 Doctor Gum 54 Dogwood 90 Dogwood, Floweiing (Cornus florida) 91 Dogwood, JTlowering (Cornus Nnttallil) 91 Dogwood, Jamaica 57 Dogwood, Striped 40 DouglaaFir 209 Downward Plum 103 Drim ophyUum paucijlorum 120 Drypelea alba, var. lati/olia 121 Dry petes crooea 120 Drypotea croi ea, var. latifolia 121 Drypetea crocea, yftr. longipea 120 Drtipelea glauca (Drypt-tes crocea) 120 Drjipetca glauca (Dryjietcs crocea, var. latifolia) 121 Page. DrypeUa aea«UiJlora 120 Duck Oak 152 Dwarf Maple 48 Dwarf Sumach 53 E. Ebenace^ 104,105 JEhretia Bourreria , 114 Ehretia elliptica. '. 114 JShretia Savaneneia 114 Ehretiaradula : 114 Hhretia tomentoaa 114 Elaphrium integerrimum 32 Elder (Hambucns glauca) 93 Elder (Sambncus Mexicana) 94 Elder, Box (Negnndo aceroides) 51 Elder, Box (Negnndo Califomicum) 51 Elder, Poison 54 Elemi, Gum 33 Elkwood 21 Elm, American 123 Elm, Cedar 122 Elm, Cliff 123 Elm, Cork 123 Elm, Hickory 123 Elm, Monse 122 Elm, Eed 122 Elm, Eock 123 Elm, Slippery (Eremontia Califomlca) 2« Elm, Slippery (TJlmna fulya) 122 Elm, Water 123 Elm, White (TJlmus Americana) 123 Elm, White (Ulmus racemosa) 123 Elm, Winged 124 Emetila ra'inulosa 36 Enceno 147 Endotropia oUifolia 40 Ericace.« 96-99 Erytlirina piacipula 57 Eugenia axillaria gg Eugenia Bamenaia 89 Engenia buxifolia 88 Eugenia dichotoma 88 Eugenia dichotoma, va.T. fragrans 88 Eugenia divaricata 88 Eugenia longipes 89 Eugenia montana 88 Eugenia monticola 89 Eugenia Tnyrtoidea 88 Eugenia pallena 88 Eugenia procera 89 Eugenia pungena 88 Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia buxifolia) 88 Eugenia iriplinervia (Eugenia monticola) 89 Euonymus atropurpureus 33 Euonymua Carolinenaia 33 Euonymua latif alius 39 EUPHOUBIACE^ 120 121 Exccecaria lucida 121 Exostemma Caribseum 95 Exothea oblongifolia 45 Eyaenhardtia amorphoidea 55 Eyaenliardtia amorphoidea, var. orthoearpa 55 Eyaenhardtia orthoearpa 55 F. Fagara fraxinifolia 35 Fagara lentiaci/olia 31 Fagara Fterota 31 Fagua alba 557 Fagu^i Americana 157 Fagus Americana lati/olia 157 Fagus Caetanea 157 Fagi X Caatanca dentata 157 Fagua Coitanca pumila jgg Fagua firniginca 157 528 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Fagus ferruginea, var. Ca/rolinianct * » . • * * ^ ^^ Faguspumila -^^^ Fagas pumila, var. prcecox ^^^ Fagus aylvatica ^^^ FagiLs sylvatica atropunieea ^^'^ Fagus sylvatica, var. ATnerieana - ^'^^ Fagus sylvestris ^'^' Fan-leaf Palm 217 ^artleTjerry ®^ Fetid Buckeye 42 ^cus aurea 1^^ FKcus ■awr-ea, var. latiffolia ^26 -ricus brevifolia -' 127 iFicus complicata 127 TFicus pedunculata 127 Tiddlcwood ll*' Tig, Wild 127 Fir, Balm of Gilead 211 TJr, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211 Fir, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213 Fir, Douglas 209 Fir, Kad ((Abies magnifica) 214 Fir, Red {Abies nobilis) 214 Fir, Red (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) 209 Fir, White (Abies concolor) 213 Fir, White (Abies grandis) 212 Fir, Yellow 209 Flowering Dogwood (Comns florida) 91 Flowering Dogwood (Comns Nuttallii) 91 Fcetata^xus montana -'- 186 Foetataxus Myristica 186 Forestiera acuminata 112 Forked-leaf Black Jack 151 Foxtail Pine 191 Frangula Calif omica 40 Framgula Oalifomica,YShT. tomentella 41 Frangula Carol'miana 40 ? Frangula fragilis ^^ Frangula PursMana 41 Frankllnia 26 Franhlinia Alatamaha 25 Fraxinus acuminata 167 Fraxinus alba 112 Fraxinus aWa (Fraxinus Americana) 167 Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa) 108 Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensia) 108 Fraxinus Americana 107 Fraa:i7vu8 Americana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. Caroliniana 1 10 Fraxinus Americana, var. ju^landifolia 109 Fraxinus Americana, var. latifoUa 1 07 Fmxinus Americana, var. microcarpa 108 Fraxinus Americana, var. pubescens 108 Fraxinus Americana, var. guadrangulata 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa 116 Fraxinus Amencana,va.T.8ambucifolia Ill Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis 168 Fraxinus Americana, var. triptera 110 Fraxinus anomala 166 Fraxinus Berlandieriana •• 169 Fraxinus Canadensis 107 S Fraxinus Caroliniama (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 ? Fraxvnvs OaroJiwmnct (Fraxinus viridis) - 109 Fraxinus Carolinensis - 167 Fr.ixinas cinerea 112 Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) 168 Fraxinus coriacea (VraxmnH pistaciffifolia) 106 Fraxinus crispa Ill Fraxinus Curtissii 108 Fraxinus carvidcns 110 Fr.ixin as cuspidata - 112 Fiuxinus dipetala 112 M^'raxinus discolor 107 Fraxinus elliptica 112 Framj^ttis 4piptGra 107 Page. Fraxinus excelsior HO Fraxinus expansa 109 Fraxinus fusca 112 Fraxinus grandifolia ^ HI Fraxinus Greggii 106 ? Fraxinus juglandifoha (Fraxinus Americana) 107 Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) 109 ? Fraxinus jugla/ndifolia, TUT. serrata 107 Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. suhintegerrima 109 - ? Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata 107 Fraxinus lancea 167 Fracrir.Uii lovgifolia 108 Fraxinus mixta 112 Fraxinus nervosa HO Fraxinus nigra 112 Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens) lOH Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Ill Fraxinus nigrescens HO- Fraxinus Novce-Anglice (Fiaxinus sambucifolia) Ill Fraxinus Novce-Anglia: (Fraxinus viridis) 109- Fraxinus Nutiallii HO Fraxi/mis oblongocarpa 308- I'raxinus Oregana HI Fraxinus ovata H~' Fraxinus pallida HO Fraxinus parnosa H2 Fraxinus paucijlora HO Fraannus Fennsylvanica 108 Fraxinus pi staciae folia - 106 Fraxinus pistaciafolia (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) 168 Fraxinus pistadcefolia, var. coriacea 106 Fraxinus platycarpa HO Fraxinus pubescens 108 Fraxinus pubescens HO Fraxinus pubetcens, var HI Fraxinus pubescens, var. latlfolia 108 Fraxinus pubescerhs, var, longifolia 108 Fraxinus pubescens, vai'. suhpubescens 108 Fraxinus pulvcrulcnta 112 Fraxinus quadrangularis HO Fraxinus quadrangulata 110 Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa HO Fraxinus Bichardi 112 Fraxinus rubicunda H2 Fraxiuus rufa 112 Fraxiuus sambucifolia Hi Fraxinus sambucifolia, var. crispa HI Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parvifolia 10(> Fraxinus subvillosa 308 Fraxinus teiragona HO Fraa^nus tomeniosa 108 Fraxinus trialata ICO- Fraximis triptera HO Fraxinus velutina 3 IJC- Fraxinus viridis 109 Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 309 Frcmontia Callfornica 26 Frigolito 58 Fringe Tree H3 Gardenia clusicefolia 95- GeigerTree 113 Genipa clusiffifoUa 9& Georgia Bark 95 Georgia Pine 202 Giant Cactus 90 Gigantahies taxifolia 185 Q-lgantahies Wellingtonia 184 Ginger Pine 179 Glambeny 28 Glaucous Willow - 169 GleditscMa aquatica 59 Gleditschia brackycarpa 59 GleditscMa Carolinensis 59 GleditscMa elegans 59 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 229 Page. Oleditschia inermU (Gleditschia monosperma) 59 GUdittehia mermu (Gleditschia triacanthos; var. inermis) 59 QlediUchia macrimtha 59 Oleditschia MeUloba 59 GledltBcbia monoepenna 59 Gleditschia epiTwsa 59 Gleditschia triacantha ,, 59 Glcditscbia triacanthos ' 69 Gleditschia triacanthos, var. braohycaipos 59 Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis 59 Gleditschia triacanthoB^ var. mimosperma 59 Goose-foot Maple 46 Gopher Plum 91 Gopherwood 57 Oordonia Franldini 25 Goidonia Lasianthns 25 Gordonia pnbescens 25 Oordonia pyramidalis 25 Grape, Sea US Gray Birch (Betola alba, var. popnlifolia) 169 Gray Birch (Betala lotea) lUl Gray Pine 201 Great Laurel 99 Green Ash 109 Green-bark Acacia 60 Gronnd Ash Ill Guaiacum angusti/olvum 29 Guaiacnm sanctana 28 Guaiacum verticaU 28 Gnettarda elliptica 96 Guettarda Blodgettii 96 Gniana Flam 121 Guilandina dioica 58 Gum, Black 92 Gum, Cotton 93 Gnm, Doctor 54 Gum Elastic 102 Gum Elemi 33 Gnm, Bed 86 Gum, Sour 92 Gum, Star-leaved 86 Gum, Sweet 86 Gum, Tupelo „ 93 Gumbo Limbo 33 Gurgeon Stopper 88 GUTTIFEBai 25 Oymnanthea lucida 121 Oymnobalanus Oatesbyana 119 Gymnocladns Canadensis 68 Gymnocladus dioica 58 B. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) 126 Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126 Hackmatack 215 Halesia diptera 105 Halesia parviflora 106 MaUsia reticulata 105 Halesia tetraptera 106 Malmia comifolia 80 Halmiaflabellata 77 Balmialobata 79 Halmia punctata '. 80 Salmia tomentoaa 79 Hamamklacb^ 85,86 Bamamelis androgyna ^ 85 Hartuvmelis eorylifolia 86 Samamelis dioica 86 Hamamelis macrophyUa 85 Hamamelis parvifolia 85 Bamamelis Virginiana, var. parv\folia 85 Hamamelis Vii'ginica 85 Hard Maple 43 Hard Fine 202 Haw, Apple 82 Page. Ha-w, Black 94 Haw, Hogs' 75 Haw, May 82 Haw, Parsley 81 Haw, Pear 79 Haw, Purple 40 Haw, Red (Cratasgus coccinea) -. 78 Haw, Bed (Crotjegus flava, var. pubescens) 83 Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus coccinea) 78 Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus subvillosa) 78 Haw, Small-fruited 81 Haw, Summer (CratEcgns flava) 83 Haw, Summer (Crataigus flava, var. pubescens) 86 Haw, Yellow S3 Hazel, Witch 85 Hemlock (Psendotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa) 210' Hemlock (Tsuga Cauadensis) 20T Hemlock (Tsuga Caroliniana) 20T Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Heteromelea arbutifolia ' 83" Heteromeles Fremontiana 83" Heyderia decurreng 17© Seymasaoli spinosa 34 Hickorea, species 132' Sickorius ajnara 135 Hickory, Big-bud 134 Hickory, Black (Carya porcina) 134 Hickory, Black (Carya tomentosa) 134 Hickory, Brown 134 Hickory Elm 12S Hickory, Nutmeg 135 Hickory Pine (Finns Ealfouriana, var. aristata) 191 Hickory Pine (Pinus pungeus) 199 Hickory, Shag-bark 133 Hickory, Shell-bark 133 Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135 Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) 136 Hickory, Switch-bud 134 Hickory, Water : 136 Hickory, White-heart 134 JBCicorius integrifolia 135 SierophyUus Cassine 36 Hippomano Mancinella 121 Hoary Alder 165 Hog Plum (Prunus angustifoha) 66 Hog Plum (Bhus Metopium) 54 Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34 Hogs' Haw 75 Holly, American 35 Holly, California .^ 84 Holly, Daboon 35 Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 6S> Honey Locust (Prosopis juliflora) 62 Honey Pod C2 Honey Shucks 5D Hoop Ash i Ill Hopea tinctoria 105 Hop Hornbeam 158 Hop Tree 31 Hornbeam 13& Hornbeam, Hop 158 Horse Plum 65 Hoi-se Sugar 105 Hypelate oblong%folia 45 Hypelate paniculata 45 Hypelate trifoliata 45 Myperanthera dioica 68 Hypericum LasianVms 2ft I. Ilex cestiealis 37 Ilex amlnguus 37 Ilex angustifolia 35 Ilex aquifolium 35 Ilex Canadensis 85 230 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Hex Oasaena 36 IloxCaBsine 36 Ilex Cassine (Hex Dahoon) 35 Hex Oassine, p. (1) 36 Hex Cassine, var. angtistifolia 35 Ilex Cassine, var. laiifoUa 35 Ilex cassinoides 35 Ilei Daboon 35 Hex Bahoon, var. angualifolia 35 Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia 36 Ilex docidna 37 Ilex Florid ana 36 Ilex laurifolia 35 Ilex laxijlcra 35 Ilex lLgustr>'folia 36 Ilex ligustrina (Hex CassioG) 36 Ilex ligustrina (Ilex Dahoon, var. angnstifolia) 36 Ilex inyrtlfolia 36 Ilex opaca ' 34 Hex prinoidea 37 Ilex querdfoCia 35 Ilex religioaa 36 Ilex rosm arifolia s 36 Ilex vomitoria 36 ? Ilex Watsoniana 36 IMCINE^ 34 Illinois Kut 132 Incense Cedar 176 Indian Bean 115 Indian Cherry 40 India-rubber Tree 127 Inga for/ex 64 Inga Guadalupensis , 64 Inga microphylla 64 Inga rosea 64 Inga Unguis-cati 64 Inlcwood 45 loxylon pomiferum .' 128 Iron oak 139 Iron-wood (Bnmelia lycioidea) 109 Ironwood (Carpinus Caroliniana) 159 Iroiiwood {Cliftonia ligustrina) 38 Ii'ouwood (Cyrilla racemiflora) 37 Ironwood { Hypelate panlculata) ^ 45 Ironwood {Olneya Tesota) 56 Ironwood (Ostrya Yirgiuica) 158 Ironwood, Black 39 Xronwood, Red 39 Ironwood, "White 45 Islay 70 Ilea CyriUa 37 Ivy 98 J. Jack, Black (Quercua CatesbEei) .' 151 Jack, Black (Quercua nigi'a) 150 Jack, Blue 153 Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151 Jack Oak 150 Jack, Sand I53 Jacquinia armillaris 100 Jamaica Dogwood 57 Jersey Pine 399 Joewood 100 Joshua, The 219 Joshua Tree 219 Judas Tiee qX JUGLAKD ACEiE 130-136 Juglans alba (Carya alba) 133 Juglans alba (Carya tomenfcoaa) I33 Juglans alba acwmvnata I34 Juglans alba minvma I35 Juglans alba ovata , j32 Juglans amara 235 Juglans angustifolia (Carya amara) 135 Page. Juglans angustifolia (Carya olivfflformla) - 132 Juglans aquatica 135 Juglans Oalifornica 131 Juglans caihariica 130 Juglans cinerea 130 Juglans compressa 132 Juglans cordiformis 135 Juglans cylindrica ■ 132 ? Juglans exaltata 132 Juglans glabra - 134 Jiiglans Illinoinensia 132 Juglans laciniosa ^ 133 Juglans mucronata 133 Jvglana myristicceformis 135 Juglans nigra 131 Juglans nigra oblonga 131 Juglans obcordata 184 Juglana oblonga 130 Juglans oblonga alba 130 Juglans olivceformia 132 Juglans oualis 132 Juglana ovata 132 Juglans Pecan 132 Juglana porcina 134 Juglana porcina, var. obcordata. 134 Juglcma porcina, tut, pisiformis 134 Juglans pyri/ormis 134 Juglans rubra 132 Juglans rupeatria 131 Juglana rupeatria, var. major 131 Juglana aquamosa 132 Juglans sulcata isa Juglana tomentoaa 134 Juneberry 84 Juniper ( Jnniperus Califomica) 180 Juniper (Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis) 181 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) 182 Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalia, var. conjugena) 182 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalia, var. monosperma) 182 Juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea) ]81 Juniperua Andina , 18I Ju/niperua arborescens 182 9 Juniperus aromatica 179 Juniperus Barbadenais 182 Juniperua Californica I8O Juni/perus Californica, var. osteoeperma 180 Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensia 180 Juniperus Carolvniana 182 Juniperus Cerrosian/ua iso Juniperua excelsa I8I Juniperus foetida, var. Virginiana 182 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperua occidentalis) 181 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus Virginiana) 182 Juniperua occidentalis 181 Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperua Califomica) 180 Junip&^u^ ocddenUilie (Juniperua Californica, var. Utahensis) 180 Juniperua occidentalis, var. conju;jena 182 Juniperua occidentalis, war. monoaperma I8I Juniperus occidentalis, ya,r.plciosperma 181 Juniperus occidentalis, -v&T. Utahensis 180 Juniperua pachyphloBa isi Juniperus plockyderma I8] Juniperus pyriformis 181 Juniperus Sabina pachyphloea 181 Juniperus Sabina, y&t. Virginiana ^ 182 Juviperus tetragona (Juniperus Californica) 180 Juniperus tetragona, y&t. osteosperma 180 Juniperus Virginiana 182 Juniperua Virginiana, var. Caroliniana 182 Juniperus Virg'iniana, TOT. Sermwrmi 182 Juniperus Virgimana vulgaris 182 K« Kalmia latifolia 98 Kampmania fraxinifolia. 80 Kentucky Coffee Tree ". fig INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 231 KingNut KnacUaway Kuob-conePine. Lacathca Jlorida Laguneularia glabrifolia . Laguncalaria racemosa . . Zvancewood Larch Larch, Black Lajgeleaved Cucumher Tree Large Tupelo Larix Americana Larix Americcma rubra Jjaria; ATnericana, var. brei^folia . Larix Americcma, var. pendvla . . . Larix Americana, Tar. prolif era . . Larix deoidua, var. Americama. . . Larix intermedia Larix Lyallii Larix mieroearpa Larix occideDtalis Larix pendula Larix tenui folia Page. 134 114 196 25 87 87 119 215 215 21 03 215 215 216 215 215 215 215 216 215 216 215 215 Lauback^ 118-120 Laurel 98 Laurel, Big Laurel, California Laurel, Great -. Laurel, Mountain T.aarel Oak (Qneicns imhrloaria) . . . Laurel Oak (Quercns lanrifolia) Lanrel, Swamp Laurel, White Laurocerasui Caroliniana Lavrocerasus ilicifolia Laurua Borbonia Laurue Caroliniana Laurus Oarolinensie Laurue Oarolinen8i8,T&v. glabra Laurus Oarolinensis, var. obtusa Laurus Oarolinensis, -vai-puieseene ■ Laurus Cateabcei Laurus Catesbyana Laurus regia i Iiauru-s sanguinea La/urus Sassafras Lawaon's Cypress Leaf, Sweet 19 120 99 120 154 153 20 20 69 70 118 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 120 119 119 179 105 LbgUMINOBJE 55-64 Leptocarpa Caroliniana T....- 69 Lencaina glaaca 62 Leuciena pnlverolenta 63 Leverwood 158 Libocedrus decarrens 176 Lignnm-vita) 28 LlUACEiE 218,219 Lime, Ogeechee 91 Lime Tree '. 27 liime. Wild (Xanthoxylnm Pterota) 31 Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) 34 Lin 27 Linden, American Liquidambar maerophyUa LiqnidambarStyraciflua Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana Liquidamber Lvriodeiuiron procera Liriodendron Xnlipifera Live Onk (Qaercns cbrysolepis) Lire Oak (Querons virens) Live Oak (Qnerons WlBllzesi) Live Onk, Coaat Loblolly Bay 27 146 145 147 147 2S Loblolly Pine Locust (Robinia Keo-Mexicana) Locust {Eobinia Pseudacacia) Locust, Black (Gleditschia triacanthoa) - Locust, Black (Eobinia Psendacacia) — Locnst, Clammy Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triaoanthos) . Locust, Honey (Prosopia jnliflora) Locust, Sweet Locust, Water Locust, Xellow Lodge-pole Pine Logwood Long-leaved Cucumber Tree Long-leaved Pine Lyonia arborea Lyoniaferruginea Lyonia rigida Lysiloma Bahamentis Lysiloma latisiliqua n. Maclnra anrantiaca Madeira MadroSa Magnolia acuminata Magnolia aurumla/ris Magnolia a/wriculata Magnolia cordata Magnolia Be CandoUU Magnolia fragrans Magnolia Fraaeri Magnolia glauca Magnolia gla/uca, var. laUfolia Magnolia glauca,-v&r. longifolia Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandifiora, var. eUiptica and ohovata.. Magnolia grandifiora, var. lanceolata Magnolia longi/oUa Magnolia maerophyUa Magnolia, Mountain Magnolia pyramidata Magnolia tripetala Magnolia TTmbrelia Magnolia Yirginiana, var. o. glauca Magnolia Yirginiana, var. p.foetida Magnolia Yirginiana, var. e Magnolia Yirginiana, var. tripetala Page. 197 56 55 59 55 56 59 62 59 60 55 185 40 22 202 96 64 64 128 34 97 20 22 22 20 20 20 22 19 20 20 19 19 19 20 21 20 22 21 21 20 19 20 21 MAGNOLIACEiE 19-22 Mahogany 34 Mahogany Birch 163 Mahogany, Mountain (Ceroocarpns ledifolins) 71 Mahogany, Mountain (Cercooarpus parvifollas) 71 Malpighiace^ 28 Malpighia lucida 28 MabiS angust\folia 72 Malui coronaria 72 Maius diveirsiifolia 73 Malus mieroearpa coronaria 72 Mdlus rimlatis 73 Mdlus serrtpervirens 72 Malus subcordata 73 Manchineel 121 Manchineel, Mountain 64 Mancinella venenata 121 Mangrove 87 Mangrove, Black 117 Mangi'ove, White 87 Maple, Ash-leaved 61 Maple, Black Sugar 49 Maple, Broad-leaved 47 Maple, Dwarf 4g Maple, Goose-foot 4s Mnple, Hard 4g Maple, Mountain 43 232 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Maple, Red 50 Maple, Eock 48 Maple, Silver 49 Maple, Soft (Acer dasycarpnm) 49 Maple, Soft (Acermbram) 50 Maple, Striped , 40 Maple, Sugar 48 Maple, Swamp 50 Maple, Vine 47 Maple, Water 50 Maple, White 49 Marlberry 100 Mastic 101 Maul Oak 146 May Cherry 84 May Haw 82 Meadow Pine 202 MELIACEiB 33,34 MelicQcca panicvZata 45 Melilobus heterophytta 59 Mespilus acerifolia 80 MespitiM cesUvalis 82 Mespilus apiifolia , 81 Mespilus arborea 84 Mespilits arbutifolia 83 Mespilus Azarolus 81 Mespilits b&rberifolm 82 Mespilus Bosciana 77 Mespilus Calpodendron ., 79 Mespilus Canadensis 84 Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata 84 Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis 85 Mespilus Carolvniami 82 Mespilus coccinea 77 Mespilus cordata 80 Mespilus cornifolia 80 Mespilus Crus-galli 76 Mespilus Crus-galli, Ya>T. pyracanthifolia 76 Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia 76 MespUus cuneifolia (Cratsegns Crus-galli) 76 Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratsegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 ? Mespilus cuneiformis 76 Mespilus eUipiica (Crataegus Crus galU) 76 Mespilus elliptica (Crateegas flava, var. pubescens) 83 MetpUue JlabeUata 77 Mespilus Jlava 82 Mespilus Jlexispina , 82 Mespilus glandulosa 77 Mespilus hiemalis 83 Mespilus lati/olia 79 Mespilus linearis 77 Mespilus lobata 79 Mespilus Ifucida 76 Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia 77 Mespilus Michauxii 83 Mespilus monogyna, var. api\folia 81 Mespilus nivea 84 Mespilus odorata 79 Mespilus ovalifolia .^ , 76 Mespilus Phcenopyrum 80 Mespilus popuUfolia 78 Mespilus pruinosa 79 Mespilits prum.eUifolia 76 MespUus pruni folia 7 77 Mespihis pubescens 77 Mespilus punctata 80 Mespilus pyrifolia (Cratsegas tomentosa) 79 MespUus pyrifolia (CrataeguB tomentosa, vajr. punctata) 80 Mespilus rotundifolia (Crataegus coccinea) 77 Mespilus rotundifolia (Crataegus CmsgalU, var. prunifolia) 77 Mespiltts salicifolia 7g MespUus spathvlata 81 Mespilus tUicefolia 78 Mespilus turbinata 82 Mespilus viridis 78 Page> Mespiha Watsoniana 7S /MespUus Wendlandii 77 Meaqnit 62 Mesqnit, Screw-pod 62 MetopiuTn lAnncei 54 Mexican Banana 219' Mexicin Mulberry 12& Mexican Persimmon 105- Michauxia sessUis 25- Mvmosa biceps 62: Mimosa frondosa 62' Mimosa glauca 62 Mimosa Guadalupensis 64- Mi/mosa latisiliqua 64 Mimosa leucocephala 62* Mimosa rosea 64 Mim,osa Vnguis-cati 64 Mimusops dissecta 103 Mimusops Sieberi 103 Mocker Nut 134 Mock Orange 70' Monterey Cypress 179 Monterey Pine 196 Moose Elm 122 Moosewood 46 Mortis Canadensis (Lamarck and Baflnesqne) 127 Morus micropbylla , 128- Morus Missouriensis 127 Morus parvifolia (Morns micropbylla) 12fr Morus parvifolia (Moms rubra) 127 Morus reticulata 127 Morus riparia 127 Morus rubra 127 Morus rubra, var. Canadensis - 127 Morus ru^a, var. ineisa 12T Morusrubra, var. tomentosa 127 Mjorus scabra 127 Morus tomentosa 127 Mossy-cup Oak 146 Monntain Ash (PyruB Americana) 73- Mountain Ash (Pyrus sambncifolla) 7* Mountain Laurel 120 Mountain Magnolia 20 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledifoUns) 71 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifoliue) 71 Mountain Manchineel 54 Mountain Maple 46 Monntain Plum 34 Mountain White Oak 143 Mulberry, Mexican '.*. 128 Mulberry, Eed 128 Mygindapallens 38 Mylocaryum ligustrimim, 38 Myrica Califomica 137 Myrica Carolvnensis 136 Myrica cerifera 136 Myrica cerifera hwmUis - 136 Myrica cerifera sempervirens ,. .- 136 Myrica cerifera, var. angustifolia 136 Myrica cerifera, -vai. arborescens 136 Myrica cerifera, y at. lat'ifolia 138 Myrica cerifera, -VAT. m,edia 136 Myrica cerifera, -v&T.pumila 136 Myrica Permsylvanica 136 9 Myrica Xalapensis 137 Mykicaok^ 136,137 MyrsinacEjE 99,100 Myrsinejloribumda 9* Myrsine Floridana 9* Myrsine Sapanea "9 Myktaceje 88,89 Myrtle, Blue *1 Myrtle, Wax 13* Myrtus axillaris ^ Myrtus buxifolia ^ INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 233 Page. Myrtus Ohytraevlia 88 lllyrlut dichotoma 88 MyrtuB monticola 89 Myrtus Poireti 88 Myrtua procera 89 nr. Naked Wood (Colnbiina reclinata) 42 Naked Wood (Engenia dichotoma) 88 Nannyberry 94 Necklace Poplar 175 2fectandra Sredemeimama 119 Ncctandra Willdenoviana 119 Ncgundiutnfraxmi/oUwm 51 Negundo aceroides 50 Negvndo aeeroideg (Negnndo Califomicnm) 51 Negundo Califomlcxim 51 Negwndo Oalifomicwm (Negondo aceroides) 51 Kegundo fraximfolvuin 51 Negundo lobatum 51 ?2fegwndo MexUanum - 51 Negundo tryfoliatum 51 Newcastle Thorn 76 Norway Pine 192 Nut, Bitter 135 Nut, Bull 134 Nut, Coffee 58 Nut, Illinois 132 Nut, King , 134 Nnt, Mocker 134 Nut, Pig 134 Nut Pine (Pinus cembroides) 190 Nnt Pine (Pinus edulis) 190 Nut Pine (Pinus monophylla) 190 Nut Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189 Nut, Tallow 34 Nutmeg, California 186 Nutmeg, Hickory iSS Ntctaginacbje 117 NyBsa aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92 Nysea aquatica (Nyssa uniflora) 92 Nyasa angulisatia 93 Nyasa angulosa 93 Xyssabijtora 02 Nyasa CanadenHa 92 Nyeea candiccms 91 Nyssa capitata 91 Nysaa capitata, var.grandidentata 93 Nyssa Caroliniana 92 Xyssa coccinca 91 Nyasa denticulata 92 Nyaaa grandidentata 93 Nyssa inlegrifolia 92 Nyasa moutana 91 Nyssa mvltiflora 92 Nysaa multijlora, v&v, aylvatica 9?' Nyaaa Ogeche 91 Nyssa palustria 93 Nyssa sylvatica 92 Nysaa tomentoaa (Nyssa capitata) 91 Nyssa tomentoaa (Nyssa nniflora) 93 Nyssa uniflora 92 Nyssa viUosa 92 O. Oak, Bartram's 153 Oak, Basket 141 Oak, Black (Querous Emoryi) .' 146 Oak, Black (Quercus Kelloggii) 149 Oak, Black (Qaerons rubra) 148 Oak, Black (Quercus tinotoria) 149 Oak, Blue 143 Oak, Burr 140 Oak, Chestnnt ((jnercus donsiflora) 155 Oak, Chestnut ((]nercus prinoides) 143 Pago. Oak, Chestnut (Qaercus FrinaB) 1-*^ Oak, Chinquapin 14J Oak, Coast Lire 147 Oak, Cow 141 Oak, Duck 152 Oak, Iron 130 Oak, Jack 15* Oak, Laurel (Quercus Imbricaria) 154 Oak, Laurel (Quercus laurifolia) 153 Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) 146 Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145 Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) 147 Oak, Maul 146 Oak, Mossy -cup 14(V Oak, Mountain White 143 Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140' Oak, Over-cup (Quercus macrocarpa) -■ 140 Oak, Peach (Quercus deneiflora) 155 Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) 154 Oak, Pin 152 Oak, Possum 152 Oak, Post ISO Oak, Pnnfc 153 Oak, Quercitron 149' Oak, Eed (Quercus falcata) 151 Oak, Red (Quercus rubra) 148 Oak, Eed (Quercus rubra, »ar. Texana) 148 Oak, Eock Chestnut 142 Oak, Scarlet 148 Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbsei) 151 Oak, Scrub (Quercus nndulata, var. (^ambelii) 139' Oak, Shingle 154 Oak, Spanish 151 Oak, Swamp Post 140 Oak, Swamp Spanish .' 152 0.1k, Swamp White 141 Oak, Tanbark 155 Oak, Turkey 151 Oak, Upland Willow 153 Oak, Valparaiso 146- Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) 152 Oak, Water (Quercus palnstris) 152 Oak, Water White 140 Oak, Weeping 138 Oak, White (Quercus alba) 137 Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138 Oak, White (Quercus giisea) 144 Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138 Oak, White (Quercus oblonE;ifolia) 144 Oak, Willow 154 Oak, Yellow (Quercus prinoides) 14a Oak, Yellow (Quercus tiuctoria) 149 Oak, Yellow-bark 149 Obispo Pine 200- (Enocarpus regia 218 Ogeechee Lime 91 Ohio Buckeye 42 OLACIKEiE 34 Old-field Birch 159' Old-field Pine 197 Old Man's Beard U3 Olea America'na 113 OLEACI'Lfi lOO-US Olive, California 120 OlneyaTcsota 56 Orange, Mock 70 Orange, Osage 128 Orange, Wild (Prunus Caroliniana) 70 Orange, Wild (Xanthoxylum Glava-Herculis) 30 Orchidocarpum arielinum 23 Oregon Ash m Oregon Cedar 179 Oregon Crab Apple 73 Oregon Pine 209 Oreodaphne Calyfomiea 120 :234 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. 'Oreodcxa oleraceaf 218 Oreodoxa regia 218 Osage Orange 128 Osmantlius 'A. m ericanas - 1 13 ■Ostrya Yirginiana 158 Ostrya Virginica ] 58 Ostrya Yirginica, var. eglandulosa 158 Ostrya Virginica, var. glandulosa 158 Over-cup Oak (Quercus lyrata) 140 Over-cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) 140 Oxydendmm arboreum 98 P. ■Padiis cartilaginea C8 Padus demissa 69 JPadus serotina ,. 68 Padus Yirginiana 68 Palm, Fan-leaf 217 Palm, Boyal 218 Palma argentea 218 Palmacuje 217, 218 Palmetto, Cabbage 217 Palmetto, Silk-top 217 Palmetto, Silver-top 218 Talo Blanco 126 Palo Verde 60 Piipaw 23 Paper Birch 160 Paradise Tree 32 Parkinsonia aculeata 60 Parkinsonia microphylla 60 "Parkinsonia Torreyana 60 Parsley Haw 81 Pasania densijlora 155 Pavia Cali/omica 43 :? Pavia camea 42 Pavia diaeolor 43 J^aviajlava 43 JPavia glabra 42 Pavia hyhrida 43 JPavia lutea 43 Pavia neglecta 43 Pavia pall,ida 42 JPavia WaUoniana 42 Peacb Oak (Quercus denslflora) 155 Teach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154 Peach, Wild 70 Pear Haw 79 Pecan 132 ^ecan, Bitter 136 Pepperidge 1 92 Pepperwood 30 Persea Borbonia 118 Persea Carolinensis 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. gldbrittscula 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 119 Persea Carolinensis, var. piibescens 119 Persea Catesbyana 119 Persea Sassafras 119 Persimmon 104 Persimmon, Black 105 Persimmon, Mexican 105 Phcenopyrum acer\folvum 80 Phcenopyrum arhorescens 75 Phcenopyrum Carolinianum 82 Phcentypyrum coccineum . . .\ 77 PhcBnopyrum cordatum 80 Phcenopyrvm ellipticum 82 Phcenopyrum populifolvum 78 Phcenopyrum pruinoaum 79 Phcenopyrum spathulatum 81 Phcenopyrum subvilloswm 78 Phcenopyrum Yirginieum 82 9 Phcenopyrum viride 78 Phcenopyrum Wendlandii 77 Page. Photinia arbutifolia 83 Photinia salicifolia 83 Picea alba 204 Picea amabilis (Abies amabilis) 21 3 Picea amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211 Picea balsamea ., 211 Picea balsamea, var. longifolia 211 Picea bifolia .- 211 Picea hracteata 213 ? Picea Californica 208 Picea Canadensis 206 Picea caerulea ^ 204 Picea concolor 212 Picea concolor, var. violacea 212 Picea DouglcLsii 209 Picea Engelmanni 205 Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211 Picea Fraseri (Abies Praseri) 210 Picea glauca 204 Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Picea grandis (Abies grandis) 212 Picea laaoa 204 Picea Loviiana 212 Picea magnifica 214 Picea Menzietdi (Picea pungens) 205 Picea Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206 Picea nigra 202 Picea nigra, var. glauca 204 Picea nigra, var. rubra 203 Picea nobilis 214 Picea pungens 205 Picea rubra 203 Picea Sitchensis 206 Pickeri/ngia paniculata 100 Pigeon Cherry 66 Pigeon Plum 117 Pigeonwood 117 Pig Nut 134 Pilocereus Engelmanni 89 Pin Cherry C6 Pin Oak 153 Pinckneya pnbens 95 Pinckneya pubescens 95 Pino, Bastard 202 Pine, Bishop's 200 Pine, Black (Pinna Jeffreyi) 193 Pine, Black (Pinns Murrayana) 195 Pine, Bull (Pinns Jeffreyi) 193 Pine, Bull (Pinns mitis) 200 Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana) 195 Pine, Cedar 20I Pine, Digger 195 Pine. Foxtail 191 Pine, Georgia 202 Pine, Ginger 179 Pine, Gray 20I Pine, Hard 202 Pine, Hickory (Pinus Balfourlana, var. aristata) 191 Pine, Hickory (Pinus pungens) 199 Pine, Jersey 199 Pine, Knob-cone 196 Pine, Loblolly 197 Pine, Lodge-pole 195 Pine, Long-leaved 202 Pine, Meadow 202 Pine, Monterey 196 Pine, Norway 192 Pine, Nut (Pinus cembroides) 190 Pine, Nut (Pinus eduUs) 190 Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla) , 190 Pine, Nut (Pinus Parry ana) 189 Pine, Obispo 200 Pine, Old-field 197 Pine, Oregon » 200 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 235 Page. Pine, Pitcli 398 Pine, Pond 198 Pine, Prince's 201 Pine, Eed 192 Pino, Rosemary 197 Pine, Sand 199 Pine, Scrub (Pinns Banisiana) 201 Pine, Scmb (Pinusclansa) 199 Pine, Scml) (Pinns contorta) 194 Pine, Scrub (Pinns inops) 199 Pino, Sbort-leaved 200 Pine, Slash 202 Pine, Soutliem 202 Pino, Spruce (Pinns clausa) 199 Pino, Spruce (Pinns glabra) 201 Pino, Spruce (Pinns mitis) 200 Pine, Spruce (Pinns Murrayana) 195 Pine, Sugar 188 Pine, Swamp •. 202 Pine, Table-mountain 199 Pine, Weymouth 187 Pine, White (Pinusflexilis) 188 Pine, White (PinuB glabra) 201 Pino, White (Pinus monticola) 187 Pine, White (Pinns refloxa) 189 Pine, White (Pinns Strobns) 187 Pine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 192 Pine, Tellow (Pinns mitis) 200 Pine, Yellow (Finns palustris) 202 Pine, Tellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193 PiBon (Pinus cdulis) 190 Pinon (Piuua monophylla) 190 PiUon (Pinns Parryana) 189 Pinus Abies America/na « 206 Pinus Abies Balsamea 211 Pinus Abies Canadensis 202 Pinus adunca 196 Pinus alba 204 Pinus albicanlis .' 189 Pinus amabilis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus aTnabilis (Abies magniflca) 214 Pinus amabilis (Abies snbalpina) 211 Pinus Americana (Pioca nigra) 203 Pinus Americana (Tsuga Canadensis) 206 Piaius Americana rubra 202 Pinus aristata 191 Pinus Arizonica 192 Pinus australis 201 Finns Balfouriana 191 Pinus Balfouriana (Pinns Balfonriana, var. aristata) 191 Pinns Balfouriana, var. aristata 191 Pinu* baUamea 210 Pinus balsamea, var. Praseri 210 Pinus Banksiana 201 Pinus Banksiana ( Pinns contorta) 104 Pinus Beardsleyi 193 Pinus Benthamiana 193 Pinus Bolanderi 194 Pinus Boursieri 194 Pinus brachyptera 193 Pinus bractcata 213 9 Pinus Calif omica (Pinns Insignls) 196 Pinus Califomita (Pinns tuhercnlata) 196 Pinus Canadensis (Picea alba) 204 Pinus Canadensis (Xsnga Canadensis) i 206 Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207 Pinns cembroides 190 Pinus cembroides (Pinns albicanlis) 189 Pinus ctmbroides (Piuos eduUs) 190 Pinns Chihuahunna 194 Piuus clansa 199 Pinus commutata 205 Pinus eoncolor 212 Pinus contorta 194 Finns contorta (Pinns marltiata) 199 Page. Pinus contorta (Pinns Mnrrayana) 194 Pinus contorta, var. Bolanderi 194 Pinus contorta, var. latifolia 194 Pinns Conlteri 195 Pinus Craigana 193 Pinns Cnbensis 202 Pinus Cub&nsis, var. terthrocarpa 202 Pinus dejlexa 193 Pinus Doutjlasii 209 Finns Douglasii, var. brevibracteata 209 Pinus echinula 200 Pinus Edgariana 1 99 Pinus edulis 190 Pinits ElliotHi 202 Pinus EngeVmanni (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Pinw* .EnjeZmanm (Pinns ponderosa) 193 Pinusflexilis 168 Pinusflexilis (Pinus albicanlis) 189 Pinus flexilis, var. albicanlis 189 Pinus Jlexilis, var. macrocarpa 188 Pinus JlexUis, var. rejlexa 189 Pinus flexilis, var. scmdata 188 Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Pinus Fraseri (Finns rigida) 197 Pinus Frerfiontiana 190 Pinus futilis 190 Pinus glabra 200 Pinus grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus grandis (Abies eoncolor) 212 Pinus grandis (Abies grandis) 212 Pinus Qrozeiieri 187 Pinus Hudsoniea 201 Pinus inops 198 Pinus inops (Pinns contorta) 194 Pinus inops (Pinus Mnrrayana) 194 Pinus inops, var. (Finns muricata) 199 Pinus inops, var. clauea 199 Pinus insignls ^ 196 Pinus insignis macrocarpa 196 Pinus insignis, var. binata 196 Pinus intermedia 215 Pinus JeflFreyi 193 Pinus Lambertiana 188 Pinus Lamhertiana, var. (Pinusflexilis) 188 Finue Lambertiana, var. brevifolia 188 Pinus laricina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191 Pinus Larix 216 Pinus Larix alba 215 Pinus Larix nigra 215 Pinus Larix rubra 215 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies eoncolor) 212 9 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Llaveana (Finns cembroides) 190 Pinus Llaveana (Finns Parryana) 189 Pinus Loddigesii 197 Pinus lophosperma 192 Pinus Lowiana 212 Pinus Lyalli 216 Pinus Mariana 202 Pinus macrocarpa 195 Pinus mucrophyUa9 193 Pinus Memiesii 206 Pinus Memiesii, var. criapa 206 Pinus Mertensiana 207 Pinus misrocarpa 215 Pinus mitis 200 Finns mitis, vht. paupera 2U0 Finns monophylla 190 Finns monticola 187 Pinns muricata 199 Pinus muricata (Finns contorta) 194 Finns Murrayana 194 Pinus nigra 202 Pinus nobilis , 214 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Finns Nuttallii 216 Pimis osteosperma 190 Pinua palustris 201 Pinus Panyana 189 Pirnts Farryana (Pinus ponderoaa) 193 Finns Paitoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Finns Fattoniana (Tsnga Pattoniana) 208 Finns pendtda 215 Pinus ponderosa 192 Pinus ponderosa, Tar. Benthamiana ' 193 Finns ponderosa, var. Jcffreyi 193 Finns ponderosa, var. scopnloruTn 193 Finns porphyrocarpa 1S7 Pinus pungens 199 Pinus radiata •. 196 Pinus reflexa 189 Pinus resinoaa ■. ^. 191 Pinus resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) , 193 PinuB rigida 197 Pinus rigida? (Pinna insignis) 196 Pinus rigida (Pinus mitis) 200 Pi/nus rigida, var. s&rotina 198 'Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203 Finns rubra (Pinus resinosa) 191 Pinus rubra, var. violacea 204 Finns mpcstris 201 Pinus Sabiniana 195 Pinus Sabiniana CouUeri 195 Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195 Pinus serotina 198 Fintts Shasta ^ 189 Pinus Sinclairii 196 Pinus Sitchensis 206 ?Finu8 species (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Strobua 187 Pimis Strobns, var. alba 187 Finn^ Strobus, var. hrevifolia 187 Pinus Strobus, var. eompressa ■ 187 Finns Strobus, var. monticola 187 Finns Strobus, vnr. 7f,ivea 187 Finns sylocstris, var. divaricata 201 Pinus Taeda , 197 Pinus TcEda, var. a 197 Pinus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea 198 Pinus Tceda, var. keterophylla 202 Finns Tceda, var. rigida 107 Pinus Tceda, var. temd/olia 197 Pinus Tceda, var. variabilis 200 Pinus T(Bda, var. Virginiana 198 Pmus taxifolia 2( 9 Pinus tetragona 204 Pinus Torreyana 192 Pinus tuberculata 196 Pinus tnherculata (PmuB insignis) , 196 Fi/nns variahilis 200 Pinus venusla 213 Pinus Virginiana 198 Pinus Virginiana, var. echinata 200 Piscidia Ca/rihagenensis 57 PiscidiaErythrina '. 57 Pisonia acnleata 117 Pisonia obtusata 1 17 Pistacia Mexicana 54 Pitch Pino 198 PitheeolobvuTn/orfi'x 64 Pithecolobium Guadalupensis 64 Fithecolohium microphyllum 64 Pitbecolobium Unguis-cati 64 Planera aquatica ^ 124 Planera Gmelini 124 Planera Richardi 124 Planera ulmifolia 124 Platakace^ 129,130 Platanus Californica 129 Flatanus hybridas '. 129 Page.- Flatanus lobata 129* Flatanus Mexicana (Platanna raoemosa) 120 - Platanus Mexicana (Platanus "Wriglitii) 130' Platanus occidentalis 129 Platanus occidentalis (Vlatiimia r&cevaoasi) 129' Platanus racemosa 129 Platanus racemosa (Platanus "Wriglitii) 130 Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa 129 Platanus Wrightii V 130' Plum, Canada 65 Plum, Chickasaw 66 Plum, Cocoa 65 Plum, Darling B9 Plum, Downward 103 ■ Plum, Gopher 91 Plum, Guiana 121 Plum, Hog (Prunus angustifolia) 66 Plum, Hog (Ehus Metopium) 54 Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 34 Plum, Horse 65- Plum, Mountain 34 Plum, Pigeon 117 Plum, Saffron 103 Plum, "Wild 65 Poison Elder 54 Poison Sumach 54 Poisonwood (£hus Metoplum) 54 Poisonwood (Sebastiania Incida) 121 POLTGONACE^ 117,118 Polygonum uvif era 118 Pond Apple 23 Pond Pine 198 Poplar 172 Poplar, Carolina 175 Poplar, Necklace 175 Poplar, Tellow 22 Populns acladesca * 173 Fopulus angnlata 175 Populns angulosa * 175 Populus angustifolia - 174 Fopulus angustifolia {Populus trichocarpa) ?- 174 Fopulus argentea 172 Fopulus Atheniensis 171 Populus balsamifera 173 Populus haUamifAra (Populus trichocarpa) 174 Populus balsamifera lanceolata 173: Populus balsamifera, var 174 Populus balsamifera, var. angustifolia 174 Populus balsamifera, var. ? Californica 174 Populus balsamifera, t'ar. candicans 173 Fopulus balsamifera, var. gcnuina 173 Populns Canadensis (Populns balsamifera, dot. candicans) 173; Populus Canadensis (Populus monilifera) 175 Fopulus Canadensis, var. angustifolia 174 Popxdus candicans 173' Populus cordifolia 172 ? Populus dcUoide 174 Populus Fremontii 175 Populus Fremontii, var. "Wislizeni 175 Populus glandulosa 175 Populus grandidentata 172 Populns grandidentata, var. pendula 172" Populus hcterophylla 172- Fopulus keterophylla (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans) 173^ Populns hcterophylla, var. argentea 172" Fopulus loivigata (Populus monilifera, Aiton, etc.) 175- Populus IcBvigata ( Populus monilifera, Sort. ) 175- Populns latifolia 173 Populus Lindleyana 1'5 Fopulus macrophylla (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans) 17S: Populus macrophylla (Populus monilifera) 175- Populus Marylandica — 175 Populus monilifera 174 Populns Tnonilifera (Populus Fremontii) l'^ Fopulus monilifera (Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175. INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 237 Page. P<^ulus ne^tecta 175 Populug Ontariensis 173 Populits Tacam.ahaca - 173 Populue tremuli/ormie 171 Popnliia tremuloides 171 Populiie trepida 171 Populustricliocarpa 174 Populvjt trwkocarpa, var. cwpul^ta 174 Fopulus viminea 173 Populua Yirginiana 175 Porcdla triloba 23 Poilcwood 117 Porlicra angustifolia 29 Port Orford Cedar 179 PossnmOak 152 Post Cedar 176 Post Oak , 139 Post Oat, Swamp 140 Priclcly Ash (Xanthoxylum Americatinm} 29 Pi 1c"kly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30 Prince's Pine 201 Prtnos deciduus 37 Priichardia filamentosa 217 Privet 112 Prosopis JEmoryi ^ 62 Prosopis glandvlosa '. 61 Prosopis juliflora 61 Prosopis odorata (Prosopis jaliflora) 61 Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pubeacens) 62 ProHopis pubescens 62 Prunus Americana 66 Primus Americana, var. mollis G5 Prauus angustifolia 66 Prunua borealis 66 Pfuniis Canadensis 68 Prttnus Oapollin 68 Pruuns Capull 68 Pnintts Carolina 69 PniDus Caroliniana 69 Primus cartilaginea 68 Prunus Chicasa 66 Prunus cocdnea 65 Prunus demiaaa 69 Prunus omarginata ■. 67 Primus emarginala, var. mollia 67 Prunus hiemalis {Prunua Americana) 65 prunus hicTnalis (Prunus Americana, var. mollia) 05 Prunus ilicifolia 70 Prunus insititia 66 9 Prunus lanceolata 66 Prunus Lusitanica 69 Pmn us Mississippi 65 Prunus mollis (Prunua Americana, var. mollia) 65 Prunus mollis (Prunus emarginata, var. mollis) 67 Prunus nigra 05 Pniuua Pennsylvanioa 6G 9 Prunus pereicifolia 66 Prunus pumila 67 Pi-unus scmpervirens 69 P.unusserotina , 68 Prunus serratifolia 69 Prunus aphflcrocarpa 70 Prunua spinosa 05 Piuuus umbellata 07 Pi unus Yirginiana 68 Jhranua Yirginiana (Prunus serotina) 68 Prunua Yirginiana, var. deinissa 69 Pseadacacia odorata 55 Pscudopetalon glanduJosum 30 Pteudopetalon tricarpum 30 Pseodotsnga Douglasii 209 t^Hondotauga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa 210 Pseudotituga nuignijica 214 P»eudotsuga nobUi^ 214 Psidiuiu Guaiva 89 Page. Ptdia mollis 31 Ptelia trifoliata 31 P telia trifoliata, var. mollis 31 Ptelia vitici/olia 31 Punk Oat 152 Purple Haw 40 Pyrus Americana 73 Pyrus America/na (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74 Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa 74 Pyrus angustifolia , 72 Pyrus aucuparia (Pyms Americana) 73 Pyrus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74 Pyrus Bartramiana 84 Pyrus Botryapium 84 Pyrus coronaria 72 Pyrus coronaria (Pyrus angustifolia) 72 Pyrus coronaria, var. angustifolia 72 Pyms divcrsifolia 73 Pyrus fusca 73 Pyrus glandvlosa 77 Pyrus microcarpa 74 Pyrtts ovalis 85 Pyrua ri vularis 73 Pyrns aambucifolia 74 Pyrus subcordata 73 Pyrus "Wangenhei/mia/iia 84 Q- Qnaking Asp 171 Quassia dioica 32 Quassia Simaruba 32 Quercitron Oak 149 Quercus acutidena 155 Quercus acutiglandis 146 Quercus agrifolia 146 Quercus agrifolia, •VAT.fnetescens 147 Qaercua alba 137 Quercus alba minor 139 Quercus alba palustris 14 1 Quercufi alha, var. 9 Gunnisonii 139 Quercus alba, var. microcarpa 137 Quercus alba, var. pinnatijlda 137 Quercus alba, var. pinnatijido-sinuata 137 Quercus alba, var. repanda 137 Quercus alba, var. sinuata 137 Quercus ambigua 147 Quercus annulata - 145 Quercus aquatica 152 ? Quercus aquatica (Quercua nigra) 150 Quercus aquatica, r&v. attenuata - 152 Quercus aquatica, var. cuneata 152 Q^Lerc^is aquatica. var. elongata 152 Quercus aquatica, var. heterophylla 153 Quercus aquatica, yat. hybrida 152 Quercus aquatica, var. indivisa 152 Quercus aquatica, TaT. laurifolia 152 Quercua aquatira, var. myrtifolia '. 155 Quercua Banister! 3 55 Quercua berboiidifulia 155 Quercus bicolor 141 Querctts bicolor, var. Miehauxii 141 ^lercus bicolor, var. mollis 141 f Quercus bicolor, var. platanmdes 141 Quercus Breweri 155 Quercus Califomica 149 Querctts Casfanea (Quercus prinoides) 142 Quercus Oastanea (Quercus Prinus) , 142 Quercus Catcsbaji isi Quercua Ch iaquapin 143 Qui-rcus cbrVHolcpis MG Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifolia 146 Quercua cinoi-ea 153 Quercus cinerea, var. pumila 155 Qtieicus einerea, var. sericoa 155 Quori'us coccim-a ^43 Qitereus coccinea, var. ambigua 147 238 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Quercus cocdnea, var. microcarpa 148 Queretis cocdnea, Tar. ruhra 147 Quereus cocdnea, var. Unctoria 149 Quercus conferiifolia 154 Quercus craaeipocula 14C Quercus cuneata 150 Quercus dedpiens 144 Qnercas densiflora, 154 Quercus discolor 149 Quercus discolor, Yar. triloba 151 Quercus Douglasii 143 Quercus Dov^lasii, var. Garnbelii 139 Quercus Douglasii, var. ? Necei 138 ? Quercus Drummondii 139 Quercus dumosa 155 Quercus dumosa, var. bullata , 155 Quercus Durandii 145 Quercus eekinacea 155 Quercus echinoides 155 Quercus -elongata 150 Quercas Emoryi 14G ? Quercus Emoryi (Quercus nndulata, var. GambcliiJ 139 Quercus falcata 150 Quercus /alcata, var. Ludoviciana 151 Quercus falcata, Y&T.pagodcefolia 151 Quercus falcata, Tar. triloba 151 Quercus fulveicens 146 Quercus Ga-mbelii 139 Quercus Garryana 138 Quercus Georgiana 155 Quercus griaea 144 Qvercus kastata 146 Quercus hemispKcerica 152 Quercus JiemispJiccrica, Tar. nana ] 52 Quercus heterophylla 153 Quercus Hindsii 138 Quercus kutniUs 153 Quercus hypoleuca 154 Quercus ilicifolia 155 Quercus imbricaria 154 Quercus Jacobi 138 Quercus Kelloggii 149 ? Quercus Icevis 151 Quercus laurifolia 152 Quercus laurifolia hybrida 152 Quercus laurifolia^ var. acuta 152 Quercus laurifolia, Tar. ohtusa 152 Quercus lobata 138 Quercus lobata, var. fniticosa 155 Quercus lobulata 139 Quercus longiglanda 138 Quercus lyrata 140 Quercus macrocarpa 140 Quercus macrocarpa, var. abbreviata 140 Quercus macrocarpa. Tar. minor 140 Quercus macrocarpa. Tar. olivceformis 140 Quercus Marylandica 150 Quercus Micbauxii 141 Quercus montana 142 Quercus Morehus 147 Quercus Muhlenbergii 143 Quercus myrtifolia 155 Quercus nana 152 Quercus Need 138 Quercus nigra 150 Quercus nigra (Quercus aquatica) 152 Quercus nigra (Quercus tinctorla) 149 Quercus nigra aquatica 152 Quercus nigra digitata 150 Quercus nigra integrifolia ] 50 Quercus nigra trijida 152 Quercus nigra, Tar. (Quercus heterophylla) 153 Quercus nigra, var. lat^olia 150 Quercus oblongifolia 143 ? Quercus oblongifolia 146 Quercus oblongifolia, var. hrevilobata HS" Qu£rcu8 obtusa 152^ Quercus obtusifolia, var. ? breviloba 145- Quercus obtusiloba igg Quercus obtudloba, var. depressa 140^ Quercus obtitsiloba, srtLr. parvifoUa 139^ Quercus (Erstediana 338 Quercus oleoides 145. Quercus olivceformis 14Q Quercus oxyadenia 146= Quercus paluatris 151 Quercus palustris (Quercus rubra, var. Xexana) 14S Quercus parvifolia 139' Quercus PbcUos 154 Quercus Phellos angustifolia 154- Quercus Phellos X cocdnea 153 Quercus Phellos latifolia 154 Quercus Phellos pumila 155 Quercus Phellos X Unctoria 153 Quercus Phellos, Tar. (Quercus beterophylla) 153 Quercus Plielloa, var. arenada 155 Quercus Phellos, var. dnerea 153' Quercus Phellos, Tar. humilis 154- Quercus Phellos, Tar. imfcricaria 154 Quercus Phellos, Tar. laurifolia 152 Quercus Phellos, var. sempervirens 145- Quercus Phellos, var. sericea 155 Quercus Phellos, var. viridia 154 Quercus prinoides 142 Quercus Priiius 342' Quercus Prinus ^. (Quercus clDerea) 153' Quercus Prinus (Quercus Michauxii) 141 Quercus Prinus Chinquapin 14* Quercus Prinus humilis 142 Qu&rcus Prinus palustris 141 ? Quercus Prinus platanoides 141 Quercus Prinus pumila 142" Qtiercus Prinus tom&atosa 141' Quercus Prinus, var. acuminata 142 Quercus Prinus, Tar. bicolor 141' Quercus Prinus, var. discolor 141' Quercus Prinus, var. lata 142- Qu^rcits Prinus, var. Michauxii 141' Quereus Prinus, var. monticola 142* Quercus Prinus, var. oblongata 143 Quercus Prinus, var. prinoides 143- Quel cus pumila, 155- Quercus pungens 144 Quercus Ransomi 138- Qutrcus reticulata , 144' ? Quercus reticulata, var. Qreggii 144 Quercus retusa 145 Quercus rubra 147 Quercus rubra ^. (Quercus coccinea) 148 Quercus rubra (Quercus Kelloggii) 149 Quercus rubra (Quercus tinctoria) 149- Qucrcus rubra maxima 147" Quercus rubra mon tana 150 Quercus rubra ramosissima 151 Quercus rubra, var. dissecta 151 Quercus rubra var. latifolia 147 Quercus rubra, var. montana HT Quercus rubra, var. rundnata 147 Quorcua rubra, var. Texana 148- Quercus San-Sabeana 145 Quercus sempervirens 145- Quercus sericea 155 ? Quercus Shumardii 149 ? Quercus sinuata 137 Quercus Sonomensis 149' Quercus spicaia 144 Quercus stellafa 13^' Quercus stellata, var. depressa HO Quercus stellata, var. Florldana 1^9' Quercus stellata, var. Vtahemis 1 ^^ INDEX TO CATAJLUOrUE Ui^ i^UKJ^Si l±tJi£.0. Page. Quereut Texana 1*8 Qnercns tinctoria 149 Qacrcua tiTictoria, var. angulosa 149 Quertnia tiTictoria, var. Califomica 149 Quercua iinctoria. Tar. ainuoaa 149 Qitercus triloba 150 t QuercuB uliginoea >» 152 Qaerous tmdnlata 155 Quercus undulata (Quercua Durandii) 145 Quercua njidnlata, var. G-am'belii 139 Quercua undvjata, rar. griaea 144 Quercua um.d/ulata, var. oblOTigata 143 Quercua undulata, -vslt. pungem 144 Quercua undulata, var. Wrightil 144 Quercua vaednifoUa 146 / Quercua vehttina 149 f Quercua villoaa 139 Qaercna virena 145 Quercua Yirginiana 145 Qnorons Wializeni 147 B. Eandia cluaicefolia 95 Itapanea Quj)anenaia 90 Eattle-box 106 EedAah 109 KedBay 118 Eed Birch 161 Red Cedar (Juniperua Yirgiuiana) 183 Red Cedar (Tlmya gigantca) 177 Rod Cherry, Wild 66 RedCypreaa 184 Red Elm 122 Red Fir (Abiea magnifica) 214 EedFir (Abies nobilia) 214 Red Fir (Paendotawga Donglaaii) 209 Red Gum 86 Red Haw (Cratsegaa coocinea) 78 Red Haw (CratsBgas flava, var. pubeacena) 83 Red Ironwood 39 Red Maple 60 Red Mulberry 128 Red Oak (Quercua falcata) 151 Red Oat (Quercua rubra) 148 Red Oak (Quercua rubra, var. Texana) 148 Red Pine 192 Red Stopper 89 Redbud (Cercia Canadenaia) 61 Redbud (Cercia reniformia) 61 Redwood 185 Reyuoaia latifolia 39 ! Bhamindium revolutum 39 RH.VMNACEJ3 39-42 Ehamnua alnifoliua 41 Rbamnua CaJifornica 40 Rhamnus Califomica, rar. tomentella 41 Kbamnns Caroliniana 40 Xihamnua eUiptieua 41 Rhamnua ferrea 39 } Mhamnua Icevigatua 39 Shamnua Umrifolma 40 Shamnua oleifoliua 40 Khanmua Purshiana 41 Rhamnua tomentellus 41 Rhizophora Atnericana 86 Rhizophora Mangle 86 Rhizophora racemoaa 86 Rbizophoback® 86,87 Rhododendron maximum 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. album 99 Rhododendron maximum., -var. purpureum 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. roaeum 99 Rhododendron proeerum 99 Rhododendron purpureum 90 Rhododendron Purahii 99 Rhtu arboreteena 33 Page. 52 6S 5» 5S 53; 53: 53; 53 53 53; 5t 52 53 52- 53 64 54. 52 52- 52 54 54 52 161 172- 55 66; 66 55- 50- 142 123; 48 64-85 09i 197 218 RUBIACEJE 95,98 Rum Cherry 68; RUTACE.*! 29-32: Rhua Canadenae Rhua coprillina Rhua citpallina, var. angu.atialata . . fRhua copallina, var. anguatifolia- Rhus copallina, var. integrifolia . . - Rhua copallina, var. lanceolata ? Rhua copallina, var. latialata . . . ^Rhus copallina, var. latifolia Rhua copallina, var. leucantha . . . 1 Rhua copaXLina, var. aerrata Rhua cotinoidea Rhua cotinua? Rhita glabra Rhua hypaelodendron Rhua leucantha RhuaMetopinm Rhua Toxicodendron Rhua typhina Rhua typhina, var. lacinia ta Rhua typhina, var. viridijlora Rhus venenata Rhua vcmix Rhua viridijlora River Birch River Cottonwood Robinia fragUia .-- Robinia glutinoaa Robinia Nco-Moxicana Robinia Pseudacacia Rohiuia viaoosa Rock Cheatnut Oak Rock Elm RockMaple R0SACEJ3 Rose Bay Roaemary Pine Royal Palm Sabal Palmetto . Saffron Plum . . . Saguaro 217- 103: 00 SALICAOE.E 165-175 Salix ? 170 ?Salix ambigua 165 Salix amygdaloidea 160 Salix argophylla 168 Salix arguta i 167 Salix arguta, TUT. laaiandia 167 Salix Bigelovii 170' Salix Bigelovii,Y&T.fuscior 170 ? Salix brachycarpa 1G8 Salix brachyatachya 170 Salix brachyatachya, var. SeouieriaTia 170 ■ Salix Caroliniana ]C5 Salix chlorophylla,'v&T. pellita 171 Salix cordata 170 ' Salix cordata,ya.T. falcata 163 Salix cordat.i,tar. veatita 170 Salix eraasa 109- Saliz cwneata 171 Salix discolor 1G9' Salix discolor, var. eriocephala 109 Salix discolor, uar. prinoidea 169 Salix eriocephala 1C9- Salix exigua ifl3 Salix falcata 16.5 Salix Fendleriana 167 Salix flavosceua iqq. Salix JlavesccTia (Salix flaveaceua, var. Scouleriana) 170 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana no Salix Jlavo-virena 1G5. Salix Jluviatalia ic^ 240 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. ^alix Hartwegi 171 Salix Sindsiana 1C9 Salix Sindsiana, Tar. t&nuifoUa 169 Salix Sofmanniana 167 S:\liK HooTceriana 170 JSalix Houstoniana 165 Salix humiUs,Ya,T. Ha/rtwegi 171 Salis: laevigata 167 Salix lajvigata, var. angustifolia 167 Salix IfBvigata, war. congesta 167 Salix lancifoUa 167 Salix lasiandra 167 Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana 167 Salix lasiandia, var. lancifolia 167 Salix liisiolepLS 170 Salix lasiolepis, var. angustifolia 171 Sali^ laiiiolepis, var. Bigelovii 170 Salix lasiolepis, vaT.fallax 170 Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia 171 Salix ligustrina 165 Salix longifolia 168 Salix longifolia, var. angustissima 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyropliylla 168 Salix longifolia, var. a/rgyrophylla angustissima 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyropliylla opaca 168 Salix longifolia, war. oxigaa 168 Salix longifolia, va.T. opaca 168 Salix longifolia, var. pedicellata 168 Salix longipes 166 Salix longipes, var. pubescens 166 Salix liccida,Ta,r. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167 Salix lucida, var. macropkylla: 167 Salix marginata 166 S Salix melanopsis 166 Salix nigra 165 Salix nigra, var. amygdaloides 166 Salix nigi'a, YSiV. angustifolia 166 Salix nigra, YSbV.falcata 165- Salix nigra, var. latifolia 166 Salix nigra, va.T.lo7i{fifolia 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes 166 Salioi nigra, var. longipes, subvar. gongylocarpa 166 Salix nigra, tilt, longipes, Bvib-vaT. venulosa 166 Salis nigra, war. marginata 166 Salix nigra, war. "Wardii 166 Salix nigra, -war. "Wriglitii 166 Salix ocf.identalts 166 .Salix pentandra 165 Salix pentandra, var. caudata 167 Salia: prinoides 169 Salix Purshiana 165 ? Salix rubra 168 SaUx Scouleriana 170 Salix sensitiva 169 Salix sessilifolia 168 Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana 169 Salix sessilifolia, var. villosa 168 Salix Sitcbensis 171 Salix Sitcbensis, war. angustifolia 171 Salix speclosa 167 Salix sub ciUosa 166 Salix Wrightii 166 Samara Jloribunda 99 Samara pentandra 99 Sambucus Califomica 93 SHmbucus glauca 93 Sambucus glauca (Sambucns Hexioana) 93 Sambucua Mexicana 93 ?Sa/mhucus Mexicana (Sambncas glauca) 93 Sambucus veluUna 93 Sand Jack 153 Sand Pine .., 199 Sand-bar 'Willow. ... - 168 SAPINDACE.ffi 42-51 Sapindus aewminata 44 Page. Sapindus Drum/mondi 44 Sa/pindus falcatus ,... 44 ? Sapindus incBqualis 44 Sapin^dus marginatns 44 Sapindus Saponaria 45 Sapindvs Sa/ponaria (Sapindus marginatns) 44 Sapotace^ T 100-103 Sarcomphalus Oarolinia/nus 40 Sassafras 120 Sassafras officinale 119 Satin wood 31 Savin (Juniperus Virginiana) 183 Savin (Torreya taxifolia) I86 Scarlet Haw (Cratsegus coccinea) 78 Scarlet Haw (CratsBgus subvillosa) 78 Scarlet Oat _ .T 143 SchcBferia buxifolia 39 Schcefferia completa 39 SchsefiPeria frutescens 39 Schcefferia lateriflora 120 Schousbcea commutata 87 Schubertia disticha 183 Schuhertia sempervirens 185 Screw Bean 62 Screw-pod Mesquit 62 Scrub Oak (Quercus CatesbaBi) 151 Scrub Oak (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139 Scrub Pine (Pinns IBanksiana) 201 Scrub Pine (Pinus clausa) 199 Scrub Pino (Pinus contorta) 194 Scrub Pine (Pinus inops) 199 Seutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 39 Scutiaferrea (Keynosia latifolia) 39 Sea Ask 30 Sea Grape 118 Seaside Alder 162 Sebastiania lucida 121 Sebestena scdbra 113 Sequoia gigantea 184 Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervirens) 185 ? Sequoia Eajlnes^uei 206 Sequoia religiosa 185 Sequoia sempervirens 184 Sequoia Wellvngtonia 184 Service Tree 84 Seven-year Apple 95 SbadBuzjb. 84 Sbag-bark Hickory 133 She Balsam 210 Sheepberry 94 SlieU-bark, Big 133 Shell-bark, Bottom 133 Shell-bark Hickory 133 Shingle Oak 154 Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102 Sbittimwood (Khamnns Purshiana) *1 Short-leaved Pine - 200 Shrubby Trefoil 31 Sideroxylon Oarolinense 101 Sideroxylon chrysophylloides 101 Sideroxylon cuneatum 103 Sideroxylon decandrum 103 Sideroxylon lanuginosum 102 Sideroxylon leave 103 Sideroxylon lyeioides 103 Sideroxylon Hastichodendron 101 Sideroxylon pallidum : 101 Sideroaeylon recUnatum 103 Sideroxylon salicifolium 101 Sideroxylon sericeum 101 Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102 Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia tenax) 101 SUiquastrum cordatum 61 SUk-top Palmetto 217 Silky Willow 171 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 24] Page. *ilver-beU Tree (Haleeia dlptera) 105 SilTer-bell Tree (Halesla tetnqjtera) 106 Silver Maple 49 Silver-top Palmetto 218 Simaruba amara 32 Simarnba glauca ..-.. 32 Simaruba medieincUis 32 SlMAKUBB^ 32 Sitka Cypress 178 Slash Pine 202 Slippery Elm (Fremontia Califomica) 26 Slippery Elm (Ulmus falva) 122 Sloe 67 Sloe, Blaek 67 SmaU-fmited Haw 81 Smooth Alder 164 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) - 106 Soapberry (Sapiudus "jarginatus) 44 Soapberry (Sapindut Saponaria) - 45 Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpnm) 49 Soft Maple (Acer rubrnm) 50 Sophora afGnls — 58 Sophora secuDdiflora 57 SopTiora epeeiosa 57 Sorbus AmericaTia 73 Sorbus Americana, VAT.microccuya... 74 iSor&wj ai«Miparm (Pyrus Americana) 73 Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74 Sorbus odtcuparia, var. a. (Pyrus Americana, var. miorocarpa) 74 Sorbus cmeuparia, var. (3. (Pyrus sambncifolia) 74 Sorbus aucuparia, ym. Americana 73 Sorbus humifusa 73 Sorbus miorocarpa 74 Sorbus rvparia 74 Sorbus saifijbuciJ'oUa 74 Sorbus Sitchensis 74 Sorrel Tree 98 Sour Gum 92 Sour Tupelo ; 91 Sourwood f 98 Southern Buckthorn 103 Southern Crab Apple 72 Southern Pine '!02 Spanish Bayonet (Tncca baccata) 219 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canalicnlata) 218 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219 Spanish Buckeye , 44 Spanish Oak 161 Spanish Oak, Swamp 152 Spanish Stopper 88 Speckled Alder 165 Spice TrOe 120 Spindle Tree 38 Spircea Oalifomica 70 Spoonwood 98 Spruce, Black 203 Spruce, Blue 205 Spruce Pine (Pinus clanga) 199 Spmoe Pine (Pinus glabra) 201 Spruce Pine (Pinua mitis) 200 Spruce Pine (Pinua Murrayana) 195 Spruce, Tide-land 206 Spruce, White (Pioea alba) 204 Spmoe, White (Ficea Engelmanni) 205 Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205 SUgBush 94 Staghorn Sumach 53 Star-leaved Gum 86 Sterculiacb^ 26 Stinking Ctdar (Torreya Califomloa) 186 Stinking Cedar (Torreya tailfolia) 186 Stopper (Eugenia longipes) 89 Stopper (Eugenia montioola) 89 Stopper, GnrgeoD 88 1C FOB Page. Stopper, Red 89 Stopper, Spanish 88 Stopper, White...- 89 Striped Dogwood 46 Striped Maple 4^ Strombocarpa odorata 62 Strombocarpa pubescejis 62 Strong Bark 114 Stypknolobium ajjlne 58 Rtykacace^ 105,100 Sugarberry 126 Sugar Maple .j 48 Sugar Maple, Black 49 Sugar Pine 188 Sugar Tree 48 Sumach, Coral 54 Sumach, Dwarf 53 Sumach, Poison 54 Sumach, Staghorn 53 Summer Haw (Crataegus flava) 83 Summer Haw (Cratsegus flava, var. pubeacens) 83 Suwarrow 90 Swamp Cottonwood 172 Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135 Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) - 136 Swamp Laurel 20 Swamp Maple 50 Swamp Pine 202 Swamp Post Oak 140 Swamp Spanish Oak 152 Swamp White Oak 141 Sweet Bay 20 Sweet Birch 162 Sweet Buckeye 43 Sweet Gum 86 Sweet Leaf 105 Sweet iKtcust .- 59 Sweet-scented Crab 72 Swietenia Mahogoni 33 SwieUnia Seneqalerms 33 Switch-bud Hickory 134 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)... 129 Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 129 Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130 Symplocos tinctoria 105 T. Table-mountain Pine 199 Tacamabao 173 Tallowberry 28 Tallow Nut 34 Tamarack (Larix Americana) 215 Tamarack (Larix occidentalis) 216 Tamarack (Pinus Murrayana) 195 Tamarind, Wild 64 TanbarkOak 155 Tan Bay 25 Tazodii species (Sequoia aempervirens) , 185 TaxodiuTjh adscendtns 183 Taxodium diatichum 183 Taxodium distiehum fastigiaiwm 183 Taxodium distiehum, v&t. mierophyllum 183 Toicodium distiehum', var. nutans 183 Taxodium distiehum, var. patens 183 Taaeodium, giganteum 184 Taxodium mierophyllum 183 Taxodium sempervirens 185 Taxodium Washingtonianum 184 Taxus baecata (Taxus brevifolia) 185 Taxus baoeata, va.r. Canadensis 185 Tasnis Boursierii 185 Taxus brevifolia 185 Taxus Canadenels 185 Taxus Floridauii igj Taxus Lindleyana igs Taxus montana 186 242 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. TEllNSTRCEMlACii:.E 25,26 Tetranthera Californiea ..'. 120 Thatch, Brickley 218 Thatch, Brittle. 218 The Joshua 219 Thorn, Black , 79 Thorn, Cockspur 76 Thorn, ^Newcastle 76 Thorn, Washington 81 Thorn, "White 78 Three-thorned Acacia - 59 Thrinax argentea 218 Thrinax Garheri 217 Thrinax parviflora 217 Thuya Craigana 176 Thuya excelsa 178 Thuya gigantea 177 Thuya gigantea {Libocedms decurrens) 176 Thuya Lohhii 177 Thuya Menziesii 177 Thuya ohtusa , . 176 Thuya occidentalis 176 Thuya occidentalism var. plieata 177 Thuya odoraia 176 Thuya plieata 177 Thuya Sibirica 176 Thuya sphceroidalis 177 Thuya sphceroidea 177 Thuya Wareana 176 Thuyopsis borealis 178 Thuyopsis cupressoides ' 178 Thuyopsis Tchugatskoy 178 Thuyopsis Tchvgatskoyce 178 Thylaxfraxinewm 29 Tide-land Spruce 206 Tilia alba 27 Tilia Americana 26 Tilia Ainericana {Tilia Americana, var. pubescens) 27 Tilia Americana, var. heterophyUa 27 Tilia Americana, yar, pubescena 27 Tilia America/na, var, WalUri 27 Tilia Canadensis 26 I^lia Oa/rolvniana 27 Tilia glabra 26 Tilia grata 27 Tilia heterophyUa 27 Tilia heterophyUa, var. alha 27 Tilia laiifolia 26 Tilia laxifiora (Tilia Americana, va/r. pubescens) 27 Tilia laxifiora ( Tilia heterophyUa) 27 Tilia negleeta 1 26 Tilia nigra 26 Tilia pubescens 27 Tilin pubeseens, var, leptophylla 27 / Tilia stenopetala 27 Tilia truncata 27 TiLiACEiE 26-28 Titi 38 TolloD 84 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Clava-HerculiB) 30 ToTch wood 33 Tornilla 62 Toriey a Californiea 186 Torreya Myristica 186 Torieya taxifolia 186 Toxicodendron arborescent 33 Toxylon Madura 128 Toyon 84 Trefoil, Shrubby 31 Trilopus dentata * 85 I'rilopus nigra 85 Trilopus parvifolia 85 Trilopus rotundifolia 85 Trilopus Yirginia/na 85 Xsuga Canadensio 206 Tsuga Caroliniana 207 Tsuga Douglasii 209 Tsuga lAndleyoAfia 20& Tsuga Mertensiana 207 Tsuga Pattoniana 208 Tulipastrum ATnericanum 20 . Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum j. 20 Tulipifera Liriodendron 22 Tulip Tree 22 Tupelo 92 Tupelo Gum 93 Tupelo, Large 9a Tupelo, Sour 91 Turkey Oak 161 U. TTlmus alata 124 Ulmus alba 323 ITlraus Americana 123 TTlmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) 123 Vlmus Americana, var. alata .124 Ulmus ATnericana, var. alba 123 Ulmus Americana, var. ?aspera 123 VItyius Ainericana, var. Bartra/mii 123 Ulmus Americana, var. pendnda 123 Ulmus Americana, var. rubra 122 Ulmus America/na, var, scabra 123 Ulmus aguatica 124 TTlmus crassifolia , 122 ? Ulmus crispa 122 Ulmus Floridana 123 Ulmus fulva 122 Ulmus TYhollifolia 123 ? Ulmus nemoralis 124 Ulmus opaca — — 122 Ulmus pendula 123 Ulmus pubescens 122 Ulmus pumila 124 Ulmus racemosa 123 Ulmus rubra 122 Umbellularia Californiea 120 Umbrella Tree 21 Ungnadia haptaphylla 44 Ungnadia heterophyUa 44 Ungnadia speoiosa 44 Upland "Willow Oak 153 UrosUgma pedun^ntlatum 127 USTICACE^ 122-128 Uvaria triloba 23 T. Taccinium arboreum 96 YacGinium, diffusvm> 96 Yaccinium mucronatum i 96 Valparaiso Oak 146 Ya/uquelinia corymbosa 70 Vauquelinia Torreyi 70 YEIlBENACE.ffi; 116,117 Yibumum Lentago 94 Yiburnum prunifolium 94 Viburnum prunifoliumt \b.t. ferrv>gvneum> 94 Tiburnum pyrifoliu/m 94 Vine Maple 47 Virgilia lutea '. 57 Yirgilia secundifiora 57 "Wafer Ash 31 Wahoo (Euonymus atroparpureus) 38 Wahoo (Tilia heterophyUa) 28 "Wahoo (Ulmus alata) 124 Wallia cmerea 130 Wallia nigra i 181 Walnut 131 "Walnut, Black 131 "Wahiut, "White 130 "Washingtonia filifera 217 "Washington Thorn 81 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 243 Page. Water Ash 110 Water Beech (Caipiims Carolijiiana) 159 Water Beech (Platanns occidentalis) 129 Water Elm 123 Water Hickory „ 136 Water LocaBt 60 Water Maple 60 Water Oak (Quercns aqnatica) 152 Water Oak (Qaercna palastria) 152 Water White Oak 140 Wax Myrtle 136 Weeping Oak , 138 Wellingtonia Califomioa 184 Wellingtonia gigantea 184 Western Catalpa 115 West-Indian Birch 33 Weymouth Pine 187 Whistlewood 46 White Ash 107 White Basswood 28 White Bay 20 White Birch (Betnla alba, var. popnllfolia) 159 White Birch (Betnla papyiifera) 160 White Buttonwood 87 White Cedar (ChamsDcyparis Lawsoniana) - 179 White Cedar (Chamaecyparis sphseroidea) 178 White Cedar (Libocedms decnrrens) 17 White Cedar (Thuya occidentalis) 176 White Cottonwood 175 White Cypress 184 White Elm (TJlmns Americana) 123 White Elm (Ulmns racemosa) - 123 White Fir (Abies concolor) 213 White Fir (Abies grandis) 212 White Ironwood 45 White Laurel 20 White Mangrove : 87 White Maple 49 White Oak (Quercus alba) 137 White Oak (Quercus Grarryana) 138 White Oak (Quercus grisea) 144 White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138 White Oak (Quercus oblongifolia) ..-.. 144 White Oak, Mountain 143 White Oak, Swamp 141 White Oak, Water 140 White Pine (Pinus flexilis) 188 White Pine (Pinus glabra) 201 White Pine (Pinus monticola) 187 White Pine (Pinus reflexa) 189 White Pine (Pinus Strobus) 187 White Spruce (Picea alba) 204 White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni) 205 White Spruce (Picea pnngena) 205 White Stopper 89 White Thorn 78 White Walnut 130 White-heart Hickory 134 Whitewood (Canella alba) 24 Whitewoofl (Drypetes crooea) 121 Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 23 Wild Black Cherry 68 Wild Cherry (Prunue Capuli) 69 Wild Cherry (Prunns demissa) 69 Wild China 44 Wild CinnamonT 24 WildDilly 103 Wild Fig 127 Wild Liiiio (Xiinthoxylum Pterota) 31 Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34 Wild Orange (Prunus Caroliniana) 70 Wild Orange (Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-Hercnlis) 30 Wild Peach 70 Wild Plum 65 Wild Red Cherry 66 Wild Tamarind 64 Page. Willow (Salix amygdaloides) 16* Willow (SaUx laevigata) W WUlow (Salix lasiandra) 16? Willow (Salix laaiolepis) 171 Willow, Black (Salix flavesoens, sor. Soouleriana) 170 WlUow, Black (Salix nigra) 166 Willow, Desert 116 Willow, Diamond I'O Willow, (jlaucous 169 WillowOak ■ 154 Willow Oak, Upland - 153 Willow, Sand-bar 168 WiUow, SUky 171 Winged Elm 124 Winiera CaneUa ~ 24 Witch Hazel 85 X. Xanthoxylnm Americanum - --. 29 Xanthoxlyum aromatumm 30 Xanthoxylum Caribfeum 30 Xanthoxylum Garolinianv/m 30 Xanihoxylwm Catesbia/num 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30 Xanthoxylum Olava-Eereulit (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29 Xanthoxylum ClavaSerculis (Xanthoxylum Caribaemn) 30 Xwnthoxylum OlavaSerculU, var 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. &uticosnm 30 Xanthoxylum Florida/num - 30 Xanthoxylum fraxmeum 29 Xanthoxylum frcKanifolium (Xanthoxylnm Americannm) 29 Xanthoxylum fraxinifoliuTn (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis) 30 Xanthoxylum hirsutuvn 30 Xanthoxylum lanceolatum 30 Xanthoxylum macrophyUum 30 Xanthoxylum Tnite 29 Xanthoxylum Pterota 31 Xanthoxylum ram^ifiorum 29 Xanthoxylum tricarpwm, (Xanthoxylxun Americannm) 29 Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlls) 30 Ximenia Americana 34 Ximenia m^ontana 34 Ximenia multiflora 34 Taupon 36 Yellow Ash 57 Tellow-bark Oak 149 Yellow Birch 181 Yellow Cypress I7g Yellow Fir 209 Yellow Haw 83 Yellow Locust 55 Yellow Oak (Qnercns prinoides) 143 Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctoria) „ 149 Yellow Pine (Pinus Arizonica) 192 Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis) 20O Yellow Pine (Pinus palustris) • 202 Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Yellow Poplar 22 Yellowwood (Cladrastis tinctoria) , 57 Yellowwood (Schsefferia fratescens) 39 Yew (Taxus brevifolia) igs Yew (Taxns Floridana) igg Topon 38 Yucca angustifolia^ var. elata 219 Tuecaangustifolia,-vax. radiosa 219 Yucca baccata , 219 Yucca brevifolia 2I8 Yucca canaliculata 2I8 TvMca Draconia, ? var. arborescejis 2I8 Yucca data 219 Tucca filamentoiaf 319 Yucca TrecvXiana 2I8 Z. Zizyphtis Dominigemis 41 Zizyphtta evutrginatua , 39 ZTGOPnYLLACE.E 28,29 P^RT II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. A critical examination of the wood produced by the indigenous trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, has been made in connection with the investigation of the forest wealth of the United States. Mr. S. P. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution. The object of this examination has been to determine, first, the fuel value of the woods of the United States ; second, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of the country. The results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not, however, be considered conclusive, but rather valuable as indicating what lines of research should be followed in a more thorough study of this subject. The fuel value has been obtained by a determination of the specific gravity and the ash of the absolutely dry wood, supplemented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most Important trees ; the value of our woods for construction has been obtained by experiments made with the United States testing-machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this number, designated in the following tables as "OflBce number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases In the early part of the work a sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and unless it is otherwise mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood that could be obtained from the tree. The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the National Museum at Washington and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in order to secure proper material upon which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked Into 12,961 museum specimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species. These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to the following educational institutions in the United States and Europe: Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts. United States Military Academy, 'West Point, New York. Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Connecticut. School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, New York. National School of Forestry, Nancy, France. Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland. Agricultural Museum, Eome, Italy. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Eensselaer. Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. Administration of National Forests, Lisbon, Portugal. National Forest Administration, Paris, France. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales. State Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan. 247 248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Massachusetts. Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Eussia. American Society of Civil Engineers, Kew York, New York. Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine. New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont. State Agricultural College, College Station, Maryland. Union College Engineering School, Schenectady, New York. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hampton, Virginia. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Agricultural College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. University of Wisconsin ^ Madison, Wisconsin. State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. State Agricultural College, Orono, Maine. Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee. New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampsh ire. iUinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois. State Agricultural College, Oorvallis, Oregon. State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas. Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi. Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky, Claflin University, Orangeville, South Carolina. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany. Engineer's ofilce, Water-works, Boston, Massachusetts. Franklin Society, Providence, Ehode Island. Madison University, Hamilton, New York. Kochester University, Eochester, New York. Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire. SPECIFIC GEAVITY AND ASH. The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by M t . Sharpies, with the exception of the following : Glusia flava, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida, but not rediscovered ; Qordonia pubescens, a rare and local species discovered in the last century upon the banks ol the Altamaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; Pisiacia Mexicana and Acacia Berlandieri, economically unimportant species of the valley of the lower Eio Grande ; Crataegus herberifolia, a little known species of the Eed Eiver valley; Gupressus MacnaMana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance, and Larix Lyallii, a rare and local species of the northern Eocky mountains. At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the case of woods of commercial importance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely different parts of the country, and under different conditions of soil and climate. The specimens used for specific gravity determinations were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 miUVmeters square, and were dried at 100° centigrade until they ceased to lose weight. The specific gravity was then obtained by measurement with micrometer calipers and calculation from the weights of the blocks. Two determinations of ash were made from each specimen studied by burning small, dried blocks in a muffle furnace at a low temperature. An average of the specific gravity and of the ash of all the specimens taken from the same tree was made, and the average of these averages is given as the final result for the species ; equal weight is thus given to each tree in the calculations without regard to the number of specimens representing it. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 In the following table the trees of tlie United States are arranged in the order of the weight of the dry wood: Species. ■a o 43 44 140 20 114 147 21 220 183 115 42 80 30 162 176 264 141 12 83 213 113 214 56 266 267 265 148 263 97 116 144 175 219 136 177 160 2*69 95 219 32 146 211 67 272 101 40 24 112 143 145 262 75 81 210 111 127 261 173 185 255 242 55 254 172 Oondalia ferrea Condalia obovata Bhizophora Hangle Guaiacni]] sanctum Tanqnelinia Torreyi Engonia longipea Porllera angnstifolia SebaBtiaula lucida Mimnsops Sieberi Cercocnrpus ledifolius , . . Eeynosia latifolia Olneya Tesota Amyris sylvatlca Genipa clusiiefolia Sideroxylon Masticbodendrou Qacrcus griaea ConocarpTia erecta Canella alba Sopbora secundiflora Coocoloba Floridana Prunus ilicifolia Coccoloba uvifera Hypelate paniculata Qnercus Darandii Qnercua virena Quercus reticulata Eugenia procera Quercus oblongifolia Acacia Wrightii CercocarpuB parvifoliua Eugenia buxtfolia Cbry sopbyllum olivif orme Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia Heteroraelcs arbutifolia Dipbolia salioifolia Exoatemma Caribajuin Quorcua Emoryi Leucaina glauca Drypetes crocea Xiraenia Americana Eugenia monticola A vicennia nitida Hypelate trifoliata Queicua rubra, var. Teiana Pithecolobium TTngnia-cati Myginda pallcna Xanlhoxylum Caiibajum Prunua spliajrocarpa Calyptranthes Cby tracuUa Eugenia dicbotoma ■ Quercua Donglasii Eyaenbardtia orlbooarpa Piscidia Erytbrina Citbarcxylum Tilloaum Prnnua Caroliniana ■ Crataegus coccinea • Quercus prinoides Ardisia Piokeringia Aiaoia Greggii Sopbora aiGnis Quercua cbryaolepis Biospyma Texana Quercua undnlata, var. Gambolii. Carya alba ■ Sapiodns Saponaria Qacrcus obtnailoba Myrsiuo Kapanea K 1. 3020 1.1999 1. 1617 1. 1432 1. 1374 1. 1235 1. 1101 1. 0905 1. 0838 1. 0731 1.0715 1. 0602 1. 0459 1. 0310 1. 0109 1. 0092 0. 9900 0. 9893 0.9842 0. 9835 0. J803 0. 9635 0. 9533 0. 9507 0. 9501 0. 9479 0.9453 0. 9441 0. 9393 0.9305 0. 9360 0. 9360 0. 9346 0. 9326 0. 9316 0. 9310 0. 9263 0. 9235 0. 9209 0. 9196 0. 9156 0. 9138 0. 9102 0. 9080 0. 9049 0. 9048 0. 9002 0. 8998 0. 8992 0. 8983 0. 8928 0. 8740 0. 8734 0. 8710 0. 8688 0. 8018 0. 8605 0. 8602 0. 8350 0. 8309 0.8493 0.8460 0.8407 0. 8372 0. 8367 0. 8367 0. 8341 163 159 20 110 2.'-i7 292 270 244 245 49 106 151 54 201 243 78 204 259 79 247 284 182 128 372 73 184 189 109 271 137 135 41 234 233 102 122 216 135 281 258 93 192 120 299 164 94 246 285 92 381 108 165 260 ise 152 286 251 181 109 131 253 256 89 25 36 252 248 Gnettarda elliptlca Yiburnum prunifolium Ptelia trifoliata , Pyrus rivularis Quercua lyrata Ostrya Virginica ^ . Quercus agrifolia Carya tomentosa Carya porcina Colubrina recliuata Prunua umbcUata Cornusflorida Sap Indus marginatus Osmanthua Americanua Carya sulcata Bobinia viscosa BoniTeria Havanensia Quercua Micbauxii Kobinia Neo-Meiicana Carya rayristicssformis Quercus hypoleuca Bumelia cuiieata -- Crataegus subvilloea Pinus aerotina Bbus Metopium Dioapyros "Virginiana Eraxinus Greggii Prunua Capali Quercus Wislizeni Araelanchier Canadensis Crataegus flava Schasfferia frutescens Madura aurantiaca Morua micropbylla Cbrysobalanua Icaco Crataegus rivnlaria Nectandra WilldonoTiana Crataegus flava, var. pubescena Quercua laurifolia Quercua bioolor Prosopis juliflora Eiailnua Americana, var. Texenaia . Cratsegua tomentoaa Betula lenta Vaccinuim arboreum ProaopiH pubescena Carya amara Quercua imbricaria Cercia reniformia Pinus Cubensia Arbutua Texana Andromeda ferruginea Quercus Prinus Uimua alata Cornus Xuttallii Quercua PbeUos Qiiercna alba Bumelia lycioides Oxydendrum arboreum Cratajgus apiif6Ua Quercus Garryana Quercus macrocarpa Parkinsouia micropbylla Xantboxylum Pterota nex decidua Quercua lobata Carya aquatica •43 tfl p^ 0. 8337 0. 8332 0. 8319 0. 8316 0. 8313 0. 8284 0. 8253 0. 8218 0. 8217 0. 8208 0. 8202 0. 8153 0. 8126 0. 8111 0. 8108 0. 8094 0. 8073 0. 8039 0. 8034 0. 8016 0. 8009 0. 7959 0. 7953 0. 7942 0. 7917 0. 7908 0.7904 0. 7879 0. 7855 0. 7838 0. 7809 0. 7745 0. 7736 0.7715 0. 7709 0. 7703 0. 7693 0.7683 0. 7073 0. 7062 0. 7652 0.7636 0. 7633 0. 7617 0.7010 0. 7609 0. 7552 0. 7529 0. 7513 0. 7504 0. 7500 0. 7500 0. 7499 0. 7191 0. 7481 0. 7472 0. 7470 0. 7467 0. 7458 0. 7433 0. 7449 0.7433 0.7433 0.7444 0. 7420 0.7409 0. 7407 Species. 402 273 87 77 276 158 278 178 130 228 293 31 228 35 225 222 280 103 126 196 241 407 IT* 132 10 142 338 194 202 167 166 117 274 380 11 223 110 123 174 279 85 277 04 64 338 63 118 27 104 291 138 282 287 101 124 203 37 397 250 160 409 61 180 190 39 Lariz occidentalia Quercus coccinea Gleditacbia monoapenna Pobinia Pseudacacia Quercus nigra • "Viburnum Lentago Quercua Catesbsei Bumelia tenax Crataegus cordata Celtis occidentalis Carpiuos Caroliniana Swietenia Mabogoni Celtis occidentalia, var. reticulata — Bex Casslne ■ Olmus racemoaa - Ubnus crasaifolia Quercus aquatica Prunua Americana Crataegus Crua-galli Praxinua quadrangulata Carya olivieformis Tbrinax argentea .%a'».Bi latifolia Cmta?guB apatbulata I'remontia Californica Laguncularia racemosa Juniperusoccidentalis.sor.monoaperma Eraxinus Tiridia Cordia Sebestena Arbutus Xalapensis Arbutus Menzieaii Pyrus coronaria • Quercua tinctoria Pinua palustria Capparia JamaicenBlB Ulmua f ul va Prunua demissa CratiBgus nouglasU •Jacquinia armillarls Quercua palustris Gy mnocladua Canadensis Quercua falcata Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum Acer saccbarinum Juniperus occidentalia, var. conjugens Acer graadidentatum Pyrus angustifolia Canotia bolocantba Prunus angustifolia Fagus ferruginea Hamamelia Virginica Quercua beteropbylla Quercns dcnsiflora Eraxinus pistaciaifolia Crataegus bracbyacantha Cordia Boisaieri Cyrilla racemiilora Abies bracteata Gleditacbia triacantbos Leucaena piilTerulenta My rica Californica Cornus altemifolia Yucca canaliculata Acer circinatum Bumelia spinoaa Eraxinus anomala Euonymns atropnTpureua «4a 0.7407 0. 7405 0.7342 0. 7333 0.7324 0. 7303 0. 7294 0. 7293 7293 0. 7287 0. 7286 0.7282 0. 7275 0.7270 0. 7263 0. 7245 0.7244 0. 7215 0. 7194 0.7184 0.7180 0. 7172 0. 7160 0. 7159 0. 7142 0. 7137 0.7118 0.7117 0. 7108 0.7099 0. 7052 0. 7048 0. 7045 0. 6999 0. 6971 0. 6966 0. 6951 0. 6950 0.6948 0.6938 0. 6034 0.6928 0. 6915 0. 6912 0. 6907 0. 6902 0. 6895 0. 6885 0.0884 0. 6883 0.6866 0.6834 0. 0827 0. 6810 0. 6793 0. 6790 0.6784 0.6783 0. 6710 0. 6732 0. 6703 0. 6096 0.6677 0. 6660 0.6003 0.6597 0. 0592 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I o 134 240 297 179 192 272 88 212 218 354 224 125 205 275 215 69 283 100 230 215 343 355 200 91 1 164 199 344 53 209 198 171 330 82 332 193 38 401 66 90 239 377 315 408 296 62 46 406 23 295 121 139 208 232 19 289 34 337 108 33 364 194 221 294 43 197 Crataegns aestivalis Jnglans mpestris Betula lutea Bumelia lamiginoaa. .' Fraxinus Americana Quercus rubra Parkinaonia Torreyana Piaonia obtusata TTmbeUulaiia Califomica Pinus cembroides Ulraus Americana Cratsegua arboreacena Ehretia elliptica Quorcus Kelloggii Persea Carolinensis Rhua cotinoides Quercua cinerea Lyailoma latiailiqua ricus brevifolia Peraea Carolinenaia, var. palnatria Taxua brevifolia Pinus edulia CMonantbna Virginica Cercia Canadecsia - .- Magnolia grandiflora ..; Nyaaa aylvatica !Fore3tiera acuminata Taxua Floridana Ungnadia apeciosa - Crcacentia cucurbitina Fraxinua aambucifolia Rhododendron maximum ■Tuuiperus Califomica Cladrastia tinctoria Cupreasua macrooajpa Fraxinus pubeacens Cliftonia ligustrina Larix Americana Acer rubrum Parlcinsonia aculeata Juglans nigra Pinua mitia Salis cordata, var. veatita Oreodoxa regia Betula occidentalia Acer glabrum Rhamnua Califomica Thrinax parviflora Xanthosylum Clava-Herculia, var. fru- ficoaum. Betula papyrifera Pyrua aambucifolia Liquidambar Styraciflua Chilopaia saligna Morua rubra Byrsonima lucida Caatanea pumila Ilex Daboon, var. myrtifolia Juniperua pachyphlcea Prunua serotina Ilex opaca Pinna contorta I'raxinue viridia, var. Eerlandieriana . Rippomano Mancinella Juniperua occidentalia Betulfi nigra Be.tula alba, var. populifolia Ceanotbua tbyraiflorua Fraxinus Oregana '3 :i^ Eg 0. 6564 0. 6554 0. 6553 0. 6544 0. 6543 0. 6540 0. 6531 0. 6529 0. 6517 0. 6512 0. 6506 0. 6491 0. 6440 0. 6435 0. 6429 0. 6425 U. 6420 0. 6418 0. 6398 0. 6396 0. 6391 0. 6388 0. 6372 0. 6363 ■ 0. 6360 0.6356 0. 6345 0. 6340 0. 6332 0. 6319 0.6318 0. 6303 0. 6282 0. 6278 0. 6261 0. 6251 0. 6249 0. 6236 0. 6178 0. 6116 0. 6115 0. 6104 0. 6069 0. 6034 0. 6030 0. 6028 0. 6000 0. 5991 0. 6967 0. 5955 0. 5928 0. 5909 0. 5902 0. 6898 0. 6888 0. 6887 0. 5873 0. 5829 0. 5822 0. 5818 0. 6815 0. 5780 0. 5772 0. 5705 0. 5762 0. 5700 0. 5760 0. 5731 187 235 353 47 356 22 249 183 316 374 288 357 76 336 45 66 363 120 370 357 313 161 314 310 59 186 5 373 68 227 71 65 362 165 71 389 405 391 371 345 156 317 23 10 217 360 2 105 7 300 52 313 376 375 310 339 325 60 330 Species. Halesia diptera ' Platanua occidentalia Pinua Parryana Rbamnua Purshiana Pinus monophylla Xanthoxylum Americanum Myrica cerifera Haleaia tetraptera Salix laaiolepia Pinus clauaa Caatanopaia chrysophylla Pinua Balfouriana, var. ariatata Dalea apinosa Juniperua Califomica, var. TTtabensia. Rbamnua Caroliniana Acer rubrum, var. Drammondii Pinua Chibuabuana Pyrua Americana Pinna Tseda Pinus Balfouriana Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana Pinckneya pubens Salix Hookeriana , Salix longifolia, var. exigna Acer spicatum Symplocos tinctoria Magnolia macropbylla Pinus inops Acer Pennsylvanicnm Plan era aqnatica Kbns copallina Acer dasycarpum Pinus Jeffrey! Ny asa uniiiora Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata Tauga Mertenaiana Waabingtonia filifera Paeudotauga Bouglaali Pinus rigida Torreya taxifolia Sambucua glanca Salix Sitcbensis Xantboxylnm Clava-Herculia Anona laurifolia Saesafraa officinale Pinus Arizonica Magnolia glauca Prunua Pennsylvanioa Magnolia Fraseri Alnus maritima .aSsculus Califomica Salix flaveacens Pinus muricata Pinua pungena Salix longifolia Juniperua Yirginiana Populus Fremontii Acer macropbyllum Platanus racemoaa Pinus Torreyana Pinua reflexa Salix laevigata Pinua resinosa CupresBus Guadalupeusis Pinua Sabiniana NegTindo Califomicum Alnua rubra Ilex Dahoon Cbamaicyparia Nutkaenais 0. 5705 0. 5678 0. 5675 0. 6672 0. 5668 0. 5654 0. 5637 0. 6628 0. 6587 0. 5576 0. 5574 0. 5572 0. 5536 0. 5522 0. 5462 0. 5459 0. 5457 0.5451 0. 5441 0.5434 0. 5412 0. 6350 0. 5350 0. 5342 0. 5330 0. 5325 0. 5309 0. 5309 0. 5299 0. 5294 0. 5273 0. 5269 0. 5206 0. 5194 0. 5184 0. 5182 0. 6173 0. 5157 0. 6151 0. 6145 0. 6087 0. 6072 0. 6056 0. 6053 0. 5042 0. 5038 0. 5035 0. 5023 0. 5003 0. 4096 0. 4980 0. 4969 0. 4942 0.4935 0. 4930 0. 4926 0. 4914 0. 4909 0. 4880 0. 4879 0. 4877 0. 4872 0. 4854 0.4843 I 0. 4840 0.4821 ' 0.4813 I 0.4806 ! Species. 379 346 309 231 237 14 361 400 I 3 333 304 319 325 331 157 153 305 309 382 368 391 309 340 60 17 290 107 307 6 206 411 306 390 404 311 72 350 70 67 386 388 51 312 18 387 » Pinus Banksiana Torreya Califomica Salix la^iandra Ficus pedunculata Platanus Wrigbtii Gordonia Lasiantbns Pinua ponderosa Abies magnlfica Magnolia acuminata Cnpresaus Goveniana Alnns aerrulata Populus grandidentata Populus Fremontii, var. "Wislizenii — Cbamsecyparis Lawsoniana Sambucua Mexicana N'yaaa capitata Alnus incana Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Picea nigra Pinus inaignis Paeudotauga Douglasii, var. macro- carpa. Abies nobilia Salix lasiandra, var. lancifoUa Taxodium disticbum .^sculua glabra Tilia Americana Caatanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata Salix amygdaloides Magnolia Umbrella Catalpa bignonioides Yucca elata Salix nigra Tauga Pattoniana Sabal Palmetto Salix aeasilifoUa Rhus venenata Pinns flexilis Rhus typbina K"egundo aceroides Picea Sitcbensis Tauga Caroliniana .^aculusflava Salix discolor Tilia heterophylla Tsnga Canadensis Liriodendron Tnlipifera Abies amabilia Sequoia aempervirens Catalpa apecioaa Pinua albicanlia Populus balaamifera, var. oandicans . . . Magnolia cordata Simaruba glauca Pinus Coulteri Alnus rhombifolia Pinus Murrayana Populus heteropbylla Juglans cinerea Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Picea alba Populua tremuloidea Libocedrns decurrens Alnus obloljgifolia Asimina triloba Pinua glabra Populus anguatifolia Pinus monticola 0. 4761 0. 4760 0. 4756 0. 473^ 0. 4736 0. 4728 0. 4715 0.470] 0. 4690 0. 4689 0.466B 0. 4632 0. 4621 0.4621 0.4614 0. 4613 0. 4607 0.4598 0.4684 0. 4574 0. 4563 0. 4561 0.4547 0.4543 0.4542 0. 4525 0. 4504 0. 4502 0. 4502 0.4487 0.4474 0.4470 0.4456 0.4454 0.4404 0. 4397 0.4382 0.4J5g 0. 4357 0. 4328 0. 4287 0. 4275 0. 4274 0. 4261 0. 4253 0. 4239 0. 4230 0. 4228 0. 4208 0. 4165 0.4165 0. 4161 0. 4139 0. 4136 0. 4133 0. 4127 0. 4096 0. 4089 0. 4086 0. 4074 0. 4051 0. 4032 0. 4017 0. 3981 0. 3969 0. 3931 0. 3912 0. 3003 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 251 Species. 324 347 393 328 828 385 410 849 Populus monilifera . Pinna Strobns Abies balsamea Populns trichocarpa Tlmya gigantea Picea pungens Yucca brevifolia Pinus Lamhertiana,. 0.3839 0. 3854 0. 3819 0.3814 0. 3796 0. 3740 0. 3737 0.3684 384 Species. Abies concoloT Populns balsamifera Abies ITraseri Abies grandis Fraxinns platycarpa Piuns tuberculata . - Abies sTibalpina Picea Engelmanni . . 0. 3638 0. 3635 0. 3565 0. 3545 0.3541 0. 3499 0. 3476 0.3449 329 149 327 29 341 412 229 Species. CbamaecypaTis spbteroidea. Cerens gigantens Tbnya ocoidentalis Bnrsera gnmmifera Sequoia gigantea Yucca baccata Ficus anrea il 0. 3322 0.3188 0.3164 0. 3003 0.2882 0.2724 0.2616 It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region of Florida or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seems to be a certain, but by no means constant relation, as shown in this table, between aridity of climate and the weight of the wood produced by closely allied species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Quercus rubra peculiar to western Texas is nearly 39 per cent, heavier than the average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Qu&rcus grisea, oblongifolia, Durandii, and Douglasii, is heavier than that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of trees. The average of two specimens of Qwrcus prinoides grown in western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than the average of all the other specimens of this species grown in other parts of the country. In Fraxinus, the wood of ^. Greggii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species ; it only just surpasses in weight, however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, th e wood of Texas forms of Fraxinus mridis is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Geltis grown in Arizona is lighter than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Juglans, the heavie st wood is that of J. rupestris, a species belonging to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the Mississippi basin. In the case of Flatanus, the heaviest wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California. FUEL VALUE. The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same. A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table 11) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these results, as follows : The carbon and hydrogen determinations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by burning the wood in a current of oxygen. The moisture was determined by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The calculations were tlien made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising from the fact that the nitrogen in the wood was not determined. This error is, however, very slight, the nitrogen, which is Included in the percentage of oxygen, rarely amounting, in any wood, to one per cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with oxygen ", is found by dividing the amount in the column headed " Oxygen" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may be considered as already combined with oxygen in the form of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fuel value per kilogram is found by multiplying the percentage of carbon by 8,080, and that of excess of hydrogen by 34,462 (these being the values obtained by Favre and Sillerman), adding these together and deducting from the sum the product of the total hydrogen multiplied by 4,833, which represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by burning the hydrogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning one kilogram of carbon or hydrogen. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by multiplying the value per kilogram by the specific gravity. It need hardly be said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. There are too many sources of loss ; the calculation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given off, and that the heat of the products of combustion, with the exception of that neeessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized. It appears from Mr. Sharpies' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat from equal weights burned than non -resinous woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry non-resinous wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4,500 units, a uuit being the quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade. Count Eumford first propounded the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same without relfrence to specific distinctions; that is, that a pound of wood, whatever the variety, would always I>roduce the same amount of heat (Count BumforWs WorTcs, Boston, 1873, vol. ii). Marcus Bull, experimenting in 1820 upon the fuel value of different woods [Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, new ser., iii, 1), found a variation of only 11 per cent, between the dififerent species tested. Eumford's theory must be regarded as nearly correct, if woods are 256 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following table gives tlie figures from which the table of relative values was computed, and includes all species upon which complete tests have been made. The coefficient of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters and the weight in kilograms. The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4 centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports. In the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure on a square centimeter these results must be divided by 16. The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the fifth in the series, is the one selected for comparison. TABLE OF AVERAGES. 14 19 20 28 31 34 Species, MAGNOLIACE^. Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia glanca Magnolia acuminata Magnolia cordata r- Magnolia macrophylla Magnolia Umljrella Magnolia Fraseri Liriodeudron Tuliplfera ANONACE^. Asimina triloba Anona lanrifolia CANELLACE^a;. Canella alba TEENSTECEMIACE*. Gordonia Xiasianthus TILIACEJE. Tilia Americana Tilia Americana, vm. pnbesceus Tilia heterophyUa MALPIGHIACE.a;. Byreonima lacida ZTGOPHTLLACEiE. Gnaiacum sanotnm ETJTACE.ffl. XaBtboxylnm Clava-Herculis. . . Xanthoxylum Caribsenm SIMAEUBEiE. Simaruba glanca BUKSEEACE.a!. Bursera gammifera Amyris sylratica MBLIACE.*!. Swietenia Mahogoni ILICINE.S!. Hex opaca Ilex Dahoon CXEILE»eEJ!!. Clif tenia ligastrina EHAMNACEai. Eeynosia latifolia Condalia fcrrea Ebamnus Carolinlana Khamnns Pursbiana _g-s 63.26 50.11 46.76 41.26 52.90 44.78 49.89 42.20 39.61 48.11 97.20 45.00 40.47 42.27 57.43 113.38 50.15 88.20 40.98 29.41 103. 97 72.03 57.74 47.62 62.23 103. 72 119. 38 54.27 56.34 "S S ■sis .i.^ a gss 903 914 929 941 ,169 744 944 926 482 501 1,117 794 840 811 846 525 863 726 868 932 417 1,085 1062 643 642 1,050 1,143 741 913 & 338 313 286 256 297 249 302 280 167 259 438 286 252 239 246 181 273 '322 241 557 428 293 244 242 320 7,705 6,790 6,633 6,652 7,829 6, 801 6,691 5,955 3,395 4,829 12, 519 6,195 5,768 6,487 6,307 6,260 11, 789 7,189 10, 955 6,816 2,473 11, 975 10, 660 6,709 5,582 5,938 13, 426 12, 848 7,112 9,934 HI p c a 3,156 1,627 1,709 1,427 1,427 1,343 1,966 1,296 1,098 2,037 9,163 1,044 900 1,296 3,475 12, 689 2,548 5,964 1,383 749 8,795 2,826 1,808 2,356 9,753 10, 388 2,195 3,075 139 SAPINDACE.a!. .S^sculos glabra JEaculns Californica SapinduB marginatus Acer macropby Hum Acer circinatum Acer aaccharicnm Acer saccbarinnm, va/r. nigram Acer dasycarpum Acer mbrum Xegundo aceroides Negundo Californioum AU'ACAEDIACE.ffi!. Ehus copallina Kbas Metopinm LEGUMrN-os.a;. Eobinia Psendacacia Eobinia ^eo-Mexicana Olneya Tesota Piscidia Erytbrina Cladrastis tinctoria Sopbora afGnis Gymnocladne Canadensis Gleditscbia triacantbos Gleditacbia monosperma Parkinsonla Torreyana Cercis Canadensis Prosopis j uliflora ProBopis pubesceus E0SACE.aE. Prrmns Americana PranofS angastifolia Prunua emarginata, var. mollis. Prtinua serotina Prunns demissa Prunus Caroliniana PronuB ilicifolla PyruB coronaria Pyrns sanibncifolia Gratsgus arborescena Crataegus Crns-galli Cratasgus subvilloaa Crata3gus tomentosa Cratsegns apathulata CratasgxiB aestiTalia Crataegus flava, var. pubeaoens. Amelancliier Canadensia HAMAMELAGE.ffi;. Ijqnidambar Styraciflna 1 p .§■3 .si .Sr^ a |.a Hi P ll.g %^ 1 o o a III ||| 45.03 ■ 644 211 5,017 1,132 49.45 683 271 5,686 1,722 80.05 837 "360 7,623 4,350 48.83 780 292 6, 100 2,597 66.34 718 327 7,349 3,205 68.75 1,465 490 9,907 4,019 68.66 1,027 410 8,803 4,149 52.52 1,110 435 7,711 2,899 61.65 943 346 7,402 2,795 42.82 582 226 6,151 1,781 47.95 945 340 7,072 1,719 52.42 736 283 6,033 1,744 77.28 1,050 280 8,523 3,348 72.96 1,301 543 11, 272 4,038 79.86 1,149 388 10, 931 4,427 103.59 868 320. 5,851 10,478 84 39 851 321 9,548 5,698 62.61 1,002 385 8,550 2,937 84.46 977 346 9,129 5,348 68.88 1,048 329 6,406 2,560 66.86 1,086 394 8,00] 2,697 72.89 1,170 439 9,344 4,420 64.58 558 233 6,679 3,620 63.18 688 310 7,510 2,917 74.86 583 207 9,412 5,484 75.37 824 382 10, 732 5,267 72.02 827 369 9,419 3,405 68.65 603 200 6,441 2,132 44.93 861 290 7,507 1,280 58.14 852 354 8,746 3,269 69.16 769 295 8,165 3,937 86.52 937 396 8,!'89 5,090 97.27 732 334 8,709 4,888 70.11 642 207 6,706 3,999 58.08 626 190 6,123 1,715 64.55 788 265 7,969 2,951 71.64 664 279 6,884 3,368 78.98 901 315 8,612 4,207 75.96 732 303 7,117 3,844 71.12 673 216 7,280 3,484 65.27 592 304 7,122 3,583 76.13 708 309 8,437 5,103 77.95 1,197 483 10,712 4,483 58.73 837 278 7,462 2.122 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. no U2 144 146 148 151 153 1S3 1S4 ISS IM 159 IbO 101 165 166 167 169 170 171 175 176 177 178 179 181 182 183 184 1R6 m <91 192 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 201 204 205 Species. KHTZOPHOBACB.a!. Bhizophora Mangle COMBEETACE^. Conocaipns erecta Laguncnlaria laoemoaa MTETACE^. Engenia busifolia Eugenia montioola Engenia procera CORNACE^. Cornnsflorida Comns Nnttallii N^esa capitata Ny sea sylyatioa Kysea nnifloTa CAPEirOLIACB^. Sambncufl glanoa Yibrnnnm pranifolinm . EUBIACE^. Exostemma Caribeenm . . Finckney a pnbens EEICACE^. Andromeda fermginea Arbntna Menzieail Arbutus Xalapensis Ozydendrujn BTborenm . . . Katniia latifolia Bhododendron maximum . SAPOTACEiE. Chrysopbyllnm oliviforrae , Sideroxylon Mastiohodendron. Bipholls sallcifolia Bnmelia tenax Bumelia lanuginosa Bumelia lycloides Bumelia cnneata Mimusops Sieberl BBENACE^. BioBpyros Yixginiana — STYEACEiE. SymplocoB tinctoria Halesta dlptera OLEACEiS. Fraxinns plstaoiffifolia Eraxinus Americana Fraxinns Americana, var-Texensie Eraxinns pubesceus FrazinuB viridis Eraxinus platycarpa Fraxinns quadrangnlata Fraxinns Oregana Fraxinns Bambacifolla Forestiera acuminata Osmanthns Americanns BOEEAOINACE^. r Pi 114.06 98.68 70.21 92.20 89.83 92.05 74.44 45.97 51.58 50.07 92.1 53.: 74.66 70.24 70.81 74.30 71.31 62.80 92.44 95.89 92.86 72.39 64.64 74.07 78.08 105.55 78.32 52.88 50.81 67.68 65.16 76.83 62.35 70.71 35.16 74.50 57.12 62.72 63.00 80.74 78.48 Bourreria Havanensls Ehretla elUptioa ' 63.56 17 FOE 13 .1 1,056 1,025 724 1,575 1,085 1,191 821 1,031 681 818 518 306 907 1,194 814 838 616 889 685 646 1,124 1,099 1,336 751 483 781 603 1,002 782 622 601 1,015 1,082 812 903 476 774 848 872 703 1,231 397 go Si fl-^i ^"hS §3-9 1 I'ni Isl 1 |IE lit 1^^ 1 515 13, 767 7,394 206 207 208 402 9,593 5,926 221 7,190 2,386 210 450 14, 198 5,851 500 8,845 6,532 212 502 10,750 7,009 213 386 8,553 4,875 423 10, 603 3,883 215 290 6,895 2,484 215 360 7,497 3,131 217 279 5,848 2,575 218 158 4,400 2,218 219 406 9,474 5,009 219 429 12, 020 7,707 222 173 4,355 1,678 223 224 226 290 7,802 3,611 226 387 6,034 3,322 227 264 6,419 3,947 228 311 8,025 3,550 228 273 6,890 4,196 229 283 7,020 3,066 231 232 234 366 9,571 6,108 414 10,410 6,682 490 11, 680 4,480 235 287 7,S35 2,894 236 165 6,799 2,664 237 240 7,825 3,529 220 7,643 4,581 238 390 7,360 6,001 239 240 375 8,045 6,192 241 242 243 264 6,146 2,967 244 366 6.940 3,153 245 246 247 266 6,158 3,368 248 367 7,535 2,746 480 8,664 3,177 371 6,960 3,272 249 382 7,711 3,621 250 229 4,014 2,209 346 7,980 3,322 284 8,320 2,653 251 345 6,766 3,106 252 306 6,418 2,717 253 449 8,966 4,200 234 255 256 403 9,197 4,702 257 308 6,192 3,663 258 Species. BI&NOHIACB^. Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa speciosa Cbilopais saligna YEEBENACE.a!. Citharexylnm yillosnm irrCTAGINACE.a!. Fisonia obtnsata P0LYG01fACE.«!. Coccoloba Floridana LATJEACE.a!. Fersea Carolinensis Fersea Carolinensis, var. palnstris Sassafras officinale Umbellulaiia Califomica EUPHOEBIACE.a!. Drypetes crocea Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia OETICACE.a;. TTlmns crassifolia Ulmusfulra TTlmns Americana Ulmns racemosa Ulmns alata Flanera aqnatica Celtis occidentalis Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Ficusanrea Ficus pednnculata Morns rubra Maclnra aurantiaca FLATANACEa;. Flatanus occidentaUs Flatanns racemosa Flatanus Wrigbtii JUGLANDACE^. Juglans cinerea Jnglans nigra ..... Juglans rupestris Carya ollTseformis Caryaalba Caiya sulcata Carya tomentnsa Caryaporoina Carya amara Carya myristicsef ormis Carya aquatica MYBICACE^. Myxica oerifera Hyrica Califomica CUFTJLIFEEa;. Quercusalba Quercus lobata Quercns Garryana Quercus obtnsiloba Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii. Quercus macrocarpa Qnercua lyrata Quercus bioolor II r 44.57 41.48 58.79 86.75 60.31 93.40 63.81 63.73 50.38 64.92 86.44 88.66 71.59 69.77 64.54 72.20 74.17 52.71 72.08 71.86 24 84 45.07 68.56 76.01 56.62 48.26 46.72 40.66 60.91 64.89 70.99 83.11 80.36 81.29 81.36 74.74 79.31 73.13 56.08 66.81 74.39 73.87 74.24 83.01 85.38 74.06 82.59 76.18 iS 682 822 544 1,257 1,136 849 519 1,068 704 953 747 1,006 523 562 686 868 267 407 824 944 864 624 457 812 1,092 727 666 1,390 1,039 1,150 1,014 1,030 1,465 1,013 992 971 717 811 833 571 929 1,334 906 fa ill 252 270 247 400 127 385 350 257 844 340 330 371 364 455 309 265 337 344 102 98 331 483 271 240 183 255 365 236 247 512 464 482 466 470 595 376 848 442 386 369 375 372 290 419 438 388 Ma 5,821 6,521 4,753 11,034 4,962 12,337 9,173 6.874 6,110 9,095 10, 410 8,324 7,248 8,628 7,191 9,474 7,001 6,305 6,739 6,986 2,597 4,491 6,721 12,939 7,207 5,190 5,228 6,270 9,178 6,997 6,951 10,007 8,939 9,485 9,232 8,357 10, 206 7,776 7,122 8,516 8,183 6,793 7,957 7,700 6,668 7,843 7,864 7,850 lag, ■■■§■» 1,230 1,377 2,304 4,927 1,737 6,310 3,128 3,073 2,144 8,196 5,797 6,510 4,080 2,399 2,970 3,281 4,096 2,334 3,472 4, 373 980 1,905 2,805 5,806 2,645 1,486 1,867 1,488 3,140 2,909 8,714 4,344 4,609 4,429 4,822 3,878 5,042 4,397 2,304 3,017 8,388 3,014 3,84G 4,415 4,072 3,730 4,033 3,534 258 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE OF AVEKAQES— Continued. Species. §! ^ S5 t% 1.9 -♦a ^ cs a a ||| 1^.9 Species. 4 If SwtD III gf^J^" ii. 'O'S BO ill i 2S8 2«1 263 264 287 270 271 272 272 278 274 27B 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 28S 286 287 290 291 292 293 294 297 301 307 308 3M 300 313 313 316 318 319 320 321 321 v Qnercns Michaaxii . Qnorcns Prinns Qnerons prinoides .. Qnerons Souglasii . . QnercuB oblongifolia Qaerons grisea Qnerons Bniondii. . . Qnerons virens Qnerons chrysolepis QnercDS Smoryl Qnerons agrifolia Qnerons WisUzeni , Qnerons mbra Qnerons rnbra, var. Texana Qnerons coccinea Qnerons tinotorla Qnerons Kelloggii Qnerons nigra Qnerons falcata Qnerons Catesbeei Qnerons palnstris Qnerons aqnatica Qnerons lanrifolia Qnerons heterophylla Qnerons oinerea Qnerons hypolenoa Qnerons imbriooria Qnerons Phellos Qnerons deneiflora Castanopsis ohrysophylla Castaoea pnmlla Castaneavnlgaris, var. Americana Fagns fermginea Ostrya Tirginioa Carpinns Carolinana BETTJLACE^. Eetnla alba, var. popnlifolia . Betnla papyrifera Betnia ocoldentalis Betnla Intea Betnlanlgra Betnla lenta Alnns rnbra , Alnns rhombifoUa Abina oblongifolia SALICAO£^. Salix omjgdaloides SaUz lasrifcata Salix laelandra, var. lancifolia.,.. Ballx: laslondra, var. I'endleriama.. Salix flaTesoens Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana . SaUx lasiolepis Popnlns tremnloides Fopnlns grandidentata Popnlns heterophylla Popnlns balsamifera Popnlns bBlsamifera, var. oandi- cans. Popnlns angnstifolia Popnina crichocarpa 80.03 74.42 86.09 88.53 97.60 99.10 91.00 93.93 84.43 90.44 81.47 77.75 65.28 90.03 73.91 70.10 64.18 72.39 69.11 72.31 68.82 72.07 76.10 68.22 63.47 78. a 74.97 74.35 67.26 55.55 58.80 44.95 68.48 82.42 72.26 57.43 59.40 60.12 65.34 57.42 75.97 47.93 41.14 44.68 48.44 45.73 45.12 53.91 49.39 56.32 40.10 46.11 40.57 36.11 41.42 38.81 87.66 964 1,255 1,125 771 857 ' 740 837 1,136 1,198 638 953 861 1,137 1,033 1,085 1,034 745 977 1,402 1,035 1,123 1,227 1,259 1,225 751 944 1,193 784 964 1,012 1,141 856 1,210 1,373 1,149 730 1,306 924 1,618 1,113 1,432 1,060 846 769 501 488 305 879 1,262 1,085 888 814 963 723 867 780 458 1,117 477 440 528 424 307 400 424 434 541 300 399 349 422 437 450 444 328 445 509 447 465 449 504 458 424 475 520 422 404 316 423 297 490 484 490 454 344 533 415 519 346 291 235 275 200 288 388 345 347 289 308 274 236 260 171 284 7,715 8,615 9,204 8,913 6,941 7,666 8,550 8,748 8,721 6,759 7,416 8,527 8,172 9,310 8,074 8,012 7,184 7,964 9,532 7,316 7,862 8,023 8,424 6,600 7,167 4,665 8,839 6,236 7,609 6,959 7,923 6,106 7,550 8,669 7,969 6,564 7,781 6,260 9,907 7,007 9,907 6,644. 5,696 4,452 4,224 5,114 4,581 5,457 7,484 6,582 8,169 5,285 5,727 4,627 5,126 4,418 4,332 6,243 3,725 3,686 4,224 5,988 7,031 5,820 4,922 5,185 5,079 6,646 3,770 4,362 2,825 4,665 3^224 3,243 2,783 4,582 3,223 3,646 3,040 3,169 4,056 2,908 3,221 4,348 3,623 3,452 3,593 1,912 1,887 1,698 3,145 3,696 3,405 2,073 2,083 2,459 2,581 2,117 3,615 1,870 1,257 1,189 1,294 1,894 1,311 1,400 2,019 1,581 2,241 1,281 994 1,384 1,202 1,030 1 225 1,018 364 366 367 370 871 372 373 374 ,875 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 388 384 385 886 387 Popnlns monilifera Popnlns Fremontii Popnlns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni CONIFEEia!. Libocedrus deonnens Thnya oocidentalia Thnya gigautea Chamffioyparis sphceroidea Chameeoyparis Kntkaensis Chameeoy parls LaTrsoniana Cnpressns GoTeniana JTunipems ocoidentalis, var. coivjn- gens. Junipems Yirginiaua Taxodinm distichnm Sequoia gigautea Secinoia semperriiens Taxus breviiblia Torreya taxifolia -. Xorreya Califamioa Finns Strobns Pinns monticola -- Pinns Lambertiana Pinns flexilis Finns albloanlis Pinns reflexa :. Pinns Parryana Pinns ednUs Pinns monophylla Pinns Balfonriana Pinns Balfonriana, nor. aristata... Finns resinosa Pinns Torreyana Pinns Ariaonica Pinns ponderosa Finns Jeffreyi Pinns Chihnabnana Finns oontorta Finns Mnrrayana Pinns Sabiniana Finns Conlteri Finns insignis Pinns tabercnlata Finns Tffida Finns rigida Finns serotlna Pinns inops Pinns olausa Pinns pnngens Finns mnricata Pinns mitis Finns glabra Finns Banisiana Pinns palnstris Finns Cnbensis Pioeanigm. Fioeaalba Picea Xingelmanni Ficea pnngens Pioea Sltchensis Tsnga Canadensis Tsuga Caroliniana Tsnga Mertensiana 38.53 48.77 45.69 40.14 31.53 87.90 38.12 47.66 46.16 46.68 68.76 49.11 45.24 28.67 42.02 63.78 51.08 46.96 88.47 38.99 36.76 43.42 41.54 48.66 56.44 63.49 56.20 54.17 55.56 48.41 50.62 50.28 46.99 60.53 54.37 58.04 40.83 48.18 41.18 45.60 84.88 54.27 51.39 79.29 52.98 65.09 39.13 47.60 69.82 74.88 45.71 40.38 33.38 37.26 42.80 42.20 42.58 51.61 1,061 848 847 683 1,084 404 1,029 1,217 499 734 670 1,032 451' 676 761 821 401 851 930 794 676 512 913 378 421 435 594 715 1,182 542 824 887 925 726 1,585 /771 585 1,141 979 428 1,128 681 1,170 548 548 808 1,194 1,375 448 942 1,488 1,677 1,100 1,023 808 563 990 900 713 1,376 298 295 291 219 319 194 342 379 230 200 816 291 196 255 460 378 249 267 260 255 266 249 329 182 191 123 181 279 341 323 279 307 318 865 423 241 333 325 816 176 377 316 497 281 214 310 441 443 212 278 460 500 318 319 246 194 277 807 197 888 5,651 6,055 5,950 7,446 4, 903 7,197 4,149 7,281 7,464 5,742 8,605 a 750 6,771 6,210 6,656 7,734 7,364 6,625 6,219 5,346 5,382 5,591 5,296 7,825 6,420 5,579 4,389 5,898 5,209 7,274 4,548 6,292 6,037 6,679 5,398 8; 868 5,328 5,387 5,874 6,680 4,207 6,834 6,687 8,079 5,766 6,028 6,670 8,142 7,628 4,604 6,329 10,074 10,626 6,620 5,489 4,271 4,128 6,653 6,142 6,450 8,747 1,382 1,607 1,561 957 1,114 1.074 1,618 1,317 2,852 4,464 2,376 1,166 1,091 1,242 4,223 2,523 1,962 1,194 1,071 1,244 1,727 1,716 2,002 3,126 3,388 2,713 2,350 2,140 1(853 2,809 1,740 1,719 1,850 2,470 2,382 1,879 2,202 1,475 1,687 1,872 1,71R 2,123 4,740 2,496 2,100 1,842 1,960 2,064 1,694 1,609 2,568 2,985 1,240 1,117 1,217 1,267 1,160 1,814 1,996 1,622 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. 390 391 Tsnga Fattonlaoa PseudotsngaDonglaBii FsendotsQga Songlasii, var. last- oiocorpa. AbieaFiaseii Abies balsamea Abies subalpina Abies giandis Abies cohodIot 44.35 51.63 45.59 3S.46 38.02 34.61 35.08 36.07 ij "Ba 775 1283 1050 972 819 762 958 307 376 361 273 220 202 211 300 m 12 18 213 2 2 406 13 12 757 3 3 117 1088 1 3 757 4 4 710^ 2 260 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. EELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. jj e 1 ° « ' J9 > ^ s i S 1 o > Species. 1 1 £ J a Species. .a % 1% 1 S ■3 ll 1 1 ja ll u 9 O 1 (§ 5 ^ k 117 Py rns coronaria^continiied 1088 1087 3 4 2 4 194 Fraxinns viridia conliiTiiied _ . 948 957 2 3 4 ^ xnrniimo . XL A.'.O^^UVA. VlAlUdL ...•■•..•••.••••......•.. 1 139 Liqnidambar Styraoiflna ■. 1173 1 2 438 4 3 1182 2 9 57 5 7 1182 3 5 957 6 5 1183 4 8 308 7 6 1173 V 5 1 308 8 8 1095 Q 3 196 iFraziniiB anadran&nilata 66 66 1 2 3 2 1181 7 11 .». ^mwatmmm^At^ M m*w^a ■ ■«■ i^ia aMygg •■.■■.■...■....(■■■••■-■p»p»»» 1181 8 10 288' 3 1 546 9 6 518 4 5 1095 16 4 286= 5 6 546 11 12 291 6 4 1183 12 7 125 7 8 151 Conmsflorida - - 1077 1077 1092 3 4 5 1 3 8 217 Sassa&as offloinale 125 814 814 8 2 7 6 4 812 6 4 71 3 1 812 7 5 854 4 7 761 8 7 854 5 8 67 9 6 446 6 5 .67 10 4 387 7 3 154 Kyesa sylTatioa 750 1 2 71 387 8 9 2 9 835 2 9 760 3 1 223 nimnsfalTa .....,, ,, 134 134 1 2 1 2 . 833 4 6 833 5 4 224 Ulmus Americana 533 \ 6 4 834 6 7 533 2 834 7 3 1049 3 2 813 8 5 19 4 1 813 9 8 19 5 3 165 Kyssa nnifloTa 128 1 2 1036 1036 6 7 11 10 128, 2 1 604 3 6 958 8 7 604 4 4 ^ 281 9 8 559 5 5 281 10 - 9 550 6 3 958 11 5 184 Diospyros Virginiana 425 1 1 225 Ulmna racemoaa 116 314 1 2 1084 2 6 1 2 1162 3 4 314 3 5 811 4 3 116« 4 3 1084 5 2 428 6 7 811 6 5 116» 6 4 61 7 8 116 7 6 Fraxinus Americana 61 1045 1045 8 1 2 7 1 4 228 Oeltia ocoidentalis 873 873 1111 1 2 3 192 5 4 1 114» 3 3 306 4 6 937 4 19 306 5 7 227> 5 2 1111 6 2 130 6 7 75 7 3 431 7 6 75 8 8 1141 227' 8 9 5 10 232 Moras rubra 182 1255 1 2 1 4 392 10 8 132 3 2 212 11 11 1255 4 6 212 12 9 "v 1244 5 3 747 13 21 1245 6 6 561 14 14 .1246 7 7 227 15 13 238 .Juglansoinerea 1057 762 267 16 12 1 2 1 2 747 17 17 16 3 7 551 18 15 16 4 4 114« 19 16 76 5 5 114 20 18 76 6 3 114 21 20 123 7 S IM Fraxinns viridis 949 1 2 393 8 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 RELATION BjITWEEN TEANBVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 a Species. 1 1 1 1 1 SpeoieB. 1 s 1 h li 1" 1 239 iTii&rlaiiB nisrfli...... ........•■.--.... 951 1 4 251 OuGTCHH fllba^— continncd . ........ 491 19 16 V **p*"***fc* ""'lly**** ■■•■■ *■■■■■ *««VB«H ■■■*■■ ■■■■■■ ■«*■ *■•■ Bv 951 2 3 ^qQ4Ai^^iL\JlA0 ai^ua^^'^kj^^AAvt H ^M V^A ............ ......m.*....- •.. 259» 20 21 766 3 1 493 21 17 766 4 6 492 22 24 318 5 9 8 23 25 325 6 8 403 24 28 407 7 5 895 25 29 117 8 2 261 26 4 117 9 7 113s 27 31 242 ( jAlPTft ftlbA- HHHBH «BHHHH ^fl^A A A ^^t^ ^ mBAABHHmA_— ^ -^ 292 539 531 1 2 3 4 7 2 403 251 82» 26 29 30 83 \^WMAj mm IMiaW" ■■■■11 ■■■■■■ ■■■■ ■ V ^WB ■■■■•■■■■■■■■■•■»>»#k # 26 20 531 1056 1056 4 5 6 3 ■ 12 13 UBS 49 443 32« 31 32 83 34 34 22 35 22 3 7 6 118 36 31 1097 8 1 253 QnerouB Qfuryaiift •■>■■■>«■••■■..■■.... 986 1 1 249 9 11 1027 2 6 118 • 10 14 985 3 8 249 11 10 ^ 988 4 2 118 12 16 1027 5 7 3 13 6 1029 6 4 816 14 9 988 7 5 539 16 8 1029 8 8 816 16 16 254 Qnerous obtnsiloba ,. 771 / 1 5 243 CsTya snlcata .f. 3*83 1 3 771 2 7 1082 2 5 256 3 3 391 3 1 151 4 1 1166 4 6 151 5 2 391 5 4 361 6 4 1082 6 7 ■ 351 7 4 1164 7 2 256 QnerouB maoxooairpft... ■•■■■•■■•■...■•... ■■••.... 137 1 1 1170 8 8 310 2 8 1165 9 9 1071 8 6 246 GarvaDorobift ..........•..•••>■>■■••■■.■■..■•■ 88 1 1 310 4 10 ^^mm^j •■ ^vA^/AOAtv •■■■■• ■■■■■■•■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■*> ■ •• » 88 2 2 143 6 13 1168 3 7 933 6 12 1168 4 4 1073 7 6 442 5 9 1072 8 7 538 ' 6 3 933 9 11 6 7 5 79 10 3 6 8 432 11 9 121 9 8 831 12 4 248 Carya aquatioA .....■•.■■■■■■■■-■■■■■-••--■ 740 1 1 ■• . 79 13 2 740 2 5 257 Ouerons Ivrata 646 1 1 362 3 3 1I^1A\^A\/1AD AJ *».«■.. .....*..... .........■■..■.....*■*... .. ■ 762 2 2 362 4 4 762 3 3 129 5 2 646 4 4 917 6 6 258 Oiiercna bifiolor' . .■■_......■....■..■....... 64 1 1 2S1 Qaerousalba .«, r<«» - 1257 1 18 ^t^ U VA. \J %^a MiU***^/* . ... ..a.... ..■....■...■ ...... .■....• . . - 846 2 5 749 _ 2 27 846 3 4 547 '3 1 64« 4 2 647 1 11 64 6 8 1257 5 14 259 Qaercna Michaoxil 765 1 3 8 6 19 755 2 1 1050 7 10 240 3 5 749 8 8 240 4 6 259 9 9 624 5 4 238 10 5 524 6 2 748 11 3 260 Qneroas Ftiims 85 1 1 82 12 12 925 2 3 1050 13 2 81 3 5 49 14 13 825 4 i 260 16 7 31 6 2 , 895 16 29 434 6 6 238 17 6 261 Qaeiciis prinoides 273 1 2 260 18 16 287 2 4 263 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 Species. 1 f ji a Species. 1} 281 Qaercus prinoides—ooxLtimied. ■••■•............ ...... 514 34? 3 4 3 1 291 Fagns ferraginea — oontiiiiied.. ........ ....—- 765 765 7 8 9 7 S14 6 6 " 443 9 10 34 6 6 44» 10 8 267 Qoeicns Tliens 404 954 1 2 3 7 295 Betalapapyrifeia......... 836 1066 1 2 1 2 954 3 6 1066 3 4 799 4 2 1067 4 3 919 5 4 722 5 6 799 6 1 990 6 9 919 7 6 1066 7 272 Qnerouflmbpa ••••■•■••■••■•••■••-■•••••■--- -.....-... 1043 146 1 2 1 10 1066 990 8 9 7 ^P****^^*^*** * l»IW*^ ■■VWVSBB^BB ■■•■■• WWW ■■■■■■••*■■•*••■ 11 1043 8 4 1067 10 10 217 4 6 722 11, 8 215 218 6 6 7 3 297 Betolalutea ,,., 843 843 1 2 2 8 7 7 2 1068 4 7 7 8 5 1069 6 6 140 9 8 1670 3 4 215 10 11 1068 6 5 92 11 13 1069 7 1 45« 12 9 1070 8 3 141 920 13 14 15 6 298 Betnla nigia ■..■............•■•■.••■■■.••..•■•*■.....■ 842 841 1 2 6 , 4 920 16 7 ' 841 3 2 451 16 12 842 4 6 4S> 17 14 136 5 1 274 QnwrmiH •HnntoHft -,— -- — . .... 74 36S 36» 1 2 3 4 9 *2 301 Abms rubra.. 136 991 991 6 1 2 3 HQl&W&^'lAD ■M'A^'V^rAtfV ■■■■■« ■■■■■■■■•■■■wsasfl •«■•■■ m ■■«■*» 4 3 86 4 6 1025 3 1 36 6 8 967 4 6 247 6 1 967 6 6 17 247 7 8 6 3 324 Fopnlns monillfera 1025 309 6 1 2 3 437 9 10 754 2 2 17 244 10 11 7 11 754 300 3 1 1 3 444 12 12 304 5 5 277 Qaercus faloatft.... ....■■■»■■■■»>■■...... >■.■>.-.... 648 265 548 1 2 3 3 1 2 325 Fopnlns Fremontil, var. WisUzeoi _ 304 912 646 1 2 g V|JlA^/iL«rfl&0 M,tMM.^f%MVtm P ** * ■■■«■■ ■■■■■■ ■■■■■■ ■■«■■■ ■«■■■■ - •"» ■ \ 5 2 131 4 6 646 3 4 131 5 7 909 4 1 265 6 4 912 5 6 245 7 6 909 6 3 Qnercna adiiatio& .............■_*............ ........ 245 742 511 742 8 1 2 3 8 1 8 9 327 ThayaoocidentaUa 1099 874 874 782 1 2 3 4 2 280 1 "^iA^/&%/tAg Mw^ ■ ■ tuwwt *.*■. *«.■■*■■ ■•■ sfla«iwipBB««#.. *•*... . 5 7 611 4 2 1099 S 3 349. 6 4 783 6 8 349 6 3 783 7 10 2641 7 6 790 8 4 2642 8 6 790 9 6 264> 9 7 379 10 9 290 Castanea TnlffariB. oai*.AiiierioAiiA ■-•■•• •■■..■■■•■•... -18 268 1 2 2 1 379 792 11 12 11 *^ B*P M«ni ^JM T i**^!.* . 1^1 wiwF * ."Bfl^f ■n#«*aa.« ■.«■«« ■....■■■*■■... 12 516 3 3 '793 13 13 X^asms fermsfinca .... ......_...■ ■>>■■■•■■■■■■...... 18 119 9 4 1 2 4 2 1 329 Chamseoyparis sphseroideft. ........................... 350 850 850 1 2 3 7 291 3 Jti P\ t*0 AV/& & tAgXBAVW .■■... .■■■■«B«4a.* flVWBS*«.«**« ...... 1 853 3 4 851 4 4 9 4 3 851 5 2 863 6 6 862 6 5 119 6 5 350 7 6 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 263 RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 a Species. 1 1^ < 1 i .a Species. i 1 o 1 330 Chamffioyparls Nutkaensis ._. 069 1 5 378 "PiTiTiH fplQ.T^T^.^_/inTii^'n'nni1 764 142 2 2 083 2 1 X^ lllUO ^lttUliv^~l.Ulll;lllllOU> ■•■■• ••••■■•_•■■> -••■•■■ •••••• 3 4 1000 3 8 142 4 3 983 4 3 644 6 « 1000 5 6 544 6 6 ! 994 994 6 7 4 2 379 Fixms Sanksiana .................................. 780 879 1 2 1 \ 2 969 8 7 394 S 8 330 JimipemB Virginiana....... 1249 1 5 .894 879 4 6 4 6 1250 2 7 .. r?' 734 8 1 780 6 i 800 4 4 380 Finns palnstiifl... ....................... ............. 81 \ 1 800 5 3 358 2 7 327 6 2 659 3 2 327 7 6 358 4 8 342 Seqnoia sempervireng 711 1 6 357 6 1 710 2 1 81 6 1« 711 3 3 359 7 11 713 4 6 360 8 4 713 6 2 301 9 8 712 6 4 361 10 6 ' 712 7 7 360 11 13 347 Pinas Strobns .'■*..--..•.....-................... 222 1044 1 2 2 7 » 243 243 12 18 S 797 3 1 385 14 18 1 4 4 390 16 15 788 5 3 367 10 12 788 6 5 86 IT 19 797 7 6 384 18 10 1044 8 11 390 19 17 789 9 8 85 20 20 789 10 9 384 21 21 J^iiiTxsreainosa..— . .......... M.. .......... 777 315 316 11 1 2 10 1 2 381 Finns Cnbensls • 493 493 366 1 2 8 368 4 " ■■■ *<■** » ^^mammm^ra^tm ■■■*■« ■•*■■■•■ vnv WW ■■■■■■ •••■*« »■•■ ■ ■■■ 2 ^ 1076 3 3 366 4 1 1076 4 6 84 5 3 785 5 4 84 6 5 1074 6 6 382 Ficea nigra. ....................... ................ 231 \ 1 1075 7 7 231 2 2 785 8 8 776 3 3 361 Finns pondeiosa ;..... 632 1 3 880 4 4 910 2 10 776 5 9 907 3 11 373 6 7 689 4 1 880 7 8 619 6 4 794 8 5 630 6 9 794 9 6 731 7 6 383 Piceaalba 513 1 6 , 626 8 2 773 2 3 718 9 5 778 3 1 630 10 12 784 4 6 / 718 11 8 618 6 4 636 12 7 784 6 8 370 Finns l^seda 82 365 365 1 2 3 1 4 6 386 Ficea Sitchenais...— ...,«..•..... 791 970 970 7 1 2 2 8 2 388 4 2 1016 3 389 5 3 D77 4 388 6 7 1026 6 389 7 5 977 6 373 Finns inops 1172 1 4 1026 ,. 1172 2 2 1019 8 1169 3 6 10)0 9 1169 4 1 387 Tsnga Canadensis 790 1 622 5 5 793 2 2 . G21 C 3 772 > 1 378 Finns glabra 764 1 1 1 772 4 8 264 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TEANSVEESE STEENGTH AND SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ETC.— Continned. 1 Species. 1 a o 1 |1 li Speciee. S 1 •^ BO 387 Tsuga Canadensis — continned 1040 5 4 391 Pseudotsuga Donglaaii— contimied 1022 '."J 26 1040 fi 5 1 1008 DO 2f, 775 7 13 2712 27 24 787 8 9 1020 28 •;1 787 9 8 1022 29 6 5 10 10 986 30 !3 219 11 7 1020 31 4 775 12 15 702 32 34 1042 13 11 709 o'x 22 1042 14 12 709 34 , 27 5 15 17 394 Abies subalpina ..J........... 449 1 2 1 817 16 14 4492 2 6 219 17 16 4491 3 t 817 18 18 ' 449> 4 1 778 19 20 820 5 3 778 20 19 830 6 4 301 Faendotsnga Donglasii 708 708 1 2 1 2 396 ^biea concoloi^ 733 639 1 2 1 ^^...\>D \J\tK^\JV^%/^ •••••■■..•■•...■■■■.••.•..••...... ••_•_• a 704 3 3 733 3 2 1018 4 8 ' 639 4 4 1018 5 10 529 5 6 1016 6 33 529 6 5 989 1016 7 8 7 18 401 Larix Americana 226= 226 1 -2 1 3 705 9 14 774 3 10 637 10 5 ,840 4 8 881 11 9 786 5 2 881 12 13 795 6 4 1008 13 19 774 7 5 706 14 11 795 8 7 720 15 15 840 9 9 1011 16 17 781 10 12 627 17 12 786 IL 6 720 18 30 781 12 11 1011 974 19 20 32 16 402 Larix occidentalia 1006 1006 1 2 3 4 732 21 21 984 3 1 732 22 29 984 4 2 973 23 25 719 5 5 973 24 20 719 6 6 GENEEAL EEMAEKS. An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate at least the important fact that within the limits of any species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the different proportion between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individual this proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly ; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the annual layer occupied by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a year during which the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended. It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to establish maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 wood may be determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments. TANSm VALUES. The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined. These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it. These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin supply. The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows: The tannin in each case was determined in the rossed bark ; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described : A standard decoction of the bark is titrated with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of gelatine, and the gallic acid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by oxalic acid and calculation. The bark of the following species has been examined : u 93 140 160 251 256 im 261 261 267 269 272 274 Botanlaal name. GrOidonia Xasianthiui . FrosopisjnlMaia Bhizophoia Mangle Exostemma Caribsenm. QaeToasalba QiieTC>ns maciocoipa Qnerons'FTbmB Qaercns piinoides (old tree) . . . Qnercaa prinoides (young tree) Qaercns virens Qaercns Emoryl Qaercnsmbra Qaercns tinotoria Common name. Loblolly Bay. XanBay Mesqnit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. Mangrove White Oak Burr Oak. MoBsyoup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Chestnut Oak. 'Rock Chest- nut Oak. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. do Live Oak Black Oak Bed Oak. Black Oak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. 13.14 4.04 31.04 5.81 5.99 4.59 6.25 4.33 10.33 10.46 9.76 4.56 5.90 2.35 8.71 ,6.70 7.16 0.11 8.05 3.83 6.23 8.89 15.09 4.43 6.73 275 276 277 287 t 290 384 384 384 387 391 Botanical name. Qnercna Kelloggli . . Quercus nigra Quercns falcata Quercus densiflora.. Castanea vulgaris, vor. Ameri- cana. Picea nigra Ficea Engelmanni Ficea Engelmanni Ficea Engelmanni Tsuga Canadensis Tsuga Mertensiaua Tsuga Mertensiaua Tsuga Fattoniana Fsendotsuga Douglasii Common name. Black Oak Black J'ack. Jack Oak Spanish Oak. Bed Oak Tanbork Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak. Chestnut Black Spruce-. White Spruce. ...do --.do Hemlock --.do --.do Bed Kr. Yellow Fir. Ore- gon Pine. Douglas Fir. 6.76 4.36 8. 69 16.46 6.25 7.20 20.56 17.01 12.60 13.11 14.42 15.87 15.72 13.79 P4 8.64 6.28 4.32 3.84 2.00 2.84 2.75 2.32 0.75 1.81 1.44 1.49 2.48 1.66 266 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATEB8 OF QBOWTR. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. lIAGlTOLTACE.a!. 346 354 246 261' 2«1» 261» S34 1178 22 532 266> 2662 2e6» 2601 260" 260« 138 16S 174 177 178 187 188 395 818 1231 1232 211 332 479 Cottage Kill .. do C.Mohr Bichloam 0.372 0.268 116 91 20 mg Laurel. Bva Bay. 3. Mngnolia glAncp< ■-- do ...do . Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. WhiU Laurel. Swamp Laura. 9. Magnolia pcnmlr^tft .. .r... Virginia "WytheTille H. Shriver Clay limestone. . . . duemnber Tree. Mountain Hagnolia. ....do -...do Rich, light -...do ............. ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do ;. do Mississippi Selvers' mill "Winston county Statesville C.Mohr ....do 0.19S 26 14 C.Mohr (Meumber Tree. North Carolina... Mississippi M.Sji Hyams........ C.Mohr Eioh 0.050 18 Qoitman.... -..-... - Bioh, low .. .... 6. Magnolia TTmbrella 0.072 15 8 VmbreUaTree. BlkWoocl. ....do ---do ....do ....do ....do ....do 7. Magnolia Fraseri '. ....do ....do 0.085 20 ....do ....do ....do ....do -...do ....do ....do ....do e. Liriodendron Talipifera Michigan Dansville TV. J.Beal Tulip Tree. Tettmo Poplar. While Wood. Ohio D.E.MoSherry&Co. Woodsom Machine Company. Barney & Smith . Manufaotnring Co. D.B.MoSherry &Co. J. -W. Stoddard &Co. Barney & Smith Lansinc ............ E.E. Barney .. Tennessee Ohio ....do ....do ... do ....do ....do ....do .-.do do TWi'cTiigun TV.J.Beal West Virginia.... Pennsylvania ...do Grafton C.G.Pringle Chester county ....do F.P.Sharples do fl. Asimina triloha Missouri Merameo river, Jef- ferson connty. Cumberland river -- Bay Biscayne G. W. Letterman ... A. Gattinger Allnvini 0.169 0.086 0.240 Papamo. Outtard Apple. Tennessee morida ....do 10. Anona lanrifolia A, H. Curtiss 47 Pond Apple. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPEOIMElirS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 BFBCIVIC OEAvrrr dbtbbhinations. ABH DBTEEMIKATIOKB. Weight, per cnbio foot, in pounds " (average). Eemarkg. i Slrst. Second. Third. Average. FiTBt. Second. Average. 6.6040 0.6084 6.6012 0.4399 0.4662 0.4215 0.6065 0.4096 0.5875 0.5468 0.S787 0.6067 0.4606 0.6430 0.4976 0.4602 0.3843 0.8831 0.3798 0.4475 0.4512 0.4362 0.4436 0. 8774 0.4763 0.4444 0.4199 0.8549 0.4259 0.4012 0.6680 0.6037 0.5413 0.6360 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.24 4.94 0.65 0.53 0.26 0.63 39.63 346 0.5035 0.47 31.38 854 0. 6213 0.4399 0.4562 0.4215 0.5061 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 246 261> 261' 261i 0.5058 0.4184 0.4869 0.5534 0.4101 0.33 0.30 634 \ Third sp. gr. detenuinAtion made on sftp-wood ; fourtli ap. gr. determinatloxi, 0.4175. All sap-wood - 0.4690 0.29 29.28 0.4139 0.32 25.79 1178 0. 5117 0.S501 0.32 0.39 22 0.34 682 0.5309 0.36 33.00 0.3787 0.5067 0.4606 0.19 0.18 0.24 2661 Growth rapid; 0.5 sap-wood ..........................-->-■>•--• 266> 266' 0.44S7 0.20 27.96 0.5430 0.4976 0.4602 0.25 0.27 0.33 260> 260> AU sap-wood « 260' 0.6003 0.28 31.18 0. 3843 0. 3807 0.3792 0.4418 0.4477 0.4256 0.4493 0.3774 0.4793 0.4427 0.4455 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.21 0.18 138 0. 3783 0. 3787 0.4361 0.4442 0.4150 0.4551 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.30 4.79 165 Yellow poplar (soft) 174 177 178 187 188 895 0.4822 0.4409 0.47J2 0. 3810 818 1281 Yellow DODlor ............................_...............- 1282 0.4230 0.23 26.36 0. 3679 0.4259 0.15 0.27 211 332 0. 5199 0.5048 0.3969 0.21 24.74 0. 5063 4.86 31.49 479 268 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPEOIPIO GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. CAPPAIUDACE.a;. 11. Capparis JamaioenBis CAlTELLACEiE. 12, Canellaalba yrnte Wood. CKmawmon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. T£BNST£(EMIACE^. 1 (. Gordonia Lasianthns LohloUy Say. Tan Bay. STBECULIAeE.a!. 16. Eremontia Calif omica Slippery El/m. TIL1A.CEM. 17. Tilia Americana JAmeTne. BaiaWood. American Lin- dm. Ziin. Bet Tree. 17. Tilia Americana, nor. pnbescens. 18. TffiaheterophyUa White Bam Wood. Wahoo. MALFIGHIACE.ffi. 19. Bneonima Inclda IdtUmierry. OUmiberry. ZYGOPB.TLLACMM. 20. Gnaiaonm sanctnm . LigwumrVitiB, 21. Poilieia angnstifolia .... KUTACE.a;. 22. Xanthoxylom Americannm .... Pnekly A.ah. Xoothaehe Free. 477 118S 1131 236 4U 1230 2 124 252 316 1039 745 285> 28S« 320 510 1113 1117 1190 476 1133 947 State. Florida . ...do... .do. .do. South Carolina ...do California . MasBaehiiBettfi . Miohigan MiSBonri Michigan Maflsachnsettfl Georgia. Xentncky . ...do ...do Tennessee . Florida . ..do... ...do... ...do... .do. .do. .do. Texas . Missouri. . Michigan . Locality. Te^. ..do .. trmhrellaEey . Elliott's Key... Bonnean's Depot . . Aiken San Bemardino mountains. Arnold Arhoretnm . Big Bapids Allen ton Hersey DanTeis Bainbridge . Cliffs Eientncky river Mercer county ...do Cumberland river Boca Chica Eey . D'o.NameKey ... Boca Chica Key . NcNameKey ... Upper Metaoombe Key. Elliott's Eey. San Antonio . Allenton. Lansing . Collector. A. E. CurtisB . ...do .do. -do. H. "W. Eavenel . ...do C. G. Fringle . C. S. feargent W. J.Beal G. W. Letterman. "W. J. Beal jr.'Bobinson A. S. CurtisB. ■W. M. Linney . ...do ...do A. Gattinger . . A. H. CurtisB. ...do ...do ...do ...do Department of Ag- riculture. A.H.CartidB C. Mohr G. TV. Letterman W. J.Beal SoiL Coral . ...do. .do . .do. Wet pine-barren. Swampy Drift Gravelly Alluvial Bichloam ... Moist gravel. Low. Limestone . ...do ...do Alluvial ... Coral . ...do . ...do. ...do . .do. Coral. Limestone . Alluvial . ...do.... Diameter of tree, in meters. 0. 098 0.620 0.120 0.330 0.470 0.270 0.330 0.800 0.080 0.074 0.178 0.056 0.087 0.066 LAYEBB OF OEOWTH. wood. 34 17 5 22 28 21 19 18 31 Heart- wood. 14 25 73 36 12 55 9 23 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 269 SPBCIPIO OEAvnr DETEHMDJAXIOIIS. ABU DETEBMINATIOfie. "Weiglitiper cubic foot, in poonds (average). Remarks. i a 1 o First. Second. Third. Average. rirst. Second. Average. 0. 6680 0.7272 0.9570 1.0390 \' 0.3862 0. 5146 0.6995 0.4626 0.3815 ; 0. 5035 0. 5166 0.4272 ] ( 0. 4103 i i 0. 4087 0.4927 1 0.3791 1 0. 3674 ( 0.4695 1 0. 5257 I 0.5909 0. 5681 1 0.6009 1.1845 1.2736 1. 0997 > 1. 1230 0. 6122 0.6235 0. 6609 0.7315 0. 959^ 1.0017 0. 4659 0. 5255 0.7288 0.4722 0. 6649 0. 7293 5.60 3.82 'o.75 2.66 0.49 1.02 1.51 0.30 0.32 0.97 0.55 0.42 C 0.68 ( 0.62 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.48 2.84 2.40 2.76 1.94 0.87 0.51 0.86 0.53 0.60 0.54 5.77 3.88 0.95 2.65 0.44 1.08 1.86 0.33 0.38 1.08 0.64 0.48 0.671 0.64 J 5.68 3.85 < 477 1186 0.6971 4.76 43.44 0.9582 1. 0203 0.86 2.66 499 1181 0.9893 1.75 61.65 0.4255 0. 5201 0.47 1.05 236 * 414 0.4728 0.76 29.47 0. 7142 1.69 44.51 1280 0.4674 0. 3815 0. 4706 0. 5166 0.4266 0.31 0.35 1.02 0.60 0.45 3 124 0.4378 252 All sap-wood • - 316 0. 4163 0.3885| 0.4220$ 0.4362 1039 0. 4525 0.55 28.20 0.4074 0.65 25.39 745 Second ffrowth, - - 0.4927 0.3791 0.3674 0.4620 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.60 285< 285< 286' 0.4545 0. 5360 0. 6783 0.5791 0.5964 1.2180 L1700 1.0998 1.4)843 0. 5969 a 5290 0.53 2.85 1.94 2.56 2.40 0.92 0.81 0.94 0.49 0.58 0.55 320 0.4253 0.62 26.51 0. 5308 0.6478 0.5782 0.5987 2.85 2.17 2.66 2.17 510 0.6743 0.5875 1113 1119 1190 0.9563 0.5888 2.46 36.69 1. 1196 1. 2218 1.0882 0.90 0.66 0.90 476 Second ep. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap>wood 898 1.0652 1.1230 1188 1.1432 0.82 71.24 1. UOl 0.51 69.18 947 0.6045 0. 5362 0.59 0.54 80 392 0.6654 0.57 35.23 270 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT 1 Diameter LATIBS OF QBOWTB. Species. State. Irooality. Collector. SoiL of tree, in 1 1 1 meters. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 736 807 noiida Chattahoo6hee Cmnberland island A,H.Curti8S do Toothache Tree. PrieUuAih. SeaAih. Pepper Wood. WOd Orange. Georgia 1086 Texas Palestine C.Mohr Damp, sandy Dry, caicareons... Coral . 0.852 20 10 28. Xttnthoxyltim ClaTa-HerooUB, var. fm- tiooBnm - -- 938 ....do Austin do . . 098 33 24. Xanthoxylnm Caribsnm . ........... 1109 1140 Florida Bahia Honda Key... ....do A.H.Cnrti8S ....do Satin Wood. ....do ....do 0.136 4 2B. Xanthoxylum Ftevota 481 950 1128 ....4o..... Bay Biscajne Matagorda bay Bay Biscayne A.H.Ciirtiss C.Mohr Coral . WOdlflme. Texas Calcareous ........ Florida ' A. H. Curtiss Coral - 84 13 31 ■m PM^t'^follfttc . 768 do f ....do .. .. Calcareous 0.94 23 ITini Tree. Shrubby TrtfoU. Wafer 27. Caootia bolocantba 1228 ■Wiokenbnrg C.G.Pringle SIlLillUBKa!. 28. Simaraba glanca 487 Florida BayBisoayne A.H.GnrtlS8 Coral PorodtM Tree. ; BITBSEBACE.S;. 1 29. Eursera firommifera 462 803 ....do Upper Metaoombe ....do do .. OvmSUtai. GtmboLimio. Weit In- dian Bireh. ....do Department of Ag- ncnltore. 30. AjnyriB sylratioa ' 475 ....do tTpper Metacombe Key. A.H.Cnrtl8s Coral 0.128 61 Torch Wood. ■UTET.TAITRSr. 81. Swietenia Mabogonl 452 ....do ....do...:. do 0.228 16 81 Maihogany. Madeira. OLACINE.ffi!. 82. Xinumia AtnoTinana ..... 472 1134 ....do ....do do 0.112 3 43 Wm Lime. Tallow Nut. Bog Flium. Moviatain Plum. ....do '.. TTmbrella Key ...... ....do do . IZlCmBM. ! 280 902 South Carolina ....do Waverly Mills ■W.St. J.Mazyok... Department of Ag. liOQltnre. Sandy loam 0.144 35 American SoViy. 34. BexDahoon 484 Florida ........ Bay Bisca^e A.H.Cnrti88 Low, damp 0.128 29 Dahoon. Dahoon Holly. 84. Hex Dahoon, for. myrtifolia 802 ....do JaoksonTille do do 0.141 2« THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UOTTED STATES— Continued. 271 BFECIFIC QBAVni PBI^BMQIATIOSB. ARH DETEBMIXATIOKB. "Weight, per onbio foot, in pounds (average). J TiTBt. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0.5139 0.4880 0.5392 0. 6139 0. R,'i98 0.9090 0.7480 0.5807 0.9000 0.8238 0.84«4 0.4100 0.20VV 0.2823 1.0469 6.73SS 0.8799 0.9838 0.(046 0.5S24 0.4781 0.5886 0.5002 0.4772 0.6153 0.5733 0.8965 0. 9275 0. 7666 0.5775 0.8949 0.8400 0.7305 0.4172 0.2488 0.4022 1.0450 0.7464 0. 8926 0.9505 0.6624 0.5078 0.4820 0.5860 0.5070 0.4826 0. 6272 0.92 0.68 0.90 0.76 1.59 2.34 0.90 0.63 0.69 0.34 6.13 0.93 2.05 2.10 0.66 1.06 0.66 0.84 0.71 1.04 0.94 0.95 0.91 0.65 0.84 0.76 2.01 2.15 1.00 0.59 0.89 0.27 4.54 0.92 1.91 2.07 0.51 1.U 0.69 0.82 0.65 0.71 0.88 0.84 0.91 0.67 0.87 7S» 807 1086 0.6030 0.5056 0.82 31.51 0.5967 0.76 37.19 918 0.8782 0.9222 1.80 2.25 1108 0. 9302 1140 0.9002 2.02 56.10 0.7573 0. 5791 0. 8968 0.96 0.61 0.79 481 9S0 e.8965 1128 0.7444 0.78 46.39 0.8319 0.30 51.84 768 0. 6885 5.33 42.91 1228 0.4136 0.93 25.78 487 0.2587 0.2584 0.3423 1.98 3.09 4W 90t 0. 3003 2.04 18.71 1.0459 0.69 65.18 4711 0.7047 0.7282 1.09 45.38 4ec 0.8862 0. 9531 0.62 0.83 471 0.9249 IIM 0.9196 0.73 57.81 0.6335 0.6301 0.^ 0.88 MO fOS 0,5818 0.76 36.26 0.4806 0.91 28.95 4S4 0.5878 0.90 36.60 •H 272 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT . '-l-TTTT-. ■ ■-=■!. ■ — - . 'Jj.; :_.=j:Sl_..' , _,■=: i LATEBS OF Diameter GBOWTH. Species. n State. LocaHty. Collector. Sou. of tree, in S meters. Sap- wood. Heart, wood. 35 Hex Cassine ^ 345. Cottage Kill ........ C.Mohr Sandy 0.076 17 Ocutena. Tcmvon. Topm. Matagorda liay C.Mohr Light 56 1 ' 835 Dallas 753 A. H. CortisB Clay 0.086 33 945 C.Mohr Alluvial CTEILLACB^. 37. C-TTilla Tiweimflora . 341 do Samp, sandy Low 0.195 Iron Wood. 616 Ogeechee river Cottage Hill 38. Cliftonia ligustrma 338 C.Mohr •Wet 0.194 47 TiU. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tree. CELASTEACE.a!. 63 1078 G.^. Letterman... do Alluvial Burning JSush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. do . . ....do ;.... ....do 0.092 22 40. Mvpindft ■pftllfliiR ... ... 1188 Florida TTmbrellaKey Upper Metacombe do A. H. Curtiss Calcareous .... 478 1201 ....do do Coral 0.130 71 XeUow Wood. Box Wood. ....do ....do ....do EHAMN AC 'EM . 42 Bevnosia latifblia 454 do . do do do 0.112 7 S2 Med Iron Wood, Darling Plum. 460 ... do ....do ....do do 0.166 22 56 Black Iron Wood. 941 New Brannfels C. Mohr Dry, calcareous... 0.100 5 36 Blue Wood. Logwood, Pwrple Saw. 43 521 803 1094 ©.■W. Letterman ... A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss T.B. Kitchens Indian Cherry Tennessee Florida IfasliTille ....do Saint John's river .. Jonesboro' Eich hummock . . . 0.108 0.059 19 14 10 . Arkansas 1256 C.G.Prlngle > ains. 993 G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shittim Wood. 1101 California 0.090 U f Blue MyrUe. , THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 273 / SPECIFIC GKAVITJ DETEUMINATIOKS. ASH DETEEMINATIOXS. "Weight, per cubic lo 274' 0.50 1.02 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.42 0.27 0.25 0.42 0.49 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 1.22 1.30 0.57 0.51 399 440 0. 7165 767 1167 0. 0015 0.71 43.09 0.-5072 0.4844 0. 4911 0. 6251 0.32 0.3L 0.41 0.28 103 307 448 0. 0344 1052 0.5269 0.33 32.84 0. 6803 0. 5917 0. 5400 0. 6433 0. 6273 0.23 0.43 0.49 0.33 0.35 20 530 0. 6601 0. 6406 0.0200 743 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood ...... 878 1048 0. 6178 0.37 38.50 0. 5503 0.5355 0.31 0.36 0.34 1239 1240 0. 4288 0.4474 0.4856 0. 6393 1 0. 5459 34.02 0.4310 0.4340 0.99 1.16 290 811 0.4328 1.07 20.97 0. 4821 0.54 30.04 645 0. 6080 0.0425 0.60 40.04 11T8 278 FOEEST TEEES OF NOETH AMEEICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEB CUBIC FOOT 7fl. Bhns typhina Staghom Sumach. 71. Kilns eopaUina ... Dwarf Swmaeh. 71. BhHS copallina., var. lanceolata . 72. Bhofi venenata Pofton Sumach. Poison Mder. 73. Elius Metopium PoiBon Wood. Coral Sumach. Mount- ain Manehvneel. Jium Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Qum. LEGUMIifOS.aS. 76. Bysenhardila orttooarpa . . . 76. Dalea splnosa. 7T. Bobinia Faeudacaola Iioaut. ' Black Loeutt, Yellow Locust. 1 158 1060 70 610 736 State. Vermont Massaclinjsetts . 876 1037 1041 467 78. Bobinia viscosa . . . OUnrnny Locual. 71). Bobinia Veo-Mezioana . ^ Locuatt 80. OIneyaTesota Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierro. 81. FiaoidJaEiythrina... Jamaica Dogwood. Si. Cladrastls tinotOTia YellowWood, TeUowAih. OopherWood. 81. Bophora seonndiflora . PrigoiUo. 1079 405 441 815 845 1061 1031 Mls»ouri . treorgia. . rioiida . . Texas Hassadmsetts ...do ...do Locality. Kinesburgh. Danvers Allenton Lower Altamaha river. Chattahoocbee river. Dallas . Danvers J. Bobinson Collector. C.G.Pringle. J. Bobinson. . Gr. W. Letterman . A. H. Cnrtiss ...do J. Beverchon . do . .do. riorida . Arizona . Califoraia.. Tennessee West Virginia . . Hassachnsetts. . . ... do . Colorado. 33 439 California. Florida . Kentucky . Tennessee . Texas . Tipper Metacombo Key. Santa Kita monnt- ains. Agna Calieute. Chailestown Navy. yard. !N"aBbville Grafton.. Danveps . .do . Trinidad. Lower Colorado valloy. Upper Metacorabe Mercer county - I^'asbvillo New Braunfels . .do. .do. A. H. Curtiss . 0. G. Pringle. Pari-sb Brothers . S. n. Pook . . . A. Gattin;;cr C. G. Pringlo . J. Bobinson . . .do. W. B. Strong . Soil. Gravelly. ...do..... Moist limestone. Dry.clay ...do Dry, gravelly . "Wet, swampy. .do . do. Coral . Dry, rocky]., Di-y. .s:indy.. G. Engelmanu and C.S. Savgont. A. n. Curtiss.. W. M. Liuuey . A. Gattinger . , C. Mohr . Lirao&tone . Gravelly. Loam . Low, moist . Dry, gravelly Coral . Limestone , Alluvial . . . Limestono . Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.120 0.175 LAYEBB OP GUOWTH. Sap- wood. 0.070 0.085 0.067 0.222 0.184 Heart, wood. 34 19 20 16 27 39 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OE THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 279 BPBCIFIC OHAVITT DBTEBMINATIOKB. ABH DETBBUINATIOKS. ■Weight, per cubic foot, in poanda (average). Remarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. FiiBt. Second. Average. s i 0. 4476 ( 0.4079 ( 0.3912 0.4997 0.5478 0.5472 0. 5131 ( 0.4383 ( 0. 4192 C 0.4365 \ 0.4535 0. 4259 0.8106 0.8601 { 0. 5714 I 0.5285 0. 7550 0.7908 0.6490 0. 7410 ( 0. 8130 ( 0. 7942 0. 7988 ( 0. 8953 ( 1. 1542 0.8779 0. 6072 0.6277 1.0310 0. 4593 0.48551 0. 3869 3 0.6080 0.5579 0.4910 0. 5236 0.4362 0.4368 0.4322 0.4449 0.4511 0.7728 0.8884 0.5904 0. 5241 0. 7904 0. 4535 0. 4179 0.43 0.52 0.02 0.63 0.55 0.89 0.90 0.49 0.50 2.31 ] 29 3.41 0.22 1.26 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.62 I 1.85 { 2.75 3.42 0.21 0.39 1.44 0.54 0.52 0.62 0.50 0.00 0.80 0.88 0.49 0.60 2.47 1.23 4.68 0.26 1.12 0.49 0.52 ]» low ■ 0. 4357 0.50 27.15 0. 5039 0. 5529 0. 0250 0.62 0.60 0.67 70 eio 0.5367 ■ras ' 0.5273 0.60 32.86 0.5184 0.85 32.31 33» 0. 4326 0. 4418 0.4403 0.89 0.49 0.55 8T6 ( IDST 0.4440 i i IftU ! 0. 4382 0.64 27.31 0.7917 2.39 49.34 4sr 0.8646 0. 8740 1.28 54.47 1147 First, second, and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap- wood; fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-wood. 0. 5536 4.04 34.50 107» ' 0. 7727 0. 7908 0. 6439 0. 7259 0.24 1.19 0.35 0.24 405 441 0. 6387 0.7279 0. 80171 0.8287> 0.7855 0. 9600 1 1. 1542 J 0.8689 0.6485 815 0.7087 0.25 0.19 0.58 2.151 2.43) 3.34 0.17 i 86 1.74 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cultivated - 0. 125 sap-wood. Cnltivated '. 845 0.7333 0.51 45.70 0.8094 0.20 50.44 ura 6.8258 1. 1374 0. 8034 0.60 50.07 ion 1. 0602 2.29 06.07 ^ 0. 8734 3.38 51.43 sot 0. 0278 0. 6277 0.19 0.38 s 4Z» 0.9890 0.9325 First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wooil ... 0. 0278 0.28 39.12 0.9842 1.59 01.34 ; MS 280 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFICf GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. a State. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYBliS OF GUOWTH. Sap. ■wood. Heari- vrood. 84. Sophora affinis . . . 329 932 2S6 402 519 531 444 760 678 1258 829 1208 59 436 1089 1090 1091 1142 561 690 680 • 927 600 658 993 1224 1222 Texas Dallas J.Eeverchon C. Mohr Dry, calcareous... do 0.084 10 16 ! ... do Missouri -..-- do G. W. Letterman . . . do Kentucky Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut. do Alluvial Tennessee Missouri ...do NasliTille A. Gattinger G. W. Letterman ... do 86. Gleditachia triacanthos • Honey Locust. Slack Locuit, Three- .. do .do Honey Shucks. Tennessee Florida Arizona Nashville A. Gattinger A.H.Curtiss G. Engelra.inn and C. S. Sargent. C. G. Pringle Dry, sandy Tjarren Alluvial 87. Gleditscbia luoiiospcrma Chattaliooclice river. Lower Colorado river. Valley of the Gila nvor. 0.294 21 26 Water Locust. 83. PnrMnsonia Torreyana Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde. ....do -■ 90. Parkinsonia aculeata riorlda Department of Ag- riculture. S. B. Buckley Texas Austin 91. Ccrcis CauadeDsia Missouri AUeuton G. W. Letterman A. Gattinger G.W. Letterman.... ....do 0.2GO 5 35 ICedbud. Judas Tree. Tennessee Missouri Nashville AUenton Rich ....do ...do .,..do ...do ....do ... do ..do 92. Cercis reniformia Texas Austin S.B. Buckley B.L.Baldridge C. S. Sargent Hedbud. 93. Prosopis juliflora Fort Stockton Mesquit. Algaxaba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. ...do ... do ....do Texas C.Molir 04. Presopis pubescons California Fort Xuma G. lingelmann and C. S. Sargent. Screw Bean. Screw-pod MesqwU. Tor- niUa. .-..do ...do ....do ...do do . 0.064 8 95. Loiicfcna glauca Lampasas mountains 96. Leuca?na pulverulenta Texas ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. BPECIPIC CBAVITT DETBKMDIATIOKS. Krst. 0.8019 0.8540 0. 6700 0. G063 0. 7305 0. 7330 0.6418 0. 6528 0. 7500 0. 6330 0. 7176 0. 6325 0.5848 0. 6104 0. 7098 0.6254 0.6493 0.6009 0.7392 0.777-J 0.7527 0. 7237 0.0265 e.««55 Second. 0. 8161 0. 9316 0.6786 0. 7359 0. 6275 0.7245 0. 6732 0.7722 0.5908 0. 6070 0. 5959 0.6081 0. 6417 .0. 7645 0.8322 0.8664 0.7137 0. 6997 0.7247 0.7726 0.7478 0.7620 0. 7910 0.7930 0. 7278 0.9205 a680:i Third. 0. 7272 0.6167 0. 7502 0.7587 Average. 0. 8090 0. 8928 0. 8509 0.6743 0. 6663 0.7395 0. 6934 0. 7345 0.6346 0. 0528 0. 6740 0. 7342 0. 6531 ASH DETEBMIilATIONS. First. Second. i A. verage. 0.7449 0. 6325 0. 5908 0.6110 0. 7098 0.6107 0. 6289 0.6213 0.6363 0. 7513 0. 8493 0. 7067 0. 74S7 0.7562 0. 7652 0.7841 0.7729 0. 7258 0.7609 0.6732 0.42 1.04 0.70 0.45 0.98 0.55 0.69 1.29 2.32 2.17 0.59 0.67 0.80 0.82 0.67 0.76 3.35 1.67 1.45 2.09 1.02 0.91 0.95 3.27 0.90 0.34 1.13 0.57 0.50 0.82 0.98 0.79 3.08 2.26 2.51 0.66 0. 07 0.77 0.74 0.84 0.77 2.69 L71 2.49 2.0O 0.98 0.90 3.31 1.13 0.38 1.09 0.73 0.64 0.48 0.90 0.67 0.58 0.69 1.14 0.80 "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 1.12 3.64 2.29 2.34 0.58 0.67 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.72 0.77 3.02 1.69 1.97 2.05 2.18 1.00 0.91 0.95 0.95 53.03 43.21 42.00 40.70 38.11 39.65 Hemarks. 0.25 sap-wood . 0.5 sap-wood. . ITingfc sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.. . Second sp. gr. determination made on sap wood. 46.82 47.13 1. 01 1 41. 95 281 First and second sp. gr. deteiminations made on half sap wood . Koot . 0. 05 sap-wood Dead tree ; 0.75 sap-wood. All sap-wood , All sap-wood 1-224 1222 282 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 97. AcaoiaWriglitii. Cat's Claw. Acacia Grreggii . Cat's Claw. 100. Ly^oma latisillqna . WUdTannarind. 101. Pltheeolobium Unguia-eati . Cat's OUmi. EOSACE.ffi;. 102. Chrysobalaiitis Icaco . Cocoa Plum. 103. Pnuius Americana Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum, 304. Prunns aiigustifoiia Chiekasam Plum. Hog Plum. 105. Prunus PennBylvanica Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. lOfi. Pranns nmbrllata . Sloe. Slack Sloe. 107. PiannaemaTginata, oar. mollis. 108. Pmnus serotina Wild Black Cherry. Mum Cherry. 169. Prrmns Capali. wad Cherry. 509 1112 465 1108 480 08 220 334 435 233 15 108 115 127 148 198 317 3G8 40G 725 763 1053 294 418 State. Texas Arizona . ;. do..- ...do.... Florida . ....do... do. do. . . .do . Missouri.. Vermont Texas Tennessee . Vermont. - . Georgia Washington ter- ritory. Massachusetts . . . Vermont Michigan Missouri Illinois Ohio Michigan Vermont Virginia or Mid- dle stated. Pennsylvania Florida Massachusetts . New Mexico . ...do Locality. Austin Santa Bita mount- ains. ...do Clifton. Boca Chioa Key . Key Largo ler Metacombe ey. Bahai Honda Key .. Upper Key. Collector. S. B. Buckley . Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do B. L. Greene . A, H. Cnrtiss . ...do .do. .do. Bay Biscayne ' A. H. Curtisa . Soil. Dry, gravelly. ...do Coral . ...do . .do. do. AUenton G. "W. Lettermau Charlotte C. G. Prlngle - . . Dallas J. Eevorchon Nashville A. Gattinger Charlotte . AltamLiha river Wilkeson. Eoxbury. .. Charlotte . , Dansvillo . . AUenton — Waukegan . Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Hersey Charlotte Chaiiestown Navy- yard. Williameport Chattahoochee river. Topsfield Pinos Altos mount- ains. ...do , C.G. J: .agio A. n. Curtiss G. Engelmaun and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent C.G.Pringle W. J. Beal G. "W. Lettermau . . . ILDonglus E. E. Barney W.J.Beal C.G.Pringle S.H.Pook C.G.Pringle A. H. Curtiss J. Kobinson E. L. Greene . ...do Swampy . Ilich uplands . Gravelly Kioh liiver bluff ..- Cold, gravelly. Clay. Low, rich . . Gravelly... --.do -- do Hich loam . Gravelly... Eich Gravelly. Clay Gravelly . Alluvial . ...do.-.. Diameter of tree, meters. LAYKBS OF QKOWTH. Sap- wood. 0.202 Heart, ■wood. 14 0.100 29 0.205 0.218 0.320 0.238 15 11 24 31 48 33 12 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 28a SPKCIFIC GBAVITT DBTEEMIUATIOKS. ASH DETEEMINATIOXS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. J First. Second. TUrd. Average. First. Second. Average. s 0.9380 0. 8703 0. 8162 0. 8558 0. 6083 0. 6901 0.8829 0. 8885 0.7290 0. 6750 0. 7033 0.7870 0. 0075 0.5014 0. 8162 0. 4310 0. 7047 0. 5525 0. 5809 0.6730 0.0473 0. 5675 0. 6373 0. 5131 0. 4680 0. 5734 0. 5755 0.6833 0. 7282 0.8450 0.9404 0. 9392 0.68 0.68 0.95 1.00 2.00 1.98 2.48 3.00 0.87 0.11 0.17 0.33 0.28 0.36 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.00 0.09 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.28 0.57 0.89 0.63 58.53 1209' 0.8703 0. 8389 0. 8358 0.79 0.95 1.00 593 0. 8616 697 893 0. 5663 0. 7139 0. 8349 1. 0135 0. 8129 0. 6745 0. 6800 0. 8079 0. 7092 0. 5031 • 0.8242 0. 4694 0. 7079 0. 5539 0.4832 0. 6235 0. 0508 0. 5650 0. 5186 0. 5351 2.44 2.07 2.25 2.09 0.87 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.43 0.10 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.34 0.17 0.12 0.20 0. 8550 O.Sl 53.28 0.5848 0. 0987 2.22 2.03 509 0. 6901 1112 0.6418 2.12 40.00 0.8589 0. 9510 2.37 2.55 465 1108 0.9049 2.46 56.39 0. 7709 0.87 48.04 480 0. 6748 0. 0918 0. 7978 0.10 0.19 0.27 68 220 334 0. 7215 0.18 44.96 0.6884 0.28 42.90 435 0.5023 0.10 31.30 233 • 0. 8202 0.12 51.11 006 0. 4502 0.21 28.06 908 0. 706J 0. 5532 0. 5321 0. 6480 0. 6491 0. 5007 0. 52S0 0.5241 0. 4080 0. 6756 0. 5488 0. 0837 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.16 15 IOC 115 127 148 108 317 308 406 0. 5777 0. 5221 0. 6857 0.0940 0. 8837 72B 703 0. 0880 ^ 1053 0. S822 0.15 36.28 0.7111 , 0.8048 ' 0.14 0.27 294 418 0.7879 0.20 49.10 -284 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. I o "110. Prunus demissa . Wild Cherry. ill. Prunns CaTaliniana Wild Oramge. Mock Orange. Wild Peaeh. "112. Pninua aphseiooarpa . J13. Pruuus ilicifolia . Isla;/. .114. VanquelinlaTorreyi. '.115. Cercocarpusledifolius.. Mountain Mahogany. Hi. Cercoearpus parvifolins . Mountain Mahogany. ) 17. Pyms eoronaria American Orab. Sweet-scented Crab. 118. Fyrus angnstifolia American, Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple. 110. Pyrns rivnlaris Oregon Orab Apple. 120. Pyms Amoricaua. Mountain Ask. .121. Pj-rna sambucifolia . , Mountain Ash. "122. Crataegus rivalaris . . 123. Crataegus DongUuii . 124. Crattegaa brachyacantha . Soge' Bow. .:125. Crafceegus arboreacens . 637 M9 806 916 1032 1062 1217 State. California. 8P3 S04 823 808 1087 1088 313 214 365 4U) 885 926 3631 363« 607 Alaljama . Florida . . . ...do ...do Texas Locality. Florida - California . Arizona . Utah . California. Dela'VFare Pennsylvania. .. do Strawberry valley . . Mobile JacksonTille Chattahoochee. JacTvSonville. . . Victoria Collector. Edge of Everglades, Santa Cruz Santa Bita mount- ains. City Creek cafion.. Siskiyou county. Kianiensi - Nazareth . ...do G. Engetoann and Low, rich. C. S. Sargent. Soil. C. itohr A. H. Curtiss . C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss. C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss C.L.Anderson. C. G.Prlngle. M. E. Jones . Department of Ag- riculture. G. Engelmann and C. S.Bargent. Sandy ...do ....... Alluvial Sandy Kich, moist . Kocky . Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.171 0.202 0.180 Eooky . South Carolina... Oregon . Vermont. .. do do . Utah Oregon Louisiana. South Carolina ....do Georgia , Aiken - Portland . Charlotte Huntingdon . Mount Mansfield . . City Creek caSon . . Cascades of the Co- lumbia river. Wehster parish Aiken . ...do Ogecchee . W. M. Canhy . J.Henry ...do H. W. Eavenel. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. G. Pringle. .-.do do. M.E. Jones . G. Eu;:elinanQ and C. S. Sargent. C. Mohr . n. AV. Kavencl. ...do A. H. Curtiss . Clay.. Moist - ..-.do- Kich, damp . Eich hills... Gravelly . ...do.... .do . ...do. Eich . . Clay.. Eich.. ...do . Low .. 0.206 LAYKItS OP GliOWTH. Sap. wood. 0.062 0.130 0.186 0.106 0.0G4 0.200 a 168 20 Heart- wood. 25 14 46 61 50 34 27 13 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contioued. 285- SPECIFIC GUAVITT DETEKMINATIOKS. ASH DETEKMIKATIOXS. "Weiglit.per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. fi4 .a a First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 2 m o 0. 7026 0. 0515 0. 8874 0.7706 0. BCSO 0. 0030 0. 0002 0. 0885 1. 1340 1. 0008 1.0060 0.0305 0. 6973 0.6640 0. 7402 0. 6045 0. 8266 0.5345 0.6512 0.5893 0. 7672 0. 7025 0. 8760 < 0. 6360 ( 0. 6093 0. 6203 0.6934 0. 0937 0. 9855 0. 8227 0.7797 0. 8721 0. S610 0. 8934 0. 9720 1. 1408 1. 0332 1. 1080 0.6890 0. 6951 O.Dl 0.32 0.39 1 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.97 0.80 1.44 1.27 1.09 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.49 0.33 0.41 0.98 0.66 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.37 0.03 0.38 0.02 0.48 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.43 0.76 0.76 1.46 1.12 0.69 0.50 43.32 63T V 0. 9685 0. 8472 0.7783 0.8691 0. 8810 0.33 0.38 0,44 0.48 0.43 549* 0.8314 , 016- 0. 8790 1062' 0. 8088 0.41 54.14 0.8998 0.87 56.07 J 0.9803 0.78 61.09 . 1.1374 1.45 70.88 1152* 1.0400 0.125 Bap-vood 1.0447 1. 1015 1.19 0.89 883 1.0731 1.04 66.87 0. 9365 0.45 58.36 0.7228 0. 6762 0.7260 0. 6845 0. 8360 0. 6429 0.5416 0.5963 0. 7734 0. 0928 0. 0835 0.62301 0.0225$ 0. 6600 0. 6699 0. 7320 0.6788 0. 7057 0.48 0.38 0.75 0.33 0.41 1.23 0.66 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.40 0.70 0. 7174 0. 6730 0. 7240 0.50 0.44 0.02 808- 1087" 1088- 0. 7048 0.52 43.92 0. 6895 0.33 42.97 0. 8316 0.41 51.82 1002" 0.5639 0.5433 0.6464 1.11 0.00 214 Sap-wood 0.5451 0.83 33.97 0. 5928 0.35 36.94 410 0. 7703 0.35 48.00 885 0. 6898 0. 6950 0.33 43.31 099 0. 6703 0.42 0.67 0.38 0.05 42.33 O'^O 0.6228 0. 6t27 0.6817 363* 303* 0.68 0. 0491 0.67 40.45 286 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 126. CratiegnB Cma-golli OoetSpur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. 127. CratsBgns coooiuea Scarlet Saw. Bed Saw. White Thorn. 128. Crattegns sabvillosEi . Scarlet Saw. 120. Crattegns tomentosa Black Thorn. Pear Saw. 180. Ciattegns cordata. . Maim WaSanglon Thorn. tSt. Cratsegns apUfoUa Parsley Saw. 132. Criitsgns spathnlata . SmaWfrmted Saw. 134. Crataegns rosti valla May Saw. Apple Saiw. 136. CratiBgns flava Swmmer Saw, TeUovi Saw. 135. Crataegus flava, van pabescens. Summer Saw. lied Saw. 136. Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon. ToUon. California SoUy. 457. Amelanchier Canadensis Juneberry. Shad Bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACB.a!. 188. Hamamelis Yirglnica . Witch Sazel. 129. liiqnidambar St.yra«iflaa Sweet Qum. Star-leaved Gum,. Liquid; amter. Bed Oum. Bilated. 1 328 1093 049 1081 164 426 447 769 800 614 239 301 S69 State. Masaaoliusetts Missouri Vermont. Texas ... Missouri Vermont. . . Tennessee . 1160 241 ...do... Florida . South Carolina. . Georgia Soufcb Caroliua. . ...do ... Florida . .do . California. Vermont Kentucky Massachusetts . . . 867 ....do. 87S 1259 646 1095 1173 1181 ....do Tennessee . Iiooallty. BrooWine. Allenton.. Monkton . Victoria Saint Louia . Charlotte C. G. Pringle . Hasbville A. Sattinger. . ...do.r Chattahoochee. Aiken Ogeechee rivar . Bonneau's Depot. Aiken .. Tampa . Aspalaga . Santa Cruz . Charlotte Brnmfield Station. Danvers Beverly. Danvers . . Montvale . Collector. iT. Boblnson G. W. Letterman C.G. Pringle. C. Mohr . ...do A. H. Curtiss . H. TV. Eavenel . A. H. Curtiss .. H. W. Eavenel. ...do A. H. Curtiss ■ .do. Alabama Kemper's mill Arkansas Little Bock Ne-w Jersey Mount Holly Mississippi ' Tazoo Elver bottom . C. L. Anderson . C.G. Pringle.. ■W. M. Linney. tT. Eoblnson... .do. ...do A. H. Curtiss . C.Mohr G.W. Letterman. S. P. Sharpies E. Abbey Soil. Loam Low, wet. Gravelly. Alluvial. 0.180 H.Eggert 0.106 Clay Limestone . Low Alluvial. Blob, damp . Low Damp, rich . Dry, fertile . Sandy Dry clay. Gravelly Waverly shale . Loam Eooky . ...do.. Bich, alluvial . Clay Alluvial , Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.180 LATEE8 OF GBOWTH. Sap- wood. 0.080 0.880 0.224 0.112 0.184 0.140 0.190 0.208 61 27 38 58 44 21 34 43 Heart wood. 21 17 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 237 1 SPECIFIC GBAVITT DETKKMINATIONB. ASH DETERMINATIOKS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarlu. i a • § First Second. Third. Average. First. Seoond. Average. 0. 6590 0. 7781 0.8654 0. 7909 0.8376 0.7649 0.8059 0. 7105 0. 7506 0.7524 0.6716 0.6626 0.7724 0.8172 0. 7770 0. 9610 0. 6074 0.7904 0.8600 0. 7067 \ 0. 7081 C 0. 6662 \ 0. 7028 0.6009 0. 6415 0.5773 0.6841 0.6605 0.6705 0.7667 0.8582 0.7144 0.8382 0.7712 0. 7110 0.7481 0.7400 0.7698 0.6700 0.6503 0. 7620 0.7718 D. 7596 0. 9042 0.7642 0.7944 0.9023 0.73931 0.7826$ 0.78281 0.6985$ 0.6632 0.7791 0. 0642 0.7746 0.67 0.49 0.36 0.77 0.54 0.50 0.63 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.67 0.82 0.65 0.91 0.62 0.61 0.42 0.65 0.43 0.27 0.32 ■ 0. 47 0.48 0.29 0.67 0.55 0.60 0.40 0.78 0.68 0.44 0.61 0.44 1.22 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.84 0.73 0.91 0.46 0.64 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.49 0.73 0.34 0.66 0.66 0.65 1 328 1093 0.71B4 0.66 44.83 0. 8618 0.38 53.71 10« 0. 7527 0. 8379 0.78 0.61 94S 1081 0.7953 0.69 49.66 0.7681 0,7585 0.47 0.52 164 42S 0.7633 0.50 47. 57 0. 7293 6.46 45.45 447 0.7453 0.97 46.45 73» 0.7611 0.6708 0.69 0.62 30* 614 0. 7159 0.66 44.61 0.6564 0.67 40.91 23t 0.7672 0.7945 0.88 0.69 801 668 ' 0.7809 0.79 48.67 0. 7683 0.91 47.88 767 0. 9326 0.54 58.18 116< First ap. pr. determination made on 0.75 aap-wood; second ap. gr. doterminatlon made on 0.5 sap-wood. 0.6858 0. 7924 0. 8733 0.63 0.43 0.55 - 150 241 0.8570 First and tliird ep. gr. determination a made on 0.9 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 849 0. 7838 0.66 48.86 0. 7342 0. 7126 0. 0099 0.44 0.30 0.36 867 87e 1250 0. 6176 0. 5665 0.5991 0.6648 « 0. 6856 0.37 42.72 0. 6'j95 0. 5719 0. 5916 0. 5615 0.48 0.61 0.32 0.67 &4€ 0.6692 uei 288 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. State. Locality. Collector. SoiL Diameter of tree, in meters. LATRBS OP GKOWTH. Sap- wood. Hpart- wond. 139. Liqnidambar Styraciflna— contiQned . . . 1183 1183 485 489 507 1265 456 1118 1120 1198 S66 1200 1115 1135 1189 1197 1127 693 860 861 67 761 812 1077 1092 960 Mississippi . do Tazoo Eiverliottom do E. Abbey Alluvial do do EHIZOPHOEACEa;. Bay Biscayne ....do A.H.Curtiss do Salt-marsh do 0.250 0.164 31 15 SO 34 Mangrove. COMBEETACB.a;. ...do ...do Button Wood. Sugar-loaf Sound . . . Key Largo ....do ..do White Button Wood. White Mangrove. MYRTACE.aE. 143. Calyptranthes Chytractdla ....do ....do Coral '■ 144. Eugenia bnxifolia ....do tTpper Motacomhe Key. Lost Man's river EUiott'sKey ....do do 0.084 43 0urgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. ....do ...do Humus and coral. ....do ...do Coral ....do TTpper Metacombe Key. Caximbas pass ....do • ... do 14S. Eugenia dichotoma . . do ... do .. .. 0.084 5 53 Naked Wood. ....do Palm Hummock ---.do Coral ....do ....do do 0.150 15 Stopper. White Stopper. ....do -.-.do ...do do ....do ....do -...do do 147. Eugenia longipes ....do 27o-Name Key ....do do Stopper. 148, Eugenia procera do Miami do do 0.141 87 Bed Stopper. CACTACEiE. Tucson G. Engehnann and C. S. Sargent. J. Eobinson ....do Suwarrow. Saguaro. Giant Cactus. C0ENACE2E. 150. Cornne altemifolia Massachusetts ...do Danvers JJogwood. ....do :. do 151. Contus florida Missouri ^Florida Allcnton Chattahoochee Grafton G. W. Letterman... A.H.Curtiss C. G. Pringlo G. W. Letterman . . . ....do 0.143 0.128 47 72 Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. Calcareoua West Virginia.... Missouri Allenton 0.122 44 T ..-.do ....do 182. Comus Nuttallii Oregon Portland G. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. Floweri'ig Dogwood. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 289 8PECIPIC GEAVITT DETEBKCN-ATIOKB. ABH DETBBHINATIOKB. Weight, per cubic foot, in ponnda (average). Bemarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. mrat. Second. Average. 0.6125 0. 5825 1. 1391 0. 0938 0. 7100 0.8830 0.8753 1. 0625 _ 0.8645 0.8857 0.8526 0. 9542 0. 8910 0.9180 0. 9140 1. 1450 0. 9425 0. 3259 0.6572 0. 6987 0.8264 0. 7599 0.7892 0. 8690 0. 8114 0.7487 0.5891 0. 5765 1. 1842 0. 9860 0. 7174 0. 9282 0. 6256 0.5878 0. 6091 0. 5823 0.72 0.85 1.80 0.32 1.69 3.04 1.11 1.19 2.23 1.66 0.85 0.58 2.05 1.60 1.83 3.36 2.44 8.89 0.43 0.39 0.51 0.75 0.73 0.66 0.62 0.48 0.77 0.77 1.83 0.32 1.54 3.59 1.26 1.05 2.15 1.38 0.91 0.60 1.95 1.85 1.99 3.60 2.79 8.01 0.41 0.43 0.60 0.84 0.83 0.68 0.60 0.52 0.75 0.81 1182 1183 0. 6910 0.61 36.83 1/1617 1.82 72.40 485 • 0. 9900 0.32 61.70 489 0.7137 1.62 44.48 607 0. 8765 0. 8992 3.32 56.04 120S 0. 8753 1. 0513 0.9128 0. 9045 1.19 1.12 2.19 1.52 456 1. 0400 0.8640 0. 8232 0. 8392 0. 9472 0. 9110 0. 9340 0. 9295 1. 1020 0. 9482 0. 3116 0. 6748 0. 6932 0.8264 0. 7710 0.7S63 0. 8916 0. 8215 0.7474 1118 1. 0200 1120 1198 0. 9360 1.50 68.33 0.8459 0.9507 0.88 0.59 666 1200 0. 8983 0.74 65.98 0. 9010 0. 9241 0. 9217 2.00 1.77 1.91 1115 0. 9202 1135 1189 0. 9156 1.89 57.06 1.1235 3.48 70.02 1197 0. 9453 2.62 58.91 112T 0. 3188 3.45 19.87 693 0. 6048 0. 6893 0.6456 0. 6937 0.42 0.41 860 861 0.6696 0.41 41.73 0.8264 0. 7655 0. 7878 0.8803 0.8165 0.66 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.61 67 781 eit 1077 1092 0. 8153 0.67 50.81 0.7481 0.50 46.62 tt» 19 FOB 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. I State. LoeaJity. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATEES OP 6K0WTU. TTOOd. Heart- wood. 153. Kyssa csjpitata Ogeechm Lime. Sour Tupelo. Oopher Plum. 1C4. Nyssa sylvatica Tut ' " 'do. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black •j/m. 155. Nyssa nniflora Iiarge Tupelo. Cotton Chum. Tatido Owm. CAPKEFOLIACB.ffl. 156. Sambncns glanca . Elder. 157. Sambaons Mexicana. Blcler. 158. Viburnum Lentago , Sheepberry. Nomnyierry. 159. Viburnum prunifolium... Blaeh Boah. Stag Bush. EUBIACE.a;. 160. Exostemma Caribaeum 161. Finclcneyapubens.. Georgia Bark. 162. Genipaclnsiaefolia.. Seven-year Apple. Georgia. Ogeechee river . A. H. Curtiss. 163. Guettaida elliptica . 235 517 608 750 813 833 834 835 128 235 550 604 South Carolina Tennessee Georgia riorida "West Virginia . MasBacbusetts. .. do ...do Bonneau's Depot . Cumberland river. river ' Chattaboocboe Grafton "West Kewbury — ...do , Cbebacco pond . . . . South Carolina . . . ...do Alabama Georgia Bonneau's Depot . ...do Stockton Ogeecbee river 1220 108 370 42 110« 739 California . Arizona ... Contra Costa county. Santa Catalina mountains. Vermont. ...do...., Charlotte . . Hinesburg. Kentucky . ...do Georgia ... Mercer county.. ...do Bainbridge Florida . Upper Metacombe Key. 257 381 457 1132 1195 471 1129 1191 South Carolina. . . ...do BlufftOB . ...do.... Florida . ...do ... ...do ... Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Key Upper Metacombe Key. do. .do. .do. ...do Umbrella Key . ...do H. W. Eavenel . A. Gattinger ... A. H. Curtiss..: ...do C. G. Pringle... J. Bobinson . . . ; ...do ...do H.W. Eavenel.. ...do C. Mobr A. H, Curtiss... G. E. Vasey . . C. G. Pringle . .do. .do. TV. M. Linuey . ...do A. H. Curtiss.. ....do. 3. H. Mellicbamp. ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do ...do .do. .do. .do. Swampy . 0.220 Muck. Muck. Clay.. 0.220 0.214 Eich ...do Low, rich . 0.256 Swampy . Alluvial. Swampy . Gravelly.. Muck Swampy . Shale Trenton limestone. Clay Coral . Sandy, swamp . ...do Sandy . Coral . . ...do.. .do. .do. .do. 0.188 0.320 0.320 0.076 0.076 0.108 0.095 27 49 49 66 36 28 34 19 28 25 34 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 291 BFECIFIC GBATITr SBXEBimiATIOKS. ASH DETEKMCtATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, In poniKls (average). Kemarks. 1 Pirat, Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.4680 0. 5656 0. 6650 0. 6079 0.6436 0. 6198 0. 6849 0.7467 0.7429 0. 5589 0.5656 0. 5002 0.4424 0. 5076 0.4688 0.7285 0.7519 0.8106 0.9140 0.7749 0.9200 0.5528 0. 5126 1.0219 1. 0425 1. 0705 0.9375 0.8409 0.7490 0.4546 0.5649 0.4613 0.35 0.66 0.89 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.72 0.66 0.58 0.76 1.60 1.83 0.27 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.24 0.28 0.49 0.71 1.00 1.48 0.88 0.94 1.33 0.33 0.81 0.79 0.43 0.49 0.58 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.76 0.81 0.59 0.66 1.55 2.17 0.28 0.30 0.49 0.34 0.74 0.84 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.33 28.75 605 0. 5652 0.5650 0. 6092 0. 6659 0.6031 0. 6639 0. 6974 '0. 7026 235 517 608 0. 6104 0.6682 0. 5865 0. 6787 0. 6748 0. 6626 0. 5700 0. 5649 0. 5525 0. 4002 0. 5098 0.4668 0. 7075 0.7332 750 813 0. 6881 0. 6708 0. 7022 833 834 835 0. 6353 0.52 39.59 0. 5C45 0. 5653 0.5264 0.4213 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.71 128 0. 5194 0.70 32.37 0. 5087 1.57 31.70 681 0.4586 0.4614 2.00 28.75 1220 0. 7180 0. 7426 0.28 0.30 108 0. 7303 0.29 45.51 0. 8106 0. 0140 0.7749 0.48 0.47 0.60 42 110< 739 0.9419 0. 5613 0. 5131 0.22 0.27 0.68 0.60 1.02 1.55 0.79 1.03 1.32 0. 8332 0.52 51.92 0. 9310 0.23 58.02 466 0. 5571 0.6129 0.28 0.54 267 381 y 0. 5350 0.41 33.41 1. 0219 0. 9957 1. 0772 0.66 1.01 1.52 457 1132 1195 1.0270 1.0840 0. 8933 0. 8598 0. 7217 0. 9175 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0,2 sap-wood. . 1.0316 1.06 64.29 0.9154 0.8504 0.7353 9.84 0.99 1.32 471 1129 1194 1 0.8337 1.05 51.96 292 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. EEICACEa;. 104. Vaooinium arborenm . FcMr&Uberry. 105. Andromeda feixaginoa . 108. Aibntas Menziesii . Madrofia. 107. Arbatna Xalapensis. 108. Arbntas Texana. 169. Oxydendnim aTboieum ... Sorrel Tree. Sow- Wood. 170. Kalmia latifolia Laurel. Calico Bath. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. Kbododendron maximum. . . Qreat Laurel. Bote Bay. MXESINACE.a;. 172. Myrsine Bapanea o 173. ArdiaiaPickeringia... Marlberry. Ohtrry. 174. Jacqniuia aimillaiia ■ Joe Wood. SAPOTACB.ffi!. 175. Obrysophyllum olitiforme. 170. Sideioxylon Masticbodendron . JfMtM. 343 612 103B 1034 643 679 S96 1085 353 515 2621 202» 263> 263' 1123 494 1136 1192 498 1130 1199 State. Alabama . Georgia- . Florida . ....do... Califomia . ...do Arizona . Texas Alabama . Virgmia. ...do.... ...do.... .do. do. Florida . 461 ...do. ...do. .. do. -do. -do. .do. ..do. ...do. Locality. Gitronelle Altamaha river . Jackson vllle. ...do Collector. C. Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss ■ .do. .do. Contra Costa connty Marin coonty Santa Blta moont- ains. Hays connty. Cottage Hill . Tennessee NasbTiUe Fancy Gr»p . ...do ...do -do. .do. Bay Biscayne. ...do ...do Falm creek . Key Largo Elliott's Key . . tTmbrella Key . Bay Biscayne Upper Metacombe Key. G.E.Vasey. ...do Q. Engelmann and Bocky . C. S.Bargent. SoU. Sandy ... Swampy. Hummock . Gravelly. ...do S. B. Bnckley . C. Mobr A. Gattinger. . H. Sbriver . ...do ...do .do. .do. A. H, Cnrtiss . .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do . ...do. Limestone . Light, rich . . . Sandy, rocky . Moist. ...do. ...do. .do. .do. Coral. do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Diameter of tree, meters. 0.127 0.216 LATBBB OF GBOWTH. wood. 0.086 0.082 0.078 0.080 0.105 0.286 Heart- wood. 22 28 74 62 15 18 28 26 IS 48 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 293 BPECmC GRAVITI DETEEMINATIOKS. ASH DETEBHIHATIOHS. ■Weight, per cable foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. Si .a S First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0.7814 0.7740 D. 7766 0.7037 0.6452 0.7482 C 0. 7202 ( 0. 6842 0. 7535 0. 7820 0.7114 0. 7536 0.7214 0. 6730 0. 6266 0.6341 0.8491 0.8164 0. 880O 0. 8770 0. 5693 0.6437 0.8300 6.8986 1012S 0.7479 0.7405 0. 8021 0. 7174 0. 6939 0. 7332 0.69551 0. 7397 ) 0.7674 0. 7574 • 0.7647 0. 7673 0.42 0.35 0.45 0.56 0.42 0.42 C 0.21 0.54 0.42 0.27 0.61 0.31 0.32 0.43 0.29 0.74 1.81 1.74 1.75 4.09 3.47 2.85 1.36 4.90 0.45 0.32 0.37 0.45 0.38 0.39 0.241 0.30) 0.48 0.49 0.31 044 0.34 343 612 • 0.7610 0.39 47.42 0.7894 0.7106 0.41 0.61 1033 0. 7600 0.46 U.38 0.41 46,74 0.6696 0.7407 643 679 0. 7052 0.40 43.95 0.7099 0.25 596 0.7292 0. 7916 0. 7500 0.51 46.74 1085 0. 7803 0.7114 0.46 0.29 35S 515 0. 7458 0.37 46.48 0. 7636 0. 7214 0. 6730 0.61 0.31 0.32 262" 262« 262« 0. 7160 0.41 44.62 0. 6266 0. 6341 0.43 0.29 263> 263' 0.8541 0.8412 0.8532 0.8942 0.6500 0.6475 0. 7865 0.8433 1.0U9 0.7990 0.88 1.84 1.95 1.95 3.82 3.74 2.73 1.11 • 0. 6303 0.36 39.28 0. 8341 0.81 51.98 112S 0. 8283 0. 8666 0. 8856 1.83 1.85 1.85 494 1136 1192 0. 6582 0. 8602 1.85 53.61 0. 6258 0.6456 0. 8132 3.96 3.61 2.79 498 1130 • 1199 a 6948 3.45 43.30 0.9660 0.9360 1.24 5a 33 4S2 1. 0052 1.0109 8.37 6.14 63.00 461 294 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. state. Locality. CoUector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GEOWTH. wood. Heart- TV ood. 177. Dipholis salicifolia Buttie. Oaaaada. 178. Bumelia tenas 179. Bumelia lanuginosa Oum Elastui. Shittim Wood. 180. Bumelia spinosa 181. Bamelialycioides Iron Wood. Southern JBuekthom. 182. Bumelia cnneata Ante' Wood. DovmwardFbim. Baf- fron Phum. 188. Mimnsops Slebeii Wild may . EBBNACEa:. 184. Diospjrros Virginiana Pertivrmnon. 185. Diospyros Tezana BMck Persimmon. Mesnecm Peraim- mon, Ohagpote. STTEACACEa:. 180. Symplocos tinctoria , Borie Sugar. Sweet Leaf. 187. Halesia dipteia i9now-droi> Tree. SUver-beU Tree. 488 SOD 1191 746 60 930 1083 1146 1161 333 503 1124 458 61 425 811 1084 1162 Florida . ...do... ....do... Bay Biaoayne.. Umbrella Key . No-Kame Key . A. E. Cnrtiss - ...do ...do Coral. ...do. ...do. Georgia. Bainbridge . .do. Low . Missouri. . Texas Missouri. AUentou . Austin... Allenton. G. "W. Letterman . C.Mobr , G. W. Letterman. , Arizona . Santa Catallna C. G. Fringle. mountains. ....do . .do. Tennessee . Nashville . Florida . ...do... Long Key Boca Cbica Key . ....do. 347 560 738 922 Missouri Tennessee West Virginia . . . Missouri ....do Texas . Alabama . Arkansas, Georgia. Floiida . . Upper Metacombe Key. Allenton.. Nashville . Grafton... Allenton.. ...do Austin . Cottage Hill . Texarkana... Bainbridge ... Apalaohicola . do. A. Gattinger. . A. H. Cnrtiss . ....do ...do. G. "W. Letterman. A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle G. TV. Letterman . ...do C. Mohr. ...do G.W. Letterman. A H. Cnrtiss . C.Mohr Limestone . ...do ...do Bocky . do. Alluvial. Coral . ...do. .do. Bicb upland . Kicbloam ... Bioh upland . ...do Calcareous. Sandy . ...do.. Low Alluvial.!. 0.170 0.150 0.128 0.286 0.237 0.170 0.168 0.098 0.134 0.123 29 67 65 12 66 87 47 14 25 40 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 295 SPBCIFIO GBATirr DETERMINAT10N8. ABH DETKEMraATIONB. Weight, per onhic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. Rrst. Second. Average. 0. 9813 0.9737 0. 9312 0.7106 0.7641 0. 5947 0. 6221 0.6580 C 0. 6392 ( 0. 6565 0.7467 0.7567 0.8420 1. 0525 0. 7639 0. 8552 0.7962 0.7790 0.7710 0. 8325 0. 6265 0. 5079 0.5481 0. 6999 0.8887 0. 9233 0.8912 0.7479 0.7299 0. 5997 0. 6386 0. 6991 0.60631 0. 6658 ) 0. 9350 0.9485 0. 9112 0.34 0.26 0.37 0.71 1.10 1.44 ' 1.27 1.19 1.32 0.81 2.29 1.60 2.89 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.86 0.97 3.34 0.72 0.62 0.57 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.84 1.02 1.28 1.27 1.04 1.43 0.81 2.31 1.43 2.32 1.03 1.12 0.70 1.02 1.06 3.32 0.81 0.57 0.42 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.35 488 500 1191 0. 9316 0.32 68.06 0.7293 0.78 45.45 746 0.7420 0.5907 0.6304 1.06 1.36 1.27 60 0.6777 930 1083 0.6644 1.23 40.78 0.6786 0.6419 1.11 1.37 1146 1161 0.6603 1.24 41.15 0. 7467 0.81 46.53 833 0. 7465 0.8384 1.0989 0. 7465 0. 7616 0.8402 2.30 1.51 503 1124 1.1000 0.7959 1.90 49.60 L0838 2.61 67.54 468 0.7552 0.8552 0.7913 0.7855 0.7667 1.03 1.04 0.77 0.94 1.01 61 Femold .......-..................•.->--.........■.■■............ 425 0.7864 0. 7920 0.7722 0.8391 0. 5593 0.5360 0.6381 0. 6957 811 1084 0. 7670 0.8664 1162 0. 7908 0.96 49.28 0. 8460 3.33 52.72 936 0.5429 0. 5220 0.77 0.60 347 660 0. 5326 0.68 33.18 0.6431 0. 5978 0.50 0.35 788 922 0. 5705 0.42 35.55 ' ' 296 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AISD WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. o state. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, meters. LAYERS OP GROWTH. wood. Heart- wood. 188. Ealesia tetraptera Sattlebox. Snow-drop Tree. Silver- iell Tree. Calico Food. OLEAC£.a:. 189. Fraxlnna Crieggii L90. I^sxinus anomtkla 191. Ftaxinnspistacisfolia.. Ath. 193. Fraxiniu Americnn* . Vhite Aih. 1S2. Tnudsna Aniericaiia, var. Texensis . 19S. Trimnns pnbeBcems-... Sed A.th. zr5 613 1221 591 892 25 391 392 39' 1141 114» 114* 114s 130 144 170 173 175 190 191 212 227' 227' 267" 2672 267' 431 551 728 747 1045 364 937 139 2291 229' Virginia . Georgia. . Mexico . Utah... Arizona Eastern Arizona. Massachusetts. . . Missouri ....do ...do Michigan ....do ....do ....do South Carolina . . . Illinois Ohio , ...do .--.do .--.do .--.do Tirglnii Vermont ...do Virginia ...do ...do Tennessee Alabama Pennsylvania Georgia Massachusetts Texas . ...do., Michigan . Vermont . .. do Carter's ferry... Altamaha river . H.ShriTer A. H. Curtiss , Kooky . Clay... 0.088 Lampasas mount- ains. Kane county S. B. Buckley . A.L.Siler .... Santa Bita moimt- ains. San Francisco mount G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. E. L. Greene . Acushnet Allenton ....do ....do Dansville Hudson Lansing Dansville Bonneau's Depot . . . .■Waukegan Pineo, Daniels & Co . Farmers' JFriend Manufacturing Co. J.W. Stoddard* Co. Woodsum Machine Co. B. E. McSherry & Co. Wytheville Charlotte ...do Wytheville .--.do --.do -■ l^ashville Kemper's mill "Williamsport Bainhridge Beading Dallas.. Austin Lansing .. Charlotte . .. do E.A. Dana G. W. Letterman . ....do ^-.do ■W.J.Beal ...do ...do ....do H. W. Kavenel Robert Douglas... E. E. Barney ...do ...do ...do ...do H.Shriv6r C.G.Pringle ...do H.Shriver ...do ...do A. Gattinger C.Mohr.., C.G.Pringle A. H. Curtiss J.Bobiuson J. Beverchon . CMohr W.J.Beal... C. G. Pringle. ...do Sandy . Low . Siliceous hills . Alluvial ...do Clay Clay. Wet. Clay. Gravelly. Swampy. Limestone . Alluvial ... Biver-bottom . Dry, calcareous . . . Bich, calcareous . . Poop.. Clay.. ...do. 0.268 0.260 0.215 0.384 79 95 64 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 297 BPECinO GBAVITT DETEEMIHATIONS. Krst. 0. 6617 0. 5569 0. 7778 0. 6708 \: 0. 6336 7267 0. 6868 r>911 6253 6223 6771 6265 7225 6506 6086 6744 7631 7449 7179 6470 6383 6116 6157 6253 6489 6097 6329 6763 6449 6176 6423 5599 9131 0. 8252 0. 7095 0. 5068 0. 6619 0.6455 Second. 0.5460 0. 5864 0. 8030 0. 6243 ^ 0. 6656 ) 0. 7120 0. 6682 0.6481 0.4711 0. 7006 0. 7600 Third. 0. 7116 0. 6475 0. 6387 0. 6213 0. 6326 0. 6987 0.6481 0. 5944 0. 5972 0. 8141 0. 8530 0. 6667 0. 6529 0. 8016 0. 6779 Average. 0. 5539 0. 5717 0. 6597 0. 6625 0. 6994 0. 6810 0. 6297 0. 6367 0. 6223 0. 6771 0. 4988 0. 7225 0. 6506 0. 6086 0, 6875 0. 7616 0-. 7449 0. 7148 0.6472 0. 6385 0. 6116 0. 6185 0, 6290 0. 6738 0. 6097 0. 6329 0. 6763 0. 6449 0. 6329 0.6184 0. 5786 0.8429 0. C543 0.8391 0. 6881 0. 7636 0. 6125 0. 6619 0.6455 ABB CBTBBMnrATIONS. Krst. 0.38 0.48 0.81 0.84 0.44 0.51 0.29 0.33 0.51 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.35 0.39 31 0.24 0.45 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.68 0.47 0.56 0.86 0.26 0.21 0.22 Second. 0.36 0.38 0.89 0.881 0.69$ 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.37 0.39 0.29 0.24 0.42 0.69 0.48 0.28 0.71 0.39 0.49 0.87 0.37 0.43 0.85 0.71 0.63 0.62 0.31 0.34 0.51 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.45 0,36 0.39 0.30 0.24 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.72 0.52 0.33 0.70 0.43 0.42 0.53 0.87 0.26 0.21 0.22 Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 35.07 49.26 42.43 40.77 47.59 Hemaiks. Growtli slow. Wood from hills not considered valnable. All sap-wood AH sap-wood All sap-wood ; second growth. Growth rapid . 0.5 sap-wood . 0.6 sap-wood . 0.5 sap-wood - All sap-wood - Poor quality . 275 613 1221 591 25 39> 39» 39» 1141 114» 114« 114' 130 144 170 173 175 190 101 212 227' 227» 267' 267' 267> 431 651 728 747 104S 864 9ST 1S» 229> 229* 298 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT 193. Traxiims pabeBcen»— continned . i04. I^axmns Tiiidls. Brten Ath. 194. I^xinna Tiiidia, var. Berlandieriana. Ath. 195. Fraxinns Water Ash, 196. Frazinna qnadiangnlata. Blue Aih. 197. rrazinna Oiegana . Oregon Ath. 198. I^azlnna sambnclfolia Blaelc Ash. Hoop Ash. Qrownd Ash. l99. FoTeatlera aomninata., Privet. SO(K Cbionanthna Yirginlca Fringe Tree. Cud Man's Beard. ■a 229» 1059 57 308 438 948 957 1211 125 286> 286= 2863 291 423 518 964 1001 1024 1030 102 122 147 378 839 616 737 956 276 751 State. Vermont MassaclinBetts Missouri... Texas Tennessee . Texas ...do ...do Alabama. . MissoTiri... Micbigan . . Kentucky . ...do ...do...-.-. Missonri . . . .-do Tennessee . Oregon . ...do... ...do... -..do... Vermont Miobigan Illinois Vermont Massacbnaetts. Georgia. ...do ... Texas .- Virginia . Florida.. Locality. Cbarlotte . Topafleld . Collector. AUenton '.... Dallas Nashville Victoria Matagorda bay . Anstin .- Stockton. Allenton Lansing Mercer county.. .-.do ...do .' Allenton ...do Nasbville Portland We idler's saTv-mUl . Portland Fnmiture Company. do Cbarlotte .. DansTJlle.. ■Wankegan Cbarlotte.. Danvers Ogeecbee river . Bainbridge Matagorda bay . Carter's ferry. . Cbattaboocbee. C. G. Pringle. J. Bobinson.. Soil. Clay Biver-bottom . G. W. Letterman. J. Eeverohon A. Gattinger C.Mohr ...do S.B. Buckley . C. Mohr G. W. Letterman W.J.Beal , "W. M. Linney .. do ...do G. "W. Letterman . , ...do , A. Gattinger G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do : ...do. ...do. C.G. Pringle.... W.J.Beal Bobert Douglas. C.G. Pringle.... J. Bobinson A. H. Cnitiss . ,...do C. Mobr H. Shriver A. H. Cnrtiss . Bicb, wet ....do Bicb upland . Bicb, wet ...do ..-.do Bicb, alluvial . Dry upland Bicb loam Limestone ...do , .-..do , Sandy loam Bicb upland Bicb limestone. Low, wet . Wet, peaty . ...do Low, wet . . . Wet, peaty . Bicb, loamy. . Bicb, moist . Alluvial . Bicb, moist . Clay upland . Diameter of tree, meters. 0.612 0.144 0.184 0.090 6.138 0.355 0.236 0.075 0.150 0.141 LAYERS OF GEOWTH. Sap- wood. 45 31 34 27 35 46 65 31 55 47 Heart- wood. 47 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 299 BPECIFIO GKAVITT DETKBMINATIOKB. ASH DETEEMINATIONS. Weiftht.per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0. 6459 ( 0. 5957 I 0.6685 0.6640 0.5947 0.7350 0.7728 0.7198 0. 6774 0. 3667 0.8246 0.4929 0. 7789 0. 8131 0. 7469 0. 6967 j 0. 6897 i 0.7960 0.6432 0. 6314 0.4553 0. 6317 0.6209 0.5034 ' 0. 6869 ; 0.6485 ; 0. 7020 0. 7067 0. 6829 0.6988 0.6476 0.7150 0.6459 0. 6598 0.20 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.82 0.63 0.82 0.51 0.69 0.63 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.88 0.78 0.60 0.11 0.73 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.89 0.84 0.77 0.46 0.76 0.65 0.88 0.53 0.39 0.20 0.42 229» 0.52601 0.6489) 0.6701 0.6277 0.41 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.56 0.76 0.66 0.78 0.67 1059 0. 6261 0.26 38.96 0. 6671 0.6112 0. 7350 0. 7949 0. 7503 0.55 0.56 0.81 0.60 0.79 57 308 438 0. 8217 0.7807 0. 6786 0.3515 0.8440 0.7902 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 948 967 0.7117 0.65 44.36 0. 6780 0.64 36.02 1211 V 0.3541 0.73 22.07 636 0.8343 0.4929 0.7789 0. 8131 0. 7469 0. 6027 0. 6822 0. 7960 0.65 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.89 0.76 0.61 66 125 286> 286» 286S 0.6086 0.6748 0.90 0.74 0.61 0.43 291 423 618 0.5947 0. 6123 0. 4736 0.6425 0.6338 0.7184 0.78 46.78 0.6189 0. 5719 0.4645 0.6371 0.27 0.73 0.14 0.23 ' 964 1001 0.16 0.24 0.57 1024 1030 0. 6731 0.34 35.72 0. 6274 0. 6034 0. 6836 0. 6207 0.7243 0.60 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.47 102 122 0.6812 0. 6928 0.74fl5 0. 7500 0.5681 0. 6002 0.4628 0.7166 0.88 0.83 0.48 0.72 0.72 0.60 Second sp. gr. determinatioii mado on 0.125 sap-wood 147 378 All sap-wood 839 0. 6318 0.72 39.37 0.7284 0. 5766 0.5995 0.74 0.69 0.74 616 737 955 0. 6345 0.72 39.54 0. 5562 0.7191 0.63 0.48 278 0.7269 0.68 751 0.6372 0.61 39.71 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 201. Osmanthua AmerieaniiB . Demi Wood. BOEEAGIIfACE.a!. 202. Cordia Seljestena Geiger Tree. 203. Cordia Boissieri 204. Bonneria Havanensia Strong Barh. 205. Ebretia elliptica Knaeha/ioay. A/naqua. BIGS01friACE.a!. 206. Catalpa bignonioides - Cataipa. Catawba. Sean Free. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. 207. Catalpa specioBa. . . Western Catalpa. 208. Cbilopsis saligna . Desert Willow. 200. Crescentla cacnrbitina . Slack Calabash Tree. TEEBBKACB.ai. 210. CitbaTexylam Tilloeam Tidil* Wuod. I I 283 344 584 1202 1218 1223 455 1137 827 942 167 540 744 38 160 166 171 180 181 182 183 184 210 556 595 483 State. Louisiana. Alabama. . Florida ... .do. .do . Texas . Florida . ...do... Texas . ...do.. Ohio Alabama. Georgia. . Missouri . . . Ohio niinois Indiana — Tennessee . Missouri. . . HUixois Missouri... ....do Indiana ITew Mexico. Arizona ...do Florida . ...do. Locality. Amite Cottage Hal Saint John's river . Key West . ...do Brownsville . Tipper Metacombe Key. Key Largo New Braunfels . Alexandersville . Stockton Bainbridge , Charleston Dayton Cairo Wabash river . Obion river — New Madrid... trilin New Madrid . . . ...do Vincennes Valley of the Upper Gila river. Tucson .do. Bay Biscayne. .do. Collector. C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss . .do. .do . S. B. Buckley . A. H. Curtiss . ...do Department of Ag- riculture. C.Mohr S. H. Binkley and E. E. Barney. C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss . C. S. Sargent . E. E. Barney . D.AxteU.... E. E. Barney . E. P. Hynds and E. B Barney. E.E.Barney .do. .do . do. .do . E. L.Greene G. Engelmann and ' C.S. Sargent. ...do...... A. H. Curtiss . .do. Sou. Kich, alluvial. Low, rich Sandy loam Coral . ...do . Limestone . Coral . ...do . Bich, alluvial. Clayey loam . Low, wet Clay Wet clay. Clay.:... ...do ..... Low, alluvial bot- tom. ...do .do. .do. .do. do . .do . Alluvial Moist, gravelly . ...do Coral. .do. Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.190 0.092 0.170 0.238 0.288 LAYERS OP GKOWTH. Sap- wood. 25 Heart- wood. 51 THE WOODS OF- THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 301 BPECIFIC GBAVITT DETEKMIHATI0K8. ASH DETEBHIKATIOirS. Weight, per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). £0marks. Krst. Second. Third. Average. rirst. Second. Average. o 0.8156 0. 8606 0.7100 0. 7740 0.6008 0. 6710 0. 8280 0.7708 0. 6636 0.6274 0.4293 0.4694 0.4426 0.4601 0. 4586 0. 3897 0.3850 0. 4156 0. 3900 0. 3968 0.4493 0. 4535 0. 3911 0. 6059 0. 5631 0. 60O3 0.6270 «.«77» 0.8652 0. 8404 0. 8606 0. 7322 0.68 0.26 0.43 0.65 0.29 0.43 4.09 4.28 3.39 3.20 2.27 1.27 1.41 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.34 0.30 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.32 1.23 t54 0.67 0.28 0.43 283 344 0.7544 First sp. gr. determination made on aap-wood ; second sp. gr. de- tennination made on 6.75 sap-wood. 584 p. 8111 0.46 50.65 0. 7740 0.6475 4.09 4.35 • 0. 6942 0.6870 0.8248 0.7960 0. 6548 0. 6302 0. 4270 0. 4979 0.4177 0.4446 0. 4467 0. 3829 0. 3878 0. 3783 4.43 3.67 3.38 2.28 1.23 1.33 0.40 0.26 0.47 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.32 1.47 0.49 1218 0.7108 4.22 44.30 0. 6790 3.53 42.31 1223 0. 8204 0. 7883 3.29 2.28 455 0.7980 1137 0.8073 2.79 50.31 0. 6592 0. 6288 1.25 1.37 827 94S Gnltivated 0.6440 1.31 40.13 0. 4282 0. 4837 0. 4302 0. 4474 0.41 0.30 0.42 167 540 744 0.38 27.88 0. 4524 0. 4527 0.3863 0.3864 0. 4066 0. 3900 0. 3968 0. 4493 0.4535 0.3909 0.36 0.37 0,35 0.31 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.39 38 Cultivated 160 166 171 0.4260 180 From an old fence-Tail 181 182 From a standing tree killed by earthquake in 1812 183 184 0. 3907 210 0.4165 0.39 25.96 0. 6059 0. 5631 0.6015 0.37 0.42 0.32 556 695 682 0. 6026 0.6368 0.8044 0.5902 0.37 36.78 0.6319 1.35 39.38 0.8710 0.52 54.28 4£l 302 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 IB o State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEBS OF GKOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 211. ATicennia nitida 490 826 828 474 473 453 585 340 479 1138 1196 71 387 446 814 854 1163 703 887 468 1185 1193 459 1187 Florida ....do Bay Biscayne A. H. Cnrtiss Department of Ag- ricnltnre. do Coral 0.158 39 18 Slack Mangrove. Black Free. Black Wood. ....do i NYCTAGINACE^. 212. Pisonia obtnsata do Upper Metacombe Key. ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . do ... . Coral Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. P0LTG0i 80^ 0.5538 0.81 101 0. 6841 0. 7589 0.6303 0.79 0.84 0.11 1.31 0.70 0.82 0.56 134 366 369 429 0.7522 0.8180 0. 5309 0.7287 0.6054 869 0.0956 0.83 43.35 0. 5386 0.7373 0. 6207 0. 6299 0. 6413 0. 6742 0.7124 0.81 0.48 0.93 0.86 1.02 0.88 O.'OO It 202 0.6346 281' 281^ 0.6480 0.7102 0. 7085 0. 6265 0. 6742 0. 7116 0.99 1.01 0.45 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; tWd sp. gr. determina- tion made on sap-wood. 958 1036 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood; second and third sp. gr. detcrminationa made on sap-wood. 1040 0.6506 0.80 40.54 0. 8144 0. 6846 ~ 0.6400 0.7345 0. 7430 0. 7414 0.42 0. 5096 0.34 0.79 0.59 •-0.90 1.02 1.14 0.76 0.34 0.79 0.64 0.81 116' 0. 7570 0.69 0.72 1.12 L17 8.72 314: 0.8544 0.6220 0.7860 : 1 All Bap-wood 0.7263 0.60 45.26 0. 8627 0. 6100 0.7746 1.07 1.16 0.74 133 380 533 0.7491 0.99 46.69 20 FOB 306 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT I'EE CUBIC FOOT Species. i State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. lAYEHS OF GIIOWIH. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. S27i PlSiTipra aqnAtioft 758 918 69 75' 752 306 375 864 873 1111 652 486 1204 508 132 433 450 1106 253 421 21 126 195 686 648 16 76' 762 123 Florida . .... Chattahoochee ...do A.H.Curtiss C.Mohr... Eioh, alluvial ...do 0.246 38 ....do 228. Celtls occldentalia f Missonri ....do 1 G. "W. Letterman ...do Limestone 0.108 50 Sugarbtrry. BoMierry. do ....do ....do do Alluvial .... Texas Tennessee . , Massachusetts ....do Dallas J. Keverchon ... do Davidson county . . - Plum Island Salem A. Gattinger 4 30 do MiRsonn Henry Eggert G, £ngelmami and C. S. Sargent. A. H. CuTtiss...j... do Moist loam Dry 0.132 23 228. Celtls occidentalis, var. reticulata. Santa Bita mount- ains. Bay Biscayne "R"ftV TflTFO Hackierry. Palo BUmca. 229. Ficns aurea Florida Coral 230. Ficns brevifoUa ....do do 231. Ficns pednncnlata ..'.do Boca Ghica Key do ... do ' Vm-Pig. India^uiler Free. 232. Morusru'bra Missouri A l^entfln G.W. Letterman... Sed Mulberry. Tennessee New Mexico Nashville do E. L.Greene S. B. Buckley J. Keverohon S. P. Sharpies C. S. Sargent G. "W. Lettermsn... E. E. Barney Moist clay Limestone 0.078 0.098 7 4 25 25 Mextean Mulberry. Austin Dallas 234. Maclnra anrantiaca ...do Osage Orange, Boit d'Arc. PLATAlfACE.S;. 235. Platanns occidentalls Pennsylvania Hafisachusetts Missouri J..j.. Ohio ■Westchester Arnold A-boretum.. AUenton Clay loam 0.710 0.680 3 35 44 63 Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Free. Water Beech. Miami valley Carmel river Santa Kita mount- ains. Ai-nold Arboretum . . .. do 236. PJatannsracemosa California G It. VflfiBv CAav 0.280 20 Sycamore. Button Wood, 237. Platanns 'Wrightii Aiizona G. Engelmann and C. S.BorgBDt. C.S. Sargent G.W.Lcttcrman... do Sycamore. JVGJjA.TSDA.C'EM, 238. Jnglanscinerea Massachusetts Drift 0.560 5 60 Butternut, White Walnut, ....do ... do Michigan Dansville -W.J.Beal Gravelly clay. .'... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 307 SPECIFIC GBAVITT DETEIUnitATIONS. ABH DETEBMDfATIOKS. Weight, per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. S 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a s i 0.5735 0.4671 0.7802 0.6858 0.6592 0. 6910 0. 8384 0. 7784 0. 7999 0.6570 0.7400 0.2637 0.6321 0.4680 0. 6242 0. 5679 0. 7169 0. 8270 0.7841 0. 8561 0. 6000 0. C073 0. 4986 1 ^ 0. 6161 0.4783 0.4183 0.40U 0.4033 0.3038 a 5631 0.5137 0.7419 0.6683 0.4906 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.74 0.68 1.70 0.97 1.05 0.89 0.89 1.32 5.17 4.65 4.83 0.77 0.69 0.57 0.79 0.87 0.38 0.36 0.47 0.40 1.17 1.34 , 0.35 0.49 0.69 0.70 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.48 0.42 758 918 C. pnmila . . . . . . 0.5294 0.45 32.99 0. 7611 0. 6858 0.6592 0. 7274 0. 8170 0. 7452 0, 7837 0. 6504 1.69 0.74 0.68 1.65 0.94 0.90 0.98 0.92 69 75] 75* 0.7637 0. 7956 0. 7186 0. 7908 0.6547 0. 7160 0.2695 0.6475 0.4798 0.6993 1.60 0.90 0.75 1.07 0.94 1.12 4.88 4.18 6.00 0.60 0.78 0.54 0.82 0.88 0.59 0.32 0.67 0.57 1.06 1.36 0.30 0.43 C MinRiflRfTinin'nnia 875 0.7385 0.7604 0.6396 864 i 873 1111 0. 7287 1.09 45.41 0. 7275 1.22 45.84 652 < 0. 2616 6.03 16.30 486 0. 6398 4.36 39.87 1204 0. 4739 4.92 29.53 508 0. 6118 0. 6C79 0.68 0.74 132 433 0. 7157 0. 8262 0. 7495 0.7054 0.6111 0.5748 0. 5091 0.4609 0.4688 0.4343 0. 4005 0.4365 0. 5898 0.71 36.76 0. 7163 0. 8266 0.56 0.81 1106 0.7715 0.68 4a 08 0. 7668 0. 7S03 0.88 0.4D 47.78 48.63 263 Cultivated. First sp. gr. determination made on limb-wood; second sp. gr. determination made on root-wood. 421 0. 7736 0.68 48.21 0. 6086 0. 5911 0. 5038 0.33 0.57 0.48 21 126 195 0. 6678 0.46 35.38 0. 4880 l.Il 30.41 686 Grown at 4,000 feet altitude 0.4736 1.35 29.61 648 1 o.4:c3 1 0.40!0 0.4J04 1 0.3638 0.33 0.48 0.69 0.79 16 76> 70» 123 BOS FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. m o state. Locality. Collector. SoiL Diameter of tree, meters. LAYEBS OP GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. '.238. Jaglaiis oinerea— continued - 239. Jnglans nigra ... Blaelc Walmut. 210. JnglansTapestria. WaXniU. 241. Carya oliva?formia Pecan. Illinoia Nut. 342. Caryaalba Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-iarkSickory. 145 176 112 117 149 209 3J8 325 407 430 766 934 951 415 672 1"227 322' 3222 326 3 ~\ 29> 29' 29S 48 1181 118' 118' 152 249 422 631 539 816 1056 1097 minois Ohio Michigan Massachusetts . Missouri . . Michigan . lilinols ... Ohio Michigan . Texas Xeunessee . riorida . Texas . ...do. New Mexico . California Arizona Mississippi . ...do Texas ^Massachusetts . KentucTiy ....do ....do , Missouri Michigan ...do ....do Missouri Virginia Missouri Mississippi ...do , TVest Virginia , . Massachusetts- Missouri Waukegan Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Topsfiold . Allenton — DansviUe . . "Waukegan. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing- Dallas Charlestown Navy- yard. Nashville Aspalaga . Austin...*. New Braunfels . Pinos Altos mount- ains. Contra Costa county. Santa Catalina mountains. Gpeenville . ...do Dallas Arnold Arboretum Danville ...do ...do Allenton Hudson ...do Lan.sing Allenton "Wythoville Allenton Kemper's mill .. do Grafton Topsfield Allenton Eohert Dongla E. E. Barney . . W. J.Boal .-.- J. Eohinson . . , Alluvial . Gravelly loam . Drift 0.152 G. W. Letterman . W.J.Benl Eohert Douglas . E. E. Barney ■W. J.Beal J. Eevercbon S.H.Pook A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss . C.Mohr ...do E. L. Greene . G.E.Vasey.. C. G.Pringle. C. Mohr ...do J. Eeverchon C. S. Sargent W. M. Linney ...do ...do G. W. Lettormau . ■W. J.Beal .. do ...do G. "W. Letterman . H. Shriver G. "W". Letterman . C.Mohr ...do CO. Pringlo J. Eobinsou G. W. Letterman . Alluvial . Gravelly. Loam — Loam Alluvial . 0.272 Limestone . Clay. 0.286 Moist, calcareous . ...do Alluvial . ...do .... 0.207 0.313 Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... 0.260 Drift Shale ...do ...do Upland Clay ...do ...do Eich upland . Clay Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Eich loam . . . Alluvial 0.288 0.306 15 11 33 25 28 31 29 37 84 32 18 48 37 81 102 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 309 SPBCIPIC GEAVni DBTERMIMATIOHB. ABB DETKKMINATIONS. Weight, per ctihic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarlca. 1 a El First. Second. Third. Average. riist Second. Average. O 0.4394 0.3941 0. 3370 0.4538 0. 5778 0. 5807 0. 5S79 0. 5025 0.6313 0. 5608 0. 0750 0. 6376 I 0. 6415 ( 0. 6435 0. 7830 0. 6609 0. 6789 0. 6266 0. 7258 0. 7390 0. 7020 0.7314 0. 7018 0. 0680 0. 9205 0.9859 0. 8249 0. 8028 0. 7074 0. 8019 0.8004 0.8470 0.7289 0.8690 0. 8729 9.7470 0. 8800 0.8835 0.4388 0.4023 0. 4391 0. 3982 0. 3379 0.4530 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.03 0.48 0.12 0.63 0.62 1.92 0.00 0.93 ( 0.78 ( 0.51 1.22 0.71 0.57 0.85 1.15 0.90 0.93 1.33 0.81 0.73 0.88 0.66 0.37 0.28 0.66 1.14 0.87 0.83 0.02 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.64 0.90 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.47 143 0.44 178 393 0.4355 0.5881 0.4698 0.53 1057 0. 4086 0.51 25.46 0. 6830 0. 5807 0. 5569 0. 5145 0. 0252 0. 5721 0. 5760 0. 0376 0. 0403 0. 7916 0.6499 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.56 0.62 1.96 0.65 0.99 0.68 1.43 0.64 113 117 0.5559 0. 5265 0. 6191 0. 5833 0.12 0.49 148 209 813 1.99 0.09 1.05 0.651 0.77) 1.64 0.67 1.09 0.97 1.42 1.18 325 407 430 0. 6363 1 0. 0400 ) 0. 8002 0. 0388 0.646B 0. 5011 0. 6848 0. 6925 0. 6982 0. 7445 0. 7814 761 First sp. gr. determinatioii made on 0.5 sap-wood 934 961 0.6763 0. 6115 0.79 38.11 0. 6670 0. 5939 0. 7053 0.83 0.91 1.28 415 673 1227 Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 eap-wood Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 eap-wood 0. 0564 1.01 40.86^ 0. 7168 0. 7001 0. 7380 1.07 0.93 1.40 3231 322> 1.46 0.68 82S * 0.7180 1.13 44.76 0. 7718 0. 9680 0.9205 0. 9970 0. 8255 0. 8028 0. 7974 0. 8010 0.7871 0.7074 0.7523 0.9033 0. 8711 0. 7523 0. 0027 0. 7443 0.60 0.73 0.80 0.65 0.40 0.28 0.68 1.14 8.77 0.78 0.91 0.79 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.90 a AUaap-Tfood All sap-wood 29» 29* 1. 0080 0.8280 29> 0.43 48 118> 118» 118» 0. 7877 0. 7477 0. 7768 0.9370 0. 8892 0. 7605 0.9035 0. 8051 0.66 0.93 0.90 0.78 0.88 0.60 0.69 0.90 152 249 423 531 539 61S 0. 9246 1056 1007 0.8372 0.73 52.17 310 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT r; ■■ . ■ ■ ■ ' -■ , ' -■-■ ■ ■ ■ \^\~-. ■.:■■.-- ■— Species. n 1 o State. Locality. Collector, Soil. Diametei' of tree, in meters. I^AYERB 0? GEOWTH. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 27 91= 913 3S6 383 391 1082 1104 1165 11C6 1170 52 72 254 289 318 61 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1098 1108 153 401 838 871 237 129 302 740 917 Kentuokj' do Mercer connty do TV". M. Llnney -do Big Shdl'bark. Bottom STiell-bark. Alluvial ' ....do Tennessee .. do ....do ....do ;.... - ' A. Gattiuger G. W.Letlerman ... do ...do ... do ....ilo ...do . ...do ....do ....do do do ...do ....do do ...do . do . ,do do . ... do ...do ....do .. do ....do ...do I .do . . do .... ... do • .. .. M4. Ca^a tomentosa ... do I. do . do \ MoakerNut. Black Sickory. BuUNut. Biglud Hickory. White-heart Hick- Kentucky Perryvillo ■W.M.Linney" G. "W. Lotterman do . . ' ' Utica ahale ory. Sing Nut. Pjcli upland ....do ...do ... do C.Mobr 0.20C 0. 317 42 29 31 55 215. Caryaporcina . .- Maasacbusetts.... Arnold Aiborctum . Allenton C. S. Sargent G.W.Letterman.... ....do Drift TTliTity Tig Nut. Brown Hickory. BlackHick- ory. Switch-bud Hickory. ....do ... do 0.159 41 W.J.Beal Allenton Nasbville G.W. Lotterman-... A.Gattinger C.Mobr Eicli loam 0.100 47 13 Tennessee '.. Alabama Kemper's mill -. . North Eeading Allenton 0.354 0.228 63 31 59 42 MassacbuBctts . . . Missonri J. Robinson G. "W. Letterm an ....do Drift ' FUaty ....do ....do do 240. Caryaamara ....do ....do BiiUr Nut. Siiiairyp Hickory. ... do ....do ....do do Massacbnsetts .-..do J. Eoblnson ...do ...do do 0.115 0.402 18 7 19 107 Soutb Carolina . . . .-..do Eonneau's Depot . . . ...do H. W.Eavenel .. do Eicli, swampy Nutmeg Hickory. 248. Carva aquatica Water Hiekary. Svitmp Hickory. Bit- ter Pecan. Mississippi Georgia Viclcsburg C. Mohr 0.277 28 18 'Eainbridge A.H.Curtis8 C. Mohr Alluvial Korida Chattahoochee do 0.262 23 28 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 311 ! ! BrECIFIC GEATIT'T DETKEMIKATIOKe. | ABU DETERMISATI0K6. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 1 Kemarks. a S Krst. ' Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 8791 0. 7527 0. 7345 0. 7(iD4 0. 9020 0. 8767 0. 6859 0. 8779 0.7193 0. 7345 0. 7634 0. 8815 0. 84C6 0, f 9n4 0. 8840 0.7122 0. 8470 0. 7503 0.72 1.09 1.04* 0.70 0.71 1.09 1.04 27 91' 91" 336 0.8610 0.8424 0.9061 0. 8854 0. 6898 0.8432 0.7275 0. 8168 0. 8709 0. 8500 0.7279 0.8462 0.8139 1 0.99 0.91 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.90 0.84 0.97 1.02 0.72 1.29 0.99 0.60 1.25 0.85 1.58 0.83 0.68 0.82 0.74 1.27 1.15 1.00 0.97 0.94 1.42 1.07 1.31 1.05 1.32 0.91 0.92 1.24 0.90 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.71 0.84 1.06 1.05 1.65 1.03 0.60 1.40 0.85 0.96 1.07 0.87 0.83 0.73 0.93 0.78 383 i C. 8.'il2 ■ 391 6. 8911 0. 8827 0. 7054 0. 8508 0.8024 0.8524 0.8610 0. 8334 0.8831 1082 1164 0. 7414 1165 1168 0. 7389 1170 0. 8108 0.90 50.53 0. 8346 0. 8660 0.8417 0. 7279 0. 8389 0.91 1.04 0.89 1.47 1.01 • 52 72 Second ap. gr. detennination made on sap-wood; second growth 254 289 0.8316 ' 0. 8157 0.8827 0.9189 0803 U.8554 0. 7926 0. 8530 0.8842 0.8990 0. 7470 0. 7814 0. 5927 0.7630 0. 9208 0.7919 0.7630 0.7710 0.8248 0.6422 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap- wood; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 348 0. 8218 1.06 51.21 0.8148 0.8827 0.9240 0. 6803 0.8542 0.7926 0.7841 0. 8620 0.8315 0.7913 0.60 1.33 0.85 1.58 0.77 0.69 0.84 0.75 1.28 1.17 Q 61 0. 9290 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second growth 88 121 0. 8530 0.71 0.70 0.86 0.75 1.29 1.19 0.97 0.93 1.03 0.92 \ 1.05 2.03 1.32 1.05 1.17 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.0 sap-wood. 288 442 0. 7152 0; 8481; 0.7640 0.''355 0. 7830 0. 5754 0. 7142 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.8 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 638 0, 8537 ' Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood 1098 0. 8913 1168 1 0. 8217 0.99 51.21 0. 7822 0.5841 0.7336 0. 9208 0.99 0.95 0.99 1.17 153 838 871 0.8112 0.7332 0.7700 0.8244 0. 6313 All sap-wood 0. 7552 1.03 47.06 0. 8010 1.00^ 49.96 237 - AH sap-wood 0. 7486 0. 7710 0. 8246 0. 0185 1.67 1.19 1.19 1.04 1 1 129 ^ 740 0. 5821 917 0. 7407 1.27 46.16 312 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. .a a o State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKES OP GBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. MTEICACB.a;. 586 665 8 26 32' 322 323 49" 49' 493 113' 113' 1133 150 168 196 228' 2282 228' 238 ' 1 250 251 259' 259' 259' 403 443 647 748 749 895 1050 1257 «70 985 988 1027 1028 87» SP Florida Saint John's river . . Santa Ci*nz Arnold Ai-boretnm . Aoushnet Mercer county Boyle county A.H. Curtiss G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.S. Sargent Sandy loam 0.198 18 22 Sat/terry. Wate Myrtle. J30. Myrica Califomica California CTJPXJLIFBEA 391. Qnercns alba Kassacbusetts ....do Drift 0.560 12 88 yniite Oak. Kentnoky ....do W. M.Linney do Limestone Slate ....do do do Shale Missouri ....do G.TV.letterman.... do ....do . do ...do ...do do ....do BigEapids Dansville "W J Beal 0.374 34 18 ... do do Sandy ■ ....do do TlliTioi^ . , "Waukegan Eobert Douglas Gravelly clay Ohio Pineo, Daniels & Co. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Champlain valley . . . Charlotte ....do do C. Gr. Pringle .. do Clay ...do ....do ....do ..do ...do Soath Carolina Virginia ...do Bonneau's Depot- . . . WytheviUe H. W. Eavenel Clay ... do do 0.225 56 ....do ...do ...do do Gravelly ...do ....do ... do ...do ...do . do . do Maryland Tennessee Alabama Klorida Charlestown Ifayy- yard. Nashville S. H. Pock A. Gattinger C.Mohr Kemper's mill Chattahoochee ....do Alluvial A.H. Curtiss do Clay 0.236 0.248 8 13 43 74 ....do do .'. Massachnsetts . M. C Boedle . . . ...do North Keading Charlestown Navy- yard. 0.203 7 11 S. H. Pook Ki. QneTcns lobata California Gravelly loam 0.356 19 17 White Oak. Weeping Oak. 298. Onerous Gariyana Weidler's saw-mill.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. White Oak. ...do Eich loam 0.383 30 82 ...do Portland ITurniture Company. ... do ....do ...do do . . 294. Qnercns obtnsiloba Kentucky ...do Harrodsbnrg ...do ■W-M-Linney ...do Shale Poet Oak. Iron Oak. ... do 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DBY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continned. 313: BPZCanC GEATITT DBTEBMUJATIOIJB. ASH DETEEMINATIOKB. Weight,per cubic foot, in poTinds (average). Bexnarks. - L1X i First Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 ( 0. 5639 \ 0. 6723 0.6793 0.7165 0.7970 0.8480 0. 6328 0.«305 o.esos 0. 7826 0. 6829 0. 6006 0. 6852 0.7017 0. 7892 0. 7672 0. 6203 0. 8304 0. 8670 0. 8091 0. 7830 0. 7874 0.6848 0.7556 0. 7069 0. 8056 0.7390 •. 6649 0.8566 0.7732 0. 8066 0. 7672 0.8065 0.5602 0.5519 0. 6618 0. 7003 0.8012 0. 8461 0.6711 0.5637 i "1 I 0.47) 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.46 0.51 35.13 586. 0.33~ 0.31 0.26 0.47 0. 6703 0.33 41.77 665 0.7129 0. 7991 0.8299 0. 6328 0. 6305 0. 6746 0. 7826 0. 7107 0. 6006 0. 6932 0. 7017 0. 8314 0. 7672 0. 6254 0. 8304 0. 8670 0. 8091 0. 7611 0.7647 0. 6916 0.7556 0. 7069 0.8056 0. 7414 «. 654* 0. 8180 0.7647 0. 8147 0. 7703 0. 7669 0.8439 0.34 0.28 0.46 8 26 0.7965 32'' 32» 3e> 0. 6526 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.47 0.21 0.67 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.21 0.43 0.40 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.45 0.22 0.61 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.34 0.23 ^9> 40* 0. 7385 - 40' 113> 0.7012 113* 1133. 0. 8735 0.42 0.23 0.65 • 350 i 1C9 0. 6305 228» 228*^- 0. 7391 0.7419 0.6984 0.42 0.33 0.26 288 250 251 259» 0.30 0.37 0.49 1.37 0,45 0.47 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.47 1.51 0.37 0.49 0.33 0.35 0.24 259*- 259*' 0. 7437 0.44 1.64 0.29 0.60 0.31 0.37 0.22 403 443 0. 77S4 0.7562 0. 8228 0. 7734 0.7584 547 Brash : roagh. bark 748 749- Taken from beam in old court-houBB at Cambridge, built in 1757. £95 0. 7368 1050^ 1257 0.7849 0.7814 0.0549 0.7478 0. 0698 0.8200 0. 7072 0.8425 0. 7600 0.7674 0.7309 0.8008 0. 6708 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.62 0.82 0.74 0.34 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.7470 0.41 46.35 0.7409 0.30 46.17 670 0. 8120 0. 7076 0. 7685 0. 7034 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.66 S85- 088- 0.7704 1027 Toneh 10''9' 0.7453 0.39 46.46 0. 8104 0.8706 0.62 0.74 87' 37»- a 8765 0.6 sap-wood .314 FOliEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 a o o State. / Locality. Collector, Soil. Diamete of tree, in meters. LATEE8 OP r GKOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 1254 . Quercus obtusiloba — continued 373 131 260 351 771 295 in 525 ILW 79> 792 79s 791 137 143 168 204 310 400 412 432 583 831 832 933 1071 1072 1073 424 5« • 762 953 12 64' 54' 54» 846 Kcntuok.y South Carolina ... Missouri Alabama rioiida Js"cw ilexico .. do HaiTodsburg Bonneau's Depot.. - Allenton . - W. M. Linney H. W.Eavenel G.W. Letterman... C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss 1 Clay Citronelle Aspalaga Pinos Altos mount- ains. ... do ....do 0.244 0.264 0. 106 38 32 18 , 88 115 67, :255. Qnercns nndnlata, var. Gambelii Gravelly barrens ijcrup Oak. ....do Eugelmann's canon . Santa Hita mount- ains. Mercer county ...do Robert Douglas C. Gr. Prinilo Aiizona 1 J!56, QuercuH macrocarpa Kentncljy ...do W.M. Linney ' .. do Alluvial ■ JBnrr Oak. Mosmi-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. .. .do ... dp ....do .. do '. do .--.Qd ....do do : do ' Missouri G.W. Letterman.... Eobert Douglas Illinois Waulcegan Woodsum Machine Company. Barney & Smith ManufactttringCo. Dallas Eich Obio :. ...do ...do ' Texas J. Eevoroiion G. "W. Letterma,n C.G.Pringle A.Gattinger Eobert Douglas Eioh, moist Alluvial . 0.528 13 120 Missouri ^ . Vermont Allenton Charlotte Nashville Clay ' Tennessee UlinoiR Alluvial "Waukegan -. do Winnebago county ,. .. do M.S.Bebb ...do Texas ....do do . Austin C.Mohr AUuvial Veimont Charlotte C.G.Pringle .. do ...do do ... do :.. do ...do .. ■357. Quercus lyrata Teiiufssec Mississippi A. Gattinger C.Mohr - f Ooer-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. Kemper's mill Chattahoochee Matagorda bay Arnold Arboretum.. Allenton Alluvial 0.339 0.2(i6 19 20 73 70 A. H. Curtiss C.Mohr ...do Texas * iSSS. Quercus bicolor Massachusetts Missouri C.S. Sargent G.W. Letterman.... ....do 0.305 8 60 , Swamp TVAJte Oak. Alluvial ...do -do do ...do - do ....do ....do Massachusetts "West Newbury J". Robinson.^ Low, swampy 0.206 6 30 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued. 315 SPKCIFIC GBAVITT DETEUMINATIOKS. ASH DETEUMISATIOKS. WciRht,per cubic foot, iu pounds (average). Eemarks. 3 •a 1 First. Secoud. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. m o 0. 8450 0. 8920 0. 8522 ' 0.7888 0. 8548 0. 8382 0. 8680 0. 7684 0. 9487 0.7070 0.7205 0. 7275 0. 6426 0.8469 j 0. 8280 0. 6440 8. 0458 0. 7722 0. 6183 C. 8030 0. 7271 0. 9229 0.6842 0. 6107 0. 7605 0. 7740 0. 7845 0. 7598 0. 8060 0.7802 0. 8050 0. 9790 0. 7552 0. 8616 0. 0833 0.7114 0.8404 1 0. 8459 0. 8991 0. 8350 0. 7702 0. 8187 1.50 0.79 0.40 0.52 0.03 1.56 0.79 0.49 0.53 0.76 37^' 0. 8882 ^ 0. 8196 0. 7516 0. 7942 0. 8562 0. 7748 0. 7894 0. 9052 0. 9170 0.70 0.52 0.53 , 0.88 151 256 351 0. 8072 771 0. 8367 0.79 52. 14 0. 8472 0. 8097 0. 7789 0. 9270 295 0. 7862 0.78 1.08 1.10 0.96 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.41 0.00 0.31 0.37 1.08 0.60 0.26 0.74 1.18 0.78 0.98 1.U 0.45 0.32 0.44 0.59 0.22 0.23 1.72 0.26 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.27 0.79 1.37 0.80 0.79 1.23 0.95 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood 417 625 1150 0. 8407 0.99 52.39 0.7070 0. 7205 0. 7275 0. 63G3 0.8409 0. 8278 0. 6416 0. 0318 0. 7944 0. 6297 0. 83.63 0. 7271 0. 9387 0. 6977 0. 6591 0. 8018 0. 7729 0. 7929 0. 7515 0.96 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.39 0.76 0.32 0.40 1.00 0.00 0.27 0.75 1.32 0.74 0.96 1.15 0.46 0.39 0.40 79' 792 0. 7275 0.6300 79' 79*- 0.37 0.92 0.32 0.43 1.03 0.60 0.27 0.75 1.46 0.70 0.93 1.18 0.46 0.45 0.35 0.56 0.23 0.18 1.44 0.28 137 0. 8276 0. 6383 0. 6177 . 0.8166 0. 6411 0. 8498 143 168 204 310 400 432 • 432 0.9543 0. 7112 0. 7075 0. 8402 0. 8087 0. 7924 0.7630 0. 7863 0.7502 0. 7649 0. 9390 583 From fence-post 6 years in the gronnd 831 832 0. 8047 0.7360 0.8018 0.7317 933 1071 1073 1073 0. 7453 0.71 46.45 0. 7962 0. 7652 0. 7850 0. 9790 0.58 0.23 0.21 1.58 424 / 545 762 053 0.7315 0.8628 0.'8313 0.65 51.81 0. 7434 0. 8622 0.6833 0.7114 0.8307 0.27 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.29 12 V 54' 54' 54' 0.8186 0.8330 0.31 846 0.7662 0.58 47.75 316 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. State. liOcalit;. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, meters. LATEBS 07 GEOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart wood. 2S9. Qnercns Miehanxii Baiiet Oak. Cow Oak. 200/ QnercuB Prinns Chestnut Oak. Hock OhestiMit Oak. 201. Qnercns prinoides YeUow Oak. Oheetnut Oak. Chinqua- pin Oak. 262. Qnercns Donslasil , Mountain White Oak. Blue Oak. 203. Qnercns oUongifolia WMU Oak. 264. Qnercns erisea White Oak. its Qnercns reticnlata 160. Qnercns Bnrandii 207. Qnercns virens — , Lire Oak. 240 524 755 31' 31" 31» 35 434 929 Sonth Carolina . . Alal)ama Florida Kentucky . ...do ...do ...do Tennessee . Alabama . . 34' 342 34' 58 273 287 323 514 588 856 Kentucky ...do ...do ...do MisBonri .. do .. do Texas Tennessee Texas MasLiicIiusettB... California . •01 700 .da. .do. ITew Mexico . Aiizona ...do 1148 035 1103 404 7BB .do . Texas . ...do. Florida . ....do... Bonnean's Depot. Kemper's mill Chattahoochee H. W. Eaveael . C.Mohr A.H. Cnrtiss... Boyle connty . ... do ....do ...do BTashviUe Cnllman "W. M. Linney. do .. do ...do A. Gattinger . . C.Mohr Harrodshurg . . . Mercer couhty. Boyle connty . . Mercer connty.. Allen ton ...do ...do Dallas Nashville Dallas Boxford , W. M. Linney ...do ...do ....do G. W. Letterman . ... do ...do J. Eeverchon A. Gattinger J. Eeverchon J. Bobineon Contra Costa connty, Sas Di«£o eouaty. San Gabriel G. B. Vasey., Silver City Santa Bita monnt* ains. ...do ...do Q. Bngelmann . E. L. Greene... Allnvial . ...do.... ...do.... Shale ...do ...do Limestone — Eooky npland. Dry, rocky Limestone "Waverly shale. TJtica shale Poor, hilly Limestone Flinty Calcareous . Allnvial .. do Damp Clay. Dry, gravelly . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. G. Pringle Dry, rocky. ....do .do .do. .do . .do. 0.322 0.260 0.436 0. 3.38 0.213 Austin. ...do.. C.Mohr S. B. Buckley. Damp, oalcareoos. ...do a 104 Charlestown Ifavy- yard. Saint John's river. . S. H.Pook.... A. H. Cnrtiss . Sandy. 0.238 22 12 34 5» 10 24 32 84 las 40 m ifi THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. O^ DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 317 SPBCIPIC GBATITT DKTEKMINATI01I8. iSH DETEEMINATIOKB. Weight, pei cubic foot, in pmiTida (av'ei-age). Kemarks. 1 P First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. ^ 1 0.7074 0. 8253 0.8200 0. 7126 0. 6549 0. 7726 0. 8308 0. 6878 > 0. 8550 0. 8401 0. 7951 0. 8712 0.9643 0. 6566 0. 9237 0.8248 1.0240 0.8592 0.9183 0.7652 0. 9958 f 1. 0078 ( 0. 9495 0.8420 0. 9171 0.9897 1. 1340 0.8312 0. 7704 0. 8090 0. 7102 0.6659 0. 7993 0. 7979 0. 8145 0.33 0.57 0.38 0.36 "o.33 0.48 0.57 0.35 0.40 0.67 0.37 240 1 524 755 1 0. 8039 0.45 1 60. 10 1 0.7114 0.6604 0.7726 0.8308 0. 6870 0.8368 0.36 0.33 31' 31' 31 » 0.70 1.94 0.40 .1.60 1.49 0.39 1.62 1.39 1.16 0.64 1.25 J. 43 1.38 0.43 0.80 C 4.62 I 2.28 0.99 1.22 2.57 1.32 0.51 ( 1.80 i 1.82 0.87 1.03 0.49 1.40 0.79 1.94 0.45 434 0. 8185 0.8419 025 0. 7499 0.77 46.73 0.8410 0. 7951 0. 8712 0. 9643 0.6546 0. 8893 0.8446 1. 0484 0. 8671 0. 0294 0. 7605 1.45 1.49 0.44 1.02 1.32 1.24 0.61 1.17 1.46 1.30 0.43 28 341 0.49 34« 34' 0. 6525 0. 8548 0.8644 1.0728 0. 8760 0.-9405 0.7458 0. 7893 1.0790 1. 1500 0. 8374 0.9835 1.25 1.31 0.57 1.09 1.49 1.22 0.43 0.83 4.691 4.68) ].31 1.26 3.33 1.19 0.53 58 273 287 ■ 323 614 588 0. 7706 856 ) 0. 8605 1.14 53.03 0. 8928 0.84 65.64 688 1.0169 5 1. 0882 ) First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood All gap-wood 1. 0486 0. 8397 4.07 1.15 700 0.8703 0.5sap-wood 0. 9441 2.61 58.84 0. 9236 0. 9897 1. 1143 1.2) 2.95 1.20 698 1.0945 0. 0528 0. 8000 0.8090) 1.0835 1145 r 1. 0092 1.82 02.89 0. 9479 0.52 59.07 H48 0. 5 sap-wood C 0. 9702 0. 8775 1. 0238 1.75 1.82 035 \ 0.8648 0.0507 1.78 69.25 \ 0350 1. 0350 0. 8077 404 0.0005 0.604S 1 1.23 1.21 1.22 71W 318 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. i state. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, LAYERS OP GEOWTH, Sap- wood. Heait- wood. 267. QneicuB Tirens— continued . 268. Qnercns cliryaolepis XAve Oak. Maul Oak. Taiparaieo Oak, 269. Qnercns EmoTji Slack Oak. 270. Qnercns agrifolia Eneaio Coast Live Oak. 271. Qnercns WlBllzenl Live Oak. 272. Qnercns rubra Sed Oak. Black Oak. 272. Qnercns robta, var. Tezana Sea Oak. 27S. Qnercns coccinea Scarlet Oak. 274. Qnercns tinctoria .,: Black Oak. Tettow^bark Oak. Quer- citron Oak. Tellow Oak. 919 954 674 649 653 663 7 45' 45' 89 921 92* 140 141 146 197, 215 216 217 218 5S3 866 920 1043 931 23 752 17 36' 362 Alabama.. Texas Oregon California . ....do Arizona . California. ...do. Massacbusetts — Kentucky ...do Missouri Kentucky ... do Micbigan .. — .. do Illinois Ohio Vermont ...do .. do ...do Alabama . .' Massachusetts. . MisslBsippi Massachosette .. Texas . Massachusetts. Kentucky .. do Mobile connly .. Matagorda bay . Saw-mill, .Ashland. San Bernardino Marin county Santa Bita mount- ains. Marin county. Auburn. Arnold Arboretum Mercer county ...do Allenton Mercer county --.do SansTille .-..do Waukegan Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Charlotte ...do ...do ...do Kemper's mill . . Danvers Enterprise North Heading . Anstin. Massachusetts Florida Hingham . Aspalaga . Arnold Arboretum . Danville Junction . . ...do ,.... C. Mohr . ...do.-.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. W. G. Wright G. K.-Vasey . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. B. Vasey . G. Engelmann . C. S. Sargent "W. M. liinney ...do G. W. Letterman . "W. M. Linney .. do W. J. Beal ...do Eobert Douglas. . . E. E. Barney C. G. Pringle ...do. .. do .-.do C. Mohr J. Boblnson C.Mohr J. Bobinaon C. Mohr . T. T. Bout6 . - A. H. Curtiss. C. S. Sargent . . W. M. Linney . ...do Biob, sandy. Sandy loam . Gravelly. Dry, rocky. . Loam. Drift Shale ...do Bich loam . Alluvial ... Limestone . Sandy ...do Gravelly... Gravelly. ...do .... .. do.... ...do.... Alluvial . Drift .... Alluvial . Drift ..:. Calcareous.. Light, sandy . Clay 0.247 0.534 0.149 0.36? 0.230 0.118 Diift . Shale . .. do. 0.230 0.630 L. 38 73 40 97 13 74. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF JHE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES- Goutiuued. 319 BPBCIFIC GBAVITT DETBBMINATIOKB. ABH DETEBHISATIOKS. "Weight per cubic foot, in pounds (aveiage). '' ' \, Remarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. g 0.8225 1.0090 0.7888 0.8830 8.8787 ( 0.9975 ( 0. 9201 0. 8290 f 0. 79S« { 0. 8018 0. 6381 0. 5186 0. 5169 0. 7480 0.B899 0. 7516 0.6410 0. 5932 0. 7481 0. 6516 ' 0. 642:1 0.6897 0.6689 0. 6705 0.6389 0. 6636 0.5244 0. 7130 0. 9142 i 0.7131 0. 7067 0.7364 0. 6863 : 0. 7205 0. 9330 0. 9709 0. 7592 0.8827 0. 9033 0. 9019 -1 0. 8855 J 0. 8216 0.7788 , 0. 7657 0.6440 0.5910 0. 6251 0.8T78 0.9900 1.25 1.09 0.80 '0.38 0.73 ( 1.86 ( 2.61 1.21 ( 0.94 \ 0.98 0.14 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.37 0.07 0.25 0.14 0.93 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.31 1.30 0.76 0.62 0.34 0.79 2.19^ 2.78) 1.34 0.981 1.18) 0.10 1.27 0.93 919 934 0. 9501 1.14 59.21 0. 7740 0.8829 0. 8910 0.71 0.34 0.76 \ 574 649 / ' 653 Second sp. gr. detennination made on sap-wood 0.8493 0.60 52.93 0. 9263 2.38 57.73 594 0.8253 1.28 51.43 663 0. 7855 1.02 48.95 677 0. 6411 0.6548 0. 5710 0. 7480 0. 5899 ^ 0. 7515 0.6410 0. 5952 0. 7498 0.6566 0. 6710 0. 6994 0. 6768 0. 6897 0. 6489 0.6487 0.5424 0. 6952 0.12 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.36 0.11 0.23 0.17 T 45 > 4B» 89i 0.47 92' 0. 7512 0. 7516 92* 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.14 0.21^ 0.19 0.76 0.16 0.28 0.08 140 141 0. 7514 0. 6616 0. 6997 0. 7090 0.6867 0. 7029 0. 6589 0. 6252 0.5604 0.6806 0. 9018 0.7079 0. 7762 0. 7S0S 146 197 215 210 Second gro'vrth from stump 217 218 553 0. 6573 866 920 0. 6920 1043 0.5 sap-wood - -- 0. 6540 0.26 40.75 0. 9080 0.85 56.59 931 . 0. 7095 0.7715 0.14 0.25 23 7B2 0. 7405 0.19 46.15 0. 7335 0. 6863 0.7205 0.11 0.21 0.31 17 8«> ««> 320 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speciea. i a a ID State. Locality. CoUeotor. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATEHS OF GBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. :274. Qaercna ^uotoria — continued 363 41 74 66 244 247 437 921 628 963 268 339 131 245 2651 2652 2653 548 342 770 47 282 349 511 742 756 801 1171 852 Kentucky Danville Junction . . "W. M. Linnoy G. W. Letterman... ... do Slate * HUly do do Rich upland ,...do 0.1C5 6 16 do .. do ...do Viiginia... do Clay do ... do . do -. Tennessee Nashville ....do C.Mohr Sandy ..-.. Saw-mill, Ashland .. Eugene City G. Eneelmann and G.S.'Sargent. G. H. Collier Black Oak. ....do 0.224 17 78 G.W. Letterman.... C.Mohr Black Jack. Jack Oak. 0.128 13 46 \ South Carolina . . . Bonneau's Depot "Wytheville Carroll county ... do H. W.Eavenel H. Shriver Spanish Oak. Sed Oak. ....do ....do do do ....do ' ..do ...do ....do Mississippi Alabama Floiida Kemper's mill Cottage Hill C.Mohr 278. Quercns Catesbsei / / ....do Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Blackjack. Blackjack. A. H. Curtiss do 0.301 62 279. Quercus palustris Missouri Allenton G.W. Letterman.... ...do Fin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. ...do ...do ....do 280. Quercu.s aquatica Cottage Hill Tullahoma C Mohp Sandy loam ....do 0.350 8 1« Water Oak. Duck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. Tennessee Georgia A.Gattinger Bainbridge A. H. Curtiss ....do Alliivisil 0. 310 . 13 23 281. Quercus laurifolja Florida ... do Saint John's river . . ... do Laurel Oak. ....do .. do 0.240 0.329 83 6 26 19 282. Qaercna heterophylla New Jersey Mount Holly Citronells S.P.Sbarple3 C.Mohr . Plav Bartra-nCs Oak. 283. Qnercns cinerea JJplaaid WiUma Oak. Blue Jack. Samd Jack THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 321 SPECIFIC GEAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH EETEEMDIATIONS. Wejght.per cnbio foot, in pounds (average). Eemarks. .a 1 First, Second. Third. Average. ■First. Second. Average. 1 0.7749 0.7596 0. 8014 0.7192 0.5070 0.7164 0.6765 0.6622 0. 6565 0.6273 1 0. 7304 0.7309 0.6392 0.5701 0.6613 0. 7334 0. 6556 0. 8052 0. 6679 0.7906 i 0.6917 0.7480 0. 7107 0.7084 0. 7237 0.7474 0.8146 ( 0.6818 \ 0.6882 0.6302 0. 7749 0. 7474 0. 8014 0. 7192 0. 5123 0. 6875 0. 6765 0. 6898 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.44 0.14 0.35 0.59 0.18 0.33 0.96 1.41 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.85 0.90 0.65 0.92 0.45 0.82 0.35 0.48 0.93 0.19 L27 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.54 0.15 0.36 0.65 36> 0. 7352 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.63 0.15 0.37 0.70 0.21 0.30 0.92 1.32 0.27 0.33 41 74 \ 80 0. 5175 0.6586 244 247 437 ' 0.6972 0. 6582 0.6322 0.7492 0.7192 0.7003 0.6780 0.7100 921 0. 7045 0.28 43.90 0. 6573 0. 6297 0.20 0.32 628 963 1 0. 6435 0.26 40.10 0.7398 0. 7251 0.94 1.37 268 All aap.'wood ..... 339 0.7324 1.16 45.64 0. 6948 0.6241 0. 6613 0. 7334 0. 6556 0. 7874 0.27 0.30 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 131 245 • 265* 265'' 265' 0. 7696 0. 6736 0.7854 0.6465 0.6890 y 0.7149 0. 7202 0.7624 0.7075 0.7995 0.68341 0. 6802 ) 0. 6337 0.28 0.80 0.90 0.57 1.07 0.39 0.84 0.19 0.46 1.41 0.14 1.15 548 - 0. 6928 fl.25 43.17 0.6708 0. 7880 0.83 0.90 342 770 0. 7294 0.87 45.45 0.6691 0. 7185 0.61 1.00 47 Second growth 282 0. 6938 0.81 43.24 0.7158 0. 7143 0. 7431 0.42 0.83 0.27 349 511 742 All sap-wood -- 0.7244 0.61 45.14 0. 7275 0. 8071 0.47 1.17 756 801 0. 7673 0.82 47.82 0.6834 0.17 42.59 1171 0.6420 1.21 ! 40.00 352 '21 wnw. 322 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speolea. 1 State. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATBKS OF GEOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 284. Qaercua hypoleuca 416 599 40> 40" 40? 50 135 512 687 729 573 18 258> 258» 2583 516 727 868 9 442 443 55' 55« 119 765 853 11 87 870 877 1047 46 731 73« New Mexico Aiizona Pinos Altos mount- Santa Sita mount- ains. Harrodsburg ....do , E. L.Greene G. Engelmann and C. S.Sargent. W.M.Linney ....do Dry, rocky. ....... do 0.203 49 1 20 285. Qnerons imbTiiJaria Kentncky ....do TTtica shale Shingle Oak. ImtrelOtilc. do , ....do do ....do, do s Missouri AUenton G.W.Lettennan.... do ' ....do ....do 286. Qnerons Phellos Tennessee California ...do Tnllahoma A.G»ttinger G. E. Vasey-. Moist, siliceous-.. Grravelly 0.184 0.400 16 25 85 WiOovi Oak. Peach Oak. 287. Qnerons densiflora Marin connty Mendocino county . . Hot Springs .' Arnold Arboretum . Fancy Gap Tanbark Oak. Cliettimt Oak. Peach Oak. 288. Castanopsis ohrysopliylla A. Kellogg Ohinquoinn. 289. OaHt«np»pnmi1a... G. W. Letterman C.S. Sargent... H. Shriver Sandy loam Drift 0.615 0.666 Ohin^wpin. 290. Castanea Tnlgaris, v'ar. Americajia MassaclinBettB.. . . . Virginia 34 42 Oheattmt. Moist ....do ....do ....do.... ....do ....do ....do ....do ... do Tennessee Pennsylvania Massachusetts. . . ■ ...do Nashville A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle Williamsport 0.110 0.190 4 9 21 26 291, Pagns fermginea 1 Arnold Arboretum . Mercer county ....do. C.S.Sargent W.M.Linney do ieech. Kentucky ...do Hudson Eiver shale, do V ...do ---.do ....do ; ....do ....do !. ....do ....do do Michigan Dansville W.J.Beal Slorlda Chattahoochee lTp.n^ilton A. H. Curtiss do 0.272 82 Massachusetts do J. Kobinson do 292. Ostrya yirginioa Arnold Arboretum. . Allont;On C.S. Sargent G.W.Letterman.... 0.285 0.085 « 2S 35 44 Sop Somieam, Irop, Wood, Lever Wood. Missouri iRioh loam Massachusetts ....do Danvers ...do ....do / 208. Carpinns Caroliniana ....do ....do 0.190 62 U Missouri Allen ton G.W.Letterman.... ■W.MLinney ...do Monibeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron Wood. Kentucky ...do Mercer county ...do Trenton limestone. ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 323 OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UmTED STATES— Continued. SPECIFIC GEAVITT DETEBMIHATIOKB. ASH detebhuiatiosb. Weigntiper cubic foot, In pounds (average). Eemaxks. i 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Aveijige. 0.7826 ( 0.7774 ( 0.8208 0. 7402 0.7234 0.8332 0.7617 0.7200 0.7632 0. 6650 0.5520 0.6698 0. 3829 0.4720 0.4716 0.4494 0.4693 0.4663 0.4613 e.6663 0.6200 0.6343 0.7992 0.7160 0.7619 0.0897 0. 7017 0.7608 0. 8919 0.8512 0.8491 0. 7818 0. 7657 0.7264 0.7620 0.8304 0. 8065 0.7962 1.27 f 1.21 \ 1.64 0.23 0.66 0.79 0.22 0.23 0.61 1.55 0.35 0.12 0.10 0.26 0.21 1.27 1.35 J 1.42^ 1.27 1.41 All sap-wood .......-..-..-- 416 i 0.7735 0.7394 0. 8089 S 1 599 0. 6009 1.34 49.91 0.7398 0.7234 0. 8332 0.7439 0.7243 0.23 0.65 0.79 0.28 0.21 40' iO' 40» 0.7360 0.7285 0.7412 0.7004 0.5627 0. 6076 0.3827 0.34 0.18 0.48 1.41 50 135 0.7529 0.43 46.92 0. 7472 0.50 46.56 / 612 rf 0. 6827 1.49 42.55 687 0. 83 sap-wood - - 0. 5674 0.35 34.74 729 0.11 0.12 0. 6887 0.12 36.69 573 0.3S2R 0.4720 0.4716 0.4494 0.4693 0.4456 0.4621 0.11 0.26 0.21 18 268' 258« 258' 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.34 0.75 0.70 0.57 0.54 0.31 0.47 0.29 0.34 0.49 0.53 0.65 0.51 0.76 0.80 1.34 0.21 0.17 0.12 0.33 0.20 0.17 0.13 516 0.4247 0.4694 0.6656 727 0.4656 868 . 0.4604 0.18 28.07 0.6610 0. 6200 0. 6343 0. 7992 0.7175 0.7112 0.6729 0. 6904 0.34 0.75 0.70 0.57 0.64 0.36 0.47 0.34 9 44> Bed beech 44> "White beech 55' 0.7200 0.6605 0.6560 0.6825 0. 7636 "White beech 65« 0.38 119 765 0.6870 0.38 0.37 0.67 0.66 0.51 0.39 0.80 0.79 First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.6 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 853 0.6883 0.61 42.89 0. 7622 0.8919 0.8595 0.8440 0.7842 0.36 0.68 0.60 0.53 0.45 11 87 0. 8402 0.8296 0.7940 0.7711 0.8870 0.8634 0. 7768 870 877 1047 0.8284 0.50 51.62 0.7684 0.7264 0.7516 0.78 0.80 1.34 46 1 73' 0.7604 7S> 324 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 293. Caipinus Caroliniana — continued . BETULACEJE. 2M, Betula alba, var. popnlif olia White Sirch. Old-field Birch. Birch. 295. Betnla papyrifeia Oanoe Birch. White Birch. Faper BircK 206. Betnla occidentalis . Black Birch. 297. Betula Intea Tellow Birch. Gray Birch. 208. Betula nigra Med Birch. Biver Birch. 299. Betula lenta Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahoga/ny Birch. I o 77 872 1038 10 848 223 224 225 722 836 990 1065 1066 1067 528 155 230^ 230" 843 1068 1069 1070 136 398 841 842 1184 4 221 844 State. Missouri Massachusetts. . ...do .do . .do. Vermont .-..do .-..do Montana Massachusetts Alaska Vermont ... ...do ...do Colorado... California . Vermont ... do ...do Massachusetts . . . Vermont --do ...do Missouri .-.do Maasachnsetts. - ...do Missouri Locality. Massachusetts Vermont Massachusetts AUenton. Danvers . ...do.... Arnold Arboretum. Danvers Charlotte ...do ...do Missoula Townsend Chilcoot inlet. Charlotte ...do ...do Collector. (J. TV. Letterman. J. Bobinson ...do C.S. Sargent. J. ilobinson . - C.G.Pringle ... ...do -. do Sereno Watson . J. Kobinson PauISchultze... C.G.Pringle.... ...do ...do Soa Drift Gravelly.. Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... Wet , Engelmann's oa&on Strawberry valley . . Charlotte . ...do ...do Danvers . . Charlotte . ...do ...do Allenton ...do North Andover . --.do Allenton Arnold Arboretum . Charlotte Danvers. , Eobert Douglas G. Engelmsun and C. S. Sargent. C.G.Pringle. ...do ...do J. Kobinson . . C.G.Pringle., ...do ...do G. W. Letterman ... ...do J. Bobinson --.do G. W. Letterman .. Wet, sandy . Wet, peaty . Swampy . Clay Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... ...do ...do.... C.S.Sargent. C.G.Pringle., J. Bobinson . . , Moist loam . Alluvial ...do ...do Sandy loam . Drift .... Gravelly. ...do.... Diameter of tree, in meters. Bich, alluvial 0.052 LoWjrich Gravelly 0.170 0.i96 LATERB OF GROWTH. wood. 22 Heart- wood. 26 0.234 0.188 0.160 67 34 0.192 0.214 0.362 0.118 30 32 12 41 61 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 325 SPECIFIC GBAVi'JL'X CBTEBMIN-ILTIOKS. ASH DETEEMIKATIONB. "Weight, per onbic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. ATerage. 0.7591 0.7014 0. 7080 0. 5361 0.6330 ).45M 0. 6021 0.6G86 0.61!40 0. 0290 0. 6081 0. 6801 0. 6002 0.6884 0. 5880 0.6543 0.5769 0.7047 0. 6416 0. 7032 0.6468 0.6380 0. 6557 0. 5608 0.5554 0. 5010 0. 6049 0. 5556 0. 7555 0.7344 0. 8116 0. 6907 0. 7085 0. 6804 0.7249 0.7079 0. 6927 0.60 0.88 0.55 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.18 0.44 0.29 0.33 0.60 0.16 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.52 0.93 0.65 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.37 0.20 0.56 0.91 0.60 77 0.7137 0.6896 872 1038 0.7286 0.83 45.41 0. 5361 0. 6160 0.30 0.28 10 0. 6088 0. 4757 0. 5979 0. 6207 0.6096 0. 6260 0. 6060 0. 6227 0. 5665 0. 5908 0.6183 0. B777 0. 6237 0. 6061 First and tMrd sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 848 0. 5760 0.29 35.90 0. 4676 0. 6000 0. 6297 0.6168 0. 6315 0. 6070 0. 6380 0. 5837 0. 5849 0.24 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.25 , 0.24 223 224 225 722 First ep. ^r, determination made on 0.5 aap-wood; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood. 0.6395 990 1065 1066 1067 0.6112 0.5843 0,5745 0. 5955 0.25 37.11 0. 6032 0. 6028 0.18 0.41 529 629' 0. 576? \ 0.6030 0.30 37.58 0. 5998 0. 7047 0.6416 0. 7104 0.6M5 0.6369 0. 6494 0.25 0.33 0.60 0.20 0.27 0.25 0.27 155 230* 0.7200 0. 6293 0. 6472 0.6543 0. 6721 0. 5508 0. 6759 0.5975 0.5836 \ 0.7604 0.6945 0. 8160 It 0.7080 0. 6573 0. 6256 0. 6382 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.20 0.32 0.33 843 1070 All sap-wood 0. 6553 0.31 40.84 0. 5665 0.5531 , 0.5827 0. 5996 0. 6793 0.31 0.29 0.38 0.38 0.42 136 All sap-wood 398 0.6811 0. 5965 0. 5988 841 From top of trunk: Sap-wood 842 1184 ^11 sap-wood 0. 5762 0.35 35.91 0. 7579 0. 7145 0.8128 0.18 0.29 0.30 4 221 0. 8109 All sap -wood... 814 0. 7617 0.26 47.47 326 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. a state. Locality. Collpctor. Soil. Diiimeter of tree, in meters. LAYEKS OF ' BKOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 300. Alnns maritima . Seaside Alder. 301. AlTi iin mbra . Alder. 303. Alnns rhombifoUa. Alder. 303. AJnns oblonglfolia . Alder. 304, Alnus sermlata Black Alder. Smooth Alder. 305. Alnns incana ; SpeckUd Alder. Soa/ry Aider. Black Alder. SALIOACE^. Salix nigra BlaekWittow. 307. Salix amygdaloldes . Willow. 308. Salix liBTigata . Willow. 309. Salix laslandra . Willow. 309. Salix lasiandra, var, lonoifolia . 300. Salix lagiandra, var. Fendleriana . 310. Salix longifolla Sand-bar WiUow. 310. Salix longifolia, va/r. exigna . 991 1025 717 979 541 611 374 862 232 855 884 908 911 1219 640 981 1174 955 Delaware . ... do Alaska "Washington ter- ritory. Oregon Adger's mill. . Pepper's mill . Sitka Pnyallnp . W. M. Canby . ,..do Hoist, sandy loam. ...do 0.108 Portland Fnmiture Company. Paul Schultze G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do'.-. Montana . Oregon . . Missonla. Drain California. San Bernardino . Alabama - Georgia- - Stockton Altamaha river . Vermont Hassachnsetts. - ■ Hinesborgh- Danvers Vermont .- Massacbnsetts . Shelbume . Topsfleld . . Utah Colorado. ...do.... Salt Lake City. Caiion City ...do California. . ...do Santa Cruz . ...do ...&o ... Oregon . Strawberry valley . Portland Xrtah ... niinois . Texas .. City Creek caBon . Bockford Matagorda bay . . . Sereno .Watson . C.S. Sargent..-. W. G. "Wright. . C.Mohr A. H. CurtisB . C.G.Pringle. J. Eobinson.. C.G.Pringle. J. Eobinson. . M. E. Jones . E. Weston . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. L. Anderson. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. F. Skinner M. E. Jones . M. S.Eebb.. C. Mohr .... "Wet Moist loam . "Wet .- Dan^. "Wet loam. ...do "Wet, sandy . Alluvial Clay. Moist, sandy. Moist, rich. Alluvial Gravelly . Moist, saline - 0.108 0.202 0.120 38 12 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 327 SraCIFIC SBAVITT DETEKMIMATIOHS. ASH DETBKMINATI0K8. ■Weiglit.per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 S First. Second. Third. Average. ITirst. Second. Average. a 0. 4988 0. 4923 0.4922 0.18S5 0. 4829 ( 0.4650^ ) 0.4427) 0.4172 0. 4138 0. 4714 0.4573 0.4029 0. 4960 0. 4327 0. 4790 0. 4530 0. 4689 0.4618 0.4'tt6 0. 4810 0.450'> 0. 5003 0.4B78 0.4901 0.5221 0. 5186 0.4889 0.4851 0.4847 0.4565 0. 3722 0.4183 0. 3823 0.4635 0. 4738 0.4842 0.4642 0.4102 0.4621 0. 5087 0. 4906 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.59 0.36 C 0.39 \ 0.43 0.19 0.42 t 0.32 0.47 0.47 0.38 0.62 0.66 0.65 ( 1.08 ( 1.38 0.56 0.60 0.61 1.09 0.63 0.46 1.02 0.35 0.47 0.40 0.49 0.28 0.45^ 0.30) 0.25 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.40 0.40 i 0.79 0.71 0.89 0.911 1.08) 0.60 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.58 0.49 1.09 0.35 0.42 810 0. 4996 0.39 81.13 0.4887 0.4856 0. 4697 0. 4813 0.39 0.54 0.32 967 091 1025 ' 0. 3604 First sp. gr. determination made on sap- wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. 0.42 29.99 0.4077 0.4178 0.39 0.22 717 979 0. 4127 0.31 25.72 0. 3981 0.42 24.81 694 0.4675 0. 4656 0.33 0.43 541 811 0. 4666 0.38 29.08 0.4436 0. 4778 0.44 0.39 0.4732 28.71 0. 4607 0.42 0. 4216 0.4696 0.71 0.68 232 0.4676 First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.66 sap-wood; tliird sp. gr. determination made on 0.6 sap-wood. 855 0.4456 0.70 27.77 0. 4530 0.4488 0.72 1.11 884 0.44481 0.420li 0.4828 0.4702 0.4586 0.4573 0.4619 0. 4959 0.688' On© tree ...-..-.. < 908 1 Oil 0.4609 0.92 28.10 0.4872 0.58 30.36 690 0.4756 0.60 29.64 1219 0. 4519 0.4575 0.67 0.91 640 0.4089 0.4647 0.79 2&34 0.4698 0.66 28.65 889 n 0.4930 0.48 30.72 1174 ■ 0.6482 0.6842 1.06 33.29 9S6 • 328 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AOT) WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 311. Salix sessilifolia . 312. Sallx discolor Olaueous WiMow. 313. Salix flaTescens. 313. Salix flavesoens, var. Sconleriana. Slack WUlow. 314. Salix Hookeriana . 319. Salix cordata^ var. vestita . Diamond Willow. 316. Salix lasiolepis . Willow. 317. Salix Sitchensis . . Silhy Willow. 318. Populns tremnloides Aspen. Quakimg Atp. 319. Populns grandidentata PopUi/r. 320. Popnlus heterophylla Biver Cottonwood. Swamp Oottonwood, 231. Popnlus balsamif era £alta/m. Tacamahae. Balmof&Uead. 1143 1225, 641 721 972 966 1175 1180 1161 2721 2722 2723 411 1035 State. Oregon . Massaclinsetts. ITew Tork Locality. Mouth of Willam- ette river. Topsfleld.. EUenburg . Collector. New Mexico . Montana Utah ■Washington terri- tory. Oregon , Ifehraska . Iowa California . Oregon . 157 847 522 564 159 961 Colorado. ....do.-.. ....do...- Termont. Massachusetts .. Yeimont Massachusetts. Tennessee . Alabama. . . Vermont., Alaska . . , Finos Altos mount- ains. Pattee's ca&on, Mis- soula. City Creek ca&on - . , Seattle. Winchester bay . Brownsville . Sioux City ... Santa Cruz. Sauvie's Island . Alpine .-.do ...do-.-. Charlotte . Danvers .. Charlotte . Danvers . . Nashville . Stockton.. Shelbume Chilcoot inlet. Jos. Howells., J. Eobinson.., J. H. Sears Soil. Alluvial . Diameter of tree, E. L. Greene . S.Watson ... M. E. Jones ■ . Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do. E. W. Furnas . W.G-. Wright.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent Jos. Howells . T. S. Erandegee. ...do ...do C. G. Pringle..., J. Eobinson . 0. G. Pringle . J. Eobinson . . A. Gattinger . C.Mohr Loam. ...do. Eich, nioist Moist, gravelly . . Moist, sandy.. Sandy saline . Alluvial . ...do.... Sandy loam . Alluvial . Damp . ...do. ...do . Moist. . Gravelly. Sandy loam . Gravelly C. G. Pringle . Paul Schnltze . Alluvial . ...do.... Sandy loam . Alluvial 0.091 LAYEES OP GEOWTH. Sap- wood. 0.060 0.160 0.148 0.117 0.128 0.137 0.220 13 22 16 17 41 Heart- wood. 11 14 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UOTTED STATES— Continued. 329 SPECIFIC GRAVITJ DETEEMIHATIOSS. ASH DETEBMIKATI0N6. "Weight, pel cubic foot, in ponnda (average). Remarks. Krst. Second. Third. ATerage. Pirst. Second. Average. a 0.4326 I 0.4930 ( 0,4434 0.3974 0.4912 0.5234 0. 4923 0.5320 0.5471 0. 5750 0.6393 0.5704 0.5011 0.3785 0.3579 0.8569 0.4880 ( 0.4184 ( 0.4227 0. 5119 0.4205 0.4023 0.4115 • 0.3524 0.3843 0.4545 0.41841 0.4643) 0.4319 0.4397 0.49 0.48 0.36 0.79 0.36 0.67 0.43 0.33 0.49 0.72 1.01 0.67 0.76 0.72 0.50 0.49 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.72 0.34 0.32 0.44 0.71 0.95 0.52 0.50 27.40 ' 114S 0.4548 0.3974 0.49 0.37 859' 1225- 0. 5081 0. 4953 0. 4707 0. 5504 0.5229 0. 5683 ' 0.6450 0.5323 0. 5133 0.4261 0.43 26.55 0.4997 0. 5094 0.4815 0.74 0.39 0.70 641: 721 88& 0.4969 0.61 30.97 0.5412 0.39 33.73 072 0. 5350 0.32 33.34 966 0. 5716 0.6422 0.47 0.72 1175 1180 0. 5734 0. 6069 0.59 37.82 0. 5587 0.98 34.82 669' 0. 5072 0.59 31.61 1161 0.3785 0. 3579 0.3569 0.4951 0.4278 0.76 0.72 272" 272* All sap-"Wood ■. -,.... 272 »■ 0. 5021 0.42551 0.4446) 0.4872 0.4416 0.4113 0.4105 0.3404 0. 8768 0.31 0.43 0.31 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.70 0.90 0.72 0.40 'o.31 0.41 411 1035 0.4032 0.55 25.13 0. 4996 0.4268 0.43 0.46 15T 0.4182 0.45 0.74 0.90 1.12 0.39 847 0.4632 0.45 28.87 0. 4068 0.4110 0.72 0.90 622 554 0.4089 0.81 25.48 0.3464 0.3806 ' 0.92 0.40 159' 0611 0.3035 ! 0.66 22.65 330 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. i a State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diametei of tree, in meters. lXtubs of GBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart, wood. * 321. Populns balsamifera, vav. oandicans 1054 552 1012 1028 199 234 255 304 309 754 659 646 579 634 662 104 379 782 783 790 792 796 874 1099 1017 1021 350 860 851 852 Massachusetts Topsfield . J. Bobin.^on Eobert Douglas F. Skinner 0.203 0.098 11 10 19 11 Manitou Springs — Saint J'ohn's Barrel ^Factory, Portland. Portland Furniture Company. Barney and Smith Manufacturing Co. Charlotte Sandy loam BUMh Cottonwood. ^23. Populus trichocarpa Oregon L. BUck Cottonwood,. Balsam Cottonwood. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. "324. Popnlus monilifera Ohio 1 Cottormooi. Necklace Poplar. Caro- lina Poplar. Big Oottormood. C. G.Pringle Gr. T\^. Letterman ...do ....do ....do : ...do -• do Texas Dallas do 0.806 0.250 0.444 5 20 16 59 19 riorida Chattahoochee Sacramento valley . . San Bernardino Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. do .. do ■325. Popnlus I'remontii California do Cottonwood.' .325. Popnlus Fremontii, var. Wializeni Cottonwood. White Cottonwood. CONrFEE.ffi!. 326. Libooedrns deouirena ... do W. G.AVright ... do . ... ... do G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. , White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar. ...do ...do ..... Saw-ihill, San Ber- nardino mountains. ■W. G. Wright 327. Thuya o'ccidentalls Venuont C. G.Pringle ...do White Cedar. Arbor-vitee. ....do ....do.. ... do . ' ' ITe-w Brnnswiok . . Intercolonial rail- ...do Province of Qneheo ...do Amqui A. Grant Grand Trunk rail- way. do ....do Maine Mattawamkeag. .'. . . BauChiire 0.172 19 71 Wisconsin Oregon H.C. Putnam G. Engelmann and C. S.Bargent. do . Drift 328. Thuyaeigantea ■Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. Portland Furniture Company. Cottage Kill Beverly Bed Cedar. Canoe Cedar. ....do.... S29. Chamaecyparig sphffiroidea A1n.liii.TpA. ... G Mohr Sandy, wet 0.298 7 20 White (fedar. Massachusetts...'. ....do ....do ...do . do ...do ....do t do do 1 i .... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continned. 331 BPBCIFIO OKAVITI CETEmilKATIOKB. ASn DETEBMDfATIONB. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 1 Remarks. 1 3 First. Second. Third. Ayerage. First. Second. Average. o e o 0. 3959 0. 3942 0. 3511 0.4163 0. 3817 0. 3939 0. 3315 0. 3201 0.4706 0.4355 0. 5490 0.4827 0. 3891 0. 3428 0. 4586 0.3048 0. 2847 0. 3284 0. 3163 0. 3016 0.S452 0.3108 0.3S84 0.3121 0. 3096 0. 3460 0.3337 0.3105 0.8038 0. 2990 0.4222 0.3881 0. 3656 0. 3937 0. 3946 0.3302 0.3444 0. 3231 0.4778 0. 4632 0. 4655 0. 4176 0. 3830 0.3769 0.4596 0. 3021 . 0. 2870 0. 3275 0. 3275 0. 3007 0. 2880 0.3104 0.3529 0.3232 0.4178 0. 3.551 0.3447 0.3644 0. 3036 0. 3091 0.4301 0.4161 0.48 0.82 1.47 1.66 1.34 0.68 1.18 0.83 1.09 0.69 0.77 1.17 0.03 0.13 0.08 0.29 0.29 0.49 0.39 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.12 0.24 0.04 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.43 75 0.87 1.18 1.43 0.94 0.92 0.79 0.96 0.60 0.46 25.93 Cultivated. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood. 1054 0.3912 79 24.38 55? 0. 3567 0. 3578 0. 4050 1.17 1.37 101'> 1028 0. 3814 1.27 23.77 0. 3882 0. 3621 0. 3380 0. 3216 0. 4742 0. 4494 1.39 0.81 1.05 81 1.03 0.65 199 234 265 304 309 7.54 0.4597 0. 4860 0. 3889 0.9« 24.24 0. 4914 0.77 30 62 6,59 1.09 . 0.04 017 0.05 25 29 0.51 0.44 0.31 44^ 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.14 019 0.90 0.15 0.11 0.13 0. 4621 1.13 28.80 646 0.3861 0. 3599 0.4591 O04 0.15 0.06 579 6, 711' 712 713 714 715 978 305 62 277 651 ] 164 208 222 723 777 C. Mohr Alluvial Said Cypress. Slack Cypress. Sed Oppress. White Cypress. Deeidu- nts Cypress. do Otis & Co., saw-mill . ....do do . do . ....do .. .. ....do ...do \ LitUeEockr ^■■ ....do G. W. Letterman ... ....do . do . ....do ....do Florida Chattahoochee A H. Curtias 0.514 65 230 Department of Ag- riculture, do ., O.Mohr Alluvial do . rt X ....do ; XiOuisiana Bayou La Battery . . Tulaie county ....do .do Alluvial 341. Sequoia gigantea California ....do Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ....do Big Tree. ....do 342. Sequoia semperyirens ....do Russian river Santa Cmz Sedwood. ....do Turner, Kennedy & Shaw. , ....do 1 ...do ....do ...do' ....do' ....do ( ...do Mendocino county.. ....do J. Kentfleld & Co . . ..do ....do • \ ...do ....do ....do k ....do ...do ....do 343. Taxns brevifolia G. Engelmann and C. S.^acgent. A. H. Curtiss C.S.Sargent ,. A. H. Curtias ....... (t "R Vftflftv Moist, rich ; 0.279 8- ib. • , Jew. 344. Taxns Flnrirtana florida Hat Creek Jew. 345. Torreya taxifolia ....do Cliattalioochee ....do Maiin county Arnold Arboretum . Woodsum Machine Company. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Charlotte Allnvial StvnUng Cedar. Savin. 346, Torreya Californica —.do California Massachusetts Michigan Calcareous 0. 284 0.361' 0..510' 12r 20. 10. 78 , 73' 51 California Nutmeg. Slinking Cedar. 347. Finns Strobus C.S.Sargent E. E. Barney Drift White Pim. Weymouth Fine. ...do ....do C.G.Pringle ....do Pennsylvania New Brunswick . . Wllliamsport Intercolonial rail- way. 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. . OP DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 335 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETEEMINATIONS. ASH DETEKMINATIOKB. ■Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). ! ^ II First. Second. Third. Average. I^St. Second. Average. Bemarks. . '■ q g e => 0.4559 0.5114 0. 5017 0.4882 0.4683 0.4159 0.2444 0.23C2 f 0.3442 0.4282 1 0.4599 i 0.4112 0.3860 0.4123 0.4878 ( 0.3234 \ 0.3230 '•.'124 0.3788 0.4242 0. 3963 0.4912 0.3015 0.3610 0.5226 0. 4827 0.6390 * 0.6340 0.6034 0.4728 0. 4823 0.3946 0.3481 0.3400 0.4880 0. 3690 0. 360C 0.4442 0.4896 0. 5224 0.4545 0.5031 0.4094 0.2013 0. 2394 0. 3656 0.3705 0.5022 0.4336 0.3750 0.4057 0.4904 0.3202^ 0.3289) 0.2523 0.3965 0.4281 0.4444 0.4562 0.2982 0.3612 0.4714 0. 5181 0.6553 0. 4501 0. 6005 0. 5121 0.4614 0.4857 0.4020 0.44 0.35 0.66 0.38 0.34 0.27 0.66 0.55 C 0.39. I 0.48) 0^50 0.61 0.36 I 0.54 ( 0.41 0.60 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.06 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.22 0.20 1.08 0.26 1.27 0.11 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.40 0.31 0.52 0.45 0.29 0.36 0.42 0.33 0.69 0.42 0.32 0.32 535 542 \ 543 581 582 741 ,0.3808 894' .. 0. 4072 0.3805 0.4540 0.4891 . 0.44 0.60 . 0.52 0.37 If ext outside of preceding do • One tree. ■ 0.60 0.63 0.37 0.501 0.33) 0.64 0.23 0.19 0.3492 Outside wood » S One tree : White cypress - -,- - . i 1212 1214 0.4543 0.42 27.65 0.3240 0.2524 0.44 0.67 i 0.2882 0.50 18.20 0.3877 0.4262 0.4204 0. 4737 0.2909 0. 3611 0.4970 0. 5004 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.12 67S 711* 711* 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.22 0.22 1.38 0.21 1.40 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.12 0.30 712 '-■ 713 714 715 0. 6230 0.4208 0.14 26.22 0.6391 0.22 39.83 978 0.6340 0.21 39.51 ins 0. 5369 0.4447 0. 4696 0.4106 0. 3459 0.3418 0. 6461 0. 3850* 0.3140 0. 5702 0.4588 1.23 0.23 62 277 0.5145 0.73 32.06 0.4760 1.34 29.66 651 0. 4026 0.3470 0. 3409 0.5670 0.3770 0. 3373 0.15 0.15 0.21 0.22 0.15 0.26 * 164 208 222 723 777 336 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CCTBIC FOOT ^ Species. 1 i ft 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diamete of tree, in meters. LATEBB OP r GKOWTH. 1 Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 788 789 797 1044 975 987 638 668 730 819 913 992 597 602 661 656 1226 397 823 882 891 900 915 577 631 821 914 194 Ke-w Brunswick . . ProTince of Que- bec. ....do Ed. Sincliiir Amqai A.G-rant Grant Trunk rail- way. / Massachusetts British Columbia . Oregon Drift 0.215 15 16 348. Pinna mouticola Hasting's saw-mill, Burrard inlet. Cascade mountains . Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.S.Sargent Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. R. Vasey While Pine. 349. Pinns Lambertiana California Sugar Fine. ....do ....do Iiassen's peak Forest City Sierra Ijumbbr Com- pany, San Fran- cisco. T. S. Brandegee A. Triple 350. Pinusflexilis 0.502 38 120 White Pine. Nevada Monitor range Silver Mountain val- ley, Fraser river. Santa Bita mount- ains. Pinos Altos mount- ains. Santa Eita mount- ains. San Diego county. - . Santa Catalina mountains. CaBonCity ....do 351. Pinus albicanlis British Columbia . G. Engelmann and 0. S.Sargent. ....do 0.494 50 160 352. Pinus reflexa....^ White Pine. Ifew Mexico Arizona Callfonria E. L. Greene V G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G.E.Vasey 353. Pinus Pan'vana Piflon. Nut Fine. 354. Pinus cembroides C.G.Pringle.. Nut Fine. 355. Pinns ednlis 0.284 30" 79 Fifion. Nut Pine. 356. Pinns monophylla , Eastern Arizona.. Utah San Francisco mount- ains. Lewieton E. L. Greene . . .do Paum. Nut Fine. M. E. .Tones . 0.164 19 66 Eastern Arizona.. CaUfomia San Francisco mount- ains. E.L. Greene Department of Ag- riculture. A. Triple Nevada Danville - 857. Pinus Balfonriana CaUfornia Scott mountains G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. 0.368 75 309 357. Pinns Balfonriana, vm. aristata Colorado Forest City T. S. Brandes^ee 0.450 44 136 Foxtail Fine. Biekory Pine. Nevada Prospect mountain . . Barney &. Smith ManufaoturiDgCo. A. Triple JBocky 358. Pinus resinosa Michigan S. E. Sarnev Med Pine. Norway Pine. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES, or DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 337 BPBOIFIO GKAVITT DETEBMINATI0N8. Krst. Second. Third. 0. 3991 0. 3624 0. 3905 0. 3503 0. 1291 0.3684 0. 4066 0. 3782 0. 3153 0: 4965 0. 4209 0. 4233 0. 4729 0. 4986 0. 4869 0. 5628 0. 6695 0.5^3 0. 6000 0.4499 0. 6140 0. 5715 0. 5585 0.6434 0.5580 0.4007 0. 6149 0. 3070 0.3463 0. 3725 0. 3513 0. 4102 0. 3554 0.4014 0. 3889 0. 3201 0. 4031 0. 4097 0. 5253 0. 4961 0. 4696 0. 6330 0.6^ 0. 3563 0. 4644 0. 7617 0. 6230 0.5409 0.5476 0.4872 0.4838 22 POE 0. 3438 0. 4526 0.6052^ 0.4847$ 0. 6273 0. 4671 Average. 0. 3980 0.3543 0. 3815 0. 3485 0. 3854 0. 4197 0. 3619 0. 4040 0. 3836 0. 8177 0.3684 0. 4507 0. 4209 0. 4368 0. 4165 0.4971 0. 4783 0. 4877 0. 6675 0. 6388 0. 6781 0. 4572 0. 6878 0. 5473 0. 5586 0. 5658 0.5434 0. 4996 0. 6149 0. 5572 0.4855 ASH DETEEMIKAIIONS. IFirst. Second. Average. 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.10 0.26 0.16 0.17 0.29 0.22 0.20 0.35 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.64 0.88 0.57 0.78 0.67 0.72 0.89 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.18 0.42 0.23 0.19 0.22 0.13 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.25 0.24 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.27 0.92 0.65 0.77 0.72 0.76 0.41) 0.42 5 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.12 "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 0.19 0.27 0.18 0.17 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.36 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.64 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.83 0.41 0.68 0.40 0.18 0.42 0.30 0.20 22.96 27.16 BemarkB. Cnt at 3,800 feet elevation. Second sp. gr. determinationmadeon sap-wood. Cntat elevation of 10, 000 feet. All sap-wood 30.39 35.37 40.58 9.81 33.86 34 72 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood . Second sp. gr. specimen contained a knot . Second sp. gr. specimen was very resinous . 788 789 797 1044 976 987 One tree . Thiid sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 0.75 sap-wood 730 819 913 993 697 602 661 656 1220 397 823 882 891 000 916 577 831 821 914 194 333 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT o StELte. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diajneter of tree, LATERS OF GBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 3S8. FinnB resinosa— continued. 3S9. Fians Toneyana . 3C0. Pinna Arizonioa . Yellov) Pine. 881. Finns ponderosa XeOowPme. .BuHPfne. 362. Finns Teffreyi Buli Pine. Black Pine. 363. Finns Chihaalinana 364. Finns contorta Scrub Pine, 365. Finns Hnrrayana , Tmmaraek. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. 366. Finns Sabinlana Bigger Pine. BuU Pine. 315 413 779 785 1074 1075 1076 996 1144 1154 1155 1156 619 626 630 632 636 689 718 731 907 910 1007 578 593 664 997 293 663 625 671 644 MicMgan Vermont ITew Bmnswiok . -—do Vermont ....do ..--do CaUfomia. Arizona ... ...do ...do ...do Dakota Oregon California. . ...do Oregon California.. Montana... California.. Colorado . . . ...do California . ...do ...do California. . Arizona . ...do.... BiltisliColnmMa. Colorado... ....do California. -do. .do . Horsey . . . Charlotte . Bridgeton . Charlotte . . ...do ...do San Diego county. Santa Bita monnt- ains. ...do ..do . .do. Deadwood Saw-mill, Ashland . Strawberry valley . ...do Saw-mill, Ashland . . Saw-mill, San Ber- nai'dlno. Saw-mill, Missonla. . Lassen's peak . . . CaBon City ...do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Scott mountains ■ —do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Santa Kita mount- ains, .--do Vancouver's island Forest City ...do Scott mountains - Jolon Contra Costa county W.J. Beal...- C. G. Fringle . Clay- Intercolonial rail-, way. Ed. Sinclair C. G. Fringle . ...do ...do G. I!ngelmann . C. G. FringI* . . ...do ...do ...do Robert Douglas G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do : ...do ...do W. G. 'Wright . S. Watson Sierra Lumber Com. pany. B. Weston ...do .: W. G. "Wright . G. Bojelmann and C. S. Sargent, -.-do— W. G. Wright . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee C.S. Sargent G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. E. Vasay . ...do Sandy . Kocky. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Gravelly - Low, wet, swampy Dry, gravelly - ---do Dry, gravelly - — do ...do. Moist, sandy loam. ...do ...do Gravelly . 0.234 0.510 0.269 0.312 102 43 43 S3 23 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 339 SPECIFIC GKAVITY DETEBMIHATIONS. ASH DETEEMIKATIOKS. "Weight, per cubic foot, in poands (average). Kemaika. 1 i First. Second. Third. Average. I'irst. Second. Average. § 0.5450 0. 6121 0.4555 0.4250 0.4627 0.4931 0.4892 0.4659 0.5360 0. 5066 0.4567 0.4168 0.4877 0.4552 0.4571 0.5264 0.4184 0.5144 0. 3972 0.4284 0. 4676 0.4376 0. 5521 0. 4561 0. 4985 0. 5982 , 0.5584 0. 5220 0. 5709 0.3550 0. 4201 0.4204 0.4528 0.4988 0.5416 0.4537 0. 4911 0.4631 0.4752 0.4922 0.4582 0.6119 0.5079 0.7844 0. 4204 0.3864 0.4813 0.4419 0.4152 0.6350 0.4240 0. 5265 0.4479 0.4437 0. 5305 0.4459 0. 5412 0.4520 0. 5075 0. 5274 U. 5780 f 0.5239) 0. 5985 0. 3561 0. 4267 0.4711, 0.4531 0. 6312 0.5433 0.4829 0. 4733 0.4441 0.4869 0.4899 0.4777 0.20 0.24 0.28 6.39 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.38 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.25 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.34 0.23 0.40 0.28 _0.58 0.45 0.30 0.22 0.23 0.29 ( 0.37 ( 0.41 0.21 0.36 0.26 0.37 0.43 0.40 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.16 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.43 0.23 0.36 0.26 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.20 0.36 0.24 0.37^ 0.40 5 0.16 0.29 0.25 0.37 0.41 0.35 0.22 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.28 315 413 779 785 0.5227 0.4845 0.4858 0.4860 1074 First and third sp. gr. determinaMons made on 0.5 Bap-wood; second sp- gr. determination made on sap-wood. Second sp. gr. detenu ination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 1076 1076 0.4854 0.27 30.25 0.4879 0.35 30.40 996 0. 5220 0.6455 0.4461 0.4016 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.24 1144 1154 0.4611 1166 1156 0. 5038 0.20 31.40 0.4845 0.4485 0.4362 0.5307 0.4212 0. 5204 0. 4225 ' 0.4360 0.4990 0. 4417 0. 5466 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.39 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.49 0.45 0.32 619 626 630 All sap-wood .-....-. 632 All sap-wood ---.-- 636 689 718 All sap-wood 731 All sap-wood 907 910 1007 > One tree. Foarth sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. } 0.4715 0.36 29.45 578 0.4785 0. 5628 0.25 0.27 633 607 0.5206 0.26 32.44 0.5457 0.39 34.01 593 0. 5750 664 0. 5815 0.19 36.24 097 0. 3551 0.4279 0. 4457 0.33 0.26 0.37 293 663 025 0.4096 0.32 25.53 0.4530 a 6150 0.42 0.37 571 644 All sap-wood 0.4840 0.40 30. 16 340 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC G-EAVITT, ASH, ANT> WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. • % m o State. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEES OF GKOWTH. ' ' Sap- wood,. Heart- wood. 1157 676 896 576 82 355 388 389 13 1046 83 621 622 1169 1172 279 321 396 671 278 319 557 558 569 142 544 764 California . . . ; > do San Bernardino W. G. Wright...... G. E. Vasey Department of Ag- riculture. G. Sngelmann and C. S. Sargent. ( A. H. Curtiss C. Mohr 368. Pinus insignls . . Gravelly loam — 0.544 35 Monterey Pine. do 369. Pjnias tnbercnlata „ do Mount Shasta Dnval county Cottage Hill Wilmington .. do Gravelly Moist, sandy 0.418 , 0. 034 35 27 18 6 Knob-cont Pine. 370. Finns Taeda '. Loblolly Pine. Old-fleld Pine. Bose- North 'Carolina . . . do Edward Kidder...., . do. Loam do ^ 1 Massachnsetts- - - . ....do Arnold Arboretum. . North Beading Dnval county C. S. Sargent J. Hobinson Drift 9.267 0.230 0.312 0.206 0.164 21 26 33 8 28 15 8 1 19 42 34 Pitch Pine. ....do 372. Pimis serotina...-. Florida A. H. Curtiss H. W. Eavenel ....do Moist, sandy loam - Dry, sandy do Pond Pine. South Carolina ... do Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. ....do ' New Albany Mount Holly Apalachioola WytheviUe New Jersey Florida S. P. Sharpies A. H. Curtiss 5. Shriver Dry, sandy barrens Clay 0.238 0.264 0.010 0.243 0.015 6 20 14 29 33 36 35 ScmdPine. Scrub Pine. SpnieePvne. TaUe-mowntam Pine. Sickory Pine. Pennsylvania .' California... Florida Coleraiu Forge Chattahoochee J. E. Lowrie G.E. Vasey A. H. Curtiss C. Mohr Slate OHspo Pme. Bishop's Pvne. Clay Yefiov} Pine. Short-leaved Pine. JSprucePine. Bull Pine. Texarkana F. L. Harvey do iy ....do ....do ....do do .do ...do ....do ' do S78 ■ PinixB clal)Ta South Carolina . . . Mississippi Florida Bonnoau's Depot . . . Gainesville Chattahoochee H.W. Eavenel C. Mohr Elch upland ...... 1 Oeda/rPine. Spruce Pine. White Pine. A. H. Curtiss THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 341 BPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH BBTERMDIATIOKS, Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. l-i I-irst. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.4272 0.4962 0. 4082' 0. 3469 0. 5010 0. 5788 0.5458 0. 5045 0. 5597 ( 0. 4065 ( 0. 4131 0.7904 0. 4905 0. 5571 0. 5149 0. 5778 0. 4696 0. 5235 4851 0.5054 0. 5789 0. 7098 6080 0. 7202 0. 4680 0. 4358 0. 3232 0.4018 0. 3994 0.5244 0.4018 0,3529 0. 5609 0. 5466. 0. 5654 0. 4890 0.5669 0.4154^ 0.6323 5 0.7931 0. 4830 0.<5680 0.4603 0.5841 0. 6456 0. 5050 0. 4602 0.4831 0. 4550 0. 7569 0. 6129 0. 7232 0. 4689 0. 423,'-. 0. 3741 0. 4002 0.4133 0.34 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.19 f 0.321 I 0.19) 0.15 0.24 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.32 0.40 0.53 0.35 0.40 0.20 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.37 25.76 1157 0. 5098 0.4050 0.23 0.36 676 896 0.4574 0.30 28.50 0. 3499 0.33 21.81 576 0. 5609 0. 5627 0. 5556 0. 4971 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.25 , 82 ' 355 388 389 0. 5441 0.26 33.91 0.5633 0. 4668 0.20 0.26 13 1 I First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second and ^ third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Fonrth ( sp. gr. specimen very resinons. 1046 0.7990 0.18 0.27 0.31 0.23 0.34 0.31 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.17 0.31 0.41 0.61 0.44 0.35 0. 5151 0.23 32.10 0. 7942 0.17 49.49 83 0. 4867 0. 5626 0. 4876 0. 5870 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.32 621 622 1169 0. 5091 1172 i 1 0. 5309 0.30 33.09 0. 5576 0.31 / 34 75 279 0. 5143 0. 4727 0.30 0.23 321 396 0. 4935 0.27 30.75 0. 4942 0.26 30.80 671 0. 5144 0. 7333 0. 6107 0.7247 0. 4089 •0.35 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.37 278 319 " 557 558 559 0. 6104 0.29 38.04 0.4297 0. 3487 0. 4010 0.50 0.49 0.35 0.45 142 614 764 0. 3931 24.50 342 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AlfD WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. s State. Locality. Collector. SoiL Diamete of tree, in meters. LATIBSOF , P GBOWTH. Sap. wood. Heart, wood. 391 780 879 81 85 172 243 302 357 358 359 360 361 384 385 390 f)62 1096 84 356 493 109 231 373 776 794 880 513 620 773 784 791 292 575 822 899 905 W. J. Beal QrayFine. Scrub Fine. Primse't Pine. Intercolonial rail- ....do I Duval county ....do A. H. Curtiss do Sandy loam Moist, sandy 0.353 0.355 25 46 119 51 Georgia Pine. Tellow Pine. Hard ....do Pine. Mississippi Florida Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co Saw-mill, Saint John's river. Aiken E. E. Barney • A ■ H. Curtiss Sontli Carolina . . . Alabama HW.BaTenel C Mohr Sandy loam . - Cottage Hill do ...do'. do do ..-.do Ohnnchula do do .--.do ... do do . do ---.do ...do .--.do ....do Florida Saw-mill, Cedar Keys. do : 1. A H Curtiss .-..do do Iforth Carolina . . - Texas Wilmington Sabine county Mobile E.Kidder Aljibnma. C Mohr 381. Finne Cnbensis Florida .--. -Alabama Duval county Cottage Fill Bay Biscayne Charlotte A. H. Curtiss C.Mohr '. Moist, san^ ....do 0.326 58 50 Sloth Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. Florida A. H. Curtiss C.G.Pringle ....do Coral - 382. Picea nigra Vermont Black Spruce. .-.do ..y... .--.do --do Huntingdon ....do v Ne-w Bmnswiok.- Provinoe Quebec . NoTV Brunswick . . New Hampshire - - Dakota Bayof Fundy Danville Intercolonial rail- way. Grand Trunk rail- way. Ed. Sinclair Bridgeton 383. Pioea alba Stratford . 0.188 16 22 White Spruce. Terry's peak Bay of Fundy Bridgeton Robert Douglas Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair GraTeUy ' New Brunswick . - .--.do Province of Que- bec. Amqni A. Grant 384. Plcea Engelmuml T. S. Brandegee.-.. C. S. Sargent 0.320 8 76 White l^iruee. ....do ....do Peatv. ....do ...do 0.318 45 71 ...do Department of Ajri- culture. ...d» TTtab THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. , OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UlSriTED STATES— Continued. 343 SPECIFIC ORAVITT DETEEMIHATIOHS. 1 ASH DETEHMDfATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in poands (average). Bemarka. 4 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 4622 0.4965 0. 4588 0.6065 0.7284 0.4794 0.4588 0.4900 0.28 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.26 0.28 0.39 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.17 0.19 0.31 0.16 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.32 0.43 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.30 0.20 0.19 394 780 0.4778 0.7551 0.7117 0. 6927 0. 7509 0.6139 0. 6602 0.8652 0. 8509 0. 6073 0.7590 0. 6163 0. 6549 0.4602 0.7744 0. 6415 0.6533 0.7881 0.8529 0.4576 0.6289 0.4285 0.4730 0.4065 0.4830 0.4074 0.3848 0.4231 0.3809 0. 8737 0.3550 0. 3365 0. 8507 0. 3717 0. 3105 0.4857 879 0.4761 0.23 29.67 0.7418 0.7117 0.6950 0. 7199 0.5665 0. 6609 0.8989 0.8479 0.7294 0. 7663 0. 5938 0. 6236 0. 5734 0.7245 0.6453 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.25 0,31 0.27 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.18 0.22 81 85 0. 6974 0.6829 0. 5101 0. 6616 0.9325 0.8450 0. 7914 0. 7736 0. 5714 0. 5924 0. 6186 0. 6745 0.6490 9.6506 0.7340 0.8389 0.4715 0. 5256 0.4486 0. 4593 0.4290 0. 4098 0.4194 0.4034 0.4375 0.4188 0.4020 0.3551 0. 8217 0. 3528 0. 8725 0.8137 172 243 302 357 Boxed for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped XO years ; abandoned, 1861. Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years j specimen taken along chip. Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; speoimen taken above chip. Boxed for turpentine, 1878 ; chipped 2 years 358 359 860 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.15 0.31 0.17 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.21 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.24 0.33 0.26 361 384 385 0.6413 390 562 Tree boxed for turpentine 18 or 20 years ago 1096 0. 6999 0.25 43.62 0. 6520 0.7611 0.8379 0.31 0.16 0.31 84 356 0.8220 493 IP. mbral •- 0.7504 0.26 46.76 0.4646 0.5272 0.4386 0.4662 0.4087 0.4451 0.20 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.33 109 231 [P. rubra] - 378 776 0.3907 0.4425 \ 794 880 0.4584 0.27 28.57 0. 4134 0. 3941 0.4303 0. 3999 0. 3879 0.24 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.27 513 620 773 784 791 0.4051 0.32 25.25 0. 3551 0. 3291 0. 3518 0. 3721 0. 3166 0.33 0.35 0.27 0.33 0.34 293 575 822 899 905 n oo oi JO 1 344 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPEOIiPIG GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 1 1 State. Locality. CoUector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATEGS OF GKOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 269 270 901 906 970 977 1015 1019 1026 6 219 726 772 775 778 787 793 817 1040 1042 623 971 995 980 271 627 702 704 705 706 708 709 720 732 881 973 974 986 989 T. S. Brandegee ....do ....: * White Spruce. Slue Spniee. ....do ....do do • ....do Department of Agri- culture. ... do Utah 886. Picea Sitchensis Alaska Sitka Paul Schnltze J ■ Tide-loud Spruce. Britisli Colnmbia . Saw-mill, Bnrrard inlet. Weidler's mill, Port- land. Saw-mill, Astoria... Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ....do ....do ....do Portland Tumiture Company. Arnold Arboretum . . Charlotte ....do 887. Tsnga Canadensis Massachusetts^... C. S. Sargent C. G.Pringle ....do Drift 0.382 37 67 Brantoc^. Pennsylvania K"ew Brunswick . . WiUiamsport Damp Intercolonial raU- ■way. ....do ....do ....do ....do Province Quebec . ■WestTirginia.... Massachusetts ...do Danville Grand Trnnk raU- way. ' C. G. Pringle Grafton tT. Kobinson do Moist, loam ,. 0.230 0.260 0.228 26 16 51 92 32 14 1 388. Tsnga Caroliniana M"orth Carolina . . . ■Washington terri- ■ tory. Alaska Hendersonville Wilkeson A. H. Cortiss G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Dry,rocky Semloeh. ' 889. Tsnga Mertensiana Bemloelc. Sitka 390. Tsnga Pattoniana British Columbia . Colorado Silver peak, near Praser river. Alpine G. Engelmann and C.S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. 391. Psendotsnga Donglasii 0.276 40 155 Bed Fir. TeUow Fir. Oregon Fine. Douglas Fir. CaUfomia Oregon Saw-mUl, Strawberry valley. Saw-miU, Marshfield ...do' ...do ...do ....do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marshfield. ....do ....do ....do ....do... . ....do ...do do ....do ....do do .. . Montana Saw-miU, Missoula. . Lassen's peak Salt Lake California Sierra Lumber Com- pany. m; E. Jones C. S. Sargent ' Utah British Columbia . ....do Saw-raill, Burrard inlet. ...do ....do ....do Saw-mill, Victoria . . Saw-miU, Portland.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Oregon THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMElirS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 345 SPECIFIC QKAVITY BBTBItMm^ TIONS. / ASH DETEBMDfATIONS. Weight, per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). 'Remarks. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average 0.3480 0. 3480 0.3549 ' 0.4292 0. 3641 0.22 0.32 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.24 0.73 0.43 0.45 0.34 0.54 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.52 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.34 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.31 0.50 0.48 269 0.3540 0. 3558 0.4274 0.3517 0. 6485 0. 3974 0.29 0.51 0.28 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.25 0.67 0.36 0.46 0.42 0.56 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.60 0.31 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.53 270 0.4309 . 901 0. 3764 906 0. 3740 0.38 23.31 0.6029 0. 6257 0. 3816 0.4280 0.3463 0. 3619 0.24 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.13 0. 3658 977 0.4280 1015 a 3520 0. 3423 0. 3576 0. 3896 0. 4624 0. 3823 0.4704 0.4707 0. 3343 0.4538 0. 5191 0. 3500 0.4554 0.4080 0.4260 U.4833 0.4975 / 0.4396 0.4674 0. 5653 0.4364 0. 6769 0.5250 0. 5937 0. 5785 0. 3859 0.5215 0. 4941 0. 5856 0.4679 0.4848 0.4504 0.5922 1 0.3446 1019 (1. 3661 1026 0.4287 0.17 26.72 0. 3880 0. 3888 0. 4629 0. 3820 0.4333 0.4773 0. 3381 0.4538 0. 5112 0. 3610 0.4443 0.4097 , 0.25 0.70 0.40 0.46 0.38 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.42 5 0.4633 219 0.3817 — * 726 0.3963 Jt.fi.fi hftT^loclr . ... 772 0.4839 '775 0. 3418 778 0. 4638 787 0. 5033 793 0. 3719 817 4213 0.4561 0.4098 1040 to 4112 ' 1042 0.4239 0.46 26.42 0. 4289 0.4275 0.40 26.64 623 0. 5671 0. 5252 0. 5122 0.43 0.41 971 995 4931 0.5411 0.4503 0. 5182 0.42 32.29 4462 0.4454 0.44 27.76 08G " 4461 0.4568 0. 5612 0.4214 0. 6551 0. 5233 0. 5715 0. 5987 0.4067 0. 5242 0. 4018 0. 5553 0.4744 0. 4938 0. 4508 0. 6956 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.11 271 a. 6570 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.11 0. 4063 Coarse-grained 702 6332 Grown near the ocean 704 5493 "Pinfi.gTBinftfl >»pqt ITifllity 706 0.6189 4254 Coast fir 70S 20 miles firom coast, clear yellow 709 0. 5269 720 0. 4896 732 5''51 881 0. 4809 0. 5028 451 X Eedflr 973 Yellow fir 974 988 0. 6990 980 346 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speeleg. .a a state. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tiee, meters. LATEBB OF GROWTH. Sap- Heart, wood, wood, 391. Fsendotsnea Donglasil— continned . 391. FsendotsagaDonglagii, vor.maorocarpa. SemlQeTc. Abies Fraseri Balsam. She Balsam. 393. Abies balsamea Balsam Fir. Balm of GiXead Fir. 394. Abies subalpina . Balsam. 395. Abies grandis . White Fir. 396. .Abies Goncolor White Fir. Balsam Fir. 397. Abies bracteata . 398. Abies amabUls . 9. Abies nobiUs . Bed Mr. 400. Abies magnifica . Bed Fir. 401. Iiarix Americana Larch. Blaek'Xiareh." Tamarack. Sackmataclc. 1008 1011 1016 1018 1020 1022 642 523 107 377 449> 449» 820 British Columbia Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do California ITorth Carolina . . . Saw-mill, Bnrrard inlet. Oregon Kailway and Navigation Co. "Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. Saw. mill, Astoria .. Portland Furniture Company. Portland Furniture Company. Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. --.do .do . -do- -do- .do. Koau mountain - Vermont.. ..-.do...- Crreen mountains ■ . - Monkton Colorado., --.do...., ...do 1009 1010 529 580 733 572 1004 965 647 226' 226« 226' 774 781 786 795 840 Oregon . Colorado... California . ...do ...do ...do. British Columbia Oregon . California . Vermont ..-.do .. do New Brunswick . ..do --.do ...do Hassachusetts . . . Forest City. ....do ,...do Portland.. Engelmann's oa&on Strawberry valley . ...do Lassen's peak. . Santa Lucia mount- ains. Silver peak, near Fraser river. Cascade mountains Soda Springs . Charlotte ...do ... do Bay of Fnndy . Bridgeton . Danville . . . Wenham . . ■W. G. Wright. ■WalcottGibbs. C. G. Pringle - . ..-.do Peaty loam . 0.180 Cold, gravelly loam Peaty. , T. S. Bnmdegee . ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Bohert Donglas. G. Engelmimn and C. S. Sargent. ...do T Sierra Lumber Com- pany. G. E. Vasey . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do. .do. C. G. Pringle. ...do .. do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Ed. Sinclair Grand Trunk rail. way. J. Bobinson Hoist, sandy loam, ...do ...do 0.344 Bioh, allavial. Eooky . . . Alluvial. ...do.... Bich, sandy loam Eich Gravelly loam . . . Cold, swampy. ...do ...do , Swampy . 0.736 0.106 0.584 L324 46 17 56 29 60 71 155 43 120 267 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 347 SPECIFIC GEAVITY DETBUMINATIOKS. First. 0. 5268 0.4902 1. 6831 0. 5660 0. 4331 0. 4.562 0. 3699 0. 3386 0. 4248 0.3446 0.3442 0. 3475 0. 3613 0. 3059 0. 3286 0.424V /082 0. 4297 0.4625 0.4752 Second. 0.4867 0. 5599 0. 5725 0. 4422 0. 4588 0. 3431 0. 3342 0.4299 3515 3641 3397 0. 3371 0. 3842 0. 3625 0. 3717 0. 2910 0. 3780 0. 4500 0. 6483 0.4497 0.4614 0. 6973 0. 7075 0.6945 0.7779 0.6835 0. 6069 0.5975 0. 5765 0. 5925 0. 5740 0.%389 0. 5570 0.5862 0.5864 Third. 0. 3342 0. 3531 0. 4738 0. 6000 Average. 0. 5266 0. 4885 0. 5715 0. 5692 0. 4377 0. 4575 0. 5157 0. 4563 0. 3364 0. 4273 0. 3819 0. 3481 0. 3541 0. 3405 0. 3476 0. 3545 0. 3665 0.2985 0. 3533 0. 4371 0. 3638 0. 6783 0. 4228 0. 4701 0.7024 0. 7362 0. 6452 0. 5870 0.5833 0. 5479 0. 5873 0. 6000 0. 6236 ABH DETERIUNATIONS. First. Second. 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.47 0.63 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.34 2.09 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.47 0.35 0.36 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.60 0.49 0.35 0.33 1.99 0.21 0.30 0.27 0.49 0.30 0.32 0.48 Average. 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.54 0.56 0.34 0.45 0.66 0.33 0.34 0.44 0.49 0.88 1.12 0.52 0.87 0.85 2.04 0.23 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.33 Weight.per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 32.14 28.44 22.22 23.80 21.97 22.67 26.35 28.42 38.86 Bemarki. Bailroad tie. One tree . 348 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. * Diameter of tree, in meters. lateSs of ■ GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 719 984 1006 242 1159 504 1107 506 1116' 565 1119 1063 605 696 699 1003 Ta/mwraclc. ■Washington ter- ritory. Fulda do "William I^". Siksdorf . ....do Moist PALMACB.a!. 404. Sabal Palmetto , Horida Sister island Agua Galiente A-H-Cnrtiss '.. ■W.G.Wright A.H CnrtisB .. do Shell Cdbtage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto. 405. "Washingtoiiia fllif era California Florida » Fan-leaf Palm. 406- Thrinax parviflora Coral Silk-top Palmetto. ....do Baliia Honda Key . . Sugar-loaf Sound . . . ....do 407. Thrinax argentea do do ...do . . . Silver-top Palmetto. BricUey Thatch. Brittle Thatch. ....do ...do do 408. Oreodoxa regia -- do do Boyal Palm. ...do Lost Man's river — ...do ....do 1 409. Xucca caualiculata Texas . . . C Mohr Spanish Bayonet. California ....do Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. The Jonhua. Joshua Tree. ..-.do Tucson ...-., San Diego ....do i ...do . do Spanish Bayonet. 412. Yncca baccata... California G. Engelmann do Spanish Ba yonet. Mexicim Bcmana. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 349 "V SPECIFIC OBAVITT CETEBMINATIONB. First. 0. 6663 0. 7717 0.8340 0. S002 0. 5597 0. 4700 0. 7014 0. 4539 0.7357 0.6775 0. 2370 0. 8178 0.7461 0.7162 0. 3473 0. 4002 0. 2327 0. 1090 Second. Third. 0.5897 0.7839 0.7984 0.4020 0.49421 0.5453* 0. 7258 0. 4957 0. 7468 0.6907 0. 1887 0. 8807 0.7613 0. 5875 0. 3472 0.4002 0. 6511 0.3468 0.4191 0. 5039 0.7118 0.6994 Average. 0.4672 0. 6280 0. 7778 0. 8162 0. 7407 0.4404 0. 7136 0. 4845 0. 5991 0. 7412 0. 6933 0. 7172 0. 2128 0.8492 0. 7482 0. 6034 0. 6677 0. 3472 0. 4002 0. 3737 0. 2724 ABH DETEBUINATIOIIS. Firat. 0.08 0.09 0.07 7.51 2.65 5.73 1.71 3.90 2.96 1.31 2.79 7.03 5.53 2.66 8.50 8.94 Second. 0.09 0.09 0.12 7.80 2.79 4.81 2.19 4.26 2.62 1.14 2.53 Average. 6.52 4.75 3.08 0.09 ■ 0.09 0.09 0.09 1.89 2.72 5.27 1.95 4.07 3.01 2.74 1.23 2.66 2.21 ■\VeiRht,per cubic foot, in pounds (average). 6.27 5.14 2.87 4.00 9.28 46.16 12.24 37.34 44.70 37.60 Bemarks. 41.61 27.86 16.97 Pith., Bind. Bind.. i One tree . 719 984 1006 242 U59 504 1107 506 665 1119 1063 695 1003 350 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE Botanical name. Common name. Begion. PDEL VALUE. Per cubic decimeter. Per kilogram. 165 903 452 274 845 927 883 1182 128 1084 227 180 533 126 209 322 29 1 539 i 72 838 237 362 1050 988 424 31 92 247 548 511 868 55 848 225 272 754 874 701 627 923 711 1044 638 900 194 632 625 571 389 1046 83 621 321 657 8 29 31 64 77 93 115 139 155 184 192 207 224 235 241 242 244 245 246 247 248 251 253 257 260 272 274 276 277 280 290 291 294 295 318 324 327 331 338 342 347 349 356 358 361 365 366 370 371 372 373 375 377 Liriodendron Tnlipifera Bursera gammif era Swietenia Mahogoni Acer saccharinum, vwt. nigmm . Bobinia Psendacacia ProBopis jnliflora Cercocarpns ledifollas Liqnldambar StjTaoiflna If yssa nniflora DioBpyros Virginiana. Fraxinus Americana .. Gatalpa Bpeciosa TTlmnB Americana Flatanns occidentalis . . Jnglans nigra Carya olirteformis . Caryaalba Carya tomentosa . Carya porcina Carya amara Carya myristicseformis . Carya agnatica Qnercusalba Quercus Garryana Qnercns lyrata Qnercns PrinuB . . . Qaercns rabra Quercus tinctoria . Qaercns nigra Quercns falcata Quercns aqnatica Castanea vulgaris, vor. Americana... Fagus ferruginea , Betnla alba, va/r. popnlifolia Betula papyrifera Populus tremuloides ^^ Populus mpnilifera Thuya occidentalis Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . A Juniperus occidentalis, vor. mono- Bperma. Taxodium disticbum Sequoia sempervirens , Pinus Strobus Pinus Lambertiana Pinus monopbylla Pinus resinOBa Plnns ponderosa Pinus Murrayana Pinus Sabiniana . PinuB Tseda Pinus rigida PlnuB Berotina . . . Pinna inops Pin" a pun gens . - . Pinus mi tis TnUp Tree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood. . GnmElemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch Mahogany. Madeira Black Sugar Maple liOcust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust Mesquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. HoneyPod. Mountain Mahogany. Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber. Bed Gum. BUsted. Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum Persimmon , White Ash Western Catalpa White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Black Walnut : Pecan. Illinoislfut -. Atlantic Semi-tropical Florida . ...do Atlantic ...do Mexican boundary . . . Interior Pacific Atlantic Southern Atlantic . Atlantic ...do ...do ...do .... ...do Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory Mocker Nut. Black Hickory. BulUfTut. Big- bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. King Nut. Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory Nutmeg Hickory Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. White Oak -...do.. Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oat Water White Oak. Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak Bed Oak. BlaokOak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. YeUow Oak. Black Jack. Jack Oak Spanish Oak. Bed Oak WaterOak. BuckOak. PossumOak. PunkOak Chestnut Beech White Birch. Old-fleld Birch. Gray Birch Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch Aspen. Quaking Asp Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop- lar. Big Cottonwood. WhiteCedar. Arbor-vitae Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce- dar. Lawmen's Cypress. Ginger Pine. Juniper Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Bed Cypress. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. Bed wood White Pine. Weymouth Pine Sugar Pine PiJion. Nut Pine Bed Pine. Norway Pine Yellow Pine. BullPine Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. Digger Pine. Bull pine Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Eosemary Pine . Pitch Pine Pond Pine Jersey Fine. Scrub Pine Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Bull Pine. ..do. .do. ...do. ...do . -...do . ...do Southern Atlantic . ...do Atlantic Northern Pacific... Southern Atlantic - ...do.--. Atlantic - ...do...- --.do Southern Atlantic . . . ...do Atlantic ...do Northern Atlantic . .. --.do Atlantic and Pacific . Atlantic Northern Atlantic - Northern Pacific . . . Pacific. Southern Atlantic - California coast Northern Atlantic - Pacific Interior Pacific Northern Atlantic - Pacific ..-do California Southern Atlantic . Atlantic coast Southern Atlantic . Atlantic Alleghany Atlantic 1425.57 997. 32 2769. 31 3091. 37 2822. 99 3291. 21 423^. 06 2255. 24 2332.41 2970. 45 2652. 34 1582. 42 3247. 02 2406. 89 1984.56 2768.72 3851. 17 3319. 79 3380. 57 2863. 42 3108. 27 3140.33 3197.41 2594. 31 3268. 92 2843. 69 3062. 08 2595. 04 2692. 51 3193. 28 2655. 82 1868. 25 2795.34 2509.00 2582. 66 1624 64 1906.42 1411. 57 2327. 52 3143. 57 1935. 71 1985. 50 1489.03 1785.40 2248. 13 2051. 75 2i41. 24 1791. 32 1804. 29 2031. 75 3472. 26 3980. 96 2008. 20 2054.78 309L 32 3744.61 2913. 58 3802. 95 4345.48 3890. 02 4352. 30 4052. 90 4016. 46 4131.83 3781. 61 4217. 42 3936. 38 4191.87 407L 83 3857. 26 3954. 75 4078.76 3811.48 390411 3903. 25 3877. 58 4073. 59 4187. 83 3667. 39 4105. 65 3997. 32 4075. 16 3774 60 3713. 81 4055. 48 3718. 07 4042. 96 3895. 04 4073. 05 4101. 41 4292. 31 4242.15 3917.77 5263. 50 4587.81 4739.73 4191. 47 4272. 69 4419. 31 4107. 68 4226. 05 4600. 04 4019. 12 3982. 97 4087. 20 5491. 47 5012.54 4126. 15 3995. 30 5062.75 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOEB IMPOETANT WOODS OF Tp:B UNITED STATES. 351 BELATITB FUZL VALUE. By Tolnme. 67 69 32 23 29 14 3 45- 43 25 38 «5 16 42 83 7 18 U 10 27 21 20 17 By weight. 70 62 19 58 18 42 46 63 24 62 26 40 60 60 36 61 55 66 69 38 28 28 47 24 37 37 64 34 68 18 41 35 67 56 43 31 67 40 39 39 34 63 2a 65 22 68 64 44 3 19 \ 11 54 8 52 27 66 21 69 13 46 32 49 23 41 9 68 45 67 49 60 35 9 1 6 8 61 81 48 48 as 5 PEBCEHTAGB IK DET WOOD. Ash. 0.27 2.09 1.09 0.56 0.2^ 2.05 1.20 0.48 . 0.74 0.77 0.30 0.47 0.74 0.57 0.56 0.95 0.73 0.83 L04 0.74 1.03 l.OS 1.19 0.24 0.33 0.68 0.34 0.16 0.15 1.37 0.29 0.83 0.13 0.54 0.29 0.23 0.74 0.65 0.37 0.10 0.88 0.40 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.83 0.20 0.31 0.37 0.42 0.25 1.12 0.17 0.26 0.30 0.20 Hydrogen. 6.43 6.02 6.69 6.61 6.17 6.61 5.46 6.85 6.97 6.44 6.93 6.92 6.57 6.83 6.00 6.15 6.49 6.13 5.93 6.28 5.91 6.37 6.«0 6.59 5.73 6.75 6.33 6.62 6.09 6.73 6.14 5.75 5.70 6.11 6.49 7.12 6.58 6.26 6.37 6.28 6.03 6.54 6.01 6.08 6.40 6.39 6.07 7.02 6.04 6.23 7.19 6.80 6.30 6.78 6.91 Carbon. 47.29 40,80 46.76 51.55 49.19 51.08 62.14 50.99 48.78 47.37 49.73 47.44 50.35 51.45 49.28 49.51 49. «7 48.45 49.69 48.08 49.71 48.26 49.16 60.44 48.66 49.59 49.49 48.78 48.68 50.58 48.73 61.74 49.27 49.77 48.28 51.13 51.64 48.80 60.07 54.07 54.98 52.10 52.55 62.85 60.48 52.18 52.60 50.05 50.22 50.60 59.00 56.55 50.74 51.07 56.64 Oxygen. 46.01 5109 45.46 41.28 44.41 40.26 41.21 42.68 43.51 45.42 43.04 45.17 42.34 42.15 44.16 43.39 43.12 44.59 43.34 44.00 43.29 44.31 43.05 42.73 45.38 43.45 43.74 43.74 44.98 '44.32 42.99 44.69 42.43 44.08 43.45 44.37 41.65 41.45 44.46 33.65 38.12 38.08 41.70 41.25 40.56 43.30 41.55 40.07 43.36 43.32 42.92 32.68 36.48 42.70 42.85 36.25 Hydrogen con^BinedTrith oxygen. 5.75 6.39 5.68 6.16 6.55 5.03 5.15 5.33 5.44 5.67 5.38 5.65 5.29 6.27 5.52 5.42 6.39 5.57 5.42 6.50 5.41 5.54 5.38 5.34 5.67 5.43 5.47 5.47 5.62 5.64 5.37 5.68 5.30 6.51 5.43 5.54 5.10 6.18 5.56 4.21 4.76 4.76 6.22 5.15 6.07 5.41 5.19 5.01 5.42 5.41 5.36 4.08 4.56 5.34 5.35 4.53 Excess of hydrogen. 0.68 0.36 1.01 1.45 0.62 1.58 0.30 0.52 1.53 0.77 1.55 1.27 1.28 0.6« 0.48 0.73 1.10 0.66 0.51 0.78 0.50 0.83 1.22 1.25 O.Ot 1.32 0.86 1.15 0.37 0.19 0.77 0.17 0.40 0.60 1.06 1.68 1.39 1.08 0.81 2.07 1.27 1.78 0.79 0.93 1.33 0.98 0.88 2.01 0.80 0.63 0.87 3.11 2.24 0.96 0.43 2.38 Speciflo graTity. 0.3807 0.3423 0. 7282 0.7114 0. 7267 0. 7562 1.0447 0.5615 0.5645 0.7855 0. 6289 0.4020 0.7746 0. soil 0. 6145 0. 7001 0.9442 0. 8710 0.8659 0.1647 0.7336 0. 8016 0. 7709 0.7635 0.7074 0.7962 0. 7114 0. 7514 0. 6875 0. 7250 0. 7874 0. 7143 0.4621 0. 7175 0.6160 0.6297 0. 3785 0.4494 0. 3603 0.4422 0.6852 0.4084 0. 4737 0. 3485 0.4040 0.5473 0. 4855 0. 5307 0.4457 0. 4530 0.4971 0. 6323 0. 7942 0.4867 0.5143 0. 6107 ■Weight of onhic foot, in pounds. 23.72 21.33 45.38 44.32 45.22 47.12 65.10 34.99 36.17 48.95 30.19 25.05 48.27 36.83 32.06 43.63 68.84 54.28 63.95 53.88 45.71 49.95 48.04 46.58 44.08 49.61 44.32 46.72 43.84 45.18 49.07 44.51 28.80 44.71 38.05 39.24 23.59 28.00 22.45 27.56 42.70 24.45 29.52 21.72 25.18 34.11 30.26 33.07 27.78 28.28 30.98 39.40 49.49 30.33 32.05 3a 06 352 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OP THE o g ■a o ■a Botanical name. Common name. Kegion. FUEL VALUE. Per ciiWo decimeter. Per kilogram. aa59 81 385 6 358 358 356 794 1042 :09 226 242 t S65 (t!|65 ■380 381 382 387 391 401 404 Uo8 Pinus 'BankBiana PlnU3 palnatiia PinuB Cnbensis , r Picea nigra Tsuga Canadensis Pseadotsnga Donglaaii Larix Americana Sabal Palmetto .... Oreodoxa regia - Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine . Northern Atlantic . I Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia ? ; Pine. XellowPine. Hard Pine. ) Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. Black Spruce Hemlock EedFir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Pir. Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto South Atlantic coast. ....do. Boyal Palm . Northern Atlantic ...do Pacific Korthem Atlantic — South Atlantic coast- . Semi-tropical Morida . 2152. 66 4346. 88 4064. 77 2810. 20 4129. 95 4319. 67 3363. 40 1614. 11 1724. 25 1766.32 2937. 46 1663.35 859. 07 3708. 48 4393. 18 5126. 64 5480. 35 4506. 42 4594. 97 4806. 05 4418.55 3949. 37 4208. 58 4354.84 4182. 04 3754.21 4037. 01 4367.03 a Boxed for turpentine 1876; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken along chip. b Boxed for turpentine 1852; chipped 10 years; abandoned 1861. ePith. d Bind. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 353 RELATIVE FUEL VALUE. • PEBCENTAGB IN DET WOOD. Specific gravity. "Weight of oabic lOot, in pounds. ^ By TOlame. By weight. Ash. Hydrogen. Carhon. Oxygen. Hydrogen combined-with oxygen. Excess of hydrogen. 1 § 47 15 0.19 6.29 52.93 40.59 5.07 1.22 0. 4900 30.54 879 1 4 0.15 7.26 56.19 36.30 4.54 2.72 0.8479 52.84 369 5 2 0.26 7.41 58.61 33.72 4.21 3.20 0. 7417 46.22 81 30 12 0.28 6.70 52.70 40.32 5.04 1.66 0.6M6 38.86 385 4 10 0.28 6.85 52.99 39.88 4.99 1.86 0. 8988 55. 96 358 2 7 0.24 6.83 54. 78 > 38.15 4.77 2.06 0.8988 55. 96- 358 12 14 0.16 C.22 53.33 40.29 5.03 1.19 0. 7612 47.44 356 64 51 0.30 6.58 48.45 44.67 5.58 1.00 0. 4087 25.47 794 61 25 0.48 5.91 62.38 41.23 5.15 0.76 0.4097 25.53 1042 60 17 0.03 6.42 52.32 41.23 5.15 1.27 0.4056 25.28 709 26 29 0.27 6.03 51.91 41.79 6.22 0.81 0.7024 43.77 226 62 65 7.66 7.06 43.35 41.93 5.24 1.82 0.4404 27.45 242 70 44 2.74 6.82 47.73 42.71 5.34 1.48 0. 2128 13.26 565 8 16 1.24 0.98 60.46 41.32 6.16 1.82 0.8492 62.92 666 23 POB 354 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table in.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. liocajity. Collector. Soil. "8-3 o 'p-a H § s ^ COEFFICIBNT OF ELASTICITY. o a> "Ed to*" lIAGlfOLIAOE.ffi!. 1. Hagnolia grandiflora Big Laurel. BvU Bay. 2. Magnolia glanca Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel, 3. Magnolia acnminata (Hurumier Tree. Mountain Mag- nolia. i. Magnolia cordata Oucumber Tree. 5. Magnolia macTopbjrIla Large-leaved Cuawniber Tree. 6. Magnolia TTmbreUa VmireUa Tree. Elk Wood. T. Magnolia Fraseri Long-leaved Oueumter Tree. 8. Liriodendron Tulipifera Tulip Tree. TeUow Poplar. White Wood. ASOTSIACMM. 9. Asimina triloba BapoM. Omlard Apple. 10. Anona lanrifolia Fond Apple. CAlfELLACE.a!. 12. Canellaalba While Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Oinnmnon. TEKNSTEOEMIACBiB. 11. Gordonia Lasianthns Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. 346 346 354 854 ?46 246 261' 2611 634 S34 1178 1178 532 532 2661 2662 260 2601 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 3232 1236 1236 1236 1237 1238 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 Alabama . ....do .do. do. Virginia . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do. Alabama. ...do Mississippi . ...do Virginia . ...do.... -do . .do. 236 414 414 Michigan "West Virginia . . . ...do Pennsylvania ....do ...do ...do ..u.do ...do Tennessee ....do ...do ....do ...do Missouri. ... ...do Tennessee . Florida . ...do... ..do. ..do. South Carolina. . ...do ....do ....do Cottage Hill . ...do .do. -do . Wytheville - . ...do Fancy Gap - . ..do Selvers' mill. ...do "Winston county . ...do Quitman . ...do.... "Wytheville . ...do Fancy Gap . ...do Lansing Grafton ...do Chester county . ...do .-.do ...do ;. do ...do Saw-mill at U'ash- ville. ...do .do . .do. .do. Meramec river, Jef- ferson county. ...do Cumberland river . . Bay Biscayne ...do... EUiott'sKey. ...do Bonneau's Depot . ...do Aiken ...do C.Mohr. ...do.... £ich loam . ...do .do. .do . Swampy . ...do.... H. Shriver. ...do ....do ...do C.Mohr ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. H. Shriver . ...do .do . .do. "W. J. Beal C.G.Pringle.. ...do P. P. Sharpies. ...do ...do ...do ...do.., ...do AE.Baird .... ...do ...do ...do --.do G. W. Letterman ...do A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss. ...do .do. .do . H. W. Eavenel . ...do ...do ...do Clay limestone. . . ...do Bich, light ...do...: ...do ...do Bich, low. ...do Damp . ...do.. Alluvial . ...do.... ...do-.-- Swampy . ...do.... Coral . ...do . "Wet pine-barren. ...do Swampy ...do 0. 7051 0. 7006 0. 5222 0. 5028 0. 5000 0. 4755 0.4862 0.4564 0. 5682 0. 5852 0.4318 0. 4625 0. 5807 0. 5580 0. 4170 0. 5051 0. 5688 0. 5103 0. 4174 0. 4930 0. 4809 0. 4704 0.4911 0. 4619 0. 4381 0. 4511 0. 4650 0. 4614 0. 4697 0. 4591 0. 43F6 0.446S 0. 3634 Q. 3575 0.4323 0. 5705 0. 5794 1. 3286 1. 0857 0. 4844 0. 4729 0. 5470 0. 5605 1061 887 976 976 788 729 1061 1109 888 976 1191 1252 800 609 939 887 610 1085 1085 976 921 970 976 976 904 838 872 888 857 976 642 530 1085 1085 718 787 888 751 957 849 1061 921 734 723 1050 1085 864 1017 1085 1252 814 673 976 912 610 1176 1050 976 1007 957 848 1023 921 834 888 849 849 976 407 315 723 514 488 1085 1148 723 763 021 761 .32 717 '703 665 574 525 71? 83<1 664 637 516 876 553 612 811 602 473 756 675 743 820 755 467 722 661 694 646 684 684 635 312 288 574 628 686 905 1148 499 671 773 729 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN, 355 DEPLECTIOX, IN JnLLIMETEnS, UKDEE A PEESSUBK, IN KILOGEAMS, OF- 30 4.G 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.3 8.2 6.7 4.6 4.4 5.5 5.0 0.1 7.3 5.2 5.5 8.0 4.5 4.5 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.4 0.0 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.0 II. 13.5 7.0 9.0 0.2 100 10.2 U.o 10.5 10.9 9.2 10.6 13.3 13.5 11.3 9.6 4. 1 9. 8.9 ; 7.8 150 200 12.0 14.5 10.0 10.7 16.0 8.3 9.3 10.0 9.7 10.2 11. 6< 9.5 10.6 11.7 11.0 11.5 11. S 10.0 24.0 31.0 13.5 19.0 20.0 4. 5 I 9. 16.0 ia7 16.0 16.7 14.5 17.0 21.0 21.0 14.5 13.7 17.3 IS. 2 13.8 11.6 19.4 23.0 14.4 16.4 20.0 12.0 14.3 15.0 14.4 15.2 18.0 14.0 13.7 16.0 16.0 17.5 17.2 15.2 4.5 6.8 6.2 6.5 6.6 8. 5 12. 5 13.5 12.8 10.6 12 7 21.6 31.0 33.5 13.7 22.8 23.4 21.7 24.0 20.0 24.0 84 3 31.8 20.0 19.2 26.1 22.0 10.2 15.8 30.8 34.8 19.6 ?4.7 16.8 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.6 19.2 21.5 23.0 23.0 26.6 27.0 22.2 O (set.) 1.6 2.0 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.9 4.8 3.4 1.0 0.7 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.3 4.5 4.0 300 22.5 23.6 22.0 24.0 20.0 25.0 35.0 33.0 20.0 19.2 27.0 23.0 19.5 15.8 32.4 36.2 1. 20. 2. 25. 5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.5 31.0 50.5 51.5 18.5 17.5 21. .'■- 32. 20. 29. 3 16. 3 23. 6 19.6 27.0 I 10.0 10.0 1.0 0.8 3.0 2.6 1.2 2.0 16.9 30.2 20.7 20.5 20.6 350 30.5 31.2 30.0 31.5 28.8 33.7 27.0 26.0 66.0 26.3 36.8 24.5 28.8 28.0 25.8 27.0 19.4 22.0 22.4 23.5 27.0 28.0 22. 4 33.3 55.4 54.3 19.5 17,8 32.5 30.0 23.7 25.4 30.0 31.5 33.0 300 39.5 40.5 44.5 SO. 8 35.0 28.6 34.0 37.7 34.2 37.7 3SO 54.0 40.0 400 36.0 31.6 94.0 83.0 25.0 22.0 40.0 3L0 28.2 87.0 31.0 28.0 44.0 eao 38.0 34.0 450 42.0 soo 3SO li « s Hi Hemar]£8. 321 306 300 284 245 224 306 358 240 272 220 374 236 261 346 257 202 322 288 317 350 322 195 308 282 296 275 249 249 271 133 123 245 268 250 386 490 213 290 330 311 Broke suddenly with long splinters . do Cmslied at center bearing ; broke suddenly and sqnorely, splittiiig to the end. do Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fint sp1int«r8. do do do do do Crashed at center bearing ; square break Crashed at center bearing ; splintered break . Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot . Broke with fine splinters Splinters started at small knots . do '. Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . - . \ Square break Broke with long splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters . - . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with large splinters. do '. Crashed at center bearing ; square break Crushed at center bearing ; square break at large knot Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters at knot . Sqifare break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained ; broke with the grain Specimen cross-grained ; started at the angle of two fa«es Square break do Broke with large splinters — do Broke with splinters at knot. Ci-ushed at center bearing; broke with splinters. Square break Specimen defective, 0.75 sap-wood ; square break . 0.75 sap-wood ; broke with long, eoarse splinters . Sap-wood ; broke at knot with large splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long, fin* splinters . do Broke with long, coarse splinters 346 34< 354 354 246 ZM 2«1> a6i> 534 534 U78 1178 533 632 26a> 268* 260 2ee> 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 1232 1236 1236 1236 1237 1238 211 2U 332 47« 479 1131 1131 238 236 414 414 356 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BBHAVIOE OP THE PEHsTOIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. M.a COEFFICIENT OF F,LASTICITY. , at o o TILIACE^. 17. Xilia Americana I/vme Tree. Bass Wood. Ameri- can lAnien. Lin. Bee Tree. 17. Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . 18. Tilia heterophylla White Bass Wood. Wahoo. M:ALPI&HIACE.a!. 19. Byreonima Inclda Tallowierrj/. Qlamierry. ZYGOPHTlLACE.a;. 20. Gnaiacnm sanctum . ldgnv/m-vit€e. EUTACE.a;. 23. Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-HercuHs 'Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild Orwnge. 24. Xanthosylom CaribsBnm . Satin Wood. SIMAEtrBE.a;. 28. Simaruba glanca . Paradise Tree. BXrESEKACE.a!. 9. Bnrsera eummifera Own Elemi. Gwmio iMiibo. West Indian Birch. 10. Amyris sylvatica . Torch Wood. MELlACE.a;. 31. SwieteniaMahogoni...<. Mahogany. Madeira. ILICINE.ffi!. 3. Hexopaca American Solly. 34. nexBaboon Dahoon. Sahoon Bolly. CXEILLACEa;. 37. Gyrillaracemiflora.. Iron Wood. 38. Clif tonia ligustrina Titi. Iron Wood. Buoineheat Tree. 2 252 ' 252 316 1039 1039 745 745 285' 285' 285' 320 320 Massacbnsetts Missonii ...do Micbigan Massacbnsetts.. ...do Georgia. ...do.... Kentucky . --.do ...do Tennessee . ...do Florida . 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 463 475 475 452 452 280 280 484' 484 341 .do ., .do -, ...do.. ..-.do.. Texas . ....do.. Elorida . ...do... ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do- ....do- ...do. ....do. Sontb Carolina . --.do. Florida . ....do... Alabama . ...do ...do Atnold Arboretum . Allenton ...do Hersey Danvers ...do C. S. Sargent G. W. Letterman .-.do "W^. J.Beal : J. Kobinson ...do Bainbridge ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do Cliffs Kentucky river Mercer county... .--.do Cumberland river ....do No-Kame Key . ITpper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Key Chattaboochee. ...do Palestine ...do ■- Babia Honda Key . ...do Bay Biscayne. ...do tTpper Metacombe Key. do .do. .do. .do . do . "Waverly Mills - --.do Bay Biscayne . --.do Cbuncbnla. Cottage Hill . ...do W. M. Linney . ...do..... --.do A. Gattinger -. --.do A. H. Curtiss- .do. .do. .-.do... ...do ---. C.Mohr . ...do..-. A. H. Curtiss . ...do ..do . -do. ..do. .do. ..do- .do. .do. .do . "W. St. J. Mazyck .. do ,....: A H. Curtiss . ...do :.. C.Mobr. .do . .do. Drift...,---. Alluvial ...do Kich loaib . . . Moist gravel- ...do Low .. ...do. Limestone - ...do ...do Alluvial . - - ...do Coral . .do. .do. Dry, sandy --. ...do Damp, sandy . ...do Coral . ...do . .do. do. .do. .do. do. .do . .do . .do. Sandy luam . ...do '-. Low,, damp . ...do Damp, sandy. "Wet.. ...do. 0.4601 0.4668 0. 5496 0.4517 0.4492 0. 4237 0. 4702 0. 4555 0. 4017 0.3944 0. 3920 0. 4750 0. 4924 0. 6516 1. 1430 1. 1582 0. 6240 0.5353 0. 6898 0. 5545 0. 9833 0. 9545 0. 4560 0. 4104 0. 3060 0. 30S6 1. 1140 1. 1273 0. 8364 0. 8221 0. 6990 0. 7018 0. 5307 0. 5333 0. 6916 0. 6062 0. 6762 814 976 l'838 842 814 697 751 827 . 1085 976 542 800 856 651 669 857 659 814 814 1038 976 976 1109 651 707 610 097 814 1027 888 729 638 834 788 634 723 814 1085 976 814 912 814 921 976 1085 1085 976 1148 622 664 610 673 488 751 814 569 616 804 525 553 469 669 548 403 525 541 703 712 424 628 947 708 757 469 820 687 586 544 183 112 1244 1366 895 nil 703 670 586 558 314 574 478 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANS VERSE STEAIF— Continued. 357 DEFLECnON, IN MIILIMETEES, DNDBE A PBEBSUEE, IX EJILOGEAMS, OF— SO 100 130 6.0 5.0 4.7 5.5 7.0 7.3 6.8 6.0 7.0 0.5 5.9 4.5 5.0 12.5 10.0 0.5 11.0 13.4 15.3 0.1 5.7 7.5 7.3 5.7 7.4 6.0 6.0 5.5 4.0 11.7 20.3 16.5 14.0 17.3 22.3 26.4 1\. 7 18. 5 12. 4 18. 8 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.4 7.5 0.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 0.0 15.4 13.5 12.0 9.0 10.0 18.6 12.0 10.7 14.0 14.2 11.0 15.5 12.0 10. C 11.0 10.0 300 O (sot.) 32.0 24.2 19.4 27.0 34.3 50.5 28.0 28.5 4.0 2.2 1.0 3.5 4.0 18.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 8.5 15.7 14.7 16.0 14.5 13.0 12.0 24.6 20.3 18.4 13.7 15.3 31.0 18.0 15.9 21.6 22.5 17.5 23.8 18.0 15.5 18.0 15.5 31.0 29.6 19.0 21.2 300 34.0 25.5 19.8 29.5 36.0 330 ;i00 37.0 25.9 3. 5 30. 6 3. SO. 1 3.5 3.5 0.7 1.5 13.3 13.6 14.0 13.2 25.0 24.0 20.0 23. D ■Jll. 10.8 25.0 21.2 31.0 31.5 25.5 35.5 24.0 21.2 26.5 21.7 18.0 18.0 20.4 18.4 40.0 37.7 30.2 34.3 1.2 1.0 3.0 2.5 2.3 33.6 31.3 19.5 22.0 25.7 22.0 32.3 33.0 27.0 .1.3 1.0 4.0 2.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.9 5.0 24.5 21.7 28.0 23.5 18.2 18.2 22.0 18; 42.0 33.5 3SO 400 26.0 29.0 33.0 27.6 43.0 43.5 36.0 31.0 28.0 39.5 41.0 34.0 70.5 68.0 39.0 430 SOO 530 41.2 28.8 27.0 5.3 I 39.0 5.5 5.0 41.0 36.3 2.3 2.5 30.0 28.8 22.7 23.0 27.0 24.1 38.0 57.1 28.0 27.7 32.0 30.0 84.5 33.2 32.0 39.0 35.5 49.0 38. 3 46. 3 38. 44. 41.4 53.0 51.0 50.5 t^ 01.0 224 236 200 243 234 172 224 231 300 304 Bemarkg. Cinshed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. ao do Crushed at center bearing ; broke suddenly Broke suddenly with large splinters Broke, on reloading, with large splinters Crushed at center bearing ; square break. do 268 404 268 302 323 200 350 293 250 232 43 .do . .do . -do . -do. .do. Specimen cross-grained ; split with the grain. .do. -do. Long fracture with one large splinter - . Long fracture with two large splinters . do Specimen cross-grained; square break.. Broke in three pieces Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side; broke at knot. Square break with large splinters Square break, the ends splitting.. Square break . do 631 Broke with long splinters 583 Broke with long splinters on compression side . 382 474 300 286 230 238 134 2-15 204 Broke suddenly ; stick shattered. do : Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split - Square break Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side 252 252 316 1039 1039 745 745 285" 285« 285' 320 320 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 Specimen cross-gi-ained ; broke through small knots. Broke at knot Specimen cross-grained; oblique fracture. 341 338 358 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINGIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. KHAMBTACE^a:. 42. Seynosia latifolia Red Id Iron Wood. Darling Plu/m. 43. Condalia terrea mack Iron Wood. 45. Bhamnas Garolixuana. Indian Cherry, 47. Bhamnus Pnrshiana Searieny. Bear Wood. ShitMim Wood. 49. Colnbrina loclinata Naked Wood. SAPINDACE^. 60. ^scnlns glabia Ohio Suckeye. Fetid Buckeye. .^^cnlus Califomica . . Oalifomia BKcheye. 54. Sa^ndus marginatos • Wild China. , Soapberry. Eypelate panicalata . J»4 ■ ' ~ i»4 Wood. Iron Wood. 00. Acer macropliyUnm . . , Broad^leaved Maple. 61. Acer ciicinatum . yine Maple. S4. Acer aaccharinnm Sugar Maple. SimarTree. Maple. Itock Maple. Sard ti. Acer BaccbaTiniuii, var, nigmm. Black Sugar Maple. 454 460 400 803 1094 093 1139 297 297 427 084 684 307 807 928 928 463 463 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 299 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235 1235 State. Florida . .do. do . ....do Arkansas . Oregon ... Florida ... MisaoTiri... ...do Tennessee . California . ...do Texas . . ...do... ...do ... ...do-r- Florida . ...do ... Oregon . ...do ... ...do... ...do... do . 213 2741 440 757 VTashington ter- ritory. Missonri Vermont New England. Vermont ...do .. do .-do ...do ...do ...do Missouri Teiiucaaee Florida 707 ! ... do I fiS. Acer dasycarpum Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple. •6. AceTrubmm RedMaple:_^J^amp Maple. Soft 1052 I Massacliusotts Mofple. Water Jlaple. 20 530 ...do Mississippi . Locajlty. TJm>er Metacombe Key. iey. .do., .do.. Saint John's river . Jonesboro' Portland TTmbrella Key . Allenton.. ...do Nashville . Marin county.. . ...do :, Dallas . ...do-. Austin . ...do .. Upper Metacombe Key. .. do Portland. ...do Portland Furniture Company, --.do Portland.. "Wilkeson. Allenton.. Charlotte - Charlestown Navy. yard. Charlotte ..do. ..do. .do . do . do. ...do Allenton Nnsliville Chatlahoochea'. ...do Topsfleld . Arnold Arboretum. Keraper'e Siill Collector. A. H. Curtisa . .do. .do . ...do T. B. Kitchens . G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. A. H. CuTtiss.. Sou. Coral . .do. .do. Bich hummock . . Bich, aUnvial. G. W. Letteiinan. ...do A. Gattinger. . . G. E. Vasoy. ...do J. Beverchon . ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... .do. .do. do. .do. G. "W". Letterman. . C.G.Pringle S.H.Pook F.H. Hereford... . ...do ...do ...do --.do --.do C.G.Pringle G. "W. liCttorman . A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss .. do Coral . Bich, moist .. ...do Bich, moist . . Bich upland . ...do Bich, damp . ...do Limestone . . ...do Coral . ...do. Bich, alluvial. ...do Moist, alluvial . . ...do Bich upland . Gravelly Clay Low, alluvial . Bich Clay .'.... .. do J. Bohinson. C.S.Sargent. Low meadow . Drift . C. Mohr Bich, swampy . . . o 3 5.S »■§ 1. 2012 1.3546 1. 3430 0. 5369 0.5066 0. .'i943 0. 8721 0. 4653 0.4602 0. 4970 0. 5034 0. 5228 0. 7B8l' 0. 7764 0. 5243 0. 6310 1.0405 1. 0123 0.5445 0. 5:!41 0. 4907 0.5063 6928 7001 8381 6332 6775 7447 6986 706.1 7108 7i:i7 7189 7211 7305 C973 0979 082't 0. 0041 7148 6136 \ OOEFFICIBNT OF ELASTICITT. 976 1191 1191 814 718 776 921 751 687 610 697 678 888 857 842 088 1135 939 697 751 697 729 620 634 763 1683 1878 ]'220 1395 1828 1436 1039 1035 888 S57 010 976 827 \ I 871 j ■132 1050 1109 1176 794 687 912 976 707 651 574 888 948 814 697 1206 1017 734 751 842 794 713 723 1457 976 1127 680 518 616 750 1216 466 468 549 518 649 663 949 820 703 1261 1118 696 696 691 656 712 818 1219 816 675 1808 1289 1395 i 1235 1480 1575 1284 1242 1149 i 10J5 I 1221 1119 8C4 1 1039 ; 1055 1024 9;i3 743 1019 738 1.21) THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. tTBriTBD STATES UNDEE TEAIJfSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 359 DEFLECnOH, IK Mn.I.TMBTEBB, VKDES A. FBEBBUBE, IK KILOQBAUB, OF- 50 5.0 4.1 4.1 «.0 «.8 6.8 6.3 6. 6 I 7.1 8.0 7.0 7.2 5.5 5.7 6.8 7.1 4.3 5.2 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.7 7.8 7.7 3.2 6.5 6.4 2.9 2.6 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.4 4.7 4.5 6.6 6.7 ao 6.0 6.9 5.6 100 8.8 8.3 12.3 14.2 10.7 10.0 13.8 15.0 17.0 14.6 14.0 11.0 10.3 12.0 14.0 8.1 9.6 13.3 13.0 11.6 12.3 13.7 13.5 6.7 10.0 10.6 5.0 5.4 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 8.5 8.0 8.5 10.5 14.2 8.8 U.3 9.4 ISO 11.5 12.1 18.0 22.1 16.6 15.0 22.4 24.0 27.6 23.0 21.7 16.6 15.5 19.0 22.0 12.0 14.5 21.0 19.8 17.8 19.4 21.5 2t.0 10.2 15.0 15.5 7.7 8.4 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.1 13.6 12.0 13.0 16.5 21.0 14.0 17.2 14.2 SOD 15.5 16.0 26.5 33.0 22.0 19.6 41.5 44.0 31.5 30.3 23.0 22.4 29.0 32.0 16.5 l9.0 30.5 29.5 25.0 29.0 30.5 29.5 13.5 20.0 20.5 10.2 11.2 18.6 13.0 13.0 12.2 18.2 15.5 17.6 28.0 30.0 19.0 24.5 10.5 O (set.) 0.5 0.6 0.5 2.4 2.5 1.0 0.6 7.5 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.2 0.7 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.2 200 19.0 16.0 17.0 27.5 34.0 23.0 19.5 48.6 32.0 31.8 24.5 23.4 29.7 34.2 17.0 19.0 32.0 31.0 26.0 30.0 31.4 30.0 13.8 20.3 21.3 10.2 11.2 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.5 18.0 16.3 18.0 24.0 30.7 19.2 26.0 20.0 350 23.0 20.0 21.2 28.0 24.6 44.0 44.2 32.0 30.7 37.0 45.0 21.5 24.0 43.0 42.0 35.0 41.0 40.3 39.0 17.0 26.0 27.0 12.6 14.0 16.6 16.0 15.8 15.4 23.5 20.0 22.5 30.7 40.4 25.0 35.0 28.0 300 30.0 24.5 29.0 42.0 42.0 53.0 27.0 30.5 60.5 21.5 35.0 15.2 17.0 20.2 19.5 19.7 19.0 30.6 26.0 29.5 41.5 54.0 32.0 46.5 39.6 3SO 30.0 34.5 59.0 58.0 18.2 20.2 24.6 23.4 24.7 22,6 38.0 32.0 37.0 53.0 400 48.0 90.0 39.6 44.6 32.0 31.7 25.3 30.0 27.7 30.0 27.0 49.5 43.5 52.0 55.0 58.0 450 57.0 48.5 66.6 9.0 25.4 30.0 36.0 33.0 36.8 34.5 65.0 500 50.5 $1.4 39.0 47.0 42.0 50.0 550 38.3 50,0 0) to 350 481 290 221 263 320 519 199 200 234 265 277 383 405 350 300 538 477 297 297 295 280 304 349 551 348 ?88 599 550 527 548 530 471 •150 450 437 398 317 313 350 Bemtakt. Specimen oroBft-gramed . Long, shattered break .. Specimen croBS-grained. Long break, starting at small knot.. Shattered Long, shattered break with, large splinters. Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Crashed at center bearing do Crashed at center bearing; broke at knot on tension side . Long fracture; large splinters. Long fracture Long, splintered fractnre . Splintered fracture do - Long, splintered fracture . Shattered . do ... Short break, splitting in axis of stick Slightly crushed at center bearing Slightly crushed at center bearing; splintered. Short break with 1 ong, large splinter Long, shattered break. do Long splinter on angle of two faces Splintered Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Broke with fine splinters on back do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis do do Specimen cross-grained; shattered on angle of two faces. Broke with long splinters Crushed slightly at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Broke with fine splinters Splintered m angle, starting at small knot Broke with long, flue splinters Broke v.-ith low:, fine splinters Specimen sap-wood, cross-grained ; broke at knot Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters. a e o I 434 460 460 803 1094 993 1139 297 207 427 684 684 307 307 928 928 463 463 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 299 376 409 1233 1233 12.14 12.S4 123.'. 1235 213 27 i< 440 767 737 10.J2 20 530 360 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. : Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Acerrabrani — contintied. £7. Negnndo aceroidea Sox Elder. Ash-leaved 6^. KegnndoCalifomicum. Box Elder. AHACAEDIACE^aS. 11. Bhus copallina ... DwwrJ Swmaoh. Tl Shiis Metopiain. , foison Wood. Coral Swmach. Mountain Manchineel. Bum Wood. HogTlum. Doctor Chum. LEGTJMINOSa;. 77 . EoMfiia Pseudacacia Locust. BlacS Locust. Yellow Locust. 79. Eobinia Neo-Mexicana . Locust. 80. OlneyaTesota ^ Iron T^^ood. ■ Arbol de JSicrro. 81. PiscidiaErytlirina... Jtt/maica Dogwood. 82.' Cladrastia tinctoria YellowWood Yellow Ash. Gopher Wood. 84. Sopliora affinis. i5. Gymnocladus Canadensis Kenlueky Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut. ^6. Gleditschiatriaoanlhos Money Locust. Black Locust. Three-thomed Acacia. Sweet Locust. Money Shucks. .530 743 743 878 878 1043 1048 290 290 311 311 615 645 736 736 467 467 405 405 405 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 1031 050 650 504 504 33 33 329 932 •519 1241 1242 1243 ,53' 532 444 State. . Mississippi Georgia ...do Massaclmsetts. . . ... do ...do ...do Missouri. ...do.... Texas ... ...do California. ...do Florida . ...do ... Florida . ...do ... West Virginia. . . .,,.do New York ...do..'. ...do ....do Colorado. California. ...do Florida . ...do... Kentucky . ..do Texas . ...do.. Tennessee . Missouri... ...do -..do ...do ...do Tennessee . Locality. Kemper's mill . . Bainbridge ...do Danvera ...do...: North Keading . ...do Allen ton. ...do.... Dallas... ...do.... Contra Costa' county .. do ChattabooclLee . ...do Ujjper Metacombe Key. do Cbarlestown Navy. yard. do ...do Grafton ...do Long Island . ...do ...do ...do Trinidad . Lower Colorado valley. ...do , Upper Metacombe Key. ...do , Mercer county. .. do Dallas . Austin . Nashville . AUenton.. ...do .. do ...do..... ...do Nashville . Collector. C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss . ...do J. Hobinson... ...do ... do ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do J. Eeverchon ...do G. E.Va8ey. ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do S. H. Pook ... ...do ...do C. G. Pringle '. ...•do M. C. B^edle . ...do ...do ...do W. B. Strong . G. Engelmannand "do" JSngel C. S: Sargent. A. H. Curtiss. ...do "W. M. Linney . ...do J. Eeverchon . C. Mohr A. Gattin^er G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ,..do ...do A.'Gattinger.. Sou. Eich; swampy. Low ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do Eich bottom . ...do ...do ...do Eich, moist . ...do Dry clay . ...do.... Coral . ...do. Low, moist . Dry, grayelly . ...do Coral . ...do . Limestone . do Dry, calcareous. ...do Limestone Alluvial . . . ...do ...do Low, rich ...do Dry,8andy barrens m 0. 5990 0. 5524 0. 5509 0. 6818 0. 7102 0. 6699 0. 6710 0. 4750 0. 4585 0. 4773 0. 4614 0. 5227 0. 5227 0.4888 0. 5054 0. 7967 0. 8105 0. 8205 0. 8148 0. G433 0. 6433 0. 7956 0. 7769 0. 8069 0. 8456 0. 8019 0. 9841 1. 1966 1. 0398 0. 9466 0. 7852 0. 6444 0. 8697 0. 9594 0. 7143 0. 0960 0. 6875 0. 6670 0. 6250 0. 6381 0. 6969 & OOEEnCIENT OF ELASTICITT. IS a 842 610 626 452 514, 939 921 634 763 921 921 1395 857 1221 1039 814 1526 1027 970 1320 1061 976 659 74d 812 888 95r 842 1150 872 1061 1221 976 970 1164 "23 m ■ 1028 930 1085 888 835 600 I 797 937 904 820 913 937 618 443 697 572 478 509 536 591 986 785 904, 809 638 694 835 633 1050 616 1050 694 1302 1481 1302 1362 1268 1514 1050 1041 976 851 1627 1387 1627 1355 1123 1069 1436 1397 1149 909 1039 942 697 558 814 820 888 675 976 989 1028 813 857 820 1097 799 849 703 1110 813 1149 769 1085 802 1149 968 1221 907 888 803 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVEESE STEAIN—Continned. 361 DEFLECTION, IN M1LLIMETKE8, UNDEE A PBE6SUBE, nj K1L0GKAM8, OF- 50 s.o 5:5 6.U 5.5 6.3 5.5 5.8 8.0 7.8 10.8 9.5 5.2 6.3 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.3 3.6 5.7 4.0 4.7 6.0 3.2 3.0 5.0 3.7 4.6 5.0 7.4 6.C 5.8 5.5 5.1 5.8 1 4.4 5.0 4,6 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.2 100 9.5 10.5 9.0 11.0 11.7 10.8 10.7 15.8 14 20.6 18.2 15.3 11.7 130' SCO 14.5 16.5 14.5 17.0 18.3 16.0 15.5 26.3 22.-0 31.0 30.0 14.2 15.8 23.2 18.0 14.5 14.5 8. 11. 12.0 11.5 13.8 14.5 9.0 0.0 12.5 10.0 12.4 14.2 21.0 19.5 17.3 15.8 14.5 17.0 13.0 18.5 13.0 14.0 13.7 12.0 12.9 10.4 7.5, 7.7 9.3 10.0 6.0 6.0 8.7 6.8 8.5 9.4 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.5 11.4 8.9 11.5 8.8 8.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 11.0 19.0 23.5 20.0 24.0 28.0 22.0 21.5 33.5 44.5 42.0 21.2 21.0 32.3 27.0 21.3 21.3 14.5 15.6 15.0 19.1 19.0 12.0 11.6 16.6 13.2 16.2 19.5 29.9 26.0 24.0 21.6 20.2 23.0 18.2 29.9 18.4 O (set.) 19.2 20.0 16.8 17.0 22.5 0.5 2.0 0.7 1.2 3.0 1.1 1.0 3.8 5.0 3.5 1.0 0.5 2.6 3.1 1.6 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.2 3.0 0.9 1.5 1.4 O.G 1.0 1.0 200 19.2 24.5 20.5 25.0 28.4 23.0 21.8 35.0 47.0 44.0 21.2 22.0 33.5 28.0 23.0 23.0 14.7 15.8 15.3 19.0 19.5 12.0 11.8 16.8 13.5 16.7 20.0 31.0 27.1 24.5 22.5 20.5 25.0 18.7 29.0 18.8 350 25.0 32.0 27.0 33.0 37.5 31.5 28.0 71.0 28.0 28.0 43.5 37.3 30.5 30.5 18.0 19.0 19.0 23.7 24.0 15.0 14.5 20.8 16.4 20.6 26.5 33.6 30.5 29.0 28.0 33.0 24.0 37.3 26.0 20. 28. 7 20.5 ! 2e.3 I 18.0 18.7 23. 5 300 39.0 42.0 52.5 42.0 37.0 24.0 25.0 31.7 3SO 61.0 90.0 50.0 37.5 36.5 22.0 23.5 23.9 30.0 30.0 18.0 17.8 25.6 20.1 26.0 33.7 43.0 42.0 31.0 52.0 37.5 46.5 44.0 31.0 33.0 :ia. 5 25.8 28.7 28.0 38.0 42.0 21.0 21.2 31.0 24.3 31.0 42.0 51.0 47.0 400 450 SOO 30.2 35.0 32.0 47.7 24.9 26.4 36.5 28.0 68.0 41.0 47.0 65.6 36.6 40.0 37.0 29.3 31.2 45 6 33.5 41.5 47.0 44.6 34.7 38.0 5S0 47.8 65.0 51.8 42.6 46.5 46.4 MS 345 256 340 400 358 350 400 189 244 217 252 335 345 296 270 263 296 632 581 646 444 363 592 678 456 596 402 238 354 422 347 360 341 300 317 328 342 413 387 KemarliS. Broie witli long spUnteTB Specimen 0.76 sap-wood; crose-grained Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; broke "with fine splinters. do Sap-wood ; broke with long, large splinters do do : Broke at knot near center bearing. Crnsbed at center bearing ; square break Square break at knot Flaked on tension side ; broke at small knot . Cmslied at center beariug ; broke into long splinters Cmsiied at center bearing; broke into long, fine splinters. Shattered, splitting to the end- do Square break . do 60.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; specimen cross- grained. Broke with fine splinters 64.3 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with fine spliutevs. Broke with coarse splinters , .do . Splintered on comers Broke with fine splinters Broke with large splinters on comers. do Broke with long splinters - Cross-grained; split with grain. Square break Broke with long, large splinters . do Long, large splinters on angle of two faces - . . Started at small knot ; long, obUqne fracture . Broke at large knot with long splinters Long, oblique break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis of the stick . Splintered on angle of two faces '. Broke with fine splinter do Ci usbed at center beuiing ; bnike with fine splinter - Broke with fiue splinter 381 ] Broke with long splinter. 530 743 743 878 878 104S 1048 290 290 311 311 645 645 736 736 467 467 405 405 405 815 816 1247 1247 1248 1248 1031 660 650 564 564 33 33 329 032 519 1241 1242 1243 53» 53' 362 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BBHAVIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE; Species 87. Gleditschia monosperma . Water Loeutt. 88. Parkinsonia Torreyana Oreen-bark Aeaeia. Palo Yerde. 01. Cercis CauadensiB Sedbuci. Judas Tree. ProBopis juliflora Mesqvit. Algaroia. Honey LocueU Honey Pod. M. ProBopis pubescena Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. TorniUa. 98. Aoacia G-reggii . Cafs Clam. 100. Lysiloma latiBiliqua . . . ■ WUd Tamarind. EOSACE^. 102. ChrysoTjalanuB Icaco . . Cocoa Plum. ■ 103. Prnnus Americana WUd Phom. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. 104. Prnmia aDguBtifolia Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plwm. 107. iPrnnus emarginata, var. mollis . . 108. PraniiB serotiQa ___ Wild Black Cherry. Bum Cherry. 110. Prunus demissa . Wild Cherry. 111. Pmnns Caioliniana WUd Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 760 760 678 678 436 1089 1090 1091 680 680 927 658 658 697 509 480 68 68 334 435 968 968 15 15 1151 116= 127 127 148 317 317 368 406 763 763 1053 1053 637 1032 1062 1002 State. riorida . ....do... Arizona. ...do . Locality. Chattahoochee. ...do Tenueesee . Missoori... ...do ...do Arizona . ...do.... Texas ... California. ...do Arizona . Florida . . do. MisBouri. -.do Texas Tennessee . Washington ter- Wilkeaou. ritory. ■ - do ' do Lower Colorado river. ...do , Kashyille. AUenton.. ...do ... do Tncson . ...do... Austin . Fort Tuma . ...do Santa Kita mount- ain s. Boca Chica Key Bay Biscayne . AUenton. ...do Dallas ... Nashville. Alassachiisetts . ... do Michigan ... do Missouri ...do Illinois Michigan ...do Vermont Virginia or Mid- dle States. rioiida ...do Massachusetts. .. do California. Florida . Texas . . ...do... Eoxbury. .. ...do Lansing .:.. Dansville . . AUenton ...do , Wauliegan . Hersey ...do Chiirlotte . . . Charleatown Nary- yard. Chattahoochee -. do Topsfield ...do Strawberry valley .'. Jacksonville Victoria ...do Collector. A. K. Curtiss . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do A. Gattinger G. "W. Letterman. .. do ...do Soil. Alluvial . ...do.... Sandy . ...do.. C.S.Sargent. ...do C.Mohr G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do --.do A. H. Cortias - .do. G. W. Letterman. ...do Limestone . Eich ...do ...do Bich, calcareous - Sandy . Swampy . Eich upland . --.do J. Eevorchon Eich A. Gattinger.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do C. S. Sargent -- do.' "W.J.Beal ...do G. W. Letterman ...do 11. Douglas W. J. Beal ...do C.G.Pringle S.H.Pook A. H. Curtisa . . . . ...do J. Eobinson -. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss . C.Mohr ...do Eiver bluflf . Low, rich . . . ...do -■B " eg s> o.t! ft-" K CD Dry, gravelly 0. 8714 Coral 0.6670 0.7628 0. 7748 0.6705 0. 6727 0. 7323 0. 6341 0. 6534 0. 6250 0. 7818 0. 7614 0.7750 0. 8068 0. 8568 Gravelly 0.7438 -..do 0.7386 -do 0.5315 -- do 0.5048 Rich loam 0. 6790 -do 0.6670 Gravelly 0.6471 Eich I 0.5315 -do 0.5493 I Gravelly j 0.5648 ; 0.5028 0. 7753 0. 6003 0. 5916 0. 8045 0. 6538 0. 4699 0. 4750 Clay --.do Gravelly. . ...do Low, rich . . . Sandy Eich, moist . ...do 0. 6105 0.6244 0. 6751 0. 6710 0. 7636 0. 8785 0. 8693 0.8481 COEFFICIENT QF ELASTICITT. ■Si 1061 1221 514 568 814 588 452 651 542 596 509 814 787 1039 488 957 814 651 921 634 814 697 1191 97S. So o o 1149 1191 514 602 904 610 514 723 618 630 501 835 814 1085 461 1110 1073 982 511 579 1003 734 649 516 469 574 412 902 886 792 553 961 049 734 703 076 I 1240 603 751 849 687 751 872 070 775 849 1171 1017 8S8 1084 651 673 579 814 849 724 976 976 905 1221 1028 996 976 930 937. 775 800 089 842 828 691 764 857 769 651 718 642 976 958 797 888 976 792 740 769 820 698 775 820 769 718 1097 996 691 586- 1266 930 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. CrsriTED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAUsT— Continued. DEPLECTION, IN MILLIUSTEBB, UKDER A PEESBUEE, IN KILOGEAMS, OF — SO 4.6 40 9.5 8.6 6.0 8.3 10.8 7.6 0.0 8.2 9.6 6.0 6.2 4.7 10.0 100 150 8.5 8.2 10.0 16.2 10.8 16.0 19.0 13.5 15.8 15.5 19.5 11.7 12.0 9.0 21.2. 5. 1 i 8. 8 G.O 7.5 5.3 7.7 12.7 13.3 10.0 18.2 11. 5 6.3 4.8 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.3 S.8 6.4 7.5 5.0 5.5 CO 7.0 6.0 7.0 4.1 6.0 11.5 11.0 14.5 11.5 10.0 9.5 13.3 12.8 28.4 25.4 15.8 24.5 29.7 20.0 23.0 22.5 31.5 17.7 17.3 14.0 32.7 13.0 19.3 21.0 14.9 20.0 17.3 15.9 21.7 17.6 15.2 15.0 20O 10. 5 i 10. 10.0 10.7 16.7 21.5 15.2 15.5 10.5 12. 19. 5 12. 7 10. 5 12.3 11.8 11.4 13.0 10.2 10.0 12.7 u (set.) 43.2 18.5 43.2 35.2 22.9 35.0 43.0 28.4 30.7 13.6 8.0 9.8 22.0 13.5 14.0 24.3 24.5 18.1 51.3 17.8 27.4 28.9 20.7 38.5 25.2 24.7 23.0 22.0 32.0 24.6 21.5 21.0 21. 5 20.8 23.0 22.6 30.7 21. 20.8 27.0 26.5 28.4 32.3 18.4 18.5 0.6 LO 0.4 3.0 1. G 2.5 6.0 1.5 1.0 1.3 2.2 0.6 8.0 200 3SO 18.0 19.5 46.0 37.7 22.7 37.0 45.5 30.0 31.7 25.0 25.5 18.6 55.3 18.0 1.7 28.0 1.6 0.5 29.0 20.6 23.5 25.5 29.7 48.0 61.0 32.0 33.5 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.0 1.3 26.0 26.0 24.2 22.0 32.5 25.0 22.0 1. 2 i 22. 1. 22. 5 1.1 0.0 1.0 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 4.0 0.2 0.6 27.5 24.0 23.0 31.6 21.8 21.5 28.0 27.0 28.3 34.0 19.0 19. e 23.0 37.0 30.5 27.0 300 29.0 33.0 38.0 74.5 41.0 42.0 31.5 34.0 36.0 36.5 30.0 28.0 350 400 42.0 62.6 53.0 40.0 41.0 38.5 36.7 32.5 28.5 28.0 26.0 36.0 30.0 30.0 43.5 26.5 27.0 30.0 3t.O 36.5 73.0 23.5 24.5 45.0 36.5 36.0 36.5 46.5 44.0 47.0 45.0 45.5 34.0 35.0 46.0 02.5 46.0 ] 59.3 50.0 57.5 55.0 490 61.5 73.0 29. 2 ; 3.^). 7 41. 7 32.0 I 37.5 I 500 S50 74.0 B5, 458 419 218 247 428 313 277 220 200 245 176 385 378 236 277 300 529 200 293 286 500 467 247 309 336 425 400 294 295 328 274 340 338 350 350 295 250 540 397 Remarks. 0.66 sap-TTOod; bioke with long, fine splinteis . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot . Long, oWlqne fraotnre Broke with long, large splinters . do do Broke at knot near support Specimen cross-grained ; short, obliqne fractnre . do Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Specimen cross-grained ; short, oblique fracture. do Broke at knot near the end . Specimen cross-grained Broke with long splinters, starting at knot. Broke with long splinters Broke with long, large splinters . Broke with fine splinters Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension side . Broke with long, coarse splinters . Shattered .do . Broke with fine splinters . Long, oblique fracture — do 760 760 678- 678 436 1089 1090- 109L 927 658 658 69r 509 Brake with long splinters Shattered] long splinters Broke with fine splinters Shattered; long splinters on corner Broke with long splinters on comer Broke with coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained; single fracture. Broke with fine splinters Broke with long, large splinters Specimen cross-grained; long fracture .. do 334 435 968 968 15. 15 116 115 127 127 148 317 317 368 406 763 703 1053. 1053 Specimen gross-grained; split with the grain i 637 Specimen cross-grained . do Specimen cross-grained ; shattered . 1032 1062 1062 364 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. bp. (Dj:3 ; PiS ! iCOEFFIClENT OF ELASTIOITTr O ID 113. Prmnis iliplfolia Inlay. 117. Pyrus ooronaria ATnericcm Crab. Sweet-scented Grab. 121. Pyrus sambucifoUa Mountain Ash. 125. Cratsegus arborescens 126. CratsBgus Crns-galli Ooclcspur Thorn. > N'ewcasile Thorn. j128. Cratsegns subvillosa Scarlet JECaw. 129. Crataegus tomentosa Black Thorn. Pea/r Ha/w. d.32 Crataegus spatbulata Smcul-frwited Ha/w. r(I34. Cratsegns lEstivalis May Maw. Apple Sato. 135. CratEEgus flava, var. pubescens Sum/mer Raw. jied Maib. .sl37. Amelancbier Canadensis Juneberry. Shad Bush. Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACEa;. .■■59. Liquidambar Styraciflua Sweet Cwm. Star-leaved Bum. lAquidamber. Bed Gum. Bitsted. EHIZOPHOEACE.S!. 140. Ehizophora Mangle ' Mangrove. COMBEETACBiE. 141. Oonocarpus erecta Button Wood. 142. Laguncularia racemosa White Button Wood. White Man- grove. 1158 1158 1087 1087 1088 1088 410 GOV 607 328 328 1093 1093 949 1081 926 239 767 241 849 849 546 546 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 485 California . ...do Pennsylvania. . ...do ...do ...do Vermont. Georgia... ....do Massachusetts. ....do Missouri ....do Texas ... Missouri. Tennessee . ...do Louisiana South Carolina. Florida Kentucky Massachusetts . ...do Alabama ...do , Arkansas ...do , New Jersey . ...do Mississippi . . ...do ...do ...do , ...do ....do Florida . ...do... 607 507 .do . .do. ...do. ....do. Santa Cruz . ...do C. L. Anderson. ...do Nazareth . ...do ...do ...do J.... J. Henry. ...do .... ....do ...do .... Moist . ...do. ...do. ...do. Mount Mansfield . Ogeechee . ...do C.G.Pringle.. A. H. Curtiss . ...do G;ravelly. Low ...do Brookline. ...do , AUenton... ...do J. Bobinson.' ...do G. W. Letterman ...do Lo^m ...do Low, wet . ...do Victoria Saint Louis . Nashville . . . ...do C.Mohr...j. H. Eggert- - . Alluvial . A. Gattinger. ...do Linlestone . ...do Webster parish. . Bonneau's Depot. O.Mohr H. W. Eavenel . A. H. Curtiss... Clay Damp, rich . Dry clay... Brumfield Station . Danvers ...do W. M. Linney. J. Eobinson..- ...do.. Waverly shale.. Loam ...do Kemper's mill ...do Little Eock ...do : Mount Holly ...do Tazoo Eiver bottom ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do C. Mohr ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do S. P. Sharpies ...do E. Abbey ...do ...do ...do ...do , ...do Eich, alluvial . ...do Clay ...do.... Alluvial" . ...do.... ...^0.... ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... Bay Biscayne. ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do Salt-marsh . ...do do . do. Sugar-Loaf Sound . ...do .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . ..do. ..do . 0. 9734 0. 9678 0.7357 0. 7228 0. 7340 0. 7382 0. 5727 0. 6818 0. 7126 0. 6946 0. 7166 0. 7767 0. 7940 0. 7665 0. 8670 0. 7166 0. 7527 0. 7102 0. 7239 0. 7973 0. 8312 0. 8472 0. 8410 0.6448 0. 5796 0. 6012 0. 5765 0. 6080 0. 6477 0. 5864 0. 6001 0. 6250 0. 6376 0. 6409 0. 6169 1.1480 1. 1335 1. 0240 1. 0292 0. 7384 0. 7239 ID 761 697 761 729 508 651 814 768 543 508 751 751 921 842 740 661 718 595 740 1191 1085 1163 976 751 697 751 787 976 1163 814 1017 1627 1627 814 1062 G98 775 751 712 751 723 465 630 814 763 575 514 776 794 913 888 740 723 708 1221 1149 1221 610 074 930 9D6 769 496 781 849 1017 1061 888 976 1627 1684 913 1136 634 814 820 745 441 422 452 623 799 443 619 586 703 708 698 720 606 712 724 1256 1085 1064 520 663 776 703 750 738 553 644 670 614 661 616 1308 1100 830 1065 272 764 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 365 DEFLKCTIOK, IK MILLIMETEliS, UKEEH A PBEBBUEE, IK KILOGRAMS, OF— 00 ^ .si .is Bemarks. SO 100 130 aoo o (set.) 300 250 300 1 330 400 450 500 5SO a S 0.5 7.0 6.S 6.7 9.0 7.5 8.5 6.0 6.2 9.0 9.6 6.0 6.5 5.3 5.3 6.6 7.5 6.8 8.2 6.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 8.1 7.1 5.6 5.0 6.5 7.0 6.5 6.2 5.0 4.2 6.0 4.8 3.0 3.0 6.0 4.6 7.0 6.3 13.0 13.7 13.0 ]3. 5 21.0 15.5 15.0 12.0 12.8 17.0 19..0 12.6 12.3 10.7 11.0 13.2 13.5 14.5 16.5 13.8 8.0 8.5 8.0 10.0 14.5 10.5 9.8 12.7 12.0 12.6, 11.5 9.6 9.2 11.0 10.0 6.0 5.8 10.7 8.6 1.^.4 12.0 20.0 22.3 21.5 21.3 33.5 24.6 25.5 18.3 20.5 28.0 28.5 20.0 18.1 10.0 16.6 20.2 21.0 22.5 28.0 23.5 11.5 12.6 12.4 24.5 23.5 16.0 14.5 20.5 10.7 19.0 17.6 14. B 14.7 17.6 16.5 8.4 8.0 16.0 12.7 29.0 32.5 3.0 4.5 30.0 35.0 38.0 48.0 56.0 67.0 90.0 350 318 188 180 193 266 190 341 189 264 250 300 302 367 263 298 307 216 1 304 309 536 463 450 222 283 331 300 320 315 236 232 286 262 282 263 558 472 354 450 116 1158 1159 108T 1087 1088 36.5 26.5 4.8 37.0 51.5 1088 410' 1.5 37.1 35.0 47.0 607 607 39.0 42.3 29.0 26.0 22.0 25.5 29.0 30.3 33.0 39.0 34.0 14.6 17.0 17.0 36.2 34.5 22.5 20.6 31.0 29.0 32.2 28.7 20.4 32.0 25.0 23.7 11.0 11.5 21.6 17.5 4.0 5.0 2.1 2.0 1.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.5 5.0 4.3 0.0 0.8 0.7 3.4 4.5 1.0 0.9 3.5 2.7 3.6 4.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.0 41.0 44.0 29.0 26.5 23.0 26.0 30.5 32.0 34.0 41.7 35.0 14.0 17.4 17.7 37.9 36.2 23.2 21.0 32.0 30.4 35.0 31.0 21.2 23.0 25.6 26.0 11.0 11.5 22.5 17.5 58.0 32a 328 38.0 34.2 29.0 34.0 39.2 41.0 1093 46.5 37.0 1093- 49.5 949- 1081 428 59.0 426 do 92& 57.0 44.6 18.5 22.0 23.0. 83.0 70.0 22.3 29.0 30.0 do ... 239- Broke at knot "witli a large spliitter ... 767 28.0 36.0 37.0 32.5 47.5 57.0 40.5 51.5 T^rnltfl witli "fiTifi Hplintftrq .... 241 do do 849' 849 546 52.5 30.2 28.5 45.0 42.0 Sap-'wood; crushed and splintered 546 45.0 1095 do 1095 79.0 67.0 Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters 1173 do 117S 1181 do :. 1181 29.2 36.0 35.0 40.0 13.5 14.5 28.3 22.0 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with one long splinter 1182 1182 Crashed at center bearing; shattered... 1183 do 1183 17.0 18.0 35.5 28.5 20.0 21.6 47.5 35.0 24.0 25.7 28.0 29.6 32.2 38.3 Broke with coarse splinters 485 do 485 45.0 Splinter**d 489 Broke at knot 507 19.5 25.7 1.2 26.5 »n.o 51.0 326 360 forp:st teees of north America. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. o o COEFFICIENT OP BLABTICITT. Pa MTETACE.ffil. 144. Engenia buTiifolia Gwrgeon Stopper. Spanish Stop- per. 146. Engenia inonticola , Stopper. White Stopper. 148. Eugenia procera Ked Stopper. COENACE^. 151. Conins fiorida Flowering Dogwood. Sox Wood. 152. Cornns ITuttallii Flowering Dogwood. 153. Nyssa capitata , Ogeechee Lime. Sowr Tvpelo. Gopher Plvrni. 154. STyssa sylvatica Xupelo. Sour Gwm. Pepperidge. Blach Qum. 155. Kyssa nniflora Large Tupelo. Tupelo Own. Cotton Owm. CAPEIFOLIACE^. 156. Sanibuens glauca Elder. 159. VibiirniMTt pruDifoIiiim... Blaek Baw. Stag JBush, ICO. Exost^Dima Garibseum 161. Pinckneyapitbens Georgia Ba/rh. 1118 1135 1127 1127 67 67 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 605 605 235 235 517 750 750 813 813 834 835 128 128 550 650 604 604 681 1102 110* 739 466 381 Florida . ...do... ...do. ...do. Missouri ... do Florida West Virginia , ...do MissoTiri ...do ...do Oregon . ...do... Georgia.. ....do ... South Carolina. ....do Tennessee Florida .-..do West Virginia . .-..do Massachusetts . . ....do .--.do ....do ...do South Carolina. ...do Alabama ....do Georgia ....do California.. Kentucky . ....do Georgia Florida . ...do... Lost Man's river. . . TJmbrella Key Miami . ...do.. Allenton ...do Chattahoochee . Grafton :. ...do Allenton ...do ... do Portland. ....do.... Ogeechee riyer . , ...do Bonneau's Depot . . . ...do , Cumberland river. . . Chattahoochee ...do Grafton. ...do West Newbury ...do ...do .-.do , Chebacco pond Bonneau's Depot . . . ...do Stockton ...do Ogeechee river ..do C ontra Costa county Mercer county ...do Bainbridgo Upper Metacombe Key. ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do Humus and eoral Coral .do. .do. .do. do. G. W. Letterman. ...do A. H. Curtiss C.G.Pringle ...do .' G. W. Letterman. . ...do ...do TJpland ...do Calcareous. Dry ...do Gravelly... ... do Flinty G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . ...do Swampy . ...do .... H.W. Eavenel.... ...do A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss ...do C.G.Pringle ...do J. Eobinson ...do ...do ...do ...do Muck. ...do. Clay.. ...do . ^ch.. ...do. ...do . ...do . H.W. Eavenel... ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss ...do Swampy . ...do.... Alluvial . ...do .... Swampy . ...do .... G.E.Vasey. Gravelly. W. M. Linney. ...do A. H. Curtiss . A. H. Curtiss . ...do 1. 0635 0. 9405 0.9966 1. 0023 0. 8937 0.8904 0. 7795 0. 7980 0. 7947 0. 8647 0. 8490 0.8387 0. 7763 0. 7807 0. 5739 0. 6170 5966 5735 5979 7885 793C 6222 6447 7364 7534 7233 6800 7914 6648 6135 5455 5228 5739 5841 I Hudson Elver shale. Trenton limestone Clay. Coral . ...do . South Carolina Bluffton . J. H. Mellichamp Sandy swamp. 0. 5216 0. 8352 0. 9034 0. 8270 0.9554 0. 9524 0.5425 1627 1017 .1191 1163 787 787 787 787 763 827 888 610 814 976 610 697 687 888 814 800 763 939 888 740 651 660 814 642 542 561 444 595 456 488 34t! 976 904 708 1136 1221 1575 1085 1206 1177' 814 849 794 849 814 849 957 647 976 1085 638 723 781 849 814 849 781 888 1039 769 814 713 872 651 592 564 471 685 444 444 305 957 1028 734 1085 1302 1055 1172 1179 1172 872 1012 820 951 886 1016 966 710 930 1052 783 745 952 783: 899: 1 9121 736 827 924; 717 701 724) 628 687 635 553 370 729 1228 956 1055 iOS THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. tTNITBD STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 367 DEFLBCTION, IN MILUHETEB8, tJKDEE A FRESSUBE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF — SO 8.0 4.8 4.1 4.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.5 8.0 6.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 7.1 5.5 6.0 6.1 6.4 5.2 6.5 6.0 7.5 7.4 0.0 7.6 9.0 8.7 11.0 e.2 10.7 10.0 u.o 5.0 5.4 6.9 4.8 4.0 100 6.2 9.0 8.1 8.3 12.0 11.5 12.3 11.5 12.0 11.5 10.2 15.2 10.0 9.0 15.3 13.5 12.5 11.5 12.0 11.5 12.5 11.0 9.4 12.7 12.0 13.7 n.2 15.0 16.5 17.3 ISO 9.5 13.5 12.5 12.5 18.2 17.0 20.0 18.2 18.7 16.7 10.3 24.5 14.5 13.2 25.0 20.3 19.6 18.0 19.5 17.7 19.0 10.2 13.5 19.7 10.0 21.6 17.0 26.0 29.0 28.7 20.7 I 33.0 I 16. 7 I 26. 7 22. ' ;16. 5 10. 2 14. 7 14.6 18.3 1 20.7 9.0 7.5 11.6 11.4 22.2 20O 12.5 18.5 17.0 16.8 26.9 24.5 29.0 26.7 27.0 23.6 24.0 35.3 20.3 17.5 37.3 29.5 27. D 26.5 28.7 2.'). 7 =6.5 22.5 18.0 28.7 29.0 82.0 25.0 38.5 44.5 43.0 48.5 39.0 57.5 58.0 O (set.) 20.6 19.7 29.0 ir,.5 15.2 300 0. 3 13. 0. 7 18. 5 17.9 0.6 ! 17.5 2.2 2.0 3.5 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.6 3.6 0.9 0.4 3.3 2.2 1.6 1.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 2.8 3.0 3.5 2.2 5.5 7.2 7. 5 8.5 5.0 11.5 12.2 0.9 3.0 0.4 0.5 27.6 25.5 31.2 28.5 28.6 24.5 24.6 37.0 20.3 18.0 38.0 80.5 28.2 26.3 29.5 20.0 27.5 23 18.2 29.7 30.0 33.5 25.2 40.6 46.0 45.5 53.0 40.8 62.5 60.5 3SO 21.0 21.0 31.0 16.5 23.5 23.0 22.4 36.0 32.7 40.5 36.5 39.0 32.0 32.0 48.5 25.5 23.0 52.0 41.0 87.5 3t.7 38.0 34.0 37.0 29.0 22.0 38.0 42.0 45.0 32.5 58.0 60.0 66.2 82.0 59.5 108.0 300 21.0 28.5 29.0 50.0 43.1 56.0 52.0 55.0 43.0 42.5 76.0 32.0 29.0 51.0 54.5 40.0 48.5 38.0 27.5 53.0 57.5 66.0 44.0 100.0 27.0 26.0 40.0 15.7 I 20.0 15.4 ! 19.0 34.0 33.5 53.0 23.7 28.0 3SO 26.0 37.0 30.0 35.0 70.0 58.2 68.0 87.0 60.5 57.0 42.5 34.0 63.0 74.0 35.0 84.0 95.0 116.0 64.0 41.0 71.0 28.0 28.5 400 I 4SO 32.0 46.5 46.5 46.0 84.5 81.5 43.0 93.0 120.0 33.5 33.0 43.5 61.5 62.0 61.5 68.5 88.0 SOO 92.0 5S0 II 450 500 603 500 372 432 350 406 378 433 412 303 397 449 296 285 334 318 294 425 406 334 388 389 377 353 394 306 293 271 236 311 524 363 408 450 173 Benutrks. Shattered. . Splintered . Specimen orosB-grained ; splintered . Broke with coarse splinters Broteatkuot Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. Broke with large splinters Square hreak on tension side with large flakes Square break on tension side with long splinters Broke with long, coarse splinters Shattered one end Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters Broke witt long splinters . do Broke short and split in axis . Shattered -do. -do . Long split at one end Broke into fine splinters Deflected 150 millimeters and slipped from the bearing . Shattered .do. Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters. do .do . Failed from small splinter on comer Crumpled on compression side at knot; square break with fine splinters. Broke with long splinters Shattered at the end — Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters do Failed from large splinter on comer . do Broke at knot . -do. Broke at knot with one large splinter . Shattered Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . Broke with fine splinters Broke at knot with large splinters. Ills 1136 1127 1127 67 67 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 96* 9«« 605 605 235 235 517 75« 75« 813 813 834 834 835 128 128 550 550 604 604 681 110« 110« 739 466 46« 381 368 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Is < COErFIOIENT.OP ELABTICITY. EEICACE.a;. 165. Andromeda ferruginea . \66. Arbntus Menziosii . Madrona. 167. Arbntns Xalapensia . 169. Oxydendrum arboreimi Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood. 170. Kalmia latifolia Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. KbododendroD maximTiin.-. ^ Great Laurel. Mose Bay. SAPOTACEiE. 175. Chrysophyllum oliviforme. . 176. SideroxylonMasticbodendron. Mastic.' 177. Sipholis aalicifolia . . Bustic. Cassada. 178. Eumelia tenax. . 179. Bnmelia lauugiDoaa Cfum Elastic. Shittim Wood. 181. Bnmelia lycioides IroriWood. Southern Buckthorn. 182. Balnelia cnneata Ants* Wood. Downward Blum. Saffron Plum. , 183. Mimnsops Sieberi Wild mily. EBElfACE.ai. 184. Diospyros Tirginiana . . Persimmon. STYRACACE.ffl!. 186. Symplocos tinotoria Horse Sugar. Sweet Leaf. IR7 JBCalesia diptera Snow-drop Tree. Silver-l I Tree. 1033 643 643 679' 679 683 683 353 353 2622 2623 2631 2632 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 930 1083 1124 458 458 61 61 425 811 811 1081 1084 1162 347 738 738 Florida . California . .-..do ... do ...do Arizona . ...do.... Alabama . ...do "Virginia. . ...do .do. .do . Florida . ...do... ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. Georgia. , Texas ...do.... Hissonri. Tennessee . Florida ...do. ...do. Alabama . Georgia. ...do... Jacksonville A. H. Curtiss Contra Costa connty ...do Marin county ...do Santa Tlita mount- ains. ..-.do ' Cottage Hm . ...do Fancy Gap . ...do Missonri ...do Tennessee West Tirginia ...do Missouri ...do .-.do .do. .do. Bay Biscayne. ...do TJjiper Metacombe ,ey. .do. Bay BiSoayne . . ...do Umbrella Key - Bainbridge . Austin... ...do.... Allentou . Ifashville Boca Chica Key. "CTpper Metacombe £ey. .do ., Allenton . . ...do Ifashville . Grafton... ...do Allenton . . ...do ...do Cottage Hill . Bainbridge . ...do G.E. ..-do ....do ....do Hummock - Gravelly... ...do ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S; Sargent, ■-do , C. Mobr. ...do.... Ligbt, ricb , .-..do H. Sbriver . .-.do Moist . .--do. .do. .do. do. .do. A. H. Curtiss . ...do Coral . --.do- ....do. .--.do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Low. C.Mohr ...dl..... G. "W. Letterman. A. Gattlnger A. H. Cortlss . .,. . Limestone . ...do...... ...do AUnvial . Coral .do. .do. .do. .do. G. W. Letterman. . ...do A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle ...do G. "W". Letterman. . ...do ...do C. Mobr . A. H. Curtiss. ...do Bicb upland . ...do Bicb loam ... Hicb upland . ....do Kiob Sandy . Low .. ....do. 0. 7273 0. 7200 0. 7000 0. 7454 0. 7546 0.7670 0. 7501 0. 7386 0. 7501 0. 7642 0. 6001 0. 6216 0. 6403 0. 9603 0. 9583 0. 9872 0. 9827 0. 9602 0. 9173 0. 8823 0. 7914 O: S847 p. 5903 0. 7148 0. 8061 0. 8630 1. 0786 1. 0191 0. 7633 0. 7362 0. 8716 0. 8176 0. 8110 0. 8125 0. 8410 0. 8240 0. 5580 0. 6704 0. 6577 814 740 610 976 842 651 531 787 939 651 465 651 610 1136 921 976 976 1356 1395 1191 751 488 478 488 996 814 751 1395 610 610 751 574 697 610 642 814 794 626 1062 872 683 549 800 976 670 500 673 618 1252 996 1149 1060 1436 1395 1177 751 496 432 522 1028 976 ' 794 751 1337 622 603 814 603 784 622 673 827 1015 546 584 691 633 947 1237 919 1022 1263 1171 1008 673 567 265 330 516 952 874 483 818 1289 895 846- 619 881 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. 369 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMKTEllS, CKDEE A PKESSURE, IN KIL0GKAM8 OF— SO 6.0 6.6 8.0 5.0 5.8 7.5 9.1 6.2 5.2 7.5 10.5 7.5 8.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 3.6 3.5 4.1 U.5 10.0 10.2 10.0 7.0 7.4 4.9 5.2 6.0 8.5 3.5 8.0 8.0 e.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.4 lOO 12.0 12.3 15.6 9.2 11.2 14.3 17.8 12.2 30.0 14.6 19.5 14.5 15.8 7.8 9.8 6.8 7.0 8 3 13.0 19.7 22.6 18.7 12.5 16.2 9.5 10.0 150 200 18.5 10.5 24.0 14.0 16.3 22.0 29.0 19.0 15.0 22.4 ,31.0 22.8 25.0 12.0 15.5 12.8 13.6 10.0 10.6 12.3 20.0 31.5 12.8 13.0 7.3 15.7 16.2 12.0 16.2 13.3 16.7 14.5 14.0 19.5 26.7 14.7 15.0 18.0 19.4 11.0 24.8 25.7 19.8 26.0 21.0 23.0 22.5 26.0 27.0 33.2 19.0 22.5 31.5 43.5 31.5 21.0 31.2 44.0 32.5 34.2 16.4 21.0 17.5 18.3 13.0 14.0 16.6 29.5 46.0 28.5 40.6 19.7 20.2 26.2 29.0 15.0 35.3 38.0 28.5 38.0 30.4 82.0 82.0 O (set.) 2.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 1.0 2.5 5.5 2.6 4.8 0.9 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.8 7.0 24 FOB 2.4 7.5 1.0 0.8 2.0 3.2 0.2 4.0 4.5 2.5 5.2 3.0 5.5 2.5 2.6 300 27.5 28.0 35.0 20.0 23.5 32.8 46.0 33.8 47.0 33.5 35.5 17.4 22.0 18.0 19.0 13.7 14.5 17.0 31.5 49.2 330 35.0 85.0 44.5 25.5 30.0 43.0 28.0 44.5 29.7 43.5 20.0 21.0 28.0 20.7 15.0 37.9 39.0 80.0 40.2 31.8 42.0 33.0 33.0 44.0 40.0 21.8 38.5 24.0 23.5 17.0 18.0 21.5 41.6 300 47.5 59.0 32.5 38.2 25.2 26.5 36.0 39.0 19.0 50.0 52.5 38.0 55.0 40.5 63.0 44.0 43.0 28.2 37.2 30.0 30.0 20.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 33.2 51.0 55.0 21.2 350 62.1 41.5 51.0 47.0 35.0 41.0 38.0 25.0 27.0 4U0 53.0 65.0 450 46.0 39.7 42.5 0.0 70.6 111.5 79.0 115.5 52.0 78.0 58.0 59.0 60.0 73.0 135.0 78.0 82.0 90.6 49.0 30.0 31.5 40.0 35.2 37.0 37.5 43.0 500 550 45.0 49.0 75.0 290 381 353 433 383 294 233 200 422 297 249 295 270 404 328 392 436 539 500 430 242 113 141 406 373 206 349 550 382 377 398 361 377 264 376 365 Bemarb. Brolie at knot . Specimen cross-grained . . -•- do Square break Threw off largo flakes on tension side . Large flake on tension side Broke at knot ; flake on compression side . Specimen cross-grained ; splinter started at large knot . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters - . . Broke at knot Specimen cross-grained ; shattered; long split Trith grain . Threw off flake from tension side . Broke at knot Specimen cros€-grained . do Broke with large splinters- . Broke with coarse splinters- Broke with long, coarse splinters . do Broke at knot with long, coarse splinters . Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot ... Broke with alarge splinter , Broke with large splinter at knot . . . Defective specimen ; broke at knot - Broke at knot with one large splinter Specimen oross-grained ; large flake on compression side . Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Spocimpu crofts-grained; large flake from compression side . Specimen cross-grained; short break on tension side, flake from compression side. Short break on tension side ; flake from compression side Broke with fine splinters , do Deflected 170 millimeters before breaking ; broke with fine splinters Square break on tension side, large flake on compression side . . . do do Specimen cross-grained . Shattered at one end Broke with large splintora . 1033 643 643 679 679 353 262' 262 » 263 > 263' 492 492 461 461 488 488 600 746 930 030 1083 1124 458 458 61 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1162 347 738 738 370 FOREST TEEi;S OF NOETH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAYIOE OP THE PEIKCIPAL WOODS OF THB Specie!. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. o-g •3 S i g.3i COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITT. 9° O D OLEACE.^;. 191. Fiaxinns pietacisEifalia. Aeh. f 192 Fiaxinns Ameiicona . While Ash. 192. Eraxinus Americana, ror.Teiensis 183. E^'axiniis pubescens . Jled Ash. 194. Eraxinns 'viricUs. Qrein Ash. 195. Eraxinnsplat; Water Ash. 'carpa- 19S. Eraxinus quadiangulata. Slue Ash. 660 660 392 1141 114' 1143 114* 114« 130 130 212 212 227 2271 227' 227' 267' 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 364 139 229 229 1059 67 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 957 536 66 66 126 125 Arizona . ...do.... Missouri Michigan ...do ...do ...do ...do. Sonth Carolina . .. do Virginia ...do Vermont ...do ...do ...do Virginia Tennessee Alabuma ...do Georgia ...do Texas Maasacliusetts. . ...do Texas . ...do. Michigan Vermont ....do Maasacliusetta . Missouri Texas ....do Tennessee Texas ...do , ....do ...do ...do Alabama . Miasonri. . ...do Michigan . ...do Santa Eita mount- ains. ...do Allenton DansviUe ...do Hudson Lansing DansvUlo Bonueau's Depot. ...do ■Wytheville ...do Charlotte ...do .. do ..: .:. ...do Wytheville Nashville Kemper's mill ...do Bainhridge .!.do Austin Beading ...do Dallas . ...do-. Lansing . . Charlotte . ...do Topsflcld . Allenton Dallas ... do NashviUe Victoria ...do Matagorda hay . ...do ...do Stockton. Allenton, ... do.... Lansing . ...do.... G. Engelmann and C. a Sargent. do Low.. ...do. G. W. Letterman W.J.Beal ....do ...do ....do ...do H. W. Eavenel... ...do H. Shriver ...do C. G. Pringle ...do ...do ...do H, Shriver - . A. Gattinger C. Mohr ...do A.H.Curtiaa ...do C.Mphr J. Eobinson ,. ...do...., J. Eeverchon '. ...do....!.... W.J.Beal ... C.G. Pringle. ...do J. Eobinson . G. TV. Letterman. J". Eeverchon :...do A. Gattinger C.Mohr ...do ....do ....do ....do .do . ...do. Clay.. ...do. Clay.. "Wet.. ...do. Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Limestone Alluvial ...do Eiver-bottom ...do Eicb, calcareous . Dry, calcareous. ...do Poor ClW ...do Eiver-bottom . Eicb, wet ...do ...do Eicb upland . . Eicb, "wet ...do ...do ...do ...do Eich, alluvial . G. W. Letterman.. ...do W.J.Beal ...do Dry upland. ...do Eich loam'.. ...do 6633 6995 6592 4983 5469 7535 6622 5920 6914 6864 6569 6524 6347 6613 7243 7151 6250 6792 6417 6038 6512 6250 7293 7954 8205 8194 7762 6416 7005 6812 C080 7273 6977 C5l;j 7683 7813 8125 7022 7084 6893 0. 4759 8424 8620 5189 5206 m Bfi 514 1110 542 698 1061 1191 814 1191 1136 076 939 814 888 1221 1479 904 1191 976 1085 660 549 697 814 1221 1085 1103 976 720 976 407 610 eio 904 77.5 1623 097 443 814 842 740 634 542 666 660 578 1220 928 531 586 679 619 1163 1041 1284 927 872 743 1284 978 1221 951 1085 855 1007 907 930 813 957 860 1302 1069 1525 1289 976 820 1221 968 1085 80$ 976 764 642. 415 564 693 708 611 957 1017 1191 1101 1028 1115 1135 1134 1122 1073 762 780 976 1040 398 581 692 816 610 544 930 820 1085 ^61 849 944 976 986 781 937 1576' 1179 729 876 476 537 787 961 S88 949 751 677 687 633 THE "WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEKSB STEAIN— Continued. 371 DIFLKCTION, IN HILLIMEIEBB, UNDEB A PBESBUKE, IN KILOGBAUS, OP- 30 lOO ISO 9. 5 18. 7.0 4.4 9.0 7.0 4.6 4.1 CO 4.1 4.3 S.0 5.2 «.0 5.5 4.0 3.3 5.4 4.1 5.0 4.S 7.4 8.9 7.0 6.0 4.0 4.5 4.2 5.0 0.7 5.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 5.6 5.0 6.5 6.4 6.3 3.0 7.0 11.0 6.0 6.8 6.6 7.7 14.8 I 8.0 18.4 14.4 8.4 7.6 11.2 7.6 8.0 0.0 9.7 10.5 10.2 7.5 6.4 10.0 8.0 9.0 10. 15.2 17.3 13.8 10.2 8.2 9.5 8.6 8.7 13.0 10.0 24.6 16.5 16.0 10.5 9.0 11.5 10.0 12.5 6.2 13.4 20.5 12.4 11.0 13.0 14.2 29.5 24.2 11.5 29.5 23.2 12.3 11.5 17.8 11.6 11.4 14.0 14.6 15.5 16.0 11.3 9.8 14.2 12.2 13.0 14.5 25.3 27.6 22.0 15.2 12.8 13.0 13.0 12. S 21.5 15.0 44.2 27.2 24.5 15.5 13.5 18.0 ir,. 19.0 9.4 20.6 33.5 19.5 17.0 20.2 22.0 900 42.8 36.5 15.9 47.4 35.5 17.0 15.0 26.3 16.0 15.8 19.0 20.0 22.0 22.8 15.2 13.0 19.6 16.5 19.0 21.5 O (sot.) 39.2 32.3 21.5 17.0 17.6 18.0 17.6 32.2 21.0 76.0 39.5 36.0 21.0 19.0 26,2 21.0 20.1 12.7 30.0 62.2 27.2 23.2 29.4 32.0 5.2 4.4 0.4 6.2 4.2 1.0 0.4 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.3 300 350 4.2 3.6 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.0 5.0. 1.7 18.5 5.8 3.5 0.8 1.0 2.4 1.1 1.8 0.5 2.5 7.0 2.0 1.4 2.1 2.0 44.5 38.0 16.5 50. « 39.0 17.5 15.2 27.5 16.0 16.0 19.5 20.3 22.0 23.5 15.3 13.0 20.7 17.0 19.5 22.5 41.0 33.2 22.0 17.5 18.3 18.4 17.7 33.2 21.6 81.0 41.0 37.6 21.3 19.5 26.5 21.0 26.4 12.9 30.2 56.0 28.0 24.0 30.5 33.0 64.0 21.0 54.0 22.5 19.0 37.2 20.7 20.4 26.0 26.6 29.3 31.0 19.3 16.0 27.0 21.2 26.0 30.0 66.2 44.5 28.2 22.5 23.0 23.6 22.5 45.5 27.3 27.5' 24.6 35.0 28.5 34.0 10.0 41.6 38.0 31.2 43.0 44.0 300 350 30.7 24.0 58.0 26.2 26.4 34.5 35.0 39.0 41.5 24.8 19.7 36.0 27.5 35.0 42.0 36.5 29.0 30.7 30.5 28.5 64.5 35.4 94.0 38.0 32.4 47.0 38.0 45.5 21.0 57.0 62.0 41.2 37.0 39.0 30.5 33.2 35.0 60.0 50.0 60.0 30.2 23.7 35.0 47.0 37.0 89. 5 38: 35.4 51. J 42.0 64.6 50.5 60.0 26.6 84.0 72.5 58.5 400 68.5 41.0 46.5 47.0 38.2 29.0 48.5 65.0 49.5 53.6 46.0 46.7 61.0 110.0 90.0 32.5 4SO 61.2 35.5 72.0 79.5 63.5 30O 550 69.0 58.0 ID li •s g 284 247 396 250 264 444 415 317 415 406 365 387 847 367 452 650 350 413 343 326 177 296 261 434 470 476 484 458 333 444 248 348 232 350 410 403 421 400 503 374 406 406 289 270 Bemarlu. Square break on tension side witli largp flake on compression side .do . Broke with coarse splinters Long, sbattertd break • Short break on tension side ■ Sap-"wood ; broke with fine splinters Broke -with coarse splintery - Broke -with fine splinters Broke with large splinters on tension side . Broke with fine splinters on tension side . - Broke with large splinters on tension side. do -do. .do. Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters Failed from splinter on comer Sqtlare break on tension side with flake on compresiion side . Square break with large splinters on tension side Broke with large splinters on tension side do -..- Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot Broke with large splinters on tension side Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot Broke with large splinters on tension side Broke with fine splinters on tension side . Broke with fine splinters Broke with fine splinters ; buckled on compression side . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Broke with large flake on compression side Failed from two large splinters on angles of tension side. Squ.are break with large flake on compression side Broke with small splinters Sap-wood ; square break, splitting in axis . . Specimen cross-grained ; split in axis Broke with fine splinters do do do do Square break on tension side; split in axis . Short break ; shattered . Broke with fine splinters at small knot on compression side . do Split and shattered Square break on tension side with large flake on compTession side . 660 660 30= 114' 114' 114» 114* 114 • 130 130 212 212 227 227' 227 > 2272 2672 431 651 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 304 364 139 229 220 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 957 66 125 125 372 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL ^OODS OF THE Species. Sta.te. Locality. Collector. Soil. 'S 2 S COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. a « CJna 196. Fraxmns qnadrangnlata— cont'd . 197. Fraxlnns Oregana . Oregon Aih. 198. lYaxmna sambncifolia Black Jjhl' IToop Aih. Ground Ath. 199. Forestiera acuminata.. Privet. 201. Osmantlius Americanus . Devil Wood. BOEEAGrDrACB.a!. 204. Bonrreria Hayanensia • Strong Bark. 205. Ehretia elliptioa Knackaway. Anaqtia. BIGNONIACE.S!. 206. Catalpa Ijignonioides - Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Oigdr Tree. Indian Bean. 207. Catalpa speciosa — WeKtern Oatalpa. 208. Chilopsis saligna . Desert Willow. YMUBMNACEM. 210. Citbaroxvlnnj villoaum . Fiddle Wood. NZCTAGINACEiE. 212. Piaonia obtusata Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. POLTGONACE.!!. 213. Coccoloba Floridana , . . Pigeon Plum. LAURACE^. 215. Persea Carolincusia . Red Bay. 215. Persea Carolinenais, var. palns- tria. 286' 2862 291 Si'8 964 961 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 147 737 737 283 283 584 1137 942 540 744 744 744 38 38 682 682 490 490 474 Kentucky . ...do Missouri . . , Tennessee . Oregon ...do ...do .. do .- do ...do ...do ...do Micbigan Illinois [. . . Hassacbusetts . .. do Georgia. ...do..., Louisiana . ...do Florida . . . ...do. Texas . Alabama . Georgia... .. do .. do Missouri. ...do .... Arizona . .. do .... Florida . .. do... ..do . 473 ...do 473 ...do 585 ...do 585 .. do Mercer county.. ....do AUenton l^asbville Portland .. do Weidler's saw-mill. ...dto Portland Furniture Company. .. do .do. .do. Bansville . . Waukegan. Danvera — .. do ...... Bainbridge. ...do Alabama . Amite ...do Saint Jolm's river . . Key Largo ITeir Braunfela . Stockton Bainbridge . ...do....:.. ...do Charleston ...do /.. Tuscon . ...do... Bay Biscayne . ...do "Upper Metacombe Key. .do . .do . Saint John's riTor . ...do "W. M. Linney ...do G. W. Letterman. A. Gattinger Mobile county. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. — do .do. .do. .do. .do. do. do . W.J.Beal Eobert Douglas. J. Kobinson ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss.. ...do... C. Mohr. ...do A. H. Curtiai . ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... A. H. Curtiaa . ...do ...do. do. .do. .do. .do . C. Mohr . Limeatone ...do Sandy loam Bicb limestone . Low, wet . ..do "Wet, peaty. . Low, wet — Kich, loamy. ...do Eich, allavial . ...do Sandy loam . . . Coral Eioh, alluTial . Low, wet. Clay ...do ...do Wet clay . ...do Moist, gravelly . . . ...do Coral . ...do. .do. do. .do. Sandy loam . ...do Damp, sandy. . 0. 7989 0. 7914 0. 6080 0. 7923 0.6182 0. 6057 0. 6285 0.6001 0. 4894 0. 4832 0.6430 0. 6419 0. S215 0. 7371 0.7365 0. 7575 0. 5875 0. 5814 0. 8762 0. 8455 0. 7330 0. 7984 0. 6649 0. 4816 0. 4413 0. 4352 0. 4585 0.4915 0. 4915 0. 6193 0. 5716 1. 0323 1.0360 0. 6884 0. 9718 0. 97.52 0.6427 0.6489 0. 6216 976 697 651 610 939 842 883 , 740 478 425 1062 1220 814 976 888 814 610 872 1221 1062 1085 888 425 574 567 814 787 763 514 655 1163 1320 465 814 1028 697 697 651 943 939 913 781 474 425 1085. 814 1062 849 763 592 814 1328 1221 1136 397 697 610 531 888 849 794 614 674 1177 1338 1163 1221 1017 1050 814 864 814 814 1104 715 734 731 820 757 803 729 349 351 738 1220 766 839 612 977 820 811 698 734 1202 1015 937 945 682 523 469 691 673 595 469 639 703 1170 937 921 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Contmued. 373 DEFLECTIOK, IN MILLIMETEUS, UNDER A PEEBSUEE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— 5§ :, ; i 1 1 j : KemarkB. ^ SO 100 ISO 200 O 200 250 300 330 400 450 500 i 550 a o 19.3 (set.) 1 47.0 o 5.0 9.S 14.3 O.G 20.0 25.0 31.2 38.0 61.0 471 2861 7.0 7.5 14.0 14.0 2).0 21.4 29.6 30. C 2.7 2.3 32.0 32.0 44.2 41.0 60.0 59.0 305 313 286 > 291 8.0 5.2 15 10.3 23.4 15.0 33.0 20 8 3.5 3.5.0 46.5 26.0 66.5 39.0 312 350 518 1 • 0. 7 1 21. 5 964 5.8 5. ."i 10.4 10.7 16.0 10.2 22.0 21.0 0.9 0.5 22.5 22.5 30.0 28.0 41.0 36.0 323 343 Shattered 964 ^ Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension side, flake on compression side. 1001 U.G 12.5 IS. 7 25.7 1.0 20.0 34.0 45.5 311 1001 10.2 11.5 20. C 2.'!. 149 150 do 1024 1024 4.0 4.0 CO 9,0 8.0 13.0' 13.0 12.5 19.0 18. C 17.0 20.5 0.0 0.4 1.0 18.5 17.3 28.7 23.5 21.8 39.0 30.2 315 327 261 1030 do 1030 122 6.0 0.2 14.0 20.6 1.7 21.0 28.0 36.0 49.0 74.0 417 . 147 5.5 11.5 18.0 26.0 2.5 27.5 35.7 ,53,0 81.5 350 Square break on tenaion side with coarse splinters do 889 6.0 8.0 12.8 16.5 22.0 26.5 ,11. 2 38.7 3.9 4.5 34.0 42.0 48.0 61.0 71.0 346 298 839 \ 737 5.6 4.0 12.0 7.3 18.0 '11.2 27.0 15.3 2.0 0.4 28.2 17.7 38.0 20.0 64.5 24.5, 313 513 do 737 31.0 37.0 46.0 60.5 Squaxe break on tension side, splitting in the axis with fine splinters. 283 4.6 8.0 12.7 17.8 1. d 30.0 37.0 48.0 433 Sap-wood ; specimen crosfl-grained ; broke with long splinters do 283 4.5 8.6 13.0 18.0 1.0 18,2 23.5 30.0 39.5 55.0 400 584 5.5 9.8 14 6 19 8 5 20 25 32 40. 50.0 403 1137 11.5 24.6 36 53 6 9 56 77 5 131 308 Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis. 942 7.3 291 540 8,5 16 26 37 6 4 5 41 223 Cruahod at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinters 744 8.6 6 18.4 11 31.0 18.0 63.0 2.5.2 17.5 1.4 200 295 do 1- do 744 26.0 35.0 744 • C. 2 287 Ciuahed at center bearing ; splintered • do 38 4 12.3 19.0 17 20.4 31.6 26 30.0 50.5 37 2.6 6.0 3 30.7 53.0 254 38 0.5 8 8 200 294 6K2 38 54 Speciintn croBs-grained 682 4 2 8.3 7.3 21.0 12.5 11.4 17.5 15.0 0.7 0.4 18.0 15.7 23.0 20.0 soo 490 37.0 46.0 499 490 10.5 127 Spceimt-n cross-grained ; failt-d, from large splinters on comer 474 4.2 4.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 10.8 19.0 24.3 24,3 23.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 17.5 18.7 25.0 24.2 24.0 21.5 24.0 31.0 30.2 32.0 26.5 31 32 400 473 9.3 11.3 12. 11.6 13.5 18.0 17.8 16.6 39 383 Eroke with coarse splinters 47.i 40.0 40 50 393 Shattered 585 51 377 ... do 585 43.0 57.5 350 374 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 217. Sassafras officinale . Sassafras. 218. Um'bellnlaria Oalifornica , . Mo^tntainLaurel. California Lau- rel. Spic&Tree. Cagiput. GaZifor- nia Olive. California Bay Tree. EUPH0EBIACE.2E. 219. Drypetes crocea Guiana Plum. White Wood. 219. Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia TJETICACEa;. 222. Ulmus crnssifolia Cedar Elm. 223. Xrimus fnlva Red Elm. Slipper]/ Elm. Moose Elm. 224. IJlnms Americana White Elm. American Elm. WaUr Elm. 225. TJlraus racemosa Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. 220. tnraasalata Wahoo. Winged Elm. 71 71 387 387 44G 814 814 854 854 \ 703 703 459 459 324 324 929 929 301 134 134 369 429 19 19 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 1049 116' lies 116' 314 314 428 133 380 533 533 State. Missouri ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ■West Virginia,. ...do Massachusetts. - ...do Oregon . .. do ... Florida . .. do ... .. do... Texas . .^..do. ...do . ... do . Kentucky . Missouri. -- ...do VeiTQont... Tennessee . Massachusetts . .. do Missouri Texas ...do Massachusetts. ...do ...do ...do Michigan . . J. .do ...do ...do ...do ...do Tennessee . South Carolina . . TenHeaeee Mississippi ...do L9oality. Allen ton.. ...do ...do ...do N"ashville. Grafton... ...do Danvers . . ... do Coos bily- ... do TTpper Metacomhe Key. ...do Dallas . ....do . Austin. ...do.. Mercer county AUenton ...do Charlotte Nashville Arnold Arboretum . ...do ... AUenton C blorado river ...do Danvers w ...do North Heading ...do Dansville . . . Big Rapids . ...do Hudson Heraey ...do Nashville . . . Bonneau's Depot . . . Davidson county . .. Kemper's Mill ...do Collector. G. TV. Letterman . ... do ...do ...do A. Gattinger C.G. Pringle ...do J. Eobinson ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . ...do ...do J. Eeverchon . ...do C.Mohr ...do , Soil. Low, rich . ....do Alluvial . . ...do Eioh ..'..-. Kich loam . ...do "W. M. Linney G. W. Lettetman . . ...do C.G, Pringle A. Gattinger C. S. Sargent ... do G. "W. Letterman. . C. Mohr ...do J. Eobinson ...do ...do ...do ■W.J.Beal -. do ...do... ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger.. - H. W. Eavonel . A. Gattinger... C.Mohr ...do Coral . ...do. ... do . Eich loam . ...do ...do ...do Limestone Eich, alluvial . ...do Gravelly Clay.. Drift ...do .... Alluvial . Alluvial . ....do.... Gravelly. ...do ....do ...do .... .. do ...do Low, graToUy . Alluvial 1 Bioh loam ...do ...do ...do.... Loam Alluvial. ...do.... 0) "-3 09 0. 5286 0. 4569 0.4546 0. 4818 0.4824 0. 5849 0. 5828 0. 4829 0. 6034 0. 6813 0. 6755 0. 9304 0. 0331 0. 9218 0. 6706 0. 7348 0. 8375 0. 8682 5875 7200 6933 6767 6821 6920 7080 6477 6596 6168 7S70 7359 7660 7159 0. 8662 0.6245 0. 6839 0. 7461 0. 7677 0. 7466 0.7442 0.8768 0. 6615 0. 8243 0. 7883 OOEPJICIBNT OP ELASTIUU'S. ■ o 5 667 561 >886 574 626 708 443 465 361 610 661 703 651 673 658 567 542 600 488 501 673 348 337 368 325 ' 315 464 1085 1149 937 888 986 675 976 1039 797 842 872 591 751 800 825 751 781 809 814 888 733 626 610 787 519 631 762 976 976 783 888 930 937 1017 1062 937 814 939 973 814 857 712 976 976 989 921 939 1050 718 718 794 751 800 813 729 835 895 400 391 674. 542 514 649 828 849 lOlO 814 857 923 1136 1190 1361 814 921 886 1136 1221 1055 996 1073 1094 1220 1302 1165 1163 1268 1036 651 697 869 462 479 745 574 663 703 610 661 820 697 687 900 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES TJNDEE TEANSVEESE STEATN-Continued. 375 DEFLECTION, IK MILLIMETEES, UNDER A PHESSUKE, IN KILOGBAMS, OF— li .§fe Bemarks. SO 100 150 300 O (set.) soo 350 300 330 400 430 500 330 1 a S 8.6 8.5 11.0 8.0 7.5 8.6 10.0 U.0 15.0 4.5 5.5 .^0 5.8 6.5 6.5 6.0 7.8 0.4 5.0 5.5 4.8 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.7 12.2 9.0 5.9 6.0, 4.3 6.0 4.3 4.9 4.0 4.2 7.5 10.8 8.5 8.0 7.0 17.4 15.6 21.0 15.0 14.5 18.0 19.5 29.0 31.0 8.5 9.9 9.4 11.2 12.2 12.5 11.0 16.0 18.2 10.0 10.5 9.2 10.4 11.4 10.0 10.4 13.6 13.0 12.2 11.7 25.0 19.0 11.5 11.4 8.2 10.6 8.0 9.1 7.6 7.7 14.9 20.4 17.2 16.6 14.2 28.0 23.4 35.5 23.2 22.0 29.6 39.0 47.0 52.0 12.5 15.7 14.6 17.3 19.0 20.0 16.8 27.5 31.0 15.2 16.0 14.0 15.5 17.0 15.0 14.7 21.2 21.0 19.5 17.9 41.5 31,0 17.5 17.5 12.0 16.1 12.2 13.7 11.0 11.7 22.4 32.0 28.8 23.7 23.0 40.7 33.8 4.5 2.7 44.0 35.5 66.0 47.6 378 302 154 300 281 256 287 167 198 400 238 340 252 S52 345 313 336 325 334 400 400 415 304 422 448 339 344 347 382 245 277 431 304 581 378 450 467 497 442 371 318 300 350 384 71 80.0 34.0 32.5 45.0 42.0 3.1 -2.0 6.2 4.9 36.0 34.0 46.0 45.7 do 387 47.0 74.0 63.0 do 814 Square "break on tension side Trith large flake on compreaaion side.. do 854 854 17.0 21.0 20.0 24.5 27.2 29.0 23.5 40.5 44.0 23.3 22.8 20.0 20.3 24.2 20.8 20.4 31.0 30.0 28.0 25.0 69.2 46.2 25.5 24.0 16.7 22.0 16.5 18.2 14.9 15.8 33.3 45.6 43.5 34.0 32.3 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.3 6.0 6.5 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.2 14.4 6.2 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 3.5 5.6 7.2 3.3 2.4 18.0 21.5 20.6 25.0 27.5 30.0 24.5 42.0 47.0 23.6 23.5 20.8 20.3 25.2 21.3 21.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 25.6 73.0 49.2 26.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 16.7 18.4 15.0 16.0 35.0 47.0 45.5 35.3 33.5 22.5 27.5 26.0 32.5 36.5 42.0 31.0 57.0 65.0 30.5 31.5 27.0 26.9 32.6 26.5 27.0 41.0 41.8 40.0 34.5 29.6 37.0 703 .... do 33.6 459 46.5 56.0 39.2 84.0 97.0 47.0 43.0 36.0 35.0 50.0 35.0 34.7 60.0 61.5 56.6 47.7 61.0 450 324 324 929 do Crushed at center bearing; bent »nd splintered Tritliont breaking. . do do 80» 134 134 59.2 51.2 47.5 112.0 86.0 60.0 45.8 45.7 64.0 60.0 do 19 do 281 Broke with fine splinters -. 958 69.0 958 71.3 Broke "with fine splinters 1036 33.2 31.5 22.0 29.0 21.0 23.0 19.0 20.3 45. « 64.6 59.3 48.0 44.5 45.6 44.0 26.5 38.5 26.5 30.0 21.0 26.0 64.0 94.0 85.6 64.0 64.0 63.0 60.0 34.0 53.5 34.0 38.0 29.4 32.0 91.5 98.2 do 1049 40.8 49.0 64.0 85.0 46.0 48.6 38.7 44.0 66.0 67.0 52.0 Broke with fine splinters 116* .... do do do do Sap-wood ; failed at knot 314 314 428 133 380 533 633 96.0 97.0 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Bpeoiea. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. s 2 6ft§ m a COEPPICIENT Ot' ELASTICITr. 'OS go o o 5- 227. Flanera agnatlca . 228. Celtis occidentalis Sugarbtmy. HaoTcberry. 228. Celtis occidentalis, var. reticnlata. Sackberry. Palo Sla/nco. 229. Pious anrea. . 231. Fions pednncnlata. , Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree. 232. Moms rubra Red Mulberry., 234. Madiera anrantiaca Osage Orange. Boit d'Are. PLATANACEiE. 235. Flatauus occidentalis Sycamore. Button Wood. But- ton-ball Tree. Wqler Beech. 236. Flatanas racemosa -. Sycamore. Button Wood. 237. Platanus Wrightii Sycamore. JUGLAiroACE.ffii. 238. Jnglans cinerea : Butternut, yshite Walnut. 239. tTuglans nigra .. Black Wmnut. 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 852 652 486 486 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 126 12D 648 648 16 16 76 76 76' 123 893 1057 112 117 149 Florida . ... do... ...do... Chattahoochee . ....do ....do Missouri ....do. Texas ...do ...do ., Massachusetts. ....do Missouri ...do AUenton. ...do.... Dallas . . - ...do .... ...do Salem . . . .do.. Arizona . ...do.... Florida . .. do... .do . litisBonri. . ....do ....do ...do..-. ...do ....do ...do Texas ..do. Massachusetts . Missouri ...do California. ...do Arizona . ..do.... Massachusetts. ....do Missouri -...do , ...do '... M^iohigan Michigan Massachusetts.. Missouri Michigan Illinois Saint Louis . ...do Santa Bita mount- ains, .-..do Bay Biscayne. ...do Boca Chica Key . All en ton. ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do.... Dallas . ...do.. Arnold Arhoretum AUenton ...do Carmel river. ...do Santa Eita mount- ains. ...do Arnold Arboretum-. ...do AUenton ...do ...do Dansville Lansing' : Topsfleld AUenton Dansville... Waukegan . A. H. Curtiss . ....do C.Mohr G. "W". Letterman ...do J. Keverchon ...do .--do J. Eobinsou ...do Henry Eggert ...do G. Engclmann and C. B. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . ...do .do. G. W. Letterman ...do ...do ...do ...do , ...do ...do J. Eeverchon ... do C.S.Sargent G.W. Letterman. ...do G. E. Vasey. ...do G. Fngelmann and C. S; Sargent. . . do C. S. Sargent . . . . ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do W. J.Beal ...do J. Eobinson G. W. Letterman . ■Vr.J. Beal Eobcrt Douglas . . Eich, alluvial - ...do ...do Low, rich . . . AUuvial ...do. ...do .--do Loam ...do Moist loam . ...do Dry .. ...do. Coral. ...do. .do. Bichloam . ...do Upland ...do ...do Eich ...do : Bottom . ...do... Drift Eich, aUnvial . ...do..-.:.... Clay.. ...do. Eich, gravelly . ...do Drift ...do Moist, alluvial ...do Eich, moist up. land. Gravelly clay GraveUy lossm . Drift AUuvial . Gravelly. Loam.... 0.5761 0. 5920 0. 5113 0. 5887 0. 6023 0. 7239 0. 7558 0. 7706 0. 7727 0. 7920 0. 7613 0.7154 0. 7920 0. 7882 0. 3215 0. 3061 0. 5085 0. 6876 0. 6784 0. 6516 0. 6506 0. 6312 0.'6875 0. 6646 0. 8011 0. 7927 0. 5724 0. 6125 0. 6295 0. 5170 0. 4812 0. 5170 0. 5369 0. 4829 0. 4579 0. 4318 0. 4375 0. 4943 0. 3864 0. 3205 0. 5284 0. 5852 0. 5853 0. 6031 .509, 697 407 610 787 555 478 751 542 626 787 976 669 976 317 222 407 1039 814 939 718 697 751 634 857 1136 626 595 407 531 634 763 814 976 1136 697 904 904 872 751 ,415 1062 904 888 814 723 697 678 930 957 454 976 1190 622 626 425 488 651 787 888 1017 1221 697 424 814 1039 970 976 574 820 665 712 849 808 552 738 528 755 697 846 564 771 610 762 763 891 939 820 651 586 1085 1024 257 278 199 230 766 738 696 745 698 1111 1150 468 792 642 686 537 468 387 687 649 696 560 328 818 1029 766 726 TPIE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. T7 r UNITED STATES TJKDEE TEAySVEESB STRAIN— Con! iimed. UKFLECnOX, IX MII.IJMRTKl'.B, UNDKE A PEE6SUKE, IX KILOREAMS, OF— 50 9.6 7.0 12.0 8.0 (i.2 8.8 10.2 6.0 9.0 7.8 0.2 6.0 7.3 5.0 15.4 22.0 12.0 4.7 0.0 5.3 6.8 7.0 es 7.7 5.7 5.2 12.0 5.5 4.3 7.8 8.2 12.0 9.1 I lOO J SO iJOO O 200 250 I ,(set.). 20.0 13.0 23.5 14.7 11.5 17.7 18.5 14.0 17.3 10.0 12.8 10.4 I 33.5 ; i 19.9 39.0 23.0 17.5 27.5 29.5 21.5 29,0 25.2 20 16.0 48. 5 ' 6. ! 49. 6 1 1.7 : 29.5 1 9.2 10.8 11.0 12. 13.5 14.0 14.4 J0.5 10.2 23.0 10.0 8.2 15.7 15.6 23.0 20.0 33.0 25.3 40.5 42.7 30.0 42.0 37.6 28.0 15.0 25.0 9. (1 14. 3 38.0 21.7 37.0 20.0 3.0 1.9 4.5 5.5 2.5 5.7 4.8 2.3 1.1 34.4 25.0 41.5 44.5 32.0 44.0 39.0 29.0 22.3 5. 3 38. 1. 5 I 20. 2 14. 20. 10. 4 ' 23. 15. 8 r 22. 6 18. 5 I 2G. 6 20. ! 29. 21.4 23.2 32.4 32.5 15.2 i 20.2 15.2 38.0 14.5 12.3 24.4 24.0 20.4 !35.7 10.6 17.0 30.8 39.0 1.3 20.7 1.0 ' 23.6 2. ' 23. 5 2. 3 27. 2 6 ' 30,3 2. 6 I 32. 2 3. 33. 5 I 0.7 I 20.6 0. 4 ' 21. 9.2 1.0 0.6 3.5 4.9 ! 7.' 7 15.0 ! 0.4 12. 4 0.0 11.0 6.0 9.6 4.3 8.0 7.0 14.0 10.0 23. 0.0 12.0 5.4 9.4 5.4 30.0 6.0 10.0 38.7 j 34.2 j 23.0 19.0 16.8 14.5 12.4 18.5 17.7 14.0 14.8 15.4 27.5 22. 8 20.3 17.0 27.0 24.0 19.0 20.4 21. G 2.0 0.9 20.8 17.6 33.3 41.0 28.0 24.0 0.6 I 21.0 0.9 2.0 0.3 0.6 1.3 18.0 29.0 24.0 10.2 20.5 21.8 S7. 2 45.5 33.6 56.0 60.0 42.0 68.8 53.0 37.3 30.0 28.0 31.0 32.3 38.2 42.0 43.2 44,3 27.0 26.4 25,0 22,6 38,2 31.7 28,4 24,3 300 I 3SO 78.0 48.0 82.0 87.0 57.6 91,6 82,6 51.0 38.2 35.4 40.0 43.0 46.0 57.0 70.0 31.5 32.0 33.0 31.0 24.0 25.5 29.7 40.0 29.5 32.3 42.0 87,0 65,0 61.0 38:5 38.5 35.6 400 430 47.0 47.8 44.0 66.4 68.0 500 550 ilemaiks. as 0i: 245 350 200 304 345 Sap-wood; brolco through linot. Speciracn cross-grained Broke with large splinters ; shattered . Broke with coarse splinters Failed by bending; fine splinters- 315 i Specimen cross-grained ; splinters on comers at knots . 322 Broke with large splinters 361 329 325 380 350 250 437 119 85 400 362 327 315 297 318 298 474 491 200 338 274 250 229 200 165 167 285 293 277 297 239 140 349 439 327 310 Bnike with large scale Square break on tension side with coarse splinters- Broke with coarse splinters Shattered ; large, coarse splinters Broke at knot ; coarse sxiiinters Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters. Square break do Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . Broke with coarse splinters •-.- do Broke with thin flakes Failed from splinters on the comer Failed from thin scales on tension side . Broke with large splinters do Broke with fine splinters . do Specimen cross-grained; split with grain . Square break wiih coarse splinters do Broke with fine splinters Broke with thin flakes from tension side . Specimen cross-grained; split with grain. Specimen cross-grained Specimen cross-grained ; broke at small knots . Square break on tension side ; split in axis do Cru.-ihed at center bearing; broke with long splinters ■ Crushed at center beartog; broke with fine splinters Square break do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered . . Specimen cross-grained ; shattered do Specimen cross-grained; long break started at small knot. 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 652 652 486 486 608 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1266 1265 253 263 21 126 126 648 648 16 16 76 76 76» 123 393 1057 112 117 149 S78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEII^CIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State- Locality. Collector. Soil. o'3 biro COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. N Bo O (D 239. Juglana nigTa^-contisTied. 240. Jnf!lan3 Tupestris. WaluMt. 241. Carya olivasformis Pecan. Illinois Nut. 242. Caryaalba ' Shell-baric Bickory. Shag-hark Hickory. 213. Caiya sulcata 1 Bw Shell-bark. BoOom Shell- oark. 318 325 407 430 766 766 951 051 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 326 29 2 118' 1183 152 249 249 249 531 531 531 539 539 816 816 1056 1056 1097 1097 91 912 383 383' 383 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1164 U64 Michigaii . Texas Tennessee , Florida -..do Texas ...do Neir Mexido . ...do California ... ...do Mississippi . ...do Texas --.do Massacliasetts. .--.do Kentucky Michigan .- do Missotiri Virginia ...do ...do Mississippi ..-.do ...do ...do -..do West Virginia.. ...do Massaclmsefcts. . ...do Missouri ...do Kentucky . -- do Missouri , . . .-.do ...do -..do .. do .. do ...... .. do ...do ...do ...do Lansing . Dallas - - . Cliarlestown K'avy- yard. Ifaaliville 'Aspalaga ...do.., NewBrannfels. ....do tines Altos mount- ains. ...do Contra Costa county ...do Greenville . ...do- Dallas ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Danville Hudson Lansing AUeuton Wytheville ...do ...do Kemper's mill ...do ...do ...do ...do Grafton ...do Topsfleld ...do -AJlenton ...do Mercer county . ...do Allenton ...do -..do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do "W. J. Beal J. Eeverchon - S.H. Pook A. Gattinger . A. H. Curtiss- ...do C. Mohr ...do E. L.Greene. .-:.do G. E. Vasey . ...do C.Mohr ...do J. Eeverchon . ...do O.S. Sargent ....do ■W. M. Llnney W. J.Beal ...do G. W. Letterman H. Shiiver ...do. ....do C.Molir ...do ...do ...do ...do C. G.Prlnglo ...do J. Bobinson ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do W. M. Linuey ...do G. "W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do ..>. ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do Loam Alluvial . Limestone Clay ...do Moist, calcareous ...do Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .do. .do . .do. .do. Drift ...do Shale Clay ...do Rich upland . Clay ...do ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do Eich loam . . . ...do Alluvial ...do .do. .do. .do . .do. -do. do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. 0. 6619 0.6455 0. 5981 0.5724 0. 6933 0.6949 0. 7483 0. 7386 0. 6125 0. 7297 0. 5977 0. 6063 0.7444 0. 7489 0.7181 0. C250 8295 7955 9716 8085 8035 8217 8108 8041 8163 8835 8829 8746 9148 7698 7569' 7947 5614 8439 8261 7522 7130 6603 9376 9333 9421 9000 8834 7927 8481 7762 m 976 976 ' 976 857 1221 1627 1221 939 697 660 775 626 642 904 470 542 1395 1320 1163 1356 1575 1627 1221 1085 1221 1320 1356 1526 1285 1479 1526 1628 800 888 1395 122JL 976 729 751 660 939 872 939 740 660 1221 1356 1221 976 930 1136 921 1221 1627 1191 1017 688 679 842 697 651 976 496 542 1356 1356 1220 1395 1550 1627 1191 ll63 1320 1479 1395 1601 1626 1575 1627 1628 976 921 1502 1356 1062 781 842 729 1085 957 1007 849 835 1191 1526 1395 586 668 923 898 820 1137 923 937 462 949 46S 520 457 675 681 600 1245 1249 1266 1057 1038 1132 1144 1160 1242 1289 1289 1444 1242 1237 1041 1216 1137 1073 1331 1172 1022 765 1223 1055 U60 1172 1116 1087 1083 1144 1352 1287 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TRA:^rSVERSE STEAIX— ContiDued. 379 DEFLECTION, m MILLIMETEHB, TJKDEE A PKE6SUKE, IK KILOGEAMS, OF- 30 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.2 7.0 7.4 6.3 7.8 7.6 5.4 10.4 9.0 3.5 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.1 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.0 6.1 5,5 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.7 6.5 7.4 5.2 5.6 5.2 6.6 7.4 4.0 8.6 4.0 100 10.0 10.5 8.6 10.6 8.0 6.0 8.2 0.6 14.2 14.4 11.6 14.0 15.0 10.0 19.7 18.0 7.2 7.2 8.0 7.0 6.3 6.0 8.2 8.4 7.4 6.6 7.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.0 6,0 10.0 10.6 6.5 7.2 9.2 12.5 11.6 13.4 9.0 10.2 9.7 11.5 11.7 8.2 6.4 7.0 ISO 15.0 16.0 13.0 16.0 12.6 9.8 • 12.7 15.0 23.0 21.5 17.2 21.5 23.0 15.7 32.0 29.3 11.4 10.8 12.2 10.5 9.0 9.2 13.0 12.7 11.2 10.0 10.2 9.0 9.6 9.2 9.0. 8.6 14.6 16.0 9.6 10.5 14.0 18.5 17.6 21.5 13.2 15.-0 14.7 16,1 16.0 12.0 9.5 10.2 20O 21.6 21.9 17.5 22.0 18.0 13.2 17.5 21.0 29.0 24.0 30.0 21.4 51.5 43.0 16.0 14.4 17.0 14.0 12.1 12.5 18.2 16.8 15.3 13.0 13.2 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.0 11.5 20.0 22.6 12.5 14.2 18.5 26.2 25.0 30.5 18.3 20.5 20.0 22.2 21.3 16.5 12.8 13.6 O (Bet.) 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.6 5.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 0,2 0.3 0,3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.3 0,5 0.4 1.4 2.0 3.2 1.0 1.1 1,0 1.0 3.1 0.6 0.4 0,4 300 21.7 21.7 17.7 23.0 18.7 13.5 18.0 21.2 29.4 31.2 21.6 54.4 ■44.0 16.2 14.5 17.6 14.2 12.4 12.8 19.0 17.3 15.4 13.2 13.5 12.2 13.0 13.0 12.5 11.5 20.4 23.0 13.0 14.4 10.0 27.0 26.1 31.0 19.1 21.0 20.6 i;2. 6 22.0 16.6 12.7 14.0 350 28.0 22.7 28.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 28.0 28.0 61.0 20.8 18.2 23.0 17.6 15.5 16.0 25,0 21.5 19.2 16.6 17.0 15.3 15.8 16.2 16.0 14.2 26.2 30.3 16.0 18.0 24,2 36.0 33.6 40.0 25.0 28.0 26,6 30,0 27,5 21,0 16,0 17,4 300 28,5 37,0 32,0 21,0 29.5 36.0 27.3 23.5 29.5 21.7 19.0 19.5 33.0 28.5 25.7 21.0 21.0 19.0 20.2 20.0 19.7 18.2 35.0 40.2 20.2 22.5 30.8 50.0 45.2 53.0 31.4 36.0 34.0 40.0 36.0 27.5 20.0 22.0 330 38.0 49.5 41.6 26.0 39.2 49.5 ie.5 34.5 30.0 30.0 26.5 23.0 24.0 43,0 36.6 \ 33.5 25.5 26.0 23.5 24.0 25.0 24.5 22.6 45.0 54.0 25.0 28.9 41.0 60.0 78.5 41.4 46. 43.0 54.0 47.0 35.0 24.6 27.4 400 32.0 43.0 37.0 44.0 32.0 29.5 29.0 56.0 46.0 45.0 33.0 33.0 28.4 29.5 31.5 30.5 28.5 58.0 74.5 30.7 37.0 55.6 85. 102.5 54.5 59.0 61.5 77.0 63.0 45.0 30.3 33.2 450 40 500 530 58.0 50.7 60.4 46.0 37.0 76.0 64.0 57.0 41.0 40.6 35.0 39.0 40.0 36.0 81.0 105.0 38.0 48.0 132.0 194.0 7.5.0 91.0 84.0 130.0 95.0 66.5 37.0 42.6 87.0 75.0 82.0 84.0 53.0 55.0 44.5 54.0 59.5 49.5 49.5 70.0 185.0 59.0 71.2 46.0 56.0 Bemorks. 250 285 394 333 360 485 394 400 197 405 200 222 195 288 248 256 531 633 540 451 442 483 488 495 530 550 550 610 530 5:8 444 519 460 458 568 500 436 322 479 450 495 500 476 464 462 488 577 549 Specimen croBs-grained ; sbattered Specimen cross-grained ; split at comer Crashed at center bearing ; broke in long splinters. Square break; split from end to end Square break on tension side ; split in aiia do Specimen cross-grained . Shattered Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot bailed from splinters on comers Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Cross-grained ; broke with large splinters . Defective specimen ; square break on tension side Split; did not break Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension dido; split in axis. Square break on tension side ; long splinters Sap-wood; broke -with fiae splinters. do , Broke -with fine splinters .* - - - Broke "with long flakes from tension aids,. Broke with long, fine splinters Broke with large, coarse splinters Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters do .do. Crushed at center bearing; fine splinters. do Deflection of 88 millimeters under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some cru.ibiug at center bearing. Crushed at center bearing; fine splinters 0. 5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters . Broke with long splinters do Broke with fine splinters Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters do 0.5 sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters. Broke with two large splinters on tension side Failed from thin flakes on back Slipped from bearings ; splintered Sap-wood ; slipped from bearings ; did not break. Failed from thin flakes on back Broke with fine splintera 0.5 sap-wood; broke with fine splinters Did not break ; pushed through the bearings Broke with &ne splinters do -do. .do. 380 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEmOIPAL WOODS OF THE Speoies. 243. Carya sulcata — coxLtinned 244. Ca^a tomentosa i . . Mocker Nut, Black JSichory. Bull Nut. Big-bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. King Nut 245. Carya porcina . , . Pig Nut. Brown JBickory. Black Hickory. Svtitch-hud Hickory. 246. Carya amara Bitter Nut. Swa/nvp Hickory. 247. Canra myriaticaeformis Nutmeg Hickory. 248. Carya aqnatica ,. Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. MYEICACE^. 249. Myrica cerifera Bayherry. Wax Myrtle. 250. Myrica Californica CUPULIFEKJE. 251. Quercus alba White Oak. 1165 1166 1170 72 72 254 348 1211 288 442 538 538 538 1051 1051 1098 1098 1168 1168 153 838 237 237 129 362 362 362 740 740 740 917 586 665 665 82 32= 32« State. Massachusetts.-. ...do ' ...do Kentucky . ....do Missouri. - . Alabama .. Massachusetts. -.30 Missouri ...do , Michigan Missouri Tennessee Alabama .. do ...do Massachusetts . . ...do Missouri ...do ..do ...do ...do Massachusetts.. ...do .. do South Carolina. ...do ...do Mississippi . ...do ....do Georgia ...do ... ...do Florida ..do . California ....do , Massachusetts . ..: do Kentucky .-.do ...do Locality. IN'orth Beading . ...do ...do Perryville . ...do Allenton... Citronelle . Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ...do Dansville Allenton Nashville Kemper's mill ...do ...do North Beading ...do,.: Allenton ...do -. ...do ...do ., do.... Danvers . ..do.... ...do.... Bonneau's Depot . ...do ...do Tioksburg ...do ...do Bainbridge ...do ...do Chattahoochee. Saint John's river . . Santa Cruz ...do Arnold Arboretum. ...do Mercer county Boyle county ...do Collector. X Bobiuson. ..do ...do ....... W. M. Linney --.do G-. "W". Letterman C. Mohr C. S. Sargent.... ...do G. '\y. Letterman ...do W.J. Beal G. W. Letterman A. Gattinger ... C. Mohr ...do ...do J. Eobinson ...do G. "W. Letterman. ...do ...do --.do Soil. Drift . ^..do . ...do. TJtica shale . . ...do Eich upland . Sandy ...do J. Bohinson . ...do -- do H. W. Eavenel . .l.do ...do C. Mohr ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtisa. ...do ...do... C. Mohr A. H. Curtiss . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do' C.S.Sargent.. ...do W. M. Linney. --.do ...do Drift ....: ...do Bich loam ....do Gravelly clay . Bich loam Upland Alluvial ...do ...do Drift Flinty . ...do., --.do .. .. do.. Bich upland . Bich loam . . . ...do ...do Bich, swampy . ...do Swampy . Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... Sandy loam . Bich loam . . ...do....... Drift -- do Limestone . Shale Slate s- 0. 7181 0. 8881 0.7636 0. 7587 0. 8058 0. 8693 0. 8659 0. 8161 0. 7818 0. 9658 0. 9369 0. 6659 0.8473 0. 8452 0. 8183 0. 6932 0. 7463 0. 863C 0. 8750 0. 8614 0.8113 0. 8580 0. 8500 0. 8153 0. 7864 0. 8040 0. 8080 0. 8636 0. 8336 0. 7386 0. 7546 0. 7727 0. 7813 0. 8198 0. 8470 0.8199 0. 6415 0. 6227 0. 6511 0. 6625 0. 7432 0. 8358 0. 8006 0. 7068 0. 6534 COEFflCIEKT OF ELASTICITY, I -as 1221 , 939 1221 904 976 1475 814 888 976 1252 1039 1085 976 751 1062 1002 1085 525 996 888 718 660 800 1039 763 957 1085 1221 1479 1062 651 976 976 976 1221 1085 729 814 as ©^ CO 1221 1007 1395 948 1085 1628 039 976 1062 1395 1149 1221 1085 814 1221 1097 1221 734 1097 814 761 713 880 1085 814 1085 1136 1302 1628 1163 697 948 976 1085 a 780 1085 1020 919 1041 1411 1146 1054 1054 1354 1171 876 1146 806 1092 92S 1110 1164 1108 963 935 911 1054 1132 935 1122 1214 1296 1492 1064 921 937 1099 787 1375 1235 1028 848 904 976 1055 976 1«07 1017 679 723 782 703 888 918 1136 1136 1028 814 930 911 904 948 818 562 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVEESE STRAIN-Continued. 381 DEFLECTIOK, IN MILLIMETEES, fNUEB A PKEBsiBK, IS KILOGRAMS, OF— 5i 30 100 130 300 O I 1 300 r i ! 330 1 300 , 330 400 4S0 50O sso ^1 S £ BemaikB. 1 a (set.) a 4.0 8.0 11.5 15.6 0.5 16.0 20.0 25.0 1105 5.2 9.7 15.0 20.8 1.3 21.0 28.0 37.2 .50.0 69.5 137.0 463 1166 4.0 7.0 10.5 13.5 0..'-. 14.0 18.0 24.0 34.0 50.0 436 Broke witli fine splinters Sap-wood; failed with two thin flakes on back 1170 6.4 10.3 15.3 22.0 1.4 23.0 29.6 41.6 58.0 72 5.0 9.0 13.8 19.6 1.1 20.0 26.0 33.0 44.0 62.0 444 72 3.3 6.0 9.0 12.2 0.3 12.2 15.0 19.1 22.7 27.4 33.0 40.0 50.0 602 254 6.0 10.4 15.6 21.4 1.1 22.0 28.0 37.1 47.0 61.0 89.0 489 348 5.5 10.0 14.5 20.4 1.0 20.6 27.0 34.0 44.0 57.5 78. 7 6 5.0 3.9 9.2 7.0 14.2 10.9 20.0 14.2 1.1 0.6 20.7 15.0 26.2 18.5 35.0 23.6 44.2 31.0 60.0 36,0 450 578 do Q 46.0 60.2 76.0 88 4.7 4.5 5.0 8.6 8.0 9.0 12.5 12.0 13.7 17.5 16.2 18.0 1.1 0.6 0,9 18.0 16.6 19.0 22.5 21.3 23.6 30.3 28.0 30.6 37.5 38.2 40.0 49.0 66.0 500 874 489 do do 88 62.0 65.0 288 6.5 12.0 19.0 26.7 ? 28.0 36.0 47.0 344 442 4.6 4.0 4.5 8.0 8.9 8.0 11.9 12.7 11.6 16.0 17.1 15.7 0.6 0.6 0.9 16.0 17.0 10.4 21.0 23.0 21.2 27.0 30.0 28.6 35.0 39.5 36.4 44.0 60.0 466 396 474 Broke with fine splinters 538 . do 538 49.0 68.0 538 9.3 4.9 5.5 13.3 8.9 12.0 18.0 18,4 18.8 22.6 18.5 27.5 6.0 1.3 3.0 23.3 / 19.0 28.5 28.4 24.5 37.6 36.0 31.0 52.6 46.5 42.5 70.0 61.0 56.0 110.0 84.0 75.5 407 473 411 1051 do 1051 1098 6.8 7.4 13.0 13.7 19.2 21.0 28.0 31.5 2.6 5.0 28.8 32.5 37.5 41.4 61.6 67.0 73.0 85.0 399 389 do 1098 1168 6.1 11.1 16.1 23.0 2.2 24.2 31.6 41.0 65.0 73.0 105.0 450 do 1168 4.7 9.0 13.3 19.0 1.0 18.4 24.0 21.3 41.5 56.4 84.0 483 153 6.4 12.0 18.5 26.3 2.2 27.5 37.0 60.5 70.5 399 838 5.1 9.0 14.0 19.0 1,1 19.0 24.7 32.5 42.6 66.7 74.5 479 do 838 4.5 8.6 13.7 18.4 0.6 18.7 24.0 30.6 39.0 51.0 68.5 103.0 518 Broke with long splinters 838 4.0 7.5 • 11.2 14.6 0.3 15.0 19.0 23.7 30.0 36.0 45.0 58.5 77.0 663 237 3.3 6.0 9.0 U.6 0.1 12.0 14.7 18.1 22.0 26.0 31.2 38.5 48.0 637 Deflection 63 millimeters with a pressiire of 000 kilogjama ; broke with fine splinters. 237 4.6 8.4 12.0 16.5 1.0 16.5 22.0 29.0 37.5 52.5 72.0 464 Shattered 129 7.5 14.0 3.0 31.2 41.2 57.2 86.0 393 362 5.0 10.3 15 2 21 5 1 2 22.0 30 42.0 56.5 82.0 400 362 5.0 10 14 7 20 2 I X 21 27 5 36 5 49 68 109 469 362 5.0 9.0 0.7 18.2 23.5 30.2 336 740 4.0 10.8 4 22 2 33.0 40.0 47.2 527 740 4.5 9.5 26 5 4.0 200 740 6.7 11.8 9 23.6 240 917 6.0 1 3 24.0 81.5 42.0 348 Shattered 586 5.4 14.4 14.7 21.2 16.7 13.0 15.0 15.8 32.0 40.0 50.0 450 665 9.7 20.0 30.7 23.5 17.6 20.7 21.5 42 4 60.0 434 do 665 7.2 32.0 42.0 59.0 334 8 11.0 8.6 10.6 10.8 ••1 52.0 70.0 392 8 4 3 4 18 23 30 6 38 6 48.6 439 do 32 6 1 21 5 9fl 9 37.0 47.5 389 Broke with small splinters 32« 6.4 0.7 21 6 28. C a7 n 349 32* 1 382 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 251. Qnercui; alba— continned . 252. Quercua lobata White Oak. Weeping Oak. 253. 259» 403 403 443 647 547 748 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 070 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 372 1!51 151 256 351 351 State. Miasonri ...do ...do... ...do ...do Michigan ...do ...do ..do South 'C arolina . . ...do Virginia ...do .. do ...do .. do ...do Maryland.. ...do Tennessee Alabama ...do Florida ...do ...do ...do Maasachjiaetts. . .. dp ...do ...do California . ...do Oregon . ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... .. do... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... Kentucky South Carolina . ...do Mieaouii Alabama ...do Locality. Allen ton ...do ...do -. do ... do. Big Haplds : . DansYille .. do Hudson Bonueau's Depot - ...do Wytheville .. do .. do..^ ...do .. do ...do Charlestown ISTavy. yard. ...do lITashTille Kemper's mill . ... do Chattahoochee. ....do ...do .-...do illforth Beading . ...do CharlestoTvn U"aTy- yard. ...do Kedding . .. do.... Weidlor's saw-mill . . .. do Portland ...do Portland Furniture Company. ...do .do: .do. Harrodaburg Bonneau's Depot. ...do Allenton Citron^lle ...do Collector. G.W. Lettennan . ...do' ...do' ...do ...do ....' v. J.Beal ...do ...do ...do H. "W. EaTenel . . . ...do H. ShriTer . , ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do S. H. Pook ...do..... A. Gattinger C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss ...do -- do ...do.. M.C.Beedle ...do J. Eobinaon ...do S.H.Pook ...do G. E. Vaaey. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do....:. ..do . ..do . ..do . ..do. . do. ..do. "W. M. Linney H. ■W.Eavenel.... ...do G. W. Letterman. . C.Mohr ...do. SoiL Eich upland . ...do ...do ...do ...do Gravelly Sandy ...do Eich, damp loam. ...do Clay ...do Gravelly. ...do.... Eich bottqm . Alluvial ...do J. Clay ...do --.do ...do Gravelly loam - ...do Bich loam . i..do Shale Bich upland . ...do Clay ...do ...de, ........ o g S 0. 7927 0. 7060 0.7784 0.7501 0. 7614 0. 6001 0. 7149 0. 7060 0. 7460 0. 8085 0.7797 0. 7876 0.7796 0. 7102 0. 7170 0. 8091 0. 7631 0.7364 0.7143 0. 6650 0. 8475 0. 8579 0. 8075 0. 8099 0! 8233 0. 8655 0.7306 0. 7818 0. 8001 0. 8343 Il- ls i 0. 8466 0. 8773 0. 7443 0. 7557 0. 7864 0.7550 0. 7142 0.7548 0. 7745 0. 7535 0. 7420 0. 6753 0. 8795 0. 8085 0. 8913 0. 8943 0. 7614 0. 7688 COEFFICIENT OF ELABTICITT. f-^ 976 '740 872 814 872 679 814 857 976 1356 1221 1163 1061 814 1163 976 872 976 842 567 996 976 1221 1320 751 814 740 697 1110 787 1252 1061 679 763 904 814 751 814 697 610 763 783 976 763 610 751 9 ° o a> 1028 1024 751 817 930 937 814 813 913 ,921 697 684 896 686 775 585 976 977 1356 1055 1221 1055 1221 1047 1191 928 842 764 1221 1059 976 1043 921 844 976 722 849 653 592 487 1017 1031 1177 1282 1252 1125 1302 1153 775 1043 781 750 842 703 723 703 1191 1158 751 1040 1268 1005' 1085 919 665 876 769 I 851 838 1048 842 945 787 919 857 1022 814 820 673 703 930 921 697 G39 751 i055 849 1005 1017 1048 781 912 630 677 888 893 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSYERSE STRAIN— Continued. 383 DEFLECnOH, IN MlLLmKTEBB, UMCEB ^ PEEBBUKB, IN KILOGBAMS, OF— 50 100 ISO 5.0 9.5 14.4 6.6 13.0 20.4 S.6 10.5 17.0 6.0 12.0 19.0 5.6 10.7 16.5 7.2 14.0 23.0 6.0 10.9 16.2 5.7 12.6 20.0 5.0 10.0 16.5 3.6 7.2 11.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 4.2 8.0 12.0 4 6 8.2 12.7 6 11.6 18.0 4.2 8.0 12.0 6.0 10.0 16.0 5.6 10.6 16.3 6.0 10.0 15.3 6.8 11.5 17.8 8.6 16.6 26.0 4.9 9.6 14.5 5.0 8.3 12.2 4.0 7.8 11.6 3.7 7.5 11.0 6.5 12.6 18.8 6.0 12.5 20.0 6.6 11.8 17.5 7.0 13.6 20.6 4.4 8.2 12.7 6.2 ]3. 19.5 3.9 7.7 11.7 4.6 9.0 13.3 7.2 14.7 23.5 6.4 12,7 18.7 6.4 11.0 15.5 6.0 n.fl 18.0 6.5 12.4 19.0 6.0 11.4 16.7 7.0 12.0 18.0 8.0 14.5 23.0 5.5 10.5 16.0 7.0 14.0 22.0 6.4 13.0 19.6 6.4 11.6 17.5 5.0 9.6 14.5 6.4 12.5 19.6 8.0 15. B 23.0 6.5 11.0 17.7 300 O (set.) 300 330 300 330 400 450 SOO 5SO J3 C Is 11 Bemarki. 20.0 30.0 24.0 28.0 23.4 33.2 22.7 30.8 24.2 15.3 16.0 16.3 17.5 26.0 16.0 22.8 23.2 21.8 25.3 41.6 20.7 16.0 16.0 15.0, 26.5 29.0 24.7 29.0 17.1 28.0 16.0 18.6 33.0 27.3 21.6 25.0 27.0 23.0 25.5 32.3 22.3 31.0 27.5 24.0 19.5 28.2 32.5 24.7 1.0 3.2 2.5 3.3 1.8 4.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 2.2 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.2 5.6 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 2.2 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.7 2.4 0.4 0.9 4.0 2.5 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 3.0 2.7 1.7 20.0 30.6 26.4 28.7 24.0 34.5 23.3 31.5 25.0 15.4 16.3 16.6 17.7 26.5 16.1 24.0 24.0 22.2 27.0 43.5 21.3 16.2 16.3 15.5 27.6 30.0 25.0 29.6 17.5 28.5 10.5 18.7 34.0 28.4 21.5 26.0 27.3 23.5 25.6 33.5 22.3 31.0 28.0 24.6 19.9 20.2 33.7 25.0 26.2 41.0 33.5 37.0 31.0 49.0 32.5 32.0 20.6 21.0 21.2 22.5 36.3 21.0 30.5 32.0 29.5 36.6 28.6 20.7 20.5 19.6 34.5 42.0 33.6 30.0 22.3 36.0 21.0 24.0 45.6 37.0 28.5 33.0 34.7 30.0 33.5 43.5 29.0 40.7 36.0 32.0 26.0 38.0 43.5 32.0 34.0 57.5 45.0 48.0 42.5 43. i 57.5 89.0 65.0 42.0 26.5 27.5 28.5 30.0 55.0 27.0 39.6 '42.2 40.8 68.0 33.0 35.0 36.0 36.5 85.0 45.6 46.5 49.2 33.6 63.5 59.5 37.5 26.0 27.0 25.0 45.5 73.0 28.5 60.0 26.5 32.0 62.0 50.5 37.0 44.0 45.6 40.0 44.0 59.6 36.5 46.7 40.0 33.5 50.8 43.0 49.5 32.5 33.5 32.0 66.0 37.0 68.5 33.6 38.0 90.0 75.0 47.0 67.5 62.0 62.5 49.0 62.0 50.6 43.0 64.0 66.0 44.5 70.0 69.0 40.7 43.0 41.5 92.0 47.0 100.0 40.5 00.5 75.5 70.0 76.6 67.5 60.0 63.0 61.5 48.7 56.0 51.2 67.5 105.0 437 349 400 347 393 293 294 250 417 450 450 447 398 326 452 445 360 308 279 208 440 647 480 492 445 320 30O 300 494 444 420 392 374 363 447 403 392 436 350 300 393 281 450 429 447 389 289 381 Brote with fine splinters "... Sqaare break on tension side, splitting in uaa. do .do. -do. -do . Broke Tvltli small splinters ; slightly cmslied kt bearing. Broke with fine spUnters do .do. .do. .do. Broke with large flakes Broke with fine splinters Broke with large splinters Broke with fine splinters Broke with large scale Broke with fine splinters Broke with large scale Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Broke with fine splinters do .do. .do . do Broke at knot Specimen cross-grained . . . Broke with fine splinters . , do .do. Broke with large splinters . do Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on both comers . Splintered on corner Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis do .do . .do. Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis do Broke with coarse splinters Squ.ire break on tension side, splitting in axis. do do 49 49 49> 49> 49 113 113' 113» 113« 238 238- 250 250 251 251 259> 259" 403 403 443 647 547 748 748 749 749 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 1027 1027 1029 1029 37" 151 151 256 351 361 384 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PETNCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. C0EFPICIE3IT Off H ELASTICITY. 1 Tl 888 930 809 8U 814 581 610 610 820 751 718 998 443 430 323 514 528 579 1221 1221 1055 1085 1163 1092 872 948 1226 679 679 696 1017 1028 968 939 967 919 976 930 926 1039 1149 1055 697 723 914 729 712 803 814 835 1052 904 913 1029 763 814 1034 1039 1073 865 1231 1221 1146 1285 1302 1041 1627 1550 1020 1744 1526 1055 763 835 1106 976 1085 998 976 1085 937 1062 1149 1036 543 592 581 651 693 793 1085 1685 1064 957 939 1099 976 330- 1116 1110 1112 1144 828 849 1153 888 857 1127 1221 1252 1219 1039 1149 930 1628 1684 1305 581 595 546 1828 1628 1130 1221 1321 1050 976 976 1146 1479 1526 1455 976 1050 1291 1221 1221 1277 254. Qnercna oMnsiloba— contisiied. . . 255. Qnercns andnlata, var. Gambelii . Scrub Oak. 256. QuercnB macrocarpa BurrOah. Mosty-cup Oak. Over- cup Oak. 257. Quercus lyrata. Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. 258. Qnercns bicolor Swamp White Oak. 259. Qnercns Micbanzii Basket Oak. Cow Oak. 2S0. Qnercns Frlnns.. Oheetnut Oak. Oak. fiack Chestnut 281. Qnercns prinoides YeUowOak. OhettmitOak. Chin- quapin Oak. 771 771 Florida . .. do... 417 New Mexico . 417 525 525 79 79= 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 545 545 545 762 762 54 54 542 54' 846 S46 240 240 524 524 755 755 31 31' 35 434 925 935 34 34' 273 287 ....do.... Colorado . ...do.... Kentncky . .--.do Missouri... niinois Texas ..... .--.do , Xennessee . Illinois — Texas ...do Vermont... ...do ...do ...do... .-.do ... Florida - --.do-.. Missouri ...do ...do .-- do Massacbnsetts . .. do Soutb Carolina . . -do Alabama ...do Florida ...do Kentucky . ...do --.do Tennessee . Alabama .- ...do Kentucky . ... do Missouri... ...do Aspalaga . ...do A. H. Cui^iss . ...do Gravelly barrens ...do ; Pinos Altos mount- 35. L. Greene ains. ...do Bngelmann's caiion. ...do Mercer county .-.do ,--- AUenton "W^ankegan Dallas ---do --. KTashville Winnebago county Austin ...do Charlotte : ...do --.do Kemper's mill . ...do --.do Chattahoochee . ...do Allenton ...do ...do ...do West Newbury Arnold Arboretum. Bonnean's Depot . . ...do Kemper's mill ...do Chattahoochee ...do Boyle county . ...do ...do Nashville Cullman ...do Mercer county. Boylo oounty . . . Allenton ...do ...do Kobert Douglas, .-do Eocky . ...do.. W. M. Linney ..--do G. W. Letterman. Eobert Douglas. . J. Eeverchon ...do A. Gattinger M.S.Bebb C.Mohr ...do C.G.Pringle ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do A. H, Cnrtias . ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do J. Kobinson C.S.Sargent H. W. Eavenel . . . ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Cnrtiss ...do W. M. Linney . .. do ...do A. Gattinger . . C.Mohr .. do "W. M. Linney . . . .. do G. W. Letterman ...do...: Alluvial .--.do Moist upland . Eich Eich, moist . - - --.do AllnviaJ Loam Alluvial ...do Alluvial . --.do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Alluvial ...do ..do ...do Low, swampy. . Drift Alluvial . ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Shale ...do Limestone Eocky upland . Dry, rocky ..do ! Limestonev Waveriy shale. Limestone Flinty 0. 9172 0. 8958 0. 8489 0.8092 0. 7996 0. 8073 0. 7636 0. 7358 0. 9418 0. 8368 0. 8580 0.8466 0.7507 0. 7455 0. 7864 0. 8313 0. 8523 0. 8163 0. 8153 0.7784 0. 7972 0. 7898 0. 7955 0. 7955 9102 7182 7443 7580 8752 8689 8432 86S7 7898 7710 9199 9289 7313 7528 8352 0552 8267 7523 0. 7983 0. E049 0. 9«64 0. 9125 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. 385 DEFLECTIOS, IN MILLIMBTEBB, UKDEB A PKESSUEE, IN KILOGKAMS, OF— ii a > Bemarks. 50 — 1— 100 10.5 13.0 16.0 13.6 22.7 18.5 8.0 8.4 10.3 14.4 9.5 10.1 10.5 8.5 13.5 13.7 11.7 10.7 12.0 9.1 8.0 7.5 6.3 6.4 11.7 9.0 9.0 8.5 16.5 14.1 9.0 10.4 10.5 8.7 11.5 11.4 7.8 8.5 5.8 10.4 6.0 8.0 10.0 6.4 9.3 8.0 130 200 O (set.) 30O 3SO 300 350 400 4r>o 500 550 a o 5.5 6.0 8.0 0.5 11.0 9.5 4.0 4.5 5.6 7.2 4.8 5.2 5.0 4.7 7.0 0.7 , 8.0 5.4 6.4 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.8 6.4 6.0 5.0 4.6 9.0 7.5 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.4 5.9 6.6 4.0 4.7 3.0 8.4 1.0 4.0 5.0 3,3 5.0 15.7 18.7 25.3 21.7 21.0 26.4 36.0 31.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.7 21.7 27.0 37.0 31.9 28.0 36.0 • 345 248 350 426 138 247 450 466 523 297 413 392 395 450 300 343 449 439 441 369 489 444 435 450 472 426 400 442 248 338 464 469 476 488 492 481 520 397 557 233 482 448 489 621 551 ,'>46 771 Til 48.0 41.5 66.0 58.0 417 84.0 145.0 417 526 30.3 13.0 12.6 15.4 22.4 14.0 16.3 15.5 13.4 20.6 21.3 18. G 17.0 18.2 13.4 12.0 11.7 9.6 9.4 18.2 14.0 13.7 12.7 24.6 22.0 13.5 16.4 15.6 14.0 17.5 17.2 11.4 13.0 8.5 26.2 9.0 12.0 l.i.G 10.0 14.0 12.0 43.5 17.0 17.2 21.5 32.0 19.0 21.6 21.4 17.6 29.0 31.4 25.6 23.4 26.1 18.0 16.0 16.0 12.5 12.5 25.7 19.0 19.2 17.0 36.0 31.6 18.5 21.0 21.5 18.7 24.5 24.0 14.7 17.3 11.0 37.5 12.6 16.0 20.4 13.0 19.0 18.3 3.2 9.3 0.5 1.5 3.4 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.6 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.0 2.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.6 3.7 3.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 4.0 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.3 1.0 an 45.0 17.0 17.5 22.0 33.0 20.0 21.6 21.2 17.9 29.7 33.0 20.8 23.6 26.3 19.2 16.1 16.0 12.9 12.5 26.0 19.5 19.0 17.2 36.0 32.1 19.1 21.6 22.3 19.0 25.5 24.5 16.0 17.7 11.6 39.0 12.7 16.6 20.8 13.3 19.3 1G.4 625 22.0 22.5 28.0 44.0 25.7 28.2 29.0 23.0 40.2 45.0 34.0 30.8 34.4 24.0 20.4 20.6 10.0 16.0 33.5 26.0 25.3 22.5 29.0 28.7 36.5 37.0 38.0 46.0 47.0 48.5 60.0 64.0 64.0 79.0 79 79« 110.0 137 143 33 5 38.0 39.5 30.6 56.0 61.0 46.0 40.5 47.0 31.0 27.0 26.0 21.0 20.0 45.0 34.6 33.0 29.5 41.5 49.6 54.3 40.0 73.2 64.3 310 310 Typical 432 54.5 73.0 831 do 933 63.0 54.6 62.5 41.0 33.0 34.0 26.2 25.0 58.0 45.0 42.5 35.5 79.0 73.5 88.5 1071 1072 1073 646 43.0 44.5 32.7 31.4 78.0 62.0 57.5 47.6 56.0 Broke "witli fine splinters 545 Broke at knot in center of stick 762 39.0 109.6 762 Brnlift-with RTnn.11 ftplintftrnj Hrew^'P l>f»iltillg . 54 54 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis 54> Broke "Vrith fine splinters 54> 846 41.5 24.2 27.6 28.0 24.0 32.3 32.0 19.0 21.6 14.0 59.0 31.6 37.0 37.0 31.5 43.7 42.6 24.4 30.0 17.5 846 40.0 49.5 48.5 42.6 54.0 58.0 30.0 36.7 21.5 62.2 64.6 65.0 56.0 76.0 76.0 37.5 73.0 90.0 87.0 76.5 99.0 136.0 47.6 240 do do 240 524 do 524 755 Did not break ; drew from bearing . . , 755 61.5 31 31' 26.2 31.6 40.0 65.5 35 434 16.0 20.7 26.8 10.5 25.0 21.6 22.0 26.0 35.0 20.6 32.5 27.5 27.5 33.3 46.3 25.0 42.0 35.0 34.5 41.0 58.0 30.0 51.5 43.0 44.0 Square break with large splinters 925 78.5 36.2 66.5 56.5 Broke with fine splinters 34 45.0 92.5 79.0 54.0 L35.0 Deflection with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 68 miHimetera ; broke with fine splinters. 34> 4.0 Broke with fine splinters 287 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 FOR 386 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table 111.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 261. Qnercns prinoides — continued 262. Qnercas DoTiglasii Moimtain White Oak. Blue Oak. 263. Qnercns oblongifolia White Oak. 264. Quercus ^sea While Oak. 266. Qaercas Dnrandii 267. Qnercns Tirens Mve Oak. 268. Qaercns chrysolepis lAve Oak. Maul Oak. raiso Oak. Talpa- 269, Qoercns Emoryi. Black Oak. ','70. Quercna agrifolia Bnceno. Coast Live Oak. 2/1. Qnercns Wislizeni. . Live Oak. J? !. Quercns mbra Bed Oak. Black Oak. 323 514 514 688 688 655 655 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 685 7 7 7 7 451 452 453 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 218 218 920 820 State. Texas ... do Tennessee . ...do California . ...do do . .do. Arizona . Texas ... ...do.... Florida . . ...do ....do Alabama . ..-.do Texas ....do California. ...do ...do ...do Arizona. . California. ...do do. • do. Locality. Dallas ....do ^JTasbviUe. ....do ContraCostaconnty . ...do San Diego connty. ...do Collector. Santa Bita monnt- ains. Anstin ...do Cliarlestown Ifavy- yaril. Saint John's river . Masaacbnsetts... ...do ..-.do ....do Kentncty ...do ...do Kentucky Michigan ...do Illinois Vermont... J ..f.do ...do ...do ...do Mississippi ...do ...do Mobile connty . . ...do Matagorda bay . ...do San Bernardino . ...do Marin count,y- . - ...do Santa Bita mount- ains. Marin connty. --.do Auburn. ...do .... Arnold Arboretum - ...do ...do ...do Mercer county ...do ...do Mercer county Dansville ...do "Waakegan Charlotte .. do ...do ...do ...do Enterprise ...do J. Eeverchon . ...do A. Gattinger.. --.do Soil. G. B. Vasey . ...do .do. .do. G. Engelmann ai (J. S. Sargent. S. B. Bnckley- ...do .:.-, S. H.Pook .-- A. H. Curtiss. ...do C.Mohr ...do , C.Mohr ...do W. G.TVright. --.do , G.E.Tasey... ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G.E. Vasey. ...do G. Engelmann . --.do C.S. Sargent -..do ...do ...do W. M. Linney . . . ...do ...do W.M. Linney... W. J. Beal ...do Eobert Douglas. C.G.Pringle.... ...do ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do Calcareous. ...do AlluTial . . - ...do , Clay.. ...do. Dry, gravelly. ...do Dry, rooky . Damp, calcareous ...do Sandy ...do Eich, sandy. ...do Sandy loam. ...do Gravelly, --.do-... Dry, rooky Loam. --.do- Drift -,.do--.. ...do.... ...do .... Shale .... ...do.... ...do.... Alluvial . Sandy ---do---. Gravelly. ...do ...do ..'.. ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... Alluvial . ...do.... 4^ CO to 0. 9205 0. 9966 0. 9059 0. 8755 1. 0023 1.0284 1. 1408 1. 0474 l.i0023 1. 0420 1. 0469 0.9127 I 0. 9307 0. 9114 0. 8972 1. 0114 1. 0193 0. 8835 0. 8989 0. 9380 0. 9204 1. 0264 0. 8602 0. 8508 0. 8676 0. 8653 0. 7011 0. 6872 0. 6364 0. 6500 0. 5528 0.6159 0. 5432 0. 6201 0. 6787 0. 6987 0. 7464 0. 7293 0. 6763 0. 7316 0. 7254 0. 6955 0.6841 0. 5852 COEFFICIENT OF .ELASTICIir. 976 976 1085 976 888 610 697 1017 718 888 800 1436 1285 1221 1221 1163 697 751 976 1039 1221 1285 642 1061 976 904 857 1953 1285 1136 1356 970 976 857 814 1221 763 1221 1356 976 888 1221 1221 857 976 n o 1007 1007 1149 1062 921 622 697 1017 787 1502 1^95 1252 1191 1122 740 751 1085 1149 1221 1338 638 957 948 849 872 1627 1356 1149 1320 996 1007 1303 814 1252 769 1221 1356 1028 888 1302 1268 814 921 1230 1090 1289 1120 1048 937 937 998 987 1055 1322 1212 1010 1064 816 649 1308 1268 1284 1212 703 937 930 759 877 1282 1171 1048 1057 I 855 I 902 I 787 j 787 919 780 895 1057 877 1071 1242 1172 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESB STRAIN— Continued. DEFLECTIOS, IS MILLIMETEES. UKDEIl A PRE66UKE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— SO lOO ISO 300 O (set.) 20O 3 SO 300 350 400 450 500 550 11 P5 Bemarks. 333 323 514 514 655 6SS 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 654 663 6GS 685 685 7 7 7 7 451 45" 45» 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 218 2IE 920 920 5.0 5.0 4.5 6.0 5.5 S.O 7.0 4.8 6.8 5.5 6.1 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 7.0 0.6 5.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 7.6 4.6 6.0 6.4 6.7 2.5 3 8 4.3 8.6 6.0 5.0 6.7 6,0 4.0 6.4 4.0 3.0 6,0 6.5 4.0 4.0 8.7 6.0 9.7 9.7 8.5 9.2 10.6 15.7 14.0 9.6 13.2 11.0 12.4 6.5 7.0 7.8 8.2 8.7 13.2 13.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.3 10.2 10.3 15.4 15.3 12.7 14.0 16.0 23.2 21.0 14.5 20.7 16.5 19.3 10.0 10.7 11.6 12,3 12.6 20.6 20.0 13.6 12.2 12.0 11,2 23.7 15.6 15.0 11.5 17.5 11. 2 16. 8 9.0 10.7 12.3 11.3 14.7 15.3 17.0 18.0 11.5 19.2 12.5 11.0 14.5 17.0 11.0 11.2 18.0 16.0 20.0 21.0 17.3 19.0 22.0 32.3 30.0 20.5 29.0 23.0 27.0 14.0 14.0 15.5 16.3 17.1 29.6 29.2 18.2 16.6 16.4 14.7 33.2 21.8 21.3 25.4 23.3 12.0 14.4 10.6 15.2 20.5 21.7 23.7 24.5 16.4 26.4 16.8 14.5 20.0 24.0 14.6 15.4 27.0 24.0 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.5 1.2 1.5 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 3.0 3.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 I 0.6 3.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.8 2.8 2.0 20.5 21.5 17.5 19.2 22.0 33.0 31.0 21.6 29.8 23.4 27.3 14.0 14.5 15.7 16.2 17.0 30.0 30.0 18.2 16.6 16.5 16.0 34.7 22.7 21.9 25.8 24.0 12.2 14.7 16.8 16,3 20.7 20.7 24.7 24.6 15.7 26.7 17.0 14.6 20.0 24.5 14.7 16.6 27.7 24.5 26.5 28.0 22.3 25.0 28.0 42.5 40.0 39.0 29.5 35.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 20.6 22.0 39.0 40.7 23.0 20.0 21.0 19.0 45.6 29.6 29.0 35.0 33.0 15.3 18.0 21.5 19.5 27.6 27.0 32.5 32.0 20.0 35.0 22.1 18.7 26.2 81.0 IS. 6 19.7 39.6 33.0 33.5 36.0 29.0 32.0 36.0 55.3 52.5 43.0 45.5 36.0 41.0 46.0 72.0 70.0 54.0 59.5 45.0 51.5 56.0 68.0 93.0 56.0 64.0 71. C 51.0 38.3 46.0 21.4 22.7 25.7 26.5 28.4 61.7 28.0 25.5 27.0 24.6 62.4 39.2 38.0 47.0 39.5 19.0 22.5 27.5 25.3 37.6 3!;.0 47.5 42.5 26.0 47.0 28.3 23.6 34.5 41.0 23.0 26.0 65.5 48.5 61.5 26.6 28.0 32.0 33.0 35.0 69.2 63.0 80.0 38.0 34.0 40.5 55.0 43.0 48.0 43.5 50.2 55.6 66.7 73.5 35.5 32.0 33.0 30.5 43.0 38.0 40.0 36.6 64.2 46.5 49.0 45.0 73.0 69.0 66.0 59.0 120.0 52.0 51.0 75.0 51.5 23.2 28.0 35,0 32,0 53,6 46.0 28.2 35.0 46.0 43.0 34.2 45.2 46.2 67.0 59.0 3.0 35.5 29.0 46.0 52.6 28,6 30,7 68.0 34.8 38.0 92.0 43.0 46.0 54.0 60.0 49.0 525 465 550 478 447 400 413 200 400 426 421 450 66^ 617 431 450 348 277 558 541 548 517 400 397 324 374 547 600 447 451 365 385 336 336 392 333 382 451 374 457 630 600 290 325 Broke •witli long splinters. do Broke ■witk fine splinters . Shattered; cross-grained . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain - Specimen cross-grained; started at knot. . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain - Sap-wood ; broke at knot 0.75 sap-wood ; heart defective ; typical break. Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . do Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on comer . Broke with fine splinters do Specimen cross-grained ; broke at small knot- do do Specimen cross-grained; started at knot .. Broke with fine splinters Failed from large splinter on comer Specimen cross-grained ; large splinter on comer. Broke with coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain. Broke with fine splinters ; buckled on compression side. . Broke with long scale Broke at knot near the end . Specimen cross-grained ; sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis. Broke with fine splinters - do.; Broke with thin scale and fine splintero . do Broke with fine splinters Broke with coarse splinters Failed from scale on back 0. 5 sap-wood; sqnare break on tension side, nplitting in axis . Failed from large splinter on each comer Specimen cross-grained Failed from long splinter on comer do Specimen cross-grained; broke with large spl&ters. Broke with coarse splinters Broke with thin scale and fine splinters Broke with fine splinters Failed from long scale on back Broke with long, coarse splinters 388 FOREST TREES, OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIlsCIPAL WOODS OF THE State. locality. Collector. Soil. IS a COEFFICIE^-T OF KLASTICITT. o v 272. Qnercus ratra— contlnued. 272. Quercns rubra, var. Texaua. Bed Oak. 273. QuercuB cocciaea. Scarlet Oak. 274. Qnercus tiuctoria Black Oak. TeUpw-bark Oak. Qiiereiiron Oak. Yellow Oak. 275. Qnercna Kelloggii Slack Oak. 276. Qnercoa nigra Black Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Quercns faloata Spanish Oak. Bed Oak. 278. Qnercus Catesbsei Twrkay Oak. Senib Oak. Forked- leaf Black Jack. Black Jack. 279. Qnercus palustris Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. 280. Quercns aqnatica Water Oak. Buck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. 1043 1043 931 931 752 17 17 36> 362 36« 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 131 131 245 245 265« 265" 548 548 342 342 770 770 47 282 282 Massachusetts . - ...do Ifoitli Eeading . ...do Texas. ...do Austin. ...do.. Florida . Aspalaga . Hassacbusetts. ...do Kentucky ...do ...do Missouri ...do , do Virginia ... ...do ...do ...do Tennessee Arnold Arboretum. ...do Danville Junction . ...do ...do Allenton ...do ...do..-, WytbeviUe ...do ...do ...do Nasbville Oregon , ...do... ...do... ...do ... Saw-mill, Asbland i ...do Eugene City ...do Missouri . Allenton. South Carolina. ...do Virginia -. do ..,do .. do , Missssippi .. do Eonneau's Depot. . .. do ■WytbeviUe .. do Carroll county ...do Kemper's mill ...do Alabama . ...do Plorida - . ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Aspalaga -■■ao Missouri . ...do.... ...do .... Allenton. ...do .... ...do .... 264' Virginia . 264' 264> 349 349 511 511 ...do .. do Alabama... ...do ..... Tennessee . ...do Carroll county . ...do ...do Cottage Hill . . . ...do Tnllahoma ...do J. Eobinson. ...do Drift.. ...do . C. Mobr. ...do.... Calcareous. ...do A. H. Curtiss . Clay. C. S.Sargent .. do ..... W. M. Linney ...do ...do G. "W. letterman. ...do ... do H. Shriver ...do ...do ...do A. G-attinger Drift ...do Shale ...do Slate Kich upland . ...do ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do ...do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do ,.. G. H. Collier . ...do G. W. Letterman. . H. W. Eavenel ... ...do H. Shriver .... ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do : Clay. Kichloam. ...do Clay ...do .... .do. ...do Kich loam . ...do ...do ...do A. H. Curtiaa . ...do Barren, sandy. ...do , ...do.......... ...do G. "W. Letterman. ...do ...do Bich, alluvial . ...do ...do H. Shriver . . . ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. Gattinger ...do Sandy loam . ...do ....do ...do 0. 7580 0. 7426 0. 8580 0. 8926 0. -765-4 0. 7102 0, 68^7 q. 7284 0. 7619 0. 7932 0. 8495 0. 8408 0. 7519 0.5432 0. 5026 0. 7102 0. 7046 0.6949 0. 6642 0.6841 0. 6960 0. 6875 0. 7688 0. 7521 0. 7421 0. 6307 0. 6767 0. 7837 0. 6933 0. 7875 0. 7614 0. 6875 0. 7193 0. 8395 0. 8442 0. 7148 0. 7671 0. 7534 0. 6523 0. 6170 0. 6158 0. 7142 0.7313 0. 7560 0.7411 1221 _1221 976 1017 1221 1221 1151 1085 1149 1054 976 1028 1043 1221 1221 1270 697 72? 954 921 930 1181 814 814 93'0 888 930 1120 842 820 794 561 558 551 1479 1470 1284 1395 1436 1261 1136 1136 937 814 849 869 872 921 844 660 651 663 525 558 698 1320 1302 t 1039 1028 1085 1395 1302 1172 1320 1394 1071 1221 1221 1041 1320 1194 1172 1526 1502 1334 1221 1221 1172 1526 1601 1266 1628 1575 1317 888 948 990 1017 1062 1027 976 1007 1113 1163 1122 1055 1526 1479 1233 957 976 1055 904 913 982 1085 1122 989 1136 1191 1052 1163 1149 932 1163 1285 1155 1221 1285 1120 976 1028 919 1221- 1338 1170 1282 1172 1252 794 1055 1043 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 3S9 UNITED STATES UKDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Coutinued. DEFLECTION, IK MILLIMETEKB, liNDEE A PRE68UEE, IN EILOQBAUS, OF- 50 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 4.6 6.0 4.0 7.0 6.3 6.0 5.5 S'.8 8.7 3.3 3.5 4.3 6.0, 6.6 7.4 9.3 b.O 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.2 3.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 4.2 3.2 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 11.0 4.0 lOO 7.4 7.5 9.4 9.6 ISO 11.0 11.4 14.0 14.7 9.0 14.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 8.0 13.5 10.6 12.0 10.5 11.9 17.5 6.6 6.8 8.6 11.5 10.6 15.0 17.5 10.0 7.5 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.6 8.0 6.1 6.2 10.3 9.2 9.7 8.7 6.6 10.0 10.7 8.7 8.2 8.5 7.6 7.6 9.6 7.8 12.0 12.2 14.5 12.0 21.4 15.8 18.5 15.7 18.0 28.6 10.0 10.0 12.8 17.3 16,0 2,6.0 27.5 15.0 10.5 10.2 12.0 10.0 9.5 12.0 9.0 9.3 15.4 14.0 U.6 13.0 10.2 15.0 17.0 13.0 11.8 13.0 11.6 11.5 14.6 10.9 200 O (set.) 14.6 15.4 19.0 20.4 20.1 16.1 16.5 20.2 16.5 31.0 22.6 25.8 21.7 26.0 43.4 14.0 13.4 18.0 23.5 22.0 54.3 41.5 21.0 14.0 13.7 16.0 13.7 12.7 16.0 12.1 12.0 20.6 19.0 20.2 18.5 13.7 21.0 24.0 17.7 16.0 18.0 16.5 15.8 20.4 14.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 3.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 6.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 10.5 4.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 I.O 0.3 1.8 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 o:6 0.6 1.2 0.5 200 16.0 15.6 19.2 21.0 20.5 16.4 16.5 20.4 16.4 31,5 23.6 26.3 22.1 26.5 44.0 14.0 13.4 18.2 23.9 22.1 57.0 43.6 21.4 14.0 14.0 16.0 13.7 13.0 16.0 12.4 12.0 21.1 19.0 20.0 18.9 14.2 22.0 24.4 18.0 16.5 18.3 15.0 16.0 20.7 15.0 2SO 300 19.0 20.0 25.0 27.2 27.0 21.0 21.1 27.2 20.7 42.0 30.8 34.0 28.2 37.0 17.7 16.7 24.5 31.0 28.5 88.0 61.5 28.0 17.5 17.4 20.2 17.0 16.2 20.0 15.4 15.0 27.0 25.0 26.0 24.2 17.5 29.0 32.6 24.0 21.0 24.2 20.0 20.4 26.5 19.0 24.0 26.0 32.0 38.0 36.0 27.0 27.0 35.0 27.0 68.0 40.0 46..2 36.7 56.0 22.1 20.5 33.0 40.3 36.0 350 30.3 31.7 40.0 47.0 34.0 34.5 45.5 32. D 80.0 51.6 60.5 27.0 25.6 44.0 51.6 46.7 40O 37.0 40.0 62.5 42.0 44.0 58.2 41.5 136.0 64.0 33.0 31.7 65.0 36.0 22.0 21.6 25.7 21.2 20.7 25.2 19.0 18.5 34.6 31.3 33.0 31.2 22.0 38.5 44.0 32.0 26.7 32.5 24.7 26.5 34.3 24.0 45.0 27.6 26.5 33.0 26.3 25.5 31.5 23.0 23.0 44.0 39.0 41.6 39.0 28.0 49.5 60.0 44.0 34.0 44.2 31.0 34.0 44.0 30.0 4S0 46.0 61.5 90.0 56.5 55.0 51.7 75.0 40.6 40.5 60.0 33.0 32.5 42.0 33.0 30.5 40.0 2a 28.2 55.5 50.2 51.5 50.0 35.5 60.0 91.0 58.5 44.6 37.0 44.5 500 16.5 50.6 61.6 550 40.6 41.0 43.6 88.5 48.3 34.2 35.5 44.0 105.0 47.0 68.5 38. 6 47. 54.0 66.0 60.0 48.0 40.0 46.0 63.0 52 O bsto as 647 500 534 339 450 491 450 445 542 407 604 397 478 339 235 548 538 400 371 360 283 298 445 500 467 444 500 669 500 540 562 423 43S 47.-. 450 526 450 419 422 449 398 493 478 392 499 Kemarks. Broke "with fine splinters and scale . . bailed from splinter on each corner. Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters Specimen affected with dry rot; broke at knot near the end . Broke with fine splinters . Broke with medium splinters Broke with scales and fine splinters Broke with coarse splinters on comer Broke with fine splinters Broke with split throngh center parallel to pressnre — Broke with fine splinters Specimen cross-grained, knotty Failed from scale on back and ephnter on comer Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis of stick- . .do. Crushed with fine splinters - , do bailed from large scale and coarse splinter . Specimen cross-grained do Palled from coarse splinter on compression side. Shaky Broke with fln« splinters . .do. Broke with coarse splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed nt center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. do Broke with long, coarse splinters Broke at knot with long fiake Crashed slightly at center bearing Broke with large splinters Broke with larj:6 splinters; shattered SiJcciuieu 1 ^(ls.^-priunt;d ; split throngh knot . Specimen irusrtfi'ained: shattered Crushed at center bearinj; ; broke with fine splinters - Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Broke with scale and fine splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Broke with fine scale Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Broke witlr fine splinters do. 1043 1043 931 931 762 17 17 36" 36« 36" 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 131 131 245 245 y 26.5« 265" 648 548 342 342 770 770 47 282 282 2641 264» 264» 34D 340 511 Broke with coarse splinters | Ml Broke with coarse scales - 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table ni.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OI* THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. S3, xn ■ COEFFICIEKT OP ElASTIGIir. ■og 280. Qnercns aqnatica^contiiraed 281. Quercua latirifolia IjOAirel Oak, 282. QueTcus heterophylla £artram,'s Oak. 283. Quorciia cinerea Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. 284. Qnercus bypoleuca 285. Qnercus imbricaria Shingle Oak. Lanarel Oak. 286. Querons Phellos , 'Wi)XQW Oak. Peach Oak. '287; Quercus denaiflora: , Bemarks. Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis Broke with fine splinters Specimen crosB-grained; failed from large splinter on comer . Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis Deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 82 millimeters; broke with line splinters. " Specimen cross-grained; started at knot Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side. Broke at knot'. - Crushed at center beaiing ; broke with fine splinters 484 578 500 450 600 330 388 250 357 462 430 504 348 424 497 469 524 456 434 481 419 315 373 513 650 519 520 563 517 531 547 444 416 Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinters at corners. 407 Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; splintered at comers. 429 ; Sap-wood ; crushed at center beating ; broke with fine splinters on tension side. 400 Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing ; shattered on comer 395 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Broke with coarse splinters Failed from scale and long splinter on corner Specimen cross-grained ; broke on corner Broke with coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing; bioke with large splinter on comer . Square break on ti.'nsiou side'; broke with splinters Specimen cross-grained ; broke with coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine scales Failed from scales and coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing ; splintered Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained ; shattered .* Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinter on comer. Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse scales Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters 0.5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; brike with fine splinters. . 0.7.T sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters on comer. Heart-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . . Sap-wood ; broke with coarse splinters at comers 650 547 552 448 497 299 3U0 354 350 Sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained ; started at knot . Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension aide, splitting in axis. Sap-wood ; splintered on comers Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Splintered on corners Specimen cross-grained Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do do do 46 73 73' 73^ 73' 1038 10 10 848 726 722 1065 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 528 629 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 842 842 4 4 221 844 844 967 967 991 991 394 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIFCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 301. Alniia rubra^continued. 302. AInTis Thombtfolia . Alder. 303. Alnua oblongifolia. Alder. 305. Alnus incana iipeelded Alder, Black Alder. Moarry Alder. SALICACEJii. 306. Salix nigra , Black Willow. 307. Salix amygdaloidea - ' Willow. 308. Salix liEvigata - Wdlow. 309. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . 309. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . 313. Salix flavescens 313. Salix liaTescens, var. Scouleriana - Black Willow. 316. Salix lasJolepis . Willow. 318..Popiilu8 tremuloidea ... Aspen. Quaking Asp. 319. Fopnlns grandidentata . Popla/r. 320. Popiilns hcterophylla Jiii:er Cottonwood. Swafwp Cot- tonwood. 321. Populus bals'nuifera ^Balsam. 2'acamahac. Balm of Gilead. 1025 1025 635 717 717 979 979 694 694 862 321. Poi)ulu8 balsaniifp.ra,t)ar. candicans, 322. Populus angustifolia . Black Cottonwood. 323. Populus tricliocarpa Black Cottonwood. Balsa/m Cot- tonwood. 908 911 640 981 981 721 972 972 669 272' 272' 1035 1035 847 847 522 961 961 1054 1054 553 1012 1012 1028 1028 State. Oregon . ...do ... ...do .... Montana. . .. do.... Oregon . . . ...do California. ...do Massacliasetts. do- Colorado . ...do.... ...do .... California ...do ...do... Oregon . ...do... Utah Montana. "Washington ter- ritory. do California. 6olorado. ...do Massachusetts ...do i ■do- do. Tennessee . Alaska . .. do... Massachusetts. . . ... do Colorado . Oregon . ...do.. ,-- do-.. -..do.-. Locality. Portland Furniture Company. ...do Ashland . . Missoula . ...do Drain ...do San Bernardino . ...do Danvers . Topsfield . CaHon City . ...do -- do Santa Cruz . ...do^ Strawberry valley . Portland ...do City Greet caBon . Pattee's caQon, Mis- soula. Seattle. .-do-. Santa Cruz . Alpine... ...do... Danvers ...do.... .do. -do. Kashville . Chilcoot inlet . ...do Topsfleld . ...do Manitou Springs Saint John's Barrel Factory, Portland. ...do Collector. Portland Furniture Company. .- do , G-. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do .>.do Sereno "Watson . ...do C.S. Sargent.... ...do W. G. ■Wright. ...do tT. Kobinsou. -do. E. "Weston . ...do .. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do F. Sliinner . ...do .1 M. E. Jones Sereno "Watson - G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .do. T. S. Brandegee . ...do J. Bobinson ...do .do. .do. A. Gattinger.. Paul Schultze . ...do J. Eobinson . ...do Robert Douglas . . F. Skinner. ...do G. Engelmann and C. ST Sargent. ...do...... SoU. *?» a.3 ©.a 5 "Wet ...do Moist loam . ...do Wet loam. Alluvial . Moist, sandy....*. ...do....; Moist, rich. Alluvial ...do Gravelly Eich, moist . Moist, sandy. ...do Sandy loam . Damp — ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... .do. .do. Alluvial . do. .do. Gravelly. ...do Sandy loam . 0. 4739 0. 5084 0. 4857 0. 4545 0. 4886 0. 4465 0. 4375 0.4170 0. 4049 0. 5005 0. 5330 0. 4675 0.4676 0. 4670 0. 5341 0. 5284 0. 4705 0. 4375 0. 4614 0. 4198 0. 5057 0. 6719 0. 5278 0. 5760 0. 3955 0. 3885 0.4580 0.4828 0.4443 0.4386 0.4155 0.4080 0.4034 i 0. 4085 0. 4506 0.4488 0.3750 0. 3898 0. 4108 0. 4108 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. 1320 1221 904 679 729 904 888 787 787 1163 407 610 488 554^ 479 509 542 1163 976 1221 1285 1,221 921 740 651 976 976 904 go O o 740 751 488 1062^ 1085 1221 '163 1285 900 1338 905 948 738 669 567 751 701 948 698 913 703 751 696 787 677 1085 820 391 424 514 511 476 530 514 609 488 734 488 553 525 584 1085 701 1028 743 305 469 1085 809 1375 928 1149 888 888 813 781 '562 651 541 913 720 913 881 996 696 930 748 723 642 842 574 872 527 697 626 763 593 458 401 1050 682 1062 637 1221, 694 ■.1.36- ■MS THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIK— Continued. 395 DE»LBCTION, IX MILLUMETBIiS, CKDEK A PEEBSUBE, IS KHOGEAMB, OF- so 3.7 i.O 5.4 7.2 0.7 5.4 5.5 6.2 6.2 12.0 8.0 10.0 8.8 10.2 9.0 9.0 4.2 5.0 14.8 4.0 3.8 4.0 5.3 6.6 7.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.4 5.7 5.5 lOO 7.6 7.3 10.3 14.6 13.0 10.3 10.7 13.0 12.4 9.0 25.0 19.0 20.5 19.0 20. 20.0 18.6 9.0 9.5 32.0 9.0 7.1 8.5 11.0 12.5 15.0 10.7 10.7 9.8 10.5 13.5 11.6 11.2 ISO 6.5 12.8 10.0 21.3 4.6 0.3 4.5 9.;! 4.0 ! 8.0 4. 2 I 8. U 11.6 11.0 15.5 23.0 20.4 15.7 16.5 19.6 19.0 14.0 44.0 36.0 36.0 32.5 31.2 32.0 31.0 14.2 14.3 57.0 U.O 10.5 12.5 16.6 19.3 23.2 17.0 17.0 15.0 15.5 21.4 17.4 17.6 2'-'. 4 21.0 35.2 14.0 14.0 12.0 12.0 20O 15.0 14.7 20.6 34.0 30.0 21.8 22.2 28.3 27.3 64.5 58.0 55.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 21.0 19.5 125.0 19.0 14.2 16.8 24.5 27.7 33.0 24.0 25.0 21.4 21.7 125.0 25.5 34.2 34.8 o iaoo (sot.) 0.1 0.0 0.5 3.5 3.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.5 16.2 11.0 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.0 1.2 0.5 32.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 1.5 2.4 3.8 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 3.3 1.3 1.7 4.1 6.9 20.8 19.6 18.0 17.6 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.5 15.7 14.8 21.2 35.0 31.0 22.0 23.0 29.0 28.0 73.0 63.0 57.0 47.5 48.5 48.0 21.5 20.0 20.0 14.7 17.2 25.0 28.7 37.2 24.5 26.0 22.0 22.0 26.2 26.2 35.8 36.0 20.8 20.0 17.6 17.6 350 20.0 18.5 44.0 30.2 30.6 39.0 38.7 26.0 91.0 64.0 29.5 26.0 26.5 18.3 22.0 33.0 32.0 35.0 30.0 28.7 47.0 52.0 62.0 28.4 27.5 24.0 25.0 300 25.2 23.5 36.7 60.0 35.0 110.0 45.0 36.0 36.5 24.0 28.0 46.0 50.0 48.0 41.0 350 33.0 30.0 400 31.5 35.0 450 500 550 11 384 386 316 242 299 298 300 297 Remarks. Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. . Specimen cross-grainecl ; scaled on comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Sap-wood; cross-grained ■ Square break Sqiinre break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing ; splintered on comer 360 I Broke with coarse splinters. 181 218 226 260 313 236 249 299 317 200 345 396 379 347 240 231 309 376 297 319 245 225 267 253 291 272 296 275 Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain - Crushed at center bearing; splintered on compression side . do Crushed at center bearing ; splintered on tension side Squore break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered . Specimen cross-grained ; fiaked on tension side Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot \ Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . Crushed at center bearing ; scaled on tension side Crushed at center bearing ; shattered. Crushed at center bearing; splintered; square break on -tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing; broke with coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters. Broke with long scale Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot. Crushed at center bearing Broke with many fine splinters Splintered on comer Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters. -do. Specimen affected with dry rot ; square break . do Crushed at center bearing; square break. do Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot . Sqnare break with small splinters . do do do 396 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 324. Populus monilifera Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar, Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton- wood. 325. Popnlus Fremontil . Cottonwood. 325. PopTilus Fremontii, var. "Wislizeni Cottonwood. White Cottonwood. CONXPEE.a;. 326. Llbooedms decnrrens White Cedar. Basttrd Cedttr. Pott Cedar. Iniseinse Cedar. SZl. Thnya oocidentaliB White Cedar. Arbor-mtce. Thnya gigantea Bed Cedar. Camoe Cedar. 329. GhamsBcyparis sphiBToidea . White Cedwr. 255 304 304 309 309 754 754 754 646 646 909 909 909 909 634 634 663 662 662 379 379 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 792 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 350 350 850 850 851 851 862 State. Missouri . ...do .... ....do Texas ... ....do riorida . . . ....do ....do California. ...do ...do .... ...do.... Colorado . ...do .... ...do .... ... do .... Locality. Allenton ...do ...do Dallas ...do Chattahoocliee. ...do ...do Sacramento valley . ...do San Bernardino.' ...do Canon City ...do ...do ...do Collector. California . ...do .do . .do . .do. Vermont ...do IStm Bmnslrick ...do ..X.. ...do ProTince of Qnebec ...do ....do ...do ...do Maine ...do Wisconsin ...do Oregon ...do... ...do... ...do ... Alabama ...do MassaclitiBetts . ...do ....do ....do , ...do SaTT-mill, Straw- berry Talley. . . do Saw-mill, San Ber. nardino mountains. ...do do. Monkton . ...do Bridgeton. ...do Amqui ...do Mattawamkeag . .. do Eau Claire ...do Weidler'B saw-mill, Portland. ...do Portland Furniture Company. ...do Cottage Hill . .. do Beverly ...do ...do ...do ...do G. W. Letterman. . ...do ...do J. Eevercbon , . ...do A. H. Curtiss . . ...do , ...do Soil. Alluvial . ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... G.B. Vasey- ...do W. G. "Wright. ...do E.Weston ...do ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C.S.Sargent. do "W.G.Wright. ...do ...do C. G. Pringle. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair ... do.... A. Grant. ...do Grand Tmnk rail- way. ...do ...do J. Bobinson. . . ...do H. C. Putnam . ...do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do .do. .ao . C.Mohr ...do (T. Eobinson. ...do ...do ...do ...do .do . .do . .do. .do. Cold, peaty . .. do Drift. ...do. Sandy, wet. ...do , Swampy ...do , ...do ...do ...do la CO 0. 3552 0. 3824 0. 3477 0. 5136 0. 4858 0. 5001 0. 4909 0. 4925 0. 4977 0. 5000 0. 5079 0. 5023 0. 4867 0.4451 0.4499 0. 5107 0. 3748 0. 3979 0. 4818 0. 4989 0. 4869 0. 3025 0.2902 0. 3580 0. 3439 0. 3413 0. 3216 0. 3336 0. 2714 0. 2612 0. 2805 0. 3835 0. 3902 0. 3560 0.4121 0. 4312 0. 4256 0. 3623 0. 3783 0. 3626 «. 3153 0. 3625 0. 3602 0. 3523 0. 3407 0.3324 coefficient of elasticity; m 751 1136 842 1221 1221 1221 1017 1085 651 669 904 976 872 763 697 814 872 872 828 488 444 519 651 626 588 610 ,3.S1 543 514 1221 976 872 1017 271, 341 498 425 444 519 . O C C3qa 857 723 1149 842 1302 1221' 1191 1017 1085 665 679 1149 939 835 794 751 814 a 514 452 542 610 651 610 581 337 294 269 781 729 556 542 1149 1028 257 334 488 415 444 514 376 548 661 605 893 769 902 937 851 584 813 743 687 795 703 579 642 619 703 781 es4 664 455 441 544 527 448 584 686 394 352 364 586 818 820 635 722 328 380 483 651 469 509 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 397 BEFLECl'IOK, IN MII.U11ETEE6, UKDEE A FEESBURE, IN KILORRAMB, OF- 50 lOO 5.6 11.4 6. 5 1 13. 5 1 4. 3 8. 5 5.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.5 7.5 7.3 0.4 5.0 11.6 7.5 8.0 8.2 9.6 9.0 14.7 14.4 8.5 10.4 11.7 6.4 i 12.3 7.0 6.0 5.6 13.0 12.0 10.9 11.0 6. 9 11. 10. B 11.0 9.4 7.5 7.8 8.3 8.0 14.7 17.5 18.2 6.4 7.3 9.0 9.5 4.0 5.0 5.6 4.8 18.0 14.3 9.8 11. S U.O 9.4 12.6 19.0 21.6 18.0 16.6 15.0 16.0 16.8 29.0 33.2 37.5 12.5 13.4 17.5 18.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 9.5 38.0 29.2 20.0 23.5 22.0 19.0 .■;o. 130 23.0 17.2 21.0 13.3 18.0 12.0 12.5 12.8 14.8 14.0 22.0 23.0 13.4 16.4 18.4 20.0 20.7 18.0 16.5 16.5 10.6 30.0 34.6 28.0 24.0 23.2 24.5 26.0 60.5 63.0 19.5 20.5 27.0 M. 5 13.0 14.0 1.5.6 14.5 50.5 32.5 36.0 33.2 29.6 38.0 300 O (set.) 33.5 24.2 30.0 18.8 25.0 16.0 16.8 17.2 21.4 19.4 32.4 32.6 19.0 23.0 26.7 31.0 28.0 25.0 22.5 22.0 22.0 38.7 33.5 35.5 36.2 27.5 28.5 38.0 39.0 17.8 19.0 21.7 20.0 47.6 54.0 46.0 63.0 1.4 2.6 1.1 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 2.1 5.5 1.2 0,6 0.6 0.7 20O 350 300 350 25.3 30.7 19.1 26.0 16.0 17.0 17.6 21.8 19.4 33.0 34.0 19.6 23.2 27.2 30.4 29.0 25.5 23.0 22.0 0. 4 22. 5 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 40.7 34.6 37.0 37.2 28.7 29.0 40.5 40.8 18.0 19.0 22.2 20.0 5.2 5.6 60.2 515.0 5. 2 I 49. 5 8.2 33.2 41.5 26.0 36.0 26.7 21.6 22.4 25.3 43.0 47.0 25.5 31.0 43.5 41.6 32."5 29.0 29.0 28.6 39.0 66.0 23.0 24.0 31.0 26.7 35.2 48.5 26.8 27.6 29.0 34.6 42.5 45.0 36.5 30.0 31.0 37.0 33.0 35.6 39.0 400 430 500 5SO (D to u t-i ■*^ Ot la "^ o 234 282 258 381 324 385 400 363 249 347 317 293 339 300 247 274 264 300 334 279 279 194 188 232 225 191 249 260 168 160 151 260 284 250 279 349 350 271 308 140 162 200 235 200 217 200 Eemarks. Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing ; square break .do. Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Crushed at center bearing ; shattered Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine spUntere - Shattered ' do Started at knot ; splintered at comer Specimen cross-grained; splintered on comer. Specimen cross-grained; split Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Shattered Broke with fine splinters Square break - .do. Specimen cross-gi-ainecl; shattered . .do. -do. Square break; splintered - do. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . .do. Broke with coarse splinters. Square break ; splintered . . . Square break ; splintered . - . Square break Square break ; split to end- . Square break do .do. .do. Square break with long splinters. Shattered ^ Square break Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. .do. Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axiti. Square break do 255 304 304 309 309 754 754 754 659 659 646 646 909 9«9 909 909 634 634 662 662 662 379 379 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 792 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 350 350 850 8S0 851 851 852 398 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRikciPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 330. ChamaecypariB iN'atkaensis Yellow Oypress. Sitka " 331. Ghamsecyparis Lawsoniana I Fort Orford Cedar. Oregon Ce- dar. Wliite Cedar. Lawson's Cypress. Gmger Pine. 332. Capres3U3 macrocarpa. Monterey 'Cypress. 333. Cupressns Gbveniana. 337. ' Junipetnspaoliyphloea . Juniper. 338. Jiiniperns occidentalis, vwr. con- Jugcns. Juniper. 339. Jimiperus Virginiana Med Cedar. Savin. 340. Taxodinm distichnin Bald Ouprese. Mack Cypress, lied Cypresi. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. 841. Seqnoia gigantea . Big Tree. 342. Seqnoia semperrirens . Bednoood. 994 1000 1000 701 707 675 675 ' 691 691 1100 1100 692 692 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800 800 924 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 035 535 741 741 657 657 666 673 673 State. Locality. Alaska ...do Britiali Columbia --.do.... Alaska ...do ...do .. do ...do Oregon . --.do ... .:.do ... California . .--.do .-..do. ....do. .--.do. ...do. Arizona . ...do..-. Texas . HassachiLsetts. --.do Texas -. do , Florida ...do ...do.. .-..do., ...do Tennessee ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alabama . ...do Florida . . . ...do California. ...do ...do .do. ....do. Sitka ...do Saw-mill, Yiotoria . ...do PerU strait --.do --.do "Weidler'a saw-mill, Portland. ...do.... Dean & Co.'s saw- inill, Marshfield. ...do... .do. Monterey . ...do Marin county. ...do Calistoga ...do Santa Bita mount- ains. ...do Austin Ahiold Arboretum ..--do Ballas ....do Chattahoochee ...do Saint John's river . ...do Chattahoochee Wilson county ...do ...do --.do -. do ..do Stockton -..do Chattahoochee. ...do Tulare county . ...do ...do Bnssian riyer. ...do... , Collector. Paul Schnltze . ...do Soil. tftS as, o^ i m G. Engelmann and ' C. S. Sargent. ...do Paul Schultze . ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... ..do. ..do. ..do. .do. do. G. E. Vasey- . ...do W. P. Fisher . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .., Gravelly loam . ...do Dry ridges 0.5580 .do. .do. .do. Gravelly. .--do.... S. B. Buckley . C. S. Sargent . . ...do .'. J". Beverohon - . ...do A. H. CurtisB. . ...do ...do ...do C. Mohr A.E.Baird .... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. CuTtiss. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do 7 .do . C. S. Sargent . ...do Limestone - Drift ...do Calcareous.. -..do --.do ...do Sandy loam . ...do Alluvial Alluvial . ...do.... Granite . ...do... ...do... 0. 5697 0. 4229 0. 5267 0. 5114 0. 5074 0. 4913 0. 5267 0. 5078 0.5159" 0. 5239 0. 4682 0. 5335 0. 6307 0. 6512 0. 5563 0. 4834 0. 5078 0. 5630 0. 5419 0. 7347 0. 5316 0. 5302 0. 5357 0. 5239 0. 5723 0. 5354 0.5558 0. 5385 0. 4997 0. 7373 0. 6029 0. 5671 0. 6398 0. 6670 0. 5307 0. 4907 0.4923 0.4167 0. 4334 0. 3426 0. 3506 0. 2687 0.4103 0.4211 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. 814 888 1221 1110 1163 1085 1320 814 763 904 1221 1625 976 1085 452 514 610 457 610 595 751 509 514 595 610 787 814 787 904 888 588 444 488 718 581 561 1163 1110 904 939 595 425 359 574 787 814 976 1221 1191 1149 1122 1221 842 723 12^1 1502 1062 1085 456 642 851 696 1020 930 872 937 930 698 281 820 818 1029 1041 1052 620 659 592 635 407 342 630 783 595 738 734 469 601 701 514 743 610 851 630 562 787 1052 849 1031 781 755 888 806 888 888 688 750 474 394 542 469 697 869 695 520 603 703 1122 675 1163 666 904 687 939 698 595 511 444 459 315 401 658 637 761 703 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN-Continued. 399 DKFLECTION, IN MILLIMETEB8, UNDEE A PKESSUEE, IN KIL0GKAM8, OF— 50 6.0 5.5 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.7 6.0 6.4 5.4 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.6 10.8 9.5 8.0 10.7 8.0 8.2 6.6 0.6 9.5 8.2 8.0 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 8.3 11.0 10.0 6.8 8.4 8.7 4.2 4.4 5.4 6.2 8.2 11.6 ;8.6 a6 0.2 lOO 12.0 10.0 ■ 8.0 8.2 8.6 8.7 8.0 11.6 13.5 10.5 8.0 6.6 9.2 9.0 21.4 18.0 16.5 24.0 16.6 16.4 13.3 19.6 19:0 16.0 15.5 12.4 11.5 150 18.0 15.0 12.0 12.6 12.6 13.6 11.5 17.6 15.6 12.0 9.6 13.5 13.6 86.0 27.8 26.5 12.5 11.0 11.0 U.2 20.6 18.0 14.0 16.4 16.2 8.7 8.4 10.8 10.4 16.4 22.0 31.0 17.5 13.0 24.0 25.0 20.5 29.0 29.0 25.0 24.0 18.2 17.0 19.2 16.5 16.1 21.4 31.0 26.0 21.5 25.6 26.0 12.0 13.0 16.7 16.0 25.0 84.0 54.0 27.0 19.0 200 24.7 21.0 16.0 17.0 17.2 17.6 15.4 24.2 21.6 16.4 12.7 18.0 17.6 49.0 40.0 35.0 (set.) 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 32.6 34.0 28.0 40.6 40.0 33.2 31.0 24.6 23.0 26.5 21.7 21,5 28.0 34.0 28.7 37.0 36.0 17.5 17.9 23.6 22.8 34.0 49.0 38.0 26.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.3 4.1 2.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 3.6 soo 24.5 21.2 16.0 17.6 17.0 18.0 15.0 24.4 22.4 16.5 13.0 18.0 18.0 49.0 41.7 35.7 32.4 34.0 40.0 40.6 33.^ 32.0 24.5 23.0 26.7 22.0 21.8 29.0 30.0 39.0 37.0 18.2 18.2 24.5 23.0 35.0 350 31.5 29.5 20.0 21.6 22.0 22.5 19.0 31.6 29.0 21.0 16.0 22.6 22.5 68.0 46.4 42.5 44.0 52.0 53.0 43.0 31.7 29.0 35.0 28.2 27.7 34.7 48.0 24.5 24.0 33.0 30.8 300 41.0 25.6 28.0 28.6 29.0 24.0 37.0 28.0 20.0 28.0 27.5 55.0 68.5 70.0 56.0 38.5 35.7 43.6 35.0 34.6 48.6 45.2 66.0 2. 38. 5 0.6 26.6 S2.5 34.6 350 60.7 31.7 36.0 39.5 37.0 31.5 25.4 33.0 34.0 400 42.0 53.0 32.0 40.0 42.0 73.6 47.2 45.5 3.5 58.0 59.6 54.5 450 500 S50 PI 363 297 435 397 372 40O 397 298 120 350 349 439 444 449 22? 281 271 146 334 315 200 299 317 363 240 449 440 322 344 379 320 168 200 381 222 300 288 284 293 298 218 200 171 272 300 Kemarks. Square break ; splintered Crushed at center bearing; square break Crushed at center bearing ; square break, splitting in axis. do do .'. Shattered do do Specimen cross-grained ; started at loiot . Square break; shattered „ Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered from end to end. do Shattered do Specimen cross-grained ; &l>attered Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on comer . Shattered. do:.. Speoimon cross-grained; shattered. Shattered . .do. .do. .do. 0.26 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 0.5 sap-wood; square break; split end to end Square break at knot; split to end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break; split parallel to pressure Specimen not seasoned; shattered Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained ; split to end Specimen not seasoned ; shattered Specimen not seasoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Specimen not seasoned; shattered '. Square break Crushed at center bearing with flakes on tension side . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Broke with coarse splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. . Square break Sap-wood ; shattered Square break; split to end. do 994 994 S94 1000 1000 701 707 707 676 676 1100 1100 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800 800 924 1249 1250 1261 1262 1253 1254 535 535 741 741 657 657 666 87R 673 400 FOEEST TEEES OF NOETH AMEEICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIHOIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soa o o pis OS COEFFICIEST OF ELASTinjTT. Ml. Sequoia aemperrireiu — oontmaed . 343. Tazn* bieTifoIia Tew. 345.. Torreya tnxifolia , Stinking Cedar, Saein. 346. Torreya Callfomioa Oalrfomia NiUmeg. StinUng Cedar. 347. Pinna Stroiras White Pine. Wei/mouth Fwie. 348. Pinna monticola . White Pine. 349. Pinna Lam1)ertiana.. Sitgaif Pine. 350. Pinna flexilia . White Pine. 351, Pinna albicanlia . 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 714 714 715 978 978 62 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 975 987 987 668 730 730 819 819 819 913 992 992 California. ....do ....do ....do ....do ..... ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do , Santa Cmz ...do ...do Hendooino coanty . . ...do.. ...do ...do --.do .1 ...do ...do Tnmer, Kennedy & Shaw. ...do Oregon . ....do... Portland.. ...do Florida . ...do ... .-.do ... Chattahoochee. --.do --.do California ...do Marin oonnty. ...do ICaasachnsettK. . - .--.do Vermont ,;.. If eir Bmnsirick . . ...do ...do ...do ProTinc* of Quebec ...do ....do ....do Masaachnsetts. ...do Arnold Arboretnm ...do Charlotte Bridgeton . --.do Amqni --.do Beading . .-.do..-- British Columbia Orei^on -- do Hastings' saw-mlll, Burrard inlet. Cascade mountains . do . California. .. do ...do ....do . do Saw.mill, Straw- berry valley. Lasaen'a peak . ...do Colorado . ...do.... ...do...- Nerada.. Porest City . .. do ...do DanTille British Columbia ...do: Silver Mountain val- ley, ITraser river. ...do J. Kentfield k Co ...do ...do." ...do ...do ...do...- ...do a. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do Moist, rich . ...do C. S. Sargent . A. S. Curtiaa. ...do Alluvial . . . Calcareous. ...do G. E. Vasey . ...do Stony. ...do. C. S.Sargent ...do C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Drift ...do Wet, swampy . Ed. Sinclair . ...do A. Grant ...dlo Grand Trunk rail- way. — do J. Bobinaon. ...do Drift . ...do. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent .do. Moist loam . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G.E. Vasey .do . Sierra Lumber Company. ...do T. S.Brandegee... -..do -.do A. Triple Gravelly. ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... 0.4443 0.4525 0.4419 0. 3239 0. 3239 0.3841 0. 3048 0. 5289 0.6243 0. 5533 0. 6743 0.7110 0. 5993 0.4603 0. 4639 0. 5063 0. 5135 0. 4301 0.4090. 0. 6204 0. 3671 0. 3932 0. 4022 0. 4088 0.^698 0. 3671 0. 4092 0. 3938 0. 3710 0.4549 0.4323 S. 3682 0. 3699 0. 4301 0. 3927 0. 3971 0. 3363 0. 3307 0. 4602 0. 4642 0. 4733 0.4664 0. 5066 0.4587 697 751 542 542 651 814 751 751 651 651 814 697 651 872 939 407 444 751 921 574 651 1085 1085 1039 763 775 976 842 688 872 1163 751 957 888 740 814 763 740 751 651 787 381 370 679 697 751 558 508 651 849 708 751 666 610 849 673 651 921 913 430 4'U 849 930 1039 1062 1039 751 751 976 849 697 888 1191 740 921 888 740 814 787 740 787 697 835 381 348 673 654 581 591 394 586 558 633 734 804 205 1148 1010 945 844 872 469 698 623 682 804 424 635 654 687 !'70 W7 <30 621 390 584 684 627 616 687 577 656 541 530 687 635 776 396 464 701 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES TJNDEE TEANSYEESE STEAIN— Oontmued. 401 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETEBB, UNDEB A FBEB8UBE, IN EILOGKAMS, OP — 50 7.0 6.5 9.0 9.0 7.6 G.0 6.5 «.S 7,6 7.5 6.0 7.0 7.6 5.6 5.2 12.0 U.0 6.5 5.3 8.5 7.6 4.5 1.5 4.7 6.4 6.3 5.0 5.8 7.1 6.6 4.2 6.6 5.1 6.5 6.6 6.0 6.4 6.6 6.5 7.S 6.2 12.8 18.2 7.2 100 14.0 13.0 17.5 17.2 16.0 11.5 13.8 13.0 14.7 16.0 11.5 14.5 16.0 10.6 10,7 22.7 22.0 11.5 10.5 16.6 15.3 9.4 9.2 9.4 13.0 13.0 10.0 11.5 14.0 11.0 8.2 13.2 10.6 n.o 13.2 12.0 12.4 13.2 12.4 14.0 11.7 26.6 28.0 14.6 ISO 21.2 19.4 26.6 20.6 22.4 17.2 20.0 20.0 22.0 300 17.8 21.5 22.5 16.5 16.0 34.6 33.0 17.2 16.4 25.0 22.6 14.0 14.2 14.8 20.7 20.0 15.4 17.8 22.4 17.0 12.5 20.2 16.2 17.0 20.3 18.2 18.7 20.6 18.9 21.6 17.5 41.6 40.0 22.6 29.5 26.0 36.3 32.0 23.5 27.7 26.6 29.5 24.0 29.7 31.0 22,3 22.6 50.6 46,5 23.8 22.8 34.3 O (set.) 1.0 0.5 1.7 1.5 0.-7 1.0 0.6 0.9 20.0 19.8 20.5 30.0 32.3 21.6 26.2 24.0 17.1 32.1 23.6 23.0 29.0 26.0 28.0 32.0 26.0 31,0 24,0 31.0 0.9 1.7 2.4 9.4 0.5 3.1 1.2 0.5 2.3 300 30.0 26.4 37.0 33.5 24.0 28.4 27.0 30.0 350 39.0 33.6 24.0 30.0 31.0 22.5 22.2 1.0 0.6 0.3 2.0 3.6 1.0 1.3 0.7 8.8 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.0 2.4 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.8 1.2 49.6 24.2 23.2 35.0 20.4 21.0 21.0 31.0 33.5 21.8 26.2 24.6 17.5 34.2 24.0 23.0 29.0 26.0 29.6 32.8 27,0 31.4 24.2 32.0 38.0 34.0 38.0 31.6 39.0 41.0 28.7 28.6 300 60.0 48.0 38.0 49.0 52.0 36.5 36.6 68.0 32.0 31.0 46.5 29.0 29.0 28.0 30.0 36.0 24.0 35.0 30.2 35.0 36.0 46.2 32.0 42.0 62.0 3SO 47.0 61.6 66.5 47.0 46.2 43.0 400 59.3 84.0 92.5 450 75.0 soo 5SO t c3i» 279 248 252 168 260 238 270 313 343 126 490 431 403 360 372 200 298 266 291 343 181 271 279 293 243 225 397 265 167 249 292 225 263 293 246 280 231 226 293 271 331 169 198 299 £emarks. Square break Sqnare break; shattered Square break Shattered with flakes on tension side Square break - Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Square break Shattered from end to end Square break Specimen with curly grain ; square break on tension sido, splitting in axis. Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered do Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered. do Broke at small knot at point of compression Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; also broke at knot near the end. Square break with scale on tension side Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered Square break; shattered ' Cross-grained Started at knot Crushed at center bearing ; square break do Square break do Square break; split to one end Sqnare break Specimen cross-grained; broke at large knot Crushed at center bearing; splinter on comer Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Sqnare break do Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis . Shattered Sqnare break Crashed at center bearing ; sqnare break Square break Sqnare break; shattered. do Specimen cross-grained ; squire break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break at knot Sqnare breaJ:; shattered. do 71» 711 711 712 71! 71« 718 714 714 71 S 978 978 62 277 277 661 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 707 1044 1044 97S 987 987 638 668 668 73» 73» 819 819 819 91t 993 902 26 FOR 402 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. T^BLB III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 362. Finns refleza While Pine. 353. Finns Fanrana Pifion. Nut Fine. 355. Finns ednlis FiOon. Nut Pine. 356. Finns monophylla . . Pinon. Nut Fine. V 357. Finns BaUbnriana . . 357. Finns Balfoniiana, var. aristata- Foxtail Pine. Hickory Fine. 368. Finns resinosa Sed Pine. Norway Pine. 359. Finns Torreyana . 360. Finns Arizonica . Yellovj Pine. 361. Finns ponderosa Tellovi Fine. Bull Pin*. 2. FinnsJeffreyi' Bull Fine. Slack Pine. 661 661 656 656 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 619 626 630 630 632 718 718 731 731 907 910 633 633 667 667 State. Arizona . ....do.... California . ...do Colorado. Utali ... Nevada . California , ...do Colorado. ..do.... ...do.-.. Nevada . . HicUgan ...do New Brunswick . ...do Vermont ...do ...do ...do California ...do Arizona . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .-..do.... Dakota Oregon California . ..-.do ...do ....do ...do Montana... .. do California. . -. do Colorado... ...do California . ...do ...do ...do Locality. Santa Bita mount- ains. ...do Sun Biego oonnty. ...do CaBon City . Lewiston . SanTille.. Scott raoautains . ...do Forest City ...do ...do FroBpectmonntain. Hersey ...do Bridgeton ...do Charlotte ...do ...do ..do San Diego county. . ...do Santa Bita monnt- ains. ...do .do. .do. .do. Deadwood Saw.mill, Ashland.. Strawberry valley . . ...do Saw-mill, Straw. ' berry valley. ...do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Saw.mlll, Missoula. . ...do Lassen's peak. -..do CafionCity .... ...do Scott mountains - . . ...do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. ...do Collector. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do G. E. Vasey. ...do E. Weston . H. E.Jones. A. Triple... G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do T. S. Brandegee. ...do ...do A. Triple W. J.Beal... ...do Ed. Sinclair-. ...do C. G. Fringle. ...do ...do ....do G.Engelmann ... ...do C.G. Fringle., ...do ...do ...do ...do Bobert Douglas . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... ...do ...do ...do ■W.G. "Wright. S. Watson ...do , SierraLumberCom- pany. do E. Weston . .-..do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do W.G.Wright. ...do Soil. Gravelly . Eocky . . . Gravelly. Eocky . ...do.. Eocky. Sandy . ...do.. Eocky . ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do .. Gravelly. Low, wet, swampy ...do Dry, gravelly . ...do..-. S3, 0. 5261 0. 5392 0. 6862 0. 6342 0. 6704 0. 5894 0. 6579 0. 5623 0. 5714 0. 5113 0.4987 0.4811 0.6249 0.5482 0. 5511 0. 4951 0. 4191 0. 4886 0.4789 0. 5221 0.S164 0.5471 0. 5800 0. 6570 0.7913 0. 4749 0. 4696 0. 4250 0. 5034 0.4788 0.4814 e. 4748 0. 5502 0.4429 0. 5079 0. 4502 0. 4750 0. 4795 0.4863 0. 5206 0. 5277 0. 5078 0. 6708, 0. 5948 0. 6329 & COEFFICIENT OP KLASTICITJ. 814 939 390 444 429 421 519 542 651 568 888 842 651 1356 1320 1039 888 1221 976 1039 1163 634 542 763 814 814 872 729 1221 1356 191 266 1221 814 1285 1085 1163 1221 1163 313 271 498 417 1221 1627 O V 849 976 349 407 421 415 464 528 660 574 888 763 634 1395 1375 1039 849 1110 1007 1062 1221 630 454 746 835 857 888 794 1285 1252 190 264 1221 814 1302 1110 1163 1221 1163 305 247 394 1320 1479 851 347 504 448 281 291 558 771 895 735 806 070 773 703 813 799 809 703 703 553 598 769 647 881 930 443 382 905 780 1041 766 818 783 795 391 438 585 316 002 1171 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UlSTDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 403 BBFLSCTIOir, m MIT.TiTM K TBBB, UNDBB A PKESSUUE, DJ KILOGRAMS, OF— SO 6.0 5.2 12.5 11.0 11.4 11. G 0.4 9.0 7.6 8.6 S.5 5.8 7.5 3.6 3.7 4.7 6.5 4.0 6.0 4.7 4.2 7.7 9.0 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.6 6.7 4.0 3.6 25.6 18.4 4.0 6.0 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.2 15. G 18.0 0.8 11.7 4.0 3.0 lOO 11.5 10.0 28.0 24.0 23.2 23.6 21.5 18.5 14.8 17.0 11.0 12.8 15.4 7.0 7.1 9.4 11.5 8.8 9.7 9.2 8.0 15.5 21.5 13.1 n.7 11.4 11.0 12.3 7. G 7.8 51.5 37.0 8.0 12.0 7.5 8.8 8.4 8.0 8.4 32.0 39.5 19.3 24. S 7.4 ISO 17.5 15.0 37.2 39.2 23.2 25.7 17.3 19.0 24.0 10.7 10.5 14.0 16.8 13.0 15.0 14.0 12.3 22.4 34.6 20.0 17.0 16. C 16.0 19.0 11.5 11. G 80.0 57.0 12.0 18.0 11.2 13.3 12.7 !•:. 6 12.4 54.0 71.0 30.0 300 11.0 9.6 24.2 20.0 55.0 32.5 36.0 23.5 26.3 34.2 14.5 14.0 19.2 23.5 17.6 20.0 19.5 16.6 30.8 50.2 27.5 25.0 23.2 22.1 26.5 15.5 15.5 O (set.) 1.0 0.8 300 25.0 20.2 59.2 250 32.0 25.6 16.0 24 8 14.7 18.0 17.0 16. 8 17.0 40.0 15.0 13.0 2.5 0.9 1.1 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.9 7.5 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.2 \4 0.5 0.5 0.6 23.5 57.0 35.7 14.6 14.0 19.5 24.0 17. G 20.3 19.5 17.0 31.5 51.7 28.2 25.3 24.0 22.1 27.0 15.3 15.5 16.2 25.3 15.0 18.0 17.0 16.7 17.5 3.8 41.8 0.5 0.4 15.0 13. 2 31.0 36.0 46.2 18.8 17.8 25.7 32.0 23.0 26.0 25.0 21.5 41.5 73.0 31.0 29.0 35.0 19.5 20.0 20.0 33.5 18.5 23.0 22.4 21.5 21.5 55.5 300 33.0 40.0 24.0 22.5 35.0 30.0 40.2 33.0 28.4 56.5 48.0 39.0 25.0 24.2 26.0 44.0 23.0 30.7 28.0 28.5 27.5 19. 24. 16. 20. 330 43.0 31.0 28.5 31.5 30.5 31. G 28.0 32.6 24.6 400 35.0 30.0 4S0 50O 5SO ti a > 294 363 148 216 191 120 126 124 238 200 329 290 296 382 399 344 286 330 300 347 341 346 300 253 328 276 376 397 189 163 386 333 444 327 349 334 339 167 187 260 136 386 500 Bemarks. Specimen cross-gTained; failed with long split. do Eroke at knot near end . do Broke at knot- Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot. do do Square break . do 0.25 sap-TTood; specimen cross-grained. Square break with split at end Shattered Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing ; square break Specimen cross-grained; shattered Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break on tension side^ splitting in axis ; crushed at center bearing. Square break ; crushed at center bearing Broke with long scale Shattered - do-.- Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot . . - .' Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered . Square break; split to one end 0.76 sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break ; shattered Broken at end ; shattered Short break ; shattered ; Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Square break SquEirn bi-eak on tension side, splitting in axis. do Square break ; split to one end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained Sap-wood; specimen cross-grained; broke at knot. Cross-grained Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered . Square break at knot Crushed at center bearing ; ]jroke with fine splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis 661 661 666 656 397 882 916 821 821 821 014 315 315 785 786 1074 1075 1076 1076 996 996 1154 1154 1165 1155 1156 619 626 630 630 632 636 689 718 718 731 731 907 910 633 G33 667 067 404 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL -WOODS OF THE Species. >63. Fmns Chlhaaliiiaiia l/Bi. Fiuns contorta Scrub Pine. 865. Finna Mnirayima Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge- pole Pine. Spruce Pine. S66. Finns Sabiniana Digger Pine. BuU Pine. 867. Finns Conlteri i S68. Finns inaignis Monterey Pine. 369. Finns tnbeTcnlata Knob-cone Pine. ' 878. Finns Teeda..^ I/oblolly Pine. Old-field Pine, Rosemary Pine. 374. Finns dansa Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. 375. Finns pnngena ' Table-mountain Pine. Siekory Pine. 876. Finns mnricata Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine. 371. Finns rigida Pitch Pine. 372. Finns aerotina Pond Pine. 373. Finns inops Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. 664 664 997 997 625 625 644 644 1157 1157 676 676 576 576 82 82 355 355 State. 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 622 1169 1169 1172 1172 279 279 321 321 671 67i Arizona . ...do.... Britisli Colnnitia ...do Colorado.. ...do ...do California. ...do .do. ■ do. ..do. do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Horida ...do Alabama ...do Nortli Carolina . .. ...do ...do ...do Mossaclinsetts . ...do ...do ...do...: Florida . ...do... South Carolina . ...do Indiana ...do New Jersey ....do Florida . .. do... Virginia . ...do.... California . ...do Locality. Santa Bita monnt- ains. ...do Vanconver's island ...do Forest City ...do ...do Scott mountains . ...do Contra Costa connty ....do San Bernardino. ..-.do , Monterey. ... do Mount Shasta . ...do DuTal county. ...do Cottage Hill . . ...do Wilmington .. ...do ...do ...do Arnold Arboretum. ...do ITorth Beading ...do Duval county. ...do Aiken ...do ITew Albany . ...do Monnt Helly. ...do Apalachicoln . ...do Wytheville . ...do Marin county . ...do Collector. Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do....r.. .do. .do. T. S. Brondegee. ...do C.S.Sargent G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent ...do.......... G. B. Vasey. ...do W. 6. Wright. ...do G. B.Vaaey. ...do G. Engelmann a; C. S. Sargent. ...do.......... A, H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr ...do E. Kidder . ..do.. ...... ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do J. Kobinaon . . ...do A. H. Cnrtias - ...do H. W. Bavenel . ...do M. J. Bobinson ...do S. F. Sharpies . . ...do Soil. Dry, gravelly . ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do H. Shriver . ...do G. E. Vasey . ...do .do. .do. Moist, sandy loam ...do ...do ., ...do '... ...do Gravelly. ...do.... Dry, gravelly. ...do Gravelly loam . . ...do Gravelly. ...do... Moist, sandy. ...do Low, rich ...do Loam ...do ...do ...do Drift. ...do. ...do. ...do . Moist, sandy loam. ...do Dry, sandy . ...do Clay . . ...do. Dry, sandy barren. ...do Clay.. ...do. Gravelly. . ...do o s >>& H 3 g § 03 0.5801 0. 6983 0.6456 0. 6198 0.4551 0.4265 0.4546 0. 4600 0.4618 0.6460 0.5426 0. 4443 0. 4322 0.4835 0. 5095 0.4071 0. 3901 0. 6068 0. 6147 0. 5914 0.5846 0. 6600 0.4806 0. 4675 0. 4937 0. S670 0. 6943 0. 4371 0. 6140 0. 7692 0. 7618 0.5403 0. 5537 0. 5610 0. 6703 0. 6920 0. 7088 0.5341 0. 5218 0. 6160 0. 6300 0.6673 0. 5883 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTIClTr. ■OS 626 872 1808 1395 542 625 976 857 976 514 661 1221 1062 888 1136 354 519 1627 1744 688 888 1395 888 921 1136 697 775 542 376 1136 1221 405 697 751 643 462 373 542 596 679 976 1039 1221 gs O to CM 651 800 1775 1395 601 514 976 906 759 1048 937 286 347 743 675 769 628 738 642 820 1221 818 1062 703 872 670 1085 809 362 293 496 525 1627 998 1684 1462 638 79P 804 666 1302 1012 888 602 039 773 1085 796 651 797 769 851 637 647 368 663 U63 1168 1177 1172 465 082 697 662 781 855 626 490 428 722 368 037 628 429 568 574 630 771 976 680 1085 1005 1302 1069 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 405 TTNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. DBFLXCTION, IN MILLIMETEBS, UKUBB A FBESBUBB, IK EILOSBAMS, OF— 50 7.8 5.6 2.7 3.5 9.0 9.3 5.0 5.7 6.0 9.5 7.6 4.0 4.6 5.5 4.3 13.8 9.4 3.0 2.8 7.1 6.5 3.5 5.5 5.3 4.3 7.0 6.3 9.0 13.0 4.3 4.0 10.5 7.0 6.5 9.0 10.8 13.1 0.0 8.3 7.2 6.0 4.7 4.0 lOO ISO 15.0 12.2 6,5 7.0 19.5 19.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 15.2 8.0 9.2 11.2 9.0 27.0 19.7 6.0 6.8 15.3 11.3 7.5 11.0 10.4 9.0 15.0 12.7 18.2 26.5 8.4 8.3 21.0 14.0 12.5 18.6 22.8 27.3 18.5 17.6 16.5 10.0 9.0 7.5 23.0 18.2 8.2 10. 2 15.0 16.8 15.0 300 IB. 5 29. 22.5 12.2 14.6 17.0 14.3 30.6 9.0 8.7 23.3 17.6 11.0 17.0 16.0 13.0 23.6 20.0 27.5 40.0 12.3 12.6 82,3 22.0 19.5 29.6 36.0 41.0 32.0 28.0 24.0 16.6 13.2 11.8 31.5 25.7 11.5 14.0 O (set.) 1.6 ,1.3 0.2 0.3 20.7 23.7 20.2 43.0 32.0 16.2 20.0 23.6 19.6 45.0 12.0 11.7 33.0 24.0 15.0 24.0 22.4 18.0 33.5 28.5 41.0 60.0 17.0 17.0 49.0 31.0 27.0 43.0 60.0 60.0 40.0 35.0 23.2 18.5 15.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 4.6 2.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.4 300 32.0 25.8 11.6 14.0 4.8 0.4 0.2 2.5 1.5 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.5 3.0 2.4 4.0 8.0 0.6 0.6 6.0 0.5 1.6 6.3 6.0 0.3 3.6 3.5 1.2 0.3 0.0 21.0 23.5 20.6 446 33.0 16.6 20.0 23.7 19.8 aso 42.0 32.4 14.4 18.0 48.0 12.3 11.8 33.0 24.6 15.0 24.0 22.5 18.0 34.0 29.2 42.7 63.0 17.0 17.4 51.0 33.0 27.6 45.0 52.6 63.5 41.2 35.5 23.2 18.0 15.2 27.0 32.0 27.5 61.0 44.0 21.3 27.0 31.0 26.0 300 55.0 43.7 18.0 21.3 37.5 35.5 95.0 62.5 350 71.0 21.6 27.0 33.4 15.6 14.5 44.0 32.6 18.6 29.4 23.0 45.8 37.5 60.0 88.0 21.5 22.2 71.0 35.8 71.0 88.0 47.0 30.8 23.2 10.0 19.0 17.6 67.5 38.5 30.2 63.5 50.0 27.0 27.6 47.6 114.0 64.0 29.0 24.0 400 26.0 450 500 23.0 21.3 29.2 68.0 33.0 34.5 63.5 36.0 28.5 29.0 25.7 38.0 39.0 42.5 47.0 35.0 30.2 550 37.2 48.6 62.6 44.0 ¥ ^ (St Bemarks. 324 447 400 122 148 317 288 328 315 360 286 345 126 224 426 624 337 234 432 240 330 339 340 363 276 283 494 600 291 240 365 213 308 272 183 245 329 290 429 452 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Failed from large splinter on tension side Cruslied at center bearing ; failed from tension side . Failed from large splinter on comer Broke at knot Square break at knot Square break; splintered. Square break do Square break on tension side, splitting in asls; shattered . do .1 do Broke at knot . Specimen cross-grained; shattered . do Sap-wood; square break. do Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Long split atone end Long split 0.33 sap-wood; square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered . do .do. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Broke with coarse splinters. do.. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Oblique fracture ; started at knot Shattered Square break Specimen cross-grained ; shattered , do Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot. . Shattered -do . Specimen cross-grained ; broke near end. Square break . do 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 625 625 644 644 1167 1157 676 676 576 676 82 82 356 355 388 388 389 38£ 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 .622 1169 1169 1172 1172 270 279 321 821 671 871 406 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. ' Locality. Collector. SoiL o o as. OS COEFPICtENT OP BLABTICITY. CO o 13 za 377. Piirn.s mit is Telloiti Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. JiuU Pine. 378. Pinna glabra Cedar Pime. Spruce Pine. White Pine. 879. Pinns Banksiana Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's 0. Finns palnstris Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. 278 278 319 142 142 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 83 85 85 243 243 357 357 358 358 359 359 300 300 301 361 384 384 385 390 390 1096 1096 381. Finns Cnbensis 84 Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas tardPine. Meadow Pine. I 84 Florida ..-.do Louisiana . Chattahoocliee . .. do Amite South Carolina ...do Mississippi ...do ...do Florida ...do Bonneau's Depot . ...do GaiitesTille --■4o ...do Ciiattahooclice ...do Michigan- ... do New Brunswick . ....do ...do ....do Baldwin . ..;do.... 84 356 Florida ....do ....do ....do ...do -. do .. do .. do ...do ....do Alabama ....do . do ..do . do ..do ..do ....do ...do ...do Florida ...do ....do Nortli Carolina . . , ... do Alabama ....do Florida . . ...do.... .. do Alabama., ...do Dnval connty. ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Saint John's rivfer. ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Citronelle , . . . ...do Chunchula... ...do ...do ;. ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Keys. .. do .... Cedar ...do Wilmington . ...do Mobile ...do Duval county . .. do ...do Cottage Hill . . ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do C.Mohr Clay ...do Sandy loam . H. W. Eavenel. ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do A. H. Curtiss . . ...do Bich upland . ...do low, sandy . . ...do ...do Low, wet ...do W. J. Beal.- ...do , Low, sandy . ...do Intercolonial rail- way. do ; .do. .do. A. H. Curtiss. ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do , ...do.. ...do C. Mohr ...do ...do , ...do......... ...do ..l.do ....do ...do ...do. ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do ...do ,. E. Kidder .... --.do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do ...do , C.Mohr , ...do Sandy loam.. ...do ...do ...do Moist, sandy. ...do ...do ...do Sandy loam. ...do ...do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Moist, sandy. ...doi ...do ...do ...do 0. 6524 0.6490 0. 6516 0. 4650 0.4035 0. 3535 0. 3500 0. 4268 0. 5089 0. 4713 0.4912 0.4917 0. 5191 0. 4297 0. 4839 0. 5129 0. 9375 0. 8125 0.6950 0. 9822 0. 6164 0. 6632 0. 7568 0. 8800 0. 7087 0. 7066 0. 0643 0. 8410 0. 8906 0. 8706 0. 7988 0. 8728 0.7654 0. 7242 0. 7585 0. 7480 . 0.6005 0. 6438 0. 7038 0. 6739 0. 6293 0. 6375 0. 6852 0. 6934 0. 6646 0. 8314 0. 7716 0. 7710 1221 1395 1479 634 642 220 244 244 561 695 574 814 1252 1415 1458 660 660 208 238 233 542 592 574 769 1320 1356 872 939 976 930 1039 1085 1028 1628 1526 1575 976 1062 1628 1628 814 888 1628 1575 1039 1085 642 630 1953 1775 2123 1713 1628 1550 1628 1713 1436 1393 1628 1775 1628 1684 1628 1628 1684 1776 1221 1302 2035 1033 2035 2035 957 967 1628 1635 1221 1221 1808 1776 1628 1350 1085 1163 1479 1459 1479 1302 1103 1191 1479 1479 1878 1933 1953 1933 874 1035 1188 i69 370 262 340 431 760 633 674 649 947 570 448 722 IIGO 1266 820 1240 820 1036 937 935 1266 1289 1172 1472 1289 1392 1233 1397 1380 1170 1287 1322 042 1064 1045 1137 1062 1166 1095 1170 1048 1181 1270 146S THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 407 DEPLBCTlpK, IN MILLIMETEES, UKDEE A PEESBUEE, IK K1L0GEAM8, OF— SO lOO ISO 300 (set.) 300 3SO 300 350 400 450 50O SSO a I •a g PI Bem^ks. / 4.0 8.5 3.3 7.7 7.6 23.2 20.0 20.0 8.7 8.2 8.5 6.0 3.7 5.C 5.0 4.7 3.0 3.2 S.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 4.7 7.6 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.0 2.4 2.4 5.1 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.0 4.5 3.3 3.3 4.2 3.3 2.0 2.5 7.8 6.9 6.7 14.8 14.8 47.0 41.0 43.0 18.0 16.5 17.0 12.7 7.2 10.4 10.5 9.0 6.0 6.2 9.2 6.0 11.0 6.2 9.0 15.5 5.5 5.7 6.3 5.7 7.0 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.5 7.5 5.0 4.8 10.1 5.9 8.0 5.5 6.3 8.4 6.7 7.5 8.2 6.6 5.0 5.0 11.2 10.8 10.0 23.2 22.5 15.1 14.2 13.1 32.0 32.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 3.0 2.4 15.2 14.2 13.2 33.2 32.2 19.0 18.0 16.5 24.0 22.0 20.2 29.2 27.0 25.0 32.0 29.5 45.0 34.0 70.5 29.0 26. 87. 27.0 19.6 10.8 16.4 17.0 13.7 9.0 9.3 14.0 9.0 17.0 9.2 13.7 23.5 8.0 8.2 9.2 8.5 10.0 8.6 9.0 9.5 8.4 11.0 7.2 7.3 15.2 8.5 11.4 8.5 9.2 12.6 9.6 11.2 12.4 10.0 7.8 7.3 39.0 27.5 14.8 20.5 18.4 12.4 12.4 18.2 12.6 23.2 12.3 18.8 32.5 10.7 11.0 12.3 11.3 13.4 11.4 11.6 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 9.8 20.3 11.5 15.5 11.0 12.4 16.8 13.0 15.3 16.5 13.0 10.3 10.0 5.2 43.0 3. 8 38. 5.0 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 60.0 51.0 40.2 27.6 14.3 21.0 18.4 12.5 12.7 18.2 12.3 24.0 12.3 18.8 33.0 10.9 11.0 12.5 11.4 13.7 11.5 12.0 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 10.0 20.5 11.6 15.4 11.2 12.8 16.8 13.2 15.5 16.4 13.2 10.2 10.0 38.0 18.2 30.0 15.6 15.5 23.0 15.6 31.5 15.5 24.0 42.3 13.9 13.6 15.5 14.0 16.8 14.0 14 5 15.6 .i4.0 18.4 12.5 12.0 26.7 14.2 19.6 14.2 15.5 21.5 16.5 19.5 20.8 16.2 13.0 12.0 89.0 23.0 37.0 19.0 19.0 28.0 19.0 41.5 19.0 31.0 55.0 16.6 16.6 19.0 17.0 20.6 17.0 17.5 19.0 17.0 22.5 15.0 15.0 17.5 24.0 17.0 19.2 26.5 20.5 24.5 25.3 20.0 15.5 16.0 28.6 22.6 23.0 22.0 55.7 23.6 37.2 70.0 19.2 20.0 23.0 20.6 25.5 23.0 21.0 23.0 20.0 28.0 17.8 17.0 38.0 27.0 27.2 26.2 20.8 29.2 21.0 23.7 32.5 24.5 30.0 31.0 24.0 18.2 17.5 23.0 23.0 27.0 23.5 30.3 27.0 25.0 27.0 23.0 33.0 20.7 20.2 24.5 35.0 25.0 28.5 39.0 29.0 35.7 36.5 28.5 21.3 21.0 32.5 31.7 26.7 27.5 31.0 28.3 36.0 32.0 29.0 31.5 27.0 40.0 24.0 23.6 30.5 38.0 48.0 35.4 44.0 33.0 25.0 24.0 39.0 32.3 32.5 37.5 33.0 45.0 38.0 34.0 37.0 31.5 28.0 28.0 6.5 39.0 30.0 28.0 39.6 38.5 46.8 44.0 37.0 34.0 373 450 507 200 243 112 145 184 327 270 245 277 404 243 191 308 495 540 350 529 350 442 400 399 540 550 500 628 550 594 526 696 589 499 549 564 274 454 446 485 453 497 467 499 447 504 Specimen crose-gTained ; started at knot Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split iritli grain. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis do Shattered Sqnaro break at knot ...t Shattered do Sqaarc break Long, shattered break Broke with small splinters Broke at small knot^s Broke at knot Broke at small knots ; shattered . Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing ; square break Square break with large splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis with large splinters . Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing ; square break 0.5 sap-wood; splintered break Shattered; split to one end Broke with large flakes on ba«fc do - Sqnare break with flakes on back 45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with flakes on Square break, (a) Boxed 1852; chipped ten years; abandoned 1861 Shattered, (a) Boxed 1852 ; chipped ten years ; abandoned 1861 Sqnare break with large flakes on comers, (a) Boxed 1876 ; chipped four years ; specimen taken along chip. Square break on tension side, splitfing in axis, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years; specimen taken along chip. Broke with thin flakes on back, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years ; specimen taken above chip. Square break, somewhat shattered, (o) Boxed 1876 ; chipped four years ; specimen taken above chip. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years. Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years. . - Specimen cross-grained; split Broke with flakes on back Broke with thick flakes on back do :^ -do. Shattered, (o) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago Broke with large flake, (o) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago Specimen cross-grained; split - Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large spUnteis - Square break 542 Slightly splintered. 31. 5 625 39. 2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with large flat splinters on comers. a In the mann&cture of turpentine. 278 27« 3M 142 142 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 85 85 85 243 243 357 357 353 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 384 384 38f 39* 390 1096 109« «4 81 84 35* 394 408 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spesies. 381. PlniiB Cnbenais — continned. 382. Picea nigra ..... ^ . Black Spruce. 388. Ficeaalba White Spruce. 381. PlceaEngelmannl . White Spruce. 385. Ficea pxmgens White Spruce. Blue Spruce. >8S. Ficea Sitcbensis Tide-land Spruce. 387. Tsnga Canadensia. Hemlock. 493 493 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 ^ 513 513 773 773 ' 784 784 791 791 292 292 575 822 269 270' 2702 970 970 977 977 1015 1019 1019 1026 1026 5 5 219 219 772 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 State. riorida . ...do... Vermont .. -do ...do New Brunswick . . ...do Province of Que- bec. .. do New Brunswick . ...do New Hampsbire . . ...do , New Brunswick . . ...do Locality. Bay Biscayne. ...do Charlotte ...do Huntington Bay of Fundy . -do Banville ..do Bridgeton ...do Stratford ...do Bay of Fundy . ...do .do I Bridgeton .do. Province of Que- bec. ...do , Colorado. ....do.... ....do.... ....do .... ...do . ...do. ...do. Alaska ...do Britisb Columbia ....do Oregon ....do ....do ...do ....do Massachusetts... ...do Vermont ...do New Brunswick . ...do .' ...do ...do ...do ...do :.. .--.do .do ...do.., Amqui . ...do... Forest City . ...do ...do ...do Alpine. ...do .. ...do .. Sitka . ...do. Saw.mill, Burrard inlet. -. do... Weidler's saw.mill, Portland. Saw-mill, Astoria.. .do. Portland Fumitare Company. ...do Arnold Arboretum . ...do Charlotte ...do Bay of Fundy. .. do Bridgeton . ...do Collector. A. H. Cnriiss. ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do ...do Intercolonial rail. way. — do Grand Trunk rail- way. do Ed. Sinclair. ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do Intercolonial rail. way. do Ed. Sinclair. ...do A. Grant ...do T. S. Braudegee.. ...do C. S. Sargent T. S. Brandegee . . .do. .do . .do. PatdScbultze. ...do G. Engelmann and C. ST Sargent. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do C. G. Pringle. . ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do ...do ..do .. do ...do. Ed. Sinclair . ...do....... soa Coral , ...do. Cold, peaty . ...do Gravelly Gravelly . ...do.... Damp. ...do. Peaty.. ...do . Damp. ...do . ...do. Drift ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... S,ea 0. 8406 0. 8942 0. 5604 0.5429 0. 4587 0. 4698 0. 49^9 0. 4296 0. 4153 0. 4425 0. 4785 0.4455 0. 4983 0. 4579 0. 4596 0.4411 0. 4530 0.4319 0.4163 0. 4325 0.3642 0.3411 0. 3805 0. 3939 0. 403G 0. 3810 0. 4676 0.4568 0. 4038 0.3882 0.4398 0. 3517 0. 3688 0. 3891 0. 3810 0. 4210 0. 3989 0. 4716 0. 4699 0.5124 0. 5129 0.4922 0.4458 0. 3496 0.3675 0.4811 0.4805 COEFFICIENT OP ELASTlCITr. ■a . F 1479 1744 1526 1221 904 1062 1221 996 1221 976 939 787 679 1285 1163 939 976 1221 1136 976 554 751 888 542 444 610 921 1062 1085 1039 1221, 996 1110 642 610 763 787 1085 1017 1136 1136 488 432 679 669 976 1085 1479 1684 1064 1479 930 1221 902 921 698 1062 504 1221 834 1062 717 1085 701 888 687 872 741 769 736 688 703 1252 813 1136 792 976 689 976 731 1236 811 1149 703 1028 757 588 420 751 548 864 577 574 441 444 387 642 539 957 734 1085 741 1149 682 1062 635 1302 776 976 614 1085 673 651 653 642 431 814 574 781 586 1062 738 1007 797 1136 900 1177 1031 479 677 432 635 688 541 665 530 976 745 1085 790 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 409 UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETEBB, UKCEB A PBESSUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, OF — 50 lOO ISO 200 3.3 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.4 4.6 4.0 4.9 4.0 6.0 5.2 6.2 7.2 3.8 4.2 5.2 5.0 4.0 4.3 5.0 8.8 6.5 5.5 9.0 11.0 8.0 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.0 4.9 4.4 7.6 8.0 6.4 6.2 4.5 4.8 4.3 4.3 10.0 11.3 7.2 7.'1 S » 4.& 6.6 8.0 10.6 9.2 8.0 9.2 9.0 10.0 11.2 12.7 14.2 7.8 8.6 10.0 10.0 7.9 8.6 9.5 16.6 13.0 11.3 17.0 22.0 15.2 10.2 9.0 8.6 9.2 7.5 10.0 9.0 15.0 16.2 12.0 12.5 9.2 0.7 8.6 8.3 20.4 22.6 14.2 14.7 10.0 9.0 10.0 8.9 10.0 12.5 16.4 14.5 12.0 13.8 13.5 15.0 17.4 19.2 22.4 12.0 13.0 16.5 15.3 12.0 13.0 14.0 26.4 19.0 17.4 28.0 35.2 24.7 15.2 13.4 13.2 14.3 11.4 14.8 13.0 24.4 24.7 17.8 19.2 14.0 14.3 12.8 12.5 34.0 36.6 21.8 22.7 15.0 13.5 13.6 12.5 13.5 16.5 22.7 21.0 16.4 19.0 19.0 21.2 23.6 27.0 32.7 16.0 17. B 21.3 21.3 17.0 17.5 19.0 O (set.) 28.0 26.0 39.5 22.0 18.2 19.0 21.0 15.4 22.0 19.7 36.4 25.0 27.0 19.0 19.5 17.0 17.0 49.0 53.2 32.8 34.5 20. b 18.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.6 ■4.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 300 14.1 12.6 13.8 17.0 23.0 21.5 16.5 19.1 19.5 21.5 24.4 27.4 33.6 16.2 18.0 21.8 21.5 17.0 18.0 19.0 S50 18.2 16.0 17.0 22.0 30.0 2.4 2.2 1.6 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.0 4.3 1.0 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 7.2 7.8 4.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 29.6 27.2 41.2 22.5 18.7 19.0 21.8 15.8 22.6 20.0 38.0 22.0 26.0 27.0 30.0 31.5 37.5 45.7 21.0 23.0 29.6 29.5 22.5 24.0 25.0 300 3SO 400 22.0 20.6 21.2 28.7 29.0 41.0 29.2 31.5 26.5 25.0 28.0 39.5 45.0 43.2 29.5 25.4 27.9 19.0 19.8 17.3 17.2 51.0 54.0 33.0 36.0 21.0 18.7 31.0 25.0 27.0 32.5 21.0 35.3 28.0 24.8 25.0 22.0 22.0 69.5 72.0 27.5 24.0 46.0 34.0 28.5 34.5 33.0 28.5 27.0 31.6 29.2 430 300 35.7 32.5 36.4 36.0 550 -^ P. ii 464 426 397 385 298 215 356 306 299 293 316 314 300 347 338 294 312 346 300 323 179 234 246 188, 165 230 313 316 291 271 331 262 287 236 184 245 250 316 340 384 440 289 271 231 226 318 337 Bemai^. Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis- Square break witb scales on back Crushed at center bearing j square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Square break at large knot Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in aads . Square break .do. Square break; split to end. Broke with flat scales on back Square break; shattered Crushed at center bearing; failed &om flakes on tension side. Square break .do , .do . Crushed at center bearing ; failed from thin scale on tension side. . - Crushed; square break Broke with thin scale on back Square break at knot near end Square break Square break with short splinters '. Started at knot . -do . Square break - Crashed at center bearing ; broke with few thin splinters . .do. Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinter? . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with thin flake Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with thin flake Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Shattered Specimen cross-grained; split Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Broke with large flakes on back Square break Square break with long split in center .do . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Shattered Square break; shattered - Square break Square break; somewhat shattered Square break 493 493 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 613 513 773 773 784 784 791 791 292 292 S76 822 269 270' 270' 978 970 977 977 1016 1019 1019 1026 1026 i 5 219 219 772 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 410 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State, Locality. Collector. Soil. feifg OOEFPIOIENT OF ELASTICITY. ■o-ra O o 387. Tsnga Canadensis — continaed . 388. Tsnga Catoliniaua 389. Tsnsa Mertensiana ^90. Tsnga Fattoniana , .^91. Psendotsnga Donglasii £fi(i Fir. . Yellow Fvr. Oregon Fine. JDouglaa Fir. 793 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 023 971 995 995 980 980 2712 2712 2713 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 973 974 98G 989 1008 1008 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1018 1020 1020 Province of Quebec ....do West Virginia . ....do Maasaclinsetts. ...do ...do ...do Danrille ....do G-rafton ...do Danvers ...do Nortli Heading. ...do North Carolina "Washington ter- ritory. Alaska ..do. Britisli Colnmbia ...do Colorado ...do ...do..... CaUfomia ...do Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do Montana ,... ....do California ....do trtah ....do British Columhia ...do ...do ...do Oregon British Columbia ....do , Oregon ....do ....do J.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do EendersonTille . "Wilkeson Sitka ...do Silver peak, near iPraser river. ...do 1 Alpine. ...do.. ...do.. Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. ...do Saw-mill,Marsh£eld ...do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marsbfield. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Hissonla. . ...do Lassen's peak ...do Salt Late ...do Bnrrard Saw.mill, inlet. ...do.... ...do Saw -mill, Victoria . . Saw-mill, Portland . . Saw-mill, Bnrrard inlet. ...do Oregon Eailwny and l^avigatiou Co. do Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. / ... do Saw.mill, Astoria . ...do Portland Fumitnre Company. ...do '. Grand Tmnk rail- way. ...do C. G. Pringle. ...do J. Bobinson-- ...do ...do .^, ...do Moist loam . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Paul Schultze. . Dry, rocky. Bich loam . .do. G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do T. S. Brandegee . . ...do ..do G. Engelmann and C.S.Sargent. ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do S. Watson . ...do Sierra Lumber Company. ...do M. E, Jones . . ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do ...do Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .-.do- ...do. ...do . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Gravelly loam - ...do Moist. ...do. ...do. Eocky . ...do.. 0. 5264 0. 5248 0.4041 0. 3748 0. 5096 0. 5114 0. 4248 0. 4244 0. 5335 0. 5318 0. 5902 0. 5472 0. 4590 0. 4715 0. 4852 0. 4786 0. 4874 0. 5735 0. 5382 0. 4373 0. 6590 0. 5795 0. 5477 0. 6687 0. 6892 0. 4375 0. 4448 0. 5345 0.5448 0. 5227 0. 5000 0. 5601 0. 5705 0. 5005 0. 4909 0. 3306 0. 4596 0. 6016 0. 4879 0. 5501 0. 5386 0. 5325 0. 5960 0. 6083 0. 6129 0. 6135 0. 4632 0.4485 1136 1221 957 814 763 I 751 1062 921 1017 1628 1526 814 857 1110 1744 1221 888 1526 1136 1393 1575 1808 1085 -1163 1062 1221 1221 1163 996 1163 1221 1163 1356 1085 1221 1252 1628 1221 1191 1628 1628 1628 1808 1110 C-fl 1177 1285 986 814 746 763 1028 896 713 1017 1628 1479 842 888 1149 1628 1356 930 1628 1221 1393 1628 1808 1085 1085 1062 1221 1252 1163 976 1110 1221 1149 1436 1122 1191 1338 1628 1356 1191 1713 1628 1628 1744 1083 979 1024 640 558 848 858 703 703 462 570 1104 1055 751 763 720 775 787 720 776 666 848 1050 937 572 1181 933 937 1249 1317 766 802 703 921 820 703 933 975 771 820 902 787 1008 764 898 900 696 900 696 947 998 1048 1055 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 411 DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETEKB, UNDEE A PKESBUBE, IN KIL0GKAM8, OF— 90 lOO 4.3 8.3 i.O 7.6 6.1 9.9 6.0 12.0 6.4 13.1 6.5 12.8 1.6 9.5 i>,3 10.9 r.o 13.7 4.8 9.6 3.0 6.0 3.2 6.6 115 12.8 0.3 12.4 li.O 11.6 S.7 11.0 4.4 8.5 2.8 6.0 4.0 7.2 5.5 10.5 3.2 6.0 4.3 8.0 3.5 7.0 3.1 6.0 2.7 5.4 4.5 9.0 4.2 9.0 4.6 9.2 4.0 8.0 4.0 7.8 4.2 8.4 4.9 10.0 4.2 8.8 4.0 8.0 4.2 8.5 3.6 6.8 4.5 8.7 4.0 8.2 3.0 7.3 3.0 0.0 4.0 7.2 4.1 8.2 3.0 5.7 8.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 2.7 5.6 4.4 0.0 6.0 10.0 ISO 300 O (set.: 300 3SO 300 350 400 450 5O0 S50 f.i Bemarks. g 13.0 11.5 15.4 18.2 20.4 18.7 14.4 16.4 14.4 9.3 9.6 19.5 18.9 17.0 16.5 1,10 9.2 11.0 17.0 9.0 11.6 10.4 9.0 8.2 13.6 13.3 14.0 12.0 11.7 13.0 15.6 13.4 12.2 12.7 10.1 13.2 12.5 11.0 9.0 11.0 12.3 8.8 9.0 8.8 8.6 13.3 IS. 2 17.5 15.3 22.0 27.0 28.0 25.8 20.3 23.2 21.0 12.6 13.2 27.0 26.4 23.3 24.0 17.5 12.6 14.5 22.5 12.1 15.8 13.6 12.3 11.0 18.7 17.8 19.0 16.2 16.0 17.8 22.0 18.6 17.0 17.0 13.5 18.0 17.0 14.7 12.5 14.5 16.8 12.0 11.6 11.8 11.6 18.0 21.2 0.5 0.2 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 18.0 15.6 22.2 28.0 28.0 26.0 20.5 23.7 23.0 19.5 30.5 29,5 24.3 39.0 30.0 42.4 36.0 33.5 27.5 32.0 47.0 43.0 64.0 61.0 1.4 0.4 0.2 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .0.5 0.7 21.5 12.9 13.2 27.9 26.7 23.7 24.0 18.0 12.6 14.6 23.0 12.2 16.0 14.0 12.5 11.2 19.0 18.0 20.4 16.8 16.0 18.0 22.0 18.5 17.5 17.5 13.6 18.0 17.2 15.0 12.2 14.8 16.9 12.3 12.0 11.8 12.0 18.0 21.5 16.0 16.5 36.0 35.5 32.0 33.0 23.0 16.0 18.2 15.0 20.3 17.0 15.0 14.0 24.7 23.5 26.5 21.0 20.8 23.4 29.0 24.6 22.0 22.5 17.5 24.2 21.5 19.0 15.5 18.7 22.2 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.5 24.0 28.6 19.7 20 5 55.5 48.2 44.0 24.5 25.0 30.5 34.0 29.5 19.5 23.0 18.5 25.5 22.0 18.0 17.0 32.2 30.0 35.8 27.5 26.5 30.5 36.0 30.6 29.2 28.7 22.2 31.0 27.5 25.5 19.5 24.0 19.0 18.4 18.0 18.5 34.0 41.2 24.0 23.0 31.5 27.8 22.7 20.0 27.0 39.5 27.5 24.5 34.2 36.0 45.7 38.5 51.5 28.0 35.0 26.6 31.5 24.0 23.4 22.0 23.0 32.0 32.5 28.0 31.0 39.0 3.0 34.0 29.0 45.6 34.5 44.5 358 437 273 238 362 306 300 300 197 243 471 450 307 307 331 284 362 448 400 244 504 398 400 533 562 327 342 300 393 350 300 398 416 329 350 385 336 430 326 383 384 297 384 207 404 426 447 450 Cmshed at center bearing with thin flake on tension side . Square break ; long split in center Square break do Broke "with flakes on tension side Square break on tension side, splitting in axis C mshed at center bearing ; failed mth flakes on comer . . . Square break; shattered Specimen cross-grained; started at knot. Started at knots Crushed at center bearing; failed from flakes on back. Crushed; splintered Square break . , do Square break and split at end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Bid not break; split through the center Square break; slightly splintered do Flaked on tension side Square break ; largo splinters -' . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Crushed at center bearing ; square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis do Failed from large splinter on comer Specimen cross-grained; splintered Specimen cross-grained ; shattered ■ do Failed from large splinters on corners Failed from large splinters on one corner Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Failed from large splinter on comer Square break do Failed from large splinter on each comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . . Crnshed at center bearing; broke with flakes on back- Crushed at center bearing ; square break; splintered-. Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . . Started at knot; splintered on comer Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . - Cracked at knot Crushed at center bearing and scaled on tension aide . - Splintered do do 793 793 817 817 1040 1041 1042 1042 623 971 996 995 980 980 271« 271> 271' 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 97S 973 974 986 981 1008 1008 1011 1011 1018 lOlt lOlS 1018 1020 1028 412 FOREST TEEES OF NOETH AMEEICA. Table III.— BEHAYIOE OF THE PEmCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. 3 S COEFFICIENT OP ELASTICITY. .1 la 391 . FsendotBaga DonglaBii — cont'd 391. PsendotQnga Doaglasii, var, ma- orocarpa. Bemlock. 392. Abies Fraseri Salsmn. She Balsam. 393. Abies balsamoa Balsam Fir. Balmo/GileadFir. 394. Abies subalpina , Balfam. 395. Abies grandis . TVAite Fir. Abies concolor ^.. White Fir. Balsam IHr. 398. Abies amabilis 399. Abies Dobilis Bed Fir. 400. Abies magniflca Bed Fir. 401. Laris Americana .-I ,. La/reh. Black La/rch. Tamarack, Sackmataok.. > 1022 1022 642 642 523 523 523 377 377 4491 4491 4492 449! 820 820 820 820 1009 1010 1010 529 529 639 639 733 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 647 Oregon . ...do... California. ...do North Carolina . ... do ... do Vermont . ...do Colorado. .. do.... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .. do ...do ...do Oregon . ...do... .. do... Colorado... .- do California . -. do ...do .- do British Columbia .. do Oregon . ...do... California . -.do ...do Portland Pamiture Company. , ...do Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do SaTf.mill, San Ber- nardino. ...do W. G. Wright. ...do Boan mountain Walcott Gibbs... .do. do. Monli:ton . ...do \ Forest City . ..Ao-.L... ...do ...do. ...do. .. do . ...do . ...do . Portland. ...do ...do Engelmanu's caSon .. do Strawberry valley . -..do Lassen's peak- ..... ...do Silver peat, near Fraser river. ..do Cascade mountains ...do Vermont 226« ... do 774 New Brunswick 774 .-..do 781 ...do 781 ...do 786 ....do 786 ..-.do 795 ..-.do 795 ....do 840 Massachusetts I "Wenham 840 ....do |....do .... Soda Springs . ...do ...do Charlotte .-- do Bay of Fundy. .--.do , .--.do : ...do Bridgeton , ...do Banyille ...do do . .do. C. G. Pringle ...do....... T. S. Brandegee . ...do ...do ...do ...do .-.do .- do ...do G, Fngelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do .do . Bobert Douglas . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. . . do Sierra Lumber Company. ... do Peaty loam . ...do ...do Peaty. ...do. Moist, sandy loam .-.do --.do ,-... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Eich, alluvial . ...do ...do Eocky . . . ..do..-- Alluvial - ;--do .... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .do . .do. C. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .do . C.G. Pringle. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. — do ...do ...do Ed. Sinclair. .. do Gr.md Trunk rail. way. ...do J. Bobinson . ...do Eich, sandy loam. ...do Eich . . ...do. Gravelly loam . ...do ...do Cold, swampy. ...do Swampy . ...do.... 0. 4899 0.4735 0. 5357 0. 5397 0. 3602 0. 3323 0. 3636 0.4455 0.4419 0. 3941 0. 3760 0. 3682 0. 3807 0. 3368 0. 3350 0. 3073 0. 3622 0. 4002 0. 3597 0.3641 0. 3602 0. 3801 0. 4019 0.4744 0. 4989 0. 4604 0. 4754 0. 5168 0. 6074 0.,4932 0.4608 0. 5134 0. 4965 0. 7381 0. 7295 0. 6147 0. 6336 0. 5973 0. 5742 0. 5964 0. 6204 0. 6170 0. 6030 0. 5988' 0. 6272 1221 1163 1062 1085 976 976 976 740 651 775 775 872 679 688 751 787 976 763 976 976 631 1285 1252 1221 1221 1221 1221 542 976 642 2325 1526 1221 1395 697 688 1436 1285 1479 1526 842 814 1221 1136 1050 1050 1017 976 921 734 638 787 723 849 642 679 783 909 654 621 642 445 584 548 370 586 347 618 740 462 787 492 888 469 761 333 1085 527 1039 621 697 565 787 49!) 656 703 673 764 1320 904 1320 796 1252 769 1268 816 1285 906 1268 820 514 580 939 816 534 703 1953 1169 1628 1065 1356 937 1479 790 734 703 688 717 1305 923 1356 1066 1436 937 1305 870 872 820 842 823 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 413 DEFLECTION. IN MILIJMETERS, UNCEB A FBESBUEE, III KILOGBAMS, OF- 50 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.B 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.3 6.3 5.6 7,2 7.1 6.5 6.2 5.0 6.4 5.0 5.0 7.4 6.3 7.1 7.5 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 2.1 3.2 4.0 3.5 7.0 7.1 8.4 3.8 3.3 S.2 5.8 6.0 too 8.0 8.6 9.3 9.3 9.6 10.0 10.6 13.3 10.8 12.4 13.5 11.5 15.2 14.4 )3.2 12.4 11.0 13.0 9.0 9.4 .14.0 12.4 14.9 14.5 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.7 19.0 10.4 18.3 5.0 6.0 7.2 6.6 13.3 14.2 7.0 7.2 6.8 7.0 11.2 11.6 ISO 12.0 12.5 14.0 14.3 15.0 15.0 15.5 21.0 16.8 19.5 21.5 16.7 22.0 21.0 20.5 17.0 14.0 14.5 21.5 20.0 23.0 22.4 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.9 11.4 11.7 30.7 15.7 29.5 7.4 9.2 10.8 10.0 21.0 22.4 11.0 10.8 10.0 10.3 18.2 17.8 2O0 16.4 17.0 19.0 19.4 21.0 22.0 22.6 22.5 29.0 32.0 20.5 21.0 32.0 29.0 32.2 31.5 14.9 15.0 16.4 16.2 15.4 16.0 46.0 22.0 40.8 10.0 12.0 14.5 13.2 29.7 32.0 14.5 14.5 13.2 14.0 20.3 25.7 O (set.) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.5 2.5 1.5 4.4 1.0 1.6 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 5.5 1.0 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 2.8 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 3.0 2.0 300 16.5 17.1 19.3 19.7 21.5 22.2 23.7 22.5 29.3 25.6 20.7 22.0 34.5 30.0 33.4 32.5 15.0 16.0 16.8 16.8 16.0 16.2 49.4 22.5 43.5 10.2 12.0 14.6 13.5 30.6 32.8 14.6 14.7 13.5 14.5 27.0 26.5 sso 22.0 22.0 25.2 25.7 31.0 33.5 34.0 39.2 32.0 44.7 43.7 18.5 21.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.8 94.0 30.0 62.0 12.7 15.0 18.0 16.5 40.4 44.0 18.2 18.5 17.0 18.8 35.0 35.5 300 31.0 29.0 32.0 33.0 64.0 63.5 23.4 28.0 32.5 30.0 27.0 29.0 16.0 18.5 23.5 25.0 55.5 63.5 23.7 23.4 21.5 24.2 40.0 47.0 350 42.8 19.5 38.0 47.0 19.0 23.0 30.0 30.0 29.0 28.5 32.5 75.0 400 24.0 29.0 46.0 36.0 40.0 450 29.0 38.0 46.0 500 5SO f92 "fiS £2 a fc 328 298 334 388 279 265 274 190 249 234 158 250 148 221 197 210 200 142 225 265 237 213 300 326 386 340 328 348 386 350 250 348 300 499 450 400 337 300 306 394 455 400 371 350 351 Remarks. Square break; split at end . Sqnare break Square break on tension side, splitting In axis; shattered.. do Square break ; splintered . do do Square break Specimen cross-grained . Cmsbed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break at knot Cmsbed at center bearing ; fl.aked on back. Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot — Square break do Square break and split Broke with long, oblique split . Specimen shaky; broke with long split . Crushed at center bearing Square break with long, thin splinter. . - Shattered Square break ; shattered Square break with flakes on tension side — Thin flake on back Crushed at center bearing with thin flakes . Crushed at center bearing ; splintered Square break Crushed at center bearing ; square break . Ci'nshed at center bearing ; flaked Crushed at center bearing; splintered . Square break; split Specimen cross-grained Square break on tension side, splitting in axis - Crushed at center bearing ; broke with flne splinters - Crushed at center bearing; broke with thin scales — Crushed at center bearing; broke with flne splinters - Large scale on tension side Shattered at one end Specimen cross-graiued ; square break ; split Crushed at center bearing; broke with flne splinters . Square break ; splintered Crushed at center bearing ; scaled on tension side Crushed at center bearing; scaled Failed from large splinter on comer Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis 1022 1022 642 642 623 523 523 377 377 449> 4491 449^ 449> 820 820 820 820 1009 1010 1010 529 520 639 639 733 738 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 647 226> 226« 774 774 781 781 786 786 795 79t 840 84« 414 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE; species. State. Locality, Collector. Soil. o-S a CO ^ f OEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. ID 1Q2. Lailx oocidentalis . lamttiraek. PAXMACE.a!. 405. Wasbizigtoma filifera. . Fan-leaf Palm. 719 719 984 984 1006 1006 1159 1159 Montana. ...do Washington terri- tory. ...do ..do. ..do. Missonla. ...do.... Tnlda ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... S. Watson . . . ...do W. Siksdorf . -'.-do ...do ...do Moist . ...do. ...do- ....do. California . ...do Agna Caliente. ...do W. G. Wright. ...do Dry, gravelly . ...do 0. 6265 0. 6966 0.8136 0. 8364 0. 8426 0. 8376 0. 6012 0. 6307 1221 1356 1628 1628 1878 1953 460 697 1221 1395 1713 1713 1953 1953 403 723 914 1106 1289 1481 1287 1287 271 Table IV.— BEHAVIOE OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES^ Species. State. Locality. Collector. Sou. COEFFCIEHT OP 1 ■ ■s 1 ' 1' ELASTICITY. 6 1^ 1191 1097 974 1135 1028 816 1109 1062 851 1221 1221 1169 939 921 933 1221 1191 1172 957 940 69e 939 888 703 1085 1050 1118 888 800 916 976 996 936 976 957 958 708 787 892 763 660 658 MAG>rOLLA.CE.a!. 1. Ma^olia grandiflora Btg Lmird. Bull Bay. 2. Magnolia glanca Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White 'Laurel. La/arel. SAPINDACE.ffl. 54. Sapindns marginatns WHA China. Soapberry. LEGXTMrROSJE. 77. Bohinia Psetidacacia Loevst. Black Loeuet. Tellow Locust. hamAmelace.^;. 139. Liqnidambar Styraciflna Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Qum. lAguidamier. Med Qum. BH- tted. 346 354 307 1248 Alabama . ...do Texas . New York. Alabama . OLBACE.ffl!. 192. Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensis BIGKONIAOE.^. 207. Catalpn specioaa Weetern Oataipa- 364 Texas . Miseonri., ...do ■CrETICACE.a;. 224. Ulmus Americana White Elm. American BUn. Water Elm. 228. Celtis occidentalis Suga/rberry. Sackberry. JUGLANDACE.®. 239. Jnglans nigra ... Black Walnut. 348. Carya aqnatica Water Hickory. Swamp Sickory. Bitter Pecan. CUPULIFE9.aS. 2S1. Qnercns alba . White Oak. 19 306 951 362 ...do Mississippi . Massachusetts. ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Dallas . Long Island . Kemper's mill . Dallas . Charleston. ...do Massachusetts Texas Arnold Arboretum Dallas New Braunfels . Vicksburg Arnold Arboretum ...do C. Mohr . ...do.--. J. Beverchon . M. C. Beedle . C. Mohr . J. Beverchon . C.S.Sargent.. ....do ...do J. Beverchon . C. Mohr . ....do.... Bich loam . Swanpy... Bich, damp. Bich, alluvial . Dry, calcareous.. Wet clay . ...do Drift .... Alluvial . Moist, calcareous C.S.Sargent Drift. .do do . 0. 7347 0. 5262 0. 7838 0.8476 0. 6537 0.4783 0.4757 0. 7534 0. 7491 0.7108 0. 7739 0.6958 0. 6820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. irKITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STEADT— Continned. 415 DEPLKCTION, IN MILL1METEB8, DNDEE A FEEBBUEB, IN KILOGEAMS, OF— ti II |i is Bemarka. 1 SO lOO ISO 200 O 200 350 300 3SO 400 450 500 5SO (set.) 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.2 0.5 16.5 21.0 27.5 36.0 390 719 3.6 3.0 7.0 5.7 10.5 8.4 14.0 11.0 0.4 0.3 14.0 11.4 18.0 14.0 22.5 17.5 28.0 20.6 34.0 24.7 45.0 28.5 472 550 do do 719 35.7 47.6 984 3.0 2.6 2.5 5.7 5.0 5.0 8.2 7.6 7.5 11.0 10.4 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 11.0 10.4 10.0 13.6 13.0 12.6 16.5 16.0 15.5 19.5 19.0 18.5 23.0 22.7 22.0 26.8 27.2 26.5 32.0 34.0 36.5 632 549 649 Deflection with COO kilograms = 45.5 millimeters; broke with fine splinters. Crashed at center bearing- flaked 934 100& 1006 10.6 24.2 116 Twisted and anllt 1151^ 7.0 13.5 20.0 29.4 1.8 33.5 250 Sanare break . 11S» UNDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIK: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE. DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETEBB, CNDEB A PBESSUBE, IN KILOBBAMB, OF- 400 SOO 1300 1600 O (set.) 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 is Up, S3 BS BemarkB. 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.8. 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 4.1 4.3 6.4 6.9 4.4 6.6 4.0 6.1 5.2 7.7 4.0 6.0 5.1 7.8 5.2 7.9 4.5 6.8 5.5 8.6 6.0 7.5 5.0 V.4 6.S 9.8 6.4 10.0 8.9 9.5 8.0 10.6 8.2 11.0 11.0 9.3 12.2 9.8 10.2 12.4 14.8 0.2 0. 3 9. 5 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.S 1.2 8.1 10.7 8.2 II.O 11.0 9.4 12.3 10. 10.3 16.0 11.2 12.4 12.2 10.2 14.2 10.2 15.5 15.7 12.0 17.0 12.5 13.6 15<6 21.0 15.1 16.2 16.0 12.6 19.3 29.6 15.2 23.2 15.5 18.2 19.2 19.5 15.2 26.0 16.5 18.5 33.0 19.5 24.4 27.3 19.2 20.6 36.0 26.5 3325 2785 2903 Broke wltli large splinters on back . Broke Trith large splinters Broke with large flake on back. Broke with large splinters on back . 3184 Broke with many fine splinters . Broke viiia ituge splinters . 2361 2400 3815 3125 .3193 3270 3043 2245 Gmslied and split to the end Broke with fine splinter en one corner . Broke with fine splinters Broke with large splinter on one comer. Broke with large splinters on comers. Broke with large splinters Broke with large splinters on back . do 346 354 3flT 546 38 38 IS 306 951 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OP SOME OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES UNDEK Species. State. Locality. Collectoi. SoiL t COEFnOIENT OF ELA6TlCITr. P13 o « d I* 259. QnercuB Hichanxii Basket Oak. Cow Oak. 260 QacTcus Prinns Chestnut Oak. Bock Ohestnvt Oak. 275. Qnercns Kelloggil Black Oak. 280. Qnercns aqnatica Water Oak. Duck Oak. Fosswm Oak. Punk Oak. BETULACB.a!. 301. Alnus rubra i. AXder. 329. ChamsecTparis spliseroidea White Oedar. 370. Finns TsBda Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Bosemary Pine. 872. Pinns serotina Pond Pine. , S80. Finns palustris Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine, Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Heard Pine. J81. Finns Cnbensis. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas- tard Pine. Meadow Pine. 52i 524 925 963 349 991 Alabama . ...do .-..do Oregon ... Alabama . Washington ter. ritory. Alabama . 82 83 83 81 85 243 243 Florida . .. do ... ...do . .. do . .. do . ...do . ...do .. do . ..do Kemper's mill . ...do Cullman Eugene City. Cottage Hill . 4 Fuyallup Cottage Hill . Duval county. ...do .do . .do- ,do . !do . Saw-mill, Saint John's river. ...do Duval county . C. Mohr . ...do .... Alluvial . --.do .... ...do G. H. Collier . C. Mohr Dry, rocky. Sandy loam. Gr. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. C. Mohr . Sandy, wet . A. H. Cartiss. ...do Moist, sandy. ...do , .do. .do . .do. do. .do. do. .do. Moist, sandy loam. ...do Sandy loam .. Moist, sandy. Moist, sandy. 0. 8107 0. 8348 0. 8158 0.7625 0. 7253 0. 5381 0. 5802 0. 7614 0. 7614 0. S27] 0. 8609 0. 7213 0. 6788 0. 6193 0. 7633 775 800 1085 1366 364 1061 1285 939 787 1436 1085 1221 1163 1163 745 1028 564 1320 610 1017 1302 921 751 1550 1007 1252 1221 1221 884 984 582 736 1144 S24 376 792 820 933 904 1057 940 820 949 1029 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE— Continued. 417 DEFLECTION, IN mLLIMBTEES, UNDEE A PKE6SUBE, IN KILOGBAMS, OP— ^^i a g o 2 Bemarks. i 400 80O 1200 1600 O 1600 2O0O 3400 3S0O 3800 3600 If 11 (set.) i 3.2 6.3 10.0 14.0 1.5 14.5 19.5 26.5 39.0 3016 A large seaaon cra«k at one coTBer; Rplintered on oppo- site comer. Splinters on corners 524 3.2 6.1 9.3 13.1 1.3 13.3 18.0 24.2 33.0 49.0 3393 524 2.6 4.5 7.0 9.5 0.6 9.6 13.3 1987 Split lengthwise with small splinters on cor- ners. 4.0 7.8 12.0 17.3 1.4 17.5 24.0 40.6 2513 963 2.0 3.S 6.5 7.4 0.2 7.3 9.3 11.8 14.6 19.0 25.6 3905 Crushed at center hearing j broke with fine splinters . . . 349 3.2 6.7 10.7 16.0 2.0 16.7 1789 991 6.8 13.4 21.0 1284 * 360 2.3 2.0 2.7 4.6 3.8 5.2 7.1 5.8 •8.0 9.6 7.5 10.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 9.7 7.6 11.0 12.6 10.0 13.6 17.0 12.0 17.3 2703 2800 3184 82 21.5 22.0 do 82 0.75 sap-wood ; broke with large splinter on corner 0.5 8!'p-woo(l; brotewithlargesplinter on comer 83 3.0 6.2 9.5 13.0 0.9 13.4 18.0 23.0 30.0 3085 83 1.9 3.4 5.1 6.3 0.0 7.0 8.7 10.5 12.5 14,6 17 5 360G 81 2.1 2.0 2.2 4.5 4.0 4.2 7.0 5.9 6.0 9.7 7.8 8.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 9.9 7.9 8.0 12.6 10.0 9.8 16.4 12.2 12.0 20.5 27.5 3207 2799 3239 85 Broke with large splinter on comer ; somewhat shat- tered. 243 16.0 23.5 243 2.8 4.2 6.0 8.0 0.4 8.0 10.2 12.6 15.5 19.5 3513 84 27 FOE 418 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAYIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS Species State. liOcality. Collector. Sou. 1P.9 Bemarks. MAGNOLIACE.E. 1. Magnolia grandiflora Big Laurel. Bull Bay. 2. Magnolia glaaca Sweet Bay. White Bay. Bea- ver Tree. White La/u/rel. Swamp Laurel.' 3. Magnolia acnininata Cucwmh&F Tree. Mountain Magnolia. 4. Magnolia cordata Cuewmber Tree. 5. Magnolia macropfaylla Large-leaved Ouewmier Tree. 6. Magnolia Umbrella Xfmbrella Tree. Elk Wood. 7. Magnolia Fraseri Long-lea'Oed Cucumber Tree. 8. Liriodendron Tnlipifera Tulip Tree. TeUow Poplar. White Wood. AN-ONACE.a:. 9, Asimina triloba Fapaw. Custard Apple, 10. Anona laurlfolia. Pond Apple. CANBLLACE.ffl;. 12. Canella alba ' White Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TEKNSTJKCEMIACBJS. 14. Gordonia Lasianthns Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. TILIACE.a!. 17. lllia Americana JArnie Tree. Ban Wood. American Linden. lA/n. Bee Tree. 346 346 354 354 ?46 246 2613 2613 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 2661 266= 260 260 395 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 '211 211 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 124 Alabama . ....do .do. do. Virginia -..do .. do ...do Missiesippi . ...do Alabama. ...do.".... MiBSissippi . ...do Virginia . ...do.... .do. .do. Michigan ■West Virginia . . ...do Pennsylvania. . . ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ...do Missouri. ...do.... Florida . ...do ... ...do . ...do . Sontli Carolina. , — do ....do. ...do. MaBsacbnsetts . ...do Michigan Cottage Hill . ...do do. .do. ■Wytheville . . ...do Fancy Gap . . .. do Selvers' mill. do ..-J , "Winston connty . ...do Qnitman . ...do.... Wytheville . ...do Fancy Gap . ...do Lansing Grafton ...do Chester county . . ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill at Nash- ville, --.do Merameo river, Jefferson county. ...do. Jiay ISiBcayne . ...do EUlott'sKey. ...do Eonnean's Depot ...do Aikec . ...do.. Arnold Arboretum ...do C. Mohr. ...do.... Bich loam . ...do .do. .do. Swampy . ...do.... H. Shriver. r^-l.do ....do ,...do C.Mohr ....do , Clay limestone. ...do Bich, light ...do ...So ...do .do . .do . -do Eich, low. .do do H, Shriver . ...do .do. .do. W.J.Beal .... C.G.Pringle... ...do P. P. Sharpies. ...do ...do ...do , AE.Balrd .... ...do G. "W. Letterman ...do J^. u.. '^uLuaa . do . .do. .do. H. W. Eavenel . . ...do .do. .do. C. S. Sargent . ...do Big Eapids W. J. Beal Damp . ...do. AUuvial . ...do .... Swampy . ...do .... Coral . ...do. "Wet pine-barren. ...do Swampy . ...do.... Drift - 7353 8056 7212 6369 6795 6582 5126 5570 7389 8333 6577 6527 7357 8301 5647 6073 5806 7575 4663 6341 6636 6514 6169 6305 5874 5489 5606 3402 3388 4690 4967 12746 12292 5842 5752 6790 6396 4287 Crashed fibers at 10 millimeters knot 28 millimeters from end. Triple flexure , Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at middle Gravel. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure , 4944 Crushed in vicinity of knots at , middle. Ci-ushed fibers at 63 millimeters from end. . Crushed fibers at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 102 millimeters from end and on opposite side at end. Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers in vicinity of knots 63 millimeters from end. Opened longitudinal crack be- tween rings. Crushed fibers at 63 inillimeters from end. Crushed fibers at,128 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Failed at 6 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 and at 128 millimeters from end. Failed at knot at middle . - . Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end ; angle of cmshing, 55°. Fibers crushed at 128 milllmeterB from end ; angle of crushing, 65°. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end; angle of crushing, 75°. Fibers crushed at middle .do . Fibers crushed in vicinity of knot 51 millimeters from end. , Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters from end. ' ' ' do Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot 63 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 65°. Fibers crushed on one side at middle. Fibers crushed at middle and split ' along grain. Fibers ornshed near middle; de- flected from heart. Fibers crushed at knots near end Fibers crushed at 63 and at 127 millimeters from end at knots 10 millimeters in diameter. . Fibers crushed at 03 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters knot near end. Fibers crushed at 19 and at 102 millimeters fiom end. Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. t OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION. 419 FBEBSUnS, IN KILOOnAMS, BEQUIRED TO PEODUCE AS IKDENTATION, IK MIIXIMETEB8, OF- O.S5 2041 1724 1152 1080 975 1016 1080 1157 1016 1125 884 1111 1825 1384 0.51 0.76 616 975 953 1270 1080 1524 1016 1615' 907 1066 1025 1297 749 1025 630 844 1052 1288 794 1080 885 1012 916 1157 885 1116 667 662 943 1034 3674 3311 635 535 1089 1134 934 703 717 2386 1334 1329 1343 1420 1315 1379 1442 1610 1098 1325 ■1742 1647 943 1429 1660 1125 1021 1519 1633 1157 880 852 1.03 1.27 3221 2556 1433 1433 1429 1535 1420 1465 1583 1769 1170 1402 1882 1765 1098 1388 1665 1787 1125 1388 1170 925 1397 1152 1084 1229 1166 957 1052 1610 1882 7621 8523 1243 1116 1642 1665 1297 925 894 3447 2676 1547 1533 1533 1651 1506 1579 1600 1833 1238 1470 2005 1887 1111 1470 1810 1914 1143 1470 1229 980 1433 1216 1120 1293 1202 1016 1111 1805 2019 9458 1343 1211 1746 1760 1335 1007 957 3497 2805 1651 1603 1588 1737 1583 1665 1751 1932 1315 1538 2123 2065 1.53 l.rs S.03 3670 2921 1733 1667 1642 1805 1660 1715 1860 2019 1343 1606 2223 2078 1143 I 1216 1542 1901 2032 1175 1533 1311 1043 1533 1257 1186 1361 1261 1039 1157 1941 2132 8573 9753 1388 1293 1807 1846 1393 1048 1034 1619 199l6 2082 1202 1606 1370 1125 1601 1302 1234 1429 1306 • ' 1075 1198 2068 2227 8822 10206 1452 1347 1932 1923 1442 IIU 1043 3847 3016 1805 1742 1696 1889 1674 1774 1910 2105 1406 1660 2318 2191 1247 1678 2082 2146 1234 1674 1415 1152 1656 1343 1270 1479 1352 1111 1229 2159 2341 8936 10614 1533 1433 2005 1991 1497 1157 1071 3978 3112 1846 1760 1733 1941 1758 1824 1982 2245 1483 1719 2418 2263 1297 1742 2173 2195 1252 1737 1474 1193 1706 1379 1335 1520 1397 1116 1261 2254 2386 10886 1579 1488 2068 2059 1542 U89 1093 3.38 3.54 4078 3189 1900 1796 1753 2037 1787 1864 2068 2304 15S4 1740 2486 2336 1329 1787 2245 2223 1297 1792 1524 1220 1746 1384 1352 1565 1456 1129 1288 2304 2477 9344 10090 1642 1538 2146 2123 1578 1225 1120 4209 3291 1973 1873 1792 2111 1833 1901 2114 2359 1538 1819 2635 2404 1343 1855 2318 2295 1315 1846 1565 1266 1801 1442 1388 1601 1515 1152 1297 2336 2563 9571 11227 1701 1597 2218 2177 1619 1122 4.81 5.08 Semarks. Began to shear fibeis Slight Bhearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of libers - do. Splintered at pith ; slight shearing of fibers. Indented without shearing fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers do , do Fibers sheared . .do. .do. Indented without shearing fibers - Fibers sheared Indented withont shearing fibers Slight shearing; short specimen, 120 millimeters long; split at both ends. Sheared fibers ■ ■\ Slight shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers do do do A do ; do -• .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers. do Sheared fibers and opened gra'n Sheared fibers and opened grain at middle and at end. Sheared fibers. do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 34« 346 354 354 246 246 261 261' 534 634 1178 1178 532 532 266> 266« 260 260 395 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 211 211 479 479 1181 1131 236 236 414 414 2 2 124 420 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Stat^. Locality. Collector. Soa o 2 S ■«p.a a ■■ . 3 as ♦f 3 a o Ptto Keiuarks. 17. Tilia Americaxia — continued-.. 17. Tilia Americana, var. TgiabeB- cens. U. THia heterophylla White Bass Wood. Wahoo. MAI,PIGHIACE.a!. 19. Byrsonima Incida Tallowie^ry. Glamberry. ZTGOPHn,lACE.a!. 20. G-naiacnni sanctum. lAgrmm-vitce. ETJTACl!.ai. 23. Xanthoxylom Clava^Herculis . Toothache IPree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. 24. Xanthoxylnm Caribsenm. Satin Wood. SIMAEUBE^ffi). 28. Simaruba glauca . Paradise Tree. BUESBEACEiE. 29. Enrseraffummifera Gum Elemi. Qvmbo I/vmbo. West Indian Birch. 30. Amyris sylvatica . Torch Wood. MELIACE.a!. 31. Swietenia Mahogoni Mahogany. Madeira. ILICrNE.ffi;. 33. nexopaca American Solly. 34. nezDabcon Dahoon. Dahoon Solly. CXEILLACEiE. 38. Cliftonia lignstrina Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Trea. 124 252 252 316 316 1039 1039 745 745 285' 285' 2853 320 320 1113 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 Michigan Missouri ...do Michigan ...do Massachusetts . ...do Georgia. ...do.... Kentucky . ...do ....do Tennessee . ...do Florida . ....do... ...do., ...do . -. do., ...do-. Texas . ...do.. 1140 Florida . 1140 ....do... 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 338 ....do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ..do. -.do. do. do. South Carolina . ...do Florida . ...do... Alabama . ...do Big Eapids . AUei4^n ...do Hereey ...do Dauvers :... ...do Bainbridge . ...do Cliffs Kentucky river. ^ Mercer county ...do Cumberland river. ...do...: No-Name Key . ...do Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Key Chattahoochee . -..do Palestine ...do Bahia Honda Key ...do. Bay Biscayne . ...do ITpper Metacombe Key. do .do. .do. .do. do. ■Waverly Mills. ...do Bay Biscayne . ...do Cotfcige Hill . ...do "W. J.Beal G. "W". Letterman. ...do "W. J. Beal ...do J. Eobinson ...do A. H. Curtiss. .-.do W. M. Linney --.do --.do A. Gattinger --.do A. H. Curtiss. --.do .do. .do . -..do---, --.do .--. C. Mohr . --.do--.. A. H. Curtiss . .. do do. .do. .do. Ao . .do. .do . do. .do. "W. St. J. Mazyck --.do A. H. Curtiss . --.do C. Mohr, ...do... Gravel Alluvial ...do Eich loam . . . ...do , Moist gravel. , --do-. Low -- --.do. Limestone . --.do ...do Alluvial --- ...do Coral . ...do. .do. .do. Dry, sandy . . . ...do Damp, sandy . ...do Coral . ...do- ..do. ..do. .do. ,.do- .do- .do. .do. .do- 4944 7167 7235 6314 Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 45 millimeters ' from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Sandy loam . --.do Low, damp . --.do Wet., -..do. B080 4527 6305 6668 4917 5548 5126 7666 8278" 6260 11930 11648 7372 7698 7707 5978 11158 10751 7303 6328 2350 2595 11975 11204 10115 7339 6078 5652 5512 6169 5706 Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ' Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from eind. Fibers crushed at 152 millimetera from end. Fibers crushed at middle. . i Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters ' from end. Fibers crushed near middle iu vicinity of small knots. Lonffitudinal split ; stick warped before test. Crushed fibers and split along grain near eud. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting ■ ' ' Cooper lines ". Crushed at middle 1 deflected .flora heart. Crushed fibers at 127 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at knot 6 inillime- ters in diameter; angle of crush- ing, 40°. Brittle; crushing of fibers ; pplin. tered klong grain. Fractured suddenly ; shattered along grain. Fibers crushed, at middle of crushing, 90°. Split end to end along grain angle Fibers crushed in vicinity of knots. Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Split along grain. Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from pnd; threw oif splinters. Failed at 13 millimeters from end; knot 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; knot near end — Failed at knot 63 millimeters from end. Failed in vicinity of knots 76 mil- limeters from end. Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end and at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end ; grain wavy. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UliflTED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSIOK— Continued. 421 PBEBSUEE, IN KILOGEAMS, REQUIKEU TO PRODUCE AK IinjENTATION, Kf MILLIMETEES, OF— 0.35 O.Sl 0.76 1.02 i.ar 1.5S 1.7S 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 Bemorfcs. ,0 a I o 124 252 252 316 316 1039 1039 745 745 2«5' 285" 28S' 320 320 1113 1113 476 1133 735 736 1086 1086 1140 1140 487- 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 S38 472 826 544 612 662 612 640 012 635 481 857 798 866 749 1769 1610 4854 1769 1293 1111 2041 1179 1905 2717 663 485 2767 2926 2087 2531 1179 1551 1243 885 1338 1202 694 935 794 749 812 821 789 839 857 1093 1039 2926 2404 5421 1996 1819 3016 1882 4128 4513 1134 1184 720 640 5851 6820 3697 4309 1792 2518 1805 1343 1987 1678 753 916 835 803 857 839 862 806 889 767 1057 898 1161 1111 3198 2868 11022 8392 2173 2032 3167 2141 5285 5262 1220 1362 763 662 7417 7167 4060 4831 2023 2835 1905 1462 2186 1882 767 1098 862 857 903 894 903 889 934 817 1071 953 1216 1161 3339 3153 12565 10614 2245 2068 3307 2259 5693 5670 1311 1388 803 671 8097 8210 4332 6035 2182 3075 1973 1533 2390 2014 794 1139 912 930 948 925 944 817 1184 963 953 1002 948 984 948 1043 852 1247 1034 1126 1175 989 1012 1261 1320 1207 1247 3475 3529 3257 \ 3393 13662 14289 11817 12565 2259 2304 2164 2223 3429 3543 2341 2363 5987 6396 5942 6214 1316 1356 1452 1620 812 843 685 708 8699 9117 8890 9208 4569 4799 5343 6534 2363 2490 3289 3429 2032 2123 1583 1087 2576 2726 2136 2254 1066 898 1202 1052 1374 1297 3620 3515 14742 13245 2318 2277 3647 2395 6423 6419 1442 1569 862 712 9426 9435 4899 6670 2608 3602 2840 2350 871 1302 1025 1039 1066 1021 1043 1016 1120 912 1229 1080 1420 1343 3697 3652 14946 13653 2468 2322 3742 2422 6646 6600 1456 1579 885 721 9707 9753 6035 6861 2694 3769 2232 1805 2971 2390 918 1338 1061 1080 1107 1052 1080 1039 1166 966 1275 1139 1470 1406 3765 3710 14969 14198 2522 2368 38S6 2499 6895 6804 1488 1616 903 739 1365 1096 1111 1148 1071 1107 1075 1220 990 1311 1170 1504 1438 3819 3756 15106 14660 2567 2400 3919 2563 Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of flhera . do do do Sheared flbeis. 1501 1647 934 749 10024 5193 6074 2790 3910 2313 1846 3085 2586 10433 6110 2980 4073 2395 1878 3166 2717 16103 15581 2880 2790 4626 3016 1746 1961 1111 862 11431 6985 3629 4831 2744 2200 3900 3193 16194 15740 3094 2994 4786 2257 7802 8165 1928 2078 1157 903 7349 3878 5171 2948 2449 4287 3674 -do., -do.. .do., .do., -do. .do. .do. ,.do- ..do. SheSiied fibers ; split along grain Sheaied fibers ; split along grain j did not take even bearing. Sheared fibers. do do do Sheared fibers ; split along grain . Sheared fibers .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; specimen worm-eaten. do Split along grain at ends Split at ends ; sheared fibers. Sheared fibers. do Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers .do., .do. .do., .do. 422 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. "la «B5 B.gM Kemarks. EHAMN'ACE.a!. 42. Beynosia latifolia Bed Iron Wood. Darling Plum. 43. Gondalia ferrea ..-'. Bl(Kh Iron Wood. 45. Rhamnus Caroliniaua Indian Cherry. 47. Bhatnnns Pnrshiaiia Searberry. Bear Wood. Shit- timf, Wood. SAPrNDACB.aS. 50. .Xscnlns glabra :... Ohio Buck&ye. Fetid Buckeye. 52. iBsculiia Oalifomlca.. Oalifomia Buckeye. 53. TTngnaclia speciosa.. Spamith Buckeye. , 54. 'SapindTifl marginatus Wild OMntif. Soapberry. 56. Hvpelate paniculata. Jmk "~ ' ~ Ink Wood. Iron Wood. 67. Hyp elate trlfoliata . . White Iron Wood. 60. Acer macropliy Ham... Broad-leaved Maple. 61. ^«jer circlBatam. Fine Maple. 64. A.cer saccharinnm Svgar Maple. Sugar Tree. Ra/rd Maple. Bock Ma/ple, 454 454 460 460 803 803 297 386 386 684 684 944 944 305 307 463 463 464 464 382 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 298 298 299 376 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235 B'lorida . ...do... ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. Oregon . Missouri. ...do.... ...do .... ...do California . .- do Texas . .--.do. -...do .. ....do.. ...do.. ....do.. Florida . ...do ... ...do. ...do. Oregon . ...do ... ...do--, --.do... do. VTashington /ter. ritory. Missouri ...do ...do Vermont ...do New England. Vermont ...do .. do ...do ..do TTpper Metacombe Key. do -A.E. Cnrtiss. ....do Coral. ...do. 13426 Split along grain . -do. .do . Saint John's river. ...do -do. do . do .do: .do. .do. Bich Iiummock . ...do 13290 12406 7112 Portland. G. Engelmannand Kicb, alluTial. C. S. Sargent. Allenton . G. W. Letterman .do . do. do . Marin county. ...do New BraunfelB . ...do Dallas . ... do.. Austin . ...do.. Upper Metacombe Key. .-- do do. .do. Portland . ...do.-.- Portland Pumiture Company. . . . do Portland.. "Wilkeson. Allenton.. ...do ...do Charlotte . ...do Cbarleatown Navy. yard. Cliarlotte do. .do- .do. -do . do. do. do. G. E. Vasey- .-- do 0. Mohr . ...do-... J. Beverchon . ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. ... do , -do. -do. G. Engelmann and C. S. -Sargent. ...do...... do. -do- .do. .do. G . TV. Letterman . .. do ...do C.G.Pringle ...do : S.H.Poot F. H. Horsford . . . .. do ...do... ...do..... .-do Bich, moist . ...do AUnvial ---do Bicb upland . ...do Limestone - .. do Bich, damp . ...do Limestone . . ---do Coral - ...do. -do. -do. Bich, alluvial. ...do Moist, alluvial . ...do Bich upland . ...do ...do Gravelly ...do Fibers crushed at knots and split along grain. Fibers crushed at knots 64 mlMi- meters from end. Fibers crushed at 140 millimeti rs from end. 9934 4531 4985 5344 6207 6328 5044 Fibers crushed near middle. Fibers crushed at 76 and at 102 millimeters from end ; split along grain. Fibers crushed near middle; grain wavy. Fibers crushed at 19 millimeters from end. . Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at middle iuvicin. ity of knot. Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from end. 7802 8641 7212 6436 10931 10387 6872 7167 6541 6418 5520 5919 Fibers crushed near middle Triple flexure; developed intersect- ing "Cooper lines" at middle. Triple flexure; deflected about 16 millimeters without crushing. Triple flexure ; split along grain.. ..;do Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 60°. Deflected and split along grain - . . Triple flexure Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure ; knot near end — Fibers crushed at 25 and at 76 mil. limeters from end. Fibers crushed near middle and near end. 7349 10931 Fibers crashed at knot at middle Fibers crushed near middle and at 26 millimeters from end. 11180 8302 Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from eiid. 9063 11000 9970 9957 9707 Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from end. ~ Fibers crushed at 39 millimeters from end at 6 millimeters knot. Fibers crushed at end; cross- grained. Fibers crushed at end Fibers crushed at- 25 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 70 millimeters from end ; specimen split before testing. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued. 423 PBBSBUBE, IK KILOGKAMS, REQUJEKD TO PBODUCE AS INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETEB6, OF— 0.35 3016 3062 3447 2094 1338 1247 1656 400 975 0.51 6200 6396 ■ i 6033 1837 1860 2404 798 1107 0.76 7892 8119 7689 8097 2032 1982 2758 885 1216 1.03 i.»y 8890 9617 9004 9480 2073 2073 2930 921 1247 9753 10705 10115 '1O66O 2195 2159 3075 971 1293 1.53 1.78 S.03 10524 11885 11113 11794 2218 2214 1021 1347 11158 12383 11612 12837 2304 2277 8280 11658 15109 12474 13789 2390 2300 3339 3.»8 12112 13789 13245 14765 3468 2350 3352 3.94 12610 14470 13903 15603 2518 2386 3470 1071 1116 1157 1397 1429 I 1515 4.81 SMS 17237 17509 2880 2858 3765 1170 1429 1547 3039 1778 1928 Semarks. Sheared fibers i split at ends . do ; -do. .do. do Sheared fibers. Slightly sheared fibers; split at ends . Sheared fibers slightly Sheared fibers; split at end . ■e 454 454 460 460 803 803 297 297 680 1066 1061 1225 1769 2073 2109 2064 1179 1433 1592 2132 3153 3103 3692 3366 1452 1569 1801 2495 3289 3348 4513 3055 1579 1651 1896 2576 3520 3520 4944 4404 1701 1742 2078 3742 3701 5307 1733 1810 2109 2785 3874 3874 5398 4872 1801 1892 2195 2867 4037 4037 5579 5062 1846 1973 2259 2939 4155 4241 5974 5216 1928 2068 2327 2976 4264 4355 61 p5 5425 1987 2127 2431 3075 4408 4518 6214 5566 2331 2540 2744 2658 2835 Sheared fibers. .....do .do. Sheared fibers ; split at ends . r-202 5298 7190 6759 5738 6033 7553 7439 Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . do do 684 684 944 944 307 307 928 928 2767 4944 1796 3901 1796 2313 1950 2617 1633 2313 1338 1765 1560 2576 1225 2168 2849 4355 2359 3357 2858 2064 8157 2087 2926 1724 2313 2250 3302 2132 2767 2586 3583 2540 4128 2540 3652 2422 2785 2495 1996 2835 2758 4944 3720 4626 3393 3239 2472 3606 3057 3792 4653 3028 6078 5489 2513 2903 2563 2073 3085 3039 5307 4060 4967 3606 3420 2613 3801 3257 4060 4745 4060 6419 5874 2604 3012 2613 2159 3252 3157 5579 4287 5262 3751 3602 2794 3983 3357 4246 4940 4200 6759 6205 2672 3116 2703 2232 3420 3280 5874 4513 5489 3892 3248 2849 4169 3502 4382 5149 4332 6931 6432 2812 3216 2767 2259 3574 6023 4740 5693 4060 3819 2944 4287 3611 4423 5330 4427 7158 6654 2835 3248 2858 2381 3701 3674 6101 4899 5906 4160 3983 3057 4418 3706 4495 5434 4522 7376 6895 2926 3389 2985 2440 8828 3720 6260 4967 6101 4228 4055 3107 4581 3801 4581 .-..-30 4672 7567 7167 2980 3493 3012 2504 3747 6328 6328 4364 4164 3202 4708 5625 4831 8210 8074 3289 3792 2976 2880 4854 4468 7630 7485 4899 4763 3647 5443 4436 5648 6280 5579 8346 8641 3583 4105 3697 3129 ,5307 5035 8074 Sheared fibers; split at sides . do Sheared fibers . , do. do do 7802 5239 5194 3901 5987 4899 6169 6736 6078 .do. Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Slieiht shearing of fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do do do do do do do do 464 464 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 298 298 299 376 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 123S 424 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table Y,— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ill 5 fe-P Bemarks. 64. Acer Baccliarinum — coBtinaed. Acer sacchariiium, vor.nigmin. Slack Sugar Maple. 65. Acer dasycarpnm.s.., Soft Maple. JfTiit^ Map/le. Silver Ma^le. 66. Acerrubmm Bed Mwple. Swa/mp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. 67. Ifeepndo aceroides Box Elder. Ash- 68. Kef^ndoCalifomioTim . Box Elder. ' ANACAEDIACB.a!. 71. lihus copallina Dwarf Sumach. 71. Khu» copaUina, liar, lanceolata.. 73. Ehns Metopium J'oisonWood. Coral Swmach. Mountain Manchineel. r,wm Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Qum. LEGTJMINOS.ffi!. 77. Boliinia Feeudacacia Locust. Black Locust. Tellow Locust. 1235 213 213 2742 2742 757 757 1167 1167 1052 20 20 530 530 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 290 290 311 311 645 645 736 736 330 330 467 467 405 405 441 441 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 Vermont. . ...do ...do...- Missoiiri. ....do.... Florida . . ...do .... MisBoari. ...do.... Massaclinsetts. . . ...do ...do.... MisBiBsippi ...do Georgia ...do Massacliusetts. . . ....do ...do- ...do. MisBonxi. ....do.... Texas ... ....do.... California. . ...do Elorida . ...do... Texas ...do .. Florida . --.de- vest Virginia. ...do New York ,...do , ...do ...do Charlotte . ...do ...do Allenton ...do Chattalioocliee ...do...' Allenton ...do Topsfield Arnold Arboretum .. do Kemper's mill . . ...do Bainteidge .. do Danvers ...do North Beading . ...do .. Allenton. ....do.... Dallas.... ....do.... Contra county. ...do Costa Chattahoochee . ...do .'. Dallas . ...do .. Upper Metacombe Kiy. ...do F. H. Horsford. 9970 Fibers crushed at end. , C.G. Pringle ...do G. "W". Letterman. . ...do A. H. CurtiSB . : . . . ...do G. "W. Letterman . . ... do Clay ...do Low, alluvial . ...do Clay ...do Eich, alluvial. ...do Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end.- 10070 Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. 8255 9321 J". Bobinson . ChailestownNavy- yard. do .do. ...do , Grafton ...do Long Island . ...do ...do ...do , C.S.Sargent., ...do Low meadow . Drift ...do Triple flexure; developed inter, secting "Cooper lines". Fibers crushed at knot 102 milli- meters from end. Fibers crushed at middle; devel- oped " Cooper lines". Triple flexure; " Cooper lines ". . Fibers crushed at 51 and at 76 millimeters £rom end ; knots. Fibers crushed near middle I . . C. Mohr ! Eioh, swampy. ...do '.. A. H. Curtiss . ...do J. Eobinson... ...do.... do. do. G. W. Letterman . . ...do J. Eeverchon ...do G. E. Vasey. ...do A. H. Curtias . ...do J. Beverchon . ... do A. H. Curtiss. ...do S. H. Pook . ...do ...do ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do M. C. Beedle . ...do ...do ...do ... do. Low .. ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. .do. Eich bottom . ...do ...do ...do Bich, moist . ...do 7303 8437 7235 6759 6903 7380 7485 7371 5080 5298 5148 5080 6613 7530 Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed near middle Fibers crushed at middle and at end. Triple flexure ; "Cooper lines "..- Triple flexure; "Cooper lines"; middle bend 115 millimorers from end. Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 25 and at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed near middle and split longitudinally. Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Fibers crushed at middle Fibers crushed at knot near mid- dle. Fibers crashed at 32 millimeters from middle. Dry clay . ...do.... Dry, gravelly . ...do 6033 7666 Fibers crashed at knot 76 milli- meters from end. Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters from knot. Coral . ...do. 7847 9199 13426 12996 10229 Fibers crushed at knot 51 milli- meters from middle. Fibers ornsbed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end and at 76 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed near end and split along grain. Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters from knot and at 51 millimeters from end. 12497 8369 9934 11294 10274 11385 Fibers crushed in vicinity of knots Fibers crushed in vicinity of small knot at end. Fibers crushed in vicinity of small knot 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end of specimen .do . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE OOMPEESSION— Continued. 425 PRESSUBE, IN KILOGEAMS, KEQUIEED TO PRODCCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETEES, OP- 0.35 0.51 0.7C 1.02 1.27 1.32 1.78 3.03 2.28 3.34 4.81 S.08 Eemarks. 1941 2313 1542 2812 18G0 2087 2223 3026 1951 1315 1951 2540 2073 1533 1179 1361 1796 1469 1805 1361 iMlli 2703 3357 2:99 4219 2744 3379 3243 3978 2840 2250 2518 3837 2976 1896 1633 1792 2649 2032 2259 2168 862 1071 984 1447 993 1362 1542 2250 1179 1479 1202 1520 1134 ' 1397 1270 1610 1111 1436 1089 1669 1384 1928 1683 2658 2926 3856 2676 3876 2291 3343 2944 4264 771 2019 3814 234'1 2132 82S7 1906 B24S 2223 3302 2495 8529 2971 3747 3392 4559 2948 3611 3475 4377 3066 2576 2703 4327 3248 2041 1715 1860 2803 2268 2386 2404 1166 1610 1479 2449 ]574 1619 1479 1678 1637 1928 2395 4346 4155 3742 4559 2722 2486 3615 3674 3606 4128 3175 3924 3579 4844 3166 8837 3652 4599 3329 2790 2840 4500 3379 2123 1842 3379 4110 3751 5080 3334 4046 3792 47i4 3479 2935 4622 3479 2254 1887 1932 2028 3016 3121 2427 2449 2508 2613 2563 2703 1315 1352 1624 1710 1529 1674 2486 2490 1633 1683 1674 1756 1551 1637 1805 1851 1765 1878 2028 2164 2749 2930 3529 3765 4740 5126 4436 4763 4064 4296 4808 4967 3016 3103 2622 2703 3783 3978 3878 4060 3792 3983 4219 4332 3534 4332 3007 5262 3465 4173 3007 4962 3629 3035 3085 4753 3606 2427 1946 2141 3257 2580 2758 2794 1433 1774 1660 2531 1801 1860 3656 4473 4028 5401 3615 4377 4019 5080 3797 3157 3252 4872 3742 2449 2028 2214 3384 2703 2794 2858 1483 1855 1683 2658 1896 1951 1733 1991 3788 4617 4164 5543 3801 4527 4069 5239 3381 49S5 3833 2472 2037 2254 3479 2776 2939 2971 1556 1860 1733 2672 1982 1996 3933 4781 4336 5670 3892 4581 4300 5339 4033 3397 l millimeters from end. G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ..-do Dry, gravelly - ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do Coral . ...do- 6851 9548 Split along grain; obliquefracture Shattered one end; cross-graixted- W. M. Linney . -- do A. Gattinger... Limestone . ,:..do Alluvial ... 9934 Crushed near middle and at end .. J. Eeverchon . C. Mohr Dry, calcareous. ...do G. W. Letteiman A. Gattinger G. W. Letterman. . .. do .. do Low, riph . - Limestone . Alluvial ... ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger . A. H. Curtiss . ...do Low, rich .-.. ...do Dry, 'sandy barren Alluvial - -- do .-.- G. Engelmann ajid e. S. Sargent. .--do Sandy . .-.do -. A. Gattinger G. "W. Letterman . .. do ...do Limestone . Eich ...do ...do C.S.Sargent. ...do. C. Mohr G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Bich, calcareous . . Sandy . .do. A. H. Curtiss . ...d ...do Dry, gravelly. Coral ...do ...do 7167 7734 10524 9208 6169 5874 5434 5343 8119 7711 8174 9889 8799 6078 7280 8119 8369 6704 6849 9934 10841 7462 10034 11431 11885 7053 8337 Crashed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. Split along grain from end to end . - Triple flexure; took reversed bend near middle. Crushed at 13 and at 114 milli- meters from end. Crushed and split along grain in vicinity of knots. Crashed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure .do. Crashed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 89 millimeters f^om end at 10 millimeters from l;i]ot. Crushed at middle at knot 5 milli- meters in diameter. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot near middle Crushed tiear middle Crashed at knot 102 millimeters from end'. Crushed in vicinity of knots at middle. Split along grain from end to end ; crushed near middle. Triple flexure Crusl^ed near middle; opened cracks along grain; split before testing. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed near end ; cross-grained.. Split along grain from end to end. Crnehed near middle ■ Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 102 millimeters fr()m end. .-.do . Swampy G. W. Letterman. ...do J. Bevorchon . . . . Bich upland . ...do Eioh Tennessee . Nashville. A. Gattinger. Eiver bluff . 8663 8799 10796 6J41 Crushed at 25 millimeters , from end in vicinity of small Knots. Crnshed at 19 and at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and at end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 427 rKEBSUEE, IN KILOGKAMS, RKQUIBED TO PBODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN mLLUIETEBS, OF- O.S5 0.51 1905 2041 1860 4309 2586 2313 1636 2518 0.76 i i.oa 3493 3357 3765 8236 4173 3992 2078 2840 3878 3810 6398 10387 4695 2250 3216 4155 4037 11885 6126 5013 2330 3348 1.27 1.52 4427 4241 7983 12973 ' 3333 5420 2440 3434 4614 4400 9326 14062 3693 5702 2540 3543 1.78 4799 4559 10614 14787 6920 6010 2703 3G24 S.03 5013 4786 11621 15467 6033 6237 2762 3720 2.28 5126 4808 12474 16067 6237 6396 2849 3847 2.54 5298 4831 13245 16510 6386 6600 ■ 2935 3946 4.81 6924 6602 5.08 6192 18008 7530 3402 4527 3756 4926 Kemaika. Shearedfibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing; split at end . do....! Sheared fibers ; opened seaeoiiing crack. Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers. do 1031 1031 6E0 650 664 6C4 38 2676 2041 2427 3720 4808 4581 5035 6062 5262 6434 5439 5761 6715 5874 6897 6105 0074 6559 6260 6655 7190 7576 7756 7847 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end; compressed area con- tained 3 millimeters knot. 1610 1656 1429 1352, 1796 1179 2041 2132 2019 1452 1833 1116 1769 1633 1452 2713 2132 3611 1769 2381 2926 2028 1928 1787 2245 1906 2903 3674 3447 2223 2939 1709 2291 2627 2263 4219 3007 6874 4105 3924 3153 2114 1928 2313 2168 2903 4219 3866 2699 3266 2132 2522 2794 2676 4518 4468 6214 4604 4536 3357 2264 2232 1991 2404 2268 3071 4332 4073 2948 3479 2395 2703 3057 2767 4790 4699 6332 4967 5080 3529 2322 2309 2082 2495 2404 3193 4577 4264 3620 3620 2663 2880 3262 2875 4931 4990 6532 5239 5294 3697 2472 2427 2168 2654 2495 3379 4763 4468 3298 3701 2844 3026 3352 3071 5216 6103 6804 6421 5625 3847 2540 2522 2245 2812 2608 3561 5036 4668 3484 3788 3044' 3184 3638 3153 6613 5330 6967 6738 5861 3933 2608 2622 2318 2939 2694 3847 5162 4799 3662 3901 3207 3298 3583 3293 6648 6425 7067 5860 6965 4105 2676 2872 2390 3076 2776 3946 6262 6026 3801 4024 3367 3388 3810 3343 6802 6621 7117 6169 6114 4209 2835 2758 2454 3180 2862 4014 5389 6203 3896 4082 3538 3520 3882 3425 6028 5702 7244 6214 6314 4695 5289 5162 3652 2880 3720 3357 Sheared fibers ; split at end . . . Sheared fibers Slight shearing; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; split at ends . . Slight shearing ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end . . 6512 Sheared fibers 6934 6078 4627 4717 4173 4291 4636 3766 6849 6486 8210 6940 7349 6360 6350 5080 5035 4105 7394 7508 7983 .do. .do. Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 millimeters knot.. Sheared fibers Slight shearing, caused by uneven loading; season- ing crack. Sheared fibers ■- Sheared fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers -do- do. !1» li41 1242 I24S 63' 53» 444 760 760 678 678 486 1089. 109». 1091 680 680. ■ 927 OSS 058 1462 1497 1724 1724 1860 1796 2132 1134 1860 2341 2654 2622 2449 8198 1565 1928 2685 2868 3163 2880 2703 3520 1801 2037 2821 2930 3484 3153 2890 3828 1982 2169 2967 3107 3538 3162 3039 4014 2132 2241 3066 3252 3810 3257 3221 4160 2291 2331 3171 3357 3343 3356 4332 2850 3248 3456 4160 3464 3443 4527 2413 2445 3339 3606 4241 3579 3620 4662 2540 2486 3438 3652 4355 3697 3683 4795 2608 2880 3937 4196 5038 4241 4219 5670 3130 3130 4241 4491 Sheared fibers - do do 4473 4672 8538 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end . Sheared at coi-ner; 6 milUmetors knot. 509. 1112- 1112 4F0 33 1 4«5^ 428 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEII*fCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. hi as I O P" " Hi Hemarks. 105. Pmnns Pennaylvanica Wild lied Cherry. Fin Cher- ry. Pigeon Cherry. IOC. Prunusumbellata.. Sloe. Black Sloe. 107. Prunus emarginata, var. mollis. 108. Pmuus seiotina Wild Black Cherry. Mum Cherry. '109. Prunua Capuli. Wild Cherry. 110, Prunua demissa. Wild Cherry. .111. Prnnua Oaroliniana Wild Ora/nge. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 113. Pranus ilicifolia. 115. Ccrcocarpus ledifolins . Mountain Mahogany. Xin. Pynia ooronaria AmericanOrab. Sweet^cented Crab. '120. Pyriis Americana Mowniain Ash. 121. PyniB sambncifolia... Mountain Ash. Jl2fi. Crataegus arborescens 233 233 606 606 968 968 15 15 115 115 127 127 148 317 317 368 406 763 763 1053 1053 418 418 637 1032 1062 1062 1168 1158 883 883 1087 M87 1088 1088 214 865 410 3633 607 607 Termont - ...do Georgia. ...do.... "W"asbiDgton ter- ritory. ..do Massachusetts . . -. do Michigan ...do Missouri ...do Illinois Michigan ...do Vermont Virginia or Mid- dle States. Plorida ...do Massachusetts . . ...do New Mexico. ...do California. Florida . Texas . . ...do... California . ...do Utah.. ...do. Delaware ...do Pennsylvania. .-.do ...do ....do Vermont. ...do ...do . Soath Carolina Georgia ...do Charlotte C. G. Pringle ., . . . Cold, gravelly do do do Altamaha river.. ...do Wilkeson. ...do A. H. Curtiss- ...do Eoxbury. .. ....do Lansing^.. Dansville . . Allenton ...do ■Waukegan . Heraey ...do Charlotte - - . Charleatown ITavy yard. Chattahoochee ...do Topsfield . ...do Pinos Altos mount- ains, --.do Strawberry valley Jacksonville Victoria ...do Santa Cmz . ...do City Creek cafion ...do Kiamensi . ,..:do Kazaretb . ...do ...do ...do G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. do C. S. Sargent . 1 Gravelly . do do . W.J.Beal do . do '. do . G. W. Letterman ." Eich loam . do do . U. Douglas Gravelly. W.J.Beal Eich- do do . C. G. Pringle ] Gravelly S. H. Pook . . . A. H. Cnrtiss Clay . do do . J. Hobinson Gravelly. do do . Clay.. ...do. Low, rich . ...do E. L. Greene. -..do G. Dngelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Cnrtiss . C.Mehr ...do C.L.Anderson. ...do M. K Jones . ...do Charlotte ■ . . Huntington. Mount Mansfield Aiken Ogeechee . ...do W. M. Canby . ...do J. Henry ...do ...do ...do C.G. Pringle. ...do .. do . H. W. Eavenel. A. H. Cnrtiss . . ...do Alluvial . ...do .... Low, rich . Sandy Rich, moist . ...do Eooky . ...do.. Clay.. ...do. Moist . ...do. ...do. ...do. Gravelly. ...do.... .do. Eioh.. Low .. ...do. 6532 6486 Crushed at 3 millimt^ters knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Cross-grained ; split at end 8061 6663 10138 10256 7235 8732 9979 8890 9199 7802 8324 9095 6564 8773 9571 8029 8609 Crushed fibers near middle Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from end. Failed at knot at end and split along grain. Triple flexure Crushed at middle at 3 millime- ters knot. Crushed at 82 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure 8165 7847 9508 9617 8709 10478 7485 7756 5861 6940 5874 6.?28 6305 5851 6672 ^346 Crushed at middle and at end. Crushed at end Crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Cixished at middle Crashed at end and split obliquely along grain. Crushed at51millimeters from end and split obliquely along srain. Crushed fibers at 38. millimeters from end. CrKshed fibers near middle of one side of specimen. Triple fiexuie Split along grain from end to end ; knottv. Crashed at middle ; 3 millimeters knot. Crushed near middle at small knots. Crashed at 16 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Shattered at end ; cross.grained . . Crushed at ends; knot 4 milli- meters in diameter. Cross-grained ; shattered . Triple flexure Crash edat knot 6 millimeters in di- ameter 127 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot 19 millimeters in diameter 25 millimeters f?om end. Crashed 76 millimeters from end in vicinity of 4 millimeters knot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end; cross-grained. Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots ' 76 millimeters from end. Cjushed at middle; knots 3 mil- limeters in diameter. Ciuslied at 8 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 16 millimeters knots 38 and 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle; knot 3 milli- meters in diameter. ' Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 42& PRESBUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, EEQUIEBD TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETEES, OF- 0.23 0.51 0.76 1.03 1.37 1.53 1.78 2.03 3.38 3.34 4.81 5.0S Kemaxks. 980 885 2699 2313 975 612 3112 3107 1973 1257 1483 4649 3583 1021 1111 5398 5307 2241 1347 1597 5280 4073 1084' 1216 6237 5489 2468 1442 1724 5851 4527 1161 1252 6646 5920 2540 1501 1796 6214 4740 1216 1343 6885 6237 2699 1538 1932 6555 5126 1306 1452 7063 6468 2749 1628 1982 6759 5285 1347 1483 7221 6646 2849 1660 2073 6872 5416 1393 1542 7326 6795 2989 1710 2114 7145 5535 1470 1619 7372 6972 3048 1805 2164 5276 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers 8029 8483 -do. Slight shearing J split at ends. 1483 1887 7376 7112 3094 1715 2019 8165 7530 1951 2078 8618 8210 3878 Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers and splintered. Sheared fibers do 233 233 606 15 15 115> 2019 1588 1837 1384 1225 1125 1588 1542 1724 2313 2041 2041 2177 2313 2223 2132 3221 1432 3153 2948 1678 2395 1792 1905 2449 1588 1043 2649 2177 2880 2341 3075 2536 3202 2667 3334 2771 3393 2844 3493 3026 3674 3071 3788 3166 4491 3538 2381 1588 1660 2749 2078 2123 2495 3538 2708 3311 3221 4060 4105 3606 4513 2676 5171 5534 2404 3357 2835 3788 3652 2699 1533 2753 1656 1837 1483 2259 2350 2713 3007 4196 3738 3561 4699 4786 3674 5126 3198 6314 6804 2622 3171 4513 4128 3166 1656 1765 1969 1569 2336 2495 2812 4173 4445 4200 3792 5216 5307 3969 5625 3611 7122 7462 2858 3379 4831 4400 3470 1751 2880 1860 2078 1615 2390 2581 2971 4432 4241 4445 5534 5557 4191 5874 3901 7372 7983 3030 3583 5017 4572 3792 1869 2880 1941 2164 1660 2513 2713 3093 4717 4999 4099 4087 5793 5869 4518 6205 4128 7892 8523 3198 4191 3683 5207 4786 4055 1887 2948 2019 2259 1710 2576 2853 3184 4799 5126 4940 4219 6141 6105 4740 6482 4445 3289 3856 5334 4890 4173 2019 3075 2087 2313 1760 2631 2890 3302 4931 5376 5207 4346 6386 6292 4890 6759 4740 3357 4028 5507 5080 4318 2096 3198 2173 2427 1805 2723 2939 3420 5062 5466 4477 6568 6522 4990 7021 4899 3561 4536 4173 5661 5298 4481 2223 3202 2214 2481 1851 2753 3048 3479 6203 3674 2939 2159 3107 4173 5978 5661 4531 7230 6613 5153 7235 5071 6740 5443 3674 4649 4237 5719 5325 4563 7892 6033' 8392 6305 4241 5434 4990 • 6396 6169 5080 2676 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end. 3901 3153 2268 3334 4581 6341 7802 13598 4753 5987 7076 6532 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end.. do Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers Split at ends Sheared fibers ; siilit at end . .do. Slight shearing; split at end; short specimen, 12 centimeters long. Sheared fibers . . .'. Sheared fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing ; 4 millimeters knot . Split at end Sheared fibers . Split at end . . . Sheared fibers do Slight shearing ; split at end Sheared fibers; 13 millimeters hnot at comer of com- pression area. Slight shearing Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at ends 127 127 317 317 368 406 763 763 1053 1053 418 418 637 1032 1062 1062 1158 1158 883 883 808 808 1087 1087 1088 1088 214 680 957 1005 1343 1406 1746 2699 1982 1678 2254 3030 2359 1701- 2522 3207 2507 ^v 1715 2703 3438 2713 1805 2840 3574 2830 1941 3016 3701 2985 2019 3116 3901 3193 2032 3248 4024 3339 2214 3438 3729 3407 2608 2939 4150 4763 4980 I 5398 4128 I Shearedfibers 410 do 363* do 607 Shearedfibers; splitatend i 607 430 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table Y.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. 0.2 . ■3P.S n .. . £emarks. ISi'.. Crataegns Crns-galli CoclSpur Thorn. KeweatUe Thorn. 32i. CratsegQS snbvillosa Sea/riet Haw. 32 1. CratEegns tomentoaa Black Thorn. Pear Haw. / ' I IlX '.. Crat^sgns spalhnlata Small-fruited Haw. 13- . Crataegns sstivalis May Haw. Apple Ham. 13!. CratasgnsflavaiTJar. pubescens Sunvmer Haw. Ked Haw. 13' . ' Amelanchier CanadeBsis Jxtneberry. ShadBush. Serv- ice Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACE.a5. 230 Liquiilambar Styraciflua Sweet Gwm. Star-leaved Gum. Idguida/mber. Bed Qum. Bitstea. IlHIZOPHOEACE.a!. 14U. i ^Uizophora Mangle . Mangrove. COMBEETACE.a;. at). ( onocarpnserecta.. Button Wood. 142. 1 aguDCularia racemoea White Button Wood. White • ' Mangrove. MTBTACEiB. 141. Eigeniabuxifolia... Gurgeon Stopper. Stopper. Spanish he. Eugenia tDOnticola Stopper. White Stepper. 1 18. Eagenia procera . Jted Stopper. COENACE.a;. <61. ComusfloriJa riowering Dogwood. Wood. Box 328 328 1093 1093 949 1081 426 426 926 239 767 241 849 849 540 546 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 485 489 489 507 507 1118 1118 1135 1135 1127 1127 67 67 761' MassacliTisetts. ...do Missouri ...da Texas Missouri. Tennessee . ...do Kentucky Massachusetts. ...do Alabama ...do Arkansas .. do New Jersey . ..do Mississippi . . ...do ...do ...do ........ .. do ...do Elorida . ...do... ...do . ....do . ,....do . ....do. ....do. ....do . ....do. ...do . ....do ....do . Brookline. ...dp Allenton... ...do Victoria Saint Louis - Kashyiile... ...do Louisiana South Carolina Elorida "Webster parish . . Bonnean's Depot. Aspalaga . Brumfield Station Danvers ..do Kemper's mill . ....do Little Kock ...do Mount Holly. . . ...do Yazoo River hot. torn. ...do .do. do. .do. .do. Bay Biscayne . ...do do . .do. Sugar-Loaf Sound ...do Lost Man's river. ...do Umbrella Key . . . ...do Miami ...do Missouri Allenton ...do Florida ...do Chattahoochee. ..do Massaclinsetts. . . ...do ...do ...do .- do ...do South Carolina. . . .. do Alabama ...do ...'. G-eorgia ...do California. . Vermont . Kentucky . ...do Georgia Blorida . ...do... Sontb Carolina Alabama . ...do Florida . California . ...do ...do ...do Locality. Graf ton - ...do.... Allenton. ...do.... ...do.... Portland . ...do.... Ogeechee river ....do ,.-.. Cumberland river. Chattaboocbee ....do Grafton ...do "Weet Newbury - . . — i" .- ...do ...do Cbebacco pond ...do Bonneau's Depot . ...do Stockton .. do Ogeechee river .. do Contra Costa county. iS^ Hineaburg Mercer county . . ...do Bainbridge Xey. .do . erMetacombo do . .do. Collector. C.G.Pringle. ...do G. W. lettermau. ..do do G. Bngelmanu and C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . ...do A. Gattinger.. A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.G.Pringle.. .- do J.Robinson... ...do ...do ...do ...do --.do H:.W.Eavenel... ...do C.Mobr ...do A. H. Curtiss .. do G. E.Vasey... 0. G. Pringle . "VV. M. linney . ...do A. H. Curtiss . Bluffton . Citrouelle. ...do Jacksonville . Contra Costa county. ...do Marin county ...do J. n. Mellicbamp C.Mobr. ...do..., A. H. Curtiss . G. E. Vasey . ...do ...do ...do Soil. Dry. ...do Gravelly. ...do.... Flinty ... Swampy . ...do... Clay .. ...do. Eicb.. ...do. ...do. ...do. Swampy . ...do.... Alluvial . ...do .... Sw.impy . ...do.... Gravelly. Swampy . O « w 3P.g P.Sm .■g " a Q «^ .0 o p,in 8732 7621 9004 8981 8210 10387 10819 Hudson Eiver 10160 shale. Trenton limestone. 10329 7349 7892 8119 8414 8210 7689 6623 6577 7394 7022 7lf6 6396 6328 6035 5715 6123 5489 4400 8890 Clay.. Coral . ...do . Sandy swamp. Sandy . ...do., Hummock . Gravelly. ...do.... ...do .... ...do 7938 13381 10660 4355 5874 6895 7802 7303 7756 7530 9548 Eemarks. Sap.wood; triple flexure; inter. secting "Cooper lines"; feplit at end. do Triple flexure Triple flexure; split at ends; in. tersecting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure ; split at ends Crushed at middle Crushed at 102 millimeters from >end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end ; split along grain. Crushed on one face at 25 millime- ters from middle. Triple flexure ; splitat ends.".... Crushed at 3 millimeters knots at middle. Crushed near middle ; split along one corner. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; split at ends Crushed at knots 64 millimeters from endj Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure ; split at ends Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally ; split at ends. Triple flexure ; split at ends ; in- tersecting " Cooper lines ". Crushed at 12 and at 127 millime- ters from end on opposite sides. Triple flexure ; spUt at ends Crushed near middle- Triple flexure Triple flexure 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; split at end .". Shattered at end ; 10 millimeters knot. Crushed near middle ; grain wavy. Crushed at ends in vicinity of knots; split along grain. Crushed 38 millimeters from mid- dle. Crushed 26 millimeters from mid- dle; cross-grained. Shattered from end to end Crushed at knoi at middle ; split along grain. Crushed at knot 25 millimeters from middle; opened between rings. SpUt and crushed at end ; cross- grained. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Crushed at 76 millimeters from oud; cross-grained. Triple flexure; split at ends do Shattered and crushed at ends... Crushed fibers at middle THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES mTDEK COMPRESSION— Continued. 433 PRES6UBE, IM KIL0GUAM8, KEQUIEKD TO rEODCOE AN INDENTATION, IS MILLIMETEES, OF- O.tZS O.S1 2041 1951 862 1951 2223 2068 1814 1406 1452 3130 3130 2291 3856 3833 2994 3198 2177 1814 o.re i.O'^ m 1338 1796 1792 2767 2291 3130 1951 ZliSi 1179 1352 1633 2676 1724 2495 J257 2531 1384 2245 1901 2699 1837 2740 3493 3606 8606 4491 4509 3343 35^6 2386 2132 2313 1043 1343 1497 1202 1452 2622 2948 1529 1905 2313 1610 1928 1941 3130 3329 2921 2019 2948 2744 2713 2513 3130 3130 2875 3130 1588 2041 2654 1783 2068 3761 3892 4418 4944 4044 3615 3742 2522 2150 i.ar 1..53 1.78 : 3.03 S.3S 3.54 I 4.S1 i 5.08 3606 3075 2259 3062' 2971 2899 2849 3357 3311 3003 3207 1678 2168 2803 1805 2150 3983 4069 4944 5243 5158 3819 3946 2713 2264 2150 3638 3792 3243 2336 3243 3148 3030 2921 3515 3529 3148 3348 1765 2254 3012 1923 2218 4146 4250 5325 5562 6398 4014 4164 2858 2245 3756 3992 3375 2404 3583 ■ 3307 3171 3107 3697 3656 3329 3438 1869 2381 3139 1996 2291 4355 1 4400 5715 5711 6606 4132 4287 2971 2449 2331 3392 4241 8438 2495 3697 3447 3311 3193 385G 3042 ?475 3593 1960 2472 3216 2118 28:-9 4527 4636 6878 5883 5779 4323 4491 3085 2608 2400 4073 4423 3497 2531 3919 3556 3420 3311 3983 3946 3574 8742 2014 2586 3348 2195 2436 4677 4717 6146 6114 5929 4436 4572 3143 2622 2499 4219 4636 3688 2567 4055 3683 3602 3484 4105 4064 3715 3042 2059 2654 3425 2232 2486 4831 I 4899 j 6419 , 6373 ; 6123 i 4604 4708 3289 3039 2622 4400 4726 3670 2617 4137 3810 3615 3579 4241 4264 3828 3946 2132 2708 3493 2308 2536 5761 5987 7699 7394 7212 5489 5579 3878 3153 3016 6307 5851 4196 3039 5126 4581 4418 4196 5035 6216 4401 4545 2436 3085 4219 6328 6396 8663 7938 6829 6169 Eemarks. Sheared fibers. ao. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do., .do- .do. .do. 5851 6350 4391 2894 5887 5171 5013 4581 5851 5615 4944 4944 2667 3334 4491 Sheared fibers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers do do do Sheared fibers on one edge . . . do Slight shearing Slight shearing do do Sheared fibers :do ^.....dO do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end. 812 812 107T 107T 1092 96* 9M 60» OOt 61T 7S« 750 813 813 833 833 834 834 835 83S 128 128 SSO 550 604 604 681 370 110 > U0« 73» 466 466 381 343 34S 103S 643 643 671) 679 1096 1882 2449 2948 3447 2019 3992 3438 5806 5761 690 1021 1941 1905 1792 3402 3243 1315 2404 2087 2685 1941 2858 1361 2313 28 FOB 4649 4854. 3806 6940 6668 1406 3833 3742 3193 2694 2980 3243 2640 4976 5207 4033 7439 7067 1574 4164 4241 3402 £967 3248 3515 6252 5512 4264 7938 7475 1678 4432 4522 3611 3048 3443 8720 3075 5498 5724 4468 8142 7750 1792 4899 4749 3633 3266 3620 3851 3243 8460 7915 1851 5171 4990 4024 3393 3828 3996 3393 6874 6232 4840 8074 1896 5398 5162 4173 3574 3992 4173 3561 6033 6441 4581 8192 1941 5512 6362 4300 3729 4119 4309 3692 6283 6595 5162 9026 8301 1982 6305 5489 4491 3846 6305 4418 3810 10705 2214 6918 6577 5216 4468 2422 5126 4491 7076 5715 5035 Sheared fibers ; split at ends Slight shearing ; split at ends Sheared fibers on one edge; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; radial split . do Sheared fibers ; 4 millimeters knot on indented area Sheared fibers Slight shearing; 10 millimeters knot at edge . Sheared fibers. 5579 Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers; split at ends. 434 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OP THE Speeiee, Stata. Locality. CoUeetop. Son. it SaJ 23 lit Remarks. Ifi7. Arbntns Xalapensis 16B. Oxydendram arljoreimi Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood. 170. Kalmia latifolia Laurel. Calico Buih. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. KhododendroD masimniQ Great Laurel. Mote Bay. SAPOTACE.S!. 175. Chrysophyllum olivifoime 176. SideroxylonMastichodendroB. Mastic. 177. Dipholia aalicifolia Bustie. Oatsada. 178. Bnmella tenaz . -• 179. Bnmelia lannglnosa Gum Elastic. STiUtim, Wood. 181. Bnmelia ly cioldes Iron Wood. Southern Buck- thorn. 182. Enmelia cnueata Ants' Wood. Dowrvward Plum. Saffron Plwm. 183. Mimusqpa Sieberi Wild JMlly. EBEK'ACE.ai;. 134. Siospyros Virginiana Persimmon. STYSiACAC^M. 186. gymplocos tinctoria Morse Sugar. Sweet Leaf. 187. Halesia diptera SiioW'drop 3}ree. Silver-bell I^ee. OLEACEiE. ^1 . Eraxinus pistacisefolia Ash. 683 683 353 353 515 515 2622 262' 263 263 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 500 746 930 930 1083 333 1124 458 458 61 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1102 1162 347 347 738 738 660' 660 Arizona . ...do.... Alabama .- ...do Tennessee . ...do Virginia. . ...do ..do. ..do. Elorida . ...do... ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. do . Georgia.. Texas .... ....do..... Hissonri. Tennessee . Elorida ...do. ...do. Missonri ...do Tennessee "West Virginia. ...do Miasonii ...do. ...do ...do Alabama . ...do ... Georgia. . ...do. Arizona . ...do.... Santa Klta mount- ains. ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Xashville ..do Fancy Gap . ...do .do. .do. Bay Biseayne. ...do Upper Hetacombe Key. iey. .do . Bay Bisoayae.. ...do... Umbrella Key . ....do Balnbridge . Anstin ...do Allen ton — XasbTille , Boca Cbica Key . . . Upper Metacombe ley. do ., Allenton . . ...do ^Nashville . Grafton . . . ...do Allenton . . ...do ..'..do ...do Cottage Eill . ...do Batnbridge . .do. Santa Bita monnt- aina. ...&» G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do C.MoUr ...do A. Gattinger. ...do Light, ricb . ...do Sandy rock . ...do H. Shriver . ...do Moist. ...do . .do. .do . do. .do. A. H. Cartiss . ...do Coral . ...do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. -do . -do. .do . .do. .do. I^TT . CMohr ...do. G. 'W. Letterman. A. Gattinger ..... A. H. Onrtiss Limestone , ...do ...do AlluTial . Coral .... ...do. ...do . .do. do. G. W. Letterman ...do. A. Gattinger C. G.Pringle ...do G. TV. LetteiTOan . - ..do .. do Bich upland . ...do Blob loam ... Bich upland . ...do Eicb ...do.... C. Mobr . ... do. ...do .. Sandy . A. H. Cnrtiss.. ...do ...do. Low .. .d*. G. Engelmann and 0. £ Sargent. ...do.......... ...do. ...d*. 7122 5715 7430 7847 8799 Cmshed near middle at knots 3 millimeters in diameter. Split obliquely from middle to end, crushing fibers at middle. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at middle. Cru.shed at 10 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure 6849 7462 6577 10433 8709 10932 9889 11952 12565 11272 10931 7235 5489 5012 6895 7825 7643 8913 5806 7892 7485 0095 739'4 7892 8301 8029 8415 7D01 6146 Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots at end. Cmshed at knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at -middle. Crnshod at 25 millimeters from middle, deflecting diagonally. Crushed at knot at raiddle; split obliquely. Split along grain at end; slight crushing. Crushed at end ; obliqne split Triple flexure Crushed near middle . Crushed at 64 millimeters from end and split along grain. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end in vicinity of knots. Split obliquely from middle to end . Crashed at end Crushed at 102 millimeters flom end at 5 millimeters knot. Deflected at middle; split at ends. Split at end ; cross-grained ; soasen- ing crack at middle. Triple flexure, deflecting from knots. Cross-grained ; split obliquely from end to end. Cross-grained j split along season- ing cracks. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. flo Crushed at end . Triple flexure . . Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Deflected at 25 millimeters from middle. .... do Triple flexure, deflected, diago- nally; intersecting "Cooper lines '*- Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end and at 3 millimeters knot at end. 0486 6441 6374 Failed at millimeters knot 137 milUmoters from end and split along grain. Triple flexure ■ Crushed at middle on one face . . Crushed at middle i» vicinity of i millimeters knot. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UmTED STATES UNDBE COMPEESSIOK— Continued. 435 FBESSUBE, IN KILOGBAUS, BBQUIBED TO FEOSUCE AB IHDEIiTATIOir, IN UXLLIMSTEBB, OF— 0.35 0.51 0.76 i.oa 1.27 l.SS 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.S4 4.81 S.08 Benurb. 1520 2359 1951 1211 1497 1560 2268 2223 2041 1951 4219 I860 2313 2767 2087 2177 975 907 1474 1384 975 1769 658 2076 2359 1905 2041 1960 2767 1905 1746 2676 2540 1203 1837 1170 1397 2586 3583 3062 2223 2214 2254 3289 3447 2767 2468 5579 3765 4536 4332 3420 3493 2486 2269 2155 1923 1497 2835 2522 2313 4355 3697 3130 3402 3602 4536 3266 3402 4092 4495 3039 2608 1796 2336 2976 3983 3479 2676 2527 2586 3674 3892 2980 2708 6033 4626 5171 4899 3425 3239 2431 2055 1606 3148 2527 3720 5307 4491 3674 4060 4459 5353 3901 4264 4786 5657 4060 2744 1969 2753 3221 4250 3751 2971 2694 2767 3969 4173 3107 2830 6464 5126 5586 5307 4436 4327 3810 3833 2712 2168 1692 3425 3289 4281 6023 5058 4001 4436 4908 5738 4341 4699 5194 6005 4695 2871 2064 2998 3411 4482 3946 3153 2849 2921 ,4105 4287 3252 2880 6791 5425 5874 5489 4717 4608 4114 4073 2894 2259 1801 ,6532 6470 4214 4695 5289 6005 4604 6035 5484 6323 5080 2967 2127 3153 3629 4662 4237 3284 3021 3003 4237 4432 3352 2994 7145 5742 6201 6761 6035 4844 4364 4400 3116 2381 1896 3042 3751 4799 6895 6851 4332 4971 5561 6260 4854 5307 6715 6568 5421 3003 2214 3366 3801 4854 4414 3479 3193 3157 4350 4581 3434 3085 7430 6014 6382 5987 5434 4649 4604 4527 2472 1978 4024 3964 4944 7235 6155 4527 5067 5869 6486 6080 5421 5883 6736 5606 3039 2295 3497 3946 4990 4554 3633 3325 3207 4491 4699 3602 3166 7693 6250 6677 6123 6670 6398 4808 4844 3497 2572 2073 4191 4178 5207 7521 6386 4667 6239 6083 6849 5285 5661 6042 6881 6851 3057 2381 3683 4105 5112 4695 3760 3493 3393 4581 4808 3597 3252 7974 6532 6940 6296 5479 5013 3710 2635 2177 4350 4364 5479 7811 6713 4786 5362 6310 7049 6434 6811 6187 7049 6069 2445 3810 4219 5207 4831 3856 3611 3438 4690 4890 3674 3302 8219 6736 7117 6464 6648 5103 5207 3882 2703 2268 4518 4536 5666 8029 6940 4890 5534 6477 7235 S61S 5965 6319 7221 6246 3162 2504 3919 4922 6123 5670 4491 4287 3946 5534 6626 4264 3810 9763 8119 5421 6623 6350 5058 4626 Sheared fibers. do .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . do 6U78 4491 4150 do Sheared fibers - .do. Sheared fibers; split at end . 7248 6441 6123 4854 3121 2703 639S 8279 5625 6486 7666 8266 6G68 7031 7258 8170 7417 3720 2903 4491 -do. .do. 7847 5602 3443 3085 5851 7462 9163 9026 6140 7076 8392 8799 7530 7711 7756 8663 8301 3856 3239 5171 Slight sheariDg; split at end Sbeared fibers ; split atend; short specimen, 121 mil- limeters long. Split at end Sheared fibers on one edge ; split at end Sheared fibers; split at end « do Sheared fibers do.. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at comer . Split at ends Sheared fibers .do. .do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. . iJo. .do. .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers . Sbeared fibers do. .do. 683 353 363 615 675 262» 263« 493 492 461 461 488 488 500 500 748 930 930 1083 U24 458 458 61 61 42S 811 811 1084 1084 1163 1163 347 34T 73< 1802 2 1 ■'2 2227 3039 2522 3425 2767 3529 2948 8787 3080 3901 3212 4150 3343 4333 3561 4600 3674 4004 4355 6443 4763 6078 Sbeared fibers Sheared fibers along on* edg* . 66* 66» 436 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. S .S 5 P. to Hemarlcs. 102. Fraxinna AmericaDa . White Ash. 196. Fraxinna Americaua, var. Tex enaia. 193. Fraxinus pnbescena . Red Ash. 194. Fraxinna Tiridia . Green Ash. 195. Fraxinna platycarpa Water Ash, 108. Fraxinna qnadrangalata . Blue Ash. 392 1141 114' 1143 114» 114= 130 130 212 212 2271 2273 2273 2G7' 267' 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 3G4 229' 2293 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 66 125 125 2861 2863 291 518 Misaouri Michigan ...do ....do ...do ...do Soutli Carolina . ...do Virginia ....do Vermont ....do ...do Virginia ....do Tennessee Alabama ...do Georgia ...do Texas Maaaaclmsetts. . ...do Texas . ...do . Vermont ....do Maasacliuaetta. Miaaouri... Texas ...do Tennessee . Texas ...do ....do .db Alabama .. Missouri... .. do Michigan . . ..do Kentucliy . .do. Missouri . . . Tennessee . Allen ton Dansville ....do Hudson Lansing Danaville Bonneau'a'Depot. ...do "Wy theville ....do ..L Charlotte ...do ....do Wytheviile do Nashville r--- Kemper's mill . . . ...do Bain bridge ...do Austin Beading ...do DaUas . ...do ., Charlotte . ...do TopSfleld . Allenton DaUas ...do Nashville Victoria ...do .., Matagorda ijay . ...do Stockton. Allenton ...do Lansing ...do Mercer county. .do . Allenton.. Nashville. G. W. Letterman ■W.J.Beal ....do ....do ....do ....do '. H. W. Eavenel. . . ....do H. Shriver ...do , C. G. Pringle ...do do H. Shriver ...do. A. Gattinger ' C. Mohr ...do , A. H. Curtiss — do C.Mohr 1... J. Bobinaon /...do Low .. Clay.. ...do . Clay.. Wet.. ...do. Gravelly. ...do.... ...do .... Limestone Alluvial ...do Kiver .bottom . . .V . ...do Bich, calcareoua . . J". Eeverchon , J. .do Dry, calcareous. ...do C. G. Pringle. ;..do J. Bobmson . . G. "W. Letterman. . J. Eeverchon ...do'. A. Gattinger C.Mohr ;.... ...do ...do ...do Clay ...do River-bottom . Rich, wet ...do ...do Bich upland . . Bich, wet ...do......... ...do . ...do 7530 5851 5579 9526 9934 5761 9208 8709 7983 7756 7281 7485 7349 6441 6509 8346 7439 6736 5057 5080 7107 9435 7892 8301 .do . Eich, alluvial . G. W. Letterman. ...do W.J.Beal ...do W. M. Linney Dry upland. ...do Eich loam ... ...do Limestone . . 7349 5829 8618 8097 9753 7892 7666 4014 8754 9299 6228 6327 .do . .do. G. W. Letterman . . A. Gattinger Sandy loam Eich limestone . Triple flexure. ., do Triple flexuie ; aplit at, end Deflected diagonally ;, crushed at 25 millimeters frbm middle. . Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle j " C ooper lines. " ' Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle Crushed at 32 millimeters from midiUe. Cruahed at 51 millimetera from middle ; deflected diagonally. Crui^hed at 3 millimeters knot 12 millimetera froto middle. Triple flexure -. Crushed at 38 millimetera from middle. Deflected diagonally; maximum bend 38 millimetera from middle. Triple flexure... .do. Deflected and fibera crushed at 76 millimetcirs from end. Crushed at 3 millimetera knot at middlo. Triple flexure ; aplit at ends Crushed at end and at 76 millime- ters from end in vicinity of knots. Triple flexure; middlo bend 19 millioietera from center. do Triple flexure t. Crushed at 6 millimetera knot 102 millimetera from end. Failed at knot 64 millimeters- from end ; crosa-grained. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected ■ dlago- nally. Deflected at middle Cruahed at middle on one face . Triple flexure ". Cruahed at 89 millimeters from end, aplitting between- rings. Deflected diagonally Triple flexure; middle bend 38 millimetera eccentric. Cruahed at 6 millimetera knot 51 millimetera from end. Triple flexure Cruahed at 76 millimetera from end. Triple flexure ■ Triple flexure, deflected diago- nsJly. Triple flexure; developed inter- aecting ' ' Cooper lines ". Deflected at middlo and at 3 milli- metera knot 76 millimetera from end. Cruahed at 3 millimetera knot 61 millimeters from end and near middle. Crushed on one face 19 millime- ters from middle. Cruahed at knots 102 millimeters tiom end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION -Continued. 437 PEDBBUBH, IN KILOGRAMS, EEQUIRED TO VKOBUCE AH lUDENTATION, IN MILIJMETEES, OF- O.'H 1334 1134 749 1996 1542 1315 0.51 1529 1588 1588 1588 1882 IDCO 1860 2449 1651 1179 1352 1538 1433 1905 2023 2041 1325 1837 1533 1384 1860 1579 1633 1588 2041 2041 1860 2109 2177 1179 2880 2359 1452 1179 1542 1225 1973 16SS 2078 1338 1302 2948 1882 1842 2109 2654 1760 1741 1973 2985 1619 2481 2948 2159 1642 1579 2576 1801 24'68 2622 , 3357 1996 2944 2518 2427 2867 2767 1860 2245 2708 3198 3402 3026 3202 1760 3901 3620 1633 1506 0.76 1.02 1.37 2713 2740 3171 2400 1488 1334 3121 1982 2041 2395 2976 1987 2023 2218 3388 2708 2744 3221 2250 1801 1746 2976 1982 2694 2885 3878 2291 3384 2799 2753 3148 3243 1951 2409 2894 3638 3992 3293 3611 1932 4264 4191 1656 1574 3701 3334 2694 3819 2436 1597 1542 3298 2068 2164 2622 3148 2273^ 2180 2277 3611 2903 2890 3379 2463 1932 1887 3157 2014 2948 3198 4082 2608 3615 3021 2948 3334 3357 2109 2486 3175 3969 4281 3470 3842 ^ 2090 4418 . 4513 1705 1619 3974 3720 2939 41G4 1.53 1.78 2527 1610 1619 3488 2205 2279 2717 3284 2400 2336 2440 3742 2989 3103 3574 2679 2028 1991 3234 2214 3152 3470 4160 2685 3669 3102 3221 3434 3593 2223 2567 3379 4200 4454 3720 4028 2209 4590 488G 1724 1674 4150 3071 4377 2744 1696 1619' 3633 2304 2427 2939 3434 2486 2604 2536 3064 3162 3248 2708 2132 2123 3334 2313 3334 3751 4305 2866 4033 3343 3311 3620 3710 2155 2676 3647 4482 4717 3866 4164 2313 4722 7180 1842 1778 4332 4082 3202 4527 2930 1719 1724 3833 3368 249^ 3075 3529 2390 2667 2631 4042 3307 3388 3842 2867 2195 2218 3425 2331 3620 3.03 4445 3116 4287 3484 3425 3774 3878 2064 2749 3828 4672 4808 3987 4309 2377 4349 5489 1896 1873 2980 1783 1787 3964 2468 2586 3162 3665 2762 2830 2776 4137 3425 3525 3946 2976 2241 2336 2436 3788 4196 4522 3207 4418 3597 3484 3837 3933 2563 2830 3910 4844 6035 3.3S 3.54 4173 3357 4744 4454 2469 '5022 5706 1973 1932 4296 3429 4835 3130 1810 1833 4033 2518 2063 3334 3860 2848 2894 2899 4250 3543 3583 4092 3134 2400 2436 3529 2481 1 3901 4559 4196 3420 4473 3679 3529 3983 4037 2713 2890 4055 5121 5207 4196 4572 2522 5158 5965 2028 1982 4.81 4427 3479 6103 3207 1883 1842 4128 2576 2690 3488 3937 2985 3057 3089 4359 3946 3706 4132 3221 2341 2522 3579 2531 3987 4604 4300 3529 4491 3751 3674 4073 3810 2880 2935 4205 6330 -5289 4332 4672 2649 5316 6128 2105 2037 4967 4545 3615 6216 2155 2205 4944 3039 3130 4219 4491 3742 3810 3882 5171 5.08 3856 4899 3924 2926 3062 3901 2976 4990 5489 5434 4559 4763 4377 4196 4626 4717 3633 3348 5035 6237 6078 4035 5421 2912 6373 7485 2427 2381 5942 6149 4128 6123 2413 2472 5579 3130 3357 4990 4491 4296 4382 5285 6443 4300 3130 3429 3901 3089 5489 6010 5851 5353 4699 4423 Kemarks. Split at ends ; short specimen, 120 miUimeters long. Sheared fibers - do Split at comer of specimen ; fibers not sheared ....do Split at corner; slight shearing . Slight shearing ; split at end Sheared fibers Split at end ; sheared fibers Sheared fibers do do - Sheared fibers ; split at end Split at end Slight shearing of fibers do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing Slight shearing of fibers Indented withont shearing .do. Slight shearing ; split stick . 6035 Indented without shearing . 5035 3992 3465 6625 6940 6595 5262 5987 3157 7031 8029 2586 2567 Sheared fibers. do .do. Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . do Fibers did not shear Sheared fibers do , .do. 6609 Slight shearing of fibers . 4445 6849 Slight Shearing of fibers. do Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end. Indented section covers unsonnd knot 10 milli- meters in diameter. Slight sheiuing of fibers 39* 114' 114> 114« 114* 114» 130 130 212 212 227> 227» 227* 267" 267» 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 364 229» 229» 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 536 125 125 286' 286» 291 518 438 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table v.— BBHAVIOK OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THB Species. State. Locality. ColleetoT Soil. g s » ■3^1 .H o .. T: Kemarka. ) 97. Fraxinns Oregana. Orngon Ash. 198. Fraxinns sambucifoUa ^lack Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash. 10*1. Porestiera acuminata. JPrivet. 201. Osmanthns Ameilcanus. Devil Wood. BOEE AGIJSTAC EM. 204. Eonrrena Havanenais. Strong Bark. 205. Ehretiaelliptica Knackaway. Anaqua. BIGNONIACE.ffi!. 206. Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Free. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. 207. Catalpa Bpeciosa . - . TVeni'^'^n Catalpa. 208. Chilopsis saligna. Desert Willow. VEEBENACE.a:. 210. Cithnrexvhim villosum. Fiddle 'Wood. NYCTAGINACB^. 212. Pisonia obtnsata Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. POLYGONACE^. 213. Coccoloba Floridan* . Pigeon Plum. 214. Coccoloba uvifera Hea Orape. LAirEACE.ffi!. 215. Persea Carolinenais . . lied Bay. 215. Peraea Carolinenais, var. pal- ' ustris. 217. Sassafras olficinale . Sassafras. 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 839 839 737 737 283 283 684 584 1137 1137 942 942 540 744 744 38 38 682 490 490 474 474 473 473 453 ' 453 585 585 * 340 340 71 71 Oregon . ...do ... ...do... ..do... ... do .., ...do ... ...do... ...do ... Michigan Map.sacliusett8 . . ... do Geoi'gia. ....do ... Louisiana. ...do Florida . . . ..do ...do. .. do . Texas . .. do .. Alabama . Georgia... ...do Missonri. ...do .... Arizona . Florida . .. do ... ...do . .. do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do - ...do . ...do. Alabama . ...do Missonri. ...do.... Portland ...do TYeidler's eaw-mill ...do Portland Fui-niture Company. . . . do .do . .do . I^ansville . Danvers .. . . . do Bainbridge. ...do Amite ...do Saint John's river ...do Key Largo . ...do New" Braunfels . . . ...do Stockton — Bainbridge . ...do Charleston . ...do Tnseon . Bay Biacayne . ..^do Upper Metacombe Key. ...do do . .do . do. .do. Saint John's river ...do Mobile county ...do Allen ton. ....do .... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Low, wet . ...do ...do . ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do . . . do . W.J.Beal.. J, Eobinson. ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do C.Mohr ...do A. n. Curtiss. ...do .^.do . .. do. C.Mohi. ...do ... ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do C. S. Sargent . ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss . ...do • do. do . ..do. .do. .do . .do . ...do. ...do. C. Mohr. ...do... G. "W, Letterman. ...do "Wet, peaty.. Jlich, loamy, do 9753 7S38 8799 0003 6441 5557 9208 9798 6237 7021 6441 6118 Crushed at naiddls Crushed 25 millimeters from mid- dle on one face. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Crushed at end Crushed at middle ; side of specii men split oif. Ciushod at middle; an'.leofcrush- 1 ing, 70°. Ci'URhodatmiddle ; angle bf 'crush. iiig, 5:!°. Ciuslied at 51 and at 114 millime- tLrsfrom end. Crushed ononeface 25 millimeters fj'om middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters eccentric. do Split from end to end . Eich, alluvial . ...do Sandy loam . . . .. do Coral ...do . Biph, alluvial . ...do Low, wet. Clay ...do.... "Vfet clay . ...do...,. Moiat, graTcUy . Coral ...do . .do. .do. do . .do . .do . .do . 9058 9063 8777 8119 10614 7779 6078 6305 6827 5625 5012 6668 6373 4755 11067 11000 5398 4527 Crushed ahmg one face . Crushed at knot 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 miUimeters from end. Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters from end. Cross.grained ; oblique fracture along grain. Crushed at one comer near mid-' die. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at end , Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle on one face. Cru.shcd at 38 millimeters from' end. Crushed at 19 and at 103 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure Failed in vicinity of 10 millimeters ] knot. Cnished ne.ir middle; angle of crnshiug, 55°. Crushed near middle Split along grain from middle to cud. Crushed at knots 102 millimeters livm end. 12292 I Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle and at end. Crushed at middle Sandy loam . ...do Damp, sandy. ...do Low, rich . ...do 12383 4355 3900 9548 879D 5216 6532 6069 6486 Split from end to end; badly ci'acked in aeaaouing. do Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near middle. Crushed at end Cmshed at 64 miUimeters from end. do Crashed at 51 millimeters from middle and at ends. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 38 xuillimetera from middle. t THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 439 PEES8UKE, IN KILOGISJMS, liEQL-IllEI) TO riiODUCIt AK IKEENTATIOX, IX MILLIMETEES, OF— 1] 0.35 0.51 1453 36G9 ]e33 1814 14&7 1315 I 1579 1370 I I 11S9 2273 2132 871 1397 274i 2449 2223 2041 2087 2132 1610 1542 930 735 717 998 703 1270 2676 2M8 749 880 4128 2404 2200 2359 2430 22-J3 1843 22i'3 2277 1674 3348 2009 1837 2381 4355 2640 2807 2486 3756 3334 2790 2608 1210 848 1061 1234 1098 1851 3652 4241 1302 1325 5398 3810 0.?6 2504 2676 2595 2313 1060 2064 2472 2380 1740 3801 2849 2205 2749 4990 2903 3021 2703 4483 3837 3339 3060 1334 871 1152 1352 1170 2105 3991 4808 1515 1533 0260 4499 1.03 2085 2703 2626 2440 2118 2006 2Cb5 2C54 1819 3983 3084 2331 2930 5398 3212 3334 3062 4877 4146 3611 3293 1429 925 1207 1429 1229 2205 42G4 5153 16G0 1669 7031 4980 1.2? 2849 2835 2803 2022 2214 2141 2880 2880 1.5S 4119 33J7 2368 3066 5648 3465 3506 3212 4967 4436 3878 3447 1488 944 1257 1488 1266 2304 4491 5362 1746 1728 7303 5310 2071 2935 2980 2740 2313 2245 0094 3010 1.78 1842 ; 1887 4264 3583 2481 3184 5920 3742 3656 3425 5216 4681 4037 3651 1524 980 1302 1551 1320 2468 4704 6561 1778 1765 7485 6625 3075 3089 3021 2894 2431 2345 3289 3212 1937 4330 3819 2576 3243 6123 3924 3788 3570 6371 4872 4155 8774 1579 1025 1347 1619 135S 4895 5652 1787 1851 7621 5860 3.03 3175 3180 3121 3020 2531 2381 3857 3302 1982 4527 3992 2035 3375 0373 4150 4014 3710 5489 4990 4336 3901 1606 1066 1393 1680 1402 2058 508d 5942 ISO! 1878 8074 0123 3.38 3.34 3348 3266 3221 3130 2622 2486 34S3 3438 2005 4613 4155 2717 3434 0518 4287 4110 3842 5620 5171 4477 4037 1642 1080 1402 1674 1442 2731 6162 1796 1928 8392 6532 3379 3357 3298 8243 2054 253G 3525 3561 2083 4713 ,4318 4.81 3878 3878 3629 3656 3148 2903 4128 4150 2295 5376 5285 5.08 2753 3912 3484 4078 6G59 4432 4240 3909 5702 6343 4572 4150 1728 1089 1438 1719 1488 2803 6216 1805 2005 8003 6759 7750 6489 5068 4763 6577 6237 5239 4926 2028 1303 1701 1960 1724 1978 2177 10115 4128 3470 3107 4355 4708 Bemaiks. 5489 5026 3583 4287 6625 6263 7076 6713 6861 6443 1433 1878 3693 10796 Slight ehearing of fibers ; split at end. do do do Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end...". Sheared fibers 2427 Sheared fibers; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers. do Sheared fibers. do .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 millimeters long. Sheaied fibers. .. 1 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sheared fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli- meters long. Sheared fibers .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers -do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. do Sheared fibers ; split at end. do Sheared fibers Slight shearing; split at end; short specimen, 120 millimetors long. 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 839 839 73T 73f 28S 283 584 584 113T 113f 94* 942 540 744 744 38 38 490 490 474 474 473 473 2019 1792 1951 1651 1810 IIU 3039 2608 2E80 2205 1805 1792 3230 2762 3157 2481 2019 2014 3339 2803 3339 2668 2037 2068 3429 2926 8615 2031 2127 2118 3405 2994 2717 2155 2164 3534 3075 2794 2108 2214 3624 3125 8878 2858 2218 2322 3724 3212 3937 2980 2295 2381 3788 3253 3987 3066 2318 2400 4309 3856 4491 3538 2694 2767 4522 4190 4364 3878 2835 2808 Sheared fibers . do .do. .do. .do. .do. 58S 58t 340 340 71 71 440 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEmCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. CoUectoT. Soil. S n o s * a 3 ^43 1-5 Bemarks. 317. SassafraB officinale — continned. 218. UmbelMaria CaJifomlca Mountain Laurel. Oaiifomia 'Laurel. Spice Tree. Oagi put. California Olive. Cali^ fornia Bay Tree. ETJPHOEBIACEiE. 219. Drypetea crocea Guiama PlUm. White Wood. 319. Drypetea crocea, liar. latifoUa TTETICACB.^. 222. UlmaB crasaifolia . Cedar Elm. K3. TTlmns fnlTa .' Med Elm. Slippery Elm. Jlooee Elm. 224. UlmQS Americaiia White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. Tnmns racemosa .' Mock Elm. Cork Elm. Sick- try Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. 33& TTbonsalata Wa?u)o. Winged Ehn. 3S7 387 446 814 814 854 854 1163 1163 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 303 30* 120 134 134 19 19 281 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 116 116' 1163 116« 314 814 423 133 133 380 633 633 Miaeonri ....do Tennessee West "Virginia ...do Massaclinsetts. ...do Missouri ...do Oregon . ...do... Florida . .. do. ...do. Texas . ...do. ...do. ...do. Kentucky . ...do Michigan . . Missouri. . . .. do Maaaacliusetta . ...do Misaouri ...do Texas .-- ...do Masaachusetts. ...do ...do Miclugan . . ...do ...do.-..;. ...do ...do ...do Tennessee . South Carolina.. .. do Tennessee Misaissippi .,... ...do Ailenton.- ...do Nashville. Grafton... ...do Danvera . . ...do Allenton.. ...do Cooa bay. ...do tTpper Metacomhe Key. .do. .do. Dallas . .. do . Austii^. ...do.. Mercer county ...do Dansville Allenton ...do Arnold Arboretum — do Allenton ..do Colorado river . . ...do Danvera ...do north Beading . Dansville... Big Eapida . ...do Hudson Hersey . ...do Kaahville... Bonneau's Depot . ...do Davidson county . Kemper's mill ...do G. TV. Letterman ...do A. Gattinger C. G.Pringle ...do J. Bobinson ...do G. W. Letterman. . ...do Alluvial . ...do.... Eich Bich loam . . . ...do Low, alluvial. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . .do. .do. J. Beverchon . ....do C.Mohr ...do W. M. Linney ...do "W. J.Beal G. "W. Letterman. ...do C.S.Sargent ...do G. "W". Letterman. ...do C.Mohr.....'.... ...do J. Bobinaon ...do ...do W. J. Beal ... ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do A, Gattinger.. H. W. Eavenel. ....do A. Gattinger..., C. Mohr , ...do Coral . .do. .do. Eich loam . ...do ...do ...do Limeatone ...do Gravelly Bich, alluvial . ...do Drift ...do.... Alluvial . , ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Gravelly. , ...do.... ...do.... ...do , ...do Low, gravelly. Alluvial , Bich loam ...do ...do ...do.... ...do .... Loam Alluvial . ...do.... 5751 6328 6713 6418 6659 4559 5851 6341 6033 9435 8754 10410 8256 8392 7847 8414 5951 6781 7847 8573 9889 8437 8392 8611 8573" 7698 6895 5851 49S0 7022 5579 9049 11385 9571 7847 9571 10387 10206 7349 6895 7847 6260 7008 7892 Cruahed at ^1 millimeters Irom end. Crushed at middle and at 64 milli. meters from end. Crushed at 32 and at 89 miUi. meters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure. do., Triple flexure; developed inter. aecting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure : Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crashed in vicinity of small knots Split suddenly from end to end Split suddenly; oblique fracture.. Criished at 51 millimetera from end. Cruahed in vicrnit^- of small knots 102 millimeters U'om end. Crushed at end ; cross-grained. - - . Triple flexure Deflected and crushed at end and at 102 millimetera from end. Cruahed at middle Crushed at 102 millimetera from end. Triple flexure Crushed near middle in Vicinity of knot. Deflected; cruahed at middle and end. Triple flexure Triple flexure; middle bend ec centric. Crushed at middle; deflected di- agonally. Crushed at' knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot near middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure; middle deflection 25 millimetera eccentric, i do Crushed fibers at 32 miUimetors fritm end. Triple flexure Crushed at 25 and at 114 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at small knot at middle.. Cruahed at 13 millimetera knot at middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. , ■ Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 64 millimetera from end. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- naUy. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 441 PBEBBUBE, IK KILOGEAMS, EEQUIKED TO PBODUCB AK IKBEKTATION, IS MILLIMETEBB, OF- 0.»5 1111 1071 1452 1111 1542 1270 1778 1275 1065 2019 1978 3652 3130 1315 26T6 2676 2109 1678 1093 1565 1379 1551 1592 1338 1610 1293 1610 1324 1656 1796 2096 2291 1338 1170 nil 2291 1996 1678 2586 1474 1678 2381 2SSC 0.51 1488 1442 1892 18S2 1778 2068 1960 1833 2250 2699 2744 0.76 5670 4509 1878 3393 3856 3765 1814 1479 1932 2277 2073 2350 1905 1960 1769 1669 1669 2449 2835 2880 3289 1887 1987 2295 2853 2563 2875 3901 2912 2495 3030 8493 1615 1588 1914 2109 1982 2381 2014 2068 2368 2971 2926 4854 6328 5198 2259 3620 4296 4196 1910 1619 2223 2386 2300 2699 2168 2041 191^ 1715 1896 2744 I 3266 3198 3674 2041 2254 2740 3075 3016 3348 4377 3606 2617 3257 3S6S 1.0!i 1.27 1665 1642 1978 2195 2164 2468 2078 2164 2440 3066 3057 5466 6768 5615 2477 a«37 4635 4482 2032 1765 2440 2527 2481 2875 2377 2186 2064 178'^ 2014 2958 3515 3434 4037 2164 2468 2971 3266 3198 3620 4677 4092 2708 3465 4264 1710 1669 2055 2254 2250 2522 2132 2269 2490 3193 3198 5797 7145 5874 2640 4046 4890 4744 2223 1865 2576 2685 2658 2971 2504 2336 2196 1882 2109 3139 3697 3697 4241 2268 2613 3184 3452 3366 3842 5013 4404 2869 3620 4522 1.53 1760 1710 2123 2350 2377 2558 2177 2413 2631 3329 3334 1.78 7439 6110 2803 4237 4690 4953 2322 1969 2667 2799 2958 3121 2645 2372 2313 1982 2214 3261 3810 3828 4527 2381 2794 3402 3638 3556 4073 5243 4644 2971 3810 4753 1846 1765 2155 2413 2531 2621 2250 2468 2576 7756 6396 3030 4359 5353 5163 2427 5064 2758 2976 3.03 1873 1801 2209 2472 2672 2658 2336 2531 2622 3561 3561 3212 2753 2504 2431 2118 2304 3452 3964 4028 4695 2477 2898 3583 3765 3665 4200 5557 4881 3030 3992 4937 7983 6509 3166 4531 5516 5380 2522 2164 2866 3112 3089 3348 2844 2567 2549 2214 2409 3556 4046 4182 4886 2576 3035 3738 3919 3747 4400 5697 5116 3202 4150 5194 3.28 3.34 1937 1801 2269 2490 2776 2699 2427 2595 2667 3674 8155 6749 3334 4690 5797 5611 2667 2277 2935 3207 3207 3438 2971 2663 2608 2331 2459 3697 4109 4281 5035 2658 3125 3882 4033 3946 4581 5942 5389 3293 4287 5358 1982 1887 2304 2513 2862 2744 2473 2635 2690 3756 3674 8237 6918 3484 4899 5965- 5797 2744 ^59 2994 3266 3334 3529 3057 2744 2726 2354 2522 3774 4281 4468 5198 2708 3243 4019 4196 4119 4672 6069 5579 4.81 2250 2155 2608 2884 3561 3139 2858 3198 2908 4300 4037 5.08 Bemarks. 9480 8256 4300 5851 7212 7031 2948 2858 3937 4014 4250 3674 3221 2971 2971 4740 4907 5489 2440 2758 3121 3946 3334 3062 3538 3026 4672 4445 8845 10160 8799 4808 6102 7983 8029 3153 4513 3992 3266 4808 4808 4854 5625 7303 6895 3348 3860 4400 5567 5353 6441 3357 3266 5171 5353 5874 6123 7689 7621 4196 5806 7235 Sheared' fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do do .....do do Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers .do. .do. .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do do do do Sheared fibers. .....do Split at ends; fibers not sheared; specimen 120 millimeters long. .;...do Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers. do do Split at end; fibers did not shear Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do do do Slight shearing of fibers do do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers. do 387 387 44& 814 814 854 854 1163 1163- 703 70» 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 30»- 30* 120 134 134 19 19" 281 28] 958- 958 1036 1036 1049 116 11 6» 116» 116* 314 314 428 133 133 880 633. 533^ 442 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— Bl^HAYIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THB Bpsolea. .S27. Flanera agnatloa. 228, Celtis occidentalis Suga/rheri'y. Sackberry. 'S28. Celtis occidentali^, var, reticu- lata. Uachherry. Falo Blcmco, 229. Ficus aurea 331. Ficns peduncalata Wild Fig. India^uhher Tree. ;232. Morns ruljra lied Mulborry. .254. Maclar.i anrantlaca Osage Orange. Baia d'Arc. PLATAITACE.a5. -8135. Platanias occidentalis A'ycamore. Button Wood. Button-hall Tree. Water Beech. 23G. Platanu.s racemosa Sycamore. Button Wood. 237. Platanna WrigUtii . k'l/caniore. JUGLANDACEiE. 8. Jup:lans cinerea , Butternut. White Walnut. 758 753 306 300 375 375 873 873 1111 UU 486 486 508 132 132 433 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 21 128 126 GS6 CSO 648 6iS 16 16 76 76 762 123 145 393 1057 State Florida - ... do ... ....do ... ilissouri ...do Te:caa .. do Tonno-ssee .. do Maas^achusetts. ...do Missouri ...do Arizona . Florida . . ...do.... ....do . Missouri... ...do Teunessee . Missouri... .'...do ....do ....do ...do Texas ...do.. Massachusetts. .. do Missouri ...do California - ....do Arizona , ..do.... Massachusetts. ...do Missouri ...do , ...do Michigan lUinoiB Michigan Massachusetts. Locality. Chattahoochee. . ...do /.. ...do Collector. Allenton .. do^ Dallas ,...do Davidson county. ...do Salem ...do Saint Louis ...do Santa Pita mount- ains. Bay Biscayne. ..do Boca Chica Key . Allenton . . ...do Nashville . Allenton . . ...do ...do ...do ...do Dallas . ...do.. Arnold Arhorutum ...do Allenton ...do Carmcl river i...do Santa Pita mount- ains. ...do Arnold Arboretum .. do Allenton ..do , .. do , Dansville ■Waukegan L&nsing Topefleld A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr Sou. G. TV. Letterman ...do J. Poverchon ....do A. Gattingcr ...do J. Pobinson ..do Henry Eggert ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss . ...do do. G. W. Lstterman. ...do A.'Gattinger G. W. Letterman. . ...do ...do .do. ■ do. J. Reverchon . ... do C. S, Sargent . . . ...do G. W. Letterman . . ...do G.E.Tasos. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. -. do C. S. Sargent .. do G. W. Letterman. . ...do ...do "W. J. Beal Kobert Douglas . . . W.J.Beal J. Bobinson Eioh, alluvial 6373 .do. .do. Low, rich . . Alluvial . . . ...do , ...do....... Loam ...do , ...do ...do Moist loam . ...do Dry Coral . ...do. .do. Plch loam . ...do ...do tTpland ...do ...do Eich.. ...do. Bottom . ...do ... Drift ...do Eich, alluvial . ...do Clay.. ...do. Eich, gravelly . ...do Drift ...do Moist, alluvial . ...do SS.-S ■30 .S Eich, moist up- land. Gravelly clay Alluvial Gravelly loam . . Drift 6328 6214 5679 6893 5579 6109 6895 7031 5489 7303 8278 8074 3198 1996 4491 8754 8483 6827 6056 6169 5987 5829 5661 14107 11771 6759 6579 8233 8256 4491 5888 6398 5058 6 169 6306 7621 7666 6849 6123 6080 4150 6373 Eemarks. Triple flexure , Triple flexure, deflected diago- , nally. CVush'ed at 38 and at 102 millime- ters from end. CruHhed on one face at 25 millime* ters from middle. Crushed at linot ,51 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle, deflected di- agonaUy. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Deflected; cm.'shod at middle Crushed at millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 12 millimeters knots at end and at 102 millimeters flora end. Triple flexure s Crushed at middle and at 38 milli- metera from end. Split obliquely Crushed at middle and at 25 milli- meters from end. Crushed at middle and at end ; de- flected diagonall.y. Failed at 12 millimeters knot 102 mUliineters from end. Crushed at 25 millimoters from middle at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end in vicinity of small knots. Triple flexure , Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure ^ i. Crushed at middle; angleof crnsh- injr, 50°. Triple flexure Crushed at end and at 102 milU. meters from end. Cmshcd at end and at 127 milli. meters from end. Crushed .".t 102 millimeters from end. > Crushed .it 38 and at 127 milli- meters from end. Crnshed at 13 and nt 76 millimeters from end and split alonji grain. Crashed at middle of ono face — Triple floxui'c, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Crnshed at 51 and at 127 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from ' eudi Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at SI millimeters from end. Crushed at 2;5 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millmieters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from mid- dle and at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end and at end. Crushed at middle ----^ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 443 FSEISSUIiE, IN KILOGBAMS, liEQUIRED TO PEODHCE AK IKDEKTATIOK, IK MILLIMETEES, OF — O.'JS 1397 3406 1134 1415 1400 2608 JUl 1724 174G 1610 1751 1606 1570 2223 522 040 975 1731 1769 0.51 1990 1941 1633 1860 2041 3493 24U4 2699 3039 2703 2749 2812 2903 3493 817 907 2440 2576 0.76 2264 2141 1709 1937 2245 3819 3003 3107 3683 3016 3026 3243 3339 8946 S62 980 1243 2699 2753 1.0'2 A. 37 2386 2350 1796 2123 2427 4037 3210 3402 3865 3175 3320 2970 3620 4200 8S0 1030 1320 2840 2880 2549 2481 1073 2232 2376 4327 3488 3583 4073 3393 3565 3574 3910 4373 885 1075 1905 2926 1.33 2749 2622 2341 2672 4631 3683 3837 4332 3662 3742 3629 4069 4536 885 1116 3062 3116 1.78 2858 2744 2109 2459 2799 4735 3869 3951 4450 3715 3974 3742 4309 4699 894 1161 2064 3162 2.0.3 2994 2830 2182 2363 2?94 4899 4033 4105 4617 3924 4119 3837 4527 4994 894 1175 2123 3266 3334 S.28 3107 2971 2245 2640 3016 4980 4209 4204 4817 4064 4314 3887 4626 6071 898 1211 2191 3320 3479 3.34 3212 3094 2313 2722 4080 5180 4341 4350 4944 4110 4445 3940 4758 5262 903 1229 2313 3393 3543 4.SI 3924 3810 2609 3652 6237 5421 5216 6851 4877 6126 4649 5670 6078 993 1429 3833 4037 3.08 4355 4273 2903 Bemarka. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers 0940 6033 5820 6396 5307 6625 6192 1039 1479 2840 4105 4518 Slight shearing ; split at end . Sheared fii)or8 Slight shearing of fibers do Fibers did not shear do do Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing; split at end . Sheared fibers -do. Sheared fibers; specimen 120 millimeters long . Sheared fibers. -do. .do .do. a 758 758 013 7S 7* 306 306 375 37» 873 873 1111 1111 652 48C 48e SOS 133 132 1524 1960 1905 1960 1905 2903 2586 1678 1492 1202 1565 1039 763 1134 934 998 1089 793 1025 839 703 749 40S 1021 1973 2640 2313 2640 2313 5080 4740 2105 1982 2404 2136 1365 1071 1656 1338 1542 1452 1098 1257 1293 998 1179 608 1701 2078 2790 2631 2790 2531 6670 5421 2331 2177 2868 2277 1501 1157 1855 1438 1688 1606 1134 1361 1361 1102 1315 699 1860 2168 2926 2076 2926 2676 5720 6006 2486 2341 3039 2377 1579 1257 1987 1620 1669 1642 1202 1474 1433 1134 1406 617 1946 2218 3016 2875 3016 2875 5761 5851 2622 2440 3085 2440 1665 1306 2114 1619 1742 1610 1257 1615 1479 1170 1460 635 2023 2286 3184 3184 2703 2581 3134 2549 1746 1393 2191 1683 1801 1678 1306 1656 1592 1211 1492 667 2078 2409 3248 3252 3248 3252 6019 0214 2880 2627 3289 2035 1814 1479 22C3 1765 1833 1719 1343 1710 1037 1243 1588 690 2127 2481 3379 3515 3379 3515 6192 6396 2986 2885 3348 2708 1840 1533 2359 1342 1905 1769 1356 1751 1710 1206 1G28 708 2173 2608 3534 3652 ^534 3652 6328 0432 2081 3674 3715 3674 8715 6423 6677 3094 3166 2985 3066 3429 3488 2762 2826 1901 1978 1578 1628 2404 2495 1887 1932 1987 2037 1810 1860 1393 1461 1783 1846 1769 1833 1297 1302 1669 1715 717 739 2223 2268 3157 4309 4445 4309 4445 7167 6985 3107 3583 3788 3289 2313 2019 2894 2313 2381 2127 1669 2087 2168 1479 1996 866 2481 3620 4786 4944 4786 4944 7608 6895 4423 4082 3946 Sheared fibers ; spUt at end . Sheared fibers do, do do .do. Sheared fibers j split along grain from end to end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers — Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end . 2486 220O 3044 2540 2590 2291 1792 Sheared fibers. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 2381 1533 934 2626 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do 1244 1249 124S 1253 1255 233 253 21 21 12S 126 686 '686 648 648 ic IS 76 76 76» 123 la 39S 1057 444 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table Y,— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIFCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Kemarfcs. 23S. JTnglans nigra . . . tUctck Walnut. 240. Jnglans rapeatria yfalnut. 241, Carya olivEeformis P'eean. liUnois Nut. 242. Carya alba Shell-bark Hickory. Shag- bark HiGkory. VAZ. Carya anlcata Sig Shell-bark Bottom Shell- bark. 244. Carya tomentosa , Mocker Nut. BlaekBickorp. Bull Nut. Big-bud Hick- ory. White-heart Hickory. K-mg Nut. 112 117 318 325 407 766 766 951 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 326 3 3 MisBonri.. Michigan . ...do Texaa .... Florida . ...do... Texaa .. ....do... IS'ew Mexico . ....do California ... ....do Miasiasippi . -..do Texaa ...do Massacliuaetta. ... do 292 Kentuclsy . 1182 1183 152 249 249 531 631 539 539 "816 816 1056 1056 1097 912 383 383 391 891 1082 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 72 72 Michigan ...do Missouri Virginia ...do Miaaiasippi. ...do ...do ...do "West Virginia. ...do Masaachuaetts. ....do.... Miasonri. Kentncky . Misaonri... ...do ....do ..do ..do ..do . do . do . do ..do Kentucky , ..do Allenton.. Bansville . Lansing .. Dallas Charlestown !N"avy. yard. Aspalaga ....do NewBraunfels.. ....do G. W. Letterman . "W.J. Beal ...do J. Eeverchon S.H.Pook A. H. Curtiss ...do C. Mohr ...do Pinos Altoa mount- aina. ... do Contra Costa county. do : E. L. Greeny. ...do G. K. Vasey . ...do Greenville. ...do Dallas ...do , C. Mohr ...do J. Beverchon . ...do Arnold Arboretum ....do Danville Hudson :. Lansing Allenton Wytheville ...do Kemper's .mill. . ...do ...do ...do Grafton ...do • Topafleld C. S. Sargent ...do "W. M. Linney "W.J.Beal ...do G. "W. Letterman H. Shriver ...do...., C.Mohr ...do....: ... do ...do C.G.Pringle ...do..-. J. liobinson .do . .do. Allenton &.W. Letterman . Mercer county... j 'W.M. Linney Allenton G. W. Letterman . ..do. ..do. .do. ..do. ..do . .do . do . .do. .do. Peiryville . ...do ..do., .do . ..do., .do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. W.M. Linney.. ...do Alluvial. Gravelly. Loam Alluvial . . Clay ...do Moiat, calcareoua ... do Alluvial . ...do.... ...do-... ...do..- ..do. ..do . !.do- -do - Drift --.do Shale Clay ...do !Rich upland . Clay ;. ...do Alluvial ..... ...do .. do ...do ...do .-.do 'Rich loam - . . ...do.... Alluvial . .do. .do. .do . .do. do. do. .do. do. do. do. .do. TJtica ^hale . ...do. 9026 9957 9095 8346 9934 9979 9684 8301 9662 5942 6532 8256 7258 6940 8256 6033 6577 9095 8301 8868 11431 11567 10160 10478 9934 10342 8890 10660 10514 11204 11022 90Z6 8609 10015 Crushed at middle Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Split obliquely from end to end .. . Crushed at 19 miUimetera from middle. Crushed at 25 millimetera from middle. Crushed at small tnot 32 millime. ters from middle. Crushed at middle Crushed at 51 millimetera from end. Cruahed at 32 millimeters from end. Sbatiered stick at end . Split along grain in oblique direc. tion. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Split at ends Triple flexure; developed inter- secting " Cobper lines". ' Triple ^exure^ Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure ; 60 per cent, aap- wood ; deflected from aap side. Split at end Failed at 10 millimeters knot near middle; sap-wood. Crushed at end Crushed . at 114 millimeters from end. Ciushed at 38 millimetera from middle. Triple flexure -do Cru.shed at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at knots ; oros9.grained.. Crushed at 38 and at 70 millimetera from end. Crushed near middle - . Cruahed at 51 millimetera from end. Crushed at 25 millimetera from middle. Triple flexure,, deflected diago- nally toward heart; 80 per cent, sap-wood. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally ; 90 per cent, sap.'wood Triple flexure ; split from end to end ; 45 per cent, sap-wood. , 8301 7802 9707 9571 7983 8369 70592 8845 8981 9231 Triple diagonal flexure: 60 per cent, sap-wood on concave side. Triple flexure ; 80 per cent, aap- wood on convex side. Triple flexure ; 30 per cent, sap- wood on concave side. Tri^e diagonal flexure Triple flexure j 50 per cent, sap- wood. Triple flexure; 5 per cent, sap- wood. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end and split along grain. Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap- wood. , Crashed at 6 millimeters irom end ; aap.wood. Triple flexure ; sap-wood .do . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDBE COMPEESSION— Continued, 445 FBEBSUBE, IN KILOGBAUS, BEQUIKED TO PBODUCE JlS INDBMTATION, JS HILLIMETEB8, OF — o.as 0.51 0.76 i.o» 1.27 1462 1560 1746 1769 1338 1479 2812 1905 1769 2019 953 1043 1170 1951 1828 794 1792 2200 2948 2245 2245 2205 2268 2223 2676 2740 1851 1951 3701 2903 2667 3470 1928 1941 2155 2967 3221 1882 3039 3857 4105 4042 2713 3243 2518 2395 2894 2921 1969 2449 3969 3212 2903 2672 2481 3071 3221 2073 2713 4082 3438 3175 3924 4196 2245 2486 2214 2336 2468 2576 3289 3878 2404 3447 3847 4536 4581 3293 3615 3456 4173 2744 3674 4060 5035 5080 3620 "3837 2767 2576 3212 3388 2195 2890 4255 3638 3338 4336 2200 2440 2658 3052 4423 2971 3810 4363 5239 5363 3819 4014 1.53 1.7S 2740 3302 3697 2250 V 3003 4377 3797 3502 4600 2830 2645 2749 3765 4753 3103 4037 4559 5534 5652 3983 4150 2985 2776 3497 3783 2359 3121 4568 3978 3697 4604 2953 2622 2308 3905 4944 3202 4196 4717 6851 5851 4150 4346 S.03 3089 2849 3579 ,3887 2427 3253 4649 4118 3783 4740 3039 2713 2912 4028 5080 3366 4354 4877 6078 5978 4281 4482 S.38 3184 2912 3710 3955 2504 3393 4749 4264 3969 4840 3153 2762 2976 4119 5398 S447 4436 5035 6250 6260 4427 4554 3.54 3266 2986 3869 4042 2545 3456 4799 4432 4128 4931 3289 2894 3035 4228 6567 3638 4672 5180 6419 6373 4491 4695 4.81 3561 3447 440O 4423 2980 4128 5489 5216 4899 5625 3882 3289 3438 4990 6192 4105 6286 6078 7303 7439 5239 5058 5.0S 3924 3615 4740 3130 4536 6738 5897 5634 6078 3538 3742 4400 5942 6608 7766 7938 57C6 5376 Bemarka. Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers ; split Skt end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; indented section inclndes two 2 millimeters knots. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end Slight ehearing of fibers; split at end; shaky stick Indented withont shearing fibers Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; 60 per cent, sap-wood . do: Indented ivithout shearing fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers 112 117 313 325 407 766 766 961 951 41S 415 672 672 322 322 32< 326 3 3 29 « 118 118 1406 2812 2019 1429 2404 1656 1565 1657 2703 2994 2631 1837 3062 2699 4000 3130 2005 3302 2576 2613 2590 4014 ' 4264 3992 3311 4626 3207 4300 3783 3171 3652 2926 2939 3016 4513 4649 4626 3765 5171 3629 4669 4173 3620 3851 3103 3103 3198 4917 4986 5071 3924 6579 3797. 4717 4495 3933 3978 3293 3243 3366 5149 5353 5389 4060 5965 3955 4886 4786 4164 4287 3502 3447 3511 5421 5670 5715 4205 6260 4146 5017 4944 4364 4496 3652 3529 3661 5575 6920 5851 4341 6655 4355 5189 6107 4608 4696 3756 3652 3710 6761 6214 6033 4427 6849 4463 6294 5394 4744 4808 3978 3765 3797 5987 6477 6123 4617 7212 4608 6452 6534 4844 4940 4105 3882 3887 6114 6704 6396 4726 7439 6715 5579 4854 4636 4527 7417 7825 7439 6489 8437 6033 6804 5398 4944 4877 8142 8754 7826 6693 9163 Slight shearing of fibers : do i'ibers did not shear ; split along grain Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do Indented without shearing fibers ; sap.wood . .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent, sap-wood . Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood Sheared fibers ; 85 per cent, sap-wood 249 240 631 531 539 639 816 816 lose 1066 1097 91' 2132 3334 2245 1497 2200 1769 2381 2381 810'. 2118 3837 4346 4355 4854 3697 4241 3003 3470 2790 4055 2495 2744 3810 4332 3493 3819 4037 4336 3221 3701 4563 6239 4559 3774 4382 2840 4626 4073 4527 3910 4967 6751 4817 3847 4581 3016 4831 4255 4708 4128 5243 5516 5707 6153 5013 5162 4209 4495 4872 5058 3085 3289 5080 6271 4509 4690 4976 5162 4291 4f82 6670 6341 6398 4649 6203 3425 6421 4877 5294 4626 5756 6632 5625 4863 6298 3479 6579 4985 5475 4790 6987 6704 5756 5058 5280 3529 5806 5116 5652 4908 7031 7825 6895 6101 6441 4037 6940 6033 6668 5761 7576 8618 7530 6691 6713 4491 7576 6782 7145 6509 Slight shearing of fibers do Fibers did not shear Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; 80 per cent, sap-wood . . . Slight shearing of fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; sap-wood . do 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 72 72 446 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Specl« 244. Carya tomentoBa — ooutinued. 245k Carya porcSna Fig Nut. Brown Hickcry. Black Hickory. Xwitcli- iud Hiekery. 246. Caryaamarai BitttrSut. Svamp Hickory. U1. Carya myristicsefbrmia Hutmeg Hickory. 248, Carya aqnatica Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. MYIlICACB.a!. 24». My rica oerifera ' Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. 250. Ilyrica Califomica OUPULIFBE.ffi. Ml. Qnercnsalba White Oak. 251 289 348 G 6 88 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1168 1168 153 1S3 838 838 237 237 128 362 740 740 917 917 586 665 665 8 8 32 32= 32' 49 49 491 492 493 113 113' 113» Stats. Missouri. . ....do.... Alabama . Massachusetts . . > ...do Missouri ...do Michigan Missouri Tennessee Alabama ■ Massacbuaetta — Missouri ...do ...do .-..do Massacbuaetta 4 ...do South Carolina. ...do ...do Mississippi . ...do.... Georgia.. ...do.... Florida . ...do ... ...do. California . ...do Massachusetts . . do Kentucky ....do ...do Missouri ...do ...do ...do ...do Michigan ....do ...do Locality. Allenton. .. do Citronelle . Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ...do...., Danavillo Allenton !NasbTille Kemper's mill . ^orth Beading. Allenton ...do ,...do.... ...do.... I) an vera . ...do.... Collector. G. TV. Letterman .. do.... C. Mohr . C. S. Sargent ...do G. W. Letterman ...do W. J. Beal G. "W. Letterman A. Gattinger C. Mohr J. Eobinson G. W. Letterman. ...do .do Eich upland . .do do SoiL 5 ea OS 1^ Eicb upland . ...do Sandy Drift ...do... Eicb loam ...do Gravelly clay . Eich loam ...... Upland Alluvial Drift Flinty-. ...do.. Bonneau's Depot ...do ...do Vioksburg. ...do Eainbridge ...do Cbattahoocbett — ...do Saint iTohn's river Santa Cruz ^. ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county. Boyle county . . .. do Allenton ...do ...do ...do .. do BigEapida Dansvill* .. d» J. Eobinson . ...do H. W. Eavenel..' ...do ...do.... C. Mohr . ...do A. H. CurtisB. ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss .. G. Engelmann and , C. S."Sargent. (..do C.S.Sargent ...do W. M. Linney ... do ...do G. W. Letterman . ...do ...d» ...do ...do ■W.J.Beal ...do ...a» Eicb loam . ...do Eich, swampy . -l.do Swampy . Alluvial . ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... Sandy loam . Eicb loam . ...do Drift ....do Limestone . . . Shale Slate Eicb nplaud . ...do ...do........ ...do ...do Gravelly Sandy ..,d» 11249 9163 9367 8165 9095 10954 9889 9117 8754 8845 10424 9526 8392 8392 8210 9117 7983 8119 9263 11158 8437 7280 7439 9208 7892 6509 7666 7983 9049 5579 5353 9163 8074 7779 9163 7702 8437 7825 8301 6781 8437 730? Hcmarks. Triple flexure ; middle deflection th milliraetera eccentric; ' 0.5 sap-wood. Crushed at 13 millimetcra knot 102 millimeters from end. . Tiiple diagonal flexure; sap- wood.; r;iiled at knot at middle; 80 per ct'ut. sap-wood. Crushed at 32 millimeters from cud. Triple flexure ; sap-wood Triple flexure, diagonal direction; sap-wood. Ti-iplc flnxurc; middle deflection 25 millimeters from center. Triple flexure . do Triple flexure ; middle deflection 25 millimeters from center ; 0.2 sap-wood. Triple flexure; sap-wood ..: .do. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nallj*. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25 milllEaeters from middle. Triple flexure do. Crushed at knots near middle Crushed at 51 millimeter^ from middle; cross-grained. Triple flexure, diagonal deflec- tion: 80 per cent, sap-wopd on convex side. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally ; middle bend 25 millime- ters from center ; sap-wood. Triple flexure ; sap-wood Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers cmsbed at 6 millimeters knota 102 millimeters from.end. Triple flexure, diagonal deflec- tion. Fibers crushed at 64 millimetera from end. Triple flexure. Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers at middle Deflected and split along grain . . . Triple flexure ; split along grain.. Triple flexure do : Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure 19 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Crushed flbera at end. Triple fleinre do Triple fleinre, deflected diago- nally. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. DlillTED STATES U2s^DER COMPRESSION— Coutinued. 447 & rKESEtJBB, IS KILOGRAMS, KF.QUIKED TO PIIODUCK AN IKDESTATION, IN MILLIMETKE6, OF— 0.!2S 0.51 0.7G 1.03 1.37 1.52 4662 4831 39S3 4200 4C62 4831 5in 5307 4073 4300 5661 6924 5602 5806 2259 2413 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 Bemarks. 2268 2350 2540 1905 2948 2971 1170 3788 3243 3742 4119 3198 4400 4423 1760 4246 3647 4160 4659 3611 4990 4990 1928 4491 3756 4445 4864 3810 5376 5307 2132 5013 4332 6013 5612 4527 6105 6010 2531 5149 4486 6216 5G70 4072 6386 6169 2613 5280 4604 5421 6861 4864 6577 6341 2703 Sheared fibers; sap-wood. 4708 5688 6933 4980 6759 0568 2849 7802 7756 3348 7167 7167 6159 8523 8483 3583 Sheared fibers; split at end; speoimen 120 millime- lerslonp. Sheared fibers ; sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers; 40 per cent, sap-wood. do Fibers did nttt shear; sap-wood do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end 289 34S » S 88 8» 121 288 442 53» 1051 1168 1168 153 153 838 838 237 23T 12» 362 363 740 740 917 917 6G5 665 8 3 32 32- 32» 49 49 49' 49' 49» 113 113' 113* M 2041 3130 2586 2041 2449 1315 2032 2132 1111 1792 2812 1474 2890 2109 2449 2.590 1678 1406 1325 1474 1343 2041 2404 1384 1951 1642 1961 1442 2SI3 2313 ri)7 1678 1615 3583 4473 4173 3742 4173 2744 3130 2994 2789 3674 4082 .4459 3366 4028 4028 2903 2608 ,2449 2232 1946 3239 3688 2041 2563 2767 3357 2722 3221 3-'98 1774 2466 2:41 4191 5017 4717 4281 4095 3379 3484 3311 3397 4486 4409 4990 3633 4740 4572 3221 3026 2132 2767 2618 2069 3388 4042 2291 3035 3130 34f4 30;-7 3ir6 .•!:f6 1932 •:i'.n4 2613 4527 6294 6035 4527 4926 3697 3751 3475 3797 4899 4667 3420 5285 3910 5225 6013 3465 3216 2223 2976 2713 2218 3488 4445 2440 32C6 3829 3761 3311 ■:.m 3f01 2'50 2PC0 1581 4831 5525 5307 4649 5149 3828 4073 3620 3992 5194 4890 3538 6470 4057 6479 6316 3583 3339 3198 2835 2313 3670 4808 2563 3379 3562 3946 3:06 3738 3909 2109 31 12 2664 5058 5738 5557 4899 5262 4032 4360 3751 4296 6421 6198 5851 4196 5696 5625 3738 3476 2486 3348 2926 2354 3633 5080 2699 3447 3774 4114 3701 3805 4173 2168 3207 2713 6285 6969 5779 5007 6579 4146 4427 3910 4527 6634 5389 3916 6023 4386 .5946 5887 3819 3593 3479 3057 2499 3743 6330 2667 3583 3837 4333 3937 3978 4309 2263 S298 2776 5516 C149 6933 6248 6770 4314 4672 4037 4631 6702 63)4 6159 5512 5678 4445 4S04 4160 4904 5738 5996 6525 5715 3974 4223 6101 6310 4622 4672 6214 6023 6292 3910 3983 3620 3697 2649 2713 3615 3710 3130 3257 2581 2672 3842 3951 6539 6711 2980 3075 3692 3729 4119 4268 4495 4672 4105 4309 ■4110 4200 4495 4686 240O 2368 3397 8484 2890 3030 5863 6382 6373 6606 6069 4546 4895 4219 5035 6164 5861 6849 7621 7485 6509 7031 6376 5738 4980 7303 8047 8097 7054 7648 5851 6292 5489 Slight shearing of fibers. do do .do. -do. -do. .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 7303 6896 8006 Slight shearing of fibers. 7394 Shearedfibers 4296 4S31 6423 4877 6609 6419 4119 3738 2768 3797 3379 2722 4046 5906 3139 3819 4409 4872 4482 4296 482G 2427 3588 3075 7190 5693 7553 7553 4672 4219 4400 3847 3166 4445 6713 .do. 7766 6169 7892 8210 5035 4513 3706 4740 4173 3529 4072 7212 4219 4653 5080 5851 5987 6262 6579 4922 5333 5670 6056 2740 2953 4219 3434 4513 3S10 Sheared fibers ; sap-wood . do Shearedfibers. do do do .do. Sheared fibers ; 3 mlHimeters knot in indented sec- tion. Sheared fibers -do. do. do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers j split at end . Sheared fibers Fibers did not shear Sheared fibers do do do do 448 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TAiLE v.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIlJfCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Sis sa ■a tig dun o ft Hi Semarks. 251, Qaercnsiilba— contiaaecl. ■252. Qnercus lobata: White Oak. Weeping Oak. 253. Quercus G-arryana . While Oak. '251. Quercus obtnsiloba Post Oak. Iron Oak. 255. Quercus undulata, var. G-am- belii. Scrub Oak. 256. Quercus macrocarpa Burr Oak. Moisy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. 238 238 250 250 251 251 2591 259= 403 403 443 547 547 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 1027 1027 1029 1029 37> 373 151 151 25K 351 351 771 771 417 417 525 525 79 79!= South Carolina. -ao Virginia ....do ....do ..-.do ....do ....do Maryland ---.do :... Tennessee Alabama ....io Florida ....do ....do Hassacbusetts . . ...do. ...do. ....do. CaJifomia . ....do Oregon . --.do ... ...do... ...do--- ...do... ...do ... ...do... -..do... Kentucky ...do South Carolina . ...do Missouri Alabama .. do Florida .. do New Mexico . ...do Colorado ...do Kentucky . ....do...... IBonneau's Depot ...do. ^ytheville .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do Charlestown Navy- yard. do Nashville Kemper's mill . ...do Chattahoochee. ...do ...do H. W. Eavenel - .-..do '.. H. Shriver , . . . ...do ....do ...do ....do ...do S.H.Pook ...do... A. Gattinger... C.Mohr .. do A. H. Curtiss .. ...do. ...do M.C.Beedle... Bich, damp loam. ...do Clay ...do North Beading . . . ...do Charlestown Navy yard. do ...do J. Bobinson. ...do.'. S. H. Pook . . ...do Bedding . ,..'.do...- G. B. Yasey. ...do TVeidler's saw.mill ..- do Portland .-.do G. EngebUannand C. S. Sargent. — do Portlaiid Furniture Company. do .do. .do. ..do. -.do. ..do. ..do. . do. ..do. Harrodsburg ...do '....: Bonneau's Depot. ...do Allenton Citronelle ...do Aspalaga ...do.i... W. M. Linney ...do H."W. Eavenel... ...do G. "W. Letterman. C.Mohr ; ...do A. H. Curtiss ...do PiDOS Altos mount' ains. .--.do Fngelmann's cafiOn .do, F, L. Greene ...do Eobort Douglas. ...do Mercer county. , . . ...do W. M. Linney. ...do Gravelly. ...do Bich bottom . Alluvial ...do Clay ...do, ...do, GraveUyldam- ...do Bich loam . ...do Shale ...do Bich upland ...do Clay ...do --.do Gravelly barrens ...do Bocky . ...do.. Alluvial . ...do.... 10024 0617 10026 9889 7576 6940 9730 8437 8799 9049 6632 8890 9526 8663 8119 7847 7621 6396 7485 7303 9480 8392 7053 6532 7893 8256 7847 7430 8483 8483 8754 7530 7462 6541 10002 8799 8437 6078 6305 8618 7870 7439 7901 6691 4581 8392 8119 Triple flexure Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from middle. Crushrd at middle; split pcrpen. dicular to lings. Crushed on one face at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at 16 milliujetprs knot 51 raillimetors from end. Triple diagonal.flexure .fdo . Fibers crashed in oblique lines at middle and at ends. Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters from end. Deflecteil at 102 millimeters from end; split at end. Triple nexuro; middle bend 25 millimeters from center. do Crushed iibers at 33 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally; knot at middle. Crushed at 102 railliraetcrs from^ end ; split from end to end per- pendicular to rings. Split from end to ' enc^, i opening season cracks. Crushed fibers at 32 milliraetera from end. , Tiiple flexure ..^ .do. CruBhed fibers at 32 millimeters 'from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knots 31 millimeters from end. Cm^ed at end in vioinitj of knots Triple flexure; bearing defective. do <■ Triple flexure, deflected toward heart. Triple flexure, deflected from heart. Crushed at 127 millimeters from end and split along grajn. Triple flexure .do. .do. .do. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure ...'. ■ .do. .do. Triple flexure ; split along grain. . Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and split along grain. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure .do . Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle at 3 millimeters knot. Triple flexure ; split along grain . . Crushed at knots 33 millimeters from middle (dry rot). Triple flexure. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATE^. DNITED STATELJ UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 149 PEESSUUE, IS KILOGllAMB, KEQUIltED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IX MTLLIMETEEB, OF — 0.33 0.51 2744 1033 2008 1633 2313 1438 1800 1882 2132 1483 1990 2427 1951 989 2499 1542 2109 1179 2313 1941 1438 2223 1384 1860 2313 2041 4482 1890 2214 1588 1890 885 2245 1928 3357 1019 2123 2586 1547 2250 2495 1778 1800 2032 2291 2141 •J314 0.76 I 3574 2341 3447 2200 3085 3815 2767 \ 2495 ' 2449 1987 2980 3130 2812 1969 3579 2004 3311 1951 3639 2858 2233 2459 3352 2998 3493 2676 3797 2707 3833 2295 3284 3375 4663 2076 3379 3810 2449 3479 3928 2971 2785 3447 3747 2803 3057 1.03 1.3* 4014 2617 3760 2504 3311 3805 3016 I 2622 j 2763 I 2205 3071 3402 3134 2631 3974 2967 3311 2186 4001 3039 5212 3289 2581 2085 3015 3289 3742 2794 4119 3302 4110 2812 3515 3983 6017 3316 3842 4237 2707 3887 4400 3257 3112 3833 4140 3021 3334 '29 FOR 4260 2S80 4019 2703 3447 2567 3357 2849 2948 2023 3162 3633 3429 2970 4341 8248 3389 2330 4300 3284 3447 3470 2709 2862 3837 3484 3882 2980 4291 3567 4827 2912 3742 4309 6234 3765 4228 4482 2921 4110 4704 3529 3438 4042 4377 3276 3470 1.S3 1.78 2.03 I I I 4545 3094 4200 2894 8488 2713 8574 3026 3021 2150 3266 3978 3683 3239 4672 3602 3561. 2440 4586 3588 3674 3611 3016 3012 4028 3742 4024 3157 4491 3788 4464 3080 3992 4604 6679 4095 4477 4681 3107 4305 4899 3792 3724 4246 4627 3484 3633 4735 3248 4468 3153 8615 2858 3751 8162 3166 2803 3843 4223 3901 3497 4881 3697 3656 2527 4763 8720 3701 3751 3230 3180 4182 3905 4246 3257 4695 3946 4613 3126 4264 4886 6823 4454 4740 4872 3316 4527 6089 4037 3933 4436 I 4644 ! 3647 3747 4976 3434 4658 3329 3738 8048 8933 3334 3298 2967 3429 4445 4119 3692 5076 3842 8761 2645 5035 3905 8842 3892 3388 3307 4346 4166 4305 3425 4831 4110 4763 8261 4436 6062 6110 4763 4944 5062 3425 4058 5307 4219 4250 4559 4813 3801 3937 5163 3629 4709 8465 3833 3166 4078 3465 3411 3048 3479 4790 4278 3856 6334 3983 3833 2731 5226 *4105 4010 3983 3574 3438 4495 4300 4391 3497 4990 4264 4922 3402 4581 5898 0314 5035 5144 5271 3538 4744 6466 4423 4432 4736 4953 3910 4105 5325 3765 5017 3887 3248 4223 3583 3488 3157 3570 4990 4460 3.54 4.81 5489 3891 5194 3964 8357 4296 3692 3583 3252 3633 4740 4595 6613 4500 6214 4355 3901 5103 4250 5525 4092 3887 2817 5271 4265 4114 4042 3724 3588 4626 4427 4527 3674 5126 4427 5062 3525 4749 5570 6482 6339 5298 5398 3710 4953 4643 4581 4599 4863 5067 5738 4240 3900 2903 5470 4404 4246 4128 8842 3710 4758 4627 4653 3792 5252 4496 6194 3647 4800 5747 6664 5679 6466 6489 3819 5002 5711 4704 4708 5013 6216 4087 6260 5625 5.08 K'emarks. 7031 6759 4400 5625 6759 4944 4545 3434 6704 4613 4617 4332 5670 5579 5330 4377 6123 6398 6069 8866 5761 6804 7766 4083 I 4101 4273 4350 6396 6896 4473 5606 6369 6398 5534 5942 6105 4763 5216 7045 6033 7394 5380 4854 3765 7235 5942 5376 4890 4854 6214 5878 5897 4795 6600 6214 7621 8119 Slight stiearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do Fibers did not shear; split at end Sheared fibers - do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers ; split at end Split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Split at end Indented without shearing fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at Bide of stick . - Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . Fibers did not shear Sheared fibers do Did not shear fibers ; splitat end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ...do do do Sheared fibers ; specimen split into two pieces. Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end 6872 4990 5860 6600 5992 6010 6306 6632 5171 6606 Slight shearing of fibers do .... do Split at end ; flbftrs did not shear. . Slight shearing of fibers Fibers did not shear ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do 238 260 260 251 251 2591 2593 403 403 443 547 547 748 749 749 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 070 986 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 37 37 151 151 256 351 351 771 771 Slight shearing of fibers ! 417 do Sheared fibers . do .do. Slight shearing of fibers . 526 79 79' 450 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. SoiL ■♦J . ss 0q Bemaiks. 256. Qaercns maciocarpa— cont'd. . 257. Qneroas lyrata Oser-cup Oak. SwatripPoat Oak. Water White Oak. 258. Qaercna bicolor Swamp White Oak. 259. Qnercnn Ilicbanxii Basket Oak. Cow Oak. 260. Qoercns Prinua . Ohestnut Oak. nut Oak. Bock Chest- ma. Qnercns prinoides TeUow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. 262. Qnercns Doaglasil Moimtain White Oak. Blme Oak. 137 M3 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 762 13 12 54 54 542 543 846 846 240 240 524 524 755 765 31 311 35 434 925 925 34 342 273 •an 323 614 514 688 tS8 Missouri . . . Illinois Texas ...do Tennessee . Illinois Texas ...do Vermont... ...do ...do Tennessee . . ...do Mississippi . ...do Morida ...do Massachnsetts. ...do Missouii ...do ...do ...do Massaclinsetts . ...do South Carolina . ...do Alabama ...do Florida ..do. Kentucky . ...do ...do Tennessee . Alabama .. ...do Kentucky . ...do Missouri... ...do Texas Tennessee . ...do California . . . .do Allenton ■VTankegau Dallas ...do NasliTille Winnebago county Austin ...do Charlotte ...do ...do G. W. Letterman. Bobert Douglas.. J. Eeverchon ...do A. Gattinger M.S.B6bb C.Mohr ...do C.G.Pringle ...do ...do Moist upland . Eich Bich, moist . . . ...do Alluvial Loam AUnvial ...do Nashville ...do !Semper's mill . . ...do Chattahoochee ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ...do ...do ...do West Newbury . . . Arnold Arboretum Bonneau's Depot ...do Kemper's mill ...do Chattahoochee . . . .do. Boyle county . ...do ...do Nashville Cullman ...do Mercer county Boyle county Allenton ...do Dallas Nashville ...do Contra Costa county. ...do... A. Gattinger. . ..-.do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do C. S. Sargent.... ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do J. Bobinson C.S. Sargent H. W.Eavenel. ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss . . .do. W. M. Linney . ...do ...do A. Gattinger . . C.Mohr ...do W. M. Linnfty . ...do G. W. Letterman . ...do J. Eeverchon A. Gattinger ...do G. E. Vasey . ...do Low ...do.... Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Drift ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Low, swampy. . Drift Alluvial . ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .do. Shale ...do Limestone Eocky upland . . . Dry, rocky ...do Limestone - Waverly shale. Limestone Flinty Calcareous Alluvial ...do Clay.. ...do. 8754 7076 8609 8709 7255 8256 7053 6613 7983 7326 7938 6511 7303 8523 8754 7756 9344 7530 7212 8596 8596 7983 8437 7022 7421 6418 7756 7847 7983 7938 8777 9208 10569 5942 9299 7892 7938 11022 8663 9276 9163 9117 9253 8709 9117 Triple flexure do Triple flexure ; split at end Crushed at middle of one face. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime. ters knot. Triple flexiire, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Split obliquely across the grain ; cross.g^ained. Crushed and split at ends Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. ) Crushed near middle; stick worm- eaten. Crushed near middle Triple flexure ; split along grain. Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure ; split along grain . Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure; split along grain.. do 1 Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure at 8 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end of concave side; split at end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed fibers at middle. Crushed fibers at end Crushed fibers at 32 and at 127 millimeters from end. Crubhed and split at end Crushed fibers at 76 millimeters from end. Split at end; cross-grained Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters from center; de. fleeted from heart. Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 89 millimeters from end. Crushed and split at end Triple flexure, deflected from heart. Deflected 76 millimeters from end and Bplit along grain. Triple flexure, deflected toward heart. do Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers near middle THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPKESSIOK— Continued. 451 FBESBUBE, IN KJLOGBAUB, BEQUIBED TO FBODUCE AK IKDEKTATION, HI MILLIMETEBE, OF — 0.35 0.5] 2676 3887 740 2676 1179 2254' 1678 2790 1960 2835 1542 2549 1769 2849 1678 2926 2078 3556 2744 3456 1996 2885 2858 4500 2481 4105 1452 1796 2078 2971 2041 2631 1461 2059 1905 2640 1343 2073 1687 2776 2921 2313 1628 2368 2091 3239 1951 3198 1946 2767 2359 3030 1896 2540 1202 2050 3057 3656 1860 2994 2155 3266 1542 2177 1860 3452 2245 3329 1452 2676 1656 2980 1588 2989 1624 3166 2613 3847 2223 3348 1170 2767 2404 3892 2707 4808 1769 3720 0.76 1.09 1.27 1.53 1.78 3.03 3.38 5915- 6033 4042 4178 3602 3801 3792 3937 3792 3919 3624 3756 2882 3964 4155 4237 5252 5430 4613 4799 4291 4391 6500 6600 6364 6S59 2935 3062 4296 4436 3751 3882 3329 3438 3534 3615 3125 3261 4178 4350 4717 4944 4237 4332 3388 3529 4735 4944 4786 4971 4028 4146 4658 4849 3606 3720 3261 3375 5416 5615 4908 5126 4191 4300 3379 3479 4886 4967 4146 4191 3856 3978 4160 4287 3928 4024 4559 4708 5498 5670 5753 4904 4527 4717 5398 5579 7512 7756 5942 6214 2.34 4.81 3.08 Bemarks. 4341 3184 2654 2980 2935 2858 3148 3366 3996 3652 3280 5189 4749 2068 3320 2926 2313 2740 2322 3071 3329 3529 2586 3652 3538 3044 3402 2867 2341 4092 3434 3583 2504 3670 3397 3039 3325 3311 3593 4219 3697 4817 3420 2812 3134 3166 2967 3361 3574 4336 3937 3470 5606 5162 2254 3574 3180 2563 2908 2495 3311 3683 3683 2744 3919 3856 3339 3720 2948 2572 4482 3847 3674 2713 4042 3674 3270 3520 3402 3783 4495 3951 5107 3588 3080 3356 3393 3134 3484 3715 4604 4150 3701 5847 6010 2422 3833 3366 2722 3094 2676 3579 3955 3792 2935 4196 4046 3647 3978 3130 2776 4744 4173 3901 2921 4300 3842 3434 3720 3561 3992 4854 4164 5403 3792 3230 3535 3525 3248 3665 3856 4944 4341 3882 6196 5869 2617 3996 3529 2985 3230 2844 3742 41S6 3942 3094 4445 4287 3674 4150 3280 2930 4990 4409 3993 3075 4531 3983 3574 3878 3701 4196 5103 4386 5622 3933 3434 3692 3638 3456 3779 4028 5035 4518 4114 6373 6112 2790 4114 3661 3157 3370 2976 4014 4500 3983 3248 4604 4626 3878 4486 3447 3116 5171 4672 4119 3239 4626 4037 3720 4033 3842 4382 5262 4563 6260 4355 3910 4028 3983 3901 4064 4314 5579 4969 4513 6722 6695 3157 4590 3933 3593 3729 3348 4554 5149 4441 3661 5098 5158 4309 5008 3842 3461 5793 5294 4366 3638 5262 4246 4073 4436 4150 4872 5838 5107 7938 4717 4653 4881 4690 4763 5062 6577 6078 5307 7847 7666 3720 5443 4559 4336 4346 5126 5153 5353 5058 5307 7145 6668 5806 8119 8074 5806 4990 5479 6169 5035 4355 6978 6123 5080 6033 4382 4028 6849 6260 4795 6459 5625 5652 4990 4626 5035 4831 5706 7031 6851 6469 6759 4332 7394 6927 5285 5298 Slight ahearing of fibers Short specimen, 120 miUimeteis long; split at ends . Slight shearing ; split at ends Slight shearing Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end Slight shearing of fibers do do , do do do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . . do Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.. Fibers did not shear do Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Fibers did not shear Fibers did not shear ; split at end Fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers -do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.. Split at ends Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end....... do Slight shearing of fibers . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millimeters knot 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 762 12 12 64 54 54» 64' 846 846 240 240 624 524 755 755 31 3i> 35 434 925 925 34 34' 273 287 323 514 S14 3425 4281 5942 4401 8765 4559 6373 4990 4804 6713 4164 6044 7008 6466 4436 5216 7248 B797 4877 5747 7928 6396 5829 6985 9026 7666 6169 7439 9934 Slight shearing of fibers . do do.. Fibers did not shear . 452 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEIlifOIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. s as S3 ■3P.9 o.Sm &"! Bemarks. 263. Qnercus oblongifolia White Oak. 264, Quercas grisea White Oak. S66. Qaercus Dnrandii- . . 267. Qnercas virens Live Oak. 268. Qnercus chrysolepls lAveOak. Maid Oak. Vol- paraiso Oak. 269 Quereus Emoryi Black Oak. 270. QaeTcns agrifolia UnceTio. Ooaat Live Oak. 271. Qnercus Wislizeni Live Oak. 272, Quereus rubra Bed Oak. Black Oak. 272. Qaercus rubra, var. Texana. Bed Oak. 273. Quercua coccinea . Scarlet Oak. 1103 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 654 663 663 6SS 685 7 7 45 45 452 CaUfomia. ...do Arizona . Texas ...do.. ...do.. Horida . ...do... ...do Alabama . ...do Texas ...do California. ...do ...do ...do Arizona.. California. ...do ...do. ...do. 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 217 218 920 920 1043 1043 931 931 Massachusetts . ...do Kentucky ...do ....do , Missouri , ....do Kentucky Michigan .--.do Illinois Vermont ....do ....do ....do ....do Mississippi ....do Ma'ssachusetts.. ...do Texas. ....do. m Diego county .do &. E. Tasey. ...do Dry, gravelly. ...do 6260 7621 Santa Kita mount, ains. Austin. ...do.. ...do.. G-. Engelrjann and C. S. Sargent. S. B. Buckley. ...do ...do Dry, rocky . Damp, calcareous. ...do ...do CharlestownNavy- yard. Saint John's river ...do , Mobile coiinty ... ...do , Matagorda bay . . . ...do S. H. Pook A. H. Curtiss Sandy . ...do-... C. Mohr . ...do.... .-.do..-- ...do .... San Bernardino . . ...do Marin county ...do Santa Bita mount, ains. Marin county ...do Auburn, --.do.... Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county. ...do ...do Alleuton ...do Mercer county Dansville ...do Waukegan Charlotte ...do ...do ...do ...do Enterprise ...do , North Beading ...do Florida . Austin. ...do .. Aspalaga . "W. G. "Wright - ...do , G.E. Tasey... ...do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. G. E.Va8ey. ...do G. Engelmann . ...do C.S.Sargent ....do "W. M. Linney ....do ...do G. "W. Letterman . ...do "W.M. Linney W. J.Beal ...do Bobert Douglas. . C. G. Pringle ...do ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do J. Bobinson ...do C. Mohr. ...do ... A. H. Curtiss . ...do Bich, sandy. ...do Sandy loam. ...do Gravelly. ...do...- Dry, rocky.. Loam. ...do. Drift ...do Shale ....do ...do Bich loam. ...do Allavial .. Sandy ...do Gravelly... ...do , --.do ...do ...do ...do Allavial . . ...do Drift ...do Calcareous. ...do Clay. 9140 7892 8618 10478 9707 9934 8165 8936 6577 7439 8845 9480 9072 7485 6759 6985 7847 8052 9004 9617 10083 6895 7621 6623 10705 10524 6917 7122 7031 5625 9026 7802 5579 9057 9063 9321 9299 8074 Stick shattered at seasoning cracks. Stick shattered at kjiots and sea- soning cracks. Clashed at 3 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; split along grain . . Crushed at knots 51 millimeters from end. Failed at knots 51 and 76 millime- ters from end. Crashed atmiddle and split; cross- grained. Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters from middle and at 25 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting ' ' Cooper lines ". Crushed fibers at end; split along side. Crushed fibers at middle, 6 milli- meters from knot. Crushed in vicinity of knots 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters from middle. Crashed fibers at end Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at knot 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at end and split Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots 19 and 57 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 57 millimeters from middle. Crashed and splintered at end Crushed at end Crushed at 25 millimeters from end ; opened grain. Crushed at 32 millimeters from end. TripJe flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed at 34 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected periien- dicular to rings. Crushcdatend; splitting of wedge- shaped piece ; cross-grained. Crushed at end and at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 61 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; deflected toward heart. Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed fibers at end Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters ftom center. Crashed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. Crushed at knots 114 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle deflection 25 millimeters from center. Triple flexure, diagonal deflection. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 453 PBESBUEE, IN KILOGRAMS, EEQUIEED TO PEODUCE AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETEES. OF— 0.35 1724 2359 2200 2831 0.31 0.7(i 1.02 4717 j 6305 4309 i 5171 4219 I 3828 3856 4990 4354 4332 7349 5761 53G8 4626 4667 i.sy 5829 4940 4904 1.53 8437 6477 5987 5071 5216 1.78 8981 6795 5353 5466 3.03 9390 7081 5489 5643 t.as 3.34 9707 9979 7372 7566. 6623 6777. 50D7 5806 5806 5987 7970 8265 6106 6382 5285 5543 6332 6513 5280 5362 6314 6577 5584 5856 5878 6078 6609 6745 5733 5029 6702 6929 7870 8192 5116 5312 4092 4223 6005 6250 4482 4695 3692 3783 3434 3488 2817 2875 2536 2599 2481 2536 4653 4854 4355 4491 3851 3951 3003 3075 3130 3175 3525 3611 3756 3937 3393 3461 3388 3570 3452 3570 3797 3946 2354 2440 2164 2209 3225 3302 3570 3629 5711 5856 5252 5380 4037 4160 4.S1 1157 6377 7122 5.08 1293 HemarkB. 7031 7666 Sheared fibers 655 Split at ends ; sap-wood ; 655 i Split at end > 698 Slight shearing of fibers ' 1103 do. 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 663 653 663 663 685 685 3130 1724 1701 2449 1769 1879 1610 2563 1633 2087 1910 2768 1424 1520 2313 1415 1637 1043 1905 871 1034 1796 2109 2132 1869 1678 1778 1951 1111 1837 1769 1905 1560 1084 1565 1724 2495 2109 1120 ' 5534 3742 2971 ^468 3311 3629 2994 4001 4128 3602 3456 4672 2676 2604 3856 2685 2295 2046 2168 1651 1851 2976 3880 2540 2014 2254 2576 2404 2245 2522 2454 2631 1910 1678 2118 2409 3310 3438 2527 6441 4445 3579 SOfeO 3856 4400 3769 6782 4922 3892 5398 4146 4908 4150 4445 4677 4922 5421 4187 4495 3978 4364 5693 6283 3393 4454 3116 2495 2395 2286 1955 1955 3393 3153 2862 2164 2372 ^722 2.-58 2531 2699 2672 3012 1951 1787 2418 2703 4333 3882 2899 4854 3402 2694 2622 2400 2028 1987 3683 3357 2971 2322 2518 2858 2835 2707 2753 2808 3166 2028 1833 2549 3334 4772 414G 3071 7122 5176 4259 5657 4436 5252 4391 4971 6025 4844 4877 6646 4060 3479 5058 3665 2899 2744 2440 2136 2123 3892 3543 3171 2422 2681 3026 3003 2899 2944 2989 3329 2141 1869 2707 3484 4971 4359 7358 5470 4491 5851 4563 6602 4744 5289 6965 6107 4971 4377 3665 6421 3896 3157 2939 2586 2286 2232 4033 3783 3379 2626 2785 3171 3588 3075 3075 3121 3543 2209 1978 2908 3175 5252 4663 3438 7576 5706 4753 6060 4922 5874 5053 5557 6141 5280 5248 7303 4626 3797 5643 4082 3266 3075 2690 2313 2295 4369 3983 3643 2803 2944 3293 3397 3193 3166 3212 3665 2263 2041 2985 3307 5407 4844 3674 7802 5920 4999 0223 5053 6128 5339 5720 6332 5512 5570 7621 4881 3960 5851 4264 3479 3289 2785 2468 2350 4500 4209 3656 2890 3021 3420 3588 3316 3243 3343 3701 2318 2105 3134 3438 5489 6062 4291 9117 7666 C040 7462 10047 8415 7066 7«02 8097 7439 0985 7892 7212 7054 9594 6577 5013 7457 5398 4445 4033 3366 3021 2958 5715 6398 4559 3774 3783 4309 5058 4164 4264 4264 8845 8188 7621 8483 7924 8006 2894 2622 6668 6668 5112 7258 5670 7910 6305 3357 4990 5851 3166 2869 4854 7349 7439 6715 Sheared fibers - - Slight shearing of fibers. do Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . Split at end Slight shearing of fibers ... do do. .do do .do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers. do .do. do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end V do 7 Sheared fibers 45 Sheared fibers ; spUt at end 45 Sheared fibers 45' Slight shearing of fibers; split at end 89 do Sheared fibers 92 Slight stiearing of fibers ; split at end 140 Sheared fibers 141 Splitatend 146 Sheared fibers 215 Sheared fibers ; splitatend 215 Splitatend 217 do 217 Split at end; short specimen, 120 miUimeters long . . 218 Sheared fibers ' 920 do 920 Splitatend j 1043 Split at end ; fibers did not shear 1043 Sheared fibers; splitatend Slight shearing of fibers Fibers did not shear. . 931 931 752 454 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. SoiL St; OS S|:2 p ;- i Bemailcs. 274. Qnerona tlnotoria Slack Oak. TeUow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Teliow Oak. 275. Qnercns Kelloggii Black Oak. 276. Quercua niprra £lack Jack. Jack Oak. Tin. Quercns falcata Spanish Oak. Bed Oak. 278. Quercns Cates'ba^l , Turkai Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked- leaf Black Jack. Black Jack. 279. Quercus palnstris Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. JneTGTis arjnatica Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pos- sum Oak. Punk Oak. 281. Qnercns laurifolia. Laurel Oak. 17 36 362 3ff 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 963 268 339 131 131 245 245 2652 2653 548 548 342 342 770 770 Massachnsetts. ...do Kentucky ...do , ...do Missouri ...do ...do ■Virginia ...do ...do ...do Tennessee Oregon . ...do ... ...do... ...do ... Missouri . Alabama . South CaTolina. . . ....do Virginia ...do ....do ... do Mississippi ....do Alabama.. ...do Florida . . . ...do 47 Missouri . 47 |....do .... 282 ....do .... 282 ....do .... 264' 264' 264' 349 349 511 511 742 742 750 750 Arnold Arboretum ...do Danville Junction ...do ...do Allenton ...do ...do Wytheville ...do ...do ...do Nashville Saw-mill, Ashland ...do Bngene City... ...do Allenton.. Citronelle . Bonneau's Depot. .. do "Wytheville ...do Carroll county . . . ...do Kemper's mill ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Aspalaga C.S. Sargent ...do W. M. Linney ...do ....do G. W. Lettennan. ...do .. do H. Shriver ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger G. Engelinann and C. S. Sargent. do G. H. Collier . ...do G. W, Lettennan. C.Mohr H. W. Eavenel . ...do H. Shriver ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . Virginia .. ....do ...do Alabama... ...do Tennessee . ...do Georgia ...do norida . ...do ... Allenton. ...do ...do..... ...do Carroll county . ....do ....do Cottage Hill . . . ...do Tallahoma ...do Bainbridge ...do Saint John's river. ...do Drift ...do Shale ...do Slate Bich npland . ...do ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do ...do Clay... Sandy . Kichloam.. ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do Kich loam . ...do Barren, sandy. ...do ...do G. "W". Letterman . . ...do ...do ...do H. Shriver . . . ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. Gattinger.. ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do .do. .do. Eioh, alluvial . ...do ...do X... ...do Sandy loam . ...do ...do ...do Alluvial ...do Sandy loam . ...do 8890 9081 7530 9617 7326 Crashed at end, also at 102 milli. meters from end. Crushed fibers near middle . ..j... 8256 5534 5103 8663 9562 7689 8233 8301 G396 5806 7766 8142 9208 9163 9730 10093 9698 9081 10006 9276 6809 7734 7212 7507 8437 8156 6895 7961 7974 7802 7530 8709 8799 7167 7371 8256 8596 8596 7884 Crushed 51 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Cruaheil fibers on one face at 13 millimrteT'S from middle. Deflected and split along grain from end to middle. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Triple flexure, deflected from heart. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed and split at end ; brittle. Crashed at 13andat76millimeter8 from end. Crushed at end , Crashed at 19 millimeters from eud. Crashed at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crashed and splintered at end Sxdintered at end Triple flexure Crushed in vicinity of small knots. Crashed at 64 millimeters from end. Crashed at 25 and at 102 milli. meters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crashed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed on one face at 25 millime- ters from middle and at end. Cru.shed at 102 millimeters from en opened grain. Cfusheil at 19 millimeters from end. Triple diagonal flexure perpen- dicular to rings. ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do 343. Taxus brevifolia Portland Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Moist, rich .- do Tew. ....do ....do 345. Torreya taxifolia Morida Chattahoochee ....do C.S.Sargent ....do Alluvial Stinking Cedwr. Savin. ....do do do .--.do A. H. Curtiss ....do ...J Calcareous do ....do ....do 340. Torroya Califomica -.'. California .--.do Mariu county .-..do G. E. Vasey ....do Cruslied at 64 millimeters from middle at 5 millimeters knot. California Nutmeg. Stink- ing Cedar. ...do 347. Pinna Strotas MasEachusetts ...do • Arnold Arboretum ..-.do C. S. Sargent ....do Drift Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 61 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 milUmeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 38 luillimeters from middle. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 nnd at 114 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from end. WhiteFine. WeymouthFine. do Vermont Charlotte C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- way. do Wet, swampy New Brunswick . . ....do ...do Bridgeton ...do Ed. Sinclair -..do ....do . Province of Quebec ...do.; Amqui A. Grant .--.do ...do . ...do Grand Trunk rail- way, .-do . Crushed at 04 millimeters from middle. Crushed at end antl at 33 millime- ters from middle. Crushed at 45 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 83 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure parallel to rings . . - Crushed at 13 millimeters from end. ...do Massachusetts ....do Heading J.Eobinson ....do Drift ....do do 348. Pinnsmonticola British Columbia . Oregon Hastings' saw.mill, Burrard inlet. Cascade mount- ains. ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.S.Sargent ....do "White Pine. Moist loam do ... do 349. Pinus Lambertiana California Saw-mill, Straw-- berry valley. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sarcent. Sugar Pine. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 467 11; 1^ PEEBBUUE, IS KILOGKAMB, REQUIEEB TO PRODUCE AN IKDEKTATION, IN MILLIMETEEB, OP- 0.25 494 449 885 O.S1 0.76 I 1.03 785 767 1424 1220 104u 1120 953 953 866 839 1597 1306 1325 1202 980 971 916 889 1078 1352 1452 1257 1030 1052 1.27 939 921 1742 1415 1483 13^0 1084 1098 1.S3 1002 944 1787 1483 1529 ,1356 1098 1166 1.78 1066 1007 1824 1529 1569 1415 1134 1225 2.03 1093 1034 1864 1551 1610 1447 1148 1288 2.2S 1139 1052 1905. 1588 1619 1483 1161 1329 2.S4 1175 1080 1941 1619 1642 1529 1184 1442 4.81 1334 1247 2205 1682 1796 1792 1320 1524 3.08 2087 1932 1987 1460 1701 BemarkB. Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end- Sheared fibers ; split at comer Sheared fibers do -do. .do. 535 535 542 542 741 741 657 657 1 563 780 626 817 703 857 749 8S2 1012 762 780 1048 1300 839 921 1066 8£0 821 1061 nil 871 953 1075 1116 921 984 1080 948 898 953 1189 957 10U2 1084 998 934 975 1325 1002 1025 1107 1039 944 962 1393 1043 1030 1157 1035 962 1034 1442 1080 1034 1193 1039 934 1075 1470 1098 1061 1221 1043 1007 1093 1501 1120 1179 1370 1452 ni6 1216 1633 1266 1306 1792 Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers; split along grain Slight shearing of fibers ; split along grain . Sheared fibers ; split along grain Sheared fibers .../.do Sheared fibers ; split at end 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 2223 2359 1636 1021 1257 1043 1021 1071 953 640 098 521 671 789 499 526 930 531 866 590 080 712 662 2440 36.52 3665 2331 2341 1923 1529 1452 1293 1135 nil 1542 833 062 930 708 780 1075 862 1216 903 933 871 857 1034 4037 3378 2613 2840 2118 1633 1628 1941 1211 1343 1883 1048 953 10« 1030 762 885 1152 944 1252 962 1052 i 962 923 I I 1216 4160 4024 2835 3035 2209 1683 1710 2050 1261 1393 1950 1075 962 1080 J 075 803 912 1207 971 1302 980 1003 1025 975 1275 4296 4150 2971 3125 2254 1742 1805 2118 1297 1447 2087 nil 930 1125 1120 344 944 1261 084 1320 1002 1139 1075 1193 1311 3003 4360 4255 3121 3270 2313 1796 1842 2205 1347 1483 .2227 1116 1012 1166 1161 852 957 1320 1025 1347 1043 1189 1120 I 1034 i 1338 : Split at ends . 4436 4386 3266 3365 2345 1831 1396 2250 1370 1511 2304 1120 1021 1207 1207 1361 1034 1370 1071 1234 1161 1075 1356 4513 4473 3367 3456 2363 1396 1941 2269 1393 1524 2427 1134 1062 1220 1247 889 993 1411 1066 1334 1075 1275 1166 1098 1388 4581 4613 3483 3315 2386 1941 2046 2304 1429 1538 2454 1152 1093 1247 1270 893 1023 1433 1116 1397 1093 1311 1184 1120 1424 4031 4726 6103 5421 5439 5851 Sheared fibers . do Split at ends . 3661 2440 1964 2087 2341 1447 1551 2563 1161 nil 1297 1293 921 1039 1520 1148 1420 1116 1347 1220 1143 1456 4287 2713 2245 2431 2536 1588 1724 2971 1270 1270 1520 1424 1043 1175 1792 1293 1529 1243 1547 1424 1293 1610 4527 2413 2676 2767 1778 1769 3130 1329 1384 1669 Sheared fibers ; split at ends . S'heared fibers ; split at end . . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do. 1157 1270 2023 1397 1601 1361 Sheared fibers; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do do do do 1565 1384 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do .do. 715 978 978 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 975 987 987 638 468 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE / Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ■3P.S ■ Q .. . S.2 tb wis o S - Bemarks. 349. Pinns Lambertiana — cont'd . . . 350. Finns flexilis White Pine. 351. Pinns albicaulis 352. Finns reflexa White Pine. 353. Finns Parryana Piiion. Nut PiTie. 855. Pinns edulis Pinon. Nut Pine. 356. Finns monophylla . . Pinon. Nut Pine. 357. Finns Balfouriana... 357. Pinns BalfouTiana, var. aristata Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine. 358. Finns resinosa Eed Pine. Norway J 359. Pinns Torrey ana. 360. Pinn^Arizonica. TeUow Pine. 361. Finns ponderosa TeUow Pine. Bull Pine. 730 819 819 913 992 992 661 661 656 656 915 631 631 821 821 914 315 815 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 996 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 1156 619 626 630 630 632 636 Califomia. ...do Lassen's peak Colorado. ...do.... Nevada . . Forest City . .. do Danville G. E.Vas6y , , Sierra Lumber Company. T. S. Erandegee. . . .. do A. Triple Gravelly. ...do .... ...do.... British Colnmbia .-..do Silver Honntain valley, Eraser river. ...do G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Arizona Santa Kitamonnt* ...do California . ...do Colorado- Utab ... Nevada . California , ...do Colorado. ...do.... Nevada . . Michigan ...do New Bmnswiok . ...do Vermont ...do ...do ...do California ...do , ...do Arizona . ...do.... ...do .... ...do.... ....do .... .do .... Dakota Oregon CalifoiTiia ...do ...do .. do dt/ ams. -do.. G. Engelmann and C.ST Sargent. — do San Diego connty. ...do G. R.Tasey., ...do CaBon City . LeTviston . . . Danville E. 'Weaton . M. E.Jones. A. Triple . . . Gravelly . "Rocky . . . Gravelly. Scott mountains . . ..do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do '. Eocky - ...do.. Forest City . ...do T. S. Brandegee. ...do Frospectmoiintain A. Triple . BCersey ...do Bridgeton ...do Charlotte . . ...do ...do .. do San Diego connty ...do ...do Santa Hi ta mount- ains. ...do ,do. .do . do. .do. Deadwood*. Saw-mill, Ashland Strawberry valley ...do Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. - - . do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. W. J.Beal... ... do Ed. Sinclair . . ... do C. G.Fringle. ...do ...do ... do G. Engelmann . ...do ...do C. G. Pringle ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Robert Douglas. . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargpus. — do ...do , ...do , ...do W. G. Wright. Rocky . Sandy . ...do.. ...do .. Eocky . .. do.. ...do.. ...do .. ...do .. ...do .. Gravelly. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. 5080 4026 6123 6123 4527 4740 6851 !. 8029 ] Crushed at 38 and at 89 millime- j Icrs from end; opened grain. 7621 I Crushed at 32 millimeters from end ; split obliquely along gi'ain. 5262 I Cru.=hed at 64 mill'meters from ( nd at 16 millimeters knot. 5579 ! Triple flexure Crushed at end .it 5 millimeters knot. Triple flexure . do Low, wet, swampy ...do 4037 4740 4763 6033 5489 5126 5012 7756 8301 7167 8165 0G23 5942 7349 6886 4400 4876 Split obliquely along grain Failed .it 13 millimeters knots at middle. Failed nt 19 millimeters knot 76 juiliimefiTs from end. Cinshcd at 3 millimeters knots at middk\ (^j-n.slied at 32 millimeters from end; cross-giained. Cru.'-bed at end ....._. 7485 7340 5330 6350 6080 4044 7915 7530 3629 3765 8256 5942 7756 Crushed at middle and at 3 milli- meters liuot 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crnshed at 10 millimeters knot 25 niilliuieters from end. Crushed at tnd Crushed at 25 and at 114 milli- mcloTS t'Tom end. Cru-'hod at 25 and at 76 miUime- tir.s fioni end. CriiRhcd at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 25 and at 102 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure ; middle bend 51 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at end Shattered at end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters knot at cud. do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure perpendicular to rings; knots. do Triple flexure ■ Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. .....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE tlOMPEESSlON— Continued. 469 PKEBSUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, BEQUIEED TO PEODICE AN INTJESTATION, IN MILLIMETEBB, OF— 0.25 C.'il 0.76 1.03 1.37 1.32 1.7S 3.03 3.38 2.54 1407 1524 1547 1579 loei 1084 1120 1139 1728 1760 1774 1796 1615 1642 1687 1724 2178 2227 2400 2341 1583 1624 1665 1687 2073 2114 2159 2209 3123 2159 2182 2209 2223 2273 3611 3679 3738 3833 2998 3085 3216 3266 3674 3856 3992 4146 2717 2753 282.1 2894 3125 3212 3311 3857 2880 2921 2953 2985 2050 2091 2136 2168 2645 2703 2771 2799 1751 1801 1833 1842 2431 2527 2622 2681 1379 1415 1442 1470 1483 1547 1574 1619 1551 1584 1624 1065 1765 1787 1801 1837 1207 1234 1270 1311 1238 1260 1293 1329 1569 1601 1633 1609 1343 1370 1415 1452 2431 2449 2499 2554 2400 2477 2572 2595 2527 2495 2518 2536 1991 2041 2118 2141 2028 2073 2100 2576 1015 1660 1092 1719 1833 1882 189G 1905 1610 1637 1C51 1656 1497 1524 1538 1565 1302 1338 13C1 1402 2046 2082 21)8 2155 2749 3803 2853 2903 1932 1040 1969 1982 1733 1787 1851 1901 1365 1411 1483 1529 1796 1840 1896 1932 4.81 S.08 Bemarks. 1' 11 1116 C58 670 t6J 1098 1261 1134 2023 1497 1905 1795 953 871 1211 1442 1116 1397 671 862 744 898 594 703 953 862 1270 1338' 14D2 1021 1034 1089 1016 930 907 680 1157 1452 998 1 134 1021 098 1311 871 1302 1270 1669 1325 1642 1710 1800 2676 2386 2790 2123 2169 2014 1311 2136 1506 2000 1Q34 1170 1116 1406 930 989 1243 1025 1338 944 1525 1406 1406 962 1619 1483 1824 i 1955 1406 1796 1905 1932 3157 2608 2345 2595 2459 1860 2286 1569 2105 1157 1275 1343 1583 1025 1034 1379 1111 1 2000 2177 2486 2165 2132 2291 1987 1669 1365 1574 1397 1361 971 1724 2400 11,98 ' 1343 ' 1179 I 1429 ' 1710 1837 1429 1687 1524 1388 1093 1651 2468 1765 1456 1189 1512 1474 1892 1973 2005 3243 2735 3216 2481 2744 2658 1923 2391 1619 2209 1220 1825 1433 1647 M80 1111 1420 1170 2259 2223 2359 1796 1892 1488 1724 1579 1406 llGl 1879 2518 1833 1533 1275 1024 1438 984 1637 1529 2014 1501 2032 2053 3411 2840 2540 2885 2713 1987 2477 1674 2268 1288 1365 1479 1706 1134 1157 1461 1234 2327 22£il 2440 1864 1941 1524 1774 1597 1429 1207 1905 2608 1851 1601 1325 1687 1483 1021 -1574 2119 2023 2073 2118 3520 2926 3493 2654 3021 2758 2023 2576 1705 2859 1338 1424 1497 1724 1166 1202 1520 1288 2386 2350 2486 1946 1991 iroo 1805 1601 1450 1257 1978 2667 1883 1069 1343 1760 1837 1982 1261 1334 1973 1941 2667 1932 2576 4400 3856 3389 2032 3311 2168 2948 1678 1860 1901 2032 1497 1520 1923 1706 2948 3016 1973 2835 1996 1778 1805 1610 2336 3266 2214 2177 1760 2200 2032 2078 2858 4854 4264 3720 3538 2676 3515 2381 3470 2023 2168 1638 2087 8166 3261 2926 2205 1892 1919 2540 3438 2381 1796 Sheared fibeis. do .do. .do. Sheared fibers; opened grain at end and along one face. Sheared fibers. .do. Split at end; indented section covers 9 millimeters knot. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end. . , do , Sheared fibers. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers do Sheaied fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end. do Sheaied fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers do do Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Sheared fibers do 730 819 819 913 992 992 661 661 656 656 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1076 1076 1076 996 996 996 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 1156 619 620 630 630 632 636 689 470 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINGIPAL WOODS OF IHE Species. 361. Pinus ponderosa— continued - 362. Pinns Jeffreyi Bull Pine. Black Pine. 363. Pinus Ghibnaliiiana . Pinus contorfca . Scrub Pine. Pinus Murrayana Xamaraek. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. 366. Pinus Sabiniana Digger Pine. Bull Pine. 3S7. Pinus Conlteri . 368. Pinus insignis . . . Monterey Pine. 369. Pinus tubercuiata. Knob-cone Pine. 370. Pinus Iseda.... Zoblolly Pine. JReeemary Pine. 371. Pinusrigida Pitch Pine. 372. Pinus serotina Pond Pine. 373. Pinus inops Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. 718 718 731 907 910 633 633 667 667 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 625 025 644 644 1157 1157 676 676 576 576 355 355 388 388 389 389 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 622 1169 1169 State. Montana. - ...do California. Colorado.. ...do California . ...do do. .do. Arizona . ...do .... British Columbia . ...do Colorado . . ...do ... do California. ..-.do , .do. do. .do. do. .do. do. .do . .do. Florida ...do Alabama .-.do North Carolina . . , -..do .. do .. do Massachusetts .. do ...do -..do Florida . -..do... Locality. Saw-mill, Missoula --.do Lassen's peak-'. - . I Cafion City .-.do S^ott mountains . --.do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. -. do Santa Kita mount- ains, --.do , Yancouver's island .--.do Forest City. -. ...do ,. do Scott mountains . - --.do Contra Coata county. .- do San Bernardino. .- do Monterey- .. do Mount Shasta - .. do Duval county. ...do Cottage Hill . . --.do Wilmington .-, ...do --.do ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do North Beading ...do l>uval county ..do I South Carolina . . . ...do Indiana ...do Aiken --.do New Albany. ...do Collector. S. Watson . ...do Sierra Lumber Company. E. Weston .do . Q. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, --.do W.G.Wright, .- do Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ....do. ...do. T. S. Brandegee. ...do C.S.Sargent G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do G. R. Vasey., --.do W.G.Wright. ..di G. E. Vasey. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do A. H. Curtiss . ---do C. Mohr --.do E. Kidder .... ...do ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do J. Eobinson'.. ...do A. H. Curtiss - ...do H. W. Eavenel . --.do M. J. Bobinson . ...do Soil. Dry, gravelly . ....do Dry, gravelly - ...do -do. do. Hoist, sandy loam. -.do --.do --.do --.do Gravelly. ...do.... Dry, gravelly. ...do Gravelly loam . ...do Gravelly. ...do .... Moist, sandy. ...do Low, rich ...do..---... . Loam ...do ...do ...do Drift - ...do. ...do- ...do . Moist, saudyloam. ...do Dry, sandy - ...do 6463 6477 7349 3892 4173 5443 6577 6759 7938 5035 5761 7802 9934 4626 4037 6214 5648 6115 5262 5511 4808 6940 6827 6632 4672 3742 9154 0185 4445 4876 7:94 8437 5398 5783 6123 7076 4808 4740 7038 8219 5080 6577 5829 5489 Bemarks. Crushed at end Crushed at 51 millimeters from end ;• 13 niiliimeters knotatend. Crushed at middle Triple diagonal flexure; knots near middle. Triple diagonal flexure; milli- meters knot at middle bend. Crushed at middle at 6 millime- ters knot. Triple dlagopal flexure parallel to rings ; middle bend 6 mllli- , meters eccentric. Oblique split 178 millimeters long, separating stick. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Triple diagonal flexure Shattered end ; crushed at 102 mil- limeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end- Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 19 milliraetprs from end. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Cru.shed at 10 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end.. Crushed at 5 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 mlllimetbrs eccentiic. Failed at 13 .millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle. Crnshbd at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millirpetcrs from end at 5 millimeters.knot. Crushed at 51 to 71 "millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at knots at middle auc. near end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from ' end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from (ud. ( Triple flexure do Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end in vicinit.y of V nets. Crushed at middle in vicinity of 5 millimeters knot. Crushed at middle in vicinity of knot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure parallel to rings — Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Triple flexure perpendicular to rings. Tr.iple flexure parallel to rmgs . .. Triple flexure, contained 7 knots 3 to millimeters in diameter; .Crushed in vicinity cf 3 millime- ters knot Sfcmillimeters from end. Crushed at end at 13 millimeters knot. Crushed at 11 millimeters knot 71= tuillimeters froiu uud. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. i.iilTED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 471 FBEBBUBB, IN KILOQBAilS, KEQUIEED TO PBODL'CE JX IKDEXTATION, IS MlLLIMETEItS, OF- o.as 0.51 1021 857 1202 885 685 1261 1579 862 771 1166 1225 1769 1538 1492 1879 1769 1315 1293 0.76 249 953 1021 2177 1565 1787 1202 1996 885 1071 667 1061 1270 1374 898 ' 1266 807 1052 1202 1778 1479 2014 1089 1225 753 1247 817 1406 953 1456 599 1093 767 1166 1179 1207 1982 1157 ' 1447 1243 1764 880 1093 862 1120 1247 1433 925 1520 1828. 2223 1542 2518 939 1270 703 1179 2654 3479 2658 4255 \ 1520 2132 1043 1678 1211 1796 1110 2073 l.OiS 1211 1302 1905 1769 1728 2023 1882 1379 1483 1768 2676 1905 2341 1202 1143 1501 1438 1152 1910 2214 1352 1374 1569 1619 1306 1261 1347 2218 1529 1919 1161 1193 1497 1678 2295 2844 1343 1.''70 3751 4854 2318 2028 2032 2350 1261 1325 1082 1819 1833 2173 1946 1479 1569 1937 2853 2000 2586 1229 1170 1588 1492 1193 1982 2332 1397 1424 1624 1674 1379 1297 1393 2372 1592 2050 1216 1275 1560 1801 2341 3089 1374 1424 3901 5239 2395 2127 2096 2431 1.37 1297 1365 2023 I860 1901 2259 1969 1547 1624 2000 2939 2078 2685 1252 1198 1665 1529 1252 2041 2363 1470 1479 1665 1710 1424 1320 1456 2436 1656 2118 1275 1325 1633 185r> 2449 3207 1393 1442 4019 5461 2477 2186 2104 2504 1.32 1.7S 1311 1402 2008 1928 1987 2309 2014 1606 1665 2105 3012 2164 2830 1270 1220 1715 1565 1302 2087 2413 1533 1547 1701 1746 1456 1347 1520 2518 1706 2223 1347 1406 1674 1901 2531 3302 1402 1483 4150 5679 2558 2241 3.o:i a.'is 1347 1452 2114 2000 2028 2345 2004 1651 1715 2168 3071 2250 2894 1279 1243 1774 1579 1329 2168 2499 1574 1574 1715 1778 1489 1379 1574 2563 1737 2263 1442 1466 1701 1928 2595 3357 1433 1501 4250 5729 2608 2277 2195 ! 2236 2527 2599 1361 1479 2155 2096 2091 2368 2082 1687 1755 2223 3116 2309 2994 1288 1262 1846 1601 1374 / 2200 2545 1615 1619 1737 1816 1524 1397' 1637 2635 1796 2322 1497 1547 1733 1973 2658 3488 1452 1529 4369 5625 2658 2309 2250 2649 i2.34 4.81 1397 1542 2186 2123 2141 2418 2118 1751 1796 2286 3175 2372 3075 1293 1275 1910 1647 1406 2269 2599 1651 1669 1746 1833 1538 1429 1656 2672 1819 2368 1547 1597 1774 2005 2740 i 3579 j 1492 1438 1579 2218 2182 i 2182 ; 2431 2150 I I 1773 1842 2354 3293 2440 3166 1311 1288 1964 1665 1433 2313 2654 1678 1769 2540 2495 2130 2099 S.08 1878 1928 2685 2694 2849 Bemaiks. Sheared fibers. do do do do Sheared fibers ; split at end. do 2064 2087 ! 2812 3766 2223 2277 do.. Sheared fibers. Sheared fibers ,■ split at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends . Slight shearing of fibers; split at end - . Sheared fibers ; split at end 1497 1497 2223 1814 1610 2667 3107 2994 1687 I 2023 1716 : 1973 1760 i 1969 1569 1470 1669 2713 1855 2418 1697 1637 1796 2037 2844 3692 1520 2758 1905 1996 2019 2223 1579 2404 1787 2849 2214 2186 1905 1746 2963 2182 2336 Sheared fibers do .... do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers. do .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Split at ends; fibers did not shear — Sheared fibers ; split at ends Split at end ; fibers did not shear Indented without shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers ; split at ends Split at end ; fibers did not shear Sheared fibers do 1551 1505 4409 4522 i 5534 5552 2703 2749 2341 2368 2268 2286 2690 27:! 1 3289 I 3520 4219 ! 4491 1678 : 1796 1787 I ' 1883 5216 5761 : 5851 .do. .do .do. .do .do. Sheared fibers ; split along grain. 718 718 731 907 910 633 633 667 667 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 625 625 644 644 1157 1157 676 676 576 576 82 82 365 355 388 388 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 3030 3202 2013 'lo''2 2635 Sheared fibers I 021 Sheared fibers ; splitateud I 022 Sheared fibers 1169 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ' 1109 472 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 a a ID 1 o State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ■3t=.S M Remarks. 3T3. Pinns inops— continued 1172 1172 279 279 321 321 671 671 278 278 319 142 142 544 E44 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 85 85 243 243 302 302 357 357 358 358 359 350 360 360 361 361 384 384 385 385 Kew Jersey do Mount Holly ...do S. P. Sharpies do Clay ....do 6033 5579 5715 6341 5987 5353 8663 7621 4763 7983 10138 5460 5398 3130 2903 5353 5375 5194 4944 5080 7750 8188 6813 8392 10977 8618 9321 11204 10100 7847 8165 10478 10047 10669 11839 11930 10931 11068 10931 10660 10931 9775 9934 8663 9017 Crushed at middle on one face Triple diagonal flexure Apalachicola ...do A. H. Cnrtiss do Dry, sandy barrens ....do Clay ....do Triple flexure parallel to rings ; knots at middle. Crushed at knots' at middle Triple flexure perpendicular to riuRS. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end ; split at end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters kndt. Crushod at 102 millimeters from end. do Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. do Wytheville ...do H. Shriver ....do Table-mountain Pine. Hick- ....do 376. Pimis muricata California ...do Marin county ... do G. E. Vasey do Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine. ...do 877. Pinns mitis Chattahoochee ....do A. H. Curtiss ...do Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. BuU Pine. ....do ....do Crushed at small 2 millimeters knots 25 millimeters from mid- dle. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Tripleflexure Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Cruthed at 76 millimeters from rnd at 16 millimeters knot. Louisiana South Carolina . . . do . C. Mohr Sandy loam Eich upland do 378. Pinns glabra . . Bonncau's Depot ...do H. W. Eavenel . do Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. White Pine. Mississippi ...do Gainesville ....do C. Mohr Low, sandy ....do ...do Florida . . Chattahoochee ....do A. H. Curtiss .... ...do Low, wet . . do Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed 32 millimeters from mid. > die in vicinity of knot. Crushed at end at 13 millimeters knot. Triple flexure ; opened grain Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Crushed and opened between rings at end. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Split obliquely ; stick broke in two pieces. Crushed !:t 13 to 76 niillunetere from end. Triple flexure parallel to rings . . . Crushed at, 13 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. . do W. J. Beal • do Low, sandy do Gray Pine. Scrub Fine. Prince's Pine. do ....do ■ Intercolonial rail, way. . ..do ^ ..do do ...do ....do Duval county ....do A. H. Curtiss ...do Sandy loam ....do liong-lea^ed Pine. Southern Pine. Oeorgia Pine. Yel- low Pine. Sard Pine. ...do ....do ... do .. do Moist, sandy ....do ... do ...do .. do ...do Sawmill, Saint John's river. ...do ....do ,. do ....do South Carolina ....do Aiken H. W. Eavenel .... Dry, sandy . . ' do Crushed near middle Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle. ....do Alabama Cottage Hill ...do... C. Mohr Sandy loam do ....do ....do .. do ....do ....do. ....do ...do ...do do Tripleflexure Crushed and splintered at end ' Crushed at middle Crashed at 32 millimeters from end. Crushed at 04 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 38 millimctera from end. Crashed at 7fl millimeters fniiii end. Crushod at 76 millimeters from end and shattered. . Crushod at 51 milliraeteJS from end. Crushed at 38 niillimutevs lioni end. .. do Chuuchula>. ... do do do ...do ....do do ....do ...do ...do ...do do ...do ....do do ....do ....do do do 1 ....do ... do ...do .... do Florida ....do Saw-mill, Cedar Keys. ... do A. H. Curtiss ...do ...do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 473 PEES8UKE, IN KILOGRAMS, BEIJUIKEB TO PKODUCE AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETEEB, OF- 0.25 1247 1384 1243 1134 1252 953 1429 862 1080 1303 1157 1043 1030 8C2 690 1043 1370 707 544 1134 807 857 1071 1709 1388 1442 998 1588 1951 1479 1125 1134 1700 140G 1800 1951 2223 1551 2041 1883 1010 1406 1452 1270 1311 0.51 0.76 2404 2082 1941 1429 1687 1452 1901 1325 1429 2177 1538 1769 1470 1198 1148 1515 1674 1247 1452 1442 1315 1306 1293 2268 1860 1624 1615 1960 2803 1882 1452 144^ 2395 1083 2767 2296 3202 1837 2921 3048 1900 1542 2J40 1005 1810 1.03 2812 2254 2100 1656 1833 1615 2050 1515 1551 2481 1624 1941 1506 1311 1284 1592 1787 1393 1633 1501 1520 1406 136i { 2499 1996 1728 1778 2064 3012 1882 1515 1569 2558 1833 2971 2495 3447 2037 2971 3438 1990 1706 2885 2078 2023 3075 2304 2218 1715 1910 1705 2136 1601 1624 2613 1724 2028 1565 1335 1338 1660 1864 1470 1778 1583 1628 1415 1443 2622 2087 1778 1860 2109 2994 1905 1637 1746 2022 1941 3039 2640 3184 2214 2812 3661 2136 1778 3020 2218 2155 i.ay 3248 2400 2400 1801 1951 1733 2232 1669 1706 2676 1810 2096 1606 1415 1393 1728 1928 1529 1851 1637 1687 1424 1529 2681 2168 1873 1919 2191 2812 2023 1710 1796 2635 2037 3139 2808 3502 2422 3153 3751 22*0 1914 3110 2295 2250 1.53 3343 2440 2377 1814 2032 1756 1756 2762 1804 2154 1619 1442 1429 1760 1982 1569 1978 1710 1719 1438 1574 2709 2259 1941 1987 2273 2880 2259 1792 1892 2649 2127 3289 2890 3543 2540 2817 3887 2341 2000 3166 2359 2300 1.78 3411 2513 2436 1846 2118 1787 2345 1787 1810 2781 1928 2209 1647 1479 1438 1810 2005 1615 2019 1778 1760 1524 1642 2885 2313 1991 2046 2322 3075 2522 1864 1973 2676 2182 3388 3071 3683 2676 2994 3878 2422 2082 3216 2436 2359 3.03 3456 2572 2477 1860 2191 1801 2386 1842 1887 2790 1987 2250 1665 1506 1470 1851 2014 1600 2064 1814 1810 1597 1687 2948 2386 2050 2150 2363 3193 2622 2431 2041 2903 2254 3484 3198 3750 2758 3193 3933 2486 2132 3298 2522 2440 3.38 2536 1869 2250 1824 2431 1901 1951 2783 2037 « 2295 1687 1533 1483 1901 2068 1683 2091 1882 1842 1628 1765 3021 2440 2236 2409 3257 2703 2480 2114 3025 2295 3529 3270 3842 2885 3316 4014 2581 2177 3337 3.54 2576 1923 2331 1910 2490 1946 2009 2790 2096 2345 1701 1565 1515 1941 2096 1716 2146 1923 1855 1669 1792 3062 2486 2286 2440 3302 2903 2581 2168 3134 2360 2998 3452 4101 2654 2203 3411 2633 2593 4.81 2994 2880 2132 2767 2291 2767 2304 2341 3139 2699 1800 1746 1633 2186 2404 1996 2454 2336 2032 1769 2064 3221 3946 4150 4808 3030 2740 3107 I 2813 5.«t^ Ilemarks. 3198 2917 1951 1879 1851 2336 2785 2141 2653 2585 5216 Split at end Sheared fiters. Sheared fibers ; split at eucs. Sheared fibers SheEired fibers ; split along grain . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end. do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers. do .... do...:.... do do do , .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; 3 millimeters knot in indented section , Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Split at end ; fibers did not shear Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers ; opened seajsoning cracks . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do Sheared fibers ; split at end Split at end ; fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Split at end ; fibers did not shear Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do Sheared fibers; split at end Slight sheariog of fibers ; split at ends . . . 1172 1172 279 279 * 321 321 671 671 278 278 319 142 142 544 544 764 764 780 879 879 81 81. 85 85 243 243 302 302 337 •»7 353 338 339 339 3G0 3C0 361 361 384 384 385 385 474 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THB Species. 380, Pimispalustris — continued.. 381. Pinus Cubensis ^ Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. 382. Pieea nigra Black Spruce. 383. Ficeaalba White Spruce. 384. FiceaEngelmanni. White Spruce. 385. Picea pnngens White Spruce. Blue Spruce. 386. Picea Sitchensis . . . Tide-land Spruce. 387. xsuga (Janadensis . Memlock. 390 390 84 84 356 356 493 493 I 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 513 513 620 620 773 773 784 784 791 791 292 292 575 822 269 270' 2702 970 970 977 977 1015 1019 1019 1026 1026 5 6 219 State. Nortli Carolina . ...do Morida . . ...do-... Alal)ama.. ...do Horida . . ..-.do "Vermont ....do..? ....do New Bnmswiok ....do Province of Quebec ,...do Ne\v; Brunswick ...do.. New Hampshire ....do-i Dakota ... do New Brunswick ....do ....do ....do Province of Quebec ....do Colorado . ...do .... ...do .... - do .... ...do . ...do. ...do. Locality. Collector. "Wilmington . ...do Duval county. ...do Cottage Hill . . ...do Bay Biscayne. ...do Charlotte ...... ...do Huntington Bay of KTundy . ...do Danville ,. do Bridgeton' .. do Stratford ... do Terry's peak... ...do Bay of Fundy . ...do Bridgeton ...do Amqui ...do Forest City . ...do .. do ...do Alpine . .. do .. ...do .. Alaska I Sitka . ...do British Columbia ....do Oregon ...do ....do ...do ....do do . E. Kidder . ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do Soil. Moist, sandy . ...do ...do.. .. do Coral .. do C. G. Pringle . ...do ...do Intercolonial rail- way. do" Grand Trunk rail. way. ...do Ed. Sinclair. ...do C. G. Pringle . .. do B. Douglas ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Ed. Sinclair. ...do A.G»uit.... ...do T. S. Brandegee. ...do C. S. Sargent T. S. Brandegee . Saw-mill, Burrard inlet, do Weidler'a saw -mill, Portland Saw-mill, Astoria. do Portland Furniture Company. do I Massachusetts. ---do Veimont Arnold Arboretum .. do Charlotte .do. .do . do . PaulSchultze. ...do G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do . ..do. . . .do . ...do . ..do. C. S. Sargent . .. do C.G. Pringle.. Cold, peacy . ...do Gravelly Gravelly . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Damp. ...do. Peaty. ...do. Danip- .-.do . ...do - Drift ...do..-- Gravelly. |3.STS,t I Eemarks. 10206 9967 9063 8637 12792 13585 8550 11136 8210 6668 6242 6305 6305 5§51 6373 6464 6260 4672 5117 5330 5443 5715 4518 5987 5978 5670 6260 4037 3883 5262 3901 4046 3792 4545 6568 6146 5715 6579 6486 5216 6625 5017 4527 5987 5706 7702 Crushed at middle and at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters frotn end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end and a.t end. Triple fl exure Crushed at 32 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Split obliquely along grain ; sea- soning cracks.' Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 3 milUmetera knot 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 3 miUimeters knots at middle and at end. Crushed at 83 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle at 6 millime- ters knot. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle on one face Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimetbrsi knot at middle. Crashed at} 51 mUlimeLcrs fiom middle. Crushed at 3 milLmetois knot .ol from end. Crushed at 16 millim«tei s knot 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 16 miilimetfrs ku ^i 102 millimeters from eud. Crushed at 45 millimeters fium middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. ' Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 102 millimeters from end; cross-grained Crushed at 102 millimeters from end at 10 millimeteis knot. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end and at middle at 3 millime- ters knotB. Triple flexure parallel to rings — Triple flexure pei'pendicular to rings. Crashed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle; angle of cr.ush- ing, 85°. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 85°. Crushed at 76 millimeters from iud. Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure ■ Triple flexure parallel to rings — Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPlcESSION— Continued. 475 a PUES8UKE, IN KILOGRAMS, KEQUIKED TO PHODUCE AN INllEKTATION, IN MILLIilETEBS, OF- I 0.35 , O.Sl nil 1203 1220 . I 2313 1 28to 1837 j 82C 925 590 044 740 725 671 C35 635 776 735 726 676 563 631 662 644 817 640 567 953 572 590 907 640 1016 889 717 626 758 458 721 720 866 631 871 771 558 0.76 I.Oa I 1.27 ij! 1315 . 1474 1542 1941 1406 1769 1452 3393 3892 2722 1261 1225 807 1089 1015 1846 1588 3783 4400 3130 I 1406 j 1488 ; 944 I 1225 1089 1238 962 1030 1007 1061 962 1039 939 1034 1061 1152 1120 1257 1139 1311 1084 1229 798 880 939 1061 817 894 ■916 962 966 1021 984 1043 1080 1170 1379 1515 835 844. 903 984 1279 1402 912 948 1148 1234 1184 1302 1325 1574 749 807 1143 1257 626 600 794 848 907 925 1043 1120 907 980 1007 1084 817 848 771 8C6 1637 1814 I 1887 1987 2141 2313 1560 1892 1706 3983 4786 3298 1443 1542 989 1261 1302 1071 1Q71 1080 1093 1179 1325 1397 1343 907 1093 1071 1071 1234 1597 857 1025 1461 962 1257 1415 1628 871 1320 749 898 934 1170 1025 1198 894 953 1592 1932 1790 4073 5080 3438 1429 1568 1066 1279 1352 1102 1098 1116 1125 1202 1388 1447 1393 957 1125 1007 993 1125 1139 1275 1665 862 1066 1524 984 1293 1479 1706 944 1347 789 957 971 1198 1052 1275 021 1.53 l.tH 3.03 1973 2431 1687 1982 1951 4237 5252 3456 1520 1637 1120 1302 1379 1125 1129 1143 1161 1225 1420 1488 1438 1012 1143 1030 1039 1170 1184 1325 1710 866 1098 1565 1016 1334 1529 1765 966 1388 830 1021 1016 1220 1071 1297 1002 1016 2155 2563 1710 2078 2041 4264 5579 3710 1509 ' 1678 ! 1166 1325 I 1402 I 1170 I 1161 1 1166 j 1193 I 2223 2654 1737 2159 2123 4309 5761 3801 1606 1719 3202 1347 1438 1211 1202 1202 1207 3.38 3.54 I 4.81 2277 2350 27P-> 2944 1261 1293 t 1438 1456 1524 1542 1488 1533 1043 1080 1175 1220 1080 1098 1061 1071 1220 1270 1229 1261 1361 1393 1751 1765 898 944 1120 1152 1619 1656 1034 1052 1379 1397 • 1606 1660 1829 1892 993 1098 1406 1424 866 903 1048 ■ 1120 1048 1080 1270 1325 nil 1125 1306 1352 1107 1170 1052 1129 1796 2277 2236 4418 6851 3887 1824 2331 2304 4527 1 0214 I 3001 i 1234 1370 1479 1225 1220 1225 1238 1315 1506 1565 1574 1116 1266 nil 1098 1320 1302 1415 1778 948 1175 1669 1066 1443 1728 1969 1161 1433 939 1139 1116 1356 1152 1216 1120 2785 5.08 4146 1028 : 1600 1778 i 1810 1257 1397 1511 1247 1248 1252 1275 1334 1542 1579 1637 1152 1302 1134 n25 1347 1325 1447 1814 953 1207 1683 1098 1470 1760 2068 1252 1456 966 1161 1161 1415 1166 1257 1161 1452 1560 1742 1429 1388 1370 1488 1588 1678 1724 1937 1325 1438 1379 1261 1533 1492 1579 1043 1320 1882 1275 1637 2087 2395 1715 1433 1352 1633 1302 1542 1311 Kemarks. Slight ahearing of fibers ; split at ends - Sheared fibers ; split at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends . do do Sheared fibers ; split at ends Sheared fibers ; split at end ; indented section covers 10 millimeters Knot. 4246 Sheared fibers } Sheared fibers ; split at ends I Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends. 1619 i do 1724 ■ Sheared fibers Shoaied fibers; sTilitatend 1506 '. Sheared fibers 1506 do 1488 .... do 1579 do - .do. 1824 I Slight shearing of fibers. 3132 Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot covered by in- dented section. ■Sheared fibers 1569 1379 1637 1733 1139 2009 1370 1778 1397 1732 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheaied fibers .do. Sheared fibers; 10 millimeters knot covered by in- dented section. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared flbeiB Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Split at end ; fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers do o 390 390 84 84 356 356 493 493 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 hs 513 620 620 773 773 ■784 784 791 7!)1 292 292 575 822 Shearedfibers 269 do 270' .do 270« Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Shearedfibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. . 970 970 977 977 1015 1019 1019 1026 I 1028 5 5 210 476 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. ,387. Tsnga Canadensis — continned ; 588. Isnga Caix)liniana Semlock. _ 389. TsTZf^a Mertensiana S&mlock. -390. Tsnga Pattoniana ...}M. Psendotsnga Boaglasii Red Fir. Tellow Fir. Ore gon Fine. Douglae Fir. State. Locality. 219 ■772 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 793 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 623 971 995 995 2712 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 973 974 974 986 989 1008 Vermont Xew Brunswick ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Province of Quebec ...do ■West Virginia . . ...do Massachusetts. . ...do ...do ...do Xortli Carolina "Washington ter- ritory. Alaska ...do. British Columbia .do . Colorado California ; ...do Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Montana .. do California ...do Utah ...do British Columbia . ...do ...do ...do ...do Oregon British Columbia . Charlotte . Bay of Fnndy. ... do Bridgeton ...do Danville .. do Grafton ...do Dauvers ....do Korth Keading.. ....do Hendersonville . Wilkeson. Sitka.... ...do Silver peak, near iFraser river. ...do ,... Alpine Saw.mill, Straw- berry valley. do Saw-mill, Marsh- field. ...do E. B. Bean's saw- mill, Marshfield, ..do ....do ...do ...do ...do Saw-m HI, Missoula ... do Lassen's peak ...do Salt Lake ...do Saw.mill, Burrard inlet. ...do ...do ...do Saw .mill, Victoria. Saw-mill, Portland Saw-mill, Burrard inlet. Collector. C. G.Pringle Intercolonial rail. way. — do do ....do .. do ...do Ed. Sinclair ...do Grand Trunk rail. way. , . . do Soil. Eemai-ks. Gravelly. C. G.Pringle. ...do J". Eobinson . . ...do ...do ...do A.h..^.^.t G. Engelmuuu and C. S. Sargent. Paul Schnltze .do . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do T. S. Brandegee . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do S. Watson . .. do Sierra Lumber Company. . . do 1 M. E. Jones . . ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do .. do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do . 7892 4049 5307 Moist loam . ...do Crushed at 51 millimeters from raiiidle. Cru .shed :it mid die at 3 millimeters knot. Triple flexure perpendicular to I rings, 5489 Crushe 449> 4492 820 820 1010 1010 529 639 639 738 788 1004 1004 965 965 647 047 2261 226' 2263 2263 774 774 Britisb Columbia Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Saw.miU, Brnrard inlet. Oregon Eailway and Navigation Company. do Cr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Weidler's saTV-nuU, Portland. ... do Saw.mill, Astoria . ...do PortlandFumlturel Company. do do . do.. California. ...do Sawmill, San Ber. nardino. ...do North Carolina . .. do Itoaa mountain . ...do Vermont . Colorado.. ... do Monkton . Forest City . ...do ...do. ...do. ...do . ...do. .do . .do. .do. .do . Oregon , ...dy... Portland. ...do Colorado. Engelmann's calion ...do California . ...do ...do .. do .. do Strawberry valley ...do Lassen's peak ...do Brltisli Columbia ... do Silver peak, near Fraser river. ' ...do Oregon . ...do... Cascade ains. ...do ... California . ....do Soda Springs . ...do Vermont .. do ...do . . -do New Brunswick . Charlotte ....do ....do ...do Bay of Fundy. do . do. . do . ..do ..do . ..do. ..do . ..do. ..do. . do . . do . W.G. Wright. ...do :.. WalcottGibbs. ...do Peaty loam . ..;do CG.Pringle. Peaty. T. S. Brandegee . ...do Moist, sandy loam ...do do . .do. do. .do. do. .do- do. .do . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... Bich, alluvial . ...do Eobert Douglas . . . Eocky . . .do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. .. do....:. ...do .... Alluvial . ...do .... Sierra Lumber Company. . . do G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Bich, sandy loam. ...do ..do. ..do . Kich.. ...do. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ....:. Gravelly loam . ...do C. G. Pringle. ...do ...do ...do. Cold, swampy. ..ido ...do ...do Intercolonial rail, way. .do , 8981 8799 ,6804 8981 ■9798 10002 9662 7892 7666 8346 8392 6872 7938 5874 5239 5851 4854 4400 3856 5661 5398 4808 4809 4967 6350 5670 861 8 7507 7838 7122 7235 7276 7258 6668 12021 10387 6849 8165 7892 9095 Crushed at 88 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 16 millimet> » .'. knot 76 millimeters from ena. Crushed at '89 mi. inieterb from end. Crushed at S' .^millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters &om' end., do Triple flexure Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Cmshed at 51 millimeters from middle. Split obliquely ; pieces flew from machine. Crushed at 1^8 millimetera from end; openecVgrain. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 31 miilimclers from end. Crashed at 10 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle at 25 millime. tei-s knot. Crushed at millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle; split along grain. CruRhcd at 10 millimeters knot at middle ; split along grain. Cmshed at 38 millimeters from end. Ciushed at middle Cru.shed and shattered at'end Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 19 millimeters from middle. Crushed 51 millimeters from end (at end bearing transverse test) ; split along rings. Split at lOmillimeters knots 25 mil. limelers from middle. Triple flexure Triple flexure perpendicular to rings: opened grain. Crushed at middle Crushed at 38 millimeters from end.* Crnsied at 25 millimeters from midlife. Crushed at middle Crushed at H'l millimeters Stom end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Ci-ushed at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 26 milUmeters from middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 niiltimt ters eccenti ic. Cmshed at millimeters knot at middle; split Irons end to ind. Crushed at middle ; spilt Cmshed at 13 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end ; opened between rings. Crushed at 04 millimeters from | middle at 25 millimeters knot. . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 479 UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. PEEBSUUE, IS KILOQBAMB, liEQUTRED TO FBODUCE AN IKDEKTATION, IN MILLIMETERS OF- bc u j 5 I 1315 771 925 8S5 817 1043 889 730 671 817 1179 1080 1157 644 "780 726 794 594 590 563 631 499 II ''*" 1 1 522 |i 749 1 1 852 1134 1356 1184 844 1021 1270 122S 1039 1724 RS2 0.51 m 794 2087 1306 1160 1107 998 1211 1129 780 862 848 1452 1551 1520 830 835 880 ,1016 925 821 817 826 817 617 1002 776 1134 1116 1243 1179 844 862 1665 1610 1016 1583 1769 1533 1533 2358 1143 1134 o.ro 2254 1433 1216 1157 1048 1207 1189 807 953 885 1497 1633 1583 984 939 993 894 866 957 839 669 1093 894 1189 1207 1338 1229 880 930 1701 1696 1093 1760 2087 1628 1728 2699 1247 1279 1.03 2241 1479 1275 1202 1075 1343 1229 839 930 907 1406 1610 1624 1061 975 1107 1048 1111 944 939 889 989 839 712 1125 971 1198 1270 1438 1270 939 1002 1842 1778 1148 1860 2241 1778 1860 2875 1343 1352 i.,ir 1996 1520 1334 1257 1125 1393 1284 944 1002 962 1293 1615 1669 1093 1002 1202 1093 1139 980 975 894 1007 857 762 1143 1002 1216 1320 1533 1275 998 1061 1941 1892 1175 1914 2391 1869 1982 2939 1388 1447 1.53 1978 1556 1388 1302 1184 1456 1329 1002 nil 993 1315 1692 1728 1125 1039 1257 1125 1175 1007 1012 1030 1166 1025 1247 1347 1592 1325 1080 1098 2105 1969 1207 1982 2472 1946 2073 3026 1429 1470 i.rs 1960 1588 1429 1352 1234 1537 1384 1039 1157 1030 1470 1778 1746 1157 1080 1306 1184 1211 1039 1034 962 817 1170 1052 1279 1402 1692 1470 1116 1129 2218 2050 1252 2059 2549 1987 2150 3039 1442 1474 3.0.3 2073 1606 1447 1393 1284 1615 1447 1071 1198 1080 1651 1846 1760 1170 1116 1211 1247 1061 1052 1052 1012 844 1179 1084 1820 1438 1769 1533 1157 1166 2263 2123 1275 2073 2581 2050 2263 3502 1470 1483 ■2.38 2227 1633 1488 1429 1343 1669 1483 1102 1211 1107 1761 1910 1824 1J93 1129 1238 1261 1116 1080 1066 866 1193 1098 1338 1465 1824 1592 1216 1193 2345 2173 1311 2118 2640 2114 2381 3506 U97 1500 3.34 1987 1660 1524 1438 1388 1737 1506 1134 1252 1143 1805 1960 1842 1202 1166 1266 1284 1116 1102 1098 885 1202 1116 1361 1511 1869 1624 1257 1234 2413 2214 1325 2141 2717 2164 4.81 2676 1452 1724 1642 1361 1420 1306 1987 2177 2082 1379 1306 1442 1474 1270 1270 1225 1302 1225 1610 1746 1429 1452 2858 2586 1474 2404 2948 2440 S.08 3612 1538 1538 2903 1565 1624 2313 2409 2186 1442 1379 1588 1597 1225 1769 1905 3221 1651 2586 3130 1746 1769 Kemarks. Sheared fibers - do Sheared fibers ; split at end Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do do do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do. .do. do. .do. Slight shearing; of fibers; split at end; 4 miliimeters 377 knot in indented section. 1008 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1018 1020 1020 1022 1022 642 642 523 523 Sb*»ared fibers 1 449 , do 449' .do Sheared fibers ; split at end . . Split at end Sheared fibers ; split at ends . .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers do Fibers did not shear; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers. do Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends . . split at end; Slight shearing of fibers; sput at end; specimen 120 millimeters long. Fibers did not shear; split at end; specimen 120 milliiueters long. Slight she.iring of fibers ; shattered stick ; speci- men 1-0 millimeters long. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do. 449< 449» 820 820 1010 1010 529 639 639 733 733 1004 1004 065 965 647 647 226' 226' 226' 226' 774 774 480 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. • i a a a State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ■SM 1 Kemarks. 401. Xarix Americana — continued 781 781 786 786 795 795 810 840 719 719 984 984 1006 1006 1159 1159 New Brunswick . . ....do Bayof Fnndy ....do Intercolonial rail- way. 8147 8142 9390 7660 9480 8437 6967 7530 9367 10047 11648 Triple flexure Crushed at 25 millimeters from ' middle. do ....do , Bridgeton do Ed. Sinclair ...do ....do Crushed at 51 millimeters from - middle. Crushed at 64 millimeters from middle. ....do Danville '.. do Grand Trunk rail- way. do do -... Massacbtisetts — ....do ■Wenham .. do J. Eobinson ...'.. do Swampy Triple flexure parallel to rings; intersecting "Cooper lines". Crushed at 102 mUUmeters from end^on one face. do 402. Larix occidentalis S. "Watson Tamaraelc. ....do ....do .. do Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. ■Washington terri- tory. Fnlda. ■W.Siksdorf ....do ....do ....do end at 3 miUimfterfi knot. 12633 j Crushi il at 3 millimeters knot 19- ' millimeters from end. 11785 1 Crushed at 25 millimeters from i middle. 10660 Criiftlipd at Qfi milliTnAteria frnm. ....do ....do . do ....do ... do ....do .... do do PALMACEiE. 405. "Washingtonia fllifera California Agua Caliento ....do ■W.G. -Wright ..do Dry, gravelly do 1461 end ; opened grain. ; FamAeaf Palm. ....do 1 'iimetorslong! iJSOC ' ftnlit, nlilinnplSr. frnntnyfi 'Ann Tnili. limeters luiQg. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. mriTED STATES UNDER COMPEESSIOlf— Continued. 481 PBESSUEE, IH KILOGBAMB, BEQUIBED TO PBODUCE AN niDENTATION, DI MILLIMETEES, OP- 0.3S 0.51 0.76 i.oa 1.S7 1.52 1.78 3.03 a.ns 3.S4 4.81 5.08 KemaikB. 993 127fl 862 703 730 :002 1315 1179 963 1211 1315' 1633 1656 1406 318 812 1125- 1765 934 1202 nil 1315 1733 1769 1574 1452 ,1451 2336 2681 1669 508 1207 1220 1905 1025 1270 1189 1429 1842 1892 1774 1579 1547 2350 3134 1905 576 1325 1311 2041 1075 1325 1288 1506 1987 1946 1860 1696 1619 2345 3348 2046 617 1397 1388 2159 1125 1347 1329 1551 2082 2028 1928 1796 1710 2400 3375 2150 658 1442 1461 2254 1189 1433 1388 1656 2168 2168 2000 1860 1792 2545 3470 2300 1497 1538 2345 1229 1533 1429 1769 2227 2259 2019 1946 1910 2681 3652 2391 708 1551 .1601 2422 1261 1624 1442 1860 2313 2390 2050 1987 1987 2803 3756 2500 735 1610 1674 2504 1302 1692 1461 1905 2422 2490 2118 2082 2046 2948 3901 2549 758 1628 1774 2572 1325 1778 1501 1941 2472 2536 2186 2118 2123 3094 4051 2672 776 1656 2313 3198 2087 3085 3030 2541 2449 2563 945 1032 2586 2313 1048 1996 Slight BheariDg of fiberB Slight shearing of flhers; split at end . do .....^do do 1 do Sheared fibers; split at end; indented sectian covers 6 millimeters hnot. Slight shearing of fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do / do : do Fibers did not shear Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers. 781 781 786 786 795 795 840 840 719 719 984 984 1006 1006 1159 1159 31 FOE PA.ET III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. GENEEAL EEMAEKS. The maps of relative average forest density joined to this report are intended to illustrate the present productive capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. 16, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states origraally wooded all land not accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural features in different parts makes further subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where topography determines forest distribution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special reports of census experts, or upon the published reports of the various government surveys, maps, etc. The condition and productive capacity orythe forest covering have been carefully investigated at many points in each county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to conform to the scale of the maps used. The following statement represents the value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year, so far as it has been possible to obtain it: Satvlogs $139,836,869 \[ Wood used for domeatio parposea aa fael j i (estimated) 806,950,04!) || Wood used by railroads as fuel 5, 126, 714 Wood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 812, 083 Wood used as fael— In tbe manufacture of brick and tile 3, 978, 331 In tbe manufacture of wool 425, 239 In the manufacture of salt 121, 681 In tbe production of precious metals 2, 874, 593 In otbor mining operations 673, 692 Cbarcoai used as fnel — In manufacture of iron $4, 726, 114 In manufacture of precious metals. . 29, 306 In the twenty largest cities 521, 316 Uaral stores 5,000,000 Soutbern moss '. 500, 000 Eailroad ties (29,554,694) 9,806,247 Fence posts (for fencing railroads) 180, 000 TJucultivated vegetable substances used in the manufacture of medicines 587, 000 Uncultivated nuts 78,540 Hoop-poles 1, 947, 316 Wood uaed in tbe manufacture of— Handles Wheel stock Wood pulp Baskets Excelsior Oars Shoe pegs Hand-made sTiingles $897, 170 1, 360, 892 1, 974, 074 314, 125 150, 800 81, 000 72, 000 47, 952 Total 490,073,094 These returns are incomplete and often unsatisfactory. Many important items are omitted entirely. It was found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing, with the exception of posts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large, probably exceeding $100,000,000 in value. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees u,sed in tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the unsawed timber produced — spars, piles, telegraph and other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ships' knees, etc. — that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not embrace those used in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It was found impossible to obtain even an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outside of regular saw-mills, and the returns of hand-made shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points in the south Atlantic region. Maple sugar to the amount of 36,576,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the manufacture of excelsior, wood pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the value of the wood used. The statistics of the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are very incomplete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imported from that of the native wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry consuming a large amount of high-priced hard wood. Could complete returns of the forest crop of the census year have been obtained it is not improbable that it would be found to exceed $700,000,000 in value. THE LUMBEE INDUSTEY. The following table represents the volume, by states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States i'or the census .year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the reports of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants. No distinction between the different kinds of wood sawed was attempted in the enumeration: 4Sj 486 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. STATISTICS OF THE LUMBERING mDUSTRY OF THE 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 States and Territories. The TTnited States . Alabama . - Alaska Arizona . . . Arkansas . California . I :| 'A 25, 708 354 Capital. DoUars. 181, 186, 122 1, 545, 655 AVBEAGK NUMBER OF HAKDS EMPLOYED. Maximum at any one time in the year. 2,798 Males above 16 years. 141, 564 1,611 Females above 15 years. 425 Children and youth. 5,967 36 "Wages paid during the year. Dollars. 31, 845, 974 424, 166 MATERIALS. Value of logs. DoTla/rs, 139, 836, E 1, 517, 986 Value of mill supplies. Dollars. 6, 318, 516 90,649 Colorado Connecticut DEhkota Delaware District of Columbia. Florida . . Q-eorgia . Idaho ... Dlinois . . Indiana . Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi. Missouri — Montana — Nebraska ... ITevada ITew Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . , Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania .. Jlhode Island... South Carolina . Tennessee. Texas trtah Vermont . - Virginia... ■Washington West Virginia. "Wisconsin "Wyoming 13 319 251 96 300 135 655 48 640 2,022 102, 450 1, 067, 840 481,200 657, 300 113, 750 259, 250 25, 000 2, 219, 550 3, 101, 452 192, 460 3, 295, 483 7, 048, 088 126 2,985 4,945 1,605 1,262 451 646 35 3,240 4,971 311 5,799 16, 252 77 1,690 3,423 870 378 25 1,945 3,298 160 3,652 9,926 85 94 4 199 413 33, 375 237, 394 1,095,736 112, 931 178, 336 54,974 40,694 6,000 562,249 554,085 33, 367 787, 867 1, 571, 740 126,486 1, 009, 954 2, 055, 635 654, 500 609, 024 269, 235 229, 763 32, poo 1, 763, 617 3, 049, 435 213, 691 2, 959, 537 9, 290, 438 328 146 670 175 848 369 606 1,649 234 295 881 36 38 284 26 2,822 776 2,352 228 2,827 49 420 755 324 107 688 907 37 472 704 7 4, 946, 390 262, 975 2, 290, 558 903,950 6, 339, 396 1,237,694 2, 480, 340 39, 260, 428 6,771,145 922, 595 2, 867, 970 208, 200 93, 375 132, 000 3, 745, 790 1, 657, 395 74, 675 13, 230, 934 1, 743, 217 7, 944, 412 1, 577, 875 21, 418, 588 144,250 1, 056, 265 2, 004, 503 1, 660, 952 272, 750 3, 274, 250 2, 122, 925 2, 456, 450 1, 668, 920 19, 824, 059 26, 700 4,155 831 5,140 1,514 1.769 3,130 30, 886 3,778 2,113 6,678 374 295 66 4,765 1,066 282 17, 509 5,334 15, 277 1,185 21, 160 260 2,338 5,587 4,579 845 4,501 5,812 3,765 14, 079 68 2,526 507 2,506 943 6,480 1,216 1,940 22,732 2,732 1,123 3,408 142 136 35 3,056 760 172 11,056 8,769 566 14,443 139 1,431 3,577 3,136 375 2,411 3,922 495 2,057 7,748 143 22 463 9 94 23 30 1,360 100 47 95 250 389 91 648 13 463 13 37 141 49 10 100 4 126 467 825,244 66, 757 671, 939 200,063 1,161,142 223,786 431, 612 6, 967, 905 924, 473 197, 867 669,644 47,945 29, 313 9,892 548,556 179, 693 24,240 2, 162, 972 447, 431 1, 708, 300 242,154 2,918,459 33, 143 221, 963 549, 222 732, 914 65,175 426, 953 540, 231 200, 539 459, 945 2, 257, 218 6,380 4, 023, 661 421, 738 2, 238, 888 1, 106, 280 4, 754, 613 1, 041, 836 1, 827, 497 30, 819, 003 4,408,468 1, 190, 902 3, 113, 049 257, 320 153, 823 151, 790 2, 159, 461 942,752 100, 145 8, 628, 874 8, 603, 127 1,294,703 13, 378, 589 116, 085 1, 170, 088 2, 006, 124 1, 909, 794 216, 619 1,939,775 1, 864, 288 1, 174 005 1, 307, 843 12, 219, 097 24, 725 5,300 60, 441 186, 868 45,794 32, 545 12,640 13, 612 2,000 103, 596 147, 720 16, 875 185,363 336, 669 118, 224 25, 711 171, 855 80, 779 197, 344 64, 959 76,608 1, 432, 369 120, 587 28,214 102,243 20, 778 11,055 11, 020 113, 630 47, 227 16, 910 490, 389 86,523 292, 979 36, 639 676, 841 4,803 67, 273 136, 761 186, 981 21,655 8!, 093 119, 489 14, 070 67, 629 262, 376 2,625 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES FOE THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880. 487 PEODUCTS. Lumber (boaid meaanre). Laths. Shingles. Staves. Sets of headings. Spool and bODbin stock (boaidmeasnie). Value of all other products. Total value of all products. Kank according to value of products. Feet. 18, 091, 356, 000 Nimiier. 1, 761, 788, 000 Nwrnber. S, 555, 046, COO Number. 1, 248, 226, 000 Number. 146, 523, 000 Feet. 34,076,000 Dollars. 2, 682, 668 Dollars. 233, 268, 729 251, 851, 000 14, 147, 000 5,427,000 2, 357, 000 437,000 2, 649, 634 23 10, 715, 000 172, 503, 000 304, 795, 000 63, 792, 000 64, 427, 000 29, 286, 000 31, 572, 000- 4, 000, 000 a 247, 627, OOO 451, 788, 000 18, 204, 000 b 384, 244, 000 915, 943, 000 150, 000 6, 527, 000 2, 420, 000 4, 925, 000 1, 719, 000 664, 000 317, 000 1, OOO, 000 20, 101, 000 17, 438, 000 750, 000 b 26, 977, 000 28, 031, 000 1, 760, 000 61, 758, 000 138, 718, 000 27, 214, 000 7, 192, 000 4, 823, 000 506,600 300, 000 1, 640, 000 2, 063, 000 350, 000 1, 203, 000 270, 000 4, 610, 000 12, 000 550, 000 83,000 3, 061, 000 25, 332, 000 4, 235, 000 615,306,000 26, 634, 000 791, 000 2, 014, 000 110, 000 964,000 24, 443, 000 283, 071, 000 1, 385, 000 26, 389, 000 1,010 3,000 700 12, 930 500 4,000 30, 000 1, 957, 000 2,000 13,999 3,975 60, 200 16,807 145, 750 215, 918 1, 793, 848 4, 428, 950 1, 061, 295 1,076,465 436, 792 411, 060 60,000 3, 060, 291 4,876,310 349, 635 5, 063, 037 14, 260, 830 e 412, 578, 000 45, 281, 000 306, 684, 000 133, 472, 000 666, 666, 000 123, 336, 000 d 205, 244, 000 4, 172, 572, 000 563, 974, 000 168, 747, 000 « 399, 744, 000 21, 420, 000 13, 585, 000 21, 545, 000 292, 267, COO 109, 679, 000 11, 195, 000 1, 184, 220, 000 241, 822, 000 910, 832, 000 177, 171, 000 1, 733, 844, 000 8, 469, 000 185, 772, 000 302,673,000 , 328, 968, 000 [ 25, 709, 000 j 322, 942, 000 315, 939, 000 { 160, 178, 000 180, 112, 000 1,542,021,000 2, 060, 000 c 79, 924, 000 25, 000 26, 856, 000 7, 745, 000 184, 820, 000 7, 955, 000 d 16, 947, OOO 461, 805, 000 88, 088, 000 7, 908, 000 £20,839,000 2, 620, 000 c 128, 100, 000 835, 000 25, 253, 000 30, 196, 000 426, 530, 000 4, 429, 000 d 19, 667, 000 2, 584, 717, 000 194, 566, OOO 6, 356, 000 e 8, 832, 000 9, 627, 000 23, 148, 000 220, 000 63, 376, 000 16, 227, 000 21, 062, 000 199, 821, 000 7, 825, 000 60, 000 21, 426, 000 8, 174, 000 33, 000 3, 312, 000 150, 009 383, 000 13, 426, 000 1, 860, 000 21, 897, 000 547,000 672, 000 6, 038, 000 49, 454, 000 8, 948, 000 107, 000 79, 399, 000 13, 340, 000 50, 626, 000 18, 246, 000 183, 740, 000 10, 000 23, 133, 000 21, 276, 000 14, 131, 000 1, 583, 000 19, 745, 000 14, 40C, 000 e, 550, 000 12, 071, 000 i;l5, 132, O'OO 300, 000 485, 000 67,086,000 10, 717, 000 722, 000 305, 711, 000 8, 707, 000 24, 876, 000 6, 040, 000 288, 661, 000 1, 986, 000 10, 036, 000 14, 206, 000 112, 623, 000 9, 293, 000 66, 711, 000 8, 223, 000 3, 610, 000 3, 695, 000 862, 922, 000 866, 000 31, 354, 000 40, 000 20, 000 62, 664, 000 46, 000 214, 245, 000 80, 062, 000 365, 000 385, 000 4, 342, 000 13, 219, 000 14, 333, 000 23, 666, 000 41, 992, 000 8e, 545, 000 3,363,000 38,343 3,400 76,656 15,470 182, 618 149,894 44,395 531,406 21, 100 5,349 7,097 1,900 1,100 3, 491, 000 155, 000 3,072,000 883, 000 58, 612 40,385 22, 136, 000 671, 000 25, 779, 000 1, 003, 000 1, 253, 000 25,000 10,401,000 93, 000 570, 000 140, 000 326, 000 3, 700, 000 1, 572, 000 929, 000 1, 932, 000- 7, 498, 000 416, 000 800, 000 285, 263 7,195 196,788 10,500 393,044 174 41, 700 72, 998 10, 350 1,766 2,575 30, 355 40, 195 152, 171 6, 185, 628 682, 697 4, 064, 361 1, 764, 640 7, 933, 868 1, 813, 332 3, 120, 184 52, 449, 928 7, 366, 038 1, 920, 335 5, 265, 617 527, 695 265, 062 243,200 3,842.012 1,627,640 173, 930 14, 366, 910 2, 672, 796 13, 864, 460 2, 030, 463 22, 457, 359 240, 679 2, 061, 607 3, 744, 905 3, 673, 449 375, 164 3, 258, 816 3, 434, 163 1, 734, 742 2, 431, 857 17, 952, 347 40, 996 a Including 77,500,000 feet luanufucturod from logs cut in Alabama. b Including 73,700,000 feet lumber, 15,041,000 laths, and 11,226,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cnt in Wisconsin. c Including .'!:)4,]nOi('0() feet lumber, 78.728,000 laths, and 127,591,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin. d Including 26,000,000 feet lumber, 11,982,000 laths, and 800,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cnt in New Hampshire and Vermont. • Including 27,000,000 foot Inmber, 12,400,000 laths, and 5,300,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin. 25 40 16 17 39 19 18 45 488 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. In the following table the average importance of the saw-mills located in the different states and territories is shown : AVERAGE SIZE AND PEODUCT OF SAW-MILLS IN EACH STATE AND TEEEITOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories. The United States. Alabama. . Alaska — Arizona .. Arkansas . California. a 25, 708 334 DoOs. 7,048 1,366 NUMBEB OF HANDS EMPLOYED. a . o u 8.8 7.9 ^ 4.6 MATEEIALS AND LAEOK. Value of logs. DoUs. 5,436 4,288 Value of mill sup- plies. Dolls. 246 256 Wages paid during the year. DoUs. 1,235 1,198 PBODUGT8. Lumber (board measure). Feet. 703, 000 712, 000 Laths. No. 68, 000 40, COO Shingles. JVo. 216, 000 15, 000 Staves. JVo. 48, 000 Sets of head- ings. No. 5,700 1,000 Spool and bobbin stock. Feet. 1,300 Valne of other prod- ucts. VoUs. 104 Total value of all prod- ucts. DoUs. 9,078 7,485 Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia . Florida . Georgia. Idaho . . . Illinois . . Indi£fna. . Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana l^laiue Maryland , Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi . Missouri Montana Nebraska... Nevada New Hampshire . ^New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. . Khode Island . . South Carolina. Tennessee . Texas irtab Vermont.,. Virginia . . , Washington West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming 13 319 251 i35 655 48 640 2,022 328 146 670 175 848 369 606 1,649 234 295 881 36 284 26 2,822 776 2,352 228 2,827 49 420 755 324 107 37 472 704 7 7,880 3,347 25, 716 5,013 2,119 2,917 3,015 25, 000 16, 441 4,735 4,009 5,149 3,485 15,080 1,801 3,418 5,165 7,475 3,354 4,093 23, 808 28, 936 3,127 3,255 5,783 2,457 14, 666 2,655 6,126 2,549 4,769 2,340 66, 390 3,535 28, 159 3, 814 9.7 9.0 19.7 16.6 4.0 11.6 7.5 35.0 24.0 7.5 6.5 9.0 8.0 6.0 5.5 13.7 9.0 2.0 7.5 4.5 25.0 15.0 5.0 3.6 6.0 5.0 12.6 5.7 7.7 8.6 11.6 4.8 5.0 18.7 16.0 7.0 7.6 n. 8.0 ■ 7.0 7.0 3.7 10.8 6.0 7.0 6.5 5.0 7.5 5.0 5.5 7.0 14.0 7.9 6.5 6.0 9.0 3.6 3.8 5.6 7.8 3.0 3.0 14.7 12.0 4>0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.5 2.7 6.7 40 4.0 4.0 2.5 5.0 3.0 3.5 5.0 9.8 3.5 3.6 4.0 24. 13. 5 8.0 I 4.0 20.0 I 12.0 9. 7 j 5. 6 9,729 3,166 8,190 6,808 2,030 6,903 2,672 32, 000 13,064 4,665 4,462 4,624 4,600 408 190 744 476 108 324 158 2,000 768 225 362 290 166 2,567 744 4,365 1,176 594 1,410 473 6,000 4,165 845 700 1,230 777 12, 267 2,888 . 3, 341 6,321 5,607 2,823 3,015 18, 700 18, 839 4,037 3,534 7,148 4,048 16, 865 3,175 3,319 3,851 3,067 1,921 3,658 5,678 4,732 2,369 2,785 2,657 5,894 2,024 2,819 2,065 31, 730 2,770 17, 356 3,632 176 256 462 232 176 126 868 515 95 116 677 290 1,224 167 166 650 173 111 124 160 204 98 160 181 '577 202 119 131 143 368 375 2,513 457 1,003 1,143 1,369 606 712 4,225 3,950 671 760 932 766 570 726 1,062 1,032 676 528 727 2,262 609 620 695 5,420 974 3,206 911 824, 000 541, 000 1, 214, 000 664, 000 215, 000 751, 000 367, 000 4, 000, 000 1, 834, 000 690, 000 380, 000 522, 000 453, 000 11, 000 20, 000 10, 000 51, 000 6,000 15, 000 4,000 1, 000, 000 150, 000 27, 000 16, 000 40,000 14, 000 1, 258, 000 310, 000 456, 000 762, 000 668, 000 334, 000 338, 000 2, 530, 000 2, 410, 000 572, 000 453, 000 595, 000 357, 000 2, 394, 000 429, 000 386, 000 430, 000 419, 000 311, 000 387, COO 777, 000 613, 000 172, 000 442, 000 400, 000 1,015,000 240, 000 469, 000 348, COO 4, 329, 000 381, 000 2, 190, 000 423, 000 244, 000 40, 000 40, 000 44, 000 218, 000 21, 000 28, 000 280, 000 376, 000 27, 000 23, 000 73, 000 73, 000 31,000 4,000 28, 000 17, 000 21, 000 80, 000 65, 000 55, 000 28, 000 43, 000 14, 000 28,000 16, 000 177, 000 25, 000 305, 000 43, 000 136, 000 194, 000 663, 000 283, 000 24,000 124, 000 6,000 23, 000 5,000 8,000 1,000 5, 000 1,.000 52, 000 6,000 23, 000 39, 000 88, 000 24, 000 13, 000 390, 000 6,000 37, 000 170, 000 503, 000 12, 000 32, 000 1, 568, 000 831, 000 18, 000 10, 000 267, 000 64,000 98, 000 38, 000 27, 000 108, 000 11, 000 10, 000 2,000 102, 000 40, 000 24,000 18, OOO 347, 000 • 87,000 80, 000 9,000 97, 000 8,000 1, 226, 000 123, 000 6,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 38, 000 140, 000 2,000 13, 000 16, 000 34, 000 1,000 73, 000 44,000 35, 000 121, 000 33, 000 24, 000 22, 000 91, 000 28, 000 7,000 5,000 19,000 16, COO 639, 000 89, 000 4, 000 117, 000 I 10, 000 i 2,000 12,000 4,000 3,000 13, 000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 11,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 2,000 104 6 1,254 26 72 117 23 113 88 215 406 73 322 90 18 8 S3 29 142 101 83 46 139 33 85 216 16,609 5,623 17,645 10,951 359 11, 174 4,780 60, 000 22, 668 7,443 9,346 7,911 7,052 19, 000 4,700 6,066 10, 083. 9,366 4,914 5,149 31, 807 31, 478 6,509 6,000 14, 658 6,975 27, 022 5,650 5,731 6,690 5,087 3,445 5,895 8,906 7,944 4,009 4,837 4,960 11, 338 3,506 4, 736 3, 786, 46, 885 5, '62 26,!><>0 5,855 T?EFARTMETTT oy THE INTER I UP TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES JuUn»nu-nXGiJit>i THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 Michigan is the greatest lumber-producing state in the Union. The value of its lumber product, Avith that of Wisconsin and Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total value of all the lumber manufactured in the United States. This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the natural advantages of the country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river. The extinction of the forests of the late region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population in the central portion of the continent. The country between the Mississippi river and the Eocky mountains, now largely supplied with lumber from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend upon the more remote pine forests of the Gulf region or those of the Pacific coast. A great development in the now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. New centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the place of those built to move the pine grow^n upon the shores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however, that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution. With the growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests remaining in the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shipped direct by rail from the mills to the consumer than in the past. In this way the pine of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the fir and redwood forests of the Pacific coast. FUEL. The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for fuel, and the result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption: WOOD USED AS FUEL FOE VARIOUS PURPOSES. Use. Cords. Value. Use. Cords. Value. 140, 537, 439 1, 971, 813 787, 862 358, 074 266, 771 $306, 050, 040 5, 126, 714 1, 812, 083 2, 874, 593 673j892 In the manufacture of brick and tile 1, 157, 522 540, 448 158, 208 $3, 978, 331 In the manufacture of salt 121, 681 In the manufacture of wool 425, 239 ioua metals — Total In roiuin^ nnd amalgamating the prec 145, 778, 137 321 962 373 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. Xiimber of persons using wood for domestic fuel, 32,375,074. States and X6rritori«s. Alabama .'Vlrtska Arizona Arkiiiisas ('alifornia Colorado ijouuectif ut - Dakota Pfbiwarn Ui-itrict ot ( olumbia. riorirta Georgia Idaho illiuui.s Indiana lutli.Mi territory Iowa Cords. 6, 076, 734 170, 017 3, 922, 400 1, 748, 062 426, 719 525, 639 422, 948 177, 306 26, 902 609, 046 5, 910, 045 99, 910 5, 200, 104 7, 059, 874 Value. i, 727, 377 724, 572 095, 821 693, 731 638,'783 371, 632 028, 300 751, 311 80, 706 230, 412 279, 245 383, 686 136, 662 334, 729 States and Territories. Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a) Maryland Massachusetts (a) . Michigan Minnesota 14, Oil, 280 ' Missouri Montana ICebraska Nevada Xpw Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico I New York Cords. 2, 095, 439 7, 994, 813 1, 944, 858 1, 215, 881 1, 152, 919 890, 041 7, 838, 904 1, 669, 568 6, 090, 758 4, 016, 373 119, 947 908, 188 1£5, 276 667, 719 642, 598 169, 946 11, 290, 975 Value. $7, 328, 723 13, 313, 220 4, 607, 415 4, 078, 137 3, 170, 941 4, 613, 263 13, 197, 240 5, 873, 421 7, 145, 116 8, 633, 465 460, 638 3, 859, 843 ! 972, 712 1, 904, 669 2, 787, 216 1, 063, 360 37, 599, 364 Including a small aoionnt imported from Canada. COXSIMPTIOX i>F CHARCOAL. States and Territories. North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon PennsylTania . . . Khode Island . . . South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington — West Virginia.. Wisconsin "Wvomiug Cords. 7, 434, 690 8, 191, 543 482, 254 7, 361, 992 154, 953 3, 670, 959 8, 084, 611 4, 883, 852 171, 923 782, 338 5, 416, 112 181, 226 2, 241, 069 7, 206, 126 40, 213 Total I 140, 537, 439 l>n'.iiostic and mauufacturiug laiiposts. Bushels. In thi- twraty bn;;i'st citif.t 4,319,194 In the mauulaclure of irou 69, o'J^. 001 In the production of prfi-inus metals j 07, 687 Tot.il 74,008,972 ^•ld^l■. $5-.'l,310 4,726,114 29, 306 5, 276, 736 Value. $9, 019, 669 16, 492, 574 1, 254, 511 15, 067, 651 706, Oil 11,605,997 10, 674, 722 10, 177, 311 418, 289 2, 509, 169 10, 404, 134 499, 904 3, 374, 701 11, 863, 739 224,848 306, 950, 040 490 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made upon them, are capable of yielding annually for many years longer a larger amount of material than has yet been drawn from therri, even with our present reckless methods of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is true, suffered fatal inroads. The pine which once covered Few England and ]SJ"e\^Jork has already disappeared. Pennsylvania is nearly stripped of her pine, which once appeared inexhaustible. / Th e great northwestern pineries are not yet exhausted, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supposed inaccessible are now \ profitably brought to the mills, they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few I years longer in respon^ to the growing demands of the great agricultural -population fast covering the treeless midcontinental plateauTI The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producing states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white pine lumber, and the e^ntire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas now covered in New England by a vigoiroiTs second growtt 'of white pine, altliougli insignificant in extent and productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pine supply of the country. These new forests, yielding already T?etween two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually, are capable of great future development. The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber unequaled for all Ijurposes of construction, although unsuited to take the place of the white pine of the north. The southern pine forests, although stripped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the Gulf states, especially in those bordering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long supply all possible demands which can be made upon them. The hard- wood forests of the Mississippi basin are still, in certain regions at least, important, although the best walnut, ash, cherry, and yellow poplar have been largely culled. Two great bodies of hard-wood timber^, however, remain, upon whiqh comparatively slight inroads have yet been made. The most important of these forests covers the region occupied by the southern Alleghany Mountain system, embracing southwestern Virginia,. "West Virginia, western North and South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Here oak unequaled in quality abounds. Walnut is still not rare, although not found in any very large continuous bodies, and cherry, yellow poplar, and other woods of commercial importance are common. The second great body of hard wood, largely ^ oak, is found west of the Mississippi river, extending from central Missouri to western Louisiana. The forests of Michigan, especially those of the northern peninsula, still abound in considerable bodies of hard wood, principally maple. Throughout the remainder of the Atlantic region the hard-wood forests, although often covering considerable areas, have ^everywhere lost their best timber, and ai-e either entirely insufficient to supply the local demand of the present population, or must soon becomp so. In the Pacific region the great forests of fir which extend along the coast region of Washington territory and Oregon are still practically intact. Fire and the ax have scarcely made a perceptible impression upon this magnificent accumulation of timber. Great forests of pine still cover the California sierras through nearly their entire extent,- the redwood forest of the coast, however, once, all things considered, the most important and valuable body of - timber in the United States, has already suffered seriously, and many of its best and most accessible trees have been removed. This forest still contains a large amount of timber, although its extent and productive capacity has been generally exaggerated. The demand for redwood, the only real substitute for white pine produced in the forests of the United States, is rapidly increasing, and even at the present rate of consumption the commercial; importance of this forest must soon disappear, The pine forests which cover the western slopes of the northern Itocky mountains and those occupying the high plateau and inaccessible mountain ranges of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico have not yet suffered serious damage at the hands of man. The remaining forests of the Pacific region, of little beyond local importance, are fast disappearing. The area of these interior forests is diminished every year by fire and by the demands of a careless and indifferent population ; and their complete extermination is probably inevitable. The forest wealth of the country is still undoubtedly enormous. Great as it is, however, it is not inexhaustible,, and the forests of the United States, in spite of their extent, variety, and richness, in spite of the fact that the climatic conditions of a large portion of the country are peculiarly favorable to the development of forest growth,, cannot always continue productive if the simplest laws of nature governing their growth are totally disregarded- ' The judicious cutting of a forest in a climate like that of the Atlantic or Pacific Coast regions entails no serious or permanent loss. A crop ready for the harvest is gathered for the benefit of the community; trees which have reached their prime are cut instead of being allowed to perish naturally, and others take their place. The permanence of the forest in regions better suited for the growth of trees than for general agriculture may thus be insured. Two causes, however, are constantly at worlc destroying the permanence of the forests of the country and threatening their total extermination as sources of national prosperity — fire and browsing animals inflict greater permanent injury upon the forests of the country than the ax, recklessly and wastefully as it is generally used against them. TiT,"PA-RTMK-N7' li? THE TtTTEPinP MAI' Ol-' I'lIK rNnj:i) states STUnVIXd 'I'HE PnOPOKTRW OFWOODIAMDWrniNTHE SETTLE]! AKK A. BrnXKD 0\TiR DUKINGTHE CENSUS ^-EAl^ (■O.MPI1.E1) fXDKR THF DIRTSCTIOX OJ C.S.SARdKXT, SPECIAJ. AtlKNl JuiniA 6i«mH(\. 1 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 491 FOEEST FIEE8. The extent of the loss which the country sustains every year from injury to woodlands by fire is enormous. An attempt was made to obtain, by means of circulars of inquiry addressed to enumerators of the census and other persons living in every town of the United States, some estimate of the actual destruction of forest material in this way. More than 30,000 of these circulars were sent out. The information obtained, often vague and unsatisfactory, after a most critical examination, in which aU doubtful or contradictory returns were entirely thrown out, is presented in the following table and accompanying map. It must be borne in mind that estimates based upon information obtained in this manner are liable to very considerable error, and due allowance must therefore be made for inaccurate or incomplete returns. Many towns, and even counties, in which forest fires are known to have occurred during the year 1880, made no returns whatever, and the returns of other counties were excluded. It is therefore fair, perhaps, to assume that the following table, inaccurate and unsatisfactory as it no doubt is in many respects, at least does not exaggerate the annual loss inflicted upon the country by forest fires: TABLE OF FOEEST FIRES OCCUEEING DUEING THE CENSUS YEAE. Areas bnmed. In acres. Value of property de- stroyed. CAUSES OF FIKB. States and Teiritoiiea. i Pi 5 i i i 1 !■ O i 1 OS IQ i .2 ■p) • o o lab BO i P4 i 1 II II i i ThetTnited Stat«8 10, 274, 089 $25, 462, 250 197 1,152 508 628 72 35 262 12 9 32 36 10 2 2 3 3 569, 160 121, 225 34 16 4 20 3 Alaska Arizona 1.^ 10, 240 858, 115 366, 815 113, 820 66, 000 259,470 440, 750 935, 600 3 2 2 Arkansas 27 9 20 23 7 1 California 28 10 6 1 4 5 2 2 Connecticut Dakota 4 6 2 6 2 1 2 3,305 15, 675 District of Columbia Florida 105, 320 705, 351 21, 000 48, 691 90,427 1,000 11, 017 7,080 556, 647 64,410 35, 230 41, 076 13, 899 238, 271 250, 805 222,800 783, 646 88, 020 69, 900 167, 620 202, OOO 45,775 130, 335 11 21 2 15 2 2 16 3 27 23 3 Idalio 2 10 6 Illinois 20 52 20 12 3 4 Indian territory Iowa . . 45,470 14, 700 237, 635 ■ 6, 800 123, 315 37,425 102, 262 985,985 1,395,110 78, 505 294, 865 1, 128, 000 26 5 1 12 14 16 52 43 13 1 16 1 8 33 2 20 14 37 59 14 17 29 1 7 5 3 1 10 2 12 27 61 2 39 31 40 161 40 8 14 Maine 3 5 8 19 3 3 1 8 9 1 10 1 1 1 1 8,710 5,954 71, 074 64, 034 149, 491 546, 102 74, 114 13S, 320 685, 738 19, 000 63, 610 252,240 142, 075 1, 210, 785 357, 980 797, 170 593, 850 3, 043, 723 3 6 6 2 22 34 57 12 17 3 7 7 37 37 115 94 7 129 12 28 1 43 11 27 133 1 1 7 2 G 3 2 10 4 3 25 11 4 102 i 22 Ohio 4 Sonth Cnrolina 431, 730 291,225 •2i 17 1 25 i 2 492 THE FORESTS OE THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OF FOREST FIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR— Continued. Areas ■ burned, in acres. Value of property de- stroyed. CAUSES OF FIEE. States and Territories. a in) 1 60 6 1 1 m U en 1 1 s 1 V 1 ■t 1 ti a S s so' 1." ,1 1 ti II 1 1 O "Tennessee 985,430 599, 359 42, 865 3,941 272, 319 37, 910 476, 775 406, 298 83, 780 $5, 264, 980 273, 990 1, 042, 800 48,466 326, 944 713, 200 155, 280 725, 610 3, 255, 000 19 19 19 3 6 14 7 3 1 2 14 16 "Texas 4 Utah 4 3 a 6 20 10 J6 5 22 58 5 13 7 13 2 12 3 13 15 1 1 Wasiiington 2 6 3 1 8 West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 3 1 The largest number of these fires of any one class was traced to farmers clearing land and allowing their brash fires to escape into the forest. The carelessness of hunters in leaving fires to burn in abandoned camps, next to farmers, was the cause of the greatest injury. The railroads were responsible, too, for serious damage to the forest from fires set by sparks from locomotives, while the intentional burning of herbage in the forest to improve, pasturage often caused serious destruction of timber. Only the value of the material actually destroyed by fire is included in these estimates. The loss of timber by fire, great as it is, is insignificant in comparison with the damage inflicted upon the soil itself, or with the influence -of fire upon subsequent forest growth. If a forest is destroyed by fire all trees, old and young, giants ready for the ax, and germinating seedlings — the embryo forests of succeeding centuries — are swept away. Undergrowth essential to protect the early growth of trees, the roots of perennial herbage, and the seeds of all plants are consumed. The fertility, or rather the ability of the burned soil to produce again spontaneously a similar crop of trees to the one destroyed, is lost, and the subsequent recovering of burned land with the species of the original forest is only accomplished, if accomplished at all, through the restoration of fertility following the slow growth and decay of many generations of less valuable plants. A northern pine and spruce forest when destroyed by fire is succeeded by a growth of brambles, in time replaced by dwarf birch, poplar, and bird cherries, of no eeonomic value; scrub oaks and various hard woods follow these, and pine rarely reappears except upon land long mellowed in the various operations of agriculture. In the south Atlantic region a gradual change in the composition of the pine forests is steadily going on under the influence of fire. Less valuable species now occupy the ground once covered with forests of the long-leaved pine, through which annual fires have been allowed to run to improve the scanty pasturage they afford. Stockmen have been benefited at the expense of the permanency of the forest. Fire, too, changes the composition of the broad-leaved forests of the Atlantic region, although its influence is here less marked than upon forests of conifers, which, unlike deciduous trees, rarely grow from stump shoots, and must depend entirely upon the germination . of seeds for their reproduction. Still, in regions continually burned over during a long period of time and then covered again with forests, as is the case in some portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, valuable species, like the white oak and the yellow poplar, are rare or entirely wanting in the new forest growth. ' The forests of the north Pacific coast offer an exception to the law, otherwise general, for this continent at least, that a change of forest crop follows a forest fire. The fir forests of western Washington territory and Oregon when destroyed by fire are quickly replaced by a vigorous growth of the same species, and the fires which have consumed great bodies of the California redwood have not prevented the reproduction of this species by seeds and shoots. In the interior Pacific region forests destroyed by fire either do not reproduce themselves, or when, under exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, a growth of trees recovers the burned surface, poplars and scrub pines . replace the more valuable species of the original forest. The damage inflicted upon the permanency of the forests of the country by browsing animals is only surpassed by the injury which they receive from fire. The custom of turning domestic animals into the forest to pick up a scanty and precarious living, common in all parts of the country, is universal in the southern and central portions of the Atlantic region and in California. Sheep, cattle, and horses devour immense quantities of seedling trees, the future forests of the country. They bark the trunks and destroy the vigor and often the life of larger trees. Hogs root up young pines and other plants to feed upon their succulent roots, and devour the edible fruit of many trees. In this way not only is the permanence of the forest endangered, but in the case of deciduous forests their composition is often seriously affected. Species with thin-shelled edible seeds, pines, white oaks, chestnuts, and beeches, are unable to hold their own against species with bitter or unpalatable fruit, on account of the excessive destruction of their seeds by hogs and other animals. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 493^ In the central portions of the Atlantic region the general replacement of the sweet-fruited valuable white oaks in the young forest growth by the less valuable bitter-fruited black oaks is noticeable, and seriodsly endangers the future value of the forests of this whole region. The damage inflicted upon the California mountain forests by sheep is immense; they threaten the complete extermination of these noble forests, and with them the entire agricultural resources of the state. The pasturage of the forest is not only enormously expensive in the destruction of young plants and seeds, but this habit induces the burning over every year of great tracts of woodland, which would otherwise be permitted to grow up naturally, in order to hasten the early growth of spring herbage. Such fires, especially in the open pine forests of the south, do not necessarily consume the old trees. All undergrowth and seedlings are swept away, however, and not infrequently fires thus started destroy valuable bodies of timber. This is especially truer also, in the coniferous forests of the Pacific region. The railroads of the country, using in the construction and maintenance of their permanent ways vast quantities of timber, inflict far greater injury upon the forests than is represented by the consumption of material. Eailway ties, except in California, are almost invariably cut from vigorous young trees from 10 to 12 inches in diameter; that is, from trees which twenty or thirty years ago escaped destruction by fire or browsing animals, and which, if allowed to grow, would at the end of fifty or one hundred years longer afford immense quantities of valuable timber. The railroads of the United States, old and new, consume every year not far from 60,000,000 ties ; the quantity of lumber in 60,000,000 ties is comparatively not very great, and would hardly be missed from our forests; but the destruction of 30,000,000 vigorous, healthy young trees, supposing that an average of two ties is cut from each tree, is a serious drain upon the forest wealth of the country and should cause grave apprehensions for the future, especially in view of the fact that in every part of the country there are now growing fewer seedling trees of species valuable- for railway ties than when the trees now cut for this purpose first started. The condition of the forests of Maine is interesting. They show that forest preservation is perfectly practicable,- in the Atlantic region at least, when the importance of the forest to the community is paramount. The prosperity of this state, born of the broad forests of pine and spruce which once covered it almost uninterruptedly, was threatened by the prospective exhaustion of these forests, in danger of extermination by fire and the ill-regulated operations of the lumbermen. The very existence of the state depended upon the maintenance of the forest. The great forests of pine could not be restored, but the preservation of the few remnants of these forests was not impossible. Fires do not consume forests upon which a whole community is dependent for support, and methods- for securing the continuance of such forests are soon found and readily put into execution. The forests of Maine^ once considered practically exhausted, still yield largely and continuously, and the public sentiment which has- made possible their protection is the one hopeful symptom in the whole country that a change of feeling in regard to forest property is gradually taking place. The experience of Maine shows that where climatic conditions are favorable to forest growth the remnants of the original forest can be preserved and new forests created as soon as the entire community finds forest preservation really essential to its material prosperity. The production of lumber is not, however, the only function of forests; and the future extent and condition of those of the United States cannot, in every case, be safely regulated by the general law which governs the volume of other crops by the demand for them. Forests perform other and more important duties in protecting the surface of the ground and in regulating and maintaining the flow of rivers. In mountainous regions they are essential to- prevent destructive torrents, and mountains cannot be stripped of their forest covering without entailing serious dangers upon the whole community. Such mountain forests exist in the United States. In northern Vermont and New Hampshire they guard the upper waters of the Connecticut and the Merrimac; in New York they insure the constant flow of the Hudson. Such forests still cover the upper slopes of the Alleghany mountains and diminish the danger of destructive floods in the valleys of the Susquehanna and the Ohio. Forests still cover the upper water-sheds of the Missouri and the Columbia, the Platte and the Eio Grande, and preserve the California valleys from buriul under the debris of the sierras. The great mountain forests of the country still exist, often almost in their original condition. Their inaccessibility has preserved them; it cannot preserve them, however, much longer. Inroads have already been made into these forests ; the ax, fire, and the destructive agency of browsing animals are now everywhere invading them. Their destruction does not mean a loss of material alone, which sooner or later can be replaced from other parts of the country ; it means the ruin of great rivers for navigation and irrigation, the destruction of cities located along their banks, and the spoliation of broad areas of the richest agricultural land. These mountain forests once destroyed can only be renewed slowly and at enormous cost, and the dangers, actual and prospective, which threaten them now offer the only real cause for general alarm to be found in the present condition of the forests of the United States. Other forests maybe swept away and the country will experience nothing more serious than a loss of material, which can be produced again if the price of lumber warrants the cultivation of trees as a commercial enterprise; but if the forests which control the flow of the great rivers of the country perish, the whole community will sufl'er widespread calamity which no precautions taken after the mischief has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent. 494 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. MATNE. The forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, with which -were mingled maple, birch, and other deciduous trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate coast region between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard-wood forest; hemlock was common. The original pine and spruce forests of the state hd,ve been practically destroyed. Pine has been cut Jn every township, and the largest spruce everywhere culled, except from the inaccessible region about the headwaters of the AUaguash river. Scattered bodies of the original pine, often of considerable extent and generally connected with farms, exist in the southern, and especially in the southeastern, counties, and fine hemlock of large size is still an important element of the forest in the central and southern portions of the region west of the Penobscot river. Birch, maple, and oak, too heavy for transport by raft, are still common, except in the neighborhood of manufacturing centers and the lines of railroad. Hard-wood timber is particularly fine and abundant through the central portion of the state; farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees. The lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that year spruce was for the first time driven down the Kennebec with pine, and the proportion of spruce to pine has since steadily increased, until, in the season of 1879-'80, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine. The lowest point of productive capacity of the forests of Maine has probably been passed. The reckless disregard of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible methods for preserving and perpetuating the forest. This change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving some part, at least, of the tree covering, the source of the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon public attention ; for unless the forests could be perpetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other parts of the country, are now managed sensibly and economically. They are protected from fire principally through the force of public sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land. In the southern counties the young pine now springing up freely on abandoned farming lands is carefully protected, and large areas are planted with pine in regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing at each cutting a crop of logs equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber to the acre, of which from 5 to 7 per cent, is pine, the rest spruce. Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmers in clearing land, by careless hunters, and by 'sparks from locomotives. The following estimates of the amount of pine and spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. Cyrus A. Packard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual surveys, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most familiar with the condition of the forests in different parts of the state : Basin of— Pine {Pinus Strobus). Sprnce (Picea nigra) Saint Jolin river and tributaries Penobscot river and tributaries Kennebec river and tributaries ". . . . Androscoggin river and tributaries Saint Croix, Macbiaa, Narragaugus, and Union rivers and other small streams .. Total Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 i, board measure. 75,000,060 100, ODD, 000 CO, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 200, 000, GOO 475, 000, OOO 138, 825, 000 Feet, board meaBUre. 1, 400, 000, 000 1,600,000,000 1, 000, 000, 000 500, 000, 000 Duo, 000, COO 5, 000, 000, 000 301, 020, 000 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MAINE, nSIEW HAMPSHIRE, VKRMONT, MASSACHUSETTS, EITOLE ISL' TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES oi? 65' ^- N DENSITY OF FORESTS COMI'ILED IINDKRTHEDIBEOTION OT C. S.SARGENT, SPECIAL AGENT 1883. CONNECTICUT NEW YORK, NEW" JERSET PEMNSYTI/ANIA THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495 Qaantities of logs cut in Aroostook county are driven down the Saint John river and manufactured in "New Brunswick. During the season of 1879-'80 there were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of spruce, 4,500,000 feet of pine, 2,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch timber, 110,000 feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and 80 per cent, of the pine were returned to the United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles. Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long flourished in the state. Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more recently the production of wood pulp and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has assumed important proportions. Manufacturers from nearly every part of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine. Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exported in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture of potash, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments engaged in the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous tanneries upon the Penobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufactured into lumber and not allowed, as in other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently-established industry is the manufacture of kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chips, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial estimates of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,449,200, valued at $75,612. During the year 1879 153,334 pounds of maple sugar were produced in the state. Andeoscoggin cotjnty. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth ; it contains, however, considerable bodies of fine first-growth white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report oak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior quality, and that no second-growth timber is of sufBcient size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, principally from poplar. Aroostook county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the clearings being confined to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely rafted down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to the cut is manufactured within its limits. The production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard woo^ in their manufacture is rapidly increasing, and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development. Cumberland county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially hard woods, now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp. Franklin county. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to the northern portion. Staves, hoop-poles, bandies, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities. Hancock county. — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods,, largely composed, toward the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain fine bodies of large hemlock. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report deterioration of material; ash especially has become scarce. Kennebec county. — Pour-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. Merchantable spruce and pine have b^en everywhere removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and the wooded area is increasing. Next to Penobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its upper waters and from beyond the limits of the county. Large quantities of poplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of wood pulp, excelsior, handles, etc. The supply of hard wood is small and of inferior quality. The poplar now used is nearly all second growth. Knox county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. Heavy timber, however, still exists in the towns of Washington, Appleton, and Union. White pine is scarce, and great deterioration in timber of all kinds is reported. Scarcity in the near future is apprehended by manufacturers. A large amount of cord- wood is consumed annually in burning lime. Lincoln county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, nearly all second growth. Oxford county. — From one-half to two-thirds of this county is reported covered with woods. The northern portion still contains large areas of original forest, although pine and spruce have been culled everywhere. In the southern part of the county there are considerable bodies of second-growth white pine, and the wooded area is increasing. Cooperage stock, handles, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Manufacturers report that timber of all kinds has deteriorated in quality and become scarce, with the exception of oak, which is still abundant and of good quality. Penobscot county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. The merchantable pine and spruce have been removed from the southern portion and everywhere culled. In the northern townships hemlock is still abundant and of fine quality. Peuol)scot is the great lumber manufacturing county of the state, r.iiiiyoi', once the principal market in the United States for pine lumber, being still the most important saw-mill foiitor. Spruce and not pine, however, except in insignificant quantities, is now manufactured upon the Penobscot. Manufacturers using hard woods report an abundant supply of excellent material. 49(5 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED -STATES., Piscataquis cotjntt. — Prom eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with tbrests, the southern portion only being cleared of the original tree growth. Sagadahoc county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally second growth. Considerable second-growth white pine is now growing up upon abandoned farm lands, and the wooded area of the county is increasing. Manufacturers report all timber of sufficient size for use scarce and of inferior quality, and apprehend early exhaustion of hard woods suitable for mechanical purposes. Somerset county. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with woods, the southern portion only being cleared of its forests of spruce and pine. Excelsior, handles, woodenware, etc., are largely manufactured. Hard-wood timber of all sorts is abundant and of excellent quality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce and in great demand. Waldo county. — From one-quarter^ to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. The wooded, area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farming lands. Manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sufilcient size for use. Washington county. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large pine, and through the center of the county are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lumber is apprehended. YoEK county. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods ; it contains large quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abandoned agricultural land, and the forest area is increasing. Wood pulp, cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported as depreciating in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended. ' NEW HAMPSHIRE. The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a belt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and other hard-woqd trees, occupying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central portion; the southeastern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The original white-pine forests of New Hampshire are practically exhausted, although in the northern counties of the state there still remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of small size ; once of great extent and importance, these forests have disappeared before the ax of the settler and lumberman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large areas, however, once covered with forests of pine, have grown up again, especially in the southern part of the state, with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth pine standing in the state has been possible ; it furnished during the census year a cut of 99,400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the state, considered as a source of lumber supply, are composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of which the sugar maple and the birch are the most valuable. In the northern part of the state large areas of the original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only found at a considerable distance from streams. Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especjally in the northern part of the state, are now less frequent and destructive. During the year 1880 but 5,954 acres were reported stripped of their tree covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the escape into the forest of fires originally set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, six by sportsmen, one through malice, and one by the careless use of tobacco. The basis of the following estimate of the amount of merchantable black spruce (Picea nigra) lumber standing May 31, 1880, in Carroll, Coos, and Grafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state are now of commercial importance, was furnished by Mr, G. T. Crawford, of Bjaston, and verified by the testimony of other experts : BLACK SPRUCE (Picea nigra). , CountieB. ]?eet, board measure. Carroll 60, 000, 000 1, 000, 000, 000 450, 000, 000 Coos Tatal . . . 1, 510, 000, 000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 26,000,000 feet sawed on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts). 153, 175, 000 It is roughly estimated that the spruce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and 165,000,000 feet of hemlock. rEPARTKENT OF THE DTl-EEIOR TEjiTK :j::i;::'js of the united states Juluw TiifTi S L'o,hUv DEPARTMEMT OP THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED TTATEc MAP OF NEW H/\MPSHI RE AND VERMONT SIlOW'lNCi THK niSTRirU'TION OF THE PINE AND SPRUCli FORESTS, WTll srivCLM, HKFERENCli TO THE LHM1!KF< INUUSTRY. COMPUTED ITNllKK TEli Uin>:CT[ON UF C,S..SAKOE.\'T, SPEITAL AliENT l,HGEi\'D Stii]t(lingS[iruce tFit'(KinL!^TaJ and hflrdvoods I Aireaa orig'uially occupied bj' White Pine (Pjnus Slrobiisi ]> H c s in 1 !^ \ ^ h v,i.-- -N \^ ^ kl^- j*. >^ '■■■fe^'-: ' 'J* '^ J .^^^:^!: ■=usi Tjl" -3 "" '\^-;^fTi-l^ Bt"^ . a , I THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523 " The well-timbered portion of west Florida commences with the southern border of Holmes county. This region is now, however, nearly exhausted al6ng water-courses large enough for rafting, while of late years canals and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills. According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there is scarcely enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast supplied for another half-dozen years, even if the whole of the pine standing could be made available. " The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are established. The production of lumber commenced here in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board measure, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All the lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is sent to Pensacola by a railroad constructed for the purpose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped from' Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola, the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet. " Pensacola is the most important port of lumber export on the Gulf coast. During the year ending August 30, 1879, 403 vessels, of a combined capacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Pensacola 3,090,469 cubic feet of hewed square timber, 3,769,527 cubic feet of sawed square timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber, board measure. Of the squared timber four-fifths is shipped to Great Britain. " The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary de Galves is low, and, along the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these waters has during the past forty years been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaced the original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the turpentine-distiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present is too small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three large mills on Blackwater bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is produced in the establishment of Messrs. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a mile below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and use mostly water-power. The mill of Messrs. Milligan, Chaf&n & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends 28,000 pieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named firm has acquired by purchase large tracts of public land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber growing on their land a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small tributaries of these streams, has been dug. By means of this canal a sufficient supply of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year. The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by tlie construction of tramways tapping the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of Black and Tellowwater rivers toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber-lands through the whole breadth of western Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomplished before the end of the next five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay, and is grown along the banks of the Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, doors, moldings, and particularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shipped by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures a large amount of fencing, tthe rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is shipped to New Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing pencil- boards of red cedar. The logs, of very superior quality, are obtained from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully-selected pieces sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quartet of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a case, and the establishment produces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipped to a pencil factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to Germany. , " The saw-mills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend from the mouth of Alaqua creek to Freeport, and westward to Point Washington ; the logs sawed at these mills are for the most part brought down by raft from the upper waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long- leaved pine, with a small amount of cypress. The product of these mills is mostly shipped to New Orleans in small schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the mills upon this bay is in excess of their production, the difSculty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year. " The causes which up to the present time have prevented the destruction of the piiie forests about Saint Andrew's buy, which is traversed by one tine river and bordered by another, must be traced to the difficulty of navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the Gulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw- mills upon this bay, supplying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floated down the Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state." 524 THE FOEESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. ALABAMA. The northern and northeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-hills of the southern Alleghany mountains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly across the state between the thirty-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine-hill region, are mixed with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine ; and this species occupies, or once occupied, almost exclusively, outside of the numerous river bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles inland from the shores of the Gulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard- wood timber, although the demands of the rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and flowing to the Gulf through western Florida. The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Duriug the census year 569,160 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by flre, with an estimated loss of $121,225. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters. The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near future be largely transferred to the southern states. The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment to many persons, principally blacks. The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinua paluairis). Begions. Feet, board measure. 4,055,000,000 2, 000, 000, 000 10, 000, 000, 000 1, 750, 000, 000 900, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 West of Perdido river In tbere^on of mixed growth... -.^ In tlie Central Pine Belt In the Cooaa Eiver basin Total 18,885,000,000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama and sawed in western Florida) . 245, 396, 000 SHOET-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitia). In the Central Pine Belt In the Coosa Eiyer basin Total Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880, none reported, 1, 875, 000, 000 132, 000, 000 2, 307, 000, 000 departmetiT :~f the n-rTERIOH. jiiluis Him 5 Co.llltv THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the manufacture of turpentine. There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is greater, although generally of poorer quality. Mobile is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount of pine lumber is manufactured also along the line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and considerable hard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment. Mobile is also the distributing point for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report: "THE MARITIME PINE EEGION. "West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom', composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of 15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within 6 to 18 miles of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, iiat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated with a few Gonifera, and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The prevailing forest tree of this plain, now much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the long- leaved pine. Situations offering a moister and somewhat richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the bottoms of the watercourses are occupied by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine {Pinus Gubensis), which prefers, however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above the gum trees and while cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved pine has been cut down, this pitch pine principally and the loblolly pine spring up to replace it. "Many acres can be seen in this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung up, to my own knowledge, since 1805, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches ; and trees from 50 to 60 feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty years ago. "Ascending the highlands of drift, with its porous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives at perfection and forms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved pine takes possession again of the soil or is replaced by a more or less stunted growth of various species of oak (Quercus Gatesbcei, cinerea, nigra, obtusilob.i, and falcata), the mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is regulated is not apparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conflagrations which annually sweep through the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young pines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lands with the same sandy character of surface soil, but with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second growth of deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with a second growth of the long-leaved pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to discover a single seedling of the other pines. " Cypress swamps op the Tensas bivee.— The river was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed to a depth of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet than any that had been experienced since the spring of 1875. Since that year no such opportunity has been offered for getting heavy cypress timber from the depths of these swampy forests. No idle man was to be found on shore ; everybody who could swing an ax, paddle a boat, or pilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps ; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers. " We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon two negroes, each standing in his little skiff, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, considering the instability of their footholds in the narrow boats. Every stroke of the ax told at the designated place, and it took them scarcely longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground. The top of the tree when felled is sawed off close to the first limbs by one man working under water a single-handled cross-cut saw. Another provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the truuk and tows it, with the aid of 526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets of still water which, interspersed with streams, are so common in these lowlands. Here the trunks are made into rafts and can be floated down the river to the mills along the banks below after the subsidence of the flood. The greatest part of this large timber is only accessible during the time of a high stage of water, so that the energies of the whole population are devoted during the times of freshets to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the destruction of these treasures of the forest is being pushed ; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress. " In 1831 Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so diminished by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly- increasing demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he judges that they will be completely exhausted during the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these deep, swampy forests, and only occur in the openings and upon the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light and air to a soil almost cdnstantly drenched with water, is unfavorable to the growth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to prolonged periods of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow growth of the cypress, however, during all stages of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12 inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for many useful purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a tree over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind- shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the^wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such trees may appear perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease which particularly affects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a) Prom the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward tlie ends, parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of growth. Those cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance, although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaffected by decay. These excavations are called ' pegs ', and timber so affected ' peggy ' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently, and remain always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these pegs. Such peggy stuff is nseful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than it made from solid lumber. " Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood, and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latter has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by floating under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recognize these peculiarities of the wood in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or sinking, whether it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is found sufficiently light,to float. " The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest wealth, commences upon Mobile river, about 16 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Baldwin and Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from 75 to 80 square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, covering a Thia injnry to the cypress is caused by a fungoid plant not yet determined, although widely distributed along the Gulf coast. — C. S. S. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527 large tracts in the delta between them, follows northward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive swamps which border their banks and the months of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile Eiver region the largest supply of cypress can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson. During the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the miUs on the Tensas. " Baldwin county. — A quarter of a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth, and supposed at that time to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroad, along the eastern shore of MobUe bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold. " The production of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests, and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of operation. In the old turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung up. Too far remote to make it possible to get their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufficient strength to withstand the effects of the barbarous process of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low, and shade the ground sufQciently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad flatboats, propelled by one huge square sail, and steered by a ponderous horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Mobile bay and Fish river, where the soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric influences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches, of thrifty growth, and rapidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the possession _of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to support the Spanish and black oaks. " The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The arid, sandy ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, Hollenger's creek, the Perdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, although I learn that it is expected to supply them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This forest extends over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres. "THE FORESTS OP THE CHATTAHOOCHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC. "The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin, Alabama (opposite Fort Gaines), are now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of ranges of low hills bordering the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to differ in no way from that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis) occurs more frequently. The crab apple and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine {Pinus serotina), which might have been expected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine (Pinus glabra) abundantly associated with the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is doubtful if it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty-first degree of latitude. The low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain ; in entering them the second division of the sylvan vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded, on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the 528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. conifers. This certainly was the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad-leaved trees occupy the best land, the areas of hard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the forests of pine. "The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil and the topographical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks predominate, and especially the post oak {Quercus obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil; with it is frequently found the black oak {Quercus tinctoria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upon soils of poorer quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The black-jack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lands too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth. "The hickories are unimportant features in the forests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare. "The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gi-egarious habit, and the splendid growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous, dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposit of drift, often found widely spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the southern boundaries of this region, where the sands and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upon and mingle with the strata of older formations. Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkation between this and the pine region of the coast is difficult to determine. The best distinction is found in- the fact that in the pine forests of the lower pine region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pine. This is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along which the lower strata have completely disappeared beneath it. "Pike county. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers, upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unusual features ; it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Surrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name the meaning of which I was unable to learn. " The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to a height of more than 30 feet among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hollies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays, and other trees of the coast. These glades verge upon deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation. "PORESTS OP THE TENNESSEE VALLEY. " The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee. This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the Mississippi state line with a width of from 35 to 40 miles, and reaching beyond the northern boundary of the state. Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered saplings of the loblolly pine are found on its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part of Morgan county, the true northern limit of this species, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the durability of its wood combined with its beauty places this tree among the most useful produced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost exclusively the second growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most ordinary purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence posts. The fertile portions of this region have been largely denuded of their forest growth, although more than half is still covered with wood, a considerable portion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous portions of the counties of Madison and Jackson. The vast quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and poplar timber contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets as soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529 " The road from Decatur to Moulton, in Lawrence county, leads through broad and fertile valley lands, broken, as the mountains are approached, by limestone ridges jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Moulton valley, inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy Mountain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, willow oak, red oak, mulberries, elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the black oak, post oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the prevailing forest growth. The lower flank of the steep escarpment of the highlands, a terrace of limestone cliffs mostly destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red cedar and the upland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deeper soil covers the rock, chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less precipitous as the sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow pine (Pinus mitis) and the scrub pine (Pinus inoTps) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is passed the oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive table-land between the Coosa and the eastern tributaries of the Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lowlands commencing below Tuscaloosa, occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles. "General Eemaeks. "The forests of long-leaved pine are principally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mississippi river: 1. The Great Maritime Pine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Eegion of the Coosa. " Pine forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy the ridges covered with a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Upon the heights of the low ranges of the metamorphic region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand. " The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe, Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in portions of Clarke county, cover 3,500 square miles. Of these about 1,000 square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cent, for land under cultivation, or covered by a forest of different trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,875 square miles left of this forest to supply the demands of the future. "The whole amount of long-leaved pine lumber received at the port of Mobile averages about 60,000,000 feet, board measure, representing the product of mills at that place and along the various railroad lines leading to it. The amount of hewed square timber received is still small, but the* business of exporting timber of this sort promises to assume large proportions in the near future. "The pine belt of cbnteal Alabama. — This forest occupies the deposits of drift which, in a strip varying from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. It is nearly in the center of the line connecting its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to cover 550 square miles, no allowance being made for lands cultivated op covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity, is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-mills in this region are situated on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmore county, and produced in the aggregate 67,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'80. Considerable lumber is also produced along the line of the Selma, Rome and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county. "Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region. " The pine kegion of the Coosa. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to 450 square miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years, and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet. "NAVAL stores. "The manufacture of naval stores in the central Gulf states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading to that port and to the southeni confines of the pine belt in Mississippi. It is only during the past two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula, Mississippi, Pearl river, and in eastern Louisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established on the Gulf coast a little more than a quarter of a century ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river ou the western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon assumed such proportions as to lead to the destruction of the 34 for 530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. forests covering hundreds of sq^are miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of naval stores in this county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitman, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three stills in operation, while along the LouisvUle and Nashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty- three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital, their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports ot the board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80 to 25,409 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosin have been produced in this same district, (a) " The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds of naval stores, and particularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new. ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can be safely assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low price at which pine lands are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaining the quickest possible yetums on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62J gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligneous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of spirits of turpentine." MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of long-leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The northeastern portion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were mixed with various hard- wood trees ; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed "with a growth of hard woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lands of the Mississippi river formed vast and almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value. The pinft forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties ; the most accessible timber has been cleared from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still practically intact, and these forests are capable of supplying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The hard- wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleared from many counties in providing for the requirements of agriculture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northeastern counties, by a vigorous growth of short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis), which seems destined to become the most important timber tree of that region. The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the New Orleans market has become scarce. During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to Improve pasturage. u These figures differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S. DEPAPTMEi^T OF THE nrT£EIOP,, TENTH CENSUS OF THE ginTED STATES. MAP OF MISSISSIPPI SIIOWINOTIIE DlSriilliiTlOXIIF TIIH I'IXE F(mESTS WITH SPKCIAL KKFEKJCM-f; TO TI LrMBKU INDL'STKY. {.■uMPua;ij imnKB tuk dirj-:ction or C.S SAIUiKXT, SPECIAL iUilCNT utai. Juliius him flCo.ldk 530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. forests covering hundreds of square miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of naval stores in this county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitman, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three stills in operation, while along the Louisville and JSTashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty- three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital, their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80to 25,409 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosin have been produced in this same district, (a) " The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds ©f naval stores, and particularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new. ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can be safely assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square mUes of forest. With the low price at which pine lands are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62J gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligneous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of spirits of turpentine." MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of long- leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The northeastern portion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were mixed with various hard-wood trees ; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hard woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lands of the Mississippi river formed vast and almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value. The pina forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties ; the most accessible timber has been cleared from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and ISTew Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still practically intact, and these forests are capable of supplying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleared from many counties in providing for the requirements of agriculture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the stat with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northeastern counties, by a vigorous orowth of short-leaved pine {Piniis mitis), which seems destined to become the most important timber tree of that re " The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress h" h" has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the New Orleans market 1 become scarce. ' During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78 500 Of these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or t improve jjasturage. / / a These figures differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. C. S. S. DT.PABTUEuT OF THE lNT£S[DFt. r ■Mi TENTH CENSUS OF THE rjlHTED STATES. MAP OF M I S S I S S I IMM SliOWaNGTHE DiSTnilllTIOX OK TIIH I'lXK FOIU'STS. WITH si'jX'iAi. iir;i-'i:uKNt'K TO Tin: LU.MUKH INDl STIO' C'OMPU.KIJ UNniiR -niK IimKCTION i>r C-S SAIJOKNT, Sl'i:iT.\l, AOKNT, M..JI-I LinvoJoi-^OLns-Piu.- iPiiii,»i,iilj^ , .-nuirlT.wdvtd orTft'llinvruii' iI^iuuMiLilis | . IrliXml with. HiUllwi/lllIf ji'^ UkjvivII'iiu' [ riiiii&palufiiriiil I ■u.utit.iiiwliu:liU.T.,h*Lnl;ilil.-riii.'li..-' Tui-ppnliti.- Orrliar.ia JulULHUirTYJlColllh THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 531 Establishments for the manufacture of wagons, -wheel stock, cooperage, etc., have been established at different times in the northern part of the state. The industries, however, which depend upon the hard-wood forests for material are still in their infancy in Mississippi, and are capable of enormous development. The following estimates of the standiug-pine supply of Mississippi, May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, who carefully explored the forests of the state : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Piaus paluairis). Hegions. Feet, board measure- In region west of Pearl river, tributary to the Chicago, Suiiit Loiua, andNew Orleans railroad. East o^Pearl river Beglon of mixed growth, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured hy the manufacture of turpentine. Total Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 6, 800, 000, 000 7, 600, 000, 000 3, 800, 000, 000 18, 200, 000,000 108, 000, 000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitis). In the northeastern belt In northern region of mixed growth. Total . Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880. 1, COO, 000, 000 5, 175, 000, 000 6, 775, 000, 000 7, 775, 000 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed. The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small railroad mills, manufacturing in the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber (Pinus mitis). The pine forests of the state have up to the present time suffered but little damage from the manufacture of naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinity of the coast, near the mouth of the Pas(;agoula river, and at other points in the coast counties. The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi : "The ptnb poeests op southern Mississippi.— Iu the vicinity of Scranton, near the mouth of the Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covered with fine loblolly pine, from 40 to 60 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The pitch pine (Pinus Gubensis) forms dense groves, with seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lauds of lighter soil extending to the sea-shore. Oaks are not common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, line the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant. " The annual export of lumber during the last four or five years has averaged 45,000,000 feet from the Pascagoula liver. The largest percentage of this lumber is manufactured iuto boards and scantling for ordinary building purposes, and is shipped to Cuba, the Windward islands, to Mexico, Brazil, and a small part, in the form of deals 2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for ship-building, to France, Spain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany. Large quantities. of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Eed creeks are sent to Kew Orleans in small coasting schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven saw-mills, which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, are situated on both banks of the East Pascagoula river. The combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual production during the past years has scarcely exceeded 40,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula and its tributaries, the Leaf and Chickasawha rivers aid their sources, the Bogue Homo, Tallahala, Bay, and Okatuma creeks, as far up as the southern limits of Covington and Jones counties. A small number of logs also, comes from the Escatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length Sticks of such average dimensions are only furnished from first-class timber-lands, which, according to the best judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lands lining the streams just mentioned, iu a belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been up to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply these mills. 532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The vastness of the timber resources yet contained in the region embraced in the northern half of Harrison and the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern confines of Marion and Jones counties, is astonishing. As is the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing first-class spars for masts are difficult to find ; they have been cut by spar-hunters in every part of the forest which could be reached by teams. " Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the timber manufactured that it need. not be considered. In Jones and Covington counties, about the headwaters of the upper tributaries of the Pascagoula, the country is rolling, intersected by numerous small, swift streams and rivulets. This region is magnificently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost pure sand so frequently found in the pine belt of Alabama. "The low, flat, more or Jess wide pine lands bordering upon the marshes of the coast are sparsely covered with pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy soil, devoid of drainage and overlying a subsoil impervious to water, are stunted and of little value. The lower part of Harrison county is covered with these pine meadows, which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-producing center. "At Pearlington, on the Pearl river, is established the large saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, capable of producing 100,000 feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 2 miles farther up the river, are two mills, and 5 miles above these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest part of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries extending into the lower part of Marion county, 50 or 60 miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little fivers, which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia. " The cypress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which are sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cypress swamps on the upper waters of the Pearl and Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this timber of good size. " The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is sparsely settled, and forests, the especially in Hancock county and the upper part of Marion county, are unsurpassed in the quality and quantity of their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 2,000 feet of lumber, board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a strip of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the banks of the water-courses, has been stripped of its timber growth, and fine spar timber is yet to be found here a few miles back from all the streams. Almost the whole of these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river form a part of the public domain. " The almost unbroken pine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, toward the northern confines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these forests has as yet found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the property of the government, but in view of the speedily-increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a condition of affairs must soon come to an end. It can be sa,fely asserted that by far the largest part of the timber, felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government land. There can be no question of this when it is considered how insignificantly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private persons along that stream. The necessity of adopting proper measures to protect the timber wealth upon the public domain from depredations of such enormous extent forces itself upon the most casual observer, while to one who looks closer at the consequences of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes appallingly apparent. The ever-increasing consumption of timber at the mills upon Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,000 feet of lumber a day, will prove a powerful stimulus to a people who, since the development of the lumber business in these regions, have almost completely abandoned their former agricultural and pastoral pursuits and now depend entirely for their support upon cutting pine logs, to supply this enormous demand at the expense of the public property. Already plans have been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber jnay be brought to market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good. "In the state of Mississippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and cleared land, 9,000 square miles are still covered by forests of long-leaved pine. The production of this region during the census year amounts to 108,000,000 feet; of this, 60,000,000 finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,000,000 by Peari river, 6,000,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,000,000 by the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad to northern markets. "In the northern part of Harrison county we crossed a tract from which twelve years ago a hurricane swept a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is interesting to note the growth which has since sprung up among the prostrate charred trunks of the pines still found lying about in large numbers. Black-jack oaks, the largest not over 12 feet in height, are mixed in almost equal numbers with stunted, thin saplings of the long-leaved pine. These plainly exhibit the helplessness of the struggle to which these offspring of the great timber tree are subjected under the influence of repeated conflagrations wherever the oak scrub has sprung up and added fuel in the abundance .of its leaves, to the fires which annually sweep through these woods. "The northeastern counties.— After crossing the Sucarnoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 533 of the loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cold, wet, calcareous soil of the flatwoods and prairies is unsuited to the growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses the flat prairie region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute of trees, and the woodlands with which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country. "What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too difBcult of drainage to make agriculture profitable, and to the banks of streams subject to inundation. More or less extensive patches of woods are found also on the ledges where the limestone rock comes to the surface. In the swampy land the willow oak, the water oak, the black gum, sweet gum, white ash, and along the ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. Black-jack and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams here, and are so common as to deserve special mention, while on the rolling uplands black oaks, post oaks, and white oaks, with poplars, shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From Tupelo toward Corinth the country is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the Gulf of Mexico and the Ohio riverat Booneville. Corinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley of the Tuscumbia river and. east by the ridges whicli mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay, very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, stiff mire in seasons of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating ridges, of which the higher and steeper are yet covered with the remnants of the old oak forest. Here the Spanish and post oaks predominate in numbers ; then follow the black oak and the scarlet oak, while 1 he shell- bark hickory and the mocker- nut form but a small part of the tree growth of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tuscumbia, although subject to frequent overflows, are covered with a primeval forest not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the Mississippi river bottom lands. White-oak timber of the finest quality is found here in the greatest abundance and perfection. The most common species is the cow oak [Quercus Michavxii). I found that this river-bottom forest contained, by actual count, an average of from twelve to fourteen trees of this species, from 30 to 35 inches in diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, being easily split into narrow, thin strips. The wood is extensively used in the manufacture of baskets used by the negroes in cotton-picking. These baskets are light, and of considerable strength and durability. Next in frequency follows the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamp oak (Quercus h/rata), and finally the red oak, found especially on the outskirts of the forest. "The white ash is not so frequently seen here as elsewhere in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive on these stiff, cold soils. It is in part replaced by the green ash, which here attains the size of a large tree. The black gum is very common, and where the soil is least subjected to overflow the true white oak is found, with fine groups of beech, overtowered by large poplars. Among the smaller trees the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and abundant papaws must be mentioned. " The pine hills in the eastern part of Alcorn county are reached at a distance of 6 or 7 miles in a southerly direction from Corinth. Pine occurs on the dividing ridges between the waters of the Tuscumbia river and Yellow creek, or toward the south on those between the Tombigbee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance west of Glendale station the Cretaceous strata disappear under the ferruginous sands, and mixed with a stunted growth of post oak and Spanish oak, pines appear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (Pinus mitis) takes possession of all the old clearings and fields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the seedlings, which spontaneously spring up thickly after the removal of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest tree in this part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extend its domain far beyond the original limits of its growth, "The aspect of these pine woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. The short-leaved pine replaces here the long-leaved pine of the coast, the scrubby post and Spanish oaks take the place of the turkey and the upland willow oaks, while the black jack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation. The flora of the two regions also presents the same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunflowers, and various leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine-clad drift hills interspersed between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved pine of northeastern Mississippi extends from the southern border of the valley of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10 miles in width, embracing an area of nearly 600 square miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the lertile bottoms of the Tombigbee and Yellow Creek valleys, where no pines are found, two-thirds can be regarded as occupied by the pine forest. As the sole supply of pine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of great importance. Several saw-niills, none of which have an annual capacity of more than 3,000,000 feet, are established on the railroad line at Glendale, Burnsville, and near luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also through this forest in its whole extent, their product being hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made from Burnsville and Corinth. 534 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " The second growth of the short-leaved pine, which is already growing with great rapidity in northern Mississippi upon exhausted fields thrown oat of cultivation and wherever the forest has been cut from the ridges, should be protected and fostered by the owners of the soil. The care bestowed upon the natural seeding of this useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit or unprofitable for agriculture, of which tens of thousands of a«res are now found in this state, would lead to results of great benefit to the community. The people have it in their power to replenish their timber resources, fast failing through the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, would add vastly to the general welfare and prosperity through the influence such forests would exert upon the climate and salubrity of the country, by the shelter they would offer to insectivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and by the formation of protective screens against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of the country; for it must be admitted as an undisputed fact that the destruction caused by the cotton-worm is far less upon the small farms where strips of woodland divide the fields than upon the plantations in the rich prairie lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests would serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many productive fields, the dSbris from which, carried away by the rain and floods, fills the rivers and their estuaries, rendering navigation every year more dangerous. "Central pine hills.— A hilly region, the northern limit of which is near the center of Benton county, covered with upland oaks and short-leaved pines, extends eastward to the flatwoods in a belt from 8 to 12 miles in width. Farther south, in Calhoun and Sumter counties, this pine region is much wider, embracing the largest part of these and Choctaw and the western part of Oktibbeha counties ; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over the whole of Winston and the western part of Noxubee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western part of Kemper county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest supplies a sufficient amount of lumber for the local demand, and portable saw-mills are found near the large settlements from Kosciusko to the southern limits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of the central pine hills. Botanically this region differs from that of the mixed tree growth, upon which it borders toward the south, by the more equal distribution of the pines among the oaks, and particularly by the total absence of the long-leaved pine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of scattered cypress along the river banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia {M. grandiflora). The second forest growth in the northern part of this region consists almost exclusively of the short-leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region. " I have personally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only touched their southern limits in Kemper county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and in its economic aspects as a timber region, or botanically, is of little interest or importance. "Western Mississippi. — In Copiah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along the railroad, obtaining their supply of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is stiU increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year. " Beyond Crystal Springs the country loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance above the northern boundary of Copiah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved pine disappears with the gravels and sands of the drift. "North of the pine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been brought under cultivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway lines. At Jackson, on the Pearl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left, however, to show that it was chiefly composed of sweet gums, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from Jackson to Vicksburg passes through a fertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen here, and the black walnut, originally so abundant among the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the vicinity of Vicksburg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests. " Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber industry, depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. The first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was established in Vicksburg in 1865. Before that time all the timber from the Yazoo valley was rafted down the Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535 manufactured lumber is shipped from here farther south than Baton Eouge, nearly the whole production being consumed in the erection of small dwellings in the Mississippi and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills average 25 inches in diameter, with a length of from 30 to 70 feet. "The hillsides in the neighborhood of Yicksburg, when thrown out of cultivation, are seen covered with a stunted growth of locust, Chickasaw plums, and other shrubs. The original forests of the blnff hills consist of extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slopes and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks, beeches, and towering poplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys with delightful shade. Many of the magnolias are from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, show that they have already passed their prime ; the upper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow. Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I could not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a comparatively short time these magnolia groves will have disappeared, and that these delightfully- shaded hills must share the desolation which surrounds the town. " The Yazoo Delta. — Indian bayou, one of the small water-courses between Pearl river. Deer creek, and Sunflower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the case with all the streams of the Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the water, thus affording excellent natural drainage for the adjacent country, which is covered with a yellow-brown loam of unsurpassed fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the banks it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed of the stream, and the water-courses, following the general direction of the Mississippi river, inclose corresponding lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayous and rivers are one of the characteristic features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shape; flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and deeper, they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water ; sometimes they are inundated wooded marshes and cane- brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When these depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting open sheets of water sometimes miles in extent, are formed, their margins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the forest growth which yet covers the largest part of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the streams the white oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers, the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of great size, the mulberry, the Spanish oak, the sweet and the black gums are the principal forest trees, with an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood, various haws, crab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope back to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, white ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The honey locust, water oaks, and red and Spanish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly attains its greatest development, with hornbeans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees. " The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon the Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the planters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and are again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was originally composed. During the last few years, however, the country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest black walnuts among the deadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are I'elled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wood forest has yet been stripped of its tree covering. Quite different is the condition of the cypress growth in the great Yazoo valley. This tree, confined to low and more or less inundated bottoms bordering on the Mississippi, the Lower Yazoo, Big Sunflower, and their numerous tributaries, was once found in the greatest abundance in this region, and immense quantities of cypress lumber have been furnished by the lower parts of Issaquena and Washington and the western parts of Warren and Yazoo counties. The most valuable timber has now, however, disappeared from the immediate neighborhood of the low river banks easily acce.> naval stores, have not greatly suffered from forest fires During the census year only 64,410 acres of woodland were reported as burned over by fire, with foresi ""''' ^'"''""'"^ '"* ^"^ '"^'"''^^ pasturage, or by careless hunters camping in the A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cypress and pine, although that city has long been an important point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 537 Tennessee by river. Tlie magnificent hard woods common over much of the state can supply abundant material for many important industries which already at the north suffer from the exhaustion and deterioration of the local timber supply. The following rough estimates of the amouut of the long-leaved and short-leaved pine standing in the state have been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the pine forests, which coincide almost exactly with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returned by enumerators and all areas of swamp, bottom lands, and prairies are deducted to obtain the extent of territory covered with pine forests. By multiplying this area by the average stand of timber per acre, obtained by numerous observations in different parts of the state, the following estimate of the amount of merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, is reached: Parislies. Long-leaved pine [Pinus pahistris). Short-leaved pine (Firms mitia). Bienville Feet, board measure. 416, 000, 000 Feet, board measure. 1, 837, 000, 000 1, 574, 000, 000 1, 696, 000, 000 Caddo - - -.. 4, 219, 000, 000 602, 000, 000 1, 558, 000, 000 Caldwell 302, 000, 000 304, 000, 000 1, 923, 000, 000 1, 971, 000, 000 167, 000, 000 888, 000, 000 De Soto ]Sa8t Feliciana . - 198, 000, 000 1, 574, 000, 000 493, 000, 000 300, 000, 000 1, 670, 000, 000 797, 000, 000 618. 000, 000 1,126,000,000 1, 792, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 2, 422, 000, OOO 643, 000, 000 1, 974, 000, 000 598, 000, 000 7'; 9, 000, 000 579, 000, 000 1, 398, 000, 000 1,637,000,000 Saint Helena 2, 522, 000, 000 3, 741, 000, 000 1, 734, 000, 000 Washington 1,443,000,000 122, 000, 000 West feliciana Winn 2,662,000,000 Total 26, 588, 000, 000 21, 625, 000, 000 Cut for the censns year ending May 31, 1880 . . . 61, 882, 000 22, 709, 000 The principal point of lumber manufacture is Saint Charles, in Calcasieu parish, on the southern border of the western pine forest. Lumber manufactured here is shipped east and west by rail, and in small schooners to Mexican and West Indian ports. A comparatively small amount of lumber is manufactured at New Orleans from logs cut in eastern Louisiana and towed through lake Pontchartraiu and the canals to the city, and along the river front from logs rafted out of the Red, Little, Black, and other streams of northern Louisiana. New Orleans, however, is principally supplied with lumber sawed at Gulf ports, in spite of its position with reference to the most valuable hard-pine forests upon the continent, its large local demand for lumber and all saw-mill refuse, and its facilities for export, which would seem to indicate that it must become the most important center of lumber manufacture and distribution in the south. Small quantities of pine lumber have long been manufactured upon the Eed river near Alexandria^ short-leaved pine {Pinus mitis) is sawed at Shreveport, and in small quantities for local consumption at other points in the northern parishes. MOSS GINNING. New Orleans is the center of the " moss-ginning" industry of the United States. The "moss" {Tillandsia usneoides), a common epiphyte, growing in great quantities upon the cypress, live oak, and other southern trees, is gathered, by men known as " swampers", in the swamps of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The moss when gathered is piled near the swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve months. It loses in this process about 90 per cent, of its weight, and is then shipped to New Orleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned, losing in this latter operation 35 per cent, in weight. The prepared moss is used in upholstery, either alone or 538 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. mixed with hair. The product of the Few Orleans factories is principallj' shipped to the western states, a comparatively small amount being sent to Europe. Six moss factories are located in IJTew Orleans, and there are also small establishments at Plaquemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Peusacola, Florida. New Orleans received during the year ending August 31, 1881, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued at $315,000. A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipped direct to consumers, or is prepared by the consumers themselves. Persons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the value of the prepared moss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far from $550,000. The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at times of high floods, when the swamps are navigable to small boats, and the moss, hanging from t.he branches of the trees, can be eat^ily gathered. The wages earned by the swampers, too, are not large, and the gathering of moss is only resorted to when more profitable employment upon farms cannot be obtained. The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana by Dr. Charles Mohr : " For the investigation of the important pine region of western Louisiana I selected Alexandria as my starting point. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Eed Eiver valley, Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lumber interests of this great timber region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swamps which once covered the alluvial lands on the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Eed river and the lower basin of that stream. It is only in the most inaccessble swamps, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber remain. The ever-increasing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the Eed Eiver countrj^, and cypress is now drawn from the forest farther north bordering the Black and Ouachita rivers. The lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same features as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly, and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore, sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonwood. The green ash is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; iipon a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther up the river, upon sandy bluffs fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks, Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the Mississippi. The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandria is situated extend west to bayou Bceuf. This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Louisiana, has but little left of the forest with which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general destruction. Of these, fine specimens line the roadsides arid dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occupies the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of bayou Boeuf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water ; beyond these, sycamores, bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red maple, and ash occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees — the dogwood, several haws, wahoos, catalpas, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deep alluvial soil is left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their appearance, and with this change of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Boeuf, a forest of white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timber seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak elms ash, and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the Mississippi river. "The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddenly from the plain covered with the forest of the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the trees with the best timber districts in the Coast Pine Belt of the eastern Gulf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen as is the case everywhere in these undisturbed primeval pine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture, and richer in plant-food than that in the Maritime Pine Eegion east of the Mississippi. The pines here are therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the pine produced on the poor, siliceous ridges of lower Mississippi and Alabama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through these pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Gulf coast; and magnolias, the red and white bay, wax myrtles, willows, and the devilwood are common. " The pine region west of the Eed Eiver valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great pine forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Southward it constantly increases in width; and its length from north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largest part of Calcasieu, and portions of the parishes of Natchitoches and Eapides, covering an area of about 4,500 square miles. The northern portion of this belt is one vast primeval forest. The small mroads made by the scattered settlers and the few small saw-mills which supply a small local THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539 demand are too insigniticant to be taken into account. In the southern portion of this forest the saw-mills on the Sabine river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timber from the banks of the principal streams. " The region of long-leaved pine -whicb skirts the eastern confines of the Eed Eiver valley, and which at its southern extremity almost touches the river banks, may be called the central pine region of west Louisiana. The village of Pineville, opposite the city of Alexandria, is the center of tbe lumber trade of this region. The high, undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the river bear a growth of loblolly and short-leaved pine mixed with upland oaJ?s. A few miles to the eastward, however, upon the hills covered with drift, the forest of long-leaved pine appears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil poorer, more porous and siliceous than west of the Eed Eiver valley, and the timber produced here is of unsurpassed quality. An average of not less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches 3 feet from the ground, grow here. The production of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have been gradually removed from its banks as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and south from Pineville. The production of these mills amounts in the aggregate to 40,000 feet a day. The lumber manufactured here supplies the population of the Eed Eiver valley as far west as Shreveport. " The rolling uplands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey soil almost impervious to water ; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called west of the Mississippi river red oak, with fine black-jack makes up the larger part of the tree growth. Hickories, represented by the pig-nut and mocker-nut, are not frequent, and are of small size. The black oak is found in localities with somewhat rocky surface and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation of vegetable matter has been deposited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely removed, the loblolly pine takes exclusive possession of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the prevailing forest tree. My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Eed river the drainage of the upper part of the valley has been greatly improved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated are now dry, while the swamp forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died. "Opposite Shreveport the valley spreads out into an extensive plain from 8 to 10 miles in width, descending imperceptibly as it recedes from the bank of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeply overflowed by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which intersect this plain. The forest growth covering these swamps is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress occupies the overflowed swamps, but it is always below medium size, and I did not notice a single specimen 2 feet in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here its favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant inundation. The wood of this tree is as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the same purposes ; that is, in the manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs, etc. The green ash is frequently seen here growing with the wahoo, hornbeam, holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cross bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disappear and are replaced by a more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash and white and red oaks are the more common trees in the woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Eed river. At this point they are separated froui the low hills of the Pliocene sandy loams by a pretty, clear stream, the Eed Chute, which runs swiftlj' over its bed along the bace of the uplands; these form long, gentle, swelling slopes, or spread out into broad flats more or less deficient of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with upland oaks and short-leaved pines, while the loblolly pine, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the depressions and damp flats. The tree growth upon these ridges is vigorous. I have nowhere found the shoi-t-leaved pine of finer proportions, equaling in size and length of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its low, heavily-timbered ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the pine hills of central and northern Mississippi, and might be designated as the region of the pine hills of northern Louisiana. Between lake Bodcau and lake Bistineau the surface of the country is very often imperfectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree. A few miles back of Bellevue, in Bossier parish, the level forest is interrupted by a strip of prairie from 1 mile to 3 miles wide, covered with a cold, soapy, gray soil impervious to water. On these natural meadows no tree or shrub is growing, except a peculiar Cratwgus, new to nje. (a) It is a small tree or large shrub, forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arborescent form it rises to a height of frem lo to 20 feet, with a more or less bent trunk C or 7 inches in diameter, spreading its crooked limbs at a height of from 4 to 6 feet above the ground. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the apple haw, sweet and edible; it is eagerly eaten by swine, which fatten upon it. This tree is here called by the people 'hogs' haw'. o Cratagus hrachyacaniiia, Sargent and Engelmann. 540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "On the decline which leads to the valley of bayou Dauchitta, the flatwoods give way to a fine growth of Spanish and post oaks, elms, and gums. "The western bank of the bayou is confronted by hills of the post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward form a succession of steep ridges heavily wooded with the upland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek bottoms inclosed between these ridges are watered abundantly by springs and clear streams shaded by white and red bay, hollies, azaleas, and kalmias. The great magnolia is not seen here, and the American olive is missing. In these gravelly hills, extending westward to the valley of the Ouachita river, the short-leaved pine is very common and the characteristics of the pine-hill region are prominent. These hills cover a large area extending northward into Arkansas, and toward the south merging gradually into the oak woods which border upon the bottoms of the numerous tributaries of the Eed river. This pine-hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from water and rail communication, its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have scarcely been touched. "An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to bayou Dauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water and willow oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in the sloughs small cypress trees are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly pine takes possession of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occujjy the lower declivities, and upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms flue forests." TEXAS. The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme cistern part of the state, where the Maritime Pine Belt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A forest of long-leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabine and the Brazos south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine forests, forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward 50 or 60 miles, while north of these two regions a third division of the pine belt, composed of a heavy growth of short-leaved pine mingled with upland oaks, occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Eed river. The swamps which line the larger streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress. , The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississippi river, and probably " one- third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is " peggy " or affected by dry rot. West of the pine belt open forests largely composed of post and blackjack oaks occur, gradually decreasing in density, and finally, west of the ninety-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west, however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two remarkable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted specimens of these oaks, extend from the Endian territory far south into the prairie region, occupying long, narrow, irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of forest, largely composed of post and black-jack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to 60 miles inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. Near the coast the bottom lands of the large rivers, often several miles in width, are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are small and stunted. West of the Coforado river the forests of the Atlantic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by Mexican forms of vegetation; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesqnit, Mexican persimmon, various acacias, and other small trees of little value except for fuel and fencing. An important tree in the forest of western Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occupy hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent counties. West of the one hundredth meridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered cottonwoods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit which covers the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying'ridges of the Eocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open stunted forest of western pmes and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region The pine belt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply Areas of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent and these river belts of forest are entirely insufQcient to supply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements. The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western prairies and plains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow, defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The forests of the western mountains are THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541 not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into first-class lumber. The pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building material from these pineries. The position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a considerable population and a net-work of railroads, their richness of composition, and the facility with which they can be worked, give to them perhaps a greater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar extent in the United States. During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of $273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit over a great extent of territory. Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are manufactured in the eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material. The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests, these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom lands, swamps, etc. : ,^ Counties. Long-leaved pine (Firms paliistris). Shortrleaved pine (Pinusmitis). Loblolly pine (Piniis Tceda). Feet, board measure. Feet, hoard meaaure. 336, 000, 000 Feet, board measwre. 1, 763, 600, 000 1, 190, 400, 000 Angelina 1, 340, 800, 000 Bowie 2,380,800,000 579, 200, 000 2, 470, 400, 000 2,230,400,000 448, 000, 000 598, 400, 000 Camp Cass 585,600,000 Franklin 211, 200, 000 627, 200, 000 1,827,200,000 Hardin 1,244,800,000 Harris Harrison , 2, 326, 400, 006 521, 600, 000 483,200,000 3, 216, 000, 000 2, 534, 400, 000 Jefferson 288, 000, 000 2, 147, 200, 000 233, 60O, 000 Liberty 41,600,000 Madison ' 1, 187, 200, 000 2, 326, 400, 000 729, 600, 000 1,555,200,000 1, 216, 000, 000 2,112,000,000 230, 000, 000 1, 193, 600, 000 2, 720, 000, 000 35, 500, 000 33, 000, 000 518,400,000 Newton ... . Orange. .. . ... 1, 107, 200, 100 Polk 473, 600, 000 Eed Elver 272, 000, 000 2, 492, 800, 000 Euak 115,200,000 1, 648, 000, 000 1, 625, 600, 000 Sabine 1, 833, 600, OOO. Shelby 1, 884, 800, 000 425, 600, 000 2,035,200,000 806, 000, 000 Smith Titus Trinity 51, 000, 000 2,550,400,000 1,987,200,000 Tyler Upshnr 1, 392, 006, 000 20, 000, 000 Van Zandt Walker 1, 590, 400, 000 19, 000, 000 Waller Wood 1, 600, 000, 000 Total 20, 508, 200, 000 26,093,200,000 20, 907, 100, 000 Amonnt cut fortbeyear ending May 31, 1880 66,450,000 o 146, 420, 000 01, 570, 000 a Tncluding 30,290,000 shinglw. 542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The principal centers of lumber manufacture in Texas are Orange and Beaumont, on the Sabine and Nueces rivers, above Sabine pass. Long-leaved pine and cypress are sawed here and shipped east and west by rail, and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river, and a large amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in the northeastern counties, Longview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material. The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile : "West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface Of the land becomes more broken j the soil is lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola. At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black- jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the prevailing species. Next to the post oak the black- jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from the northern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to tlie treeless regions of western Texas. The bois d'arc {Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas, attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2 feet, and is of great value. " The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty ; large areas of grass land intervene between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Belton, in-Bell county, southward to the upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly, and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastropj a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross- timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross- timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long, with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Port Worth. At a distance of from 20to 40 miles west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety-ninth meridian. This oak forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '. " Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, except the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered region. The mesquit was first met with on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine-grained, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In the .'western portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless flame and possessing great heating powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover, another important purpose in furnishing an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food to large herds of cattle, at a season of the year when long-continued droughts have destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last 15 or 20 years, this tree has spread rapidly east and north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, reported to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with copses of mesquit.' Similar growths have sprung up everywhere in the prairies of western Texas. The appearance of this new growth may be traced to the influence of the vast herds of stock which range over the prairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its wider distribution, and, in keeping down the grass, diminish the quantity of combustible material which feeds the prairie fires, and thus check and finally prevent the spread of the frequent conflagrations which swept year after year over these grassy plains. n-F.PAT^TMJiNT OF THE INTERIOR. ^ Mrs 3 DM, ARKAHS-' TENTH CENSUS OF THE TJTJITED STATES Juluui tiirn SCo-lilli -■NT A- fNDIAN TTT^'T TpoT THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543 " West of the Colorado river the pecan-nut is an important product, forming one of the staple articles of export. Shipments of this nut from San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lands of the Nueces, the Eio Frio, Medina, and Eio Concho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe, Kio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabinal, Llano, and San Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a million more from Indianola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer. *' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table-land of northern Mexico, the woods are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding 35 feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a broad, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, hard, and heavy, and in density and durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks sufficiently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings, etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees. These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few of the. full-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil. Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part of the Colorado valley, extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties." INDIAN TEEEITOEY. The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of 60 miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of jrine, varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Spavina creek, Illinois river, Salina river, Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of Eeams,.a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, east of Eeams, and at Stringtown, where lumber is manufactured and shipped southward by rail into northern Texas. The bottom lands of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river for 50 miles above Coffeeville. West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which the most prominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of considerable extent, which gradually occupy the whole country outside the bottom lands. Farther west, between the ninety-seventh and ninety -ninth degrees of west longitude, the " cross-timbers " enter the territory from the south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northward across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70 miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north and northwest, disappearing, at about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river. No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most general information in regard to its forest covering. AEKANSAS. Heavy forests cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state. North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in 544 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. northern Arkansas, is mixed with the hard woods. The southwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas river and west of the broad, level plain of the Mississippi is covered outside the river-bottom lands with an almost continuous forest of pine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges and the loblolly the moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern border of the state or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Eed rivers. The hard-wood forests of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnutj hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is particularly abundant in the valley of the Red and other southern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements made for agricultural purposes have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has pine lumber been manufactured in the state, except to supply a very limited local demand. Recently, however, comparatiively small quantities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, principally established south of the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state. The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage from fire. Pine generally succeeds pine even on burned land, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lan/ds. During the census year 858,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss, of $259,470. The largest number of these fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, or to hunters camping in the forest. Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless destined to attain an important development. Rough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White River country and in the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets. A considerable traflc' exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel stock, and more recently as pavement in Saint Louis and other northern cities. The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared by Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville: SHOKT-LEAVED PINE iPinus mitU). Connties. Feet, hoard meaaure. Connties. Feet, hoard measure. Connties. Feet, board measure. 1, 555, 000, 000 187,000,000 124, 000, 000 1, 140, 000, 000 1, 519, 000, 000 159, 000, 000 1, 280, 000, 000 3, OOO, 000 1, 866, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 54, 000, 000 1, 659, 000, 000 726, 000, 000 482, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 146, 000, 000 1,865,000,000 207, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 1, 176, 000, 000 1, 348, 000, 000 1,254,000,000 93, 000, 000 242, 000, 000 518, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 586, 000, 000 14,000,000 105, 000, 000 690, 000, 000 554, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 55, OOO, COO 207, 000, 000 622, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 2, 281, 000, 000 1, 453, 000, 000 767, 000, 000 1, 384, 000, 000 Perry 1, 023, 000, 000 21,000,000 1, 695, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 2,592,000,000 208, 000, 000 668, 000, 000 7,000,000 93S, 000, 000 1, 516, 000, 000 166, 000, 000 243, 000, 000 969, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 179, 000, 000 2,364,000,000 435, 000, 060 23, 000, 000. 1, 306, 000, 000 I'hUlips Boone Independence Pike Poinsett Polk Carroll Pope.- Clarke La Fayette Pulaski Clay Lee Saint Francis Saline Ijittlo Kiver Scott Searcy Dallas Lonoke Sebastian ; - Madison Marion Miller Sharp Fulton Monroe IVf nrtj^nmery G-rant . . - ITevada White IJewton TeU Sempstead Ouachita Total 41, 315, 000, 000 Cut for the census year endine May 31. 1880 (includine 57.943.000 ahincles and 2.891.( 00 laths) 129,781,000 TENNESSEE. The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain large bodies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture. Nearly through the center of this middle district, extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occupy an extensive region of Silurian limestone. Here the characteristic growth consists of red cedar {Juniperus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this well-marked region. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 545 The eastern part of the state, occupied by the Cumberland plateau and the high ranges of the southern Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States. It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of fine quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however, already destroyed ovec large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here. During the census year 985,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $5,254,980. Of these flres the largest number was set in the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing, and by hunters, locomotives, etc. Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the effects produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage : "EFFECT OF FIRES UPON THE FOEEST. " The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the white settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often 6 or 8 inches high. The fires are'set in the timber and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass, leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so that some of the most valuable timber that the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black -jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account of the protection afforded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable trees. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and burn a neighbor's land; but the difficulty of detection and conviction in such cases makes this law non-effective. These are the causes and effects of forest fires in this section ; they never occur here in summer." Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large development. The principal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills here are largely supplied by rafts from Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash, poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hard- wood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion, and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jefferson, largely from logs obtained in the vicinity of the mills, is i)rincipally consumed locally. KENTUCKY. The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gum, and various water oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are particularly fine and abundant in Bell, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over. During the census year 556,047 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $237,635. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural purposes. In Barron, Edmonson, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is ascribed to the annual burning to which tliey were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the 35 FOR 546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Indians trees sprang up, and this region is now well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of different, species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts,, the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of fires in checking the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees. PASTTTBAGE OP WOODLANDS. The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern portion of the United States, suffer severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice- is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the ratio of woodland to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the fires spare, browsing animals devour; hogs root out seedlings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks, are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests- of the more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be ascribed to the preference Of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. The spread of the mistletoe (Fhoradendronflavescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a foothold. The black walnut especially suffers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region. Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress, sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured.for the northern market from logs rafted down the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine,, cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being, shipped north and east by rail; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local consumption. The manufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine [Pinus imps), at one time an important industry at Louisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become unremunerative and unimportant. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. OHIO. The forests of Ohio were originally composed of deciduous species, among which, in the eastern and especially in the northeastern counties, white pine and hemlock existed in isolated bodies of no great extent. The original forest has now been generally removed, . except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few other western counties, and from swamps and other lands unfit for agriculture; everywhere the walnut and other valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soon depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it consumes upon the northern pineries and the hard- wood forests of the south. During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to hunters, sparks from locomotives, etc. The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry in the state; it has already suffered from a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted. Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material forpiesent consumption. Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of her forests. INDIANA. Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous trees. Along its western bordt rs these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered with a vigorous growth of the forest trees of the region. Tlie forests of Indiana are characterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and "the knobs" — low, gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern liver counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey pine. Swamps iu the southwestern counties contain cypress, which finds here the northern limit of its distribution. The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this part of the state are covered with a forest growth probably unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled in the richness of its composition. The forests of the state have been largely removed in the development of its agriculture. No large bodies of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been everywhere culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely consumed. During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of $130,335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by sparks from locomotives. The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture, wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally predict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of the forests of the state. Indiana is fifth among the states in the value of its lumber-manufacturing interests. E\ansville, upon the Ohio river, iu Vanderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance. ILLINOIS. The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern jjortion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state was covered by broad, rollins prairies. The forest growth iu this prairie region was confined to the narrow river bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as " oak openings" 548 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. through which the prairie fires swept, destroying all undergrowth, without doing great injury to the full-grown trees. Prairie fires have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlement of the state, and these open groves are now filled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings and shoots ; their characteristic features have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing. The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growth of white pine ; the dry, rocky hillsides in the western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines [Pinus mitis), and cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With these exceptions, of little importance commercially, the forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species. During the census year only 48,691 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $45,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush fires to escape to the forest. The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry, elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considered of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives most of its hard wood from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states. Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes this position to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the present population of the state. Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world. According to the statistics gathered by the Northwestern Lumberman of Chicago, and published in that journal January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago during the year 1880 1,419,974,000 feet of lumber by lake and 145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,565,537,118 feet, an increase of 96,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879; 650,922,500 shingles were received during the same year. Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year 1880, as follows : Points of sMpment. Aliuapee Alpena Ashland Bay deKoquet... Bayfield Benton Black Creek Black ILiver Canada ports . . - Caseville Cedar Eiver Cliarlevoix Clieljoygan Clay Bank Copper Harbor. . Cross Village . . - Depere Duck lake J^scanaba Ford Hirer Frankfort Grand Haven. .. Green Bay Hamlin Hancock Holland Kewaunee L'Anse Leland liincoln Ludington Ludwig's pier . . Mackinaw City . Manistee Manitowoc Marquette Maaouville Lumber. 160, 000 517, OOO 200, 000 670, 000 980, 000 876, 000 825, 000 858, 000 755, 000 200, 000 383, 000 541, 000 250, 000 1, 103, 165, 70, 000 233, 000 250, 000 340, 000 182, 000 850, 000 665, 000 166, 000 577, 000 822, 000 300, 000 857, 000 110, 000 430, 000 970, 000 295, 000 713, 000 125, 000 275, 000 217, 000 70, 000 411, 060 030, 000 Sliins;les. Number. 1, 311, 000 100, 000 660, 000 1, 611, 000 3, 457, 000 6, 915, 000 114, 000, 000 22, 562, 000 11, 026, 000 5, 881, 000 170, 000 300, 000 34, 330, 000 250, 911, 000 300, 000 522, 000 Points of sbipment. Menominee Monastique Muskegon North Bay Oconto Ontonagon Oscoda Packard's pier Paul's pier . , . . Pensaukee Peutwater Perry's pier Peshtigo Pierport Point Saint Ignace Portage Lake Port Huron Port Sheldon Eed Kiver Rogers City Saginaw River Saint Joseph Saugatuck Sault Ste. Marie. . . Silver Lake South Haven Sturgeon Bay Suamico Traverse WhitefishBay.... White Lake Total , Receipts by rail... Grand total . . Lumber. Feet. 225, 110, 000 202, 000 461, 864, 000 110, 000 11,003,000 2, 603, 000 739, o'oo 2, 681, 000 500, 000 6, 866, 000 9, 696, 000 45, 000 51, 600, 000 3, 356, 000 12, 985, 000 735, 000 344, 000 180, 000 200, 000 1, 966, 000 11, 926, 000 1, 662, 000 4, 014, 000 522, 000 2, 185, 000 3, 650, 000 11, 640, 000 3, 066, 000 23, 280, 000 730, 000 06, 603, 000 1, 419, 974, 000 146, 563, 118 1, 665, 537, 118 Shingles. Number. 700, 000 23, 660, 000 395, 000 2, 886, 000 3, 190, 000 25, 572, 000 7, 920, 000 4, 000, 000 600, 000 300, 000 19, 978, 000 2, 480, 000 24, 756, 000 583, 340, 000 67, 582, 500 650, 922, 500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows : 549 Names of lines. Lumber. Shingles. Feet. 9, 096, 000 988, 000 26, 799, 000 1, 506, 418 11, 727, 900 3, 716, 800 12, 473, 000 2, 224, 000 2, 040, 000 18, 636, 000 24,798,000 12, 481, 000 17, 567, 000 610, 000 NuTnher. 70, 000 80, 600 41,642,000 Chicago, Milwaukee, and Saint Paul railway 13, ISO, 500 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway 1, 385, 000 8, 175, 000 50, 000 Total 145, 663, 118 67, 582, 500 The following account of the early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paper prepared by Mr. George W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and printed in the Northwestern Lumberman under date of March 19, 1881 : " Colonel Mann, residing at Calumet, brought the first raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square building timber, poled from the mouth of the Calumet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of this raft was $100, and its owner found considerable difBculty ia disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a lumber- yard on the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named Harrison owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brought in white wood. This little vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar adross its mouth, and her cargo was unloaded upon scows and rafts, which were floated southward for half a mile or more, around the end of the bar, before they could be headed for the deep water of the river. In 1835 or 1836 a man named Eossiter had a small dock and yard on the river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About the year 1836 a man named Cammack had a pit-mill on the north branch of the river. His son acted as pit-man, the old man being the top-sawyer. It is not unlikely that the first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this method, although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, which found abundant occupation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with elm, ash, basswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by tlie product of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that daj' hurried to issue a new price-list low enough to crush the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this sawmill that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure in the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it proved a veritable windmill, of less caliber than the muscle of the Cammacks, who no doubt found greater profit, if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, upon which the small vessels bringing lumber to the river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village upon the river. Captain Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George W. Snow, who occui)ied the same ground for a number of years. " The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan; but shortly after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co., who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huntoon, in 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present Chicago-avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wonderful mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber the mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so tar from the village to the mill that it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objective point of greater interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Eiggiuson was located in 1843 on the north side of the river, near the present northwest- end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kinzie street had been cleared of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a western direction, broken only by a few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Snow had a yard on the river, near State street, and a JMr. Rossiter had also a yard between Newberry »& Doles' warehouse, on the south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lind each had a yard on the west side of the river, near Eandolph 550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. street. This was in 1844. Mr. Higginson obtained his supply of lumber in those days from Hall & Jerome, of Menominee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and . Fisk, of Depere. In 1845 he had a contract for 1,000,000 feet with William P. Ferry, of Grand Haven. Lumber came also from Kalamazoo river, Saint Joseph, and Muskegon. In 1844 Mr. Higginson purchased a cargo from Mr. Eose, of Muskegon, and, as it was a beautiful lot of lumber, running 33J per cent, upper grades, he was willing to pay a good price, obtaining it at $5 75 per thousand feet. The first cargo of Saginaw lumber which reached Chicago was brought by James Fraser, one of the original proprietors of the plat of Bay City, who built two mills at Kawkawlin, in latter years known as the Ballon mills. This was in the year 1847 or 1848, and the cargo attracted a good deal of attention, because it was the first lot of circular-sawed lumber that had ever been seen by any of the dealers, and because of its general cleanness of appearance, the attractiveness of a lot of circular-sawed sidings among it, and its excellent quality. All these combined to make the cargo a novelty in its way, and it found a sale at $8 per thousand feet, an extra good price for those days. Average cargoes at this time were quoted at $6 50 to $7 for mill-run lumber, culls out, and it did not need a very coarse piece tp rank as a cull. Culls were rated at half price. The retail market held common lumber at about $8 during the summer, and $9 was asked for dry lumber through the winter. Common included everything below first 'and second clear ; third clear, selects, picks, and finishing grades generally, being an invention of a later day. First clear sold at from $12 to $16, and second clear at $10 to $12 ; clear, undressed flooring brought $12, and common flooring $10. The lath trade was mostly in what was known as board lath, although narrow lath arrived in small quantities. The trade of the city in 1843 was about 12,000,000 feet, and this was considered as remarkable as to us were last year's sales of 1,500,000,000 feet, or about 140 times as much more." MICHIGAN. Michigan once possessed a tree covering of great density, richness, and variety. The hard-wood forests of the Ohio valley covered the southern portion of the state, extending to just north of the forty-third degree of latitude. North of this hard- wood belt the character of the forest changed j the white pine appeared, occupying the drier and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element in the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially in the basin of the Menominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northern trees, while the swamps common in the northern part of the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality. North of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One of the most extensive of these tracts occupies a considerable portion of Crawford county, covering an area of several hundred square miles. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and Iosco counties ; similar barrens occur in the northern peninsula, the largest in Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated possibly, in the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus affording abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume the vegetable mold of the surfece and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in many instances any tree growth whatever. Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by farms, and the timber remaining in this part of the state, in small, scattered bodies, can hardly sufSce for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now remains is remote from water transportation or scattered in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent. The hard- wood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the northern third of the lower peninsula and through the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber.' FOREST FIRES. The forests of Michigan have long suffered from destructive fires. These have generally originated in the neighborhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagrations. The timber prospector and the hunter are responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow and do not precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious : The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, branches, and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these- by the following midsummer become dry as tinder, and afford abundant material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing laud near the forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalculable injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the young DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR MICHIGAN, wi;: TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNTTKH STATES Julias TIimSrohlK k k >. k k L t >. k .. L k k 1. L >. M IIPARTMEHT OT TEE iriiHIOIl TF.T!TH CElTSirS 07 THE I'BnED STATES. f*^ / ' JSIAI' LOWER PENINSULA or MICHIGAN SHOWENG^ TSE DISTCTBUTION OF FORE STS ,AVn'fl SPECIAL KEFERKT^CIi TO THE LUMBER INDUSTRY; (■OMl'li.i;n i'mh-;k'ihio [)iKf:cTi<)N of I'.S SAUOKXT, Sl'HrlAl, AliKN:!'. KUJI. Scaie Julmsl-K-nXtolill. S! W O H w z; h^l 35 fi- o ?- \' —SI THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 pine trees left by the logger ; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents. In the dense, uncuUed forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absence of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground is strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips. During the census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $985,985. Of the 267 fires reported, IGl were traced to 'fires set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, and which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reported set by Indians. The hard-wood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large, and important industries engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc. Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of the Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for manufacturing purposes by partial burning. Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state. During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state. STATISTICS OF GEOWING- TIMBER. The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W. Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difflcult to obtain and always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread, presents greater difflculties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and more easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as 8 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch ba^sis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam's figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The following figures, however, are believed to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no great- body of unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply: WHITE PINE {Piniis Strohua). Regions. Feet, board measure. LOWER PENINSULA. Basins of streams flowing into Saginaw bay, including Saginaw river and tributaries. 7, 000, 000, 000 8, 000, 000, 000 14, 000, 000, 000 Total 29, 000, GOD, 000 Cut for the census year ending Hoy 31, 1880 (including 2,988,600,000 shingles and 428,445,000 luths, but exclusive of 36,000,000 staves and 3,330,000 sets headings). 4, 008, 773, 000 UrrER PENINSULA. Basiu of lleiiomince river and tributaries (Marquette and Menomi- nee counties). 1, 600, 000, 000 Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Earaia, Marquette (west and north of Menominee basin), and Menominee (oast of Menominee basin) counlies. 2, 400, 000, 000 Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Machinae, and Delta counties 2, 000, 000, 000 Total 6, 000, 000, 000 Cut for llie census year endingMay 31, 1880 (including 106,482,000 shin- gles and 34, 200, 000 laths). 328, 438, 000 « 552 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. An estimated amount of 575,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stock. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 163,821,000 staves and 18,567,000 sets headings, and including 6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some. 5,000,000 cords of yellow cedar [Thuya oocidentalis). From Menominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely removed. Baraga county contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent. The northern portion of Ontonagon and Marquette counties is chiefly covered with hard wood. An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed over some 10,0()0,000 acres in the upper peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties), was 1,145,000 feet. The southern counties of the upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow cedar [Thuya occidentalis), estimated, in the aggregate, at 62,500,000 cords. Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state. Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menominee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however, has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its water-shed, and the center of manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into lake Michigan. Lumber was first manufactured in the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mill, with an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw. In 1836 the first shipments of lumber were made from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment. The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it was not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1844 there were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 425,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870there has been an almost steady decrease in the 'number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their " cut out'' is fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased, their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber manufactured upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the principal eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, and thence distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was the rule, and as high as 75 per cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Now laud which has been cut over three times is gone over again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. " uppers ". Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for the purpose, and this supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are several roads in different parts of the state doing this business, the principal being the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and Muskegon Eiver railroads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and on the Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Bradstreefs of February 5, 1881 : Tears. Saginaw valley. Mnskegon. Mania tee. Plint and Pere Maiqaette railroad. 1865 1866 200, 000, 000 209, 000, 000 429, 207, 808 446, 960, 583 321, 300, 063 623, 397, 353 521, 796, 927 645, 285, 278 680, 979, 461 589,225,404 584, 843, 701 572, 229, 472 651, 567, 948 558, 079, 674 780, 182, 286 948, 174, 274 108, 505, 700 157,408,300 288, 502, 200 213, 692, 600 267, 789, 900 198, 863, 600 250, 000, 000 315,000,000 376, 035, 037 224, 571, 527 309,638,418 299, 525, 919 312, 285, 951 340, 990, 055 432, 431, 679 380, 000, 000 1867 1868 1869 1870 121, 221, 395 142,369,817 155, 556, 729 179, 820, 243 182, 218, 383 168, 936, 197 147, 724, 241 152,221,548 178, 543, 869 211, 722, 030 211, 971, 000 1871 1872 1873 1874 , 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 . . .-. . 14, 357, 670 87, 485, 547 1880 . THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 The following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Michigan: "The southern boundary of the pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drawn from Sarnia westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine forest covered the northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1835 gave the amount of pine then standing as 150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,000,000,000 feet. There are now I'emaining no large bodies of standing pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams has all been cut. The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The best pine in the state has been cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in the northwest. This pine was what was called by lumbermen ' cork pine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too ; that on the west shore was of smaller size. "The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan rivers and their tributaries; on the streams flowing directly into lake Huron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet more ; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are 14,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, Muskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux Bee Scies, Boardman, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the state is better than that upon the west shore ; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber, and should be transported to the east; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the east, and none should be sent west. The pine of the western shore is suited for fencing, flooring, and dimension stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap. "The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Presqne Isle, Montmorenci, Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Gladwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in extent which have not yet been cut. 'The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste. "The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of Michigan. There is a large amount of hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and northern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large quantities, but there is still a large amount of hard-wood timber left upon this area. " The pine of the northern peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 6,000,000,000 feet. This includes the piue from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows: " 1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,600,000,000 feet. "2. In the western portion of the peninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries," but including all west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway betweeu Escanaba and Marquette^ 2,400,000,000 feet. "3. East of the line of the Chicago aud Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet. " The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chippewa, Mackinac, Schoolcraft, Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhaps 30,000 acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly 100 miles, for 35 miles back from the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not in sufficient quantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga and Marquette counties, extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from L'Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon and Presque Isle rivers and the upper Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat difScult of access. The streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon aud Presque Isle) are rough, broken, and require considerable improvement. The pine east of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Escanaba, on the east half of the northern peninsula, is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional groves of wliat is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods. " In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination and estimates of cord wood, there is au average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area ot the peniusula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and one-third soft wood. 554 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " In Menominee and Delta counties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern part of Marquette county are quite large quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lands the merchantable pine has been removed, and where the fires have not destroyed the cedar and tamarack the railroad companies are cutting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph poles, ties, and posts. It is stated by the owners of the lands, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tamarack trees left upon the land have netted- them more than the original pine harvested. What makes this timber so valuable is its close proximity to the railroads and the ease with which it can be shipped by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has heretofore been done, or allowing it to be destroyed by fires and windfalls. " There are on the Menominee river some 9,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 200,000,000 feet of lumber are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All the mills upon the river are located at its mouth,, in the towns of Marinette and Menomonee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite limited in proportion to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream; and this body of pine may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reserve, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is little danger from fire on this river ; the pine which is left grows upon the hard- wood ridges, interspersed with broad areas of swamp." WISCONSIN. The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin. The forest covering of all the southern part of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with a dense forest of hard woods, oaks, ash, majile, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through which, upon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually change in character and decrease in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and swamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proportion of the forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests are smaller and more scattered than those farther south, although generally less intermixed with hard woods, and affording lumber of poorer quality. The forest area has somewhat increased in the prairie region of the state since its first settlement and the consequent decrease of destructive prairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached upon the prairie, losing their open, park-like character by the appearance of a young growth which has sprung up among the old trees. The pine has been destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the banks of the principal streams, and from the lines of railroad, while the hard wood has been often greatly injured or destroyed by fire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The amount of pine still growing in Wisconsin is nevertheless large, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of transportation, and often, especially in the extreme northern part of the state, of comparatively poor quality. During the census year 406,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $725,610. The largest number of these fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by sparks from locomotives. The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, and other woods for oak. The following estimates of the amount of timber standing in Wisconsin May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam : WHITE PINE (Pinus Strains). Eegiona. Basin of Saint Croix river and tributaries Basin of Chippewa river and tributaries Basin of Black river and tributaries Basin of Wisconsin river and tributaries Basin of Wolf river and tributaries Basin of Oconto river and tributaries Basin of Teshtigo river and tributaries Basin of Menomonie river and tributaries (in Wisconsin) Sborc of lake Superior Total Cut for census vear enilinp May 31, 1880 (including 1,007,039,000 shingles and 348,301,000 laths). ' Peet, board measure. 2, 500, 15, 000, 900, 10, 000, 600, 500, 1, 50O, 6, 400, 3, 600, 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 41, 000, 000, 000 2, 097, 299, 000 DEPARIIEITT OT THE Il-irEKIOR TENTH CEWS1JS OF THE trtTUED STATES. y^-r^ (J t' ■#- E K / O n 'V*. - K'>M: \V. •i-iiK MAP OF Mascot. SIN. SHOTSTNG THE UTSTRIBnTlON OF FOl-tESTS, W^nU SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LTTSIBER INDUSTRY COMPn-KD CTNDER THK DIRECTION OF -^ C.S.SjMiOENT, SPECIAI. AGENT. i^ ^ 1881 i; ■M r.-m iW A U S H, I Slaiidiiiil riiii- [ uf riiiiimcn'it'il vjilin I c-ulPi.f.- I ruii'iii.-,.iii.Mi„iiiw. ^^s 4'°'"-^y' \ D vA Ni l,E N S H ~JSrnLsl'...--.5r„l,|], THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555 Of this amount 485,552,000 feet were manufactured along the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri as far south as Saint Louis. The wooded region in Crawford, Eichland, Sauk, and Vernon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 cords of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 {exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,498,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet. "Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties. The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,365,000 acres, and are estimated to contain 62,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack and spruce. Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of manufacture are in the neighborhood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with material equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber. The follovTing is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin: "The southern boundary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the city of Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber exist in Vernon, Crawford, Eichland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fnllj- 400,000 acres and containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is already thickly settled, and the forests are being rapidly cleared for agricultural purposes. No estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000,000,000 feet of merchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural divisions of these pineries : "1. North of the Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet, covering 2,000,000 acres. "2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-Brul6. Black, and Left-Hand rivers, 3,600,000,000 feet, covering 1,800,000 acres. " 3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Eed Cedar, West Branch, East Branch, Flambeau, Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 0,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of 15,000,000,000 feet. " 4. In the Black Eiver basin, with an area of 1,0X10,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of 900,000,000 feet. "5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000,000 feet. " The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the Wisconsin Eiver division and north of the southern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as Ibllows : (1) Wolf river, with 600,000,000 feet of pine; (2) the Oconto river, with 500,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the Menomonee in Wisconsin, 6,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,000,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 9,000,000,000 feet of pine. This makes a grand total of pine forest area in the state of nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing pine. This includes about 200,000,000 feet upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut; 100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. There is no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state. " The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the differences in soil. The quality of the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon the southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies was similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of timber cut on the Wolf, Oconto, and Peshtigo rivers. The timber originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially fine. This has been largely cut, although there are still some very fine bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto and the western branch of the Peshtigo and northern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de Galle Eiver basin, in the counties of Pierce, Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the upper grade of pine, now, however, all removed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut off', is valuable for farming purposes. The pine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. It was scattered through the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees which would scale from 1,000 to 3,500 feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pino left, but the great bulk of it is gone. " As \v(^ go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a lighter soil, where cedar and tamarack swamps are intersjtersed between tlie hard-wood ridges. Many of these swamps are natural peat-bogs, covered with cedar, tamarack, and spruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the centers 556 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. often being covered with grass or cranberry plants. These swamps, originally the beds of lakes, are now filling up and becoming gradually covered with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was very heavy. Instances are known of 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 feet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 640 acres in the Lower Wolf Elver region. " In the pine forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and pine previously described, the general character of the timber is about the same, varying somewhat in different localities, but still possessing the same genera] characteristics and qualities. Where the pine grows in large solid bodies there are many young trees mixed with the older, and the timber is generally of inferior or lower grade. This is true of pine growing about the head of the Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers, and the Menomonee river in Wisconsin. Large pine cannot grow and mature upon very poor soil, and where the soil is poor the trees, after reaching a certain size or age, decay and are thrown down by wind or destroyed by fire. The white pine in Wisconsin does not mature except upon the rich gravelly loam of the ridges. "The principal points of lumber manufacture at present in Wisconsin are on lake Winnebago, at the cities of Oshkosh and Menasha, which take largely the product of the Wolf and Pox River pineries ; at Green Bay and Oconto, which derive their logs principally from the Oconto river; at Peshtigo, on the Peshtigo river; at Marinette, on the Menomonee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand Eapids, Stevens Point, Mosinee, Wausau, and Jenny, the terminus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah, on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central railroad, I'rom Junction City to Ashland, are mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being at Ogema, Ashland, Medford, and Unity. Upon the Black river the principal manufacturing points are La Crosse and Black Eiver Falls. On the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, at Fairchild, are the large mills of Foster & Co., who are engaged in manufacturing the timber lying between the Black river and the waters of the Chippewa, included in the Chippewa estimate. On the Chippewa river the largest manufacturing establishment is the Mississippi Eiver Logging Company, composed of fifteen of the heaviest concerns upon the Mississippi river. Tliese firms obtain their stock mostly from the Chippewa river, the logs being driven down to its mouth into what is called the 'Beef Slough boom', where they are separated and formed into rafts and towed to the different mills below. This company cuts on the Chippewa about 400,000,000 feet a year. The principal manufacturing points on the Chippewa deriving their logs from its basin are situated at Waubeck, Duunville, Menomonee, Meridian, and Bau Claire, where sev^eral large and important manufacturing establishments are located. Higher up the river the Badger State Lumber Company and the Grand Island Lumber Company are located, and at Chippewa Falls, the county-seat of Chippewa county, the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company has a large water-mill, with a capacity of 65,000,000 feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroad extending from Chippewa Falls eastward through Chippewa and Clark counties into Marathon county, and joining the Wisconsin Central railroad at Abbottsford, passes through a hard-wood country. Several firms are already established upon this line and have commenced the manufacture of staves and the production of hard-wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are developing a large business. This road runs through one of the finest bodies of hard wood iu the state, containing ('large amounts of oak and maple growing on a fine soil suitable for farming. The Chippewa Eiver country now I contains the largest body of white pine of the best quality left in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. 1 It is, however, being very rapidly cut. "It is found in going north toward the heads of the streams that the timber stands more in large groves, and that there is less hard- wood timber mixed with the pine. When the loggers attack these forests they cut clean as they go, the timber being of more uniform size and age, and there being less undergrowth than farther . down the streams. It is found, also, that the pineries on the heads of the streams do not hold out as well or yield as large an amount-of timber as those farther south, where the forests border on the prairie lands and where the pines grow on better soil. This is true both of the Wisconsin and of the Michigan pineries. The poorer soils in the northern portion of the state do not grow and mature the large sapling forests of pine found- in the southern portions of the pine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not been cut and which may appear inexhaustible, yet, owing to the fact that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are here wide extents of tamarack and cedar, swamps and open spaces, the ground will be cut over more rapidly than when the forest was first entered. This is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee district — the Wisconsin, the Chippewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior. Commencing at Menomonee, on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the 30 miles of ' big woods', large mills for the manufacture of hard-wood timber and of what little scattered pine there is left are established at Knapp,Wilson, Hersey, Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The principal manufactories in the Saint Croix district are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stillwater, in Minnesota, which receives its logs from the Saint Croix, in Wisconsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wisconsin pinery manufactories. At Somerset, on Apple river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint Croix, and upon the Northern Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division ; at Clayton, Granite Lake, and Shell Lake are large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Superior shore. There are mills of small capacity at Superior City, Bayfield, and Ashland; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad from the Bad Eiver pinery. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557 "On the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40-acre lot. One tree was cut on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber, especially upon the main Uhippewa or West Branch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'- Of the true cork pine very little is found in the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard-wood forest upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are fount! even as far north as the Tomahawk and East Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine. " On the, Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly approaching in quality Michigan cork pine and running largely to ' uppers '. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub pine, patches of ISTorway pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is sandy, and flres run over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Polk, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard- wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing purposes. It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging operations. " In Clark county, which lies partly in the Chippewa and partly in the Black Eiver region, are large bodies of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as far north a^s the northern line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of hard-wood timber continues east toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Pond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the opportunities for cheap farms are plenty. " Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps, lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, over a region from 35 to 50 miles in width, the hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard-wood region proper, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest bard woods. Hemlock is scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing pine : On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, 2,500,000,000 feet of hemlock ; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000 acres, .500,000,000 feet of hemlock; on the Black river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock; in the country east of the Wisconsin Eiver division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,600,000,000 feet. "The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly, 5,500,000,000 feet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and northern Pennsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required. "Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already described, along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut ; north of this, and extending northward somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and pine, growing upon soil adapted for agricultural purposes. The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open spaces running into groves of heavy pine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying up and the timber is gradually spreading over them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside of the original forest area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be considered of commercial importance, and hardly supplies the wants of the population occupying the thickly-settled southern counties. "Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chippewa river. They are expected to cut during the logging season about 600,000,000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not applicable to the northwestern pineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams, the average cut per man is not as great, and 80,000 feet per man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the l>iuerie8 of the whole northwest. 558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " The animal increase or growth of timber is counterbalanced by the annual waste by windfalls and the natural decay of the old trees. The loss to the forest by fire is an unknown quantity, but it is quite a large amount, probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lumbermen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is knotty, but usually sound, and would make good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots and cutting off the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four 16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will scale from 100 to 120 feet. Loggers are paid so much per thousand feet by the lumberman, and the amount they receive is so small that they cannot afford to spend the time to finish up and take out the fifth or last log, which is therefore left in the woods and lost. ]S"early one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The fires about the old choppings, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness of woodsmen in hunting up land-lines, or of driving-crews on the river in the spring who leave their fires, or by explorers in the forest during the month of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings the dried pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very dry, and.fire once started bums with great rapidity and violence. " As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old choppings of pine come up with pine again, even when some trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a pine forest growing on good soil the small tre'es left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow." MINNESOTA. The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude 95° 30', and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western borders a narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the prairie, which occupies all the southern and western portions of the state. The same general features which characterize the pine belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in the southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi Eiver divide the country is more open; the forest is stunted and of little value, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar. The forest growth here occupies perhaps two- thirds of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its productive capacity is not large, and the northern part of the state is not adapted to lumbering operations. , The pine has been removed from the principal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the region tributary to lake Superior and in the vicinity o( Eed lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior quality. The best hard-wood forests of the state, as in Michigan and Wisconsin, have suffered seriously by fires started in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture. During the census year 250,805 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $1,395,110. The largest number of these fires was set in clearing land or by sparks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock to supply the large flouring-mills of the state is an important industry. Manufacturers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of material. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely used; oak is inferior in quality to that grown farther east and south. The following estimates of the amount of pine timber standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. 0. Putnam: WHITE PINE {Finus StroTma). Eegious. Feet, board . measure. 2, 900, 000, 000 300, 000, 000 000, 000, 000 3,500,000,000 870, 000, 000 Ee^ Lake river and otlier tributaries Saint Louis river and tributaries of the Eed river Shore of lalte Superior Total 8, 170, 000, 000 Cut for tbe census year, ending May shingles and 88,088,000 laths). 31, 1880 (inclucUng 187,836,000 640, 997, 000 In the belt of hard wood extending west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr oak, sugar maple, poplar, etc., it i.s estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average DETAKIMIITT OT THT mTJfilOJl lEmrH-CCTSTjs or tee utotlp states 'ly IMAP OF MINNESOTA. f^ .-.^ SHOWING TH_E DISTRTBUTION OF FOEEyTS, K^-'i WITH SPEClAl REFERENCE TCI THE g^.^ k LUMBER DiUUSTRY. N;^~V ~j>=> 1^ COMPtLED IWDER THE DIRECTION OF ^= ^^^Jh'''^ ■' •'^ •'^AK<'KN'T. SPECIAI. AUKNT. 1681. ,/i ,?^ -'i. -*r -*1- -H -t^ ^1 -* lW'""i'' 4' >\-. ^rrr-:^ .^ /fA-'- =ter ONl REDW06d 1 ■^'V'»"^-_»'^ A K, O- T A_^\J- I.KGKND HaJ■tl^V{wcl, Standing Pun- Pine uiiiUliird Woo,! lul biir CulPiin-.aml IfardWoiHl Birch I.anrl-s Tamarack anJ Cedar SwQmps,>*ithaard maple {Acer macrophyllum) and laurel ( TJmbellularia Galifornica). East of the Cascade mountains the forests are confined to the mountain ranges ; they are open, scattered and generally composed of cornparatively small trees. -pT.T,A-oT^i-^vWT riF THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES ON .liiliiisHimXto-titlt. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577 Tbe forests of Wasco conuty, on the western slope of the Cascade range, when above 3,000 feet elevation are important. The most valuable trees are the red fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the county is covered with a ligkt growth of pine, principally yellow pine. The slopes of the Blue mountains in Umatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forest, consisting of red fir, yellow pine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a heavier continuous growth of lodge-pole pine [Pinus Murrat/aim). Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains and the southern part of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the mountains, and principally composed of yellow pine. Grant and Balier counties are treeless except in the northern part, where the Blue mountains are covered with a light, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub pine. The forests of Oregon hate suffered serious losses from forest fires. Along the Coast Eange, from the Columbia river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar. Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss in material which the state has suffered in this way is incalculable. Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the census year, however, only 132,320 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $593,850. These fires were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers clearing land. The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and alder are manufactured int o furniture, and cottonwood, spruce, and cedar supply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of wooden ware. The supply of this material is large and of excellent quality. The principal centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottonwood, and hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshfield upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar and red-fir lumber are manufactured here, and shipped by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexican and Soutli American Pacific ports. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire City, in 1853; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to San Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The fire which raged through the forests of Coos bay for thiee months in the summer of 1867 destroyed cedar estimated to amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly, and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in the third year. The heaviest continuous body of Port Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, and lies along the western slope of the foot-hills of the Coast Eange, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two- thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a few red firs. There is great danger, however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be exterminated as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned. The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Unioji, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion of the state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report: "Wasco counts' (17,760 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east, bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supplied with pines, etc. I know nothing about Walker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood. Tlie trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned. "The total more or less wooded area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles. ■' Umatilla county (6,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of this county, and are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especially in the ravines, the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce and balsam (Abies subalpina and A. grandis). "The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles. " Union county (4,300 square miles).— This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west and north and tbe Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Eonde and Wallowa rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the east. " Tiie wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles. "Grant county north of latitude 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Blue mountains, which are to a considerable extent well wooded. Tlie mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbere*!. 37 foe 578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ''Fifteen hundred square miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area. "Baker county north of latitude 44° (3,800 square miles). — This section is bordered on the west by a high range of the Blue mountains, which is well timbered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber. "The estimated wooded area of this county is 900 square miles." CALIFOEOTA. The heavy forests of California are confined to the Coast Eange, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra isTevada, and the group of mountains joining these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Eange forest are the redwood and the red fir. The tide-land spruce and the hemlock of the l^orthern Coast Forest extend as far south as cape Mendocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and' Washington territory. The chestnut oak (Qtiercus densiflora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast forests of the northern part of the state. The most valuable forest of the western slope of the Sierra IJTevada is confined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana), the yellow pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees (Sequoia gigantea) stretch along the southern portion of this belt. The western slopes of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered with various species of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the Saa Joaquin, lying between the Coast Eange and the Sierra I^Tevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra I«f evada are covered with a heavy forest, in which yellow pines [Pinus ponderosa and P. Jeffreyi) are the prevailing and most important trees. South of latitude 36° 30' the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Eange, become gradually less heavy and less valuable than those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are open and scattered, and have little economic value. The pine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position in a region destitute of tree covering, and supply a considerable local market with lumber. The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the state are almost entirely destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of southwestern California, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent yuccas ( Yucca hrevifolia) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness of its growth than in economic value. The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Eange from the bay of Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few- trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of producing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber , per acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however, in the Santa Cruz region, and in Humboldt county in the valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Eedwood creek. The largest number of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon Humboldt bay, principally at Eureka and Areata. The logs which supply these mills are generally cut within a distance of 1 or 2 miles from the shores of the bay, to which they are hauled by teams, made into rafta, and towed to the mills. Attempts made to raft logs down the mountain streams watering the redwood forests have not been successful.. The rivers flowing west from the California Coast Eange are short and rapid. Floods following the winter rains are sudden and severe, breaking up rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them far from the banks. At periods of low water numerous bars close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of -these forests must therefore be accomplished by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills. Such a road has been built along Mad river, and there are others either built or projected near Trinidad and at other points along the coast. Besides the mills upon Humboldt bay, there are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber at Crescent City, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Eohnerville, and Bridgeville, in Humboldt county; Westport, Kibesillah, Albion, Little Eiver, Caspar,' Mendocino, Cuffey's Cove, Punta Arena, and Gualala, in Mendocino county; Duncan's mills, in Sonoma county ; and at Santa Cruz. Eedwood lumber is principally shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great point of lumber distribution upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California, and to Mexico and South America. > o I — I > ^ .-'-^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 579 The following estimates of the amount of accessible redwood standing May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. E. L. Allen, secretary of the Eedwood Manufacturers' Association of San Francisco. They embrace only such portions of the forest as can be reached by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not include the small, isolated bodies of timber growing in inaccessible canons: EEDWOOD (Sequoia sempervirens). Begions. From the Oregon boundary to the month of Hedwood creek. From the mouth of Redwood creek to the mouth of Mad river From the mouth of Mad river to the mouth of Eel river From the mouth of Eel river to the mouth of Mattoli river From the mouth of i^attoli river to the mouth of Cotonavla creek. From the mouth of Cotonavla creek to the mouth of Eussiun river. In the Santa Cruz region Feet, hoard measure. 80i), 000, OOO 9, 000, 000, 000 2, 145, 000, 000 4, 400, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 7, 680, 000, 000 1, 550, 000, 000 Total 1 26,825,000,000 Estimated cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 ; Sawed lumber Shingles and shakes Split railroad ties Posts, etc Total 125, 390, 000 25, 380, 000 23, 205; 000 12, 600, 000 180, 635, 000 Ko estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standing in tbe state is now possible, and none has been attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points ; their inaccessibility and the cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared. The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 356,815 acres of woodland were reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and by farmers in clearing land. Great injury, every year becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again upon these exposed mountain slopes. PASTURAGE OF MOUNTAIN FORESTS. The permanence of the mountain forests of California is severely endangered, moreover, by the immense herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs ^re able to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the vallejs, choking the bottoms of streams and preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests; and the destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued. The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees. The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests, threaten also the agricultural prosperity of the state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are protected in their iiow by the forests growing about their upper sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the protection to the surface of the ground which they afibrd removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt suddenly in the spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from the mountain sides down into the valleys below, and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supplies the mountain streams melts slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season ; if, on the other hand, the snow melts suddenly and rapidly daring the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by 580 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. its equally sudden disappearance, and the torrent will suddenly diniinisli to a slender brook or entirely disappear. Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides are essential to prevent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any large or comprehensive scale. The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a faw split shingles njade from the butt-cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground, The preference of the railroad companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this valuable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and left to waste. The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical purposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory, gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree from which a good wine cask or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supply of oak. Woodenware and small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quanti/ties, however, from cottonwood, spruce, alder, and red and white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably unsurpassed for such purposes. The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the bark of the chestnut oak {Quercus densiflora), once a common tree in the forests of the northern Coast ranges, but now becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the Central Pacific railroad, upon both flanks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties, and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the mountains is largely sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern Arizona and New Mexico. ALASKA. Little is known to me of the present condition or {)roductive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution, as shown on the forest map of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the Census Ofiflce, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smithsonian Institution, by whom the northern limits of the spruce forest are laid down. The forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands and Coast ranges east and south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar {GlmmoBoyparis Nutkaensis). The hemlock, the tide-land spruce, and the red cedar {Thuya gigantea) attain here also a considerable size. The importance, however, of these forests, both in extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitude rapidly diminishes in density and quality, and there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that covering the Coast ranges of British Columbia. A few saw-mills of small capacity are located at different points in southeastern Alaska to supply the local demand for coarse lumber. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Puget sound. The treeless Shumagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with fire-wood brought from other portions of the territory. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. JuluUt Ricn H Co.Iilh ScaJr too MILCS. GENERAL INDEX. [Note.— In this index the names of families are indicated by "Small caps", of species by "Roman" type, and of eynonyms by "Itoiic*".] Page. ■*^bi«*' 11,12,16,573 Abies alba {Picea alba) 204 Abies alba (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Abies nZ6a {Picea nigra) 203 Abies alba, var. arctica 204 Abies alba, var. coerulea ^ 204 Abies Albertiana 208 Abies amabilis 213,250,255,259,346,412,478,573,576 Abies amabilis (Abies coucolor) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies grandis) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies magnifica) 214 Abies Americana 203 Abies arctica (Picea alba) 204 Abies arctica (Picea nigra) 203 Abies arom,atica 212 Abies balsamea 210,251,255,259,346,412,478 Abies balsamea (Abies concolor) 212 Abies balsamea, var. Fraseri 210 Abie^ balsamifera 211 Abies bifolia 211 Abies bracteata 8,213,249,346 Abies Bridgesii 207 Abies campylocarpa 214 Abies Cemnc^enm (Picsa alba) 204 Abies Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 206 Abies Canadensis (Tsuga Merteusiana) 207 Abies Caroliniana 207 Abies coerulea 204 Abies concolor 9,212,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570 Abies denticulata 203 Abies Douglasii 209 Abies Douglasii, var. m^acrocarpa 210 Abies Douglasii, var. tax\folia 209 Abies Engelmanni ., 205 Abies Engelmanni gUiUca 205 Abies falcata 206 Abies Fraseri 210,251,255,259,346.412,478 A bies Gordoniana 212 Abies grandis 7, 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 565, 566, 572, 573, 675-577 Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Abies grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Abi-es grandis (Abies snbalpina) 211 Abies grandis, var. deneijlora 213 Abies grandis, var. Lowiana '. 212 Abies heterophyUa 207 Abies Hookeriana 208 A bies Hudaonica 211 Ab^ tasiocarpa (Abies oonoolor) 212 Ahhjfi tasiocarpa (Abies sobalpina) 211 Abies laxa 204 Abies Liywiana 212 Abies m^acrocarpa 210 Abies magnifloa 214,250,255,259,346,412,478 i Abies magnijica (Abies nobilis) Abies Mariana Abies Marylandica Abies Menziesii (Picea pungens) , .. Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitcbensis) . Abies Menziesii Farryana Abies Mertensiana A bies microcarpa A bies Tfiucronata Abies mucronata palustris. Abies nigra (Picea Engelmanni) Abies nigra (Picea nigra) ^bies nigra, var. rubra Page. 214 202 203 205 206 205 207 215 209 209 205 203 203 Abies nobilis 214,250,255,259,346.412,478,573 Abies nobilis (Abies magnifica) 214 Abies nobilis robusta 214 Abies Parsonsii 212 Abies Pattoni 208 A bies Pattoniana 2O8 Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208 Abies pendula 215 Abies religicsa 155 A bies rubra , 203 Abies rubra, var. arctica 203 Abies rubra, var. coerulea 204 Abies Sitchensis 2O6 A6m species (Tsuga Caroliniana) 207 Abies snbalpina 211, 251, 255, 259, 264, 346, 412, 478, 564-567, 572, 573, 575, 677 Abies subalpina, var./aWaa; 21I Abies iaxifolia (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) 209 Abies taxifolia (Tsuga Mertensiana) 2O8 Abies trigona 2O6 Abies venv^ta 213 Abies Williamsonii 2O8 Acacia 6,10-12,14 A cacia Bahamensis : 64 Acacia Berlandieri 53 248 Acadabic^s g2 Acacia csculenta 63 A cacia frondosa q^ Acacia glauca g2 Acacia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426 Acacia Greggii 13,63,249,282,362,426 Acacia latisiliqua 54 Acacia teucocephala (33 Acacia pulvertUenta 53 Acacia tephroloba 1 63 Acacia, Three-thomed 59,280,360,426 Acacia "Wrightii 63,249,282 Acer Acc-r barbatum (Acer glabmm) Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinum). Acer Oalifomieum 1(^12 48 48 51 581 582 GENERAL INDEX. Acer Oanadenae Acer Caroliniajia Acer ciroinatum 47,249,253,256,274, Acer cocciTieum Acerdaaycarpam 49,250,253,256,276, Acer DouglaHi - Acer Drwrnmondii Acer erwcarpum Acer glabrum 47, Acer glaumim Acer graodidentatum 13, 48, Acer maorophylluiji 47,250,253,256,269,274,358, Acer montanum A eer Negundo Acer nigruvi Acer palTnatum Acer parvijlonmi - ^ Acer Penusylvanicum 46, Acer Pennsylvaniimm (Acer spicatum) Acerrabrnm 50,250,253,256,259,276, Acer rabrum, uar. Drummondii 50, Acer rubrum, var. pallidum - Acer siccharinum 48,249,253,256,259,276, Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) Acer saccharinum (Acer Baocharinam, var. nigrnm) Acer saccharintim, var. nigrum , - .49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276, 350, Acer saccharuTti A cer scmguineum ■. Acer spicatuju 46, Acer atriatuTn Acer tripartitum Acervirffatum Achras cuneifolia Achras inamimoea Achras pallida I Achras salieifolia Achras serrata Achras Zapotilla, var. parvijlora Actual fuel ralne of some of the more important woods of the United States ! Adelia acuminata .Slaculns ■- .aisculus Califomica 43, 250, 253, 256, .MsenUus camea ^scidus discolor .Mscidus echinata .SJaculas flava 43, .Sjflculus flava, var. purpurascena .fflsoulus glabra 42,250,253,256, JEaculus Sippocastanum. var. glabra j^sculxLS Sippocastanum, var. OhioeTisis JEsculus Hippocastanum, var. pallida .^seiUus hytirida ^sciUua lutea JEsmlus neglecta .SjScuIus octandra JEsculus Ohioeneis .Meculue pallida JEsculus Pavia, var. discolor JEsculus TVatsoniana AgcLstianis secundiflora Afferia Cassena Ageria geminata Ageria heterophylla Ageria obovata Ageria opaca • Ageria pahistria Alabama, central, pine belt of Alabama, cypress swamps of the Teneas river in Alabama, eastern, forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama, lumber industry iind manufactures from wood in 486,487, Alabama, Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in Page. 46 50 358,422 50 358, 424 48 50 49 250, 274 50 249, 276 422, 576 46 51 49 47 46 250, 274 46 358, 424 250, 276 49 358, 422 49 49 358, 424 48 60 250, 274 46 48 47 104 103 101 101 69 103 350-353 112 10-13 274, 422 42 43 42 250, 274 43 274, 422 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 42 42 43 42 57 36 36 35 35 35 35 S29 525-527 627, 528 528, 529 524, 525 625 527 Page. Alabama, pine region of the Coosa in 529 Alabama, production of naval stores in 517, 627, 629. 539 Alabama, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests and the turpentine industry of 525-530 Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in... 491, 524-530 Alabama, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 524 Alabama, the forests of Pike county In 528 Alabama, the Maritime Pine Eegion in 625 Alaska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 580 Alaska, the Northern Coast Porest in 580 Albany, New York, rank of, as a lumber market 503 Alder (Alnns oblongifolia) 163,326,394,460 Alder (Almis rhombifolia) 163,326,394,460 AJder (Alnus rubra) 163, 326. i)92, 416, 458 Alder, Black (Alnus incana) 165,326,394,460 Alder, Black (Alnus aerrulata) 16*, 326 Alder, Hoary ,....165,326,394,460 Alder, Seaside 162,326,458 Alder, Smooth 164,326 Alder, Speckled 165,326,394,460 Algaroba 62,265,280,362,4:6 Algarobia glanduioaa 61 Alnus 11,12,16,575 164 , 164 162 164 164 164 163 164 163 164 164 Alnus Americana (Alnus incana) Alnus Atnericana (Alnus serrulata) A Inus arguta Alnus Oanadensis A Inus genuina A Inus glauca Alnus glutinosa {Alnns Ta})V3i) Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa Almts glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus rhombifolia) . Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus serrulata) Alnus hybrida Alnus incana 12,164,250,326,394,460 Alv/us incana (Kegel) 164 Alnus incana, var. glauca (Alnus incana) 164 Alnus incana, var. glauea (Alnus incana, var. virescens) 165 Alnus incaTia, var. rubra 163 Alnus incana, var. virescens 165 Alnus Japonica 162 AlnuH maritlma 162, 250, 326, 458 Alnus Tnaritima typica 163 Alnus oblongata (Alnus maritima) 162 Alnus oblongata (Alnus serrulata) 164 Alnus oblongifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460 Alnus obtusi/olia 164 Alnus Oregana 163 Alnus rhombifolia 163,250,255,268,326,394,460 Alnus rubra 163,250,255,258,262,326,392,416,458 Alnus mbra (Alnus serrulata) 164 Alnus rugosa 164 Alnus serrulata 164,250,3.26 Alnus serrulata (Eegel) j ;64 Alnus serrulata genuirM 164 Alnus serrulata, var. latifolia 164 Alnus serrulata, var. m-acrophyUa 164 Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata 164 Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia 163 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, var. viresoena) 165 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus rhombifolia) 163 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns serrulata) 104 Alnus serruiata, var. vulgaris 164 Alnits undulata 164 Amelanchier 10,12,1* Amelancbier alnlfolia 85 Amdanehier Bartramiana 84 Amelanchier Botryapium 84 Amelanchier Canadensis 84, 249, 253, 256, 364, 430 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia 84 Amelanchier OonadCTwi*, var. oligoearpa 84 Amelanchier Oanadensis,vaT. rotundifoUa 84 Amelanchier intermedia... gg GENERAL INDEX. 583 Page. Ameianchier oblongifoUa 85 Atnelamchier owM» (Amelimchier CanadensiB) 84 Amdanehier malis (A melancUer Canadensis, nor. oblongifolia) S5 AmdaiKldcr epicata 85 AmeUmchier Wangenlielmiana 84 American Crab 72,284,364,428 American Crab Apple 72, 284 American Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440 American Holly 35,270,356,420 American Linden 27, 268, 360, 356, 418 Amount and valne of charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing purposes during the census year 489 Amount and value of wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the census year 489 Amount and value of wood used for domestic purposes during the census year 489 Amyris 10,13 Amyris cytnosa 33 Amyris dyatripa 33 AmyrU clemifera 31 Amyris Floridana 33 Amyris TnaritiwAi 33 Amyris Plumieri 33' Amyris sylvatlca 33,249,253,256,270,356,420 ANACAKDIACEiE 52-54, 253, 256, 276, 360, 424 Anavuymis punctata 88 Anaqua 114,300,372.438 Andromeda 11, ] 5 Andromeda arborea 98 Andromeda arborescens 98 Andromeda ferruginea 86, 249, 254, 257, 292, 368, 432 Andro-meda ferruginea, var. arborescens 96 Andromeda j6rruginAa,'v&T.fruticosa 96 Andromeda plumata 37 Androm,eda rhomboiddlis 96 Andromeda rigida 96 Anona , 10, 13 Aiiona glabra 23 Anona laurifolia 23,250,253,256,266,354,418 Anona pendula 23 Anona species (Anona laurifolia) 23 ATiona triloba 23 AXOVACK.S 23,253,256,266,354,418 Anonymos aqitatica 124 Anthomeles cestivdlis 82 Anthomeles Douglasii 75 AjUhomeles-fiava 82 Anthomelee glandulosa 82 Antluymeles rotund\foUa ' 77 AnthomeUis turbinata 82 Ants' "Wood 103,294,368,434 Apple, American Crab 72,284 Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418 Apple Haw 82,286,364,430 Apple, Oregon Crab 73,284 Appl«,Pond 23,266,354,418 Apple, Seven-year 95,290 Apple, Southern Crab 72,284 Arbol de Hlcrro 56,278,360,426 Arbor-vitas 176,330,350,396,462 Arbutus 11,12,15 Arbutus laurifolia 97 Arbutus macrophylla 97 Arbutus Men ziesU 97,249,254,257,292,368,433 Arbutus Memicsii (Arbutus Texana) 97 Arbuius Memiesii ( Arbntna Xalapensis) 97 Arbutus proctra 97 Arbutus Texana 97, 249, 292 Arbutus varietis 97 Arbutus Xalapensls 97,249,254,257,292,368,434 Arbutus Xalapensit (Arbutus Texana) 97 Ardiain 11,15 Ardisia Pickerinsia 100, 249, 292 Areas burned over oad valne of property destroyed by forest fires during tbe census year («««, also, under state headings) 491, 492 Page. Arizona, lumber industry and manufactures from wood In 486, 487, 569 Arizona, rank of, according to value of lamber products 487 Arizona, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . - .491, 508, 569 Arkansas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 544 Arkansas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Arkansas, statistics of forests, forest iires, standing timber, etc., in.. 491, 543, 544 Arkansas, tabular statement of the amount of Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 544 Aronia arborea .^ 84 Aronia arbutifolia 83 Aronia Botryapium 84 Aronia cardata 64 Aronia ovalis 85 A rrowwood 38, 272 Asagrcea spvnosa 55 Ash 107,296,298,370,434 Asb and specific gravity of woods 248-251 Ash, Black 111,298,372,4.18 Ash,Blue 111,298,370,436 Ash, Green 109,298,370,436 Ash, firound 111,298,372,438 Ash, Hoop 111,298,372,438 Ash, Mountain (Pyrus Americana) 73, 284, 428 Ash, Mountain (Pyrus sambucifolla) 74, 284, 364, 428 Ash, Oregon 111,298,372,438 Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29, 268 Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 4:o ABh,Ked , 109,296,370,436 Ash, Sea 30, 270, 356, 4?0 Ash, specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-340 Ash, "Wafer 31,270 Ash, "Water 110,298,370,436 Asb, "White 107,296.350,370,436 Ash, Yellow 57,278,360,426 Ashloaved Maple 51,276,360,424 Asimina 10,11,13 Asimina eampanifiora 23 Asimina triloba 23,250,253,256,266,354,418 Asp, Quaking 171,328,350,394,460 Aspects, economic, of the forests of the TJnited States 483-580 Aspen 171,328,350,394.460 Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the 4 Atlantic region, the 3-6 Atlantic region, western third of the, remarks on 4 Average number of hands employed in the lumbering Industry of the United States 486 Average size and product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488 Avicennia 11, 15 A vieennia nitida 117, 240, 302 Aviccnnia obloTigi/olia 117 AvLcennia iomentosa 117 Bald Cypress 184,334, Balm of Gilead 173, Balm of Gilead Fir 211, Balsam (Abies Fraseri) 210, Balsam (Abies snbalpina) 211,346, Balsam (Popnlns balsamifera) 173, Balsam Cottonwood 174, Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 211, Balsam Fir ^Abies concolor) 213, Balsam, She 210, Banana, Mexican Bartram's Oak 153, Basket Oak 141,316, Baaswood 27, Basswood, White 28, Bastard Cedar 176, Ba,stard Pine 202,342,352, Batodendron arboreum Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca boocata) Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca canaliculata) Bayonet, Spanish ( Tucca elata) Bay, Bull 19,208, 3S0, 398, 468 328, 394, 460 346, 412, 478 346, 412, 478 412, 478, 577 328, 394, 460 330, 394, 462 346, 412, 478 346, 412, 478 346, 412, 478 .- 219,348 320, 390, 456 384, 416, 450 268,356,418 268, 356, 420 330, 396, 4C2 400, 410, 474 90 ... 219,348 ... 218, :H8 . . 219, 348 354,414,418 584 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Bay, Loblolly 25,265,268,354,418 Bay, Red 118,302,372,438 Bay, Eose 09,292,368,434 Bay, Sweet 20,266,354,414,418 Bay, Tan , 25,265,268,354,418 Bay Tree, CaUfomia 120,302,374,440 Bay, WMte 20,266,354,414,418 Bayberry 136,312,380,446 Bean, Indian 116,300,372,438 Bean Tree '. 115,300,372,438 Bearberry 41,272,358,422 Bearwood 41,272,358,422 Beaver Tree 20,266,354,414,418 Beech 158,322,350,390,456 Beech, Bine 159,322,392,456 Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159, 322, 392, 456 Beech, Water (Platanas oooidentalis) 129, 306, 350, 376, 443 Beefwood 117,302,372,438 Bee Tree 27,268,356,418 Behavior of selected woods of the United States nnder transverse strain : specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression. 418-481 Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-415 Bentkamidia fiorida 90 Betula 11,12,15 Betula aeuTninata Betula alba, subspecies commutata Betula alba, subspecies ocddentalis typica Betula alba, subspecies yapj/rt/era Betv2a alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. comTnunis Betula alba, ^ahepeciea papyri/era, var. cordifolia Betula alba, subspecies popul^olia Betula alba, var, papyrifera 159 160 160 160 160 160 159 160 Botala alba, var. populifolia 159, 250, 255, 258, 324, 350, 458 Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula angulata 161 Betula Canadensis 100 Betula earpinifolia 102 Betula cordifolia 160 Betula excd^a (Betola lenta) 162 Betula exeelsa (Betula latea) 161 Betula grcmdis - 100 BetvXa inca/na 164 Betula lanvXosa 161 Betula lenta 162,249,255,258,324,302,458 Betula lenta (Betula albo, var. populifolia) 159 Bettda lenta (Betula Intoa) 101 Betula latea 161.250,255,258,262,324,392,158 Betula nigra 161,250,255,258,262,324,392,468 Betula nigra (Betnla lenta) 162 Betula nigra (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula occidentalis 160, 250, 255, 258, 324, 392, 458 Betula ocddentalis (Betnla papyrifera), 160 Betula papyracea 159,575 Betula papyrifera 12, 159, 250, 255, 258, 262, 324, 350, 392, 468 Betula populifolia 159 Betula rubra (Betula nigra) 161 Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula rugosa 164 Betula serrulata 104 BetvXa-Ahius glauca ]64 Betvla-Almus mantima 102 BetuZa-Alrms rubra 164 BetrdorAlnua, var. ^.ineana 164 B%TULACEJE 159-165,255,258,324,392,458 Big-bud Hickory 134,310,350,380,444 Big Cottonwood 176,330,360,396,462 Big Cypress region of Florida 522 Big Laurel 19,266,354,414,418 Big Shell- bark 133,310,378,444 Big Tree 184,334,398,466 Big(doma acwminata 112 Bignonia Catalpa 115 Bigrumia linearis 116 Page. BlGNOiaACE.« 116,116,264,257,300,372,438 Bilsted 86,286,350,364,414,430 Birch, Black (Betula lenta) 162,324,392,458 Birch, Black (Betula occidentalis) 160,324,392,468 Birch, Canoe -..160,324,350,392,458 Birch, CheiTy 162,324,392,458 Birch, Gray (Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392, 458 Birch, (Jray (Betula lutea) 161,324,392,468 Birch, Mahogany 162,324,392,458 Birch, Old-field ; 159,324,350,392,458 Birch, Paper 160,324,350,392,458 Birch, Bed 161,324,392,458 Birch, Eiver 161,324,392,458 Birch, Sweet 162,324,392,458 Birch, West-Indian .'. 33,270,350,356,420 Biich , White (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392, 458 Birch, White (Betula papyrifera) 160, 324, 350, 39J, 468 Birch, Yellow 161,324,392,468 Bishop's Pine 200, 340, 404, 472 Bitter Nut 135,310,350,380,446 Bitter Pecan 186,310,350,380,414,448 Blacl< Aider ( Alnus incana) 165, 326, 394, 460 Black Alder (Alnus serrulata) 164, 329 Black and W^hite Spruces the characteristic trees of the Iforthem Forest . 3 Black Ash 111,298,372,438 Black Birch (Betula lenta) 162,324,302,458 Black Birch (Betula occidentalis) 160, 324, 392, 468 Black Calabash Tree 116,300 BUck Cherry, Wild , 68,252,302,428 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus angustifolia) 174, 330, 394, 462 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus triohocarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462, 576 Black Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 Black G iim 92, 200, 366, 432 Black Haw 94, 290, 366, 432 Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 134,310,350,380,446 Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444 Black Hills region of Dakota, remarks by Mr. Bobeit Songlas on the forests of the 561, 562 Black Ironwood 39,272,358,422 Blackjack (Querous Catesbsel) 151,320,388,454 Black Jack (Quercus nigra) 150, 265, 320, 360, 388, 464 Blackjack, Forked-leaf 1.51,320,388,454 Black Larch 215,346,352,412,478 Black Locust (Gleditschia triaoanthos) 59, 280, 360, 426 Black Locust (Bobinia Psendacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424 Black Mangrove 117,302 Black Oak ((Juercns Emoryi) 146,265,318,386,452 Black Oak (Querous Kelloggii) 149,265,320,388,416,454 Black Oak (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528 Black Persimmon 105, 294 Black Pine (Pinus Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470 Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470 Black Sloe 67,282,428 Black Spruce 203,265,342,352,408,474,496 Black Sugar Maple 49,276,350,358,424 Black Thorn 79,286,364,430 Black Tree 117,303 Black Walnut 131,308,350,376,414,444 Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170,328,394,400 Black Willow (Salix nigra) 166,326,394,460 Blackwood 117,302 Blue Ash 111,298,370,438 Blue Beech 159,322,392,456 Blue Jiick 153, 320, 390, 46« Blue Myrtle 41,272 Blue Oak 143,316,388,450 Blue Spruce 205,344,408,474 Blnewood 40,272 Boisd'Arc 128,306.376,442,542 B0UKAGINACE.Ii 113,114,254,257,300,372,438 Borya acuminata 112 Boryaliguttrina 112 Borya nitida 112 Bottom Shell-bark 133,310,378,444 GEXERAL INDEX. 585 Pago. Bonrreria 11,15 Bonrreria HaTanensis 114,249,254,257,300,372,438 Bourreria Havanensia, var. radala 114 Bourreria uvata 114 Bourreria radula 11 4 Bourreria recurva 114 Bourreria tomcntosa 114 Bourreria tomentosa, var. Havcmensis 114 Box Eldei- (Noswiido aceroldes) 51,276,360,424 Box Elder (Nugimdo Califomlcum) 51, 276, 360, 424 Boxwood (Coums dorida) 91,288,366,430 Boxwdod {Schaefferia frutescens) 39,272 Braliea dulcis 217 Brakea filamentoaa 217 Brioliley Thatcli 218, 348 Brittle Tbatcli 218,348 Broad-leaved Maple 47,274,358,422 Brounsonetia uecundijlora 57 Broubsonetia tinctoria 128 Brown Hickory 134, 310, 350, 380, 446 Bueid'a Bueerae 87 Bucieye, California 44,274,358,422 Buckeye, Fetid 42,274,358,422 Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422 Backeye, Spanish 44,274,422 Bnckoye, Sweet 43,274 Bncktbom, Southern 103,294,368,434 Bnckwheat Tree 38,272,356,420 Ball Bay 19,266,354,414,418 Bull Nut 134,310,350,380,444 Bull Pine (Pinua Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470 Ball Pino (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) 195,338,350,404,470 Bumelia 11,15 Bumelia anguetifolia 103 Bumelia arborea 102 Bumelia chrysophyUoides 101 Bumelia onneata : 103,249,254,294,368,434 Bumelia ferruginea •■ 102 Bumelia foetidUsima 101 Bumelia lanuginosa 102,260,254,257,294,368,434 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rnacroca/rpa '. 102 Bumelia lycioides 102,249,264,257,294,308,434 Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatam 103 Bumelia maerocarpa _ 102 Bumelia Mastichodeiidron 101 Bumelia 7iiyrHni/olia 103 Bumelia oblongifolia 102 Bumelia pallida 101 Bumelia panifolia 103 Bumelia rccUnata (Bumelia cnneata) 103 Bumelia recUnata (Bumelia lycioides) 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101 Bumelia salicifolia 101 Bumelia nerrata 69 Bumelia spinosa 102, 249, 294 Bumelia tonax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 Buiuclia tomentosa 102 Bumwood 54,278,360,424 Burlington, Vermont, as a lumber market, impoi-tance of 499 Burning Bush 3.8, 272 Burr Oak 140,265,314,384,448 Bursera 10,13 Buraera acuminata 32 Bm-sera gummifera 32,251,253,256,270,350,356,420 Buiiseuacba; 32,33,253,256,270,366,420 Bustic 101,294,368,434 Bntternnt '. 130,306,376,442 Button-ball Tree 129,306,350,376,442 Buttouwood (Conocnrpns ereota) 87,288,364,430 But touwood (Platanus oocldentolis) 120, 306, 350, 376, 442 Buttouwood (Platanus raccmosa) 129, 306, 376, 442 Buttouwood, White 87,288,364,430 Byrsonima 10, 13 Byreonlma luoida 28,250,25.3,256,268,356,420 C. Page. Cabbage Palmetto 217,348,352 Cabbage Tree 217,348,352 Ciballeria Coriacea 99 Cactacej; 89,90,288 Cactus, Giant 00,288 Cagiput ■- 120,302,374,440 Calabash Tree, Black 116,300 Calico Bush 98,292,368,434 Calicowood 106,296 California Bay Tree 120,302,374,440 California Buckeye 44,274,358,422 California, economic value of the Redwood of 579 California Holly 84,286 California, injury by grazing cattle to the mountain forests of .'>79 California Laurel 120,302.374,440 California, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 578, 580 California Nutmeg 186,334,400,466 California Olive 120,302,374,440 California, pasturage of mountain forests in 579, 580 California, rank of, according to value of lumber product-s 487 California, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 578-580 California, tabular statement of the amount of Bedwood standing in the forestsof, May31,1880 579 Calothyrsus Oalifornica 43 Calyptrantliea 10, 14 Calyptranthes Chytraculia 88,249,288 Canada Plnm 65,282,362,426 Canella . Cauotia Canotia holocantha . Capparidace.^: Capparis Capparis Breynia Capparis cynopkyllophora Capparis emarginata Cappaiis Jamaicensis 24, Capparis sUiquosa Capparis torulosa Capparis uncinata Capkikoliace^ 93,94,253,257,290, Cardiolepis ohlusa Carolina Poplar 175,330,850, Carpinus Carpinus Americana Carpinus Betulus Yirgvniwna Carpinus Caroliniana 158,249,255,258,322, Carpinus Ostrya - Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana j Carpinus triflora Carpinus Yirginiana Carya Caryaalba 132,249,254,257,261,308,350, Carya aU>a (Carya tomentosa) Carya amara 135,249,254,257,310,360, Carya amara, var. myristico^ormia Carya amara, var. poreina Carya angustifolia Carya aquatica 136,249,254,257,261,310,350,380, Carya cathartica Carya cordi/ormis Carya glabra Carya lUinoensis Carya inlegri/olia Carya inicTGcarpa Carya myristicffiformls 135, 249, 254, 257, 310, 3.50, Carya olivasformis 132,249,254,257,308,350, Carya poreina 134,249,254,257,261.310,350, Carya sulcata 133,249,254,257,261,310, Carya tetraptera 586 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Carya tomentosa 133,249,254,257,310,350,380,444 Oarya tomentosa, var. maxima 134 Oaryotaxne Myrietiea 186 Caryotaxus taxifolia 186 Cassada 101,294,368,434 Cassena 36,272 Caasine Oaroliniana 36 Oastine Peragua 36 Cassine ramuloBa 36, Oastanea 11,16 Castanea aVnifolia 156 Oastanea Amerwana 157 Castanea chrysophylla 156 Caitanea chrysophylla, var. minor 156 Cant&nea nana 156 Castanea pumila 156, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456 Castanea sempervirms 166 Castanea vesca (Castanea pnmila) ^ 156 Castanea vesca (Castanea vulgaris, ?)ar. Americana) 157 Castanea vesca, var. Amerieama 157 Castanea vulgans, var. Americana 157, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390, 4 56 Castanopsin 11, 12, 15 Castanopsis chrysophylla .' 156, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456 Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. minor 156 Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila 156 Catalogue of Forest Trees 17-219 Catalogue of Forest Trees, Index to 220-243 Catalpa 11,15,115,300,372,438 Catalpa bignonloides 115, 250, 254, 257, 300, 372, 438 Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speolosa) ."- 135 Catalpa communis 115 Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa bignonioidee) 115 Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa speclosa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372,414,438 Catalpa syrvngcefolia 115 Catalpa, Western 115,300,350,372,414,438 Catawba , .-... 115,300,372,438 Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 63, 282, 362, 426 Cat's Claw (Acacia 'Wrightii) 63, 282 Cat's Claw (Fitbecolobium TJnguis-cati) 64,282 Ceanothus i 10,12,13,573 Ceanothue ferreus 39 Cea^iothus Icevigatus 39 Ceanothus rcGlinatus 41 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 41,250,272 Cedar, Alaska, Tide-land Spruce, and Hemlock the characteristic and most valuable trees of the Northern Coast Forest 7 Cedar an important tree in Texas 540 Cedar, Bastard 176,330,396,462 Cedar. Canoe 177,330,396,462 CeBarElm 122,304,374,440 Cedar, Incense , 176, 330, 396, 462 Cedar, Oregon 179,332,350,398,464 Cedar, Pencil, of Florida 522 Cedar Pine 201,340,406,472 Cedar, Port Orford 179,332,350,398,464,576 Cedar, Post 176,330,396,463 Cedar, Bed ( Juniperus Virginiana) 183, 332, 398, 464, 544 Cellar, Eed (Thuya gigantea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 573, 575, 576, 580 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Califomica) 186,334,400,466 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) 186, 334. 400, 466, 621 Cedar, White (Chamsecyparie Lawsonlana) 179,332,350,398.464 Cedar, White (Chamiecyparis sphseroidea) 178,330,396,416,464 Cedar, White (Liboccdrus decurrens) 176, 330, 396, 462 Cedar, White (Thuya ocoidentalie) 176, 330, 350, 396, 462 Oedrus Mahogoni 33 CBLA8TRACK.S 38, 39, 272 Celtis 11,12,15,251 Celtic alba Celtis Audibertiana Celtis Audibertiana, var. obloTigata . Celtis Audibertiana, var. ovat^ Celtis JBerlandieri Ctltia brevipes OMiscanina 125 126 126 128 1'26 126 125 Pago. OelHs cordata 125 Celtis crassifolia 125 Celtis erassi/olia, var. euealypt^folia 125 Celtis crassi/olia, -var. mori/olia 126 Celtis erassi/olia, var. tilicefolia 125 Celtis Douglasii 126 Celtis Floridiana 125 Celtis fuscata 125 Celtis heterophyUa - 126 Celtis integrifoUa 125 Celtis lasvigata , 125 Celtis Lindh£imeri 126 Celtis longifolia 125 Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit Eev.) 125 Celtis ma/ritima (in Ne^Fl. andBot.) 125 Celtis Missi^aippiensis 125 Celtis morifolia 125 Celtis obliqua i 125 Celtis occidentalis 12,125,249,254,257,260,306,376,414,442 Celtis occidentalis, var. cordata 125 Celtis occidentals, -var. erassifolia 126 Celtis oeeidentalis, var. grandidentata ; 125 Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia 125 Celtis occidentalis, va.r. pumila (Celtis occidentalis) .'..., 126 Celtis oeddentalie, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, 306, 376, 44 2 Celtis occidentalis, var. seabriueeula 125 Celtii occidentalis, var. serrvlata 125 Celtis oeeidentalis, var. tenuifolia ) 25 Celtis patula 125 Celtis pumila 125 Celtis reticulata 126 Celtis salicifolia 125 Celtis tenuifolia 125 Celtis Teaann 126 Central pine hills of Mississippi, forests of the 534 Cerasus Americana 65 Ceraeus borealis 66 Ceraaus Capollin 68 Cerasus Capult 68 Cerasus Caroliniana 69 Cerasus Chicasa 1 66 Cerasus demissa 69 Cerasus emarginata 67 C^asus ereeta , 67 Cerasus glandulosa (ST Cerasus hiemalis 65 Cerasus ilicifolia , 70 Cerasus Tnollis ,. GJ Cerasus nigm , 65 Cerasus Pennsylvanica 66 Cerasus persicifolia 66 Cerasus serotina (Pmnns demiasa) 69 Cerasus serotina (Prunus serotina) 68 Cerasus tphcerocarpa 7» Cerasus umbeUata 67 Cerasus Virginiana 66 Cercidium. Jloridum 64 Cercis 10, 12, 14 Cercis Canadensis 61,250,253,256,280,362 426 Cercis Canadensis, var. pubeteeni 61 Cercis occidentalis 61 Cercis occidentalis, var 01 Cercis oeeidentalis, v&t. Teseensis 61 Cercis reniformis 61,249,286 Ceroocarpus 9,10,12,14,569,671 Cercocarpus betuUefolius 71 Oercocarpus betuloides 71 Cercocarpus brevifolius 71 Cercocarpus intricatut 71 Cercocarpus ledifolius 13, 71, 249, 284, 350, 428 Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatns 71 Cercocarpus parvifulins 71, 249, 284 Cercocarpus piirvifolins, var. glaber 71 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatna 71 GENERAL INDEX. 587 Page. Cereus 10,12,14 CereuB giganteas 89,251,288 Chapote 105,294 ChamiBoyparis 11,12,16 Ohamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) 178 Chamceeyparia Boursierii (Jnniperus occidentalis) 181 Ohammsyparis exceUa ...j 178 Chamsecyparia Lawsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 350, 398, 464, 576 ChamiBcyparis Nutkaensia 178, 250, 255, 268, 263, 332, 398, 464, 680 Ohamcecyparis Nutkaensi8,ya,T.glmtca 178 Ohamcecyparis Nutkanus 178 Chamajcyparia, one of the characteristic and most valuable trees of the Coast Forest ^ 7 Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea 177, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 396, 416, 464 Ohamcerops Palmetto 217 Charcoal used for d(»nestic and mannfactaring purposes during the cen- sus year, amount andvalne of ". .. 489 Oheiranthodendron Califomicum 26 Cherry 100,292 Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458 Cherry, Indian. -i '. 40,272,368,422 Cherry, May 84,286,364,430 Cherry, Pigeon 66,282,428 Cherry, Pin 66,282,428 Cherry, Rum 68,282,362,428 Cheri-y, Wild (Prnnus Capnli) 69,282,428 Cherry, Wild (Prunus demlsaa) 69,284,362,428 Cherry, Wild Blacli; 68,282,362,428 Cherry, Wild Eed 66,262,428 Chestnut 157,265,322,350,390,456 Chestnut Oak (Querous densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 580 Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinoides) 143, 265, 316, 384, 450 Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus) 142, 285, 316, 350, 384, 416, 450 Chestnut Oak, Eock 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Chicago, amount of luuiher and ahinglea received at, during the year 1880 548, 649 Chicago, commercial importance of, with reference to the lumber industry . 648 Chicago, early lumber trade of - 549, 650 Chicago, the principal source of supply of lumber for Colorado, TTtah, and New Mexico 568, 669 Chickasaw Plum 66,282,362,486 Chilopsia 11,12,16 Ohildpeia gluti7u>aa 116 Ohilopsis linearis 116 Chilopsia aaligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438 Ohimanthua amygdaXinvji 69 China, Wild 44,274,358,414,422 Chinquapin (Caatanea pumila) 156,322,390,456 Chinquapin (Castanopsia chrysophylla) 166. 322, 390, 456 Chinquapin Oak 143,265,316,384,450 Chionauthua 11, 15 Ohionanihus angustifolia i- 112 Ohionanthus heterophylla 112 Ohionanihus longi/olia 112 Chirmanihus marilima 112 Ohionandius montana 112 Ohionanthus triflda 112 Chionanthus Virginiea 112,230,298 Ohionanthus Virginiea, var. ang^utifolia 112 Ohionwnthus Yirginiea, var. laii^olia 112 Ohionanihus Virginiea, var. maritima 112 Ohionanthus Virginiea, var. montana 112 Chlttamwood 62,276 Ohloromeles sempervirens 72 Chrysobnlanus 10, 14 Chrysobalanus Icaoo 64,249,282,362,426 Ohrysobalanus leaeo, var. pelloearpa 66 Ohrysobalantts pelloearpa 65 Chrysophyllura 11, 15 Ohrysophyllum Barbateo 100 Ohrysophyllum Caneto, /3 lOO Ohrysophyllum ferrugintum 100 Chryiophyllum microphyllHm 100 Ohrysophyllum monopyrenum 100 Ohrysophyllum oliviforme 100, 249, 264, 257, 292, 368, 434 Cigar Ti-eo 115,300,372,438 Page. Cinchona OaribtBa - 95 Cinchona Caroliniana 95 Cinchona JamaicenMs 95 Cinnamon Bark 24,268,354,418 Cinnamon, Wild 24,268,354,418 Citharexylum H, 15 Citharexylum villosum 116, 249, 254, 257, 300, 372, 4,38 Cladrastis, 10,11,14 Cladrastis lutea 57 Cladrastis tinctoria 67,260,25.3,256,278,360,426 Clammy Locust 66,278 ClifTElm 123,304,374,440 Cliftonia ligustrina 38,250,263,256,272,366,420 Cluaia 10,13 Clusiaflava 25 Olusia rosea .. , 25 Coast Forest in the Pacific region 7 Coast Forest, Northern, in Alaaka 680 Coast Live Oak 147,318,386,452 Coaat Fine Belt in South Carolina 518 Coccoloba 11, 13 Coccoloba Floridana 117, 249, 264, 257, 302, 372, 438 Coccoloba LaegaTiensis 118 Coccoloba parvifolia 117 Coccoloba uvifera 118,249,302,372,448 Coccoloba uvifera, var. Lceganensis 118 Coccoloba uvifera, var. ovalifolia 118 Cockspur Thorn 76,286,364,430 Cocoa Plum 65,282,362,426 Coffee Nut 58,280,360,426 Coffee Tree, Kentucky 68,280,360,426 Colorado, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 567, 568 Colorado, rank of, apcording to value of lumber products 487 Colorado, statistics*of foreats, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 567, 568 Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of supply of lumber for 568,569 Colnbrina 10, 13 Colubrina reolinata 41,249,274,358 COMBRETACE.» 87,263,257,288,364,430 Comparative value of woods 252-255 Compression, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under . 418-481 Condalia 10-12 Condalia ferrea 39,249,253,256,272,358,422 Condalia obovata 12, 46, 249, 272 COKIFERJ! 4,176-216,256,258,330,362,396,416,525 Connecticut, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 5uO, 501 Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487 Connecticut, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 500, 501 Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in 500 Conoearpus 10, 14 Conoc(vrpus aeutiifolia 87 Conoearpus erecta 87,240,263,267,288,364,430 Conoearpus eraeta, var. proeum^bens 87 Conoearpus procumbens 87 Conoearpus raeemoaa 87 Consumption of wood for domestic purposes during the census year, esti- mated 489 Coral Sumach 54,278,360,424 Cordia ] 1 , 16 Cordia Boissieri 114, 249, 300 Cordia Floridana 114 Cordia juglandifolia 113 Cordia Sebestena 113,249, 300 Cordia speeioea 113 Cork Elm 123,304,374,440 Corkwood 117,302,372,438 CoKNACEiE 90-93,253,257,288,366,430 Comua 10-12, 14 Comus altema 90 Coruus a1t«mifolia 96,249,288 Conius florida 90, 249, 263, 257, 260, 288, 366, 432 Comus florida (Comus NuttnUii) 91 Coruus Nuttallii 91,249,253,257,288,366,432 Corypha Palmttto 217 Cotinus Ameritanus 58 i:88 GENERAL INDEX. Page. CotiniLS coggygria 52 Cotton Gum 93,290,350,366,432 Cottonwood (Populns Fremontii) 175,300,396,462 Cotton wood ( Popnlns Fremontii, var. "Wislizeni) 175, 300, 396, 462 Cottonwood (Popnlns monilifera) 175,330,350,3^6,462 Cottonwood, Balsam 174,330,394,462 Cottonwood, Big 175,330,350,396,462 Cottonwood, Black (Popnlns angnstlfolia) 174, 330, 394, 462 Cottonwood, Black (Popnlns triohooarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462, 576 Cottonwood, Elver 172,328,394,400 Cottonwood, Swamp 172,328,394,460 Cottonwood, White 175,330,396,462 Cow Oak. 141,316,384,416,450,633 Crab, American ■ 72,284,364,428 Crat), Sweet-scented 72,284,364,428 Crab Apple, American 72,284 Crab' Apple, Oregon 73,284 Crab Apple, Sonthem 72,284 Crabwood 121,304 Cratsegns 10-12,539,573 Cratsegns ajstivalis 82,250,253,256,286,304.430 Crataegus apiifolia 81,249,286 Cratsegns arboresoens-.'- 75,250,253,256,284,364,428 Oratcegus arbutifolia 83 CrataJgns berberifoUa- 82,248 Oratter/us Bosciana 77 ■ Crataegus brachyaoantha 75,249,284,539 Oratcegus Oaroliniana 82 Cratiegns coccinea 77,249,286 Oratcegus coccinea (Crateegns tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus coccinea, var. cordata 79 Oratcegus cocciyiea, var. viollis 78 Crat^gus coccinea var. oligandra 78 Crateegns coccinea, var. popnlifolia 78 Oratcegus coccinea, var. typica A 78 Crataegus coccinea, uair. viridis 78 Oratcegus coccinea, var. viridis (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Cratsegtis cord.ita 80,249,286 Oratcegus coronaria 72 Oratcegiis Coursetiana 76 Crataegus Cras-galli 76,249,253,256,286,364,430 Oratcegus (7r«s-£faWi (Crataegus coccinea) 77 Oratcegus Oru^-galli (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 CratEBgns Crus-galli, var. linearis 76 Cratasgus Crns-galli, var. ovalifolia 76 Crataegus Crus-galli, var. prunifolia 77 Cratsegns Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 76 Oratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. pyraccmthifolia (Crataegus arborescens) 75 Oratcegus Orus-galli, var. salicifoHa 76 Oratcegus Orus-galli, yHT. splendens 78 Oratcegus cunei/olia 80 Crataegus Douglasit 75,249,284 Oratcegus eHipfica .(Crataegits aestivalis) 82 Oratcegus elliptica (Crataegus flava^ var. pubescens) 83 Crataegus flava 82,249,236 Oratcegus flama (Cratiegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83 Oratcegus flava (CratSBgus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus flava (C rataegns tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Oratcegus flava, vijr. lobata 82 Crataegus fl.iva, var. pnbescens 83,249,253,256,286,364,430 Oratcegus fleamosa 80 Oratcegus gUmdulosa (Crataegus coccinea) 77 Oratcegus glanduXosa (Crataegus Donglasii) 75 Oratcegus glandulosa (Crataegus flava) 77 Oratcegus glandulosa (Crataegus flava, var, pnbescens) 83 Oratcegus glandulosa, var. mttfCracantha 77 CrccUegus glandvXosa,'va.T.rotu7idifolia 78 Oratcegus lati/olia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus lati/olia (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Oratcegus leucocephalus 79 Oratcegus leucophUeos 79 Oratcegus linearis 77 Oratcegus lobata (Crataegus flava) 82 Oratcegus lobata (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Oratcegus lucida (Crataegus aestivaliB) 82 Oratcegus lucida (Crataegns Cms-galli) Oratcegus Tnacrcuiajntka .- * Oratcegus Michauxi% Oratcegus microcarpa Oratcegus mollis Oratcegus obovatifolia Oratcegus opaca Oratcegus ovalifolia Oratcegus oxyacantha Oratcegus oxyacantha, var. apiifolia , Cratjegus parvifolia Oratcegus populi/olia (Crataegus coccinea) , Oratcegus populifoUa (Cratae^s cordata) . . Oratcegus prunellifolia Oratcegus prunifolia Oratcegus punctata Oratcegus punctata, var. brevispinu Oratcegus punctata, var. rubra and aurea . . . Oratcegus punctata, var. xanthocarpa Oratcegus pyrifolia Oratcegus raccTnosa Page. 7« 77 83 81 78 80 82 70 81 81 83 78 80 76 77 80 75 80 80 79 84 Cratiegns rivularis 13, 74, 249, 284 Oratcegus rivularis (Crataegus Donglasii) - 75 Oratcegus salicifolia 76 Oratcegus sanguinea 75 Oratcegus sanguvnea, var. Douglasii (Crataegus Douglasii) 75 Oratcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Crataegns rivularis) 74 Oratcegus sanguinea, ■rti.T.villosa 78 Cratffigus spathulata .- 81,249,253,256,286,364,430 Oratcegus spathulata (Crataegus flava, var, pnbescens) 83 Oratcegus spicata 85 Crataegus snbvillosa 78, 249, 253, 256, 286, 364, 430 Oratcegus Texana 78 Crataegus tomentosa 12,79,249,253,256,286,364,430 Oratcegus tomentosa (Amelanchier Canadensis) 84 Oratcegus tomentosa, var. mollis 78 Oratcegus tomentosa, var. jpKcaJa 80 Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata 80 Oratcegus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia 79 Oratcegus turbinata 82 Oratcegus Yirginica 83 Oratcegus viridis (Cratiegns coccinea) 78 Oratcegus viridis (Crataegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83 Oratcegus Watsoniana 76 Crescentia 11,15 Crescentia cucurbitina 116,250,300 Orescentia latifolia 116 Oreseentia lethifera 116 Orescentia obovata 116 Orescentia ovata 116 Orescentia toxicaria 116 Crop, forest, of the ITnited States for the census year 485 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) 20, 266, 354, 418 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata) 21,266,354,418 Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved 21,266,354,418 Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved 22, 266, 354, 418 Ouprespinnata disticha 183 Cupressus i:,12, 16 Oupressus Americana 1 178 Oupressus Arbor-vitce 170 Oupressus Arizonica 180 Oupressus atienuata 178 Oupressus Oalifornica 179 Oupressus Calif ornica gracilis (Cupressus Goveniana) ] 79 Oupressus Oalifornica gracilis (Cupressus Macnabiana) 180 Oupressus cornuta 179 Oupressus disticha 183 Cupressus disticha, var. imbriearia 183 Oupressus disticha, var. nutans 183 Oupressus disticha, -var. patens 183 Cupressus fragrans 178 Oupressus glandulosa 180 Cupressus Govoniana 179,250,255,258,332,398,464 Cupressus Gnadalnpensis 180, 250, 332, 668, 669 Oupressus Hartwegii 179 GENERAL INDEX. 589 Page. Oupresfus Barlwegii, vm. fatUgiata 179 Oupressiu Lambertiana 179 Oupreseus Lawsoniana 178 Cupressas Macnabiana 180,248 Cupre»8as inacrocarpa 8, 179, 250, 332, 398, 464 Cfupresnte macrocarpa (Cnpressns G-uadaltipensis) 180 Oiipre8»us macroeeirpa, var. fagligiata 179 Oupreaeus Nootkatenns 178 Oupreagus NutkaenHs 178 Cupresaut thyoidee 177 CUPUUFERS 137-159,254,257,258,312,380,414,446 Curtiss, A. H., remarks on the forests of Florida by 521, 622 Cnstard Apple 23,266,354,418 Cypress, Bald 184,334,350,398,466 Cypress, Black 184,334,350,398,466 Cypress, Deoidrious .' 184,334,350,398,466 Cypress, Lawson's 179,332,350,398,464 Cypress, Monterey 179,332,398,464 Cypress, lied 184,334,350,398,466 Cypress, Sitka 178,332,398,464 Cypress, Southern, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Cypress swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527 Cypress, "White 184,334,360,396,466 Cypress, Yellow 178,332,398,4,04 CvniLLACEJS 37,38,263,256,272,356,420 Cyrilla 10,11,13 Cyrilla OaroUniana 37 Cyrilla fuacata - 37 CyriUa paniculata 100 Cyrilla pmrvifolia 37 Cyrilla polystaehia 37 Cyrilla raccmiflora 37,249,272,366 Cyrilla racemosa 37 n. Dahoon 35,270,356,420 Dahoon Holly 35,270,358,420 Dakota, lumber industry and mannfactarers from wood in 486, 487, 661 Dakota, rank of, according to value of lumber pi oducts 487 Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern portion of 561 Dakota, remarks by Mr. Robert Douglas on the forests of the Black Hills region of 661,562 Dakota, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 561, 562 Dalea 10,12,14 Daleaspinosa 66,250,278 Darling Plum 39,272,358,422 JDatieea hirta 52 Deciduous Cypress _. 184,334,350,398,466 Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain i Delaware, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,511 Delaware, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Delaware, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,511 Bennatophyllum epecio»um 57 Desert WiUow 116,300,372,438 DevUwood 113,300,372,438 Diamond Willow 170,328 Digger Pine 195,338,350,404,470 DiUy, Wild 103,294,368,434 Diospyros .' 11,15 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 IHospyroti anguatifolia DiospyroB ealydna Dioapyrot eiliata Dioi'pyroa concolor JHoapyroa Ouaiacana Dioapyroa intermedia Dioapyroa lucida Dioapyroa Pcraimon Dioapyroa pubeacena Diiispyros Texana 105,249,294 DioapyroR Virginiana 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, 350, 368, 434 Dioapyroa Virginiana^ var. cotiCoUr 104 DiMpyroa Virg-iniana, var. macrocarpa 104 Dioapyroa Virginiana, var. mimvearpa 104 Page. Dioapyroa Virginiana, -v&t. pvieecena 104 Dipholis 11,16 Dipholis salicifolia 101,249,254,267,294,368,434 Distribution of genera 10 Distribution of species '. 12 District of Columbia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . . 486, 487 District of Columbia, original forest of, replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine, etc 611 District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 District of Columbia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 5]i Division of the North American continent with reference to its forest geography 3 Doctor Gum 54,278,360,424 Dogwood 90, 288 Dogwood, Flowering (Comns florida) 91, 288, 366, 430 Dogwood, Flowering (Comns NuttaUii) 91, 288, 366, 432 Dogwood, Jamaica 57, 278, 360, 426 Dogwood, Striped 46,274 Douglas Fir 209,266,344,352,410,476 Douglas, Eobert, remarks on the forests of the Black Hills region of Dakota by 561,562 Downward Plum 103, 294, Set^, 434 DriTnophylluTn poAicifiorv/m 120 Drypetos 11,15 Drypetea alba, var. latifolia ; 121 Drypetes crocea 120,249,254,257,302,374,440 Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . . . ; 121, 249, 264, 267, 302, 374, 440 Drypetea crocea, var. Umgipea 120 Drypetes glauca (Drypetes crocea) 120 Drypetea glauca (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia) 121 Drypetea seaailijiora 120 Dry wood of trees of the TTnlted States, weight of 249-261 Duck Oak 162,320,350,388,416,454 Dwarf Maple 48, 274 Dwarf Sumach 53,2^8,360,424 E. Bbenacele 104,105,254,257,294,368,464 Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580 Ehretia 11, 15 JEhretia Bourreria 114 Ehretia elliptica 114,250,254,267,300,372,438 JEhretia Havanenaia 114 Ehretia radvZa 114 Ehretia tomentoaa 114 Elaphrium integerrimwm 32 Elder (Sambncus glauca) 93, 290, 366, 432 Elder (Sambncus Mexicana) 94,290 Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51,276,360, 424 Elder, Box (Negundo CaUfomloum) 51, 276, 360, 424 Elder, Poison 64,278 Elemi, Gum 33, 270, S-'-0, 358, 420 Elkwood 21,260,354,418 Elm, American .123,304,360,374,414,440 Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440 Elm, Cliff 123,304,374,440 Elm, Cork 123,304,374,440 Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,440 Elm, Moose 122, 304, 374, 440 Elm, Bed 122,304,374,440 Elm, Rock 123,304,374,440 Elm, Slippery (Fremontia Califomica) 26, 208 Elm, Slippery (Ulmns fulva) 122,304,374,440 Elm, WatOT 123,304,360,374,414,440 Elm, White (tllmus Americana) 123, 304, 350, 374, 414. 440 Elm, White (ITlmns racemosa) 123, 304, 374, 440 Elm, Winged 124,304,374,440 Emetiia ramuloaa 30 Encono 147, »1 8, 386, 452 Endotropia oleifolia 40 Eric ACEiK 96-99, 264, 257, 292, 308, 432 Erytlirina piacipula 57 Eugenia xo, 14 Eugenia axillaris yfl Eugenia Bantenaia gg 590 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Eugenia buxifolia 88,249,253,257,288,368,430 Sugeuia dichotoma 88,249,288 Eugenia dichotoma, var. fragrant 88 Eugenia dioaricata 88 Eugenia longipes 89,249,288 Eugenia montana 88 Eugenia monticola 89,249,253,257,288,366,480 Eugenia myrtoides 88 Eugenia pallens •- 88 Eugenia procera 89,249,253,257,288,366,430 Eugenia pungens 88 Eugenia triplvnervia (Eugenia bnxlfolia) 88 Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia monticola) 89 Euonymus '. ](|, 12, 13 Euonymus atropurpureua 38,249,272 Euonymus Garolin>ensis 38 Euonymus latif alius 38 EUPHOEBIACE^ 120,121,254,257,302,374,440 Excceearia lucida 121 Exostemma 10, 14 Bxostemma Caribaeani 95, 249, 353, 257, 265, 290, 366, 432 Exotkea oblongifolia 45 Experiments by Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,251,264,265 Eyeenhardtia 10,12,14 Eysenhardtia am.orphoide8- 55 Eyeenhardtia amorphoides, var. orfhocarpa - 55 Eysenhardtia ortbocarpa 13,55,249,278 Fagarafraodnifolia. Fagara l&ntiseifolia. . Fagara Pterota , Eagua 11 Fagus alba Fagus Americana Fagua Americana latifolia Fagus CasUmea , Fagus Castanea dentata i Fagus Castanea pumila . j Fagus ferrnginea 157,249,255,258,262,322,350, Fagus /erruginea,\a,T. Oaroliniana , Fagus pumila Fagus puTnila, va,r. prcecox Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatbca atropunieea Fagits 6ylvatica,\si,T. Ameriea/na Fagus sylvestris Ean-leaf Palm 217,348, Earkleberry 96, Fetid Buckeye 42,274, Fious Ficus aurea 126,251,254,267,306, Ficus aurea, TAT. latifolia Ficns brevifolia 127, Ficus complicata - Fious pedanculata -.127,250,254,257,306, Fiddlewood 116,306, Fig, Wild 127,306, Fir, Balm of Gilead 211,346, Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211,340, Fir, Balsam (Abies ooncolor) 213, 346, Fir, Douglas...-'^ 209,265,344,352, Fir, Red (Abies magnifloa) 214,346, Fir,Eed (Abies nobilia) 214,346,412, Fir, Eed (Pseudotsuga Donglaaii) 209, 265, 344, 362, 410, 476, Fir, Red, the moat important timber tree of the Pacific region Fir, White (Abies ooncolor) 213, 346, Fir, White (Abies grandis) 212, 346, Fir, Yellow 209,265,344,352,410, Fires, effect of, upou the forests of Tennessee Fires, forest, during the census year,- causes of, areas burned over, and losses entailed by {see, also, under state headings) Fires, forest, in Michigan, destructiveness of Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — Korth Atlantic division 157 157 157 157 157 156 390, 456 157 156 156 157 157 157 157 414, 480 292, 432 358, 422 11,15 376, 442 126 260, 306 127 376, 442 372, 438 376,442 412, 478 412, 478 412, 478 41(1,476 412, 478 478, 573 565, 575 7 412,478 412, 478 476. 1)76 .^46 491, 402 5S0 Northern Central division . 494-610 547-503 Page. Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the-^ontinued. South Atlantic division 51 1 -623' Southern Central division 524-1)48 Western division 564-580 Fires, forest,, forests, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in— Alabama 491,624-530 Alaska 680 Arizona -' ...-491,568,569 Arkansas • 491, 643,544 .California 491,578-580 Colorado 491,667,668 Connecticut 60u, 501 Dakota 491,561,562 Delaware 491,511 District of Columbia ^M Florida 491, 520-.'it3 (Jeorgia 491,519,520 Idaho - 491, 671-573 Illinois ,491,547-550 Indiana. 491,647 Indian territory 491,543 Iowa 491,660 Kansas 491,662,668 Kentucky ..4 491,545,646 Louisiana - 491 , 536-.'i40 Maine 491,494-496 Marvland 491,511 Massachusetts ....: 491,600,601 Michigan 491, 6,')0-."i54 Minnesota 491,658-580 Mississippi ..401,5,30-636 Missouri ,491,660,661 Montana 491,564-666 Kebraska ■- 562 ' Nevada 491,571 New Hampshire 491,496-498 New Jersey 491,506 New Mexico 491,568 New York.... 491,601-506 North Carolina 491,515-518 Ohio 491,647 . Oregon 491,676-1578 Pennsylvania 491,506-510 Rhode Island : ...-491,600,601 South Carolina 491,518,619 Tennessee 492,544,645 Texas 492,640-543 Utah 492,569-671 Teimont ...'. 492,498-500 Virginia 492.511,612 Washington 492,573-576 West Virginia ..492,.512-.';i'> Wisconsin 492,554-658 Wyoming 492,566,667 Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493 Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 521-523 Florida, Pencil Cedar of 522 Florida, production of naval stores in 517 Florida, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 522, 523 Florida, remarks by Mr. A. H. Curtiss on the forests of 521,522 Florida, Semi-tropical Forest of ^ 6 Florida, Southern Pine Belt in 520 Florida, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etb., in 491, 520-523 Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the forests of, May 31,1880 521 Florida, the Big Cypress region of 522 Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) .' 91, 288, 366, 430 Flowering Dogwood (Comus NuttaUU) 91,288,366,432 Faetataxus montana ' 186 Faetataxus Myristica 186 Forestiera 11,12,15 Forestiera acuminata 112,250,254,257,298,372,438 Forest crop of the United States for the census year, value of the 485 Forest, Deciduous, of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain 4 Forest fires during the census year, causes of, areas burned over, and losses entailed by (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492 Forest fires, remarks respectirig 'prevalence of and losses occasioned by. -191-493 Forest, Interior, in the Pacific region, extent of tlie... 8-10 Forest, Mexican, of southern Texas, extent of the '. 6 Forest of Florida, Serai-tropical , 6 Forest Trees, Catalogue of 17-219 Forest Trees, Index to Catalogue of 220-243 Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — North Atlantic division .- 494-610 Northern Central division 547.-t563 South Atlantic division 511-523 Southern Central division '. 524-.'i46 Western division j , 564-580 Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,569 Arkansas .> 491,643,644 California .^ 491,578-580 GENERAL INDEX. 591 Pago. TorestB, forest fires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in — continned. Colorado 431,567,568 Connecticut 500, 501 Dakota 491,501,562 Delaware 401, 51 1 District of Columbia 511 Piorida 491,520-523 Georgia 491,519,520 Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-550 Indiana 491, 547 Indian t«rritory 491, 543 Iowa 491,500 Kansas 491,562,66:) Kentucky 491,545.546 Louisiana 491,536-540 Maine 491,494-496 Maryland 491,511 Massachusetts .491, 500, 501 Michigan ;...491, 6.50-.')54 Minnesota 491,658-500 Missi.ssippi 491,530-536 Missouri 491,560,561 Montana •- 491,504-560 Nebraska 562 Nevada 491,571 New Hampshire 491,490-408 New Jersey 491,506 New Mexico. '. 491,508 Now York 491,501-506 North Carolina 491,515-518 Ohio 491,547 Oregon 491,576-578 Pennsvlvania 491, 606-510 Ehodo Island 491,500,501 South Carolina 491,518,519 Tennessee 492,544,545 Texas 493,540-543 trtah 492,669-571 Vermont 492,498-500 Virginia 402,511,612 Washington 492, 573-.'>70 "West Virginia 492,612-515 Wisconsin 492,554, 558 Wyoming 492,566,567 Forests, mountain, of California, injury by grazing cattle to the 579 Forests of North America, general remarks on the 3-16 Forests of the central pine hills of Mississippi 534 Forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala- bama 527,528 Forests of the Noiihern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine . 494 Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama 628, 529 Forests of the United States in their economic aspects 483-580 Forests of the Tazoo delta in Mississippi 535, 536 Forests of western Mississippi 634,535 Forests on Indian reservations in Minnesota 559,560 Forkedleaf Black Jack 161,320,388,454 Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,468 40 41 40 40 ; 41 26 25 Frangula Oali/omiea Frangida Califomica, var. tomenteUa - Frangula Caroliniana Frangula fragilis Frangula Purshiana Franklinia Fi'onklinia Alatamaha Fraxinus acuminata Fraxinnsalba Fraxinus alba (Fraxinus Americana) Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. mlcrocarpa) . Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) .. Fraxinus 11,12,15 107 112 107 108 108 Fraxinus Americana 107,250,251,254,257,260,296,350,370,430 110 110 109 107 108 108 110 110 Ill Fraxinus Americana (Fraxinus platyoarpa) Fraxinus Americana, vav. Caroliniana Fraxinus Americana, var. juglandifolia Fraxinus Atnericana, var. lati/olia Praxinus Americana, rar. microcarpa Fraxinus ATncricana, rnr. pubescens Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa Fraxinus Americana, vtiT. sambucifolia Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis 108, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 414, 436 Fra:i-inus Americana, vm.triptera 110 Fraxinus anomala 13,106,249,296 109 107 110 109 107 112 Fraxinus Berlandicriana Fraxinus Canadensis Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) . Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus viridis) Fraxinus Caroliiiewia Praxinus cinerea Page. 108 106 Ill 108 110 112 112 107 112 107 110 109 112 Ill Fraxinus Greggii 106,249,251,296 Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) Fraxinus coriacea ( Fraxinus pistaclffifolia) Fraxinus erispa Fraxinus Curtissii Fraxinus curvidens Fraxinus cuspidata Fraxinus dipetala Fraxinus discolor Fraxinus elliptica ^.. Fraxinus epiptera Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus expansa Fraxinus fusca Fraxinus grandifolia Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus Americana) ... Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. serraUt, Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata Fraxinus laneea Fraxinus longifolia Fraxinus mixta Fraxinus nervosa Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens) Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Fraxinus nigrescens Fraxinus N'ov t. 35 Ilex aquifolium 35 Ilex Oanadensie 35 Ilex Oassena 36 IlexCassine - 36,249,272 Ilex Oossine (Hex Dahoon) 35 Ilex Oassine,p 36 Hex Cassine, var. angufUfolia 35 Hex Oagsine, var. latifolia 35 Ilex caesinoidea 35 IlexDahoon 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 IlexDahoon, var. angustifoUa 35 Hex Dahoon, Dor. myrtifolia 36,250,270 Ilexdecidua 37,249,272 Ilex Floridana 36 Hex lauri folia 35 Ilex laxijl!>ra 35 Ilex ligustrifolia 36 lira JifftMfrfna (Hex Cassine) 36 JI« !i(7U«(ri7io (Hex Dahoon, »or. angustifoUa) 36 Hex myrtifolia 36 Hexopaoa 34,250,253,256,270,356,420 Ilex prinoides 37 Hex quercifolia 36 Hex religiosa 36 Hex rosmarifolia 36 lUiX vomiioria 36 Hex Watsoniana , 38 If;ICTXK;E 34,253,256,270,366,420 Illinois, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,548-550 Illinois Nut 132,308,350,378,444 Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 548 Illinois, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547-550 38 FOR Incense Cedar 176,330, Index to Catalogue of Forest Trees Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products Indiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in Indian Bean 115,300, Indian Cherry ■- 40,272, Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . India-rubber Tree 127,306, Industry, lumber, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the Page. 390, 462 220-243 487,647 487, 547 401, 547 372, 438 358,422 491,543 376,442 548 Indastry, lumbering, of the United States, average number of hands em- ployed in the 486 Industry, lumbering, of the United States, general remarks on 485-493 Industry, lumbering, of the ITnited States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 486,467 Inga for/ex 64 Inga Guadalupensis 64 Inga microphyUa 64 Inga rosea C4 In,ga Unguis-cati 64 Inkwood 46,274,358,422 Interior Porest in the Pacific region, extent of the 8-10 Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 660 Iowa, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487,660 Iowa, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,660 loxylonpomiferum :.. - 128 Iron oak ./is-. 139,312,382,448 Ironwood (Bnmeha lycioldes) 103,294,368,434 Ironwood (Carpinns Carolinlana) 169,322,392,456 Ironwood (Cliftonia Ugustrina) 38,272,366,420 Ironwood (Cyrilla racemlflora) 37, 272, 356 Ironwood (Hypelate paniculata) 46,274,358,422 Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 56,278,360,426 Ironwood (Ostrya Virginlca) 158,322,300,456 Ironwood, Black 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, Eed 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, White 45,274,422 Islay 70,284,364,428 Ilea CyriUa 37 Ivy 98,292,368,434 J. Jack, Black (Quercns Catesbfiei) 151,320,388,454 Jack, Black (Quercus nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454 Jack, Blue 153,320,390,456 Jack, Forked-leaved Black „ 151,320,388,454 Jack Oak 150,265,320,350,388,454 Jack, Sand 163,320,390,456 Jacquinia - 11, 15 Jaoquinia armillaris ; 100,249,292 Jamaica Dogwood 57,278,360,426 Jersey Pine 199,340,350,404,470,546 Joewood 100,292 Joshua, Tha 219,348 Joshua Tree 219,348 Judas Tree 61,280,362,420 JUGLAKDACE^ 130-136,254,257,306,376,414,442 Jnglans 11,12,1.5,251 Juglans alba (Caryaalba) Juglans alba (Carya tomentosa) Juglans alba aeuminata Juglans albaminivui Julians alba ovaia Juglans amara Juglaiis anguatifolia (Carya amara) JuglaTis angust^olia (Carya oUvseformis) . Juglans aquatica Juglans Cdli/omica Juglans catfiartiea 133 133 134 135 132 135 135 1.12 135 131 130 Juglans cinerea 130,260,254,257,260,306,376,442 Julians comprcssa 132 Juglans cardiformis 135 JuglaTis cylindrica 132 Juglans exaltata 132 Juglans glabra 1 34 594 GENERAL INDEX. Jugla^is IlliTwiTicnsie Juglans lacmiosa Jugla/tis mucronata Juglans myrisHcosformU. Page. : 132 133 133 135 Jnglans nigra 131, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 308, 350, 376, 414, 444 JvgUms nigra oblonga 131 Juglarw obcordata 134 Juglans oblonga 130 Jtiglans oblonga alba ■ 130 Juglans olivceformis 132 Juglans ouaXis 132 Juglamaovata 132 Juglans Pecan 132 Jugla/ns porcina 134 Juglans porcina, var, obcordata 134 JuglarkS ■porcina, Yav. pisiformis 134 Jvglans pyriformia 134 Juglans rubra 132 Jnglans inpestris 13,131,250,251,254,257,308,378,444 Juglans rupestris,Ya,T. major 131 Jv^Ums squamosa 132 Juglans sulcata 133 Juglans tomentosa 134 Jnneberry 84,286,364,430 Jnniper (Jtmiperus Califomica) 180,332 Juniper ( Janiperas Califomica, var. ITtaheusis) 181, 332 Jnniper (Jnniperns oocidentalis) 182,332,464 Jnniper (Janipema occidentalis, var. conjngens) .'ttt 182, 332, 388, 464 Jnniper (Junipems occidentalis, va/r. monoBperma) 182, 332, 350 Jnniper ( Juniperus paohypliloea) 181, 332, 398 Jnniperns 11,12,16 Jwniperus Andina 181 Juniperus arborescens 182 Juniperus aromatica 179 Jtmiperus Barbadensis 182 Jnniperns Califomica 180,250,332 Juniperus Cali/ Laurus Oatesbyana 119" Laurus regia 120' Laurus sanguinea 119 LoMrus Sassafras 119' Lawson's Cypress 179,332,350,398,464 Leaf, Sweet 105,294,368,434 LKGUMINOS.aE 55-64,253,256,278,360,414,424 Legnminosae (Mexican) 6 Ltptocarpa Oa/roliniana 69' Letter of transmittal ix Leucsena 8,10,12,14' Lencsena glauca 62, 249, 280j Lencaena pulvemlenta 63,249,280 Leverwood 168,322,390,456" Libocedms - 8,11,12,16 Libocedms decnrrens 176,250,255,258,330,396,462 Llgnum-vitsB 28,268,356,420' LlLIACEJE 218,219,34S Lime, Ogeecbee 91,290,366,432 Lime Tree 27,268,356,418. Lime, Wild (Xantboxylum Pterota) 31, 270^ Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) 34,270- Lin 27,268,356,418; Linden, American 27,268,350,356,418 Liqnidambar , 10,11,14 Liquidambar macrophyUa 86" Liquidambar Styraoiflua 86, 250, 253, 256, 260, 286, 360, 364, 414, 430 Liquidamhar StyraciJlxia,Y&T. Mexicana 86" Liquidamber 86,286,350,364,414,430 LlriodendroH 10,11,13 Liriodendron procera 22^ GENERAL INDEX. 593 Page. Xiriodendron Xulipifera 22,250,253,256,259,266,350,354,418 Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) : 146,318,386,452 Live Oak (Qaercus virens) 146,265,316,388,452 Live Oak (Quercus 'Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 Live Oak, Coast 147,318,386,452 Loblolly Bay 25,205,268,354,418 Loblolly, Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 Loblolly Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 Xocust (Bobinia KeO'Mexicana) 56,278,360,426 Locust (Kobinia Pseudacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424 Locust, Black (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59, 280, 360, 426 Locust, Black (Kobinia Pseudacacia) 55, 278, 360, 360, 414, 424 Locust, Clammy 56,278 Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59, 280, 360, 426 Locust, Honey (Prosopis juliflora) 62, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426 Locust, Sweet 59, 280, 360, 426 Locust, Water - 60,280,362,426 Locust, Yellow 55,278,350,360,414,424 Lodge-pole Pine 195,338,350,404,470,564,574,577 Logs rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport, Pennsyl- vania, from 1862 to 1880, number of 508 Logwood 40,272 Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31 , 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524 Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing iu the forests of Louisiana May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the. amount of 537 Long- and Short-leavod Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 531 Long-leaved Cucumber Tree 22,266,354,418 Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 Long-leaved Pine 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Tlorida May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 521 Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 520 Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of •- 516 Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests^of South Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of. 519 Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt : 4 Louisiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 536, 537 Louisiana, moss-ginning industry in 537,538 Louisiana, production of naval stores in 517, 536,537 Louisiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Louisiana, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 538-540 Louisiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, et«., in .491, 536, 540 Louisiana, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 537 Lumber and shingles received at Chicago during the year 1880, amount of. 548, 549 Lumber for Colorado, Utah, and Ifew Mexico, Chicago the principal souGce of supply of -- 568, 569 Xumber industry and manufactures from wood in — Alabama 486,487,524,525 Arizona 486,487,569 Arkansas 486,487,544 California 486,487,578,580 Colorado 486,487,567,568 Connecticut 486, 487, 500, .Wl Dakota 486,487,661 Delaware 486,487,511 District of Colombia 486,487 Florida 486,487,521,623 Georgia 486,487,619,620 Idaho 486,487,572 Illinois 486,487,548-550 Indiana 486,487,647 Iowa 486,487,560 Kansas 486,487,663 Kentttoky '. 486,487,546 Louisiana --,- - 486,487, 636. 537 Maine - 486,487,494-496 Maryland 486,487,611 Massachusetts 486,487,600,501 Michigan ■ 486,487,651,552 Minnesota 486,487,658 Mississippi 480,487,631 Missouri: 486,487,600,561 Montana 486,487,664 Nebraska 466,487,662 Nevada 486,487,671 Now Hampshire 486,487,407,498 Now Jersey 486, 487, 5C6 Pago. Lumber Industry and manufactures &om wood in — continaed. New Mexico 486,487,568 New York 486,487,502-505 North Carolina -' 486,487,515 Ohio 486,487.547 Oregon 486,487,577 Pennyslvania 486,487,506-510 Rhode Island 486,487,500,501 South Carolina 486,487,518,619 Tennessee 486,487,545 Texas 486,487,541,642 Utah 486, 487, .569 Vermont 486,487,498-600 Tirginla 486,487,512 ■Washington 486,487,574 West 'Virginia 486,487,512-515 Wisconsin 486,487,554,556 Wyoming 486,487,567 Lumber Industry, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the 548 Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan 552 Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on 485-493 Lumber market, importance of Burlington, Vermont, osa 499 Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a 503 Lumber trade of Chicago, early 549, 550 Lumbering Industry of the United States, average number of hands employed In 486 Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 486,487 Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of 674 Lyonia arborea 98 Lyonia fenruginea 96 Lyonia rigida 96 Lysiloma 10,14 LysUoTna Baha/mensis 64 Lysiloma latlsiliqua 64,250,282,362,426 M. Madura 11, 15 Maclnra aurantlaca 128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542 Madeira 34,270,350,356,420 MadroBa 97,292,368,432 Magnolia 10,11,13 354, 418 22 22 354, 418 20 20 354, 418 414, 418 20 20 418, 634 _ 19 19 20 354,418 354, 418 Magnoha acuminata 20,250,253,256,259,266, Magnolia aurictdaris Moffnolia auriculata Magnolia cordata 20,250,253,256,266, Magnolia De CandoUii Magnolia fragrans Magnolia Froseri ^.22,250,253,256,266, Magnolia glauca 19,260,263,256,266,354, Magnolia glaum, var. latifolia Magnolia glauca, var. lo7ig\folia Magnolia grandirfora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414, Magnolia grandiflora, var. «Uipeica and oboaata Magnolia gra/ndijlora, var. lanceolata Mqgnolia long^folia Magnolia macrophylia : 21,250,253,256,266, Magnolia, Mountain 20,266, Magnolia pyraTnidata Magnolia tripetdla Magnolia Umbrella 21,250,253,256,266, Magnolia Virginiana, var. a. glauca Magnolia Virginiana, var. p./oetida Magnolia Virginiana, var. e i Magnolia Virginiana, var. tripetdla MagnouacEvE 19-22,253,256,286,354, Mahogany 34,270,350, Mahogany Birch 16:i, 324, Mahogany, Mountain, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the Interior Forest Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 7] , 284, 330, 428, Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifollus) 71,284, Maine, forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of. Maine, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, Maine, rank of, according to value of lumber products Maine, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, Maine, tabular statement of the amount of Pine and Spruce standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 MALriGHiACE.s 28,253,256,268, Maipighia lucida Malus aagxistifolia ." Mahts coronaria 21 354,418 20 19 20 21 414, 418 336, 420 392, 458 9 569, 571 560,571 494 404-490 487 494, 496 494 356,420 28 72 72 •596 GENERAL INDEX. Mains diveraifolia Malus microcarpa corona/ria MaXus rivularis jUalus sewpervirens Malus subcordata Mancbineel Manchiaeel, Monntain 54, 278, Mancinellor venenata Mangrove 87,265,288, Mangrove, Black ManpH'ove, "White., 87,288, Maple, Ash-leaved 51, 276, Maple, Black Sugar 49, 276, 350, Maple, Broad-leaved 47, 274, Maple, D-warf Maple, Goose-foot Maple Hard 48,276,358, Maple, Monntain Maple, Eed 50,276, Maple, Eock 48,276, Maple, Silver 49,276, Maple, Soft (Acer daBycarpnm) 49, 276, Maple, Soft (Acer rubrum) 50, 276, Maple, Striped Maple, Sngar 48,276, Maple sngar and molasses produced in the United States in 1879, amount of Maple, Swamp 50, 276, Maple, Tine 47,274, Maple, Water 50,276, Maple, ■White 49,276, Maritime Pine Belt in Georgia Maritime Pine Belt in Mississippi Maritime Pine Belt in North Carolina Maritime Pine Region in Alabama Marlberry Maryland, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, Maryland, rank of, according to value of lumber products Maryland, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in Massachusetts, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in. .486, 487, Massashusetts, rank of, according to value of lumber products Massachusetts, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, Massachusetts, the Northern Pine Belt in Mastic 101,292, Maul Oak 146,318, May Cherry 84, 286, May Haw 82, 286, Meadow Pine 202,342,352,406, MeliacEJ. 33,34,253,256,270, Mdicocca paniculata Melilobus heterophylla Mespilus aoerifolia MespiluB cestivalis Mespilus apiifolia Mespilus arborea MespUus arbutifolia Mespilus Azarolus Mespilus berberifolia Mespilus Bosdana Mespihts Calpod&ndron Mespilus Canadensis Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata Mespdlics Canadensis, var. obovalis Mespilus Carolinimia Mespilus cocciv^ea Mespilus cordata Mespilus eornifolia Mespilus Crus-galli Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratsegus Crus-galli) ^ Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratsegus toraentosa, var. punctata) Mespilus cuneiformis Mespilus eUiptica (Cralgegus Crus galli) Page. 73 72 73 72 IB 121, 304 360, 424 121 364, 430 117, 302 364, 430 360, 424 358, 424 358, 422 48, 274 46, 274 422, 576 46, 274 358, 424 358, 422 358, 424 358, 424 358, 424 46, 274 358, 422 485 358,424 358, 422 358, 424 358, 424 519 532 515 625 100, 292 487, 511 487 491, 511 500, 501 487 500, 501 500 368, 434 386, 452 364, 430 364, 430 ' 416, 474 356; 420 45 59 80 82 81 84 83 81 82 77 79 84 84 85 82 77 30 80 76 76 76 76 60 76 76 Page. 83 77 82. 82 77 83 79 77 9 ' 76 77 83 81 84 79 76 80 78 79 76 77 77 80 79 SO 77 77 70 81 78 82 78 76 77 362, 426 362, 426 Mespilus elliptica (Crataegus flava, var. pnbescens) Mespilu flabellata - Mespilus fiavtti Mespilus jlexispina Mespilus glandulosa Mespilus hiemalis Mespilus latifolia Mespilus linearis Mespilus lobata Mespilus ludda ^ Mespilus lucida, var. angu.stifolia Mespilus Michauxii Mespilus monogyna, var. a^ifolia , Mespilus nivea Mespilus odorata Mespilus ovalifolia Mespilus Phcenopyrum Mespilus pdpulif olio, Mespilus pruinosa Mespilus pruneUifolia Mespilus prunifolia Mespilus pubescens ^ Mespilus pwnctaia Mespilus pyrif alia (Cratffigus tomentosa) Mespilus pyrif olia (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) Mespilus rotundifolia (Cratsegns coccinea) Mespilus rotundif olia (Cratsegus Crus-galU, var. prubifolia) Mespiliis salicifolia - Mespilus spathulata Mespilus tilicefolia Mespilus turbinata Mespilus vi/ridis Mespilus Watsoniana i Mespilus Wendlandii Mesquit 62,265,280,350, Mesquit, Screw-pod ; 62,280, Mesquit the most important species in the valleys of the Atlantic-Mexi- can region ?. 9 Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247, 251 , 252 Method of determining the strength of woods 252 Metopium lAnncei 54 Mexican Banana 219,348 Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of .„ 6 Mexican Mulberry 128,306 Mexican Persimmon 105,294 Michauxia sessilis 25 Michigan, destructiveness of forest fires in 550 Michigan, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,551*552 Michigan, lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in ,552 Michigan, maple-sugar product of 551 Michigan, rank of according to value of lumber products 487, 552 Michigan, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 553,554 Michigan, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 550-554 Michigan, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in -the forests of. May 31, 1880 , g5i Mimosa biceps 62 Mimosa frondosa 62 Mimosa glauca. 62 Mimosa Guadalupensis 64 Mimosa latisiliq^ia 64 Mimosa leucocephala .■ 62 Mimosa rosea 64 Mimosa XTn^uis-cati 64 Mimusops 11 15 Mimusops dissecta 103 Mimusops Sieberi 103,249,254,257,294,368,434 Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in 559, 560 Minnesota, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 558 Minnesota, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 559 Minnesota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 559,560 Minnesota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, 558-500 Minnesota, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 558 Minnesota, the Northern Pjno Belt in .' 55s Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the 4 GENERAL INDEX. 597 Page. Mississippi, forests of the central pine hills of 534 Itississippi, forests of the Tazoo delta in,.., 535,536 Mississippi, lamber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 531 Mississippi, pine forests of the northeastern connties of 532-534 Mississippi, production of naval stores in 517, 531, 532, 536 Mississippi, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Mississippi, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 531-536 Mississippi, southern, pine forests of 531, 532 Mississippi, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, 530-536 Mississippi, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 531 Mississippi, the Maritime Pine Belt in 532 Mississippi, westerrf, forests of 534,635 Missouri, lumber industry and manufactures from -wood in 486, 487, 560, 561 Missouri, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 561 Missouri, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, 560, 561 Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama 525 Mocker Nat 134,310,350,380,444 Mock Orange 70,284,362,428 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests and the turpentine industry of Alabama by 525-530 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Horida by 522, 523 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by 638-540 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Mississippi by 531-530 ' Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Texas by 542, 543 Molasses and sugar, maple, produced in the United States in 1879, amount of *85 Montana, lamber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 564 Montana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Montana, remarks by Mr. Sereno "Watson on the forests of 565, 566 Montana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 564-566 Monterey Cypress 179,332,398,464 Monterey Pine ' 196,340,404,470 Moose Ehn 122,304,374,440. Moosewood 46,274 Moras Canadensis (Lamarck and Eaflneaque) 127 Moras miorophylla 12,128,249,306 Morus Misaouriensis Moras parnfolia (Morus miorophylla) MoT%ts paroifoUa (Morns rubra) Morus, reticulata Morus rvparia Morus rubra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 Moras rubra, var. Canadensis 127 Moras rubra, var. iruAsa ^^' Morus rubra, var. tomentosa ^^" 127 Morus scabra 127 Moras tomentosa -. Moss-ginning industry in Louisiana • 537,538 Mossy-cup Oak 140,265,314,384,448 Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana) 73,284,428 Mountain Ash (Pyrus sambucifoUa) 74,284,364,428 Mountain forests in California, pasturage of 679, 580 MonutaiALaurel : 120,302,374,440 20,266,354,418 127 128 127 127 127 Mountain Magnolia Mountain Mahogany and the Nut Pine the most Important trees of the Interior Forest Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledifolius) 71 , 284, 350, 428, 569, 571 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71, 284, 569, 571 Mountain Manchineel ...54,278,360,424 Mountain Maple 46,274 Mountain Plum ■--• ^•'^^ Mountain White Oak 143,316,386,450 Mulberry, Mexican 128,306 Mulberry, Eed 138,306,376,442 Myginda' -• ^"''^^ Myginda pallens 38,249,272 Mylocaryum ligustrinum '* Myrica "■^2,15 MyricaCalifornica 137,249,254,257,312,380,446 Myrica Carolineiwis Myrica cerifora 136,250,254,257,312,380,440 Myrica ceri/era humUis Myrica cer\fera sempervirens "" Myrica cerifcra, tut. anffusti/oUa "" Page. 136 136 136 136 136 137 380, 446 100, 292 11,15 99 99 24.1. 292 366, 430 41, 272 380, 446 88 88 Myrica cerifera, var. arboresceiia Myrica cerifera, var. latifolia Myrica cerifera, var. media Myrica cerifera,ysa.pumila Myrica Pennsylvanica .' Myrica Xa.lapimsis MYEICACEJ5 136,137,254,257,312, MTESINACEjB 99, Myrsine Myrsine JUyribunda Myrsine Floridana Myrsine Hapanea 99, MTKTACEJ5 88,89,253,257,288, Myrtle, Blue Myrtle, Wax 136,312, Myrtus axillaris , Myrtles buxifolia Myrtus Chytraculia 88 Myrtus dichotoma 88 Myrtus monticola 89 Myrtus Povreti 88 Myrtus procera 89 IV. Naked Wood (Colubrina recllnata) 42,274,358 Naked Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) 88,288 Nannyberry 94,290,432 Naval stores, production of, in Alabama 1 517, 527, 629, 530 Naval stores, prodaction of, in Florida -517 Naval stores, production of, in Georgia 517 Naval stores, production of, in Louisiana .517,536, 537 Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 517, 531, 532, 536 Naval stores, prodaction of, in North Carolina 516-518 Naval stores, production of, in South Carolina 517 Nebr.oska, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 562 Nebraska, rank of. according to value of lumber products , 487 Nebraska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 562 Necklace Poplar 175,330,350,396,462 Nectandra 11, 15 Nectandra Bredemeieriama 119 Nectandra Willdenoviana 119,249,302 Negundiurd fraxinifoliuTii 51 Negundo 10-13 Negundo aceroides 12,50,250,253,256,278,360,424 Negundo aceroides (Negundo Califomicnm) 51 Negundo Caltfomicum 51,250,253,256,276,360,424 Negundo Califomicum (Negundo aceroides) 51 Negundo fraxinifolium 61 Negundo lobatwm, ■- 51 Negundo Mexieanum 51 Negundo trifoliativm '. 51 Nevada, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 571 Nevada, rank of, according to lumber products 487 Nevada, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 571 Newcastle Thorn 76,286,364,430 New Hampshire, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 497, 498 New Hampshire, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Now Hampshire, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 497 New Hampshire, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,496-498 New Hampshire,' tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 496 New Jersey, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 506 New Jersey, rank of, according to value of lamber products 487 N6w Jersey, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . . . 491, 506 New Mexico, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 568 New Mexico, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 New Mexico, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . 491. 568 New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, Chicago the principal source of supply of lumber for 568,569 Nl-w York, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 502-505 New York, niaple-su^ar product of 501 Now York, i.iuk of, accoi-ding to value of lumber products 487 Xew York, mnk of Albany, as a lumber market 503 598 GENERAL INDEX. , Page. Xew York, romarka by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 501-506 New York, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 491, 501-50G New York, tlie Northern Pine Belt in BOl North American continent, division of the, with reference to its forest geography 3 North American forests, general remarks on the 3-16 North Atlantic division, extent of forests, standing timber, forest fires, etc., in the 494-510 North Carolina, grades of tar and rosin produced in 517 North Carolina, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 515 North Carolina, production of naval stores in 516-518 North Carolina, rank of, according to value of luniber products 487 North Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 496,515-518 North Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 516 North Carolina, the'Maritime Pine Belt in 515 Noi-them Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the - - 547-583 Northern Forest in the Atlantic region 3,4 Northern Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 7 Northern Pine Belt, forests of the, once extended overthe State of Maine 494 Northern Pine Belt in Connecticut 500 Northern Pine Belt in Massachusetts 500 Northern Pine Belt in Minnesota 558 Northern Pine Belt in New York 501 NorOlemPine Belt in Bbode Island 600 Northern Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4 Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,488 Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446 Nut, Bull 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Coffee ..j 58,280,360,426 Nut, Illinois 132,308,350,378,444 Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Mocker , 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Pig 134,310,350,380,446 Nut Fine and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the Interior !E*orest 9 Nut Pine (Finns cembroides) 190,336 Nut Pine (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,468 Nut Pine (Pinus monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 Nut Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Nut, Tallow 34,270 Nutmeg, California : 186,334,400,466 Nutmeg, Hickory 135,310,350,380,446 NyCTAGINACE.aE 117,254,257,302,372,438 Nyssa 10,11,14 Nyssa angulisana 93 N'yssa angulosa 93 Nyisa aqualica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92 Nyssa aquatwa (Nyssa uniflora) 92 Nyssa biflora 92 Nyssa Canadensis 92 Nyssa candicans 91 Nyssa capitata 91,250,253,257,290,366,432 Nyssa capitata, var. grandidentata - 93 Nyssa OaroUniana 92 Nyssa eocffinea 91 Nyssa denticulata 92 Nyssa grandidentata 93 Nyssa vntegrifolia 92 Nyssa Tnoittana 91 Nyssa nmUiJlora , 92 Nyssa muMJlora, r&v. syhatioa ,9?. Nyssa Ogeche 91 Nyssa paXustris . .! '. 93 Nyssa sylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290,366,432 Nyssa tomentosa (Nyssa capitata) 91 Nyssa tomentosa (Nyssa uniflora) 93 Nyssi* uniflora 92,250,253,257,260,290,350,366,432 Nyssa villosa 92 O. Oak, Bartram's , 153,320,390,456 Oak, Basket -. 141,316,384,416,450 Page. Oak, Black (Queroua Emoryi) 146, 265, 318, 386, 45^ Oak, Black (Querous Kelloggll) 149,265,320,388,416,454 Oak, Black (Qaercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Oak, Black (Querous tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528 Oak, Blue 143,316,386,456 Oak, Burr 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 580 Oak, Chestnut (Querous prinoides) 143,265,316,384,450 Oat, Chestnut (Quercus Prinus) 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Oak, Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450 Oak, Coast Live 147,318,386,462 Oak, Cow 341.316,384,416,450,533 Oak, Duck 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Iron , 139,312,382,448 Oak, Jack , 150,265,320,350,388,454 Oak, Laurel (Quercus imbricaria) 154,322,390,456 Oak, Laurel (Querous laurifolia) 153,320,390,454 Oak, Live (Quercus chryaolepis) 146,318,386,452 Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145, 265, 316, 386, 452 Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 Oak, Maul 146,318,386,452 Oak, Mossy-cup 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Mountain White i 143, 316, 386, 450 Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450,533 Oak, Over-cap (Quercus macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448 Oak, Peach (Querous densiflora) 3j. 165,265,322,390,456 Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) ,.•'. 154, 322, 390, 456 Oak, Fin 152,320,388,454 Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Post '. 139,312,382,448,528 Oak, Punk 152,320,350.388,416,464 Oak, Quercitron , :--..-, 149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, Bed (Quercus falcata) ., 151, 265, 320, 360, 388, 454 i)ak. Bed (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Oak, Bed (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452 Oak, Eock Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Oak, Scarlet 148,318,388,452 Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbsei) 151, 320, 388, 454 Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. GambeUi) 139,314,384,448 Oak, Shingle 154,322,390,456 Oak, Spanish .151,265,320,350,388,454,528 Oak, Swamp Post 140,314,350,384,460 Oak, Swamp Spanish .-. 152,320,388,454 Oak, Swamp White 141,314,384,450 Oak, Tanbark 155,265,322,890,456 Oak, Turkey 151,320,388,464 Oak, Upland Willow _ 153,320,390,456 Oak, Valparaiso 146,318,386,452 Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) ; 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Water (Quercus palustris) 152,320,388,454 Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384,450 Oak, W;eeping 138,312,382,448 Oak, White (Quercus alba) 137^ 265, 312, 350, 380, 414, 446 Oak, White (Querous Garry ana) 138,312,350,382,448,576 Oak, White (Quercus grisea) ; 144,316,386,452 Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138, 312, 382, 448 Oak, White (Querous oblongifolia) 144,316,386,452 Oak, Willow.. : 154,322,390,466 Oak, Yellow (Quercus prinoides) 143, 265, 316, 384, 450 Oak, Yellow (Quercus tinctoria) .149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, YeUow-bark 149,2615,318,350,388,454 Obispo Pine ^ 200,340,404,472 CEnocarpus regia 2I8 OgeecheeLime 91,290,366,432 Ohio Buckeye 42,274,358,422 Ohio, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 547 Ohio, rank of, according to value of lumber preducts 487, 587 Ohio, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., ia 491, 547 OLACINEiE 3^ 270 Old-fleld Birch .■...., 159,324,350,392,458 Old-field Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470 Old Man's Beard 1 nj 298 Olea Americana . 113 Oleaok^ -106-113,264,257,296,370,434 Olive, California 120,302,374,440 GENERAL INDEX, 599 Page. Olneya 10,12,14 OIneyaTeaota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426 Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428 Orange, Oaage 128,306,376,442 Orange, Wild (Prnnus Caroliniana) 70,284,362 428 Orange, "Wild (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420 Orchidooarpimi arietinum 23 Oregon Aeh 111,298,372,438 Oregon Cedar 179,332,350,398,404 Oregon Crab Apple 73 284 Oregon, lumber industry and mannfaotures from wood in 486, 487, 577 Oregon Pine , 209,265,344,352,410,476 Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Oregon, remarks by Mr. Serene Watson on the forests of certain counties of , 577 573 Oregon, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. In 491, 576-578 Oreodaphne Oalifomica 12o Oreodoxa U 16 Oreodoxa oleracea 218 Oreodoxa regia ' 218,250,348,352 Original forest of the District of Columbia replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine, etc 511 Osage Orange 128,306,376,442 Osmanthus H 15 Osmanthus Amerioanus 113,249,254,257,300,372,438 Ostrya 11^16 Ostrya Yirginiana 158 Ostrya Virginica 168,249,255,258,322,390,456 Ostrya Yirginiea, var. eglandulosa 158 Ostrya Yirginiea, var. glamduUisal 158 Over-cnp Oak (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 350, 384, 460, 533 Over-cup Oak (Quercus maoroearpa) 140,265,314,384,448 Oxydendrum 11,15 Oxydendrum arboreum 08,249,254,257,292,368,434 V. Pacific Coast Forest, the 7 Pacific region, the 6-10 Padtis awtUaginea 68 Padus demissa 69 PadusseroHna 68 Padus Yirginiana 68 Palm, Fan-loaf 217,348,414,480 Palm, Eoyal , 218,348,352 Pdlma argentea 218 PALMACE.aE 217,218,265,269,348,414,480 Palmetto, Cabbage 217,348,352 Palmetto Sabal 217,260,348,352 Palmetto, Silk-lop 217,348 Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348 Palo Blanco 126,306 Palo Verde 60,280,362,426 Papaw 23,266,354,418 Paper Birch 160,324,350,392,458 Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420 Parkinsonia 10-12,14 Parkinsonia aculeata 12,60,250,280 Parkinsonia microphylla 60,249,280 Parkinsonia Torreyana 60,250,253,256,280,362,426 Parsley Haw ; 81,286 Pasania densijlora 156' Pavia Oalifomiea 43, Paviacarnea 42 Pavia, discolor 43 Pavia Jlava 43 Pavia glabra 42 Pavia hybrida -43 Pavia lutea 43 Pavia neglecta • 43 Pavia pallida 42 Pavia Watsoniana 42 Peach Oak (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456 Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428 Pear Haw 79,286,364,430 Page. Pecan 132,308,350,378,444 Pecan, Bitter 136,310,350,380,414,446 Pecan-nut, the, an important product west of the Colorado river in Texas 543 522 506-510 487 507-510 Pencil Cedar of Florida Pennsylvania, lumber industry and mannfactnres from wood in - .486, 487, Pennsylvania, rank of, according to value of lumber products Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of Pennsylvania, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,506-510 Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine and Hem- lock standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 606 Pepperidge 92,290,306,432 Pepperwood 30,270,356,420 Per cent, of tannin in the bark of certain species 265 Persea 11,15 Persea Borbonia 118 Persea Caroliuensis 118,250,254,267,302,372,438 Persea Carolinensis, var. glabriuscula 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. palnstris 119, 250, 2.54, 267, 302, 372, 438 Persea Carolinensis, vai. pubescent 119 Persea Oatesbyana 119 Persea Sassafras 119 Persimmon 104,294,360,368,434 Persimmon, Black 106, 294 Persimmon, Mexican 105,294 Phcenopyrum aeerifoUvm, 80 PhcBnopyrum arborescens 76 Phcenopyrum Carolimianum 82 Pkcenopyrv/m coccinewm 77 Phc&nopyrum cordatwm 80 Phcenopyrum ellipticum 82 Phcrniopyrum poptdifoliuTn 78 Phcenopyrum pruinosum 79 Phcenopyrum spathulatum 81 Phcenopyrum subvilloswm - 78 Phcenopyrum Yirgvnicum, 82 Phcenopyrum viride 78 Phcenopyrum Wendlandii 1 77 Photinia arbutifolia 83 PhoHnia salidfolia 83 Plcea 11,12,16,575 Piceaalba 12,204,250,255,258,263,342,408,474,662,564 Piceaamabilis (Abies amabilis) 213 Picca amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211 Picea balsamea 211 Picea balsa-mea, var. long^olia 211 Picea bifolia 211 Picea bracteata 213 Picea Calif omica 208 Picea CanadeTms ^ 206 Picea coerulea 204 Picea concolor j 212 Picea concolor, vm.vidlacea 212 Picea Souglasii 209 Picea Engelmanni 9, 205, 251, 256, 258, 265, 342, 408, 474 , 564-567, 572-575 Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211 Picea Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Picea glauca 204 Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Picea grandis (Abies grandis) 212 Picea laxa 204 Picea Lowiana 212 Picea magnifica 214 Picea Menziedi (Picea pungens) 206 Picea Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206 Picea nigra 202,250,255,258,263,265,342,352,408,474,494,498,498 Picea nigra, rsx. glauca 204 Picea nigra, vav. rubra 203 Picea nobilis 214 Picea pungens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474 Picea rubra 203 Picea Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576 PicTceringia panievXata 100 Pigeon Cherry 66,282,428 600 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Pigeon Plum 117,302,372,438 Pigeonwood 117,302,372,438 Pig Nut 134,310,350,380,446 Pike county, Alaljama, the forests of 528 Pilocereus Engdraanni 80 Pin Cherry 66,282,428 Pin Oak 152,320,388,454 Pinckneya ,. 10,11,14 Pinokneya pubons , 95,250,253,257,290,366,432 .Pmckneya ptibesoene ". 95 Pine and Sprnce standing in the forests of Maine May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 494 Pine, Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine belt of central Alabama 529 Pine, Bishop'a 200,840,404,472 Pine, Black (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Black (Pinna Mnrrayana) 195,338,350,-404,470 Pine, Bull (Pinns Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Bull (Pinns mitia) 200,340,350,406,472 Pino, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana) .195,338,350,404,470 Pine, Cedar 201,340,406,472 Pine, Digger -. 195,338,350,404,470 Pine forests of Baldwin county, Alabama 527 Pine forests of southern Mississippi 531, 532 Pine forests of the northeastern counties of Mississippi 532-534 Pine, Foitail , 191,336,402,468 Pine, Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Ginger 179,332,350,398,464 Pine, Gray , -.201,342,352,406,472 Pine, Hard 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Hickory (Pinus Balfouriana, var. ariatata) 191, 336, 402, 468 Pine, Hickory (Finns pnngens) 199,340,350,404,472 Pino, Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,546 Pine, Knob-cone 196,340,404,470 Pine, Loblolly 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 Pine, Lodge-pole •..-.195,338,350,404,470,564,574,577 Pine, Long-leaved 202, 342, 852, 406, 416, 472, 516. 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Alabama May 31, 18S0, tabular statement of the amount of Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of Pine, Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabu- lar statement of the amount of Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu- lar statement of the amount of Pine, Long -leaved, standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of Pino, Long-leaved, standing in the fore.sts of South Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of - Pme, Long-leaved, the characteristio tree of the Suuthem Maritime Pine 524 537 541 520 516 519 Belt. Pine, Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine, Monterey 196,340,404,470 Pine, Norway 192,336,350,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinus cembroides) 190,336 Pino, Nut (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla) - 190,336,350,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Pino, Nut, and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the Interior Forest 9 Pine, Obiepo 200,340,404,472 Pine, Old-field 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine, Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,476 Pine, Pitch 198,340,360,404,470,520,522,525,531 Pine, Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,527 Pine, Prince's 201,342,352,406,472 Pine, Eed 192,336,350,402,468 Pine region of the Coosa in Alabama 529 Pino, Eosemary .■ 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine, Sand 199,340,404,472 Pino, Scrub (Pinus Banksiana) 201, 342, 302, 406, 472 Pine, Scrub (Pinna clausa) 199,340,404,472 Page. Pine, Scrub (Pinns contorta) 194,338,404,470 Pine, Scrub (Pinus inopa) 199,340,350,404,470,529 Pine, Short-leaved 200, 340, 850, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531, 536, 637, 541, 544, 560 Pine, Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 544 Pine, Slash 202,342,352,406,416,474,516 Pine, Southern ■ 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Sprnce (Pinus clausa) 199,340,404,472 Pine, Spruce (Pinna glabra) 201,340,406,472,527 Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitia) - 200,340,360,406,472 :?ine, Spruce (Pinus Murrayana) j-. 195, 338, 350i 404, 470 Pine, Sugar 188,338,360,400,466,576,578 Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Pine, Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine, Table-mountain 199,340,350,404,472 Pine, 'Weymouth 187,334,350,400,466 Pine, "White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylvania, May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 506 Pine, White (Pinus flexilis) 188,336,400,468,669,570,571 Pine, ■White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472 Pine, White (Pinna monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, 564, 574, 676 Pine, White (Pinns reflexa) 189,336,402,468 Pine, White (Pinna Strobua) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551, 554, 558 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 551 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 558 Pine, White, atanding in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of -- 554 Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 Pine, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of the Coast Forest 8 Pine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 192,338,402,468 Pine, Yellow (Pinus mitis) 200,340,360,406,472,529 Pine, Yellow (Pinns •palnatrls) 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472 Pine, Yellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 582, 665, 574, 578 Pinon (Pinns edulis) 190,336,402,468 Plnon (Pinna monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 PiBon (Pinna Parryana) .189,336,402,468 Pinna 11,12,16 Finns Abies Americana 206 Pinus Abies BaUamea 211 Pinus Abies Ca/nadensis 202 Pinus adunca 196 Firms aiba ; 204 Pinus albicaulis 189, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 468, 665, 572, 573 Finns amabilis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus amabilis (Abies magnifica) 214 Finns amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Americana (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus Americana (Tsuga Canadensis) 206 Finns Americana rubra * 202 Finns aristata 191 Pinus Arizonica 192, 250, 255, 258, 338, 402, 468 Pinus anstralis 201 Pinus Balfonriana 191,250,255,25^336,402,468 Finns Balfouriana (Pinus Balfouriana, row. aristata) 191 Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata 191, 250, 265, 258, 336, 402, 468 Pinns balsamea 210 Pinns balsam,ea, var. Fraseri 210 Pinus Banksiana 201,250,266,258,263,342,352,406,472 Finns Banksiana (Pinus contorta) 194 JEHnns Beardsleyi 193 Finns Benthamiana - 193 Pinus Bolanderi 194 Pinus Bonrsieri 194 Finns brachyptera 193 Pinus bracteata 213 Pinns Calif omica (Pinus insignis) -. 196 Pinus Oalif omica (Pinus tnberoulata) 196 Finns Canadensis (Picea alba) 204 Fmns Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 206 Pinns Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207 Pinus cembroides 190,250,336 Pinus cembroides (Pinna albicaulis) igg Pinus cembroides (Pinus edulis) 190 GENERAL INDEX. 601 Page. Pinus Chihaahuana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinus clausa 199, 250, 255, 258, 340, 404, 472 Pwma cortiTJiutata 205 Pinus concolor 212 Pinna contorta 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pimia contorta (Pinus mnrioata) 199 Pmmm contorta (Finns Murrayana) ._ 194 Pinun contorta, var. Bolanderi 194 PiniM contorta, var. lalifolui ^ 194 Finns Coulteri .' 195,250,255,258,340,4,04,470 Pmus fjraigana 193 Finns Cnbensis 202, 249, 255, 258, 2«3, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, 516, 520, 522, 525 Pinus Oubensis, var. terfhrocarpa 202 Pimusdfflexa 193 Films DouglOMi 209 Pinus Douglasii, var. hrembracteata 209 Pinui echinata 200 Pinus Edgariana 199 Finns edulis 9,13,190,260,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus EUiottii 202 Pinus EThgcVmanni (Ficea Engelmanni) 205 Pin?« .BTii/eZmflTMii (Pinna ponderosa) 193 Pinus flexllis 13,188,250,255,258,336,400,468,569-571 Firms flexili^ (Pinus albioanlis) 189 Firms flexUis, var. albicamlis 189 Pinus flexilis, vdx. macrocarpa 188 Films fietcilis, var. reflexa 189 Pimus ficxilis, var. serrvXata '... 188 Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Pinus Fraseri (Pinus rigida) 197 Pinus Fremontia/na 190 Pinus futUis 190 Pinus glabra 200,250,255,268,263,340,406,472,527 Firms grcmdis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus grandis (Abies ooncolor) 212 Finus grandls (Abies grandis) 212 Pinus Qrozelieri • 187 Pinus Budsonica 201 Finns inops 198,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,470,629,546 Firms vnope (Finns contorta) ■- 194 Pinus inops (Pinus Murrayana) 194 Finusinops, var. (Pinus mniicata) 199 Pinus inops, var. cla/usa 199 Pinus insignis 8,198,250,265,258,340,404,470 Fintis insignis macrocarpa 196 Pinus insignis, var. Unata 108 Pinus intermedia 215 Finns Jeffreyi 9,193,250,265,258,338,402,470,678 Finns Lambertiana / 8, 188, 251, 255, 258, 336, 350, 400, 466, 576, 578 Films Lambertiana, var. (Finns flexilis) 188 Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevi/olia 188 Finus larieina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191 Pinus Larix 216 Pinus Zaria alba 215 Firms Larix nigra .- 215 Finus Larix rubra 215 Firms lasioearpa (Abies ooncolor) 212 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) 211 Pinue LlavearM (Pinus oembroides) 190 Films Llaveana (Pinus Farryana) 189 Pinus Loddigfsii ' 197 Pinus lophosperma 192 Finus Lowiana 212 Finus Lyalli 216 Pinus maerocarpa 195 Pinus macrophylla 193 Pinus Mariaria 202 Finus Menziesii 206 Finns Menziesii, var. mspa 208 Finus Mertensiaiuz 207 Finus m icrocarpa 215 Finns mitis 4,200,260,255,258,340,350,406,472,624,527,629-531, 633, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560 Pinus mitis, vnr. paupera 200 Page. Finns monopbylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,338,350,402,468 Pinus monticola 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 466, 564, 665, 673-576 Finns mnricata 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 Pinus muricata (Pinna contorta) 194 Pinus Murrayana 9, 194, 250, 255, 268, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-567, 572-577 Pinus nigra 202 Pinus nobilis 214 Pinus NuttaUii 216 Pinus osteosperma 190 Finus palustris 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 408, 416, 472, 616, 519-521, 624, 531, 537, 541 Finus palustris the characteristic tree of the Sonfcbem Maritime Fine Belt 4 Pinus Farryana 189,250,256,258,336,402,468 Pi?i!« Parryana (Finns ponderosa) 193 Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Mertensiana) 208 Firms Pattoniana (Tsnga Pattoniana) 208 Pinus pendida 215 Pinna ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 263, 338, 360, 402, 468, 662, 585, 667, 574, 575, 578 Finus ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. . . 8 Pinus ponderosa, var. Bentha/miana 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193 Finns ponderosa, var. scopvlorwm 193 Pinus porphyrocarpa - ." 187 pinus pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472 Finns radiata 196 Pinus reflexa 189,250,266,268,336,402,468,588,569 Finus reainoaa 191,250,255,268,263,336,350,402,468 Pinv^ resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Finns rigida 197,250,255,258,340,350,404,470 Finns rigida (Finns insignia) 196 Finns rigida (Finns mitis) 200 Pinus rigida, var. serotina 198 Finns rubra (Ficea nigra) 203 Finus rubra (Finus resinoaa) 191 Finus rubra, var. violacea ^ -.- 204 Finns rupestris 201 Pinus Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 Finns Sabiniana Coulteri 195 Pinus Sabiniana maerocarpa a 195 Pinus serotina 198,349,255,268,340,350,404,418,470,527 Finns Shasta 189 Finns Sinclairii 196 Finus Sitchensis 206 Pinus species' (Abies subalpina) 211 Finns Strobns 4, 187, 251, 266, 268, 283, 334, 350, 400, 466, 494, 506, 551, 564, 558 Finua Strobns the characteristic tree of the IJorthem Fine Belt 4 Pinu^ Strobus,\ar. alba .' 187 Pinus Strobus, var. brevifoKa 187 Finns Strobus, var. compressa 187 Finns Strobus, var. monticola 187 Pwius Strobus, var. nivea 187 Pinus syloestris, var. divaricata 201 Pinna Taida 197, 250, 255, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 418, 470, 612, 61 6, 541 Finns Ttsda, var. a 197 Finus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea 198 Pinus Tada, var. heterophylla 202 Finns Tceda, var. rigida _- 197 Pinus Tceda, var. tenuifolia 197 Pinus Tceda, var. variabilis 200 Finns Tceda, var. Virginiana k 198 Pinus taxifolia 2C9 Finus tetragona 204 Finus Torreyana 8,102,250,255,258,338,402,468 Pinus tuberonlata 198,251,255,258,340,404,470 Pinus tuberculata (Finns insignis) 196 Pinus variahilis 200 Finns venusta 213 Pinus Virginiana 198 Pinus Virginiana, var. echinata 200 Piscidia 10, 14 Fiscidia Carthagenensis 57 Piscidia Eiythrina 57,249,253,256,278,300,424 Fisonia 11,15 602 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Pisonia actileata -.-- H'*' Pisoniaobtnsata 117,250,254,257,802,372,438 Pistaoia 10-12,14 Pistacia Mexicana 54 Pitch Pine 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531 PitliMoleldum for/ex 8* FUhecolobium GuadcUupensU 64 PitJiecolobium microphyUum 64 Pithecolobinm TJngulscati , 64,249,282 Planera 11,15 PJaneraaquatioa 124,250,254,257,306,376,442 Planera Gmelini 124. Planera Sichardi 124 Planera ulmifolia 124 Platawace^ '....129,130,254,257,306,376,442 Platanns 11,12,15,251 PlaUmus Califomiea 129 Plalanus hybridas - -, 129 Plaianus lobata 129 Platanus Mexicam^ (Platanns racemosa) 129 Platanus Mexicana (Platanus /Wrightii) 130 Platanns oocidentalia 129, 250, 254, 257, 306, 350, 376, 442 Platanug occidentdlis (Platanns racemosa) 129 Platanns racemosa 129,250,254,257,306,376,442 Platanus racemosa (Platanns Wrightii) '. 130 Platanus vulgaris, var. angidosa 129 Platanns Wrightii 130,250,254,257,300,376,442 Plnm, Canada 65,282,362,426 Plnm, Chickasaw : 66,282,362,426 Plum, Cocoa 65,282,362,426 Plnm, Darling 39,272,358,422 Plum, Downward 103,294,368,434 Pinm, Gopher 91,290,366,432 Plum, Guiana 121,303,374,440 Plum, Hog (Prnnus angnstifolia) 66,282,362,426 Plum, Hog (Rhus Metopium) 54,278,360,424 Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Plum, Horse 65,282,362,426 Plum, Mountain 34,270 Plnm, Pigeon 117,302,372,438 Plum, Saffron » 103,294,368,434 Plum, "Wild.- 65,282,362,426 Poison Elder 64,278 Poison Sumach 54,278 Poisonwood (Ehus Metopium) 54,278,360,424 Poisonwood (Sehastiania lucida) 121, 304 POLTGONACE.« 117,118,254,257,302,372,438 Polygonum uvifera 118 Pond Apple "..23,266,354,418 Pond Pine 498,340,360,404,416,470,627 Poplar 172,338,394,460 Poplar, Carolina 175,330,350,396,462 Poplar, ISTecklaoe 175,330,350,396,462 Poplar, Yellow 22,266,354,418 Populus 11,12,16 PopiUus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Pjjpulus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus acladesca.. 173 175 anguUsa 175 angnstifolia '. 13,174,250,255,258,394,462,565 angustifolia (Populus triohooarpa) 174 argentea 172 Atheniensis ^ 171 halsamifera 12,173,251,255,258,328,394,460,573,575 balsami/era (Populus triohooarpa) 174 balsami/era lanceolata 173 balsami/era, var , 174 balsami/era, yslt. angustiifolia 174 balsami/era. Tar. Caii/orniea 174 balsamifera, var. candicans 173, 250, 255, 268, 330, 394, 460 balsami/era, var. genuina 173 Canadensis (Populus balsamifera, var, candicans) 173 Oonadenm (Populus monilifera) 175 Canadensis, Ya,T. angusti/olia 174 candicans 173 oordi/olia ' 172 Page. Populus deltoids 1^^ Populus Fremontli 175,250,255,268,330,396,462 Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni 175, 250, 255, 258, 262, 330, 396, 462 Populus glandulosa 175 Populus grandldentata 172,250,255,258,328,394,460 Populus grandidentata,'var.penclMla 172 Populus heterophyUa 172,250,255,258,328,394,460 Populus heterophylla (Popnlns balsamifera, var. candicans) Populus 'heterop'Kylla,v&T. argentea Populus Icevigata (Populus monilifera, Aiton, etc.) Populus Icevigata (Populus monilifera. Hart.) Populus lati/olia Populus XAndleyana Populus macrophylla (Popnlns balsamifera, var. candicans) Populus macrophylla (Populus monilifera) Populus Marylandica 173 172 175 175 173 175 173 175 175 Popnlns monilifera 174,251,255,258,262,330,350,396,462 Populus Tnonili/era (Popnlns Prom ontii) 175 Pojiulus monili/era (Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175 Populus neglecta 175 Populus Ontariensis 173 Populus TacuTnahaca 173 Populus trermiXi/ormis 171 Populus tremuloides 12, 171, 250, 255, 258, 328, 350, 394, 460 Populus trepida 171 Populus trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,394,462,576 Populus trichocarpa, Tax. cupulata 174 Populus viminea 173 PopvXus Yirgvniana 175 Porcelia triloba - 23 Porkwood 117,302,372,438 Porliera 10-13 Porliera angustifolia 29,249,268 Port Orford Cedar 179,332,350,398,464,676 Possum Oak '. 152,320,350,388,416,454 Post Cedar 176,330,396,462 Post Oak 139,312,382,448,528 Post Oak, Swamp 140,314,350,384,450 Prickly Ash (Xanthoiylnm Americannm) 29,268 Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 420 Prince's Pine 201,342,352,406,472 Principal woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the. 418-481 Principal woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of the 354-414 497 501-508 507-510 498-600 612-515 37 217 372, 438 488 529, 530 517 517 517 517 317 517 10-12, 14 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of ITew Hampshire by Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New York by Pringle, Mr. C. 6., remarks on the forests of Pennsylvania by Pringle, Mr. C. 6., remarks on the forests of Vermont by Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of "West Virginia by Prinos deciduus Pritchardia- JUamentosa Privet 112,298, Product and average size of saw-mills in each state and territory Production of naval stores in Alabama 517,527, Production of naval stores in Florida Production of naval stores in Georgia ; Production 'of naval stores in Louisiana ^ Production of naval stores in Mississippi Production of naval stores in North Carolina Production of naval stores in South Carolina Prosopis Prosopis Emoryi 62 Prosopis glandulosa gx Prosopis juliflora 12, 61, 249, 253, 256, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426 Prosopis odorata (Prosopis .iuliflora) 61 Prosopis odcrata (Prosopis pnbesoens) 62 Prosopis puhescena 13, 62, 249, 253, 256, 280, 362, 426 Prunns 10-12,14,573 Prunus Americana 12,66,249,253,256,282,362,426 Prunus Americana, Dor.anoUis 65 Prunus angustifolia 66,249,253,256,282,362,426 Prunus borealis gg Prunus Canadensis 68 Prunus Oapollim, '. 68 Prunus Capuli , 68,249,282,428 GENERAL INDEX. 603 Page. Prvmua Carolina 69 • Prniras Caroliniana 69,249,253,250,284,362,428 Prunus cartUaginea 68 Prumis Chicasa 68 Prunus coccinea 65 Prnnns demissa 69,249,253,256,284,362,428 Prtmns emaTginata 67,260,282 Franu3emarginaar. mollis 67,253,256,282,362,428 Prunushiemalis (Franns Americana) 65 Prunua hUmalis (Prniras Americana, var. mollis) ^ 65 Prunns ilicifolia 70,249,253,256,284,364,428 PruniiS insititia 66 Prumis Ubnceolata 66 Prunua Luaitanica -. 69 Prunua Miaaiaaippi 65 Prunua moUia (Prunns Americana, vor. mollis) 65 Prunuamollia (Prunns emarginata, var. moUis) 67 Prunus nigra 65 Prnnns Pennsylvanloa 12, 66, 250, 282, 428 Prunus peraiejfolia \ 66 Prunua pumila 67 Prunus sempervirens 09 rrnnuaaerotlna 68,250,258,256,259,282^363,428 Prunus aerratifolia 69 Prnnus sphEerocarpa 70,249,284 Prunua spinoaa , 65 Prunus umbellata 67,249,282,428 PranuB Virginiana 68 Prunus Virginiana (Prunus serotina) 68 Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa 69 Paeudacacia odcyrata 55 Pseudopetalon gUmdviosum 30 Pseudopetalon tricarpum 30 Pseudotsuga 7,9,11,12,16,575 Pseudotsnga Douglasii. . .209, 250, 255, 259, 264, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 569, 573, 576 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. maorocarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478 Pseudotsuga magnifica 214 Pseudotsuga nobilia 214 Pseudotsuga the most important timter tree of the Pacific region 7 Ptella 10,13 Ptdiamollia 31 Pteliatrifoliata.*. 12,31,249,270 Ptelia trifollata, var. mollis 31 Ptelia viticifolia 31 Punt Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454 Purple Haw 40,272 Furshia. 575 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Michigan by 553, 554 Putnam, Mr. 11. C, remarks on the forests of Minnesota hy 559, 560 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of the eastern portion of Dakota by 561 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Wisconsin by 555-558 Pyms 10-12,14 Pyr us Americana 73,250,284,428 Pyrua Americana (Pyms samhncifolia) 74 Pyrus Americana, liar, miorocarpa 74 Pyrua angnstifolia 72,249,284 Pyrus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana) 73 Pyrus aucuparia (Pyms sambucifolia) 74 Pyrus Partramiana ^ Pyrua Botryapium °* Pyms coronaria 72,249,253,256,259,260,284,364,428 Pyrua coronaria (Pyrus angnstifolia) 72 Pyrua coronaria, var. angnstifolia 72 Pyrus diversifolia ■--• 73 Pyrus fusea 73 Pijrua glandvlosa 77 Pyrus microcarpa - 74 Pyrus ovalis ..* ° Pyrus rivularis 73,249,284 Pyrus sambucifolia 12,74,250,263,256,284,364,428 Pyrua aubcordata '^ Pyrtca Wangenheimiana - °^ Quaking Asp 171,328,350,394,460 Quaaaia dioiaa ^^ Page. Quaaaia Simaruha 32 Quercitron Oak 149,265,318,350,888,454 Quercus 11,12,15 Quercns acutidens 155 Quercus acutigUmdia 146 Qnercus agrifolia -• 146,249,254,267,318,386,452 Quercus agriifolia,YtiT./rutescens 147 Qnercus alba 137, 249, 264, 257, 261, 265, 812, 350, 380, 414, 446 Quercus alba minor 139 Quercua alba paluatria 141 Qaercua alba.yax. Gunniaonii 139 Quercua alba, var. m.icrocarpa 137 Quereua alba, var. pinnatijida ^ - 137 Queroua alba. Tar. pinnatijido-ainuata - 137 Quereua alba, yaT.repanda - 137 Quereua alba,yaT.ainuata 137 Quereua ambigua 147 Quercus 'mnulata 145 Quercm aqnatica 152,249,254,258,262,320,350,388,416,454 Quereua aquatiea (Qnercus nigra) 150 Quercus aquatica,vaT.attenuata 152 Quereua aquatiea, -var. cuneata 162 Quereua aquatiea, Yar.elongata 152 Quereua aquatiea, xav.keterophyUa 15 Quereua aquatiea, yar.hybrida * 152 Quereua aquaHea,-var.indiviaa 152 Quereua aquatiea, faT.laurifolia 152 Qnercus aquatiea, uar, myrtifolia 165 Quercus Banisteri *. 155 Quercus berberidifolia 155 Quercus biooloT 141,249,264,257,261,314,384,450 Quereua bicolor, Tav. Mieha/uxii 141 Quereua bicolor, var. Tnollia 141 Quercus bieolor,vaT.plata^oidea 141 Quercus Breweri 155 Quereus Califomica - 149 Quereua Caatanea (Quercus prinoides) 142 Quereua Caatanea (Quercus Prinus) 142 Quercus Catesbffii 151,249,254,258,320,388,454,525 Quereua Chinquapin 143 Quercus chrysolepis *■ 146.249,254,258,318,386,462 Quereua chryaolepis, var. vaecin^olia 146 Quercus cinerea 153,250,265.258,320,390,456,525 Quercus cinerea, jiar. pumila 155 Quercus cinerea, var. sericea 155 Quercus coccinea 148,240,254,258,318,388,452 Quereua coccinea, var. am.bigua ... Quereua eocdnea, var. mieroca/rpa Quereua eocdnea, var. nibra Quereua coccinea, var. tlnetoria . . . Quercus confertifolia Quereus crassipoeula Quereua cuneata Quereua deeipiena 147 148 147 149 154 146 150 144 Quercus densiflora 154, 249, 254, 268, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 580 Quercus discolor 149 Quercus diaeolor, var. triloba 151 Quercus Douglasii 143,249,251,254,258,316,380,450 Quercus Douglasii, Tav. Gom&eZu ^ 139 Quereus Douglasii, var. Nerummondi ,. 44 Page. SapindAis falcatus 44 Sapindtis incequalis 44 Sapindns marginatns 12,44,249,253,274,358,414,422 Sapindus Saponaria 45,249,274 Sapindus Saponaria (Sapindns marginatns) 44 SAPOTACE.B 100-103,254,257,292,368,434 Sarcomphalus Oarolinia/nus 40 Sassafras 120,302,374,438 Sassafras officinale 119,250,254,257,200,302,374,438 Satinwood 11,15,31,270,356,420 Savin (Junipems Virginiana) .1 183, 322, 398, 464 Savin (Torreya taxifolia) 186,334,400,466 Saw -mills in eacb state and territory, average size and product of 488 Scarlet Haw (Crataegus coccinea) 78,286 Scarlet Haw (Crataagns subviUosa) 78,286,364,430 ' Scarlet Oak - 148,318,388,452 Sohaefferia 10,13 Schceferia buxifolia 3& Schcefferia completa 39 SchiEfFeria frntescens 39,249,272 Schcefferia lateriflora 120 Schousbcea commutata 87 Sckubertia disticha 183 Sehubertia sempervirens , 185 Screw Beftn 62,280,362,426. Screw-pod Mesquit 62,280,362,426 Scrub Oak (Quercus Catesbsei) 151,320,388,454 Scrub Oak (Qaercus undulata, tior. Gambelli) 139,314,384,449 Scrub Pine (Pinns Banksiana) 201,342,352,406,472 Scrub Pine (Finns clausa) 199,340,404,472 Scrub Pine (Pinns contorta) 194,338,404,470- ScrubPine (Pinns inops) 199, 340, 350, 404, 470, 529' Scutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 39' Scutiaferrea (Beynosia latifolia) 39' Sea Ash 30,270,356,420 Sea Grape 118,302,438 Seaside Alder 162,326,458 Sebastiania 11, 15. Sebastiania lucida 121,249,804 Sebestena scabra 113; Selected woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of: specimens eight centimeters square 414-417^ Semi-tropical Forest of Florida 6. Sequoia 8,11,12,1ft: Sequoia gigantea 184,251,255,258,334,398,466,578. Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervlrens) 185. Sequoia Rafinesquei 206. Sequoia religiosa 135, Sequoia sempervirena 184, 260, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 398, 466, 579^ Sequoia WeUingtonia 184 Service Tree 84,^86,364,4301 Seven-year Apple 95,290. ShadBnsh ; 84,286,364,430) Shag-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 Sharpies, Mr. S.P., experiments by 247,251,264,265; She Balsam 210, 346, 412, 47&t Sheopberry 94,290,432- Shell-bark, Big , 133,310,378,444 Shell-bark, Bottom 133,310,378,444. Shell-bark Hickory 133,308,360,378,444' Shingle Oak.... 164, 322, 390, 456'. Shingles and lumber received at Chicago during the year 1889. 548, 54»t Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) M2,'294, 368, 434i Shittimwood (Bhamnus Purshiana) 41, 272, 358? 422. ■ Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 534, Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Louisiana May. 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537, Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 6S1 1 Short^leaved, Loblolly, and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 . Short-leaved Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 624, 587, 680, 531, 536, 537r64>,.514,-560 • Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Arkansas May 31, 1880, tabu-. lar statement of the amonnt of 544. Shrubby Trefoil 31,270.. GENERAL INDEX. 607 Page. Sideroxylon 11,15 Sideroxylon Oarolinmee lOl ^deroxylon chrytophyUoidet 101 Sideroxylon euTieatum 103 Sideroxylon deeandrum 103 Sideroxylon Iwnuginoeum 102 Sideroxylon Iceoe 103 Sideroxylon lyeioides 103 Sideroxylon Mastiohodendron 101, 249, 254, 257, 292, 368, 434 Sideroxylon pallidv/m 101 Sideroxylon rectjirmtum 103 Sideroxylon salici/olium lOi Sideroxylon sericeuTn lOi Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102 Sideroxylon tcnaa (Bumelia tenox) 101 SUiquaeirwm eordatum 61 Silli-top Falmotto 217 348 Silky Willow 171,328 Silver-bell Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,868,434 Silver-bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296 Silver Maple 49,276,358,424 Silver-top Palmetto 218,348 Simamba 10,13 Simartitia amara 32 Simarubaglauoffi 32,250,253,256,270,356,420 Simaruba medieinaiis 32 SiMABUBEiE 32,253,256,270,356,420 Sitlia Cypress 178,332,398,464 Siste, average, and product of saw-mills in eacb state and territory 488 Slash Pine 202,342,352,400,416,474,516 Slippery Elm (Fremontia Califomioa) 26,268 Slippery Elm (Ulmuafulva) 122,304,374,440 Sloe 67,282,428 Sloe, Black 67,282,428 Small- fmited Haw 81,286,364,430 Smooth Alder 164,326 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105, 294, 368, 434 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106, 296 Soapberry (Sapindus marginatns) 44,274,358,414,422 Soapberry (Sapindus Saponaria) 45,274 Soft Maple (Acer dasyoarpum) 49,276,358,424 Soft Maple (Acer rubrnm) 50,276,358,424 Sophora 10,11,14 Sophoraaffinis 58,249,253,256,280,360,426 Sophora secnndiflora 57,249,278 Sophora epecioaa — 57 Sorbus Americana 73 Sorbite Amerieana, var. microcarpa 74 iSorlitu atujuporio (Pyrus Americana) 73 Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74 Sorbus wueuparia, var. a. (Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa) 74 Sorbus aueupa/ria, var. p. (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74 Sorbus aucuparia, y&t, Amenca/na 73 Sorbus humifusa 73 Sorbus microcarpa 74 Sorbus riparia 74 Sorbus sambucifolia 74 Sorbus Sitchensis 74 Sorrel Tree 98,292,368,434 Soar Gum 92,290,366,432 Sour Tupelo 91,290,306,432 Sourwood 98,292,368,434 South Atlantic division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the .-■ 611-523 South Carolina, lumber industi-y and manufactures from wood in. 486, 487, 518, 519 South Carolina, production of naval stores in 517 South Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 South Carolina, statistics of forests, forest-fires, standing timber, et*., in 491.518,519 South Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 519 South Carolina, the Coast Pine Bolt in 518 Southern Buckthorn - 103,294,368,434 Southern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing tim- ber, etc., in the 524-646 Page. Southern Crab Apple 72,284 Southern Cypress, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the oliaraoteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Fine Belt - 4 Southern Maritime Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4 Southern Pine 202,342,362,406,416,472 Southern Pine Belt in Florida 520 Spanish Bayonet (Tucca ba«cata) 219, 348 Spanish Bayonet (Yncca canalicnlata) 218,348 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219,348 Spanish Buckeye 44,274,422 Spanish Oak 151,265,320,350,388,454,528 Spanish Oak, Swamp.... 152,320,388,454 Spanish Stopper .88,288,366,430 Species, distribution of 12 Specific gravity and ash of woods 248-251 Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-340 Specific gravityand transverse strengthof certain woods, relation between 259-264 Specimens of woods, where deposited 247,248 Speckled Alder 165,326,394,460 Spice Tree 120,302,374,440 Spindle Tree 38,272 Spiraea CaHfomica '. 70 Spoonwood 98,292,368,434 Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado motmtains.. 9 Spruce, Black 203,265,342,352,408,474,496 Spruce, Blue 205,344,408,474 Spruce Pine (Pinus clansa) 190,340,404,472 Spruce Pine (Pinna glabra) 201,340.406,472,527 Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Spruce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 Spruce standing in the forests of 'Sew Hampshire May 31, 18S0, tabular statement of the amount of 490 Spruce standing in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabular state- ment of the amount of 498 Spruce, Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580 Spruce, "White, the most important tree in the Pacific region 7 Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,662,564 Spruce, White (Pioea Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 673, 574 Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205, 344, 408, 474 Spruces, Black and White, the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest 3 Stag Bush 94,290,366,432 Staghom Sumach 53,278 Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc., extent of, in the — ITorth Atlantic division ■. 494-510 Northern Central division 547-663 South Atlantic division 511-523 Southern Central division 524-546 Western division '. 5S4-58( Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491, 56!<,669 Arkansas 491,543,644 California 491,578-680 Colorado 491,567,668 Connecticut 500,601 lakota 491,561,662 Delaware 491,611 District of Columbia 611 Florida 491,520-523 Georgia 491,519,520 Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-550 Indiana 491,647 Indian territory 491,643 Iowa 491,560 Kansae 491,662,503 Kentucky 491,545,546 Louisiana 491,586,640 Maine 491,494-496 Maryland 491-511 Massachusetts ; : 491,500,501 Michigan 491,560-664 Minnesota 491, 558 -660 Mississippi 491,530-536 Missouri 491,560-561 Montana 491,564,566 Nebraska 562 Nevada 491,671 New Hampshire 491,496-498 New Jersey 491,606 New Mexico 491,668 New York 491,601-506 North Carolina 491,615-618 Ohio 491,647 Oregon 491,576-578 Pennsylvania 491,506-610 Ehodelshmd 491,500,501 mm. 608 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Standing timber, forests, forest flies, etc., statistics of, in— Continued. South Carolina 491,518,519 Tennessee 492, 544, 645 Texas 492,540-543 Utah 492,669-671 Vermont 492,498-500 Vlrmnia 492,511,612 Washington 492,573-576 "West Virginia 492,612-515 "Wisconsin - 492,564-558 "Wyoming 492,566,567 Star-leaved Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Statistics of the lumbering industry of the United States for year ending May 31, 1880 •- 486,487 STEKCUUACE.ai 26, 268 Stinking Cedar (Torreya Califomioa) 186,334,400,466 Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia) 186, 334, 400, 466, 521 Stopper (Eugenia longipes) 89, 288 Stopper (Eugenia monticola) 89,288,366,430 Stopper, Gurgeon '. 88,288,366,430 Stopper, Red 89,288,366,430 Stopper, Spanish 88,288,366,430 Stopper, "White 89,288,366,430 Strain, transverse, behavior of selected woods of the United States under : specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Strain, transverse, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under 354r414 Strength of woods, method of determining the 252 Strength, transverse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be- tween , 259-264 Striped Dogwood 46,274 Striped Maple 46,274 Strombocarpa odorata '. 62 Strombocarpa piibsgceng 62 Strong Bark 1J.4, 300, 372, 438 StyphnolobiuTn affme 58 Stteacace^ 105,106,254,257,294,368,434 Sugar and molasses, maple, produced in the tTnited States in 1879, amount of 485 Sugarberry 126,306,376,414,442 Sugar Maple 48,276,358,422 Sugar Maple, Black 49,276,350,358,424 Sugar, maple, product of Michigan 551 Sugar, maple, product of Ifew York 501 Sugar, maple, product of Vermont 498 Sugar Pine 188,336,350,400,466,676,578 Sugar Pine an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Sugar Tree i 48,276,358,422 Sumach, Coral 54,278,360,424 Sumach, Dwarf 53,278,360,424 Sumach, Poison 54,278 Sumach, Staghorn 53,278. Summer Haw (Crataegus flava) '. 83, 286 Summer Haw (Cratsegus flava, var. pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 Susquehanna boom at "Williamsport, Pennsylvania, number of logs rafted out of, 1862 to 1880 1^8 Suwarrow 90^8 Swamp Cottonwood 172, 328, 394, 460 Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135, 310, 350, 380, 446 Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) 136,310,350,380,414,446 Swamp Laurel ...20,266,354,414,418 Swamp Maple 50,276,358,424 Swamp Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474 Swamp Post Oak 140,314,350,384,450 Swamp Spanish Oak 152,320,888,454 Swamp White Oak 141,314,384,450 Swamps, Cypress, of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527 Sweet Bay 20,266,364,414,418 Sweet Birch 162,324,892,458 Sweet Buckeye 43, 274 Sweet Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Sweet Leaf 105,294,368,434 Sweet Locust .59, 280, 360, 426 Sweet-scented Crab 72, 284, 364, 428 Swietenia 10, 13 Swietcnia Mahogoni 33,249,253,256,270,350,358,420 Swietenia Senegaleneit 33 Switch-bud Hickory 134,310,350.380,446 Sycamore (Platanns occidentalis) 129,306,350, Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 129,306, Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130,306, Symplocos Symplocos tinctoria 105,250,254,257,294, Table-mountain Pine 199,340,350, Tacamahao 173,328, Tallowberry 28,268, Tallow Nut ' Tamarack (Larix Americana) 215, 346, 352, Tainara«k (Larix occidentalis) 216,348, Tamarack (Pinus Murrayana) 195,338,350, Tamarind, "Wild 64,282, TanbarkOak 155,265,322, TajiBay 25,265,268, Tannin in the bark of certain species, per cent, of Tannin values of the bark of various trees Tar and rosin produced in Korth Carolina, grades of Tar, turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina liKwdu species (Sequoia sempervirene) Taxodinm Taxodium adseendena Taxodinm distichnm 183,250,255,258,334,350, Taxodium distichumfastigiatwm Taxodium distichum, var. microphyllum Taxodium distichuTn, var. nutans Taxodium distichu7n,'vaT. patens Taxodium< gigamteum TaxodiuTn TnierophyUum Taxodium, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt TaaxdiuTn sempervirene Taxodium Washingtoniwnwm TaxuB 11,12,16, Taxus baccata (Taxus brevifolia) Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis Taxus Boursiarii ,,. Taxus brevifolia 185,250,255,258,334, Taxus Canadensis Taxus Floridana 186,250, Taxics lAndleyana , Taxus m.ontana Tennessee, effect of fires upon the forests of Tennessee, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, Tennessee, rank of, according to value of Inmber products Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, Tennessee valley in Alabama, forests of the TeknbtkcemiacEjE 25,26,253,266,268, Tetranthera Californiea Texas, Cedar an important tree in ., Texas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492, Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 Texas, the pecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in. Thatch, Briokley Tllatoh, Brittle The Joshua Thorn, Black , 79,286, Thorn, Cockspur 76, 286, Thorn, Newcastle 76,286, Thorn, Washington i Thorn, White Three-thorned Acacia 69^ 280, Thrinax .' GENERAL INDEX. 609 Thuya ffigantea (Libooedrns deourrens) . Thuya LobUi Thuya Menziesii Thuya obtusa Page. 176 177 177 176 Thnya occidentalis .176, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350, 396, 462, 552 Thuya occidentalis, var. plieata 177 Thuya odorata ., i7g Thuya plieata j77 Thuya Sibirica 17(j Thuya sphceroidalis 177 Thuya sphceroidea 177 'Thuya Wareana 17g Thuyopsis borealis 17g Thuyopsis eupressoides 178 Thuyopsie Tchugatskoy 178 Thuyopsis Tchugatekoyce 178 Thylaxframneum _ . 29 Tide-land Spruce 206,344,408,474,580 TUia 10,11,13 27 356, 418 27 27 356, 420 27 26 27 20 27 356, 420 27 26 27 27 26 26 27 27 27 27 356, 418 7 Tilia alba Tilia Americana 26,250,253,256,268, TUia Americana (Tilia Americana, var. pubeeceng) TUia Americana, var. heterophylla Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 27, 250, 253, 256, 268, Tilia Americana, Tar. Walteri TUia Canadensis , Tilia Oarolinidna Tilia glabra TUia grata .* TiUa heterophylla 27,250,253,256,268, Tilia heterophylla, var. alba TUia latifolia Tilia laxiflora (Tilia Americana, var. pnhescens) TUia laxiflora (Tilia heterophylla) TUia neglecta TUia nigra TUia pubesc&ns Tilia pubescens, var. leptophylla Tilia stenopetala TUia truncata ' TiLiACEiE 26-28,253,256,268, Timber tree of the Pacific region, the Eed Fir the most important Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., extent of, in the — North Atlantic division 494-510 Northern Central division 547-563 South Atlantic division 511-523 Southern Central division 624-546 "Western division 564-580 3?imber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,569 Arkansas 491,543,544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 567,568 Connecticut 491,500,501 Dakota..... 491,561,562 Delaware 491,511 District of Columbia 511 Florida 491,520,523 Georgia 491, 519, .530 Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-550 Indiana 491,547 Indian territory 543 Iowa 491,660 Kansas 491,562,563 Kentucky 491,545,546 Louisiana 491,536-640 Maine 491,494-496 Maryland 491,511 Massachusetts - 491,500,501 Michigan 491, 650-554 Minnesota 491,558-560 Mississippi 491,630-536 Missouri 491,560,561 Montana 491,664-566 Nebraska 491,562 Nevada ...a 491.571 New Hampshire 491,496-498 Now Jersey 491,506 New Mexico 491,568 Now York 491, 501-.'j06 North Carolina 491,615-618 Ohio..... *91.5*" Oregon 491,576-578 Pennsyl^Dla 491,506-510 Rhode Island 1F'??2'^?i South Carolina 491,518,519 Tennessee 492, 544, o4o 39 FOK Page. Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics' of, in^ontinued. Texas 492,540,543 Utah 4fl2, 569-571 Termont 492,498-500 Virginia 492,511,512 "Washington 492,573-676 "West "Virginia 492,512-519 Wisconsin 492,654-558 "Wyoming 492,566,567 Titi 38,272,356,420 ToUon 84,286 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29, 268 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420 Torchwood ;... 33, 270, 356,420 Tornilla 62,280,362 Torreya 11,12,16,521 Torreya Califomica 186,250,255,258,334,400,466 Torreya Myristica 186 Torreya taxifolia 186,250,255,258,334,400,466,521 Toxicodendron arborescens 33 Toxylon Madura 128 Toyon 1 84,288 Transmittal, letter of ix Transverse strain, behavior of selected woods of tho United States under : specimens eight centimeters sgaare , 414-417 Transverse strain, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under 354-414 Transverse strength and specific gravity of certain woods, relation between 269-264 Trees of the United States, weight of the dry wood of 249-251 Trees, tannin values of the bark of various '. 265 Trefoil, Shrubby 31,270 85 « 85 85 85 , 85 Trilopus dentata Trilopus nigra .» Trilopus parvif alia Trilopus rotundi/olia Trilopus Yirginiana Tsuga 11,12, 16,'573 Tsuga Canadensis 206, 250, 255, 258, 263, 264, 265, 344, 362, 406, 474, 506 Tsuga Caroliniana 207,250,255,258,344,410,476 Tsuga Douglasii 209 Tsuga lAndley ana 209 Tsuga Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344, 410, 476, 565, 572, 573, 576 Tsuga Pattoniana 7, 208, 250, 255, 259, 265, 344, 410, 476, 505, 573 Tulipastrum Americanum, .' 20 Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, 20 Tulipifera Liriodendron 22 Tulip Tree 22,266,360,354,418 Tupelo 92,290,366,432 Tupelo Gum 93,290,850,366,432 Tupelo, Large 93,290,360,366,432 Tupelo, Sour 91,290,366,432 Turkey Oak --.161,320,388,454 U. Ulmus 11,15 Ulmusalata 124,249,254,257,304,374,440 TTlmus alba 123 Ulmus Americana 123,250,254,257,260,304,350,374,414,440 Ulmus Americana (Ulmus raoemosa) 123 Vlmus Americana, var. alata 124 Ulmus Americana, var. alba 123 Ulmus Americana, var. aspera 123 Vlmus Americana, var. Bartramii 133 Vlmus Americana, var. pendula 123 Ulmus Americana, var. rubra 122 Ulmus Americana, var. scabra 123 Ulmits aquatica 124 Ulnrns crassifolia 122, 249, 254, 257, 304, 374, 440 Vlmus crispa 122 Ulmus Floridana 123 Ulmus fnlva 122,249,254,257,260,304,374,440 Ulmus moUifolia ^ 123 Ulmus nemoralis 124 Ulmus opaca 122 Ulmus pendvla 123 Ulmits pubescens 122 UXmitspumila 124 610 GENERAL INDEX. Page. TJlmus raoemosa 123,249,254,257,260,304,374,440 JJlmus rubra 122 TJmbeUftlaria 8,11,12,15 TJmbellularia Califomioa 120, 250, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440, 576 UmbreUa Tree 21,260,354,418 Ungnadia 10-31 Vngnadia h^taphyUa 44 Vngnadia heterophyUa 44 TJngnadia speciosa 12,44,250,274,422 UpLind Wmow Oak 153,320,390,466 Vrostigma pedunimlatum 127 ■PETICAOE^ 122-128,254,257,304,374,414,440 Utah, Colorado, and ITew Mexico, Chicago the principal aoaroe of supply of lumber for 568,569 TJtali, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486; 487, 569 TTtah, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Utah, remarks by Mr. E. C. Hall, on the forests of 569-571 TJtah, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing tiniber, etc., in 492, 569-571 Uvaria triloba j.... - 23 V. Taccinese 7 Vaocinium 11,12,15,573 "Vacoinium arborenm 96,249,292,432 Yac&invum diffusum : 96 Taeciniwm mucronatum 96 "Valparaiso Oak 146,318,386,452 Value and amount of charcoal used for domestic and mannfactoring pur- poses during the census year 489 Value and amount of "wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the census year 489 Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census year . 489 578 Value, economic,'Of the Redwood of California Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by forest fires during the census year {see, also, under state headings) 491, 492 Value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year 485 Values of woods, comparative 252-255 Vauquelinia 10,12,14 Ymiquelinia corynnlioaa 70 Vauquelinia Torreyi 70, 249, 284 VEEBENACE.B 116, 117, 254, 257,300,372,438 Vermont, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500 Vermont, maple-sugar product of 498 Vermont, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Vermont, remarks by Mr. -C. &. Pringle on the forests of '. 498-500 Vermont, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ..492, 498-500 Vermont, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the state of. May 31, 1880 498 Viburnum 10-12, 14 Viburnum Lentago 94, 249, 290, 432 Viburnum pmnifolium 94,249,253, 257, 366,432 YiburnuTYi prv/nijolium, var. ferruginewn 94 Viburnum pyr^olium 94 Vine Maple 47,274,358,422 Tirgilia lutea 57 Yirgilia seoundijlora 57 Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 512 Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Virginia, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in'--. 492, 511, 512 W. Wafer Ash 31,270 "Wahoo (Euonymua atropurpureus) 38, 272 Waboo (Tilia heterophylla) 28, 268, 356, 420 "Wahoo (Ulmus alata) 124, 304, 374, 440 Wallia cvnerea 130 Wallia nigra 131 "Walnut 131,308,378,444 "Walnut, Black 131, 308,350,376,414,444 "Walnut, 'White 130,306,376,442 "Waahingtonia 11, 12, 16 "Washingtonia fllifera 1 217,250,256,259,348,414,480 ■Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood ™ 486,487,574 "Washington territory, rank of, according to value of lumber products .. 487 "Washington territory, remarks by Mr. Sereno "Watson on the forests of. 575, 570 Page.. "Washington territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in •- 492,573-^76i Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of 574 Washington Thorn -. 81, 286i Water Ash 110,298,370,436-. Water Beech (Carpinus Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456 Water Beech (Platanus occidentalis) .' 129, 306, 350, 376, 442 Water Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440 Water Hickory 136,310,360,380,414,446; Water Locust ". 60,280,362,426. Water Maple : 50,276,358,424 Water Oak (Quercus aquatica) 152, 320, 350, 388, 416, 454^ Water Oak (Quercus palustris) 152,320,388,454- Water White Oak '. 140,314, 350, 384,' 45»' Watson, E.G., remarks on the forests of Utah by 569-571 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of certain counties of Oregon by. 577, 578" Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Idaho by ^ 572, 573 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Montana by - 565, 566; Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Washington territory by 575, 576." Watson, Sereno, report on the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region by - 564,565-. Wax Myrtle : 136,312,380,446. Weeping Oak 138,312,382,448- Weight, ash, and specific gravity per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-349> Weight of the dry wood of trees of the United States 249-251 Wellingtonia Oalifornica 184- Welling tenia gigantea 184 Western Catalpa 115, 300, 350, 372, 414, 43&. Western division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the 664-530. West-Indian Birch 33,270,350, , West Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, West Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products West Virginia, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of WestVirginia, statistics of forests, forestfires, stxtnding timber, etc., in. 492, Weymouth Pine 187,334,360, Whistlewood White and Black Spruces the characteristic trees of the Korthern Forest. White Ash 107,296,350, White Basswoofl 28,268, White Bay '. 20, 266, 364, White Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159, 324, 350, "White Birch (Betula papyrifera) 160,324,350, White Buttonwood 87,288, White Cedar (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) 179, 332, 360, White Cedar (Chamajcjparis sphceroidea) 178, 330, 396, White Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) 176, 330, White Cedar (Thuya occidentalis) 176, 330, 350, White Cottonwood 175,330, White Cypress 184,334,350, "White Elm (Ulmus Americana) 123, 304, 350, 374, White Elm (Ulmus racemosa) 123, 304; White Fir (Abies ooncolor) 213,346, White Fir (Abies grandis) 212, 346, White Ironwood 45 White Laurel 20, 266, 3.54, Whit© Mangrove gy 288 White Maple , 49 276 White Oak (Quercus alba) 137,265,312,350,380, White Oak (Quercus Garryana) 138,312,350,382, White Oak (Quercus grisea) 144 sie White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138 312 White 0.1k (Quercus oblongifolia) 144, 316, White Oak, Mountain 143^ 315 White Oak, Swamp 141 314 White Oak, Water 140,314,350, White Pine (Pinus flexilis) 188,336,400,468,569, White Pine (Pinus glabra) * 201,340 White Pine (Pinna monticola) ^ 187, 336, 400, 406, 564, White Pine (Pinna reflexa) 189 336 White Pine (Pinus Strobus) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 500, 551, White Pine standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of ■ White Pine standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 356,420 512-515 48r 512-515 512-515. 400, 466. 46, 274!- 3 370,43©- 356, 420 414, 418- 392, 458 392, 468 361, 430. 395, 464 416, 464 396, 462' 396, 462 3i)e, 462 398, 466. 414, 440- 374, 440 412,478 412,478- 274, 422 414,418 3C4, 430- 358, 424 414, 446- 448, 576. 386, 452 382, 448 386, 452 386, 460- 384, 460 384, 460. 070, 571 406, 472 674, me. 402, 468 554,558- 561 6j