&tate College of Agriculture St Cornell IHnibersitp Jtfcaca, ft. g. Hturarp 1^.^/U^ Number I. OF ANNULOSA JAVANICA, OR AN ATTEMPT TO ILLUSTRATE THE NATURAL, AFFINITIES AND ANALOGIES OF THE INSECTS COLLECTED IN JAVA BY THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F.L. & G.S. AND DEPOSITED BY HIM IN THE MUSEUM OP THE ^onoutafcle <#a*i-Jntrta tfonumng* BY W. S MACLEAY, ESQ., M.A. RL.S. IOC. 028. NAT. CUB. MOSQ. NAT. ECBUTAT. BEBOLIN. SOCIUS ET MOS. BEG. GAIi. HIST. NAT. COBBESP. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY KINGSBURY, PARBURY, AND ALLEN, LEADENHALL STREET. 1825. Price 12s. coloured, 10s. 6d. plain. (f?7 , X Hatt (QalltQz of Agriculture At Qfarttcll IniuEratty Stljrara, N. $, ffithrary ruiui. London. fuVlishecl .ly Hn,.,j,s-I,„n . l\,rhun:f: Ml,n. .\,„ij !S:f: EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Lissauchenius rufifemoratus. Fig. 2. Pericalus cicindeloides. Fig. 3. Colpodes brunneus. Fig. 4. Anaulacus sericipennis. Fig. 5. Catadromus tenebrioides. Fig. 6. Dicselindus felspaticus. Fig. 7. iEphnidius adelioides. Fig. 8. Planetes bimaculatus. Fig. 9. Helota Vigorsii. (N.B. This sheet will be replaced, with the second number, in a form corresponding with the work.) TO THE HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS ionourable ©a0t>3fntua Company THIS WORK IS, WITH THEIR PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANTS, WILLIAM SHARP MACLEAY, AND THOMAS HORSFIELD. QL: ■M5 o Q.^C35^ PREFACE. For several years after his arrival in Java, the principal pursuits of Dr. Horsfield were Botany and Materia Medica, but as numerous insects were constantly occurring to him during his botanical excursions, he was naturally and almost imperceptibly led to the collection of these beautiful and interesting animals. Like most other entomologists he commenced his career in the science by paying attention to Lepidopterous insects, to the collection of which he was the more induced by their great abundance in cer- tain districts, during the latter part of the rainy season, The Coleopterous and other insects, which have been deposited by him in the East-India Company's Museum, were principally collected towards the end of his residence in the island, which he finally quitted in 1817, on its being ceded to the Dutch. In the year 1812, or soon after the conquest of Java by the British arms, Dr. Horsfield' s original plans were considerably enlarged, in consequence of the liberal patronage which was bestowed on his researches, by the Honourable East-India Company, through the friendly medium of Sir Stamford Raffles, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island. At this time Dr. Horsfield was established in an extensive plain, elevated nearly 200 feet above the level of the ocean, and situated near the middle of the island, in regard both to its length and breadth. This plain is highly fertile, and with very little exception, is in a complete state of culture. The soil is a deep vegetable mould which, near the banks of several large rivers that flow through it, is mixed with sand. Here the col- lection of insects was carried on with zeal and perseverance, not only by Dr. Horsfield himself, but by various native assistants, who had been properly trained to this pur- suit. His attention, as may be conceived, soon extended itself to all Annulose animals ^X. without exception, and his assistants were accordingly instructed to look for them in -. every situation, and as far as possible, to leave no place unexamined. During these v researches, therefore, the party being provided with all the usual implements of entomological collectors, neglected none of the ordinary resorts of insects, such as |\ flowers, decayed wood, carcases of dead animals, ponds, &c, and consequently, the collection now in the possession of the East-India Company, may very fairly be con- C/ sidered as affording a general view of the entomology of the above mentioned plain. When any remarkable deficiency is observed in particular natural groups, we may at s least conclude, that such insects are on this plain comparatively very rare. Accord- ing to Dr. Horsfield's general observation, indeed, those insects which live on plants, b shrubs, j PREFACE. shrubs, and trees, are extremely abundant in Java ; while such as in more temperate climates are commonly found in various situations near the surface of the earth, are limited to a few families. At the same time, however, it may be well to bear in mind, on regarding the immense proportion of herbivorous insects in the collection, that from the nature of Dr. Horsfield's more immediate pursuits, he was particularly led to collect on plants. From the plain just mentioned, in which, on account of the -extension of agriculture and a numerous population, the variety of vegetable and animal productions is neces- sarily limited, Dr. Horsfield often made journeys, in different directions, through the more wild and uninhabited parts of the island. Some of these were undertaken almost exclusively for entomological research, and were particularly directed at the proper seasons to a long range of hills extending parallel to the southern coast of the island, and rising to an elevation of 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean. The base of this range is of a mixed nature ; partly calcareous, partly trappean, and the hills are covered with trees and shrubs, although in many places the vegeta- tion is less abundant and luxuriant than in the volcanic district, which constitutes a long series in the centre of the island. The great bulk, however, of the Coleoptera to be described in the following pages, was collected in the southern ranges, or on hills of nearly the same elevation, near the foot of the large volcanos, in the centre of the island. And here maybe stated a curious circumstance in entomological geogra- phy, observed by Dr. Horsfield, namely, that the temperature which exists from an elevation of 1,000 to that of 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean, is most produc- tive in Coleopterous insects ; and, consequently, that this order occurred most abun- dantly in the southern and lower central ranges. The Lepidopterai on the other hand, appeared to be most abundant at an elevation of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet, that is on the declivities of the high volcanic peaks. On such lofty situations, the luxuriance of vegetation greatly exceeds that of the southern ranges ; and here, at the height of nearly 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, multitudes of the most bril- liant and rare Lepidoptera were taken, and from the quantity of larvae observed by Dr. Horsfield, he conceives that many more species remain still to be collected. If the collection can be considered defective, Dr. Horsfield imagines that it is only scanty in such species as may be peculiar to the districts which extend from the immediate confines of the ocean to an elevation of 200 feet. On the south coast the hills rise so abruptly from the sea to an elevation of several hundred feet, that proba- bly few species were lost by these shores not having been examined ; but along the northern coast of the island, which in many cases is low, and bounded by extensive plains of sand, there possibly remains much to be discovered. It PREFACE. yy It may therefore be stated in recapitulation,— 1st. That this collection affords a general sample of such Coleoptera and Lepidoptera as are to be found in the exten- sive plain which is situated south of Samarang (one of the principal towns on the northern coast), and which extends from the declivities of the mountain Merapi, in the west of the island, to those of the mountain Lawu, in the east. 2dly. That in frequent excursions made from the capital Suracarta (which is situated in the plain above-mentioned), towards the eastern and western boundary of the native princes territory, and towards the ranges extending along the southern coast of the island, both Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were carefully sought after, but were almost exclusively collected on plants. 3dly. That the fertile acclivities of the volcanic series, extending longitudinally through the centre of the island, and covered with a profusion of the most luxuriant vegetation, have afforded a large proportion of the Lepidoptera in the collection ; while in the western extremity of the island, which comprises many uncultivated tracts of country highly productive in insects, the opportunities which Dr. Horsfield possessed for collecting were comparatively limited. From what has now been stated, it must sufficiently appear that this collection is not brought under the notice of the public as a complete one. Many species indeed have lately been described from the continental collections as inhabitants of Java, which will not be found in the following list ; and it is possible that many more still remain undescribed in the cabinets of the King of the Netherlands, M.M.Westermann, Reinwardt, &c. But this much may be said with the strictest truth, namely, that Dr. Horsfield has brought to England so fair a sample of the Entomology of Java, that if it be deficient in several species, it is probably not deficient in many peculiarly new forms. And if so much can be said of the extent of our materials, still more may be promised with respect to their intrinsic value ; for Dr. Horsfield will be found to have paid such attention to the metamorphoses of Lepidoptera, as has enabled him to bring to the shores of Europe a more valuable mass of entomological information, than had ever hitherto been collected within the tropics. Having thus given an outline of the mode and localities in which this valuable col- lection was made, and some notions with respect to its extent, I may be allowed to say a few words on the plan of descriptive catalogue that has been employed to make thespecies known. Scarcely one of the many voyages and travels which at present teem from the press, is considered as scientifically ushered into the world, unless it be accompanied by an appendix containing descriptive catalogues of the animals or plants which may have occurred in the course of the expedition. The nature, use, and proper object b<2 of PREFACE, via of such catalogues become, therefore, questions not altogether without interest. A descriptive catalogue in Natural History is nothing else than a list of species, accom- panied with such descriptions as may be judged sufficient to make these species known ; and it is evident that a number of various catalogues, having very different objects in view, may be drawn up to correspond with the terms of this definition. A catalogue, for instance, may be formed like that of Buffon, with an express contempt of technical nomenclature and a thorough disregard of system ; the interest of the work depending wholly on that of the history of the individual species described, and the fecundity of imagination, or floridness of style with which their respective manners are developed. Such is, so far as concerns true science, the least profound, and therefore the most ancient sort of descriptive catalogue ; although indubitably it is in certain cases quite sufficient for the purpose of making known the animal intended to be described. Thus, considering the horse merely as a domesticated animal, no scien- tific description can so eloquently, so admirably depict it as that of Buffon, and yet from such a description, we gain no notion whatever of the place which this noble creature holds in the great plan of creation. For all that we learn by it, there need scarcely be more than two insulated beings in the world, man and the horse. The consequence is, that such catalogues only suit for giving popular accounts of a few of such remarkable plants and vertebrated animals, as are directly connected with the habits of man. They seem to proceed, not only on the idea of all design, all order being absent in the creation as a whole, but also as if the infinitely greater part of organized forms need scarcely have been created. It would be absurd, even if it were possible, which it certainly is not, to adopt such a plan of catalogue for the description of insects or shells ; for the interest taken by the public in these " Animated Natures," depends either on the number of anecdotes they contain, or upon our having already, in the usual course of life, acquired directly or indirectly some notion of the animals described, and therefore some curiosity to know more of their manners. Such a catalogue, therefore, is truly unscientific ; but at the same time, and certainly for this reason it is the most popular of any. To understand it requires no previous acquaintance with Natural History ; and to read it, we are told, is all that is necessary for the common purposes of life. True indeed it is, that a horse, a dog, a bee, any animal in fact which is already interesting to us from its immediately affecting the interests of man, may in this way be described, so that every characteristic trait, every particular of their man- ners shall be detailed : and yet it is easy to prove, that both tiie reader and writer of such descriptions may remain utterly unacquainted with Natural History as a science. They know no more ot it, necessarily, than that person knows of astronomy who may have observed the change of seasons, or the difference in the length of days anil nights. PREFACE. ix nights. Buffon himself, to whom such catalogues owe their chief reputation, was more properly the historian of a few natural objects, than the " Historian of Nature." This, perhaps, to the generality of readers, will appear a bold assertion, when directed against a man so celebrated ; and may indeed startle any person who has been accus- tomed to allow the following parallel to be correctly drawn. " Linnaeus saisissoit avec finesse les traits distinctifs des itres ; Buffon embrassoit d'un coup d'aeil les rapports les plus eloignes." But I confess that the truth of this distinction, so indisputable in the eyes of French naturalists, has never yet been apparent to me ; and so far from attri- buting general views of the plan of creation to Buffon, in preference to Linnaeus, I do not conceive that the mode in which he studied Natural History, could ever have led him beyond a well-written " Animal Biography." It is not indeed asserted, that Buffon was destitute of general notions on the creation ; for this with a man of genius, looking at so divine a work, was impossible : still less is it asserted that he was deficient in the powers of generalizing ; but what I mean is, that his ideas of nature were from the foundation wrong, his mode of studying her works errone- ous, -and his general conclusions, therefore, almost always false. For the truth of my position, I have only to refer to those parts of his works that touch on what is truly the science of Natural History : as for instance, to take one of the most profound of them, his account of birds that have not the power of flying. All that can be said in favour of the above distinction, is, that if Buffon had an eye for seizing any relations of affinity, they were indeed " les plus eloignes." Leaving, therefore, such a plan as his to those inventive imaginations, those crude theories, and that pompous flowery style, which can alone give it any peculiar interest, the modern writers of Faunae or Flora?, have invariably been obliged to resort to systematic descriptive catalogues. All of these however may, I conceive, be reduced to two kinds — those which are founded on artificial systems, and those which are grounded, not on any particular artificial system, but on the endeavour to disco- ver the natural system. Of the first kind, that is, of those which are drawn up according to the pre-conceived importance of some one or two particular organs, is the justly celebrated Sy sterna Natural of Linnaeus. We have seen that by such a plan as that of Buffon, it would be impossible to make known the forms of every insect, shell, or moss, that may occur in distant coun- tries, and recourse is therefore had to a systematic catalogue wmch, by referring to the arrangement of some classical work, such as the " Sy sterna Naturae," or the " Regne Animal," enables the traveller at once to give a name to the object he describes, and the reader to know it by that name. The advantage of such a descriptive catalogue is, that to scientific characters and technical descriptions, written with the precision of Linnaeus, may thus be subjoined the histories of the rarest animals, written with the eloquence PREFACE. eloquence of a Buffon. While, therefore, it records the manners and economy of such beings as most directly affect our habits of life, it also admits that of which an unscientific catalogue is incapable ; namely, the means of making the lowest animal- cule or lichen of a distant country, nearly as well known to us in point of form, as a horse or an oak. A systematic descriptive catalogue, founded on an artificial system, is indeed very convenient for the description of newly discovered animals, when the principal object in view is the possibility of their being useful or injurious to us in the course of life. Those fire-side travellers who limit their researches in Natu- ral History to such points, as being acquainted with the forms of the cereal plants used by the peaceful Hindoos, or with those of the animals eaten by the savages of the Polar regions, require nothing more than this species of catalogue ; and so far all may be right. But if we descend to the description of minute mosses or insects on this plan, it is difficult not to imagine that our leisure hours might have been better employed. Unless it be for killing time, it is difficult to conceive what possible pur- pose it can serve, to name and describe some thousands of minute insects and shells, which we may never see but in the cabinet of a collector. Certain insects, indeed, may attract a portion of attention on account of the uses to which they may be applied by man, or the injuries which they may inflict on him. Thus the cochineal insect of America, or the destructive locust of Africa, may excite some share of interest in the general reader of an entomological systematic catalogue ; but these are only drops in a vast ocean of species, and the writer of such a catalogue, founded on an artificial system, must, when he has done his best, content himself with the credit of having enabled some virtuoso to give barbarous names to a few dried beetles. If, however, a descriptive catalogue can be formed, not resting on the preconceived importance of any particular organ or organs, but, on the manner in which the whole animal structure varies, and having, therefore, for its object the discovery of the general plan of creation, it is obvious that the lowest insect or polype derives importance from this object. Organized nature is a complicated chain of beings, of which chain each species forms a link. Every new species added to our list, serves thus to increase our knowledge of this stupendous system,— a system that ought to excite in every breast the most intense interest ; not merely as one of the works of our Creator, but as that particular work of the Divine Hand, which has been designed with direct reference to ourselves. A minute beetle of Java, therefore, which of itself scarcely raises a thought in our minds beyond what may originate in its splendour of colour, or its eccentricity of form, becomes absolutely important when described in reference to its fellows. Not, indeed, that with respect to the particular fact itself, the world need care much to know that some tribes of beetles are constructed on a plan beautiful and regular beyond measure ; but when, in consequence of this knowledge, a similar beauty and regularity PREFACE. xi regularity are detected in other branches of the organized creation, even in that with which we ourselves are immediately connected, and the presumption thus arises that they extend throughout nature ; then at least ought naturalists to attend to this delightful field for discovery, and by none ought it to be despised. Those who take up the subject in this light, will even excuse the entomologist for making insects the particular object of his study, in preference to the other branches of nature. Entomologists indeed, when their researches are properly directed, may truly say with the poet, — " In tenia labor, at tenuis non gloria." For it is among insects, above all other groupes of animals, that, owing to their myriads of species, the mode in which nature's chain is linked — a mode, the know- ledge of which comprizes all knowledge in Natural History — will be most evident, and therefore most easily detected. Nay, with a view to the discovery of the natural system, a local descriptive catalogue of insects, arranged according to their natural affinities, is more useful than a descriptive catalogue of Vertebrata on the same plan ; and this, because the comparative paucity of vertebrated species in a given place will render such a catalogue infinitely more disjoined, than any similar list of Annulose animals ever can be. It is obvious also, that such a catalogue may contain vivid descriptions of such animals as of themselves are interesting to mankind, while it admits of even more scientific precision than the most copious of those which are founded on artificial systems. The very situation of an animal in a catalogue, which is arranged correctly according to natural affinities, may point out a thousand particulars, both of its economy and structure, that could never have been arrived at by the most elaborate description. The sole disadvantage attending this sort of catalogue is, that it ceases to be a dic- tionary of nomenclature, to which a perfect tyro in entomology may, with certainty, resort for the name of any insect he has collected. And, undoubtedly, if a person be unacquainted with the Linnean genera of insects, I fear that he will not be able to make much use of the following observations ; but if, on the other hand, he should know these genera, he can, in my opinion, have little difficulty in comprehending every thing here stated. I am not aware that any local descriptive catalogue of insects has ever yet been at- tempted, with reference to the discovery of a natural arrangement, unless, perhaps, it be the admirable Monographia apum Anglice ; but even the plan of this work had only reference to a few Hymenoptera, and consequently, was inapplicable to other insects, and much more so to all other animals. The reader will, therefore, take into consideration the difficulties I encounter- in commencing a catalogue of insects, on a plan of investi- gating x \[ PREFACE. eating Affinities and Analogies which is conceived to be applicable to the whole of organ- izedmatter. The most comprehensive view that, in this world at least, man can ever take of nature, must be but a glimpse of the reality, and must, consequently, be always sus- ceptible of infinite improvement. As yet, moreover, we have not even arrived at the threshold of nature's temple ; so that I shall have attained the utmost I can hope for, if I should be found to have made a nearer approach to it, than had ever yet been made in the same branch of entomology. The attention of naturalists in different countries, andin widely different departments of Natural History, havinglately been turned towards the laws which regulate the distribution of organized nature, and their works in general being easily referred to, I shall not in this place enter into the theory. The staunch partizans of Linnaeus, however,— those who account the Sy sterna A aturae to be Nature's system, — will not be displeased to find, that in the following pages the Linnean genera of Coleoptera, even those which, by Fabricius and Latreille, were most widely broken asunder, now again become groupes, and this merely by following the Jilum ariad- nceum of affinities, and certainly without any remarkable partiality on my part to the learned Swede's character as an entomologist. It cannot, however, be denied, that almost in every case his genera are natural groupes, although he erred in making them all of the same rank, and appears to have had no idea whatever of the manner in which they are connected. I have only now farther to observe, that it shall be my earnest endeavour to render this work useful to persons resident in the Indian Archipelago, not merely by enabling them to know the species they may meet with, and so to commence a science which may eventually prove an agreeable source of amusement ; but by informing them of the circumstances to which they ought to pay most attention, and thus making their labours tend to the development of the plan of creation. My next and principal endeavour shall be not only to render the Javanese species of Annulosa known to European collectors, but to shew the places which they respec- tively occupy in the scale of created being. In the meanwhile let the young naturalist bear in mind, that it is not the ready ability to give a name to an object, which ought to be considered the grand, the ulterior aim, the " ultimus Jinis" of his observations, but, as Linnaeus says, the discovery of the natural system ; and of this the meanest atom that lives, the Monas itself, may perhaps form a link as necessary towards our proper comprehension of the whole, as any other animal, however large, or however intelligent. ANNULOSA JAVANICA. INTRODUCTION. As this Work is to be conducted with as much reference as possible to those general prin- ciples of natural distribution which I have laid before the Public, both in the Horce Entomologies and the Transactions of the Linnean Society, the reader may easily perceive that there will be some novelty in the arrangement, as well as in the matter arranged. In abandoning, however, that division of Coleoptera which is founded on the number of joints in the tarsi, and which has acquired so much vogue on the Continent, it may be necessary to shew that I am countenanced by some authority. I shall, for this purpose, therefore, content myself with citing the following words of M. Latreille : that is, of the distinguished naturalist to whom the Tarsal System owes much more of its celebrity than to its inventor. " Articulorum tarsorum progressio numerica decrescens in methodo naturali non admittenda." — (Gen. Crust, et Ins. vol. i. p. 172.) It will also be seen that I commence with the Adephagous Coleoptera, not indeed because they form a particularly rich part of the Hon. East-India Company's collection, and still less from any notion of the Linnean genus Cicindela having a peculiar title to this pre-eminence, but because they constitute that department of the science which at present most engages the attention of Continental Entomologists. In the course of this investigation I shall have several new genera, or rather subgenera, to propose, of which the characters in some cases must necessarily rest on refined, and even minute considerations. Now, as the object I have in view is to make known in a definite manner all the species that may be new, I cannot hope to carry this my intention into execution without adopting some of those delicate distinctions, which result from the mode of investigation that has lately been pursued by M. Bonelli, in his study of these insects. I have, indeed, little choice to make : for I must either expose myself to a charge very frequently at present brought against Entomologists— namely, that they disgust persons with the science by the multitude of names with which they load it ; or I must display unpardonable ignorance of the many excellent observations which could never have been discovered, nor can now be explained, without such a mode of discrimination being resorted to. When, therefore, I venture to add to the already overwhelming number of subgenera into which the Linnean genus Carabus has been divided, I have to state in excuse, that this course of proceeding is adopted from the conviction that it is impossible to assign some of the new Javanese forms to any of those genera, which MM. Dejean and Bonelli have almost entirely founded on the examination of European B insects. 2 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. insects. If, in short, new subgenera are here made, it is because otherwise I should have had either to refer all the new Javanese insects to European subgenera, with the characters of which they do not agree; or to assign them to large groupes, where the Entomologist would have had to search for them among some hundreds of species, and at last have ended his toil with com- plete uncertainty as to their identification. If my subgenera were in every case natural, or if I could in every case display their true place in the series of affinity, I should as little think of offering an apology for minuteness of investigation, as my readers would expect it. In that event, a sufficient answer would be, that certain affinities were pointed out by such minute discrimination, while the resulting series was natural ; but this I am sorry to say cannot be pretended in every case, and particularly in that of one of the families into which the Linnean Carabus shall here be divided. Conse- quently the new subgenera of this family, viz. the Harjmlida, must rest their stability first on their own merits, as serving to make new forms definitely known ; and secondly, on the little value of every argument that has hitherto been used to prove the minuteness of modern Ento- mological genera. Indeed, on this last head I cannot refrain from calling the reader's attention to a few curious facts, which will serve to illustrate an argument that has already been ably sus- tained by Mr. Spence, in his monograph on the genus Choleva. There is nothing which makes the fertility of design that has characterized the Creation so incontestably evident, as the variation of structure that sometimes prevails in groupes of an in- ferior rank, such as genera or families. It is indeed manifest, that if a groupe like the Vertebrata be of a primary degree, and the number of species it contains be nevertheless small, then the divi- sions will be more decided and more easily seized than if the number of species were great. But if the groupe be not of a primary nature like the Linnean genus Carabus, and yet the number of species contained in it be great, then the difficulties of distribution are augmented, owing to the number as well as to the minuteness of the differences to be seized. And yet it is such difficult ground that we ought in a particular manner to cultivate, if we wish to attain a true knowledge of nature; and this remark truly deserves attention from those who object to that delicacv of research which has characterized the labours of MM. Clairville, Bonelli, and Dejean. anions: the Harpalidce. The distinctions of these Entomologists are, it is true, often minute; but when we observe that the groupes characterized by such distinctions contain twenty, thirty, sometimes more than a hundred species, we necessarily say that, for the sake of convenience alone, it were to be wished that even these groupes, minute as they are, could be subdivided. But while this de- licacy of discrimination is useful for theartificial purposes of nomenclature,it becomesindispensably necessary in the study of affinities. More than 1600 species of the Linnean genus Carabus have, for instance, come within my own knowledge. Now, supposing a new species to occur, which indeed happens every day, what definite idea of its structure or affinities can possibly be obtained by a person who refers it to a groupe of 1600 beings of so many various forms ? And if these 1600 species compose but one genus, as they do according to Linnaeus, what person can be found with either time or inclination to identify the specific name of one of them ? Indeed this circum- stance of itself has rendered the identity of many species of Linnaeus, and even of Fabricius, quite uncertain. For example : " Carabus alatus atcr nitidus, elytris striatis antennis ritfis" (Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. i. p. 189) is a description that will apply to hundreds of insects, of structure, INTRODUCTION. 3 structure, economy, and appearance all totally different from each other. On this account, therefore, Clairville and Bonelli merit the greatest praise for the assiduity and perseverance they have shewn in the study of the Harpalidte. Their labours, however, soon gave rise to the complaint that every species was thus becoming a genus, and that confusion instead of order was thus arising from their innovations. This complaint, indeed, has gradually died away among Entomologists ; but it has, in consequence, become a charge levelled generally against Entomology, by certain persons who are ignorant of the present state of the science. The genus Carahus of Linnaeus has, above all others, given rise to such charges ; and it must there- fore not a little surprise these critics to know, that after all the various mutilations which the genus Carabus of Bonelli has undergone, it appears in the collection of M. Dejean, whose catalogue, be it remembered, is very far from being extensive in extra-European insects, to con- tain about twice as many species as Linnaeus has described of bis genus Carahus. In the 13th edition of his Systema Naturae, the latter describes only forty-three of his genus Carahus, which is a groupe of four modern families ; whereas Baron Dejean's collection contains eighty-three species of the modern genus Carahus ; and I know of about forty more. No genus can rest on more refined considerations than the genus Harpalus, as it at present stands ; yet Dejean's catalogue contains ninety-two species, of which sixty-three are European. On looking at this catalogue, we find that the average number of species Baron Dejean possesses in each of his eighty-six genera made out of the Linnean genus Carabus, is ten ; that is, the same number which Persoon, in his last edition of the Synopsis, describes in each of his 2280 genera of plants ; and yet, as Decandolle has well observed, in the Tlieorie Elemeutaire de la Botanique (p. 222), Persoon has in reality fewer genera, in proportion to the number of plants he knew, than Linnaeus ; for while the former assigns ten species to each of 2280 genera, the latter naturalist only allows six species at an average to each of 1260 genera. So that if 1500 species of Linuean Carabus exist in collections, we may double thenumber of published subgenera, and yet allowfewer subgenera, in proportion to the number of species we know, than Linnaeus did of genera in that portion of nature with which he was best acquainted. So much for the observation that every species is now a genus in Entomology, — an observation that has had its origin entirely in the inadequate idea generally prevailing as to the number of annulose species which exist. We every day hear of the difficulty of natural history having increased, and doubtless it is increasing every hour : but this is owing to the number of new species which are pouring in upon us. Still a great advantage has accrued to the science from the augmentation of our collections ; for if the study of natural affinities was formerly impossible, it has now come within the reach of every person who does not allow himself to be frightened by the multitude of names which necessarily crowd the pages of the best modern works on natural history. Names, after all, are only formidable when marshalled in an index ; and the difficulty they present to the voung naturalist not only vanishes when it is encountered, but soon is found to be his best aid, in combating difficulties of infinitely greater importance. With respect to my general distribution of Clairville's Adephaga, I have little more to say, than that it is a sketch of natural affinities which the reader of the Horcc Entomologies will find to illustrate certain questions there left in doubt. And if I have not been able to adopt that exposition of these insects which has lately been given to the public by my friends MM. Latreillc B 2 and 4 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. and Dejean, it has at least been as closely attended to as I judged either consistent with nature or convenient for use.* Some of the new subgenera here proposed being founded on external characters, it may be necessary to premise, that where the specimen was unique or very rare in the collection, I had not, of course, the permission to dissect it. I hope, therefore, that this circumstance will be taken particularly into consideration, by those who may have occasion to refer to the following descriptions, which I shall now proceed with. * I have not, for instance, thought it advisable to lay so much stress on the form of the external joint of the palpi as these gentlemen have done. The validity of my reasons for differing from them in this respect may be judged on a perusal of P. i. p. 4, Horae Entomologicae. As to the general distribution of M. Latreille, it is confessed by himself to be artificial, and therefore I need offer no apology for abandoning it. ANNULOSA JAVANICA. COLEOPTERA. An attempt has been made in the Horcs Entomological to shew that if we gradually limit our views, and descend from the consideration of the kingdom Animalia to the department or sub- kingdom Annulosa, from this again to the class Mandibulata, and then to the order Coleoptera, thus leaving each groupe for one of its component minor groupes, we shall at length observe the last-mentioned, viz. the order Coleoptera, to resolve itself into five minor groupes, which I have termed tribes. Now one of these tribes consists of insects having Chilopodiform larva? ; that is, their larvae are carnivorous, having their head furnished with ocelli and strong man- dibles, generally pierced for suction. Their body is subdepressed, composed of angular, or at least of laterally incontinuous segments, of which all, or at least a certain portion, are each covered with a corneous lamina. Some one of the hinder segments of the body (in general the penultimate or last) is moreover always furnished with at least two styliform appendages, which are sometimes corneous, sometimes membranaceous, and sometimes articulated. From this general resemblance of the larva? to young Chilopoda, the tribe may be termed CHILOPODOMORPHA. Character Typicus. Larva chilopodomorpha plerumque carnivora, corpore processubus duobus posticis styliformibus dorsalibus semper instructo. Imago plerumque pentamera, mandibulis cornels, maxillis bipartitis vel processubus duobus ; lacinid interiori in unguem corneum incurvum fere semper desinente ; lacinid exteriore scepius biar- ticulatd interdum palpiformi. I have elsewhere shewn that nature appears to have varied less in the structure of the maxillae than in any other part of the mouth of Coleoptera, and have consequently inferred that the Entomologist ought to pay particular attention to the form of the maxillae in the perfect insect. In the tribe having Chilopodiform larvae, we have a remarkable example of the truth of this reasoning, for a particular modification of that form of maxillae which is general to this tribe caused the carnivorous insects, or Adephaga of Clairville, to be early separated from all other Coleoptera by a most anomalous character, viz. that of having six palpi. When Savigny, how- ever, reduced to one general structure the mouth of all winged insects, it followed as an imme- diate consequence, that Coleoptera do not differ so much among themselves as that two or three families should have four maxillary palpi and all the rest only two. We find, accordingly, that a more philosophical view of the subject did not fail to be taken by M. Latreille, as soon as he had weighed with due consideration the theory of M. Savigny.* For instance, the maxillae of Coleoptera may be described generally as being composed of several pieces which are often entirely confluent, and generally so far confluent as to form one mass; the interior palpi (as they are called) of adephagous insects forming almost the only known exception to the rule. But even in * Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Hist. Nat., art. Bouche, p. 242. 6 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. in this case the proper view of the maxillae is, that they terminate in two lobes, generally ciliated, and often confluent, the external lobe being in its typical state connected with the internal lobe by an articulation, and the internal lobe being terminated by an unguis. Of this typical maxilla Passalus affords a good example ;* and among the Petalocera, we find it distinguishable in the whole family of Geolrupidce. We have an example of the confluence of the maxillary pieces, that is, of a complete departure from the typical maxilla, in Mgus ; and, indeed, the Thalero- phagous Petalocera in general, but particularly the Anoplo gnat hid '«, exhibit little or no traces of the above typical structure of the maxilla. The Maxilla of such Coleoptera as have Chilopodiform larvae, possesses, however, a peculiar character, which may be considered as typical in reference to the groupe. The external lobe is not only connected with the internal by an articulation, but itself consists of two pieces. Sometimes, as in the Linnean genera Cicindela, Car alms, Dytiscus, and Gyrinus, this biarticulate external process of the maxilla is slender and cylindrical, and consequently palpiform, occasion- ing these genera to be characterized as having four maxillary palpi. Sometimes, as in the Linnean genera Hydrous}- and Staphylinus ,£ this biarticulate process is dilated and not palpi- form. Sometimes again, as in certain species of the Linnean genus Silpha, the two pieces which form the external lobe of the maxilla are confluent or soldered together, although the typical structure remains visible, or the outer piece is converted into a penicilliform lacinia, adapted to the particular economy of the insect. The tribe of Chilopodomorpha is divisible as follows, into five stirpes i.e. races; or, which is the same thing, into two groupes ; one of which contains two stirpes, and is typical of the tribe ; while the other contains three stirpes, more immediately conducting to other tribes, and which may therefore be termed aberrant.§ Stirpes. Exempla typica. 1. Normal groupe, consisting of insects having ,' linear or setaceous antennas, with the exterior] 1- Geoiiephaga Carabus. § "J biarticulate process of the maxilla palpiform.) 2 . Hydradephaga Dutu S v Adephaga of Clairville. I it tiscus. I T2. Aberrant groupe, consisting of insects having (3. Philhydrida Hydrophilus. J J their antennas clavate, or, at least, gradually ) , * T 3 | thickening towards the apex, while the ex-) 4 ' Necromaga (Lat.J ...Silpha. ^ ternal lobe of the maxilla is not palpiform. V s - Brachelytra fLat.J ...Staphylinus. That this tribe is a natural groupe, sufficiently appears from the above series of five stirpes returning into itself, and forming as it were a circle. Thus, from the Geodephaga, or genera Cicmdela and Caralms of Linnaeus, we pass by means of Omophron to the Hydradephaga or genera Gyrinus, and Dyticus of Linnaeus. From these again we pass to the' Linnean Vnu< Hydrous, which, until his entomological career was nearly over, the great Swede confounded always with Dyticus. Part of the Pkilhydrida, such as the modern genus Elophoms, was by Linnaeus For this and the following examples the rpndpv man m „„,i, .. r ■ , B CAses, in a remarkable degree, the property of spirt- ing out from the anus an exceedingly acrid and volatile fluid. Genus. PANAG^US Fab. 1.5. Cereus. P. niger clypeo glabro, occipite thoraceque prqfunde punctatis, elytris striis punctatis maculisque duabus undatis melleis : anlica latiori marginali. y Long corp. A -f- Caput punctis scabriusculum clypeo labroque glabris. Thorax suborbicularis punctis profundis scabri- usculis. Scutellum minimum triangulare. Elytra striis decern impressis punctatis, scutellari brevis- ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 13 sima ; maculisque duabus cereo-flavis, antica, subhumerali a quinta stria ad marginetn et postica versus apicem a quinta stria ad nonam undulatis. Corpus subtus atronitidum. Pedes nigri. Subgenus LISSAUCHENIUS Nobis. Panagjeus Wiedemann ? Carabus Fab. Lahrum transversum antice baud emarginatum. Mandibulee acuta?, sinistra majore. Palpi maxillares elongati articulo quarto obconico apice truncate. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo magno securiformi. Mention dente shifts simplice. Subgenus Panageeo certe affine. Collum distinctum. Os acutum. Thorax canaliculars marginatus nitidus subquadratus utrinque rotundatus antice posticeque angulatus. Corpus alatum. Tarsi maris antici articulis tribus dilatatis. Obs. This genus differs from Panagceus in having the labrum not emarginate, the last joint of the maxillary palpi not triangular, the middle tooth of the mentum simple and the thorax neither suborbiculate or entire, and scarcely wider than the head. The antennae are mutilated iu the only specimen of the genus which Dr. Horsfield has brought to England. 16. Ruftpemor/itus. L. ater capite thoraceque viridianeis, elytris sidcatis punctatis macula postica Jlava. $ Long. corp. & Caput laeve labro palpis antennisque nigris, his basi subpiceis. Thorax punctatus ovatus antice posticeque truncatus lateribus marginatis. Elytra convexiuscula atronitida stria prima ad scutell urn brevissima. Corpus subtus nigrum. Pedes nigri femoribus runs. Obs. This insect comes very near to the description of Carahus posticus in Fabricius, the only difference being that the latter insect has the " thorax Icevis" and the " pedes fulvi." The Pana Palpi maxillares articulo stipitali mining Iseclundoicrasso subovato, tertio tenuissimo vix obconico praecedentibus simul sumptis longiore, ultimo subconico breviore. :-iuii^«^Vflf*i(«^«M^l^lp«imQjC|i-%^©*(ite^indiuatiS breviy secundo brevissimo globoso, tertio •r J i.Mh?iia?pedentibus 1 ;iSinvuJ l igu.i A a i ptisiX0rei lt luplo ; ax>ngiore tenui obconico, ultimo subobconico AM^^^iJtf.eviore apice ( o,btufi©,,o!] nUiv.VpiiAi; ■. ■ \-V Labium subquadratum apice truncato setis duabus terminalibus. Paraglossa utrinque J " membranacea ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 57 membranacea, tenuis, cylindrica vel potius subulata, labio multo longiore. Mentum tridentatum dente sinus simplice. Thorax longior quam latior, eonvexus, marginatus, medio canaliculars. Ods. This subgenus has the habit of Dolichus, from which it is not fat- in affinity. 26. Svbiridescens. D. atronitidus palpis antennis tarsisque piceo-rufis, tkorace brevissimo, elytris striatit atro- iridescentibus. Long. corp. | + Caput totum laevissimum. Elytra stria prima ad scutellum brevissima, sculptura marginali irregulari. Corpus subtus atronitidum pedibus nigris. Subgenus COLPODES Nobis. Antenna articulo tertio elongato seu duorum priinorum simul sumptorum Iongitudine ; articulis tribus primis nitidis, reliquis pubescentibus. Labrum transversum quadratum integrum. Mandibulce elongatae trigonae, apice acutae incurvse. Palpi maxillares articulo tertio tenui obconico, quarto aequali cylindrico-ovali vix truncate. Mentum sinu simplice. Caput fere Iongitudine thoracis. Thorax obcordatus, antice emarginatus, postice truncatus, lateribus rotundatis baud sinuatis, marginibus subreflexis. Corpus convexiusculum elytris striatis postice sub- emarginatis. Peefesantici $ tarsorum articulis omnibus dila- tatis, penultimo bilobato lobo anteriore majore. Obs. This subgenus has some connexion with the genera Sphodrus and Anchomenus ; from the former it may easily be distinguished by its thorax ; and from the latter by its antenna?. The posterior sinuation of the elytra seems to indicate a relation to Catascopus. 27. Brunxeus. C. atrobrunneus concolor nitidus orejerrugineo, antennis apice rubris, geniculis tarsisque piceis. Long. corp. 1 + Caput laeve facie media elevata lateribusque rugosulis. Antennce articulis ultimis octo rubris pubescenti- bus apice ciliatis. Thorax linea antica transversa, media longitudinali, fossulaque utrinque postica impressus. Elytra stria suturali brevissima. Subgenus OMASEUS Zieg. Obs. The following species differs from the type of the subgenus which, according to German catalogues, is the Carabus melanarius of Illiger, or C. leucophthalmus of Fabricius, in having the last joint of the maxillary palpi securiform. I do not, however, think it necessary to separate it generically from that insect. 28. ViRioicoLLis. O. niger capite viridi: clypeo oreque nigris, thoraceviridi; margine nigro, elytris atropurpureii J Long. corp. 1 -fc D Genus 18 ANNULOSA JAVAN1CA. Subgenus CATADROMUS Nobis. Antenna setaceee articulis septem ultimis pubescentibus, articulo tertio pnecedentibus simul sumptis breviore. Labrum breve, latum, trans versum, antice subemarginatum, medio quatuor setis instructo, angulis rotundatis. Mandibular validissima? capite paulo breviores, subtrigonae, extus convexae intus concavae, basi unidentatae, apice acutissimae incurvse. Maxillee subtrigonae intus setis ciliatae, apice ungue acuto armaio; processus dorsalis arti- culo basilari obconico, apicali subcylindrico incurvo vix subulate Palpi maxillares articulo stipitali brevissimo ovato, secundo et tertio aequalibus boc obco- nico illo incurvo subcylindrico apice subcrassiore, articulo quarto vel apicali breviore obconico apice obtuso. Palpi labiales quasi mento affixi, stipite minimo tuberculiformi, articulis primo subobconico et secundo subgloboso quasi articulum unum albo-annulatum versus apicem con- stricturn formantibus, articulo tertio obconico intus setis duabus instructo, articulo ultimo breviore seta una instructo, obconico, apice obtuso. Labium stipite occulto, obconicum lateribus subsinuatis, margine antico emarginato, angulis setis duabus terminalibus instructis. Paraglossce vix labii longitudine, utrinque dis- tinctae, membranaceae, tenues, subclavatae, apice obtusae. Mention tridentatum dente sinus simplice acuto. Elytra apice sinuata vel potius emarginata. $ Tarsi anteriores articulis tribus dilatatis. Obs. This subgenus differs from Omaseits in having the elytra emarginate at the apex and the middle tooth of the mentum simple instead of emarginate. It approaches also to Platysma nigra in affinity, and has some relation to Cepkalofes Bon. (JBroscus Panz) ; but this is much less remarkable than the former affinity. 29. 1'enbbriowbs. C. atronitidus viridi-marginatus elytris sulcutis : sulco a suturd secundo bvpundato mar- gineque viridi-punctato. Carabiistenebrioides. Oliv. Ins. N". 35, p. 17. 8. Long. corp. 2^ Obs. This insect, of which a wretched figure is given by Olivier, is the largest and hand- somest of the Javanese Adephaga. A piceous variety in my father's collection is the vcrv specimen from which Olivier took his description and figure. Its identity, therefore, with the above species is completely ascertained, and its nigropiceous colour in all probability merely results from its having been a young insect when taken. Genus DICLELINDUS Nobis. Antenna setaceae thorace longiores articulis primo et tertio aequalibus, ultimis octo pubescentibus. Labrum transversum quadratum. Mandibular ANNULOSA JAVAN1CA. 19 Mandihulae ut in Diccelo. Palpi maxillures articulo penultimo et ultimo sequalibus, hoc cylindrico ovali. Mentum dente sinus bifido. Thorax transverso-quadratus lateribus rotundatis marginatis, antice emarginatus, postice truncatus, medio canaliculars, fossula lineari utrinque postice impressus. Corpus valde depressum elytris striatis. Pedes antici maris tarsorum articulis duobus dilatatis. Obs. The affinities of this genus would be very difficult to discover were it not for a Brazil insect, which I believe forms M. Latreille's genus Microcephalus,* and which clearly connects it with Diccelus. This Brazilian insect has the subquadrate mentum of Diccelindus, and the securi- form palpi of Diccelus. It may also be worth while to compare our insect with Amara and Dinodes. 30. Felspjticus. D. nigro-iridescens lavissimus labro antennis tarsisque piceis, elytris septemstriatis : margine exarato postice subcatenulato. Long. corp. ^ Caput atronitidum, postice subiridescens, facie bifossulata, labro quadrato piceo. Antennce articulis basa- libus nitidis piceis, reliquis pubescentibus rufis. Thorax politissimus iridescens. Scutelhim minutissimum. Elytra sicut Felspath politissima. Abdomen subiridescens. Pedes nigri tarsis ferrugineis. * In protesting against the slovenly mode lately adopted by some continental naturalists, of publishing generic names without defining the genera to which they are applied, I must express my regret at seeing it now resorted to by those who have most powerfully appealed against it. Because they are themselves well acquainted with the insects to which they assign certain names, they fancy that others must also know them, forgetting that the general adoption of the name must always depend on the accurate definition of the relation which exists between it and the insect. At least I hope, that it is this species of oversight which alone occasions the grievous inconveniences of which Entomology has to complain ; for I can scarcely suppose that naturalists, to whom the science owes so much in other respects, would condescend to confuse it, or thwart its progress for the mere sake of securing, by a doubtful priority, so trifling an advantage as a generic name, and so miserable a fame as must depend upon such priority. Certain it is, however, that inextricable confusion must arise from this course of proceeding, unless it be now at once firmly resisted; and unless Entomologists resolve to abide by the maxims laid down on this subject by Linnaeus and Fabricius. Proceeding on the principles laid down by these great authorities, who have both declared characters absolutely necessary, in order that genera may be known, I am sure that the reader will consider me justified in considering no name as secure, unless it be accompanied with a character. In these pages all names of mere catalogues, whether generic or specific, shall be as much overlooked as if they never had existed. In some few cases, perhaps where the names like Rembus, Omaseus, are assigned to described insects, and the meaning of the author is thus, in some measure, ascer- tained, I may choose not to increase the confusion by refusing to adopt them, although M. Latreille has most truly said, that even such names without characters, " ne sont que de simples indications et n'imposent aucune loi." I ought here to observe, on my own part, that it may possibly be found that M. Wiedemann has published in the pages of his Zoologisches Magazin, some few of the species here described; and of course, his names in such cases must be adopted as having the right of priority. Although I have long been in expectation of receiving the work complete, I unfortunately, at present, only possess some loose sheets of it, which I owe to the kindness of Dr. Escholtz. In every instance, however, where I could obtain M. Wiedemann's names, I have carefully adopted them, for his descriptions are not only detailed, but very accurate. D 2 20 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. Genus TRECHUS Clairv. 31. Convexu?. T. atronitidus pedibus antennisque piceis, his ad basin palpisque pallidioribus, elytris substriatis. Long. corp. J- Insectum Cephalotis habitu parvulum alatum vix huic generi associandum. Caput nigronitidum latitudine thoracis. Antenna articulis subajqualibus primo duobus sequentibus simul sumptis breviore, articulis quatuor ultimis crassioribus, apicali longiore ovato. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo subulato cum tertio breviore quasi articulum unum fusiformem formante. Thorax convexus marginatus obcor- dato-truncatus, basi angustior, latior quam longus, medio vix canaliculato. Elytra striis sub lente distinctis, prima ad scutellum brevissima. Obs. Although I have assigned this little insect to the genus Trechvs, I am aware that it differs from it in many respects. The only specimen however in the collection is so mutilated, that I cannot venture to found a subgenus upon it, and therefore present as full a description of it as its being pasted down on paper will permit me to make. It agrees with the characters of Trechus given in the, Regne Animal of M. Cuvier ; but these have been too vaguely drawn up to enable a beginner to form a correct idea of the genus. Subgenus GNATHAPHANUS Nobis. Antenna articulis fere Eequalibus secundo breviori. Labrum transverso-quadratum, angulis anticis rotundatis. MandibulcB sub clypeo fere occultee ; sinistra ad basin solum apparente. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo subsubulato, tertio obconico breviori. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo preecedente breviore, subulato, acuto. Menlum breve, transversum, dente sinus minimo simplice. Caput transverso-quadratum, latius quam longurn, antice truncatum facie brevissima. Thorax ut in Harpalo, sed fossula lineari brevi utrinque postice impressus. Corpus oblongum. Elytra striis irregularibus punctisque discalibus, apice emarginata ve! excisa. Obs. To this subgenus the Harpalus Thunhergi, of Schonherr appears to belong. It differs, however, from the following species, in being pubescent. 32. VuLNEitiPENms. G. ater, elytris decem-striatis : strid secundd brevi spatioque inter strias tertiam et quartam septem punctata. Long. corp. -k + Insectum nitidiusculum. Caput linea transversa antica utrinque fossulata. Palpi articulo ultimo piceo Antenna obscure pubescentes. Thorax lateribus posticeque marginatus, medio canaliculate Sen tellum mconspicuum. Elytra marginata stria secunda cum prima ad scutellum confluente • striis quarta et quinta, sextd et septima apice confluentibus, spatio inter septimam et octavam bi-vel-tri- punctato, illoque inter decimam et striam marginalem punctato scabroso. Pedes nigri. Genus HARPALUS Lat. 33. PomTILABBis H : niger antennis apice rufo-pubescentibus, labri limbo antico brunneo scxpunctato facie transverse-hneata. l ■' Long. corp. i Caput ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 21 Caput linea transversa angulis deflexis. Thorax laevissimus marginatus margine subrugosulo, linea media longitudinali, fossulaque utrinque postice inconspicua. Elytra striata stria secunda ad scutellum brevi. Obs. The following description of an insect unique in the collection is taken from so mutilated a specimen, that although I am almost sure it is not a true Harpalns, I cannot venture to assign it to any other subgenus. Although it has a punctured thorax the habit is rather that of Gna- thaphanus than of Ophonns -Dej. 34. Punctulatus. H. niger, totus subtilissime punctulatus, elytris pubescentibus striatis, pedibusjlavis iarsisque piceis. Long. corp. js Caput labro transverso quadrato subemarginato. Subgenus AMARA Bon. 35. Tricolor. A. nigra elytris ceneis, labro nigro, palpis antennis pedibusquejerrugineis. Long. corp. 3 Caput linea faciali transversa utrinque fossulata. Thorax convexus, marginatus, laevissimus, vix canalicu- lars sed fossula postice utrinque impressus. Elytra striata stria secunda ad scutellum inconspicua. Corpus subtus nigrum. 36. Subolifacea. A. nigronitida labro femoribusque piceis, antennis pedibusquejerrugineis, elytris ceneo-olivaceis viridibus vix nigris. Long. corp. & + Caput nigronitidum latum transversum labro semicirculari. Thorax planus, lateribus posticeque margi- natus, vix postice utrinque impressus. Elytra striata margine punctato, stria secunda brevi tertiaque versus apicem punctis aliquot raris. 37. Submnea. A. nigronitida labro piceo, antennis basi pedibusque rufis, thorace postice utrinque impresso, elytris nigro-ceneis. Long. corp. vix. w Pra;cedente paulo minor differt antennis basi' solum rufis, thorace sulcis tribus postice distinctis, femoribus nigris elytrisque haud viridibus. Subgenus DIGRYCHE Nobis. Antenna lineares, pubescentes, articulo tertio duobus prsecedentibus s.s. brcviore. Labrum transverso-quadratum angulis rotundatis. Mandibulce breves. Palpi maxillares articulo quarto subulato, precedente obconico breviore. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo acuto sub-subulato. Mentum sinu simplice angusto. Caput facie emarginata. Thorax latus; punctatus, marginatus, canal iculatus, obcordato- quadratus, antice emarginatus. Elytra striata, apice sinuata vix emarginata. 38. Torta. D.atronitida antennis Jerrugineis, pedibusjlavis, elytris nigro-ceneis : striisterti& sextaque punctahs. Long. corp. i + Caput 22 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. Caput labro piceo palpisque ferruginei*. Thorax postice creberrime punctata. Elytra stria secunda ad scutellum brevi, spatio inter strias tertiam et quartam, quintam et sextam punctato. Coxa ferrugineae. Obs. The Carabus flavilabris of Fabricius perhaps comes near to this insect, if not to the subgenus Colpodes. Subgenus HYPH^EREON Nobis. Antennae pilosulse vel pubescentes articulo tertio secundo duplo longiore. Labrum quadratum. Mandibulce longiusculae acutse. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo elongato tenui obconico. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo breviori subulato. Mentum dente sinus simplice parvo acuto. Caput oblongum glabrum, facie lateribus subparallelis utrinque fossulatis. Thorax laevis, nitidus, canaliculars, subquadratus, lateribus rotundatis, antice marginatus, marginibus lateralibus subpunctatis subreflexis, posticoque subpunctato, fossula utrinque vix con- spicua. Elytra stria secunda ad suturam brevi. 39. Reflexvs. H. atronitidus antennis oreque piceis, pedibus obscuris ;femoribus testaceis, thorace postwe punch* scabroso. Long. corp. J + Caput mandibulis nigris palpisque rufis. Antenna obscuro-piceae apice pallidiores. Elytra striis pro- fundis. Corpus subtus atronitidum, ano obscuro. Subgenus HYPHARPAX Nobis. Antennas longitudine thoracis, apice crassiores, [>ubescentes, articulis secundo et tertio sequalibus. Labrum quadratum. Mandibulce longiusculae acutse. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo elongato, tenui, obconico. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo breviori subulato. Mentum tridentatum. Caput triangulare inter oculos bifossulatum glabrum. Thorax brevis, convexiusculus, la?vis- simus,transverso-quadratus lateribus rotundatis ; linea media longitudinal! baud marginem anticum attingente fossulaque postica utrinque lineari. Elytra striata striis sequalibus. 40. Lateralis. H. atronitidus ore antennis pedibusqueferrugineis, clytris striis lateralibus creberrime punctu- latis apiceque ferrugineo. Long. corp. fere i Caput atronitidum labro piceo, palpis ferrugineis. Thorax postice trilineatus. Genus ANAULACUS Nobis. Antennce moniliformes, crassse, vix capite longiores, articulis secundo et tertio fere sequalibus. Labrum breve, latum, transverso-quadratum, angiitis obtusis, antice vix emarginatum. Mandibulce lata? trigone latere externoincurvo. Palpi ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 23 Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo brevi cylindrico apice vix tenuiore. Paraglossce distinctaa tenues cylindricee membranacere. Mention trilobum. Caput triangulare laevissimum inter oculos baud bifossulatum. Thorax duplo latior quam longus, antice emarginatus, postice vix convexus, laevissimus canaliculatus. Corpus totum depressiusculum latum abdomine sessili. Scutellum indistinctum. Elytra submarginata. Pedes quatuor postici spinosuli. 41. Seeicipennis. A. atronitidus ore antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, elytris lavissimis nigrosericeis : maculis duabus rufis. Long. corp. fere | Caput atronitidum labro piceo, mandibulis palpisque ferrugineis. Thorax atronitidus lateribus pilis paucis ciliatis. Elytra atra sericea macula sagittiformi rufa ad humeros alteraque securiformi ad apicem. Corpus subtus atronitidum. Obs. This is one of those singular and apparently anomalous forms which occur not un- frequently among the Harpalidce. Subge?ms ^EPHNIDIUS Nobis. Antenna; capite duplo longiores, apice crassiores pubescentes moniliformes, articulo secundo et tertio fequalibus. Labrum transverso-quadratum, antice vix emarginatum. Mandibular latae trigonas latere externo incurvo. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo elongate tenuiore subsubulato. Menti sinus simplex. Caput triangulare laevissimum, inter oculos haud bifossulatum. Thorax marginatus, duplo latior quam longus, antice emarginatus, fere sinuatus, postice lobatus laevissimus canalicu- latus utrinque postice vix fossulatus. Corpus totum depressiusculum oblongum abdomine pediculato. Elytra submarginata striata stria prima scutellari brevi indistincta. Pedes quatuor postici spinosuli. 42. Adeliowes. JE. atronitidus labro pedibusque nigro-piceis, antennis palpisque Jerrugineis, elytris holosericeis atris. Long. corp. | Subgenus C/ELOSTOMUS Nobis. Antennae articulis ultimis novem pubescentibus, subaaqualibus, secundo breviore. Labrum tranversum, ad basin latius, margine antico pubescente emarginato sex setis dis- tinctis, lobis rotundatis. Mandibulce subinaequales crassse arcuatae, apice obtusae, crenatae, sub labro latentes. Palpi brevissimi ; maxillares articulo ultimo longo subulate acuto. Labium minimum, paraglossis fere duplo longioribus laminam membranaceam subqua- dratam, antice bilobatam, basi augustiorem formantibus. Mentum in ore concavo deflexum, dente sinus minimo acuto vix conspicuo. Caput 24 ANNULOSA JAVANICA. Caput laevissimum facie subemarginata. Thorax circuli segmentum majus for mans, mar- ginatus, convexus baud canaliculars, suborbicularis, margine antico truncato lineaque transversa impresso. Elytra apice subsinuata, striata, stria prima ad scutellum brevissima. Obs. The affinity of this subgenus seems to be towards Liciuus and Badister. 43. Picipes. C. atronitidus antennis obscuris : articulis duobus primis pallidioribus, pedibus pallido-piceis, elytrit apice subpiceis. Long. corp. vix \ Caput laevissimum labro nigro, mandibulis corporeque subtus nigropiceis. Fam. 4. SCARITID^. The typical character of this family, which appears more numerous in the new world than in the old, consists in the broken antennae, the pedunculated abdomen, the semilunar thorax, and digitated anterior feet. MM. Latreille and Dejean, in their late work, Coleopteres d' Europe, seem to regard the Sc.aritidae as animals not carnivorous. But against this opinion, so contrary to what might have been judged from analogy, we have the authority of two accurate observers, MM. Olivier and Lefebre de Cerisy. The latter naturalist, who, from his residence at Toulon, possesses many facilities for studying their economy, has made some most interesting observations on the Genus Scarites, and particularly the S. Gigas of Olivier. He rinds them to be nocturnal insects of prey. During the day, they lurk almost without motion in the holes which they dig in the earth, but at night they sally out and prey on the various Melolonthidce, &c. which may happen to fall in their way. The only three species of the family which Dr. Horsfield found in Java belong all to the typical part of it. Genus CLIVINA Lat. 44. Sabulosa. C. nigro-brunnea capite lined anticd transversali : vertice hand impresso, elytrorum striis fere crenatis. Long. corp. ^ + Insectum Clivind arenaria Lat. angustius, corpore minus convexo. Caput frontis medio haud puncto impresso. Thorax lateribus truncatis vel saltern quam in C. Arenaria haud tarn convexis. Genus SCARITES Fab. 45. Semicircularis. S. mandibulis canaliculatis, thorace postice rotundato, elytris punctato-striatis : strid tertid unipunctatd. An Scarites punctum, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. Band 2. s. I. p. 38 ? Long. corp. fere |. Insectum totum atronitidum. Caput vix bisulcatum sed lateribus striatis. Thorax tevissimus, mar