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Cornell University Library 
 PE 1175.H15 
 
 Affixes In their origin and aDPllcation 
 
 3 1924 026 632 806 
 
AFFIXES 
 
 THEIR ORIGIN AND APPLICATION, 
 
 EXHIBITING THE 
 
 ETYMOLOGIC STRUCTURE 
 
 ENGLISH WORDS. 
 
 S. S. HALDEMAN, A.M. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 1865, 
 
 A 
 
A'^lfM^'72' 
 
 Enttredj according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, bjr 
 
 E. H. Butler & Co., 
 
 in tht Citrus Offica of the District Court of the United States in and for the 
 Eastern District of Pennsylvania. , 
 
 Electrotyfed by L. Johnson &f Co., Philadelphia. 
 Printed by Sherman & Co. 
 
PREFATOEY 
 
 The number of English monosyllables is about 3200, and 
 as many of these are not primitives, but have a prefix, a 
 suffix, or both, it is evident that the affixes must be oonceroed 
 in the formation of the greatest part of the vast vocabulary 
 of English words; and that an accurate knowledge of these 
 is to be acquired through a distinct appreciation of the modes 
 used to vary them in form and meaning, according to the exi- 
 gencies of thought and speech. 
 
 Some languages, as Greek and Welsh, have their etymolo- 
 gic material within themselves, and most of their words may 
 be analysed independently of other languages; but if this is 
 attempted with a composite language like English, the result- 
 ing knowledge will be imperfect, as in supposing aque to 
 mean water in the word aqueduct, where -e is the genitive 
 case sign of aqva water, aqvae of water, the a having been 
 lost in aqueduct. (See § 7.) If therefore we ignore Latin 
 forms in words derived from Latin, our analysis will be unre- 
 liable, and the force of the derivatives may be obscured rather 
 than elucidated. 
 
 Unless we know, not only the affixes as they appear in 
 English, but their etymology also, it will not be apparent that 
 the c of the suffix -cy may be due to an /, a t, an s, or an 
 original c (cay;) and we may mistake one form for another, 
 as -y for -ly after -1, as in oil-y, and idl-y, or un- in un-loose 
 for the negative un- in un-fix. For such reasons it was de- 
 termined that this volume should be strictly etymologic, and 
 that collateral forms should be cited where they might be 
 useful, as in determining whether the supinal to in 'to live' 
 is the ordinary preposition to. Languages not akin to English 
 
 1» 5 
 
6 PREFATORY 
 
 have been sparingly quoted, but more to exhibit accidental 
 coincidences and occasional borrowed forms, than to claim 
 them as indicating a closer relationship. (See Obs. 2, under 
 -n adj., p. 141; and -n noun plural, p. 143.) 
 
 In the summer of 1861, P. J. Furnival, Esq., the obliging 
 secretary of the Philological Society of London, examined 
 the manuscript of this volume and made several suggestions, 
 among them the addition of -m as a diminutive. Various 
 illustrative passages have been added subsequently, a feature 
 which would have been made more prominent and varied, had 
 it not been for the difficulty of consulting genuine editions 
 of standard authors like Shakspere and Milton, on the west- 
 ern side of the Atlantic. Supposing that an extract illus- 
 trating the word iatlh were required from Pope, we find it 
 given as 'battle' in an American edition (book 7, line 292,) 
 whilst in the London edition of 1716 the line stands — 
 
 And bear thick Battel on my founding Stiield. 
 
 In like manner, a spurious edition of Young has the word 
 ' sprightly' towards the end of Night 1, which, in "A New 
 Edition Corrected by the Author." 1776, is thus given in a 
 more etymologic form — 
 
 Tile fpritely /ari's flirill matin wakes the morn ; . . . 
 
 Except in the Introduction, illustrative extracts from au- 
 thors as late as the year 1800, are printed in old style type, 
 to distinguish earlier writers from those of the present cen- 
 tury, even when a modern edition like Wright's Chaucer, is 
 quoted. A few extracts have been taken from the dictionary 
 of Eichardson, an author who is not always consistent, since 
 he occasionally gives the same passage dififerently, as in quo- 
 ting Beattie under dedbntition and ferie, — " for fallino- 
 teeth." — "for falling the teeth, &c." Under aloes and 
 BIAS he thus quotes Holland's Plinie — 
 
 " of the sea onion, but it is blggor, . . . gross niid fat, chamfered and channolled"— 
 " of a sea onion but that it is bigger . . . grosse and fat chamfered and chahelled** . . . 
 
PREFATORY 
 
 As the etymology of a word is independent of the modes 
 of spelling it, it has not been deemed proper to follow the 
 practice of those who give orthographic rules in treatises on 
 the subject. What is commonly called etymologic spelling 
 would require the rejection of English to, sh, gh, y, cJc, and 
 in many cases of th; it would require stable as a noun to be 
 spelt stabul, and as an adjective stabil; the letter I to 
 have a place in writing as, to be rejected from could, and 
 doubled in idolatry and tranquil; n to be placed in mill as it 
 is in kUn; the e to be retained in line but not mpine; and 
 a removed from sovereign to be placed in noble. 
 
 An etymologic orthography would require an indication of 
 long and short o in words from the Greek. Antiphony would 
 have to be given up for antiphony, because the former would 
 mean ' an avenging of (fovij) murder,' and the latter ' a reply- 
 ino- ' from <pmv)) voice. By shortening the i of liturgy we 
 virtually refer it to XtTapyiio, ' to speak with malice,' instead 
 of Xetrapyim, 'to perform public service;' and Calliope (KaX- 
 Xto-if) ' she who has a fine voice,' with o lengthened would 
 mean ' she who has a fine eye.' 
 
 As etymologic orthography is assumed to be the spelling 
 of words as their cognates or cognate parts are spelt in other 
 languages, examples would appear in bwgcUyedr for buckler, 
 cUyedheamhor for claymore, czar (Russian [l,apb) for tsar, 
 and in the following lines (Trevelyan Prize Essay, § 14,) of 
 English, with the words as they stand in other languages'— 
 
 Srdce moy szarcze ach hui deos sadnisaa ! 
 Kard man hiort ag cnige diz aathinassua? 
 
 The stereotyping of this work was commenced in February 
 1864, and it was expected to be before the public at latest in 
 September, but in the meantime Webster's Dictionary ap- 
 peared in the autumn of 1864, rendering, for example, the 
 note on -ness (page 13) inapplicable, this suffix being cor- 
 rectly given by Dr. Mahn. 
 
8 PREFATORY 
 
 Although Dr. Mahn's etymologies differ from some of those 
 here given, it will probably be found that neither author is 
 right in all cases, and that a number of those here given will 
 bear the test of investigation, as bullock page 196, charlock 
 182, croup 51, decoy 56, flannel 67, foray (maraud, por- 
 beagle) 254, hanger 147, hoiden 143, Lestris 232. Dr. 
 Mahn refers laudanum to labdanwm, which we had abandoned 
 as unsatisfactory. Kaccoon is not derived from the French 
 raton, but from an aboriginal basis, and we regard reamer and 
 its verb as due to German j>friem (with the same meaning) 
 rather than to room. 
 
 These remarks are not intended to detract from the great 
 merit of this distinguished scholar, the etymology of a lan- 
 guage being beyond the powers of a single inquirer, and the 
 science one of those where a conclusion apparently well 
 founded, may be disproved by a citation from an obscure or 
 unwritten dialect. The affixes alone present many difficul- 
 ties, and the present attempt to elucidate them, is sent forth 
 with the hope that the subject may receive the attention 
 necessary to explain the points which still remain unsettled. 
 
 Columbia, Pennsylvania, 
 
 February 18, 1865. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Enslish is not a language wliioh teaches itself by mere unreflecting 
 usage. It can only be mastered, in all its wealth, in all its power, by 
 conscious, persistent labor; and, therefore, when all the world is awaking 
 to the value of general philological science, it would ill become us to be 
 slow in recognizing the special importance of our own tongue. — Geo. P. 
 Marahf Lectures on the English Language, 1860. 
 
 § 1 In this work the Affixes, both Prefixes and Suffixes, 
 are given in their etymologic connections. For example, the 
 Latin con or co, and Greek stn or st are referred to the 
 same original, the former having the c and the latter the s of 
 ^hv (csyn) with; hence con-st-a,nt and sy-si(ematic) have 
 essentially the same prefix and root. Depriving sy-stem of 
 its prefix, it appears as stem, from the idea of standing, a 
 «y-stem being a setting or standing toith each other, of things 
 which have qualities in common. 
 
 2 Affixes are here separated from words commonly treated 
 as primitives, as the p in yel-p, cro-p, ras-p, which are pri- 
 marily nouns, formed from the verbs yell, grow, and raze, 
 but used as new verbs as the language instinct disappears. 
 
 Some do not consider words like per-me-ate, per-for-ate, per-egri-n-ate, 
 con-tam-in-ate, met-em-psych-osis, cli-m-ate, de-mur, con-fer, re-fer, in-fer, 
 be-gin, a-mong, gol-d, and thousands more, as derivative words, presum- 
 ing that their affixes constitute an essential part of the primitive word, 
 or that the root portion does not constitute a separate word in English. 
 It is stated in the " 16th edition revised and improved" of the English 
 Grammar of Eobert Sullivan, LL.D., T.C.D., that "A primitive word 
 cannot be reduced or traced to any simpler word in the language; as 
 man, good, content." Hence content, detent, retentive, (enable, con-, re-, 
 8US-, abs-, o^-tain, are each to be considered a primitive, although tbk- 
 of the Latin tewb-o (I hold) is precisely the English tain. Such views 
 
 9 
 
10 INTRODUCTION 
 
 require teacher to be called a derivative; but not its more Latin form 
 doctor; whilst ^oem and poet are not to be viewed as derivatives from a 
 common root. 
 
 A schoolbook gives per-son, tur-n, and tal-k, as radical words. Another 
 gives bitt-er, da^te, dee-d, fic-s (fix) and sigh-t as "primitiue words or 
 root^" and its author expects the uninstructed pupil to determine 
 whether words like ru-n, tur-n, nigh-t, gloo-m-y, un-fi-t, under-sta-nd, 
 gol-den, fore-hea-d, col-d-ness, are radical or derivative, evidently con- 
 sidering nightf gloom, cold, and ^t, as underived words. Another author 
 states that fame and' sense " are primitive words, because they can be 
 reduced to no fewer lettere" (compare famous and Bensible) '- and, convey 
 a distinct idea of each thing specified." According to this, sensorial and 
 defamatory would be primitives, as they cannot be reduced without alter- 
 ing the " idea of each thing specified." 
 
 3 Many affixes commonly given as simple, are here re- 
 solved into their constituents, and additional means to un- 
 derstand the nature of derivatives are afforded by the large 
 increase of the number of affixes, about five hundred being 
 admitted — but not for the purpose of exceeding the lists 
 usually given, nor to exhaust the subject, for the numeral 
 prefixes (as tri-, hexa-, octo-,) and many parts of compounds 
 (as manu-, pleni-, arch-,) have not been inserted. Several 
 of the more doubtful forms, and some which furnish but one 
 or two examples, are omitted also. 
 
 4 Welsh, the ancient language of Britain, has exercised 
 an infiuence upon English, and is quoted to explain a few 
 forms, and to give an idea of word-building in a living 
 language with a living etymology. 
 
 5 The accent in Greek, and the length of the syllables in 
 Latin are marked, that the pupil may have the means of 
 avoiding the errors so common upon these points. 
 
 6 Observations will be found upon collateral points, and 
 exceptions are cited to induce a proper caution in the ap- 
 plication of the knowledge acquired. For example, under 
 -et (as in lock-et, a small lock,) owl-et is given as an ex- 
 ception. 
 
 7 Those false forms are avoided in which Latin and 
 
INTRODUCTION 11 
 
 Greek are perverted to make them resemble the English 
 derived from them, as in referring equal to Iqvus a horse, 
 instead of to iEQVUS equal. 
 
 8 Certain common, but improbable or impossible deriva- 
 tions are rejected, such as syntax from the nonradical present 
 tense Taaam (I place,) which cannot account for the cay of 
 syn-tac-s (present in the participle ra^d/isvoi; etc.) — e scape 
 from the French ichapper, instead of the Provensal escapar ; 
 — hide (a skin) from the German haul; — crept from 
 creep; — g a v e from give; — and would from will — 
 
 Wolt thou wedde ];is maide, if ich wolle alTente. — ^Piers Plouhman.* Written about 
 1362. 
 
 I wol no woman thirty yerc of age. — Chaucer, Born 1382. 
 
 9 The relation of deluge to diluvium is not obvious 
 to the beginner; the reference of city to civis (citizen) 
 does not account for the t; diio (I bind) does not account 
 for the p of despot, nor granum (grain) for the g in 
 grange. Unexplained points like these, and vague state- 
 ments in regard to them, are numerous in educational books, 
 and as a result, the pupil gets a superficial knowledge, in- 
 definite ideas, and loose habits of language and thought, 
 which he is likely to retain through life. 
 
 10 As the etymology of numerous words cannot be under- 
 stood without some knowledge of the grammatic inflections 
 which they follow, those inflections are given which have 
 the greatest influence on the forms of English words. 
 
 11 To diminish the number of heads and to prevent re- 
 petition, a system of notation has been adopted, as in placing 
 a small reference letter after sol-ace' and gr-ace° to refer the 
 former to the Latin suffix -ATitJM* and the latter to -atia° 
 for their original forms, in case they should be required. 
 
 12 As the form of most words depends upon the modifying 
 portion, the extent of our knowledge of their structure and 
 value will depend in a great degree upon the number of 
 distinct modifying elements or affixes we may be able to 
 
12 INTEODTJCTION 
 
 determine and appreciate. But as these affixes are applied 
 to different classes of words, and assume various disguises, 
 it becomes necessary not only to know, for example, that 
 on-ce is one with -ce, and toward-s toward with -s suffixed, 
 but to be able to decide that these, and the s in thu-s, in 
 master, and in satisfy^ constitute but one etymologic element j 
 whilst the s of amnesty, alms, thesis, and Asia forms a dif- 
 ferent one. 
 
 13 Instead of allowing a little knowledge of derivation to 
 be the accidental result of the study of Greek and Latin, 
 principles should be mastered first, or be studied simulta^ 
 neously, as the proper basis for the study of language in 
 general. 
 
 14 The Latin and Greek cited in the etymology of the 
 affixes, will form a useful introduction to these languages, 
 and will facilitate the acquisition of foreign languages in a 
 wonderful degree. 
 
 15 It is a common error to suppose that pupils who do 
 not study Latin and Greek, can acquire the power of analys- 
 ing words from a dictionary ; and that those who learn these 
 languages get at the same time a competent knowledge of 
 etymology. But as a distinct science, it requires a special 
 study, both by those who do, and those who do not learn 
 Greek and Latin, and a book of this kind will be found 
 almost as useful to the college graduate as to the pupil whose 
 studies have not been extended beyond his own vernacular. 
 
 15* Those unaccustomed to the analysis and disorimination of words 
 have a vagueness of idea which is exemplified in the following attempts 
 at definition, given by the members of a class who had been studying 
 Greek and Latin for several years, but without having their attention 
 directed to the etymologic bearings of their studies. 
 
 Annihilate — break up, drive away, reduce, demolish. See ad. 
 
 Annul — abolish, drive ofii out off, demolish. 
 
 Exterminate — put out, put an end to, decrease. 
 
 Eradicate — kill, extinguish, shoot, radiate. See ex. 
 
 Anniversary — a celebration. 
 
INTRODUCTION 13 
 
 Anodyne — something to ouuse sleep, medicine. See an-. 
 Desperate — furious, fierce, wild, savage, ferocious, mad, uncontrollable) 
 not to be trifled with. See de ^ 2. 
 Ligament — sinew, tendon, muscle. 
 Prevail — coax, ask, beg, compel, attack. 
 Kuminating — roaming, carrying burdens, useful, domestic. 
 Immense — great, large, very large, vast. See in- not. 
 Protect — defend, guard, take care of, keep from. See teso. 
 Elucidate — explain, desoribe minutely. 
 Explain — show. 
 
 Kegulate — put in order, put in place. 
 Definite — particular, true. 
 Extasy — joy, delight, excitement 
 Docile — gentle. See -iLe. 
 
 16 The parsing of a word in its syntactic relations is very 
 diflFerent from its analysis with a view to ascertain its origin, 
 the value of its component parts, and the history of its 
 meanings. Thus better is the grammatic but not the 
 etymologic comparative of good. Whiter is both a gram- 
 matic and an etymologic comparative. A false orthography 
 (like that which places 'gh' in the derivative 'might' which 
 is not represented in its primitive ' may,') and a word formed 
 on false principles (like ' spasmodic' instead of spastic,) are 
 offenses against etymology, but not against grammar. 
 
 17 A book of this kind has been a desideratum in the 
 Analysis of Words, and as an Introduction to English Lexi- 
 cography, definitional and etymologic — the meagre outlines 
 given in dictionaries and grammars presenting nothing ap-t 
 preaching to completeness.* 
 
 18 We are of the opinion that there are not 300 roots in 
 any language, and if this view is correct, a knowledge of the 
 affixes which give form and meaning to 100,000 English 
 words must be of extreme value, greatly diminishing the 
 
 * See the dictionaries at -ness, or Richardson at uu-, -en, and -ish. Grammar, 
 instead of discussing the meaning and origin of words, should explain the parts of 
 speech, grammatic inflection, and the relations and functions of words in speech ; 
 and it should be taught from the more condensed treatises. 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 INTKODTJCTION 
 
 time devoted to the dictionary, and giving the inquirer the 
 means of consulting it understandingly. 
 
 19 Most of the new words which figure in the successive 
 editions of English Dictionaries, are old forms with the com- 
 moner affixes, as un-, in-, -ly, and -ness, in un-forgetable 
 Prof. Geo. Wilson j in-culpative Sydney Smith 1802 ; 
 semicircular-ly Bidwer 1841 ; branched-ness Boyle 1675. 
 Webster is said to have added 12,000 words to Todd's 
 Johnson ; Ogilvie added perhaps 20,000 more in his Im- 
 perial Dictionary, Glasgow 1850, and Supplement of 1855; 
 and Worcester* claims about 104,000 for his quarto of 1860. 
 Yet, a portion of the memoranda of words met with in our 
 own reading furnishes under the prefix un-, the following 
 one hundred omitted words from as many authorities, each 
 authority being restricted to a single example. 
 
 nnabmiclaiit Prof. G<eo. Wilson 
 onaccUmatized E. W. L. Davis 
 anaffinitive N. York Herald 1855 
 an-antique W. H. Leeds 
 nnappealed Democratic Eev. 1838 
 nnardaoas W. H. Herbert 
 anartistic Ed. Her. ; Atl. Mnly ; 
 
 Home J. 
 miattractiveness Once a "Wk 
 nnaxical Penny Cyc. 1841 
 unblenching^ly Br Latham 1857 
 nuMiindering: Ferrand Spence 
 
 1686 
 nncadenced Mrs E. B. Browning 
 ancaU c. i. Koberts, Collectanea 
 
 Cambrica 1811 
 
 nncarbonlzed Wm Sooresby 18.39 
 uncarting; Chambers' J. 
 nncatalogned Murray's Handb. 
 nncliangabillty (sic) J.Asiat. Soc. 
 
 1854 
 vnchased ' Grolden Boke' 
 nnctaemtcal Emerson's Mag. 1858 
 nnchewable Dr Kitchiner 
 nnconformedly Jn PhUlips, Cab. 
 
 Cyc. 1839 
 nncontempIatlTe Bnlwer 
 nncrackable Saml. Wood worth 
 
 1836 
 nndefecated Nat. Eev. 1857 
 nndeflnedjy Thos Aird 
 undetectable Charles Lever 
 
 * Worcester {pronounced Woostr) has unplanned (from Ash, but not unplaned the 
 second word from it,) unbeliev^ttlness, unduwpisli, unrenavigabU, unwerred^ which 
 are not in Webster. Ash has unbudffeted, unbundUd^ unerinkUd, undandUd, un- 
 drubbed, uneffixtuaUd, undutriated, UTiencaved, unmterleaved, and others, which Wor- 
 cester, Webster, and Kichardson have not ndrnitted. Barclay in. his Dictionary of 
 1772, contents himself with defining un-, -n-ithout giving a single word under it. 
 Richardson (Diet. 1837) omits unJUcediy and itnrhyming, altho the former is used by 
 himself at dangle, and the latter occurs in a passage quoted from Byrom at coxcohbl 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 15 
 
 nndeTOtlonaUtsr H. W. Bellows 
 nndlsfigared Brando's Diet. 1S43 
 ondistrest W. Wordsworth 
 nueccleslastical Sydney Smith 
 
 1831 
 nnedlble Hugh Miller 
 nnembelUstalngr Nsp. 1352 
 nnescapable Lond. Econmst 1857 
 aneulogized Tr. of Duchess 
 
 d'Abrantes 1851 
 nnexceptionally 0. W. Holmes 
 nnexpansiveness Fr. W. New- 
 man 1S52 
 nnfacetions Feaoook, Crotchet 
 
 Castle 1831 
 anfallaeloas A. B. Johnson 1854 
 anfine John Poole 1859 
 unflnlsb n. U. En. &all. Portraits 
 
 1835; K. N. Wornum. 
 nnforg^lvlngnessF. W. Faber 1853 
 nngraudy Moore, British Ferns 1 8-19 
 nngenerositT' Lond. Register 1860 
 nug^ennineness Chrst. Examnr 
 ai]g:ravitating; Rafinesque 1S36 
 nntaallowedly Wm. Howitt 1833 
 nnliarassing Ch. Lamb 
 unhartinesse John Cockburn 1735 
 anlieralded Sthrn Q. R. 1857 
 unhesltatlngness N. P. Willis 
 nnborsemansbip Lond. News 
 nnidead (sic) 'Warreniana' 
 nnldealised Q. Rev.; -ized Mrs 
 
 EUet 1859 
 uninimediate Bentham 1826 
 nnindoctrinated N. Br. Rev. 
 nninterfered H. T. Tuckerman 
 unlssned Am. Railw. Rer. 
 nnlicbcncd Ruskin 
 unmatbematical Phil. Mag. 
 nnmercnriallzed J. W. Draper 
 nnmis^Tiiigly Laman Blanchard 
 
 1849 
 nnmolesting Arnott's Physics 
 1829; Sharon Turner 1832 
 
 anmotlved J. Am. Or. Soo. 
 aumaumiled Byron 1822 
 niiuigger v. Sir Fr. Head 1851 
 nnobsolete Leigh Hunt 
 unobstrnctable Kniokrb. M. 1854 
 nnorganizable Wstm. Rer. 1859 
 nnpartakcii 'Peter's Letters to 
 
 his Kinsfolk' 1820 
 nnpictnresqneness Home Jour. 
 
 1857 
 nnpopularise Earl EUsmere 
 nnpraiseable Albert Smith 
 anproceedlng^ Thos. Taylor 1824 
 nnprotestant H. Harbaugh 1850 
 nnpnritan Thos. Hancock 1859 
 an<|nakerly Chas. Mackay 1859 
 unquotable ' Punch' 
 uiireCra«ting GrilflUan 1850 
 nnscabbarded Sir W. Scott 
 unsensltlve Atlnt. Mnthl. 1859 
 unsociality Wm. Hazlitt 
 nnspellable Lond. Sport. M. 
 anstlntingr Jas. Sh. Knowles 1838 
 unstrap Miss Leslie 1853 -ped Nat. 
 
 Misc. 1854 
 unstriped fibres Dr Jos. Leidy 
 
 1851 
 unstuceoed 111. Guide to London 
 unsucceeding Boyle 1675 
 nnsyllabled Motherwell 
 unsympatbised Mnthl. Repos. 
 untactlcal III. Lond. News 
 nutampcred Aytouu 1856 
 nntbongbtedly H. 'W. Eeeoher 
 untropbied Mrs. Sigourney 1834 
 unnnlformd Th. S. Orimk^ 
 
 1834 
 nnvarylngily Eraser's Mag. 
 nnirardable ' Dow Jr.' 
 un^vastable (sic) Literary Church- 
 man 1859 
 nnweigbable Hsld. Wrds 
 unworsted Robert Walpole 
 nnzoologrlcal Blkw. Mag. 1857 
 
16 INTRODUCTION 
 
 § 20 The extent to which words are 
 
 formed and modified 
 
 by the aid of affixes 
 
 is shown by the number of words 
 
 belong- 
 
 ing to the richest prefixes, suffixes 
 
 1, and roots, 
 
 as in the 
 
 ! follow- 
 
 ing approximations : 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prefixes 
 
 
 Roots. 
 
 
 
 Suffix 
 
 es. 
 
 nn- 
 
 5,600 , 
 
 fiict, face 
 
 640t 
 
 
 ■ly 
 
 2,000 
 
 co- con- '■ 
 
 2,400 
 
 stand 
 
 440 
 
 
 -Ion 
 
 1,900 
 
 in- im- 
 
 2,900 
 
 position 
 
 300 
 
 
 -ness 
 
 1,300 
 
 rc- 
 
 2,200 
 
 g^rapbic 
 
 200 
 
 
 ■al 
 
 1,000 
 
 dl- dis- 
 
 1,800 
 
 logic 
 
 200 
 
 
 -er 
 
 950 
 
 e- ex- 
 
 1,760 
 
 ply 
 
 200 
 
 
 -ons 
 
 900 
 
 ad. 
 
 1,600 
 
 capable 
 
 190 
 
 
 -ble 
 
 800 
 
 de- 
 
 1,600 
 
 drag 
 
 190 
 
 
 -lly 
 
 650 
 
 sub- 
 
 700 
 
 detain 
 
 180 
 
 
 -ary Ac. 
 
 600 
 
 pre- 
 
 700 
 
 admit 
 
 175 
 
 
 -Snce 
 
 600 
 
 pro- 
 
 600 
 
 aspect 
 
 175 
 
 
 -gnt 
 
 500 
 
 per- 
 
 350 
 
 evident 
 
 160 
 
 
 -Ive 
 
 400 
 
 22,200 3,050 11,600 
 
 21 Without special inquiry we can have but little idea of 
 the comparative frequency of affixes, and in constructing this 
 table we had at first included a-, ab-, abs-, which modify but 
 300 English words, and excluded di-, dis-, which enter into 
 1800. 
 
 22 The use of affixes in building up words is shown in the 
 following examples based upon the root tac (make) — ■ 
 
 fac-t (-ion) ef-face ef-flc-aoi-ous 
 
 fea-t (-ure) pro-fi-t in-de-fea-a-ibil-ity 
 
 fic-t-iou oounter-fel-t of-fflc-er 
 
 im-per-fec-t de-fec-t-ive-nes8 bene-flc-iall-y 
 
 To THE Teaohek. 
 23 The Teacher mill ohaerve that, besides the examples explained 
 others are added without explanation, some of -which can be solved by 
 inspection, as cord-age, whilst others, as badin-age, cannot be deter- 
 mined, even with the aid of a dictionary. These are given as examples 
 of the affixes, rather than the stems to which they are affixed, and classes 
 need not be required to study or enumerate them. But the originals of 
 
 * This includes" com- ; sub- includes auf- &c. 
 
 f-An actual enumeration of the derivatives ot fac (excluding /ac-e) gave 604, but 
 they were not counted from the more recent dictionaries. 
 
INTROBUCTION 17 
 
 many of these (as de-press, de-grade) will be found in the Vocabulary at 
 the end of the Suffixes. 
 
 24 The collateral forma of the prefixes are often given to show that they 
 are widely diffused ; but whilst it is not necessary to learn, for example 
 that un- is equally un- in Hindoostanee, and an- in Welsh and Irish, it 
 is of importance to know that languages so dissimilar may hare features 
 in common, derived from a common ancestry in remote antiquity. 
 
 25 Conventional Latin is often pronounced in a mode which lessens its 
 utility for etymologic purposes, because etymology, besides showing the 
 resemblance between words, exhibits the degree of variutiofi to which they 
 have been subjected. Hence if Latin Cay in Icer or Icris (keen, bold,) 
 is pronounced like s in a " Latin" recitation, it should, in an etymologic 
 recitation, have its Latin power, or its derivative eager will be an older 
 word, a gay or cay sound being older than an e sound in cognate words j 
 for It is not the letters, but the sounds used in speech, which furnish the 
 material for etymology. The French bagage is different from the English 
 baggage (or bagage,) but identic with the Polish bagaz. 
 
 26 As the ancient is beginning to replace the empiric pronunciation of 
 Latin in our colleges, it is the more necessary that the pupils should be 
 acquainted with it, whether they use it or not. Although as a Latin 
 name c^sar {Kalcap) has a genuine cay, an « (as in sard) and the diph- 
 thong in aisle, it need not be pronounced in this manner in English dis- 
 course ; nor must words which accord with the laws of modern speech be 
 perverted to accommodate the orthography, pronunciation, or meaning, 
 of the cognate word in other languages : — thin must remain thin, although 
 it is d iin n in German and tenuis in Latin. 
 
 27 As the Greek affixes are given in Roman typography, and as they 
 are not numerous, u, knowledge of the Greek letters is not essential; 
 neverthelesi!, as an etymologic dictionary cannot be used without them, 
 and as they are much used in mathematics and astronomy, the Greek 
 alphabet should be acquired. This can be done in two or three lessons, 
 or by using the alphabet as a key to learn the Greek words as they occur. 
 
 28 The alphabetic arrangement made it necessary to indicate affinities 
 by references from one head to another, and when this is to later portions 
 of the book, the pupil need not be required to follow the reference; nor 
 need he search for the value of -ie, should he find a word like chimer-ic-al 
 under the head -al, until he passes through the book the second time. 
 
 29 The teacher will determine what parts are to be known thoroughly, 
 and what may be merely read over, or omitted, whether in the Introduc- 
 tion, the Affixes, or the Vocabulary, In general, a knowledge of from one 
 to six examples under each head will be sufficient. The words to be learned 
 should be pointed out, and several additional examples asked for under 
 heads like ab-, con-, de-, di-, sub-, re-, un, -ant, -er, -ful, -ile, -ing, -oua, 
 -ness, -ive, -ly. 
 
 2* 
 
18 LATIN ALPHABET 
 
 LATIN ALPHABET. 
 
 § 30 The Latin Alphabet is composed of the following 
 twenty letters— A BODEPGHILMNOPQEST 
 V X ; and of these, nine had the same power as in English, 
 namely, BDPHNPQTX. 
 
 C and Gr (named cay and gay by the Romans) were always 
 pure, as in car^ celt, sceptic, scheme, get, give ; and never cor- 
 rupt, as in cent, gem. 
 
 I when a vowel, as in field; when a consonant, as in 
 colh'er, or y in year, but the latter is distinguished in most 
 modern books by having the base of the character turned to 
 the left 'S: 
 
 31 M as in English, except as a final, when it nasalises the 
 preceding vowel, as in its derivatives in the Portuguese horn 
 (good) or French nom (name.) 
 
 Hence in Latin poetry, as -um Ac. is D made nasal, it is treated like a 
 pure vowel and elided in poetry before another vowel, as in bbllum 
 iNGBNS (a great war,) read bell* ingens, as fortunX ingbns (great for- 
 tune,) is read roHTUs' ingens. In these pages nasal vowels are mostly 
 printed as in belltj™. Those who cannot pronounce a nasal vowel may 
 use a slight m, which is better than to confound the French nasality with 
 English ng. 
 
 N has two powers, the first in nu, the second in angle. 
 The latter occurs in all cases before C, Gr, X, Q. 
 
 Q is a duplicate of C and indicates that the V (od) which 
 follows it has the consonant power of w in well, and not the 
 vowel power in ooze. 
 
 R requires to be trilled. 
 
 S has its Spanish power, as in hiss, not as in rose, miser, 
 sv/re, mission. 
 
 T always as in tea, na-ti-o (nft-tee-o, nation.) 
 
 32 V has a vowel power as in rule, and a consonant power 
 as in quart. 
 
LATIN ALPHABET 19 
 
 XT' is Gommonly (but not always) used for the former, and 'V* for the 
 latter, as in Anglosaxon. 
 
 L is the only Latin letter about the power of which there is doubt, and 
 to this the ancient grammarian PrisoMan assigns three powers, the first 
 being heard in ill£ (he,) the -second in flav^s (yellow,) and the third in 
 LE'CTiis (a bed.) 
 
 33 Latin, like Italian, has consonants doubled, nn in 
 CONNECTO being pronounced as in one name, U in allego- 
 RIA as in all-loving, mm in immortalis as in some man, 
 di-um-major, and other English compounds. 
 
 34 The vowels have each a long (~) a short (~) or a com- 
 mon (* long or short) quantity, the last being often left un- 
 marked. A long vowel (or syllable) is twice the length of a 
 short one, and has the same quality, as in English o, which 
 is long in own, oh, and short in oath, ohey, without falling 
 into the vowel of moth, object. A syllable is commonly 
 " long by position" when a vowel is followed by two con- 
 sonants. We often mark such a vowel with a dot. A vowel 
 before another is commonly short. Diphthongs are long. 
 
 35 The 'power and name of the Latin vowels are as in 
 the following English words — 
 
 A is long in arm, short in art, never as in at 
 
 E 
 
 ii 
 
 they, 
 
 " eight, 
 
 a 
 
 ebb 
 
 I 
 
 U 
 
 field. 
 
 " deceit. 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 oh, 
 
 « obey, 
 
 t( 
 
 ox 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 fool, 
 
 full. 
 
 ec 
 
 up 
 
 36 The diphthongs are combinations of two sounds each 
 of which, according to Prisc'ian, must be pronounced. The 
 first letter (as A in AE or M, and in OE or CE) has its 
 ordinary Latin power, whilst the second must have such a 
 modification as to allow the combination to form a single 
 syllable. Thus cloy has, and clavi-y has not a diphthong; 
 and if showy and clayey were monosyllables, they would 
 contain the Latin (E and EI or EJ. M and (E occur in 
 the Portuguese pae (a stick) and oeto or oito (eight;) and 
 
20 
 
 GREEK ALPHABET 
 
 Shanghae (-high) is a Portuguese orthography. EI occurs 
 in the Spanish ley (law,) and AV in the Danish havn (a 
 haven, rhyming with town^) and G-erman braun (brown,) 
 ha us (house,) maus (mouse.) 
 
 37 The following detached lines are from " Living Latin," 
 London, 1847 — 
 
 *'■ The French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 
 As did the Romans, sound their several Is. . . 
 ^^ If its [M final] exact validity you seek, 
 
 You must with care observe a Frenchman speak, 
 
 VS^hose nasal sound without a question shows 
 
 Its power, when any word with M did close. . . 
 *■'■ But who amongst us sounds the Latin V i 
 
 Echo the question only softens — Who ? . . . 
 *■*■ The Latin diphthongs most in common use 
 
 Are JE and C£ and AV ; and to produce 
 
 Their proper sounds, you only have to turn, 
 
 And those of their component parts to learn. 
 
 Thus if you to the first this rule apply. 
 
 My rhyme will aid you to pronounce it ^ . . . 
 **■ And of the next I say the same, if you 
 
 Blend into one the Latin A and V, 
 
 (And this to be correct you must allow,) 
 
 You will not mispronounce the Latin AV." 
 
 To these we add, that English words like /feouy 
 
 Contain the Portuguese and Latin CE. 
 
 38 The accent of Latin falls upon the second and third 
 syllables from the end, in dissyllables always on the former, 
 and in words of three or more syllables on the latter, unless 
 the second from the end is long, when that takes the accent. 
 
 39 GREEK ALPHABET. 
 
 Figure. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Power. 
 
 As in 
 
 Figure. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Power. 
 
 Asia 
 
 A a 
 
 a\ipa 
 
 a 
 
 orm, art 
 
 H, 
 
 JJra 
 
 e 
 
 there 
 
 B6B 
 
 SFjra 
 
 b 
 
 6ay 
 
 ees 
 
 eHra 
 
 th 
 
 (Ain 
 
 ry 
 
 yifijia 
 
 g 
 
 giving 
 
 ii 
 
 twTa 
 
 i 
 
 f.eld 
 
 A j 
 
 itXra 
 
 d 
 
 rfell 
 
 Kk 
 
 Kaima 
 
 k 
 
 Jing 
 
 Et. 
 
 t tpMu 
 
 e 
 
 epsom 
 
 AX 
 
 \aitSia 
 
 1 
 
 iamb 
 
 F' 
 
 
 h 
 
 harm 
 
 M^ 
 
 (i6 
 
 m 
 
 nioon 
 
 z$ 
 
 iHra 
 
 zd 
 
 wi«iom 
 
 Ni/ 
 
 vv 
 
 n 
 
 noon 
 
GREEK ALPHABET 
 
 21 
 
 Figure. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Po\ 
 
 sr 
 
 r 
 
 OS 
 
 Oo 
 
 3 ;i(X^v 
 
 5 
 
 nir-ET 
 
 JTt 
 
 P 
 
 PpP[fl 
 
 h 
 
 r 
 
 Sat 
 
 aiy^a 
 
 s 
 
 Tr7 
 
 raO 
 
 t 
 
 axis 
 6-bey 
 jpea 
 [rA -Welsh.] 
 
 tower 
 
 Figiu-e. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Power. 
 
 Asia 
 
 VY» 
 
 11 ^JiMv 
 
 y 
 
 [Danish.] 
 
 *0 ip 
 
 <fi 
 
 ph 
 
 
 XX 
 
 Xi 
 
 oh 
 
 [German.] 
 
 *./, 
 
 ^r 
 
 ps 
 
 eclipse 
 
 n HI 
 
 tS/itya 
 
 5 
 
 own 
 
 40 ' spiritCs asper (rough breathing) is placed as in 6 
 (read ho) the, o5 (read ho-w or lioo) wliere. The ' spiritus 
 lenIs (smooth breathing) indicates the absence of the initial 
 rough breathing, as in the English owe. Some authors omit 
 it. These and the accent marks are placed over the second 
 letter of the diphthongs. 
 
 As zd has a single character C, so its cognate st is often 
 written with ij, as in S^pov or aarpov (astron) a star. 
 
 The character <r is initial and medial, and ? final, as in 
 ffrdaf; Jinnness. 
 
 The characters E, H, P, X, have not the same power in 
 Greek and Latin. 
 
 r, y, r, before y, x, ?, x, has the power of ng in sing, as in 
 arxuXoi; curved, Latin ANGULUS anc/le. In these pages this 
 power will be represented by r. 
 
 P.J), p, is the trilled Latin R; ^ the whispered aspirate 
 Welsh rh. 
 
 0, a, phi is not F, being made by the contact of both lips, 
 as in blowing. 
 
 T, Y, u, is German v, and French u, a sound between Latin 
 U and I. It was not thus pinched in the Aeolic dialect, nor 
 as the last element of the diphthongs. 
 
 X, 1, is the German (Latin) Polish &c. ch. 
 
 41 Diphthongs — ai as in aisle; oi nearly like oi in going, 
 owe-ing, wt the same, but longer; iji nearly as in clayey; et 
 like ij! but with the vowel of get, or as e and y in get-ye; au 
 like 010 in hrown; oo, a properly like o-w in no-wonder, but 
 it was corrupted at an early day to Latin U, French ou, Eng- 
 
22 GRAMMAR 
 
 lish 00 in too, its power in Modern Greek. The former diph- 
 thongal power (for which the spelling was made) is the best, 
 and it aids etymology, as in Soug ox, Latin genitive b6v-is 
 of an ox, where u corresponds with V (oo, English w,) as in 
 voD-?, NAV-is shij). 
 
 42 Greek accent js of three kinds, the acute ( ' ) which is 
 the principal, the grave C) and the circumflex ("), the 
 differences not being well understood. The marks show what 
 syllable is to be accented — and that a final syllable may be 
 accented, wherein it differs from Latin. Circumflexed vowels 
 are always long. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 43 Conjugation is the inflexion of verbs. Most Latin 
 verbs end in -o (Greek -o) in the first person singular num- 
 ber of the indicative mood present tense, as iMO I love, of 
 which the root is AM. The infinitive mood to love adds -RE 
 to the stem ama, forming the infinitive amare to love. The 
 infinitive sign of the 1st conjugation is -A-, of the 2d -B-, of 
 the 3d -E-, and of the 4th -i-. 
 
 44 The Latin dictionaries give the present tense, as amo 
 / love (often loosely defined by to love,) and with it, either 
 the infinitive, or a numeral, 1, 2, 3, or 4, to indicate the con- 
 jugation to which the verb belongs. To these are added the 
 perfect tense, as amavi I have loved, and the verbial noun 
 called the first supine, as amatum to love (in order to love.) 
 Other inflexions must be looked for in the grammar, as the 
 second supine Xmatu to be loved; the participles, present 
 AMANS loving, future amXturtjs ahout to be loving; amatOs 
 loved; AMANDUS to be loved ; gerund (a kind of noun) 
 AMANDUM loving, AMANDI of loving, as — cij'PIDUS AMANDI 
 desirous of loving. 
 
GRAMMAR 23 
 
 § 45 The four conjugations are thus distinguished — 
 
 Cot^ugatitms, 12 3 4 
 
 Infinitive, -arb -bre -ere -ire 
 
 Perfect, -ATI -£vi -! -Ivi 
 
 Supine, -atij°* -btu" -itu"" -itu™ 
 
 Part, passive, -atus -etus -itus -itus 
 
 PATER Imans a loving father ; pater amaturus a father 
 about to be loving; stJ" amaturus / am to love; ERA"" 
 AMATURUS I was to love. DICIT he says, ME me, amare to 
 love — DICIT ME AMARE he sai/s (that) I love, he asserts me to 
 love. Here the verb digit governs the accusative (objective) 
 case ME, and ego / cannot be used as in English, where / is 
 considered a nominative case to the verb love. The English 
 sentence contains the assertion T love (which may not be 
 true,) from which the Latin is free. 
 
 46 Posstj" AMARE / can (am able to) love; venio Xma- 
 TU" I come to love (in order to love.) In the expression " I 
 can love," (German, ich kann lieb-en; Danish, jeg kan 
 elsk-e,) love is an infinitive; in "I am able to love," to love 
 is a supine. In the following examples (commencing with 
 an interrogative adverb,) " can blind lead blind," both forms 
 of "blind" (blind-person) are in the singular number, and 
 lead is in the infinitive mood, in Gothic, Greek, and Latin — 
 
 ibai mag blinds blindana tiuhan. 
 
 fiflTt ivvarai rwp^s TiKp'Sdv bSriyuv^ 
 
 KUNQVID POTEST CAEOUS CAECD™ DUCERE ? 
 
 can ihe-hlind ^ the-blind * lead^ Luc. 6 j39. 
 
 Forms like the following are due to grammatic inflexion — 
 
 immerge immerse concur discourse refund infuse deface defeat infect 
 
 remit remiss move promote degrade digress infringe infract 
 
 conduce conduct draw trace tract expend dispense assail assault 
 
 47 Three cases are assigned to English, as exhibited in 
 the pronouns — 
 
 Nominative 
 
 he 
 
 she 
 
 who 
 
 they 
 
 Possessive 
 
 his 
 
 hers 
 
 whose 
 
 theirs 
 
 Objective 
 
 him 
 
 her 
 
 whom 
 
 them 
 
24 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 § 48 The possessive corresponds with the Latin genitive, 
 and the objective with the accusative. Latin has also a da- 
 tive case, as sermoni (to a speech;) and an ablative, as slR- 
 MONE (with a speech,) the nominative being sIrmo a speech, 
 and the accusative sermone" 
 
 A few nouns have a distinct v6cative case, as DOMisns a lord, domike 
 lord ; yi'yfij a giant, yiyav giant. 
 
 49 The cases which differ from the nominative are called 
 oblique cases. The English sermon may be called an oblique 
 case of SERMO, because it is not derived from the Latin nomi- 
 native, nor from any single oblique case. 
 
 50 As the Latin cases vary considerably, they are divided 
 into five declensions, distinguished by the termination of the 
 genitive case singular number, as follows — 
 
 1 
 
 -AE 
 
 -IS 
 
 4 
 
 tJs 
 
 5 
 -%l 
 
 51 In English derivations from Latin nouns (adjectives, 
 participles,) it is often necessary to know the "crude form," 
 which is generally present in an oblique case, and the dic- 
 tionary gives the nominative and genitive, as in corpus, 
 -ORIS, body, whence corporeal, from the crude form CORPOR 
 underlying the genitive case corp6r-is (of the body,) which 
 is implied by -oris. The following are similarly derived — 
 
 Itlner-ary, it-ee, -iiteb-is, a jour- 
 ney 
 milit-ary, mil-es, -it-is, a soldier 
 pnlver-ise, puLV-ifs, -ee-is, dust 
 
 lapid-ary, lap-is, idis, a stone 
 fraad, frIt-s, -d-is 
 front, FRON-s, -T-is 
 sanguine, sangt-is, -in-is, hlood. 
 
 Examples of case in Gothic, German, Anglish (Anglosaxon,) and 
 Nordish (Islandioj) will he given under the suffix -mer. 
 
 As the r, t, d, n, of pulver-ise, milit-ary, fraud, sanguine, Ac. occur in 
 the declensions, they will be termed R declensional, &<s. especially as they 
 do not always form part of the base, or crude form. 
 
 52 As most English nouns borrowed from Latin happened 
 to be of the second and third declensions, the i of their geni- 
 
GRAMMAB 25 
 
 tive case has become the connecting vowel with nouns of the 
 first declension, as in penniform (not pennaeform) from 
 PENN-A, -AE (a feather.) Primigenous (first born) is formed 
 from the adjective pkim-us, -i (first,) and primogeniture from 
 the adverb primo (at first.) 
 
 53 0, a common connective in words of Greek origin, 
 may be due to the crude form, or to the noun and adjective 
 termination -o? of the nominative case, with ?• dropped, as in 
 philo-sophy, auto-bio-graphy. of a genitive case is present 
 in phraseo-logy (jppda-tq, -etog,) cynos-ure (xuwy dog, gen. 
 zuv-^c,) aer-o-naut, aer-o-lite, from aijp (air) genitive aipo<;; 
 but aer-ial is from the Latin form aer, gen. aeris. 
 
 54 Phos-phorus preserves the <; of the nominative ^5c 
 (light,) whilst the genitive fm-zuq is used in photo-phorus, 
 photo-graph. 
 
 55 Other connecting vowels appear in strata-gem, penta- 
 gon, archi-tect, lexi-con, patri-arch, pan-e-gyric from itav (all) 
 ayupa (assembly;) where tzom is the neuter of wa?, as in pas- 
 i-graphy, genitive Tzdvroq, as in panto-graphy. 
 
 56 The t in ego-t-ism and n in tobacco-n-ist are connect- 
 ives, and g has slipped into poly-g-archy, for poly-archy (rule 
 of many) by the induction or influence of olig-archy, the rule 
 of (dXiyo(;') few. 
 
 57 A connecting element may be no part either of the 
 base-word or the affix, as < in ego-t-ism and i in penn-i-form; 
 — ^it may belong to the base-word, as in gan-d-er (Ji®" -m,) 
 asthma-t-ic; to the affix, as a of -ary in milit-ary, because 
 (§ 51) MiL-ES, gen. MlLiT-is has no a; — or to both base-word 
 and affix, as in making formul-a-ry from f o r m u 1 a and -ary; 
 but as the a of f ormul-a was originally short, and that of -ary 
 Ion", the suffix has ihe better claim to the a of formulary, 
 subterr-anean, and others. 
 
 58 The connecting element is often added to the suffix, as 
 a in -ATe, -atijs, where the etymology, and forms like 
 SELEC-TtJS show that the participial portion is not -at, but 
 
26 GRAMMAR 
 
 -T, whicli may be preceded by any of the Latin vowels, the a 
 of -AT being due to the first conjugation (§ 45) as in advo- 
 CARE (to advocate,) advoo-atus. Nevertheless, as -atus 
 occurs in words underived from verbs, as ham-atus (hamate, 
 hooked,) the heading -ATe is given. Similarly, -AX, -ex, &c. 
 might have been placed under -x; -ant, -ent, under -NT, &c. 
 59 In Greek there are three declensions and five cases, 
 which bear some resemblance to the Latin cases. In the 
 Latin lac and Greek ydka, (milk,) little resemblance is appa- 
 rent until we take an oblique case, as the genitive ydAAKTo<;, 
 LACTis. Compare — 
 
 miis PES a foot. 
 
 whence 
 
 pace 
 
 TToiis PEDIS of a foot. 
 
 " 
 
 tri-p o d, p e d-al 
 
 oA)Oj DENS a tooth, 
 
 It 
 
 tine, tooth 
 
 oteroj DENTis of a tooth. 
 
 It 
 
 den t-al, mon-o don 
 
 XipU grace, x^pnos of grace. 
 
 It 
 
 charity 
 
 fioSs BOS an ox, foSj botis of an ox, 
 
 It 
 
 beef, bov-ine. 
 
 60 Inflectional elements are such as are used in grammatic 
 inflexions, as the participial -t in -tons. Mutational elements 
 are such as interchange, as d, t, in spellec?, spek. Declen- 
 sional elements occur in declensions, as n in sermon, which is 
 the crude form (§ 51) of sermo a speech. Formative ele- 
 ments are used in making forms of words, as p in forming the 
 noun ras-p from the verb raze. 
 
 61 The characteristic part of a derivative word is often to 
 be looked for in the inflexions of the verb. Thus the Greek 
 0pd-Zu), in the Doric dialect tpdSSm (I speak) gives phrase, 
 and the perfect tense i:i$pa,Ka (I have spoken) is akin to the 
 Latin precor (to pray,) German frag en (to ask,) and Eng- 
 lish prec-atory, pray. 
 
 62 Latin inflexions are much used in the law, as manda- 
 mus we command; capias you may take; affidavit he 
 (she) has made faith to; sci-licet to wit, that is to say, 
 (sci-RE to know, LICET it is lawful;) vide-llcet to wit 
 namely, (videre to see, — it is easy to see, — it may be seen;) 
 
AFFIXES 27 
 
 mittimus we send; caveat let him beware; certiorari 
 to have notice given. 
 
 63 Gender. Many English forms depend upon the varia- 
 tions in the originals indicative of gender. The name Maxi- 
 mus (^greatest, primarily an adjective,) indicates a male, of 
 which the feminine would be Maxi-ma, and the neuter maxi- 
 mum. But there are exceptions to such indications of gen- 
 der. In Greek, canon is masculine, chaos and drama are 
 neuter, and exodus is feminine; and in Latin, qveecds (an 
 oak) is feminine, and genus yivoq neuter. 
 
 Mastidine^ 
 
 Faninim, 
 
 Nrnttr. 
 
 Antoni-nus 
 
 Antoni-na 
 
 tympa-num 
 
 pylo-rus 
 
 hyd-ra 
 
 fulo-rum 
 
 nauti-lu3 
 
 8picu-Ia 
 
 specu-lum 
 
 isth-mua 
 
 ac~me 
 
 ohrysanthe-mnm 
 
 asbes-tus 
 
 aor-ta 
 
 asphal-tum 
 
 direc-tor 
 
 direc-trji 
 
 apec-trum 
 
 64 The Islandic adjectives of the three genders have the 
 following forms — 
 
 Nasc. 
 glattr 
 goBr 
 blindr 
 
 Fern. NeuL 
 glod glatt 
 god gott 
 blind blint. 
 
 ahining 
 
 good 
 
 blind 
 
 
 AFFIXES 
 
 
 65 Affixes are additions to roots stems and words, serving 
 to modify their meaning and use. They are of two kinds, 
 prefixes, those at the beginning, and sufiixes, those at the end 
 of the word-bases to which they are affixed. Several affixes 
 occur in long words like in-com-preAxen-s-ib-il-ii-y, which has 
 three prefixes and five suffixes. 
 
 The term interfix is hardly necessary for ad in anim-ad-Tert, or t in- 
 serted as a fulorum between the rowels of ego-t-ism. 
 
28 AFFIXES 
 
 § 66 A root is a word or part of a word without affix, some- 
 times having and sometimes wanting a distinctive meaning. 
 A (in arm) is the root of a-ir and a-sthma; it has not the 
 definite meaning of a noun or verb, but signifies Mom in a 
 general way, without being a part of speech. 
 
 67 Eat is, and ed is not a word, but both are items in eat- 
 able or ed-ible, and derived from the root AD, — but roots and 
 stems cannot be distinguished in all cases. Sta is the root of 
 sta-nd, sta-tion, and its cognate sti is the stem of con-sti-t-ut-ion. 
 
 68 Irh, the stem of ■w-ork and irJc-sorae, is disguised in 
 orff-an, lit-urg-j, en-erg-y, su-rg-erj; and work is disguised 
 under wrigh-t. Beauty (from belle~) is equally the stem of 
 beauti-ful and beaute-ous, for Etymology pertains to language 
 and not to orthography. 
 
 69 Etymology takes cognisance of the relation of proof, prove (proov,) 
 and requires the latter to have final v, which, with final ifj, and double 
 V, J, c, k, are forbidden by English spelling. The English and Germans 
 call house (haus) by the same name, so that each has four elements and 
 closes with a. consonant. Similarly orb-s, pea-se, oloth-es, beau-x, have 
 the same plural element, and the last never had an etymologic letter ex — 
 but in old French vertical script, the final 'a' with the tail thrown forward 
 resembled 'x,' which printers used for it. — In dialects of old English, the 
 was pronounced with th in thin, and spelt with the AnglosELXon letter ];, for 
 which 'y' was used by printers who wanted the type or mistook the letter, 
 and this typographic error leads some to fancy that the was formerly pro- 
 nounced with English y, 
 
 70 It cannot always be determined whether derivative 
 words are compound, or formed with an affix. This doubt 
 appears in overreach, undersecretary, magnificent. 
 The following are compound — astro-logy, atmo-sphere, 
 ceno-taph, demo-crat, hemo-rrhage, hydr-aulic, hy- 
 dro-gen, leth-argy, lit-urgy, mel-ody, olig-arch, 
 mon-arch, cham-o-mile, strat-agem, kal-eido-scope. 
 
 71 The force of affixes being variable and often evanescent, 
 care must be taken to accept the definitions of them in a 
 general sense j and when their force is known, it need not be 
 
AFFIXES 29 
 
 recalled in analysing a word, except where it seems to be 
 strictly applicable. On account of their occasional indefinite- 
 ness, some of the affixes are left undefined, and in some cases 
 the definition of the examples does not quite correspond with 
 that first given. 
 
 72 The prefix Un- is a variation of in- (not,) yet un sig- 
 nificant means not significant, and insignificant means 
 trifling; pertinent is to <Ae/>M»yo«e, impertinent inso- 
 lent; and not famous would be an inaccurate definition of 
 infamous. Compare disposition and indisposition, 
 delicate and indelicate. 
 
 73 Although the Latin prefix sub (sue-, sua-, &c.) means 
 under, it also means from beneath, in, at, towards, somewhat. 
 Thus SUB-VEHO means, I carry up ; sug-Gero I put under, 
 bring, annex, supply, suggest; CEDO I go, suo-cedo I go 
 under, submit, ascend, belong to, follow after, prosper, suc- 
 ceed. PR-S!-TENDO I stretch forward, place before, prefix, 
 exhibit, pretend. 
 
 74 IN-Dtjco I lead in, clothe, exhibit, deceive (take in,) 
 overlay, annul, put on (as shoes,) indwx. 
 
 75 iN-FORMO I form, show, instruct, inform, de-formo I 
 form, describe, design, beautify, disfigure, in means in at 
 on, and SISTO I place, whence in-sisto I step towards, come, 
 stop, pursue,, press upon, (used figuratively in the English} 
 insist. 
 
 76 The primary sense of 'ascribe' is write to, but it means 
 to attribute, which is composed of to and give. The original 
 sense of attribute is evident in tribute and contribu- 
 tion, whilst in retribution it has a more figurative exten- 
 sion. 
 
 77 Composed means placed together, decomposed 
 means separated in regard to a previous union, and although 
 undecomposed is a negative of decomposed, it is not 
 quite equivalent to composed. 
 
 ADVERSUS turned towards, fronting, adverse, hostile. 
 
 3» 
 
30 AFFIXES 
 
 dejIcio I throw- under, expose, substitute, falsify, throw 
 upwards, add, reply, hint, give, cast down, overthrow. 
 
 CONVINOEEE (cONViNCTtJ"") to Conquer, disprove, prove, 
 convict of crime, whence convince, convict and cdnvict. 
 
 78 la the course of time the force of some words with an 
 affix has become identic with that of their simple form, as 
 sever dissever, loose unloo.se, sport for disport, 
 encounter rencounter, ornament adornment, to 
 adorn to ornament. 
 
 79 The Latin menda (a fault) has produced mend (to 
 repair) by the loss of the prefixes (ab-, ex-,) of a-mend and 
 e-m end, implying removal of the fault. 
 
 80 In add and aid the prefix ad- is all that is left of 
 iD-DO and AD-juvo; cull is the prefix con- of col-lect; 
 trance is the Latin trans-itIIjs (a going beyond,) reduced 
 to its prefix; enter is the prefix inter, intra deprived of 
 the verbial termination observed in intrare (to go in;) 
 
 81 Rencounter is composed of re-in-contra. Hipped 
 
 is the prefix and suffix hyp ed of hypochondriasised, 
 
 with a dozen silent letters; in-super-able is composed of 
 three affixes, dis-a(d)v-ant-age-ous-ly of six, and supr- 
 eme and prae-tor of two, the latter being for PR.ffi;-i-TOR a 
 fore-go-er or leader, having lost its root I of ire (to go.) 
 Sur-pr-ise has lost the root hend (take) of c om-p re- 
 hen d. 
 
 82 The prefix re- implies hack or again, but it is used in 
 re-mark without re-gard to the first speaker, or to the re- 
 plying ofte; and something is re-f erred (borne back) to a 
 person who re-ceives it for the first time. A nation is re- 
 duced (led back) to subjection which had previously been 
 free, and a man is re-duced to poverty who had never been 
 poor. 
 
 3 Here the prefix has ceased to have a separate significa- 
 tion. It is verbal, indicating that in practice, remark is a 
 word independent of its constituents. 
 
AFFIXES 81 
 
 §84 A recluse is one shut hack or re-tired, although 
 EE-CLtJDO means to unclose, bring out, expose. 
 
 85 The al- of a 1-e o v e is verbal, meaning nothing as a 
 prefix, and there is a tendency to consider inter-mediate 
 as a verbal form — 
 
 Sometimes this composition is exactly /n(«rmediate hitwitn that of the uplifting and that 
 of the upheaved rocks. — *The Geologist^' 1859. 
 
 1 beg that you will mediate 'twixt my errors, 
 
 And your stern mother's wrath. — "Thos. Heyiueod^ (Modern reprint.) 
 
 86 Affixes may be definitive, being used to limit the words 
 to which they are applied, to some use to which the base-word 
 would be equally applicable, — separating transitive from in- 
 transitive, and figurative from radical meanings, as in the fol- 
 lowing examples. 
 
 FiGO I fix, make firm, thrust in, dbfiqo 1 fix, plunge, plant, strike, 
 
 strike, post up. astonish. 
 
 slGNO I mark, express, paint, seal, DESIGXO I mark, denote, sketch out, 
 
 record, sign. designate. 
 
 LUDO I play, sport, trick. deludo I deceive (some one.) 
 
 CERNO I sift, discern, decide, judge, deceeno I separate, distinguish, 
 
 determine. determine, deliberate. 
 
 clImo I shout, exclaim. beclamo I make set speeches, 
 
 fill to make full. fulfil to fill a purpose. 
 
 >ryw f speak, col-lec-t, se-lec-t, Kara-^cyw I select, choose, count 
 
 choose, reckon up, tell over — over, make a list (of names for 
 
 (whence catalogue.) military duty.) 
 
 Danish skille to separate, sever, adskille to separate, sever, put 
 
 put asunder, divide, divorce. asunder, divide, distinguish, 
 
 87 In FBAVDO, DEFRAVDO (I cheat, deceive,) de- might 
 be regarded as intensive, but it is better to consider it re- 
 strictive to verbial forms, the derivatives (as fraudulent) 
 being formed without the prefix, on the noun basis fravs, 
 genitive fravd-is. So the adjective pravus (crooked, per- 
 verted,) instead of having a verb pravo (I crook,) has de- 
 PRAVO V. t. I vitiate, deprave. 
 
 88 In DELIBERO (I weigh, consider,) the prefix restricts 
 or defines the word as that derived from LIBRA (a balance,) 
 
32 AFFIXES 
 
 thus distinguishing it from a different word, libeRO I make 
 (liber) free; and re- dissociates re-member from member 
 to associate it with m,em,ory, which does not require it. 
 
 89 NtJDO, DENtJDO (I make bare, despoil, disclose,) have 
 about the same meaning; and if we divide words in de- into 
 sections according to the force of this prefix, de-nude may 
 occupy several places. It may be considered a verbal (§ 82) 
 form of n u d e — an intensive — a restrictive to a particular ob- 
 ject — and privitive or separative in regard to something re- 
 moved, as in — ' 
 
 Charles 1, having denuded himself of some of the principal attributes of sovereign 
 power . . . Rev^ Michael RutselU 
 
 90 Some words are never used without an affix, as the 
 Latin coN-siLitJ" coun-sel; Ix-fiMPLtJ" ex-ample; con-tem- 
 PLOR I con-template; and the English be-neath, neth-er, con- 
 dign, dign-ity, in-fer, sub-sist, con-vict, con-nect, re-jeot, 
 as-sume, in-dignation, but Spanish has both dignacion and 
 indignacion. 
 
 91 As forms like 'leviate' and 'lieve' cannot be used, they 
 must be replaced by al-leviate and re-lieve (to lighten again.) 
 This may render a word figurative, and cause the po^er of 
 the affix to be so much enfeebled, that an auxiliary preposi- 
 tion might be required (independently of its use before an 
 objective case,) in the locutions aZ-lude to; &-lude with; 
 rfe-pend from, upon; rfe-scend /rom, upon, into; re-, tm-pose 
 upon; su6-mit to; re-, op-ply to; sitp-ply with; o6-ject to; 
 con-fer on, with. 
 
 92 The sign of the infinitive mood being identic with the 
 preposition to, this double use of the same vocable causes to 
 to lose its force as a preposition and to be transferred to the 
 condition of a prefix, as in several of the locutions following 
 — disTposed-to work, indisposed to-work; wiclined to-do it, in- 
 clined-to it; — which induce the forms — averse-to such a 
 course; disinoMnei-to it, (disinclined to-do it. 
 
AFFIXES 
 
 33 
 
 What cat's averse to fish ? — Gray. 
 
 To this I humbly must dissent. — Gay, 
 They were naturally overse to the exercise of the tongue. — ff^. Irving, Charlemagne, 
 ever averse . . . to judicial bloodshed, — G. P, R, James. . . . averse to study.— Gii Aon. 
 On his re-turn he made many at-tempts to in-troduce the foreign school WITH which he 
 had become Acquainted *o his countrymen. — Prtscott, '845. When we have acquired 
 Vcrtue into our reach, &c. — Ferrand Sfenee^ 1686, 
 
 93 Attempts are sometimes made to secure tlie cod joint 
 action of prefix and preposition, by forms like — (disinclined 
 from, averse froniy — the use of which embarrasses the lan- 
 guage by assigning to particles a greater force than the cor- 
 responding idea justifies. 
 
 And why not live and act with other menf 
 
 Because my nature was averse /rom life. — Byron^ Manfred, 
 
 . . . fuch a J«teflation of vice . . . fuch an averfion /rom, and contempt of corrupt man- 
 ners. — Clarendon^ 1674. Burning for pleasure, not averse from strife. — Byron. With a 
 mind averse from outer objects. — Haxlitt. Dryden had shown himself not averse from 
 marriage . . . ff^estminster Review, 1855', 
 
 ... it has been concluded by many that they were averse from public shows, . . , Ho~ 
 ratio Smithy Festivals, &c. 183 1. 
 
 94 No uniform rule is adopted in admitting foreign words 
 into a language. Some words become naturalised, whilst 
 others similarly formed, and equally good, or bad, are avoided, 
 or if proposed, do not come into use. Thus English has from 
 Latin, ' emolument' prq;^^, but not *emoliment' trouble — 
 
 absorb 
 
 convenieDt 
 
 diatnrb 
 
 * exhaust 
 promotion 
 occnaion 
 dispensation 
 pro-, de-tect 
 pre-, Bub-scribe 
 impinge 
 con-de-scend 
 coerce 
 prorogue 
 in-, re-quire 
 irritate 
 
 in-, 0C-, re-, con- 
 cur, sucHiour 
 de-, poBi-pone 
 
 not obsorh. ■ 
 " 06-, prthvenierU 
 " 06-, con-fpro-turb 
 " perTumsf 
 " pennotion 
 
 pertect 
 
 perscribe 
 
 intiTige 
 
 %rrogue 
 
 per-, ex-^ire 
 
 proritate 
 
 per-, prm-, pro-, de- 
 
 cur 
 cppone 
 
 not 
 
 com-, re-, inter-, not 
 0-, per-, sub-, " 
 ad-, trans-mit '* 
 
 co^f, e-, de-, in-, " 
 circum-volve " 
 
 circumscribe " 
 
 excite 
 
 implore 
 
 subterfuge 
 
 concise 
 
 successive 
 
 contractile 
 
 in-, re-voke 
 
 corroborate 
 
 arrogate 
 
 fabricate 
 
 com-pete, repeat 
 
 Or, cCrcumr, de-, 
 din, imr, super-, 
 pra^, pro-mit 
 
 ob-, per-, pro-, 
 sub-voVoe 
 
 circumsede 
 
 siicsite 
 
 qpplore 
 
 stcbterduce 
 
 succise 
 
 sucdssive 
 
 sevoJce 
 
 roboraie 
 
 irrogate 
 
 perfabricate 
 
 ap-, ex-, impete 
 
 suggress 
 
34 
 
 AFFIXES 
 
 in-, as-, con-, de-, 
 per-, re-, snb-sist 
 ab-, dis-, re-solve 
 en-, epi-demic 
 
 not circum-, ex-, irir 
 ter-, ab-sist 
 " ex-, per-solve 
 " apo-j meta'demic 
 
 as-, con-, re-, dis- not per-, pne-, sub- 
 
 sent sent 
 
 hypocrisy " epicrisy 
 
 energy " aerffy,periergy 
 
 95 Modern languages are not uniform in the prefixes adopted with an- 
 cient words. Thus the Spanish has disformidad, disfamia, confraccion, 
 confugio, conturbar, and (Latin dis, avdirb to hear,) desoir, not to pay 
 attention. 
 
 96 Mani/ suffixes are lost in Englisli words of Latin origin, 
 as masc. liqvid-us, fern. liqvid-Aj neut. liqvid-xj"' liquid. 
 
 ANTIQT&S* 
 
 antique* 
 
 PALMA 
 
 palm 
 
 CLARUS (-A, -U") 
 
 clear 
 
 CRIMEN 
 
 crime 
 
 EABUS 
 
 rare 
 
 MAGNiriCO 
 
 magnify 
 
 SANCTTJS 
 
 saint 
 
 REriJGitj™ 
 
 refuge 
 
 GRAV-is (-IS, -e) 
 
 grave 
 
 REMEDIU™ 
 
 remedy 
 
 SOLLiciTtJDO 
 
 solicitude 
 
 STfiDitj™ 
 
 study 
 
 PLUMA 
 
 plume 
 
 SIMPLEX 
 
 simple 
 
 PENNA 
 
 pen 
 
 SOLATID"" 
 
 solace 
 
 HERBA 
 
 herb 
 
 ALIMENTU" 
 
 aliment 
 
 97 There are many Mbrid words in Englisli, with Greek 
 suffixes to Latin or other stems, as flut-ist, drugg-ist, miner- 
 alogist, natur(al)ist; journal-ism, fanatic-ism, quiet-ism; but 
 most of those in -ism are correct. In oxid-ation the stem is 
 Greek and the suffix Latin; in ridd-ance the stem is English 
 and the suffix Latin. 
 
 98 As compound hibrids are seldom used by the educated, 
 the etymologist must not resort to two languages until he has 
 found that one language is not sufficient. Caligula, from' 
 CjiiiiGA (a military shoe,) must not be referred to the Greek 
 7i.akb<; (handsome) and Latin gtjla (neck); nor pentecost, 
 TzevTTjxoazrj ih.Q fiftieth (day after Easter,) to izivrs (five,) and 
 cosTjE (ribs.) Cosmd-polite means world-citizen, not 
 world-polite."!' 
 
 * Observe the identity of sound and accent between the Latin and English t. 
 
 ■f Such Etymology, and Entomology as bad, have been furnished " By Authority" 
 to the defrauded citizens of New York ; in a book on Injurious Insects, by E. Em- 
 mons M.D. Here, to cite a single example, Noti6philus (from i^dno? wei, and ^t^os 
 lover,) is rendered vatum beetle. 
 
AFFIXES 35 
 
 § 99 Care must he taken to determine how much of a word 
 constitutes the stem and affix. The prefix subter- in s u b- 
 ter-fuge does not occur in subterranean, where the 
 prefix is sub- and the stem tIrr of terra the earth ; nor 
 does sub- occur in subulate, from subula an awl, and 
 this from stro I sew. 
 
 100 Trans- is the prefix and form the stem of trans- 
 form; whilst in exude and transude, the stem is sudare 
 (to sweat,) and the prefix ec'-, tran'-, with the first s absorbed 
 by the second. If transitus a passing over, were impro- 
 perly divided, it would mean (situs) situated over. 
 
 101 As re- means hade, and retro- haclcwards, a re-trac- 
 tion or drawing back, might be converted into retr-action 
 an acting backwards; and abs-tain to hold from, might be 
 taken for ab-stain to stand from. 
 
 102 The English word angelic and Anglish angelic 
 are far removed from each other, the latter being an-ge-lic 
 a-like; and in Danish, unytte is in-ut-i\iij, as if from Latin 
 fJTOR I use; but the prefix is u- not, and the stem is cog- 
 nate with the German n u t z profit. The Danish vandrende 
 is both a wanderer and a water-pipe, in the former sense from 
 van'dre to wander, and in the latter from vand water and 
 rende a channel. 
 
 103 The Latin pIsc-at-6r and Welsh pysg-ot-wr (fisher- 
 man) are from the cognates pisc-is, pysg (fish,) and seem to 
 correspond in all their parts ; but at in the Latin is partici- 
 pial, and Welsh -ot is for the plural sign -od of p y s g-o d 
 (fish-es,) and -wr is for gwr (man,) so that the Latin word 
 means z,fish-er, and the Welsh a man (of) fish-es. 
 
 104 The Romans often omitted s after ex-, as in expecto 
 for EXSPECTO I expect. Hence EXPOLIO, to polish off, scrape, 
 (from polIo, to polish,) may stand for ex-sp6lIo, from spo- 
 Lio, to strip, spoil. If extinct, extirpate, exult, exile, had 
 retained an etymologic form, they would have the forms of 
 exstinct, exstirpate, exsult, exsile. 
 
36 AFFIXES 
 
 § 105 In Greek, asTpov is a star, vofioq law, and ovoiia name, 
 so that if astro-no my (the law or science of the stars) were 
 divided into astr-onomy, it would mean star-naming. 
 
 106 The position of an affix is seldom changed (as in mis- 
 take, remiss) altho it may happen that a prefix in one language 
 may be a suflB.x in another.* G-erman has ab-brennen, an- 
 halten, and Danish af-bra3nde, an-holde, where English has 
 burn off, hold on. English has ful-fil and mirth-fulj an ofiF- 
 set and a set-off; an off-cut and a cut-off; to up-hold and 
 hold up; to over-look and look over; an out-breaking and a 
 breaking out. 
 
 107 If the sam,e affix were used both as a prefix and suffix, 
 the listener could not in many cases determine whether an 
 affix between two words should belong as a suffix to the first, 
 or a prefix to the second, as in — 
 
 His teeth all ftiattered, rush inmixed with blood. — Fofe-, Odyfley, l8 : 117. 
 
 The Anglish tosettan to set to, was not continued in English, 
 because the use of the infinitive sign to would cause an awk- 
 ward alliteration, as in to-to-set. 
 
 108 As long as the constituent parts of a word remain, 
 there is no difficulty in detecting them, if the language to 
 which they belong is known; but the case is different when 
 the significancy of the fragments ceases to be perceived. 
 
 109 If the prefix ex- (ecs) had become extinct, the rela- 
 tion between the e of e-duce, and the s of s-pend could not 
 be determined, and were there two words spend and pend 
 (nip snip, plash splash,) of the same signification, it would be 
 difficult to determine whether spend was the original and peiid 
 a mutilated form, or this the stem and s a prefix. In a 
 
 * Ab in the language of Georgia (or Gurgistan,) where bustani is a garden^ and 
 mebuetani a gardener; marili salty Bamarili a saltcellar. Hindoostanee 
 iman faiths be-im&n faithless^ be-iman-i faithlessness. Basque berdin equal, 
 b e r d i n X u subtqual or nearly equal. But other languages differ, as Hebrew, where 
 a vowel change distinguishes between bilqar a herd, and bSqer a herdsman; 
 k e r e m a vineyard, and kOrSm a viiKdresser. 
 
MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS 37 
 
 strange language a pair of words like lone and alone would 
 present the same diflSculty. 
 
 110 In Welsh, y s {ardency as a, noun, exiata as a verb,) is a common 
 intensive prefix — used also by induction in introduced words, by prefixing 
 y before », as in ysgolfoister, ysgarlad, (schoolmaster, scarlet.) Its 
 force appears in the following Welsh examples- 
 pig a point, pike, beak yspig a a-pike, a-pine 
 par a germ, a a-pear yspar a a-pear, lance 
 plan a ray, a ahoot ysplan s-plendid 
 llac loose yslac a-lach 
 taen a aprinkling ystaen a s-tain 
 paid quiet yspaid ceaaation 
 porth aid ysporth sustenance 
 ig vexing ysig fretting 
 
 MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Words hyphened like met-hod, hyp-hen, to indicate their etymology, 
 are not to be thus pronounced. 
 
 X Assimilation, as when ad- becomes af-, in af-fectj. 
 
 + Obsolete, disused, or supposed forms, as ''"templor, which does not 
 exist, but is inferred from coN-TEJtPLOR I con-template. 
 
 y^" See, refers principally to the Vocabulary. 
 
 The grave accentual is used for long accented syllables, and the acute 
 for short ones, as in depdse, depdsit, deposition. 
 
 J. Indicates that a word is not under its original form, as ^ahine, which 
 is not the original of ahone, as 4-C^DO (I cut) is newer than its apparent 
 derivative in-cido. 
 
 — The dash separates forms like "temperature — enclosure," the former 
 being regularly deduced from Latin, and the latter not. It also separates 
 G-reek from Latin forms. 
 
 A word printed like voy-a^^ is explained under -a^^e. 
 
 Educed elements are represented as in number, numer-ous, where b is 
 educ ed from m. 
 
 The Anglish (Anglosaxon,) Gothic, and Norse, Nordish (old Islandio,) 
 characters for tk in thin will be represented by Greek 6. English z is 
 sometimes represented by 3, and ah by r, and s in azure by j. The old 
 English character 3 in ^ 11, page 41, is not a s (a letter often improperly 
 used for it,) but a representative, according to the dialect and place in the 
 word, of y, g, and gh. 
 
 .. Indicate (with italics) lost or "silent" elements, as in counterfeL.t, 
 which has lost the c of eounterfict; may.., mi^At, &c. 
 
 A single dot ( ■ ) i^ sometimes jfsed to indicate the length of a syllable 
 by position (§ 34,) as in cA'ptum, where the vowel is naturally short, whilst 
 in MENSUKA the e is long independently of the consonants which follow. 
 
 A few Sanscrit words quoted, are in Latin orthography, the character' 
 corresponding to English w being represented by yj ft by c; and y hy j ; 
 —eh in chip by tjt, and g corrupt in gem by dj. » is a kind of untrilled r. 
 
 4 
 
38 MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 witti the tongue so far from the palate that the element is considered a 
 vowel, and is long and short. 6 is used for a kind of A which becomes a 
 in Greek and Latiu. 
 
 s and s are a peculiar a and ( (termed cerebral,) formed by turning the 
 tongue back. Their formation need not be attempted, ph, th, &c. are 
 pronounced as in uphold j pothook. Sanscrit short vowels are commonly 
 unmarked. See the author's Analytic Orthography (Trevelyan Prize 
 Essay,) Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1860. 
 
 s and T represent Arabic sad and ta, Hebrew sadei (which is not ts,) and 
 teth. They are formed with the flat of the tongue. Q is used for Arabic 
 qaf and Hebrew quph, a deeper sound than k. 
 
 Ss. Sanscrit; Gt. or Ger. German/ D. or Dan. Danish; Isl. Islandic; B. 
 Belgic, the language of Holland (commonly called Dutch) including 
 Flemishj Go. Gothic (i.e. Mceso-gothic;) W. Wclah; Ir. Irish; It. Italian; 
 Sp. Spanish; Port. Portuguese; Pr. French; Gr. Greek; L. or Lat. Latin, 
 but these are seldom used, the Latin being in latin or capital letters, and 
 Greek characters are well known. 
 
 Heb. Hebrew, generally given in Latin letters, so that j is English y, t 
 English w, &c. In a few cases it was convenient to represent Hebrew and 
 other languages in Greek typography. Ohg. old high German. 
 
 Ang. Angliah (Anglosaxon^) Sax. Saxon (or Plattdeutsch,) a living lan- 
 guage. ' It is a grave error to use the terra Saxon for Angloaaxon. 
 
 Pronounce Anglish e, g, v as in Latin, i/ like Banish y, I'rench u, Gr. u; 
 and se as in fat. (Compare cirnel kernel, brocen broken, vul loool, vsegn 
 wagon.) IS is th in then, ]> th in thin, but Q is used for this, and the Latin 
 T for its Anglish form p. 
 
 V. verb; adv. adverb; n. noun (or s. auhstantive;) m. maacnline; t. femi- 
 nine; neut. neuter; pi. plural; a. (or adj.) adjective; dim. diminutival. 
 
 In headings like A- AB, the hyphen is omitted when the prefix can be 
 used as a separate word, like the prepositions. Latin prefixes are printed 
 like ABS-, Greek like SYN', and all others, including true English forms, 
 and modifications of Latin, like be-, -ness. -N-oUS shows that o does 
 not belong to the Latin form, which is -N-US. 
 
 Silent letters are often in a different type, and in some cases they have 
 no etymologic value, as the c in apocalypse compared with that in 
 apocope. 
 
 "Words which form exceptions are frequently in italics. 
 
 In the definition of '*abs-tract (traho) to draw from,*' Ac, "to draw" 
 belongs to -tract and traho, and "from'* to the prefix aba-. Many of the 
 words with Latin prefixes occur in Latin, so that aba-tract might have 
 been referred to aes-traho; abstain to aes-tineo, Ac. 
 
 As TRAHO means strictly, I draw; and trahere to draw, a word and its 
 definition are separated by a comma point when they do not quite corre- 
 spond, thus traho, to draw. 
 
 Old English was pronounced mostly like the European languages, with 
 c in they, Ac. as in Chaucer's bifore before, diocise diocese, gret great, slee 
 alay, her-es hairs, goo go, stoon atone, boom home, goot goat, awook awoke, 
 na-tu-res natui'e'a, in three syllables, accented on the second. The rhythm 
 determines the accent and syllabication, as in the following examples 
 
 Stomak ne con-fci-en-ce know I noon j . . . 
 
 And fche agayn aniw-erd in pa-ci-ence: . . . 
 
 Compaffi-oun, my fai-re Cana-ce, . . . 
 
 And for the foul-es that file herd-c lyng, . . , 
 
 And therfor hath this worthy wif-e knight . . . 
 
 Yer-es and day-es fleet this cre-a-ture . . . 
 
 And ftraun-ge made it of hir mar-i-age. — Chauctr. 
 
A- PREFIXES 39 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 a- on, at, in. 
 
 [a- is a fragment derived from several originals. It commonly indi- 
 cates adverbs, and is app lie d to prBpnsU.innH (n-h-0 Ye,)'a3 ^l,injii (m\m rf f 
 nouns (a-piece,) and verbs (a-rise.)] 
 
 The heterogeneous nature of a- appears in the following 
 examples — 
 
 a<-inoiig Ang. onmang, amang, on-ge-mang, Old Eng. bi-mong. 
 
 agfainst Ang. togean, ongean, agean, agen. 
 
 afore, before Ang. toforan, onforan, Eetforan, vi0-foran. 
 
 Braftias had flaine a knight loforc. — '•King Arthur,^ '634. 
 
 along^ Ang. onlenge, emb-long, andlangj em- even, equal, sometimes 
 nsed for emb- aiout. 
 
 Yclenched overthwart and endelong 
 With yren tough. — Chauctr, 
 
 ^ 2. in, on, &c. 
 a- is partly due to the Anglish on, an, meaning on, in, un-; 
 and partly to old Frisian and Islandic a on, in, at. 
 
 onbaeo (Islandic a bak) aback j Kinbedippan to dip in; onlesan to make 
 loose (unloose;) anbidan to abide; anvadan to invade; anveg away; 
 adays Ang. andxges,- on handa, old Eng. anhond, onhande, old Frisian 
 a band, on or j'n hand; anbtLgan to obey (bow to;) anaelan to anneal (K^lan 
 to 6urn, bake.) 
 
 Old English has forms like on sleepe, in slepe asleep; on side aside; on 
 life alive. 
 
 And here-againes no creature on live 
 
 Of no degree availleth for to ftrivc, — Chaucir. 
 
 How that they wolde on huntinge gone, — Jd. 
 
 If 3. Position. 
 amidst (Ang. on middan,) in the middle. 
 
40 PREFIXES 
 
 aboard on board. (Nordish a borSi, Fr. k bord (T[ 9,) Ger. 
 am (for an dem) borde, Dan. om bord. astern at, towards or 
 behind the stern, aground on or at the ground or bottom. 
 
 atop abed asbore alee aside apeak abaft '''ahorse 
 '''adoors afield ablgta 
 
 Ab-out, round the outside, Ang. emb-ntan, on-butanj as in emb-long 
 along. See AMBI-. x 
 
 . . . between 9 and 10 a Clock, — Dr. That. Shorty Hift, of the Air, London 1749. 
 ... he then went out a-doors. — Pefys. Born 163Z. 
 
 \ 4. Condition. 
 
 asunder in a divided condition. (Ang. on sundran; 
 old Ger. besunder.) adrift in a drifting condition. 
 
 aga'te, aga'd on the (S'w. gata, old Eng. gate) ■way, road. 
 
 abroad from home. (Nordish abraut/orfA; brautaroad, 
 travel, region.) agog on the lookout. (Ger. gucken to look.) 
 
 apart afloat ablaze alive awahe asleep astir a^ape 
 — anew afiresb — ''^afeared or afraid (^ 13.) 
 
 of perill why that (he oughte a f e r d c to be . . . . 
 They were a d r a d d e of him as of the death, — Chauetr. 
 Their dam upflart out of her den effraide, . . , Spenser, 
 
 ][ 5. Direction. 
 
 athwart across. (Ang. on Oveorh; old Ger. in dueran.) 
 aback towards the back, abreast opposite, or towards 
 the breast, aliead in advance of the head ; in front. 
 alengtb (on, at,) in the direction of the length. 
 aslant across asbance — awry afar askew — above abaft 
 My herd that hangeth long adoun. — Chauter. 
 
 1[ 6. Manner. 
 astride in the manner (or condition) of striding. 
 atilt in the manner of tilting; in a tilting position. 
 afoot by means of the feet; on the feet. 
 aslng like, in the manner of a slug. 
 alond in a loud manner. 
 
A- PREFIXES 41 
 
 1[ 7. For off. 
 adown (Ang. of dune,) down, downwards, towards the 
 ground. 
 
 Tf 8. For of. 
 
 ashamed, made the subject of shame. (Old Eng. 
 ofohamed; Anglish verb of-sceamian.) 
 
 anew in the new. (Old English of new.) 
 
 \ 9. For ad-. 
 [Pr. il at, to. Seo AD-.] 
 
 agree to be on good terms. (gbItIX favor, good terms.) 
 
 appoint, Fr. ^ point; Ital. a puuto. 
 
 assets, old Fr. assez, Lat. sItIs enough. 
 
 apiece apart alert a<Iicn amort api-opos avast aver 
 afflront avail avow ^ogrevc annoy (anoio, Chaucer) abash 
 abate abroach abandon ameliorate alarm alloy achieve 
 
 Obs. Tho ad- of affront, appoint, a-soribe, a-soond, a-droit, amass, has 
 bocomo a- as perfectly as on has, in aside, or at in ahead; because English 
 speech does not admit of doubled consonants. 
 
 f 10. For in. 
 around, Fr, en rond; Ital. in ronda. 
 arrajtig^e, Fr. en rang, au rang; an being for d, le at the. 
 
 T[ 11. For ^e-. See o-. 
 aback arlg^ht aware alike adrift amongr ^anongh 
 
 The fifchers wer radi a n o u 3 . . (See in Halliwell,) 
 .... bothe ylichc 
 Honoured were, — Chaucer. 
 
 \ 12. be-, by, period. 
 
 anigbt (Chaucer,) by night, during the night. 
 anights nowadays afore aforesaid aforetime 
 
 . . . afbrc the harveft.— /i«/aA, 18 : J. 
 
 1[ 13. For ex-. 
 
 amend (for emend) to remove (mendX) a fault. 
 
 award the sentence of an arbitrator. (Old Fr. esward, 
 
 a right to something ; eswardeur, an inspector.) 
 
 4« 
 
42 PREFIXES A- 
 
 afl*aid impressed with fear. (Fr. effi-ayer to frighten.') 
 
 Thcr wol 1 firflc a m e n d e n and begin. — Chauctr, 
 
 What fraycs yc» that were wont to comfort me a ff ray d t — Spenttr, 
 
 1 bid my felfe from it as one affeardj — id. 
 
 T[ 14. For ah, oh. 
 nlas alack, esclamatioDs of sorrow. 
 
 ^ 15. Verbal, or redundant. 
 
 aligrbt awake arise arouse abide adry afiir ado 
 
 Alone is composed of all and one^ with the old spelling and pronimcia- 
 tion. 
 
 Sire, he feide . . . the Lord ys God al one, . . . — R^htrt if GUucntir, about 1300. 
 
 A-, AB, ABS- from. 
 
 [Lat. A-, AB, IBS from; Sanscrit apa, ap-, ava far; ami, dir-, aip-, a- 
 from; Bussian, Polish, Bohemian ob-; Irish as; (Aztec accidental,) Irish, 
 Gselic a-j Welsh af- (negative,) from, aw o flow; eb, wff motion from 
 or out; ob a going from, if that i* impelled; wy tJint proceeds from. 
 Gothic af, abu; Oerman ab; Anglish af-, of-, a-; English of, off. San- 
 scrit root AB, AMB to go, to move.] 
 
 abs-tract (TRAHo) to draw or take from; an abridgment. 
 
 abs-tain (teneo) to hold from; to forbear or refrain. 
 
 abject (JACTD"") thrown away ; mean ; worthless. 
 
 abjure (jtJRO) to swear from; to renounce on oath. 
 
 abrupt (rumpo, RtJPTTJ") broken off. 
 
 Bbs-ent being away, (esse to be; ens, gen. ent-is being.) 
 
 a- vert (verto) to turn aside, from, or away; to prevent. 
 
 ab-nse to use improperly; to maltreat; to revile. 
 
 abs-cond (coNDo) to hide from, whence s-coundrel, with 
 abs- reduced to s. ablution a washing off (luo I lave.) 
 
 abbreviate and abridge {^pa^vq brevis brief) to 
 shorten, abridgment a synopsis or compendium. 
 
 advance and advantage, avant-, belong here as hetero- 
 nyms of the French av-ancer, av-antage, from ab, and ANTi 
 hefore. The old English authors give the true forms. 
 
AD- PREriXES 43 
 
 As footh is fayd, elde* hathgretavantagej * Old agt. 
 In elde is botlle wirdom and ulage.f f Exfiiritnct, 
 
 Men may the old out-reunc but not out-rede.:]; X Countil, 
 
 Chaucir, 
 
 To Icetcli him at avauntage in his fnares, — Spinsir. 
 
 Obs. 1. s-oout is froip avsoBlto I listen, Avs for ivnis the ear, and 
 c5lo (cBltu") to practice. 
 
 2. By the loss of 6, aba- may become as-, as in aspobtXre to carry off; 
 aspbllSre to drive away; and ab- is at- diphthong in avfeko I bear 
 oway ; A vpnoTo I fly from. 
 
 3. It Is doubtful whether ab- or ad- is the prefix In abbreviate and 
 aperient. 
 
 apo-calypse (mXoTtru) I cover,) a revelation or uncovering. 
 apo'cope {x6t:tu) I cut,) a cutting off. 
 aph-elion a planet's most distant position from (^/iiof) 
 the sun. a-podal footless. 
 
 A- without. See AN-, 
 
 a-damant or diamond (adaVac, a- not, dafidio I 
 subdue, whence tame,) that (mineral) which is unconquerable. 
 
 The dore was all of athamant eterne. — Chaucir, 
 
 AD to. 
 
 [Xd, Welsh at, idd toj Sb. adhi, a towards, at; Pr. 1; Go. at; Ang. at, 
 o» ; Isl. ad, at. Gaelic ath- very, (Heb. ii9, IB-.) Ss. root AT to move; 
 Welsh eth, s. what is in motion ; add, s. a laying upon; idd to, into; eto 
 yet, alio; Gr. IrX yet. Akin to Ss. at'hi and; Ang. ant, an and; Lat. AT 
 but; ET and; Eng. and, at, y-et, to.] 
 
 a- ac- ad- af- ag- al- an- ap- as- at- ar- 
 
 adapt (apto) to fit to. adhere (h.^eeo) to stick to. 
 admire (mir5r) to wonder at. adore (oEo) to pray to. 
 acceptt (cXpIo) to take to. accede (CEDO) to give to. 
 atnxl: (fiqo) to fix to. affluent (fluens) flowing to. 
 aggregate} (s. OBE-x) flock together. 
 aggression (v. grXdIoe, s. QRESsiJs) a stepping towards. 
 agglutinated (a. gluten) glued together. 
 
44 PREFIXES AL, EL 
 
 alleviate (levo) to give comfort to. 
 
 alloquyt (v. loquor) a speaking to. 
 
 annex (necto) to tie to. 
 
 annotation^ (notatio) a noting to. 
 
 announce (nuncio) to bring news to. 
 
 anniMIatet to reduce to (nihil) nothing. 
 
 annnlt (nullu"" nothing) to make void; reduce to nothing. 
 
 appai-entj: (pareo) to be present to. 
 
 append (pendeo) to hang to. 
 
 apposition apprebend approve apply appropriate 
 applaud approximate. 
 
 assignt (signo) to inscribe, commit to. 
 
 associate (socio) to join to. 
 
 a-scend (sclNDO) to climb up. 
 
 a-scribe to attribute to (in writing.) 
 
 attracts (traho) to draw to. 
 
 attribute (tribuo) to ascribe to. 
 
 arrogatel to claim to (one's self.) 
 
 arrest (resto) to bring to a stop. 
 
 a-I-e-r-t, Fr. alerte (a- for ad-, see a- ^ 9 ; 1- for the 
 French article la the,) at the e-Rec-T, on guard. (Lat. 
 E-RIG-ERE, E-RE'C-T-lJ", to erect, animate, take courage.) 
 
 Obs. The dental vocables ad-, ana-, ante, and, at, in, on, Ac. may be 
 regarded as akin. 
 
 al, el the. 
 
 [The Arabic article al (ar-, as-, ad-,) el. The Spanish article el (Ital. 
 il, Port. 0,) is different, being derived from the Latin pronoun ille 7ie.] 
 
 alcove the vault, the arch; Arab, qubbah, Heb. qtibali. 
 ar-roba the fourth (of 100 lbs.) 
 
 alcanna the henna, a kind of plant used in dyeing red. 
 alcaid (q3,id) the cS,di. alcoran (al qoran) the reading. 
 Foiualhaut (al hut the fish, fam mouth,) the name of a star. 
 Aldebaran (ad dabarin.) 1-ute a kind of guitar, alqali 
 Alplierat alcbemy alcohol algebra cl-lxir a-tlianor 
 a-pricot artlctaohe admtr-al fis-sftg^ay' (-gay as in guide.) 
 
AMBO PREFIXES 45 
 
 Al-ligator, Port, o lagarto, Sp. el lagarto, ike lizardf Lat. lacbrtBs, 
 witli c as hf which accounts for the pure g (gay.) Elecampane is for 
 Enula campQiia, 
 
 ALL- 
 
 [uXXoffj ALIUS otherf another, alias otherwiae, alibi elaewliere.l 
 
 all-egory aXX-yjyopia a speaking differently (conveying a 
 sense different from the natural meaning.) ayupeom I speak 
 in public, par-all-el, par-all-ax see PARA. 
 allen-ate aliquot alter alternate 
 
 AMBI, AMPHI around, on both sides. 
 
 [Ss. ABHi; Greek '^licjiVy dfupis, Aeolic a/nrfj Ang, emb, embe, ynib, ymbe, 
 imb, umb, em; Belg. om-; Dan. om; Swed. om-; old Ger. umpi, umbi, 
 umb; Ger. um around; Lat. aubi, amb-, am-, an-J, as in AN-QVIRO / seek 
 carefully. Ss. root AB, amb to move. See AB.] 
 
 amb-i-ent surroMnc?ing. (So, i-rb, i-tu™, to go.) 
 
 ambitions, am-pu-tate (PUTO) to cut round or off. 
 
 ampbitbeatre (deaofiat, to see) a theatre with the 
 view from all sides. 
 
 ampbibracb a poetic foot ( ~ ) with a (/J/)o;^i)(j)' 
 
 short syllable on each side of a long one. 
 
 ab-ont (Ang. ymb-, ymbe-, embe-, emb-utan) round the 
 outside. 
 
 AMBO both. 
 
 [Ss. UBHA; Gr. 'Sfupa; Lat. ambo both. Ss. root tmbh to heap up. The 
 Greek and Latin forms are confused with ambi, djupi.'] 
 
 ampbi-bions (Sz'oq life) living in air and water. 
 
 ampbis-bsena (Sai-v-u> I go) a genus of serpents with 
 the head and tail very much alike, and thought capable of 
 moving in either direction. 
 
 am'-pbora {<pipw I bear) a vessel with a handle on 
 each side, amb-ignous (Sgo I move) dubious, moving 
 on both sides, ambidexter ambi'logy ambi'loqny 
 
46 PREFIXES ANA 
 
 AN; A- vyithout. See in-, un-. 
 
 a-byss {Suaa&q the bottom) a bottomless pit; immensity. 
 
 a-chromatic without (^-(pS/jLa) color. 
 
 a-maranth (aixdpavzoz') unfading. 
 
 am-brosiaj: {d/ilSpoaia) the food of the gods; AfiSpdaco^, 
 afi^poTog, a^poToq immortEtl; Spordg mortal. (The m is due 
 to the b.) a-cephalous headless, an-omaly (ivwfiaXia) 
 irregularity, not (Sp.aXd^') re-sem-bling. an-onymous with- 
 out name, an-odyne (ov-) without (^ddvyT]} pain; whence 
 (using v^- without,) Nwdvvia, p., NiliSvvov, adj. whence the 
 corrupt Latinised form laudannm, a medicine which re- 
 lieves pain. 
 
 apetalons asymmetric an-ecdote aphyllons a-sym-ptote 
 a-sylnm a-tom azoic azote an-testbetlc anarcliy atonic 
 
 ann-eal to temper by means of heat. (Ang. an-aelan, for 
 on in, aelan to bum, bake.) 
 
 ann-eal (aneal, anele, Ang. sel oil) to anoint. 
 
 Cut off euen in the bloflbmcs of my Anne, 
 
 Vnhouzzled, difappointed, vnnaneld, — ^Hamlet^ Act I, Sc. 5. 1596. 
 
 Anoint is a corrupt form of wnguent, but Chaucer uses en-oynt (also 
 anoynt,) as if to associate it with French en-, Latin in-. 
 Answer belongs to AXTI. 
 
 ANA hack, up, again. 
 
 [Ss. AKtr on, after; Gr. ivS hack, Ac, Sva upwards; Gothic ana tip, 
 on, m; Ger. an; Eng. on. Ss. root Xn to move.'] 
 
 analysis (Ava-if) a loosing back, an undoing, unravelling, 
 or explanation, analyst analytic 
 
 anapest (jnattu I strike, ivd back) a poetic foot, like 
 Si'napest, used in Greek and Latin verse. 
 
 an-enrism a disease of the arteries, (supv'vm to dilute, 
 swell up, broaden out.') 
 
 ana'-dromons running up, said of sea fish which ascend 
 
ANTI PREFIXES 47 
 
 rivers, anadem a chaplet. {iva-dia) to bind up or around.) 
 analogue something with a parallelism, or correspondence 
 with something else, ana'logoas ana'logy 
 
 anamorphosis a forming anew, or over again. 
 
 anatreptic oj;erturning, upsetting, subversive. 
 
 an-cboret one who retires, goes away, goes back; from 
 ^wpim I go, give way. 
 
 ana-tomy dissection, a cutting up, through, or apart. 
 
 anabaptist one who baptises again. 
 
 anacbronism a transp^sMon of periods of (xpAi'oif) time. 
 
 anag^ram anastomo'sis ana-glyptlc ana-Iectlc 
 
 AN-0 adv. above, up. 
 ano^stoma a genus of snails in which the (azdfia) mouth 
 or aperture of the shell is turned upward. 
 
 ANTE, ANT- he/ore. 
 
 [Ss. ATI heyond, anti against; GrT.avra, avrC against, before; Lat. ante, 
 ANTI-, Oscan ANTER hcfore; Ital. ante-, anti-, anzij Kuss. ot-j Go. anda, 
 and-; Ang. anda-, and-, £et-, et-. Sanscrit root at or an to move.'] 
 
 ante-, anti-, ant-, an-, -aunt, -ance, anci- 
 
 antecedent (cedo I go) going before. 
 an-cestor for antecessor or antcessor. 
 antedate antemeridian antedilnvian anti-cipate 
 an>ti-qne anci-ent advance adTantag^e avannt 
 
 ANTT, ANT-, ANTE- against. See ante. 
 ant-agonist he who has ('a^'aji') a contest against some one. 
 ant-arctic opposite to the arctic region or circle. 
 antb-elmintic (IX/jlcv^ a worm) a medicine given to 
 expel tape-worms, &c. anti'p^tl^y adverse (Tia'Oog) feeling. 
 an-swer (swear, Ang. andsvarian,) to speak in return. 
 a-Iong (Ang. andlang, ondlong,) at length, lengthwise. 
 antispasmodic antibilious antictaamber ant-acid 
 ant-eclan antli-em antidote anti'pod-es anti'tbesis 
 
48 PREFIXES AUTO- 
 
 APO, AP-, APS- from. See AB-. 
 
 apogee a point in the orbit of the moon (and sun) most 
 distant (and') from (yr/) the earth. 
 
 apologue {Xdyog a discourse) a fable with a moral mean- 
 ing apart from the narration, apology vindication, excuse. 
 
 apoplexy (ajrowAiylia) a striking down. Adj. apoplectic. 
 
 apostropbe apostasy apocalypse aph-elion aph-orism 
 apb-se'resis ap-agoge apo-stle apotbegm apotbe'osls 
 
 AK- 
 
 [An obsolete Latin preposition in iE-BiT-En, assimilated to ag- in ex- 
 ag-ger-ate, and present in arcesso (frequentative of ciEO / call,) I aiim- 
 moiif accuBCf repeat. Irish and Welsh ar uporij hence Armorica a country 
 on (mor) the seaJ] 
 
 arbiter (bito I go) one who goes near; a looker on; an 
 umpire, arbitrator arbitration arbitrary arbitrate 
 
 exaggerate to heighten by representation, (a-ggero I 
 heap up, add; EXA-GGERO Iheap up much, magnify.') 
 
 A UTO- self. 
 
 autograpb (abrbq one's self, ypafij a writing) a person's 
 handwriting. 
 
 auto'maton (iia,'<a to feel an impulse,) a self-moving 
 mechanism, autocrat (xpa'ro'; rule) one who rules alone. 
 
 The said hero of this auto-biography or auto romance of Casanova appears to nar- 
 rate it with design of exciting our admiration both of his gallantry and ^vit. — West- 
 minster Eeview, 1827. 
 
 autb-entic self-authoritative; aoOswiai, to have authority 
 or independent power; from the second aorist participle di;, 
 gen. SvTog, of i'ljA'i to be (or to put) in motion. Ellenic 
 (Modern Greek) ahdivrrjq, pronounced a^divdcq (with r as 
 English d,) a master of his own actions, a proprietor, whence 
 the Turkish effendi Sir, a title of respect. Reis effendi 
 chief effendi) Arabic rS.is a chief. 
 
 Author is from 8^* avgeo. 
 
B- PREFIXES 49 
 
 avant he/ore. See A-, ab. 
 aTantconrier (ctJRRO I run) one wio runs (ante) before. 
 
 B-, P-, F-, T-, W-, m-, be- by; to make, &c. 
 
 [Hebrew B-; Syriao, Ethiopio ba at, by, in. Arabic, Persian TA- (wa-) 
 Jy, with, Pera. bi-. Go. bi; old Bng.be-, bi-, by-; old Frisian bi-, be-, 
 b-; old Ger. bi, pi, pe, be, pa, ba; old Saxon bi-; Ger. be-; Ang. be, bi, 
 big, b-, as in b-innan within,- Belg. bij ; Dan., Swed. be-, bi-. Sanscrit 
 ABHI by, on, API near, on. Pers. ba, aba with; Gr. nrf", on, Sanscrit labial 
 roots VA, VI, AB to move. Welsh uf that is over or diffueed, aw a flow, af 
 a going forward, ib that nms forward, fFy aptness to move. Akin to j^^^ 
 AB, 0B-, AMBI-, and indicating approach, junction. It sometimes serves to 
 locate the act, and sometimes intensifies.] 
 
 beset (Ang. bisettan) to set on, make an onset. 
 
 besiege to sit by, to invest with an army. 
 
 benumb (Ang. benuman) to make (cause to be) numb. 
 
 bemire to make miry, or cover with mire. § 86. 
 
 bebead to deprive of the head. (Ang. bihedfdian.) 
 
 f-Ia..ine (^-Xiy-fia, F-LAMMAt) f-licker, fii-lgid, 
 b-Ieacb, b-lancb, blink, blank, bleak, black, 
 blight, blaze, please, placid, flasb, (Latin tiVOEO, to 
 ghtter; <p-Xiy-m, f-lagro, to burn.) 
 
 b-lot (LINO, LiTU™,) to bedaub, p-recation rog-ation. 
 
 p-linth, p-late, f-lat, Jg®~ latus broad. 
 
 b-rave Welsh rhab, old Ger. raw. 
 
 w-aste ladui, to eat, waste. 
 
 flap, blab, lip, lobe, Xsn\z Xonit; a scale, break wreck 
 flavous livid 
 
 begin, old Eng. biginnen, 1 250 ; bigan, 1280. bi gete, Rob, Glouces- 
 ter. bettaoagrM, bithoute, 1280. bylaw, Ang. bilagn. a-b-ove, Ang. 
 b-nfan. a-b-afl, Ang. besftan. 
 
 becalm bedim bedeck bedrop become befEd betray- 
 below between before beside 
 
 dep-rlve be-reave plaad laud flas lag 
 
 block lock plomp lump blltbe lithe 
 
 brim rim Crlgid rigid flaccid Adf lax 
 
 5 
 
50 PREFIXES BIS 
 
 irorli irk, co-erce. b-eak, b-eac-on see under -iV! 
 m-orn B®° oriok. 
 
 b-ooth W. bwth, from wth that expands, f-oo-d see D-. 
 
 m-axillary m-ncronate m-eagre m-agnify b-i^ m-icroscope 
 T-ex T-oice T-ictim v-agrant T-icinity v*igor 
 
 Obs. 1. This prefix may be locative, as in bemoan to moan for a par- 
 ticular object, beliind, in the posterior position : it may be intensive, as 
 in berate; and completive, as in become. 
 
 Obs. 2. In Welsh names, B, p (for ab, ap) means son, as in Price (ap 
 Rhys,) Pugh, Parry, Barry, Bevan, Bowers. 
 
 Obs. 3. In old books are found the forms biholde, bihelde, bifore (old 
 Ger. bifora,) bigyune. Ihon Frampton 1677, uses hicanse; R. of Brunne 
 bioome, bisought, biforhand; Wiolif biholde; and Chaucer (born 1328) 
 beblotte, begiled, berained, bimene (moan,) biwopen (weep,) bilieve. 
 
 'Obs. 4. In German graben is to dig, begraben to bury; halten to 
 hold, behalten to keep, verhalten to retain; liilagen to complain, 
 beklagen to pity, anklagen to accuse; langen to reach {ng as in 
 singer,) verlangen to desire, belangen to attain, whence belong. 
 
 Obs. 5. Polish lewy lef-t, {w as English v,) wlewo on the left. An 
 accidental resemblance occurs in the Caffre amba to catch, pamba to 
 hold fasti 
 
 BINI two hy two. See bis. 
 
 bin-ocnlar pertaining to, or having two eyes; pertaining 
 to a telescope or other optical instrument, adapted to vision 
 with both eyes simultaneously. 
 
 binary combination blnoxld 
 
 BIS, DIS- in two, twice. 
 
 [Sanscrit DVia twice, dti; iia; Lat. Duo two; bis, bi-, ti-, dis, di-; 
 Zend BI-; Irish di-; Welsh dis-, di-. Gr. A'xS in two ways; Si-mos (lonio 
 liifos, Attic iirrdi) double; Xi' through. Sanscrit root DO or DVis to cut, 
 separate.'] 
 
 bi-sect dis-sect (sECO, sectu™) to cut in two. 
 biscnit twice baked bicornons having two horns. 
 ba-lauce bilanx (lanx a dish) a pair of scales. 
 
 biangnlar bivalve biped bis-sextUe 
 
 Biology is a (Xoyog) discourse on (^To;) life. 
 
C- PREFIXES 51 
 
 bu- augmentative. 
 
 [/JoS, often referred to ffovs an oj:, but Eiohlioff refers it to Sanscrit 
 
 BHTJJAS mwc/t.] 
 
 bnlimy {fiouXt/jLia) morbid insatiable (-Jt/i^?) hunger. 
 Bu- means ox m bugloss (oxtongue,) bucolic, bucentaur, buorania. 
 
 «-9 g"5 y-9 a- much, perfectly, he-. 
 
 [Gotbio ga-; Ger., Ang. ge-; old Ger. ga-, gi-, ka-, oa-, ki-, gha-, 
 eba-, ha-; old Saxon gi-; Swed., Dan. ge-; old Frisian gi-, i-, je-, ie-, e-, 
 i-, a-; Gr. £-, y-, k-, as in Xfi/i>7 and yXii^ij hlearedness; XiSa I take, /c-Xm-ru 
 [ steal. Old Eng. i-, y-; English a-; Welsh c-, g-; Celtic h-. Akin to 
 the Greek and Latin guttural reduplication of the perfect tense. Its in- 
 tensive power is seen in the Welsh wrdd impulse, gwrdd vehement; Ss. nir 
 (as if rash) to ring, CEUr to resound. As intensives and restriotives, ge- 
 and be- are allied, and the following are Anglish examples of their use — 
 
 fyllan to Jill, befyllan to Jill up, gefyllan to fulfil. 
 
 healdan to hold, behealdan to behold, gehealda,n to preserve.'] 
 
 c-poap a disease of the throat accompanied by a peculiar 
 cough; Belgian roepen (oe as in shoe) to call; geroep a cry. 
 
 a-ware (Ger. v. gewahren,) having a perception of. 
 
 g-leann Q.a [ii: ui) to shine much. 
 
 ch-lor-ine a gas of a greenish color. (^ylopb(; green; 
 Isip-dq pale, (whence lily;) iiUB-iD-tis lur-id.) 
 
 in-c-Iine, as if in-ge-lean, xXz'viu I bend. 
 
 q-nalie, q-nag-mire, wag. g-nile, wile, c-reep refo. 
 
 a-mong Ang. gemang, masng-an (ngas in singer) to mix. 
 a-back Ang. gebaee. e-nongb Ang. gendh. y-ope Ang. 
 ge4ra, aer, or time. y-oml-ep Ang. geond. c-lammy 
 loam, lime, cloud Ang. hlidan to cover. c-Inmp lump. 
 c-pnmple rumple, ga-llop c-lip leap, c-liflf" Xejcdg a rock. 
 
 c-rib, g*rab, g-ripe, rob. g^-ramble g-lance g^-lobe «-rude 
 a-Ilbe alright a-wake arlong: a-weary a^gro '''ag:on y>cleped 
 -fygon +yeIoii Jeo-pardy aready, aredy, Gothic garaids. 
 
 And fawe his barge yfalllng in the fe. — Chaucer. 
 
 It ought ynough fiiflifc 
 
 Fire houres for to flepe upon a night. — [d, 
 
 I know you well inough. — 'King Arthur,' l6j4- 
 
52 PREFIXES CIRCUM 
 
 GAT A, CAT- GATE- against, down. 
 
 cataplasm (nXa'eau) I smear) a medicinal plaster. 
 
 cat-echise, ■ijx^<" I echo, utter, xaTTjj^ico I sound abroad, 
 teach (with the voice.) 
 
 cataract a falling or dashing down. 
 
 catastrophe a turning over, or upside-down. 
 
 'cat-acomb an underground structure for the repose of 
 the dead. (xara-xocfiiZu) to set xari down to sleep.) 
 
 catacbresis, (^•j^prjiriq') use (of a word, xarcC) against its 
 proper sense, as in calling a camel a 'ship.' 
 
 catalogue has the prefix restrictive^ the word meant 
 according to account or selection, having been applied to the 
 list of persons se-lec-ted for military duty. See under § 86. 
 
 catalepsy, a disease in which sensation and motion sud- 
 denly cease: Xa;jt^dvw, to take, seize, (and with xara-') to 
 seize Jirmli/, the prefix being intensive and restrictive. 
 
 cath-olic pertaining to, or including (SXo(;') all; general; 
 universal. 
 
 Catholick Affections of fitvple Bodies, namely BnUc, Shape^ and Motion, or ReH . . . — 
 
 [S»/;«, 1675. 
 Fifliermen of the Catholic religion. — Asiatic Researches, 1799. 
 
 The Catholic or general epistlea : viz. of James, Peter, John, and Jude. — Z>r. Adam 
 Clarke, 1820. 
 
 CAT-0 adv. below. 
 cato^stoma, a genus of American fishes (known as 
 suckers) in which the (ardfia') mouth is (xdriu) below. 
 
 CIRCUM around, about. 
 
 [Lat. CIRCUS, CIRCULTJS a circle; yvpSs cur-ved, gyr~ate, Ss. root g R H 
 to enclose.] 
 
 circumambulate to walk around. 
 circDiunaTigate to sail round. 
 circumpolar about the poles. 
 
 circumscribe -vallation -ainbient -location -flex -spect 
 circa-ltous 
 
CON- PREFIXES 53 
 
 CIS on this side. 
 
 [ci-s, a Latin preposition formed of the indioationol element C, and the 
 adverbial sufSx -s in bis, twi-ce.] j^ 
 
 Cisalpine on thi-s (the Eoman) side of the Alps. 
 cisatlantic on this (the European) side of the Atlantic. 
 
 C-L' oontinuative. 
 
 The root of ech-o (and Ic-Tus a blow,) gives the following — 
 clack (1-augh 1-iok) click clock clack clangs clink 
 
 CO-, CON-, SYN with, together. 
 
 col-, com-, cor-, cu-, cur-; co-ad-, co-al-, co-ap-; co-ex-, 
 co-ef-; co-en-, co-in-; con-de-; con-sub-; coun-. 
 
 [G-r. fdi* (csyn) itvv; Lat. co- con-; Khaetian cun-j Wallachian kon-. 
 Welsh can-, gan-, oy-, oyn-, cyd-, cym-; Irish oo-, comh-. Akin 
 to C-, g-.] 
 
 concur (CURRO I run) to agree in opinion. 
 
 congregate (QREX a flock) to assemble together. 
 
 conn-sel coNSiLitJ" consultation, advice. (CONSULO, to 
 consult, advise.) 
 
 conn-cil CONCILIU" an assembly summoned by authority. 
 (calo and CALO I call.) 
 
 comb-nstion (J8@" URO,) b is educed from m, which is 
 assimilated from n before the labial vowel. 
 
 ca-stom, Lat. COnSueTUdineM. co-nch COllOCo 
 I put in place, lodge, cnr-ry to dress leather; Ital. cor- 
 redare, old Fr. conroyer to dress or prepare. (^H. Wedgwood.') 
 
 qn-ash, old French esquachier to crush; Latin co-aotus 
 a constraining. (JXez.) 
 
 construct convene conduce condii^ cO"gnate co-operate 
 coequal coexist co-st coun-tenance composet compress 
 compatriot conunotlon correct! correspond correlative 
 corrode collapset collect 
 
 synclironons (^•(pSvog time) simultaneous. 
 
 synonymous (Svo/ia, name) identity of meaning. 
 
 5* 
 
54 PREFIXES ' CONTKA 
 
 sy-stcm {"laTrjfii, to set) a setting together to form a theory. 
 
 sy-stole {ariXkoj I send,) the contraction of the heart 
 which sends the blood forwar^ the reverse of dia-stole. 
 
 syllable (Xafi^dviu I take) a taking together (as much 
 of a word as can be pronounced at an impulse.) 
 
 sym-ptomt (Tti'-izTut, to fall) that which happens with 
 something else; a concomitant sign or indication. 
 
 symmetry (jxiTpov measure) regular proportion. 
 
 sympathy {■Ka.'Oo(; feeling) fellow feeling. 
 
 sy-zygy (Coi^'iJw, to yoke) a joining together. 
 
 Obs. syn- becomes sy- before Greek Z because this being >d (in wisdom,) 
 the n of syn- would be brought before s, which would not be a, Greek 
 sequent. But if Greek Z were da (as some suppose) it would be possible, 
 nd being i, Greek sequent, as in mv-iakda joint-servitudej auipta manhood. 
 
 COM- vnih. 
 
 [In Sanscrit, the root jfAM or sam to unite, gives rise to sam, sa, 
 SAN-t SA,4 with, which are probably distinct from CON, civ, fili/. The 
 Latin cum, Gr. fi/ja (pXma) with, we refer to the Sanscrit jam to hold.'] 
 
 con-com-it-ant going (ctJM) with, accompanying. 
 com-ity companionableness. 
 
 CONTRA against, opposite to, 
 [L. co'ntea; Osoan contbud; Jr. contre.] 
 
 contra-st (STO) to stand against, or in opposition to. 
 
 counter-march to march in an opposite direction. 
 
 counterbalance to balance with an opposite weight. 
 
 contrary contravene contradlstlngnlsh contradict 
 contro-vert counter counteract -sign -Current -poise 
 
 couutry-dance, in which the dancers stand opposite 
 each other. A heteronym.* 
 
 cont-rol, as if counter-roll, a check-book— its primary 
 meaning; restraint; v. to restrain; to direct. 
 
 * That is, a form due to a second (ei'epos different) etymology, as BparrowgraBs, 
 Jerusalem artichoke, admiral, corporal. 
 
DE PREFIXES 55 
 
 CONTRO- against. 
 
 [Akin to coStra; and probably, with intr6- and retro-, obsolete 
 ablatives.] 
 
 controve]*t (verto v. a. I turn, change, overthrow) to 
 turn an argument against an opponent; to dispute. 
 
 C-R', G-R' 
 
 [Intensive and imitatire, and commonly indicative of noiSe. See C-L'.] 
 
 croak (CROC-IO, pcp<l)Zo',') to cry as a raven. 
 cracb the noise of striking or breaking, (xpixto, to strike, 
 to sound from striking.) cricket a noisy insect. 
 
 creak s-creecb crasli cranncli or tirnjicli crabe g^ackle 
 grant grroan grU gramble grate s-cratcb s-crape scrab 
 
 D-, T-, L-, N- intensive, frequentative. 
 
 [Greek intensive d«-, ?a-, (Eoheinian do-,) as in 6a-tjKios v&ry shady, (com- 
 pare du-sk-y;) ^a-irkiVTOs v&ry rich; i^phr-ca I reap; T-piP-aj I rub; 6-pwr~Tia I 
 tear; d-pm-no I break, araf) a sound, the ear; rix^ clamor; ffxpi echo; A-OKoif 
 to sound like breaking; A-iyu, to speak. Lat. i^-6custa a grasshopper (a 
 noisy insect;) ij-oqvor / speahj fLagito 7 demand; D-ico / say; d-ocbo 
 / t-each; B-OGO / ash; tA-R-rux the seat of the voice. Welsli frequenta- 
 tive dy-, as in yw that exists, b-wy to live, b-wy-d f-oo~d, bwyta to eatf 
 dy-fwyta to be eating often; Irish d-lighe laui.2 
 
 d-lctate diction doctor or teacber — 1-ogie dial-ogne dialect 
 apology — location loqnacity locost c-l'ack c-l-ang f-1-ag-lti- 
 ons-ness — d-rnm t-rnmpct mmtle rumor st-rep-erous — t-ake, 
 dlxoiiai [^@- TiHGO] tangible toncb tact tectanical dignity 
 d-ecens ind-lcate d-extroos pand-ect dactyl th-ing — 1-lck a 
 blow, Lat. ict6s; ioo / strike; if-Soo I kill, t-rlbnlation diatribe 
 t-ronble tb-rob d-rnb, {r-piin-Ttip a pestle.) d-rlve pl-agne kn-ock 
 n-ndge kn-nckle — n-oxions inn-ocent n>ight 
 
 d-wlndle. wane d'arn (Welsh a patch, from am a fragment.) 
 
 d-eep, W. wf a flow, a glide, that is liquid; dwfn origin, the deep. 
 
 t>wirl whirl t^roU t-rlll trip tramp tripe trap 
 
 de, d- of. See DB. 
 
 [French de, d' of. ] 
 
 dandelion Fr. dent de lion lion's tooth. 
 
56 PREFIXES DE 
 
 daffodil Ft. fleur d'asphod^le asphodel flower. 
 
 diaper figured linen (d'Ypres) of Ypres in Flanders. 
 (In the language of Holland and Flanders, y or ij has the 
 power of English y in by.) lonis d'or moidore 
 
 (d- duck.') 
 
 d-rake the male of the (asas, gen. a'kaTis, Itai. anaTRa, Ger. enTe, 
 Dan. anD,) duck. (Ger. ent-r-ich, Dan. and-r-Ui a drake.) In old Eng- 
 lish, drake is also a form of dragon, as in fire drake a meteor. 
 
 deMM»y a lure or snare (originally, to. take ducks;) v. t, to lead into 
 danger. (Flemish eend a duck, kooi a cabin, eendefeooi a locality con- 
 trived for taking wild-ducks.) 
 
 decoyman he who decoys wild fowl. (Flemish kooiman, the oo as in ■- 
 floor.) The e of decoy is to he sought in the plural eenden, rather than 
 in eende the dative singular, 
 
 DE- 
 
 [Lat. DE. Sp. de-; Ital. de-, di; Fr. d^-/rom. Irish di-, dith want of. 
 Akin to D1S-, and SE-. Ss. roots di to decrease; se to flniah^ 
 
 ^ 1. down, downward. 
 
 depend (pendeo) to hang down from. 
 
 depose (B@° PONo) to put down, from, aside, off, away. 
 
 deponent deposit deposition depot depository 
 
 dejected (jACio) cast down; disheartened; discouraged. 
 
 despise, despite (B^ sPECio) to look down on. 
 
 destitnte (statuo) placed or fixed down ; forsaken. 
 
 decoction (J8®° COQVO; DEgoQvo to boil down or away.) 
 
 degenerate grown worse, or from its kind. ^ 2. 
 
 decurrent running downward. 
 
 decadence, decidaons (cADO) a falling down, or from. 
 
 debate (Fr. battre) to beat down (with argument.) 
 
 depress degrade debase decrease deteriorate depreciate 
 decline declivity descend devolve decnmbent detrude 
 demulcent defluxlon demersion devexlty demise '''denilt 
 
 Ohs. As he shorten"s into Me, him, so de- is mostly di- in pronunciation, 
 whence the spelling forms dl-(for de- )niinative and di-stll; and 
 Chaucer's distruotion. 
 
DE PREFIXES 57 
 
 Bec-ussate (dIce" ten,) having cross lines in the direction 
 of those of the numeral sign X. 
 
 Den-drius (dIni ten hy ten,) a silver coin equal to ten ases. 
 See Matthew 20 :2, 22 :19, etc. where it is wrongly trans- 
 lated penny. It was worth about eight pence English. 
 
 ^ 2. from, away, aside. 
 
 detain (TENEO) to hold from or back; to hinder. 
 
 despair (5®" SPERO I hope,) removal from hope. 
 
 deduce (JS^" DtJco) to draw from; infer. (dedtJco I 
 draw or bring down, from, out, with, in, back.) 
 
 deflect to bend aside. 
 
 deviate to go aside, from, or out of the (vIX) way. 
 
 deainbalate to walk abroad. 
 
 decease to die. (decIdo I go away, depart, subside.) 
 
 deliquesce to dissolve, separate by liquefaction. 
 
 debar to shut out, keep from. 
 
 defend to fence out or in, ward off, keep away, repel. 
 
 deport to carry away, -ment carriage; behavior. 
 
 detriment (B^* TERO, to rub, wear,) damage by use. 
 
 detri'tns material worn away, particularly from rocks. 
 
 defray to remove or discharge (Pr. frais) expenses. 
 
 detraction a drawing away, detergent cleansing away. 
 
 devoid void by taking something away. 
 
 destitute poor, in want of, (as food, virtue, &c.) desti- 
 TUO I fix or fasten down, abandon, run away from, desert. 
 
 de-gen-erate removed from its ancestral kin-d. ^ 1. 
 
 decamp debark depart deter (desert, debort, f 4) 
 detain deduct desist deftand deforce defalcate deprive 
 deceive decide derog:ate des'nltory (decay ^ 1) detacta 
 detail deter depurate deputation dethrone detruncate 
 decollate defile n. dellgpht delectable delicious detort 
 detour detract derive decree "^decern devest or divest 
 
 Quickfilrer . . . derefled of its external Sulphur, . . . — Bijilt 1675, 
 
 Deh-ility is from D&BiLis feeblej iat, to need. 
 Decent, DECET it is fit. 
 
58 PREFIXES DE 
 
 f 3. PrivatWe. 
 
 Separative of an object, and based mostly on nouns. 
 
 decorticate to deprive of, remove, or separate the 
 (cortex) bark, deodorise to deprive of odor. 
 
 desulphurate to deprive of (stJlfijr) sulphur. 
 
 depilatory a preparation for removing (pilus) pile or hair. 
 
 demented deprived of mind. 
 
 decarbonise depopulate decapitate demoralise denat- 
 uralise demercnrialise desquamation despuniation 
 
 Defame probably belongs to dis-, Lat. dif-famo, to speak 
 evil of. 
 
 1 fliall diffame him. — Chauctr, 
 
 ^ 4. Negative, oppositive. 
 
 Reversive of, or oppositive to an act, and based on verbs. The negative 
 of composed is uncomposed, but its oppositive is decomposed. 
 
 de'snetude want of practice; disuse; not (svesco, 
 SVETU"",) in the habit of. 
 
 destrnction (strtjo I build, construct,) the act of pull- 
 ing down, un&xing, cZ?lsarranging; the reverse or opposite of 
 coTistruction, as develop is the reverse of envelop. 
 
 dcvaporation the changing of vapor into water. 
 
 demolish (molIor, to build,) to wmbuild; pull down. 
 
 dehort to advise to the contrary; to dissuade. 
 
 deform to unform; to deprive of form; to disfigure. 
 
 deplete (compleo I fill up, make full,) to render less full. 
 
 . . . depleting measures would have killed the patient. — T. J. Bowen. 
 
 detect (teqo, te-cttJ"' to cover,) to itrecover, hoover, 
 expose, decrease to grow less. 
 
 de'sert an uncultivated waste, (sero, SATtJ"", to sow, 
 plant; DESERO to cease to sow; to leave uncultivated.) 
 
 dese'rt to abandon in contravention to a compact, (sero, 
 SE'RTtJ", sfpuj, to bind, join.) 
 
 decompose to separate what was composed; to decay. 
 
DE PREFIXES 59 
 
 defective, deficient not fully or perfectly made; having 
 a part unmade. 
 
 defeat to undo; to overthrow; to frustrate. 
 
 The iacantation backwards Ihe repeats. 
 
 Inverts the rod, and what Hie did defeats, — Garth^ 1669. 
 
 di-slievel to have or put the hair in disorder. (Fr. di- 
 cheveler; from cheveu hair.^ 
 
 Demerit may be placed here, but in Latin it would belong 
 to I 5. 
 
 desecrate defeasible defection derogate detacb 
 
 Obs. Some words in de- are spelt with di-, and Chaucer has forms like 
 discend, dispise, dispoiled. 
 
 ^ 5. Intensive. 
 
 Much, entirely. Based upon verbs, and perfioient, oonolusive, or 00m- 
 pletive. 
 
 detonate to burn with a sudden explosion; tono to 
 sound, to thunder; detono to thunder; to finish thundering. 
 
 deflagrate to burn violently. 
 
 depredate, despoil to plunder much. 
 
 devastate to lay waste much, or entirely. 
 
 decide (CAEDo) to cut short; to determine. 
 
 declare to make very clear, to maintain. 
 
 dehiscent gaping wide, deputise, delegate to give 
 in special charge, to intrust with a particular business. ^ 7. 
 
 decrepitate to split with continued crackling, or to the 
 utmost, as salts in the fire, (decrepitus j9as< making noise.) 
 
 decrepit completely shattered. 
 
 desolate entirely (SOLIJS) alone. 
 
 dereliction an entire re-linq-uishment. 
 
 desiccate to make thoroughly (siccus) dry. 
 
 defanct (ruNGOR to perform,) entirely done, performed, 
 or gone through with. 
 
 depasture depauperate devour desiderate desire 
 debullition indefatigable despond 
 
60 PREFIXES DB 
 
 ^@^ gpoNDEO I promise, pledge, gire a hope; D£-spoin>EO I promise, 
 pledge, deapondf — which may be a negative of spondeo in its sense of 
 giving a hope,* it may be an intensive; and by associating the prefix with 
 de- of deject, despair, it may in this place have the sense of down or from. 
 Similarly, dethrone may mean to depose, If 1 ; to drive from, ^ 2, or de- 
 prive of a throne, If 3 ; and to unthrone, as the opposite of enthrone, % i. 
 These examples show that in some cases the same word may be placed 
 nnder different heads according to the shades of meaning with which it ia 
 associated. See JJ 86-89. 
 
 ^ 6. Causative. 
 deprave to make or cause to be (pravus) crooked or per- 
 verse, depraved vitiated ; distorted, depravity perversity. 
 destine to cause to stand; to appoint, assign, determine. 
 determine to fix a (terminus) limit; establish; adjust. 
 
 If 7. Locative. 
 
 dedicate to tjtscribe or assign to & particular person or 
 purpose, devote (devout,) to consecrate to a special use. 
 (VOVEO I vow.) deride (eideo, EISU") to laugh at a par- 
 ticular object, deplore to lament, etc. delinquency a 
 leaving or departure yrom a duty; an omission. 
 
 depict to paint or draw from an object. 
 
 demonstrate to point out, explain something. 
 
 deprecate to pray (earnestly, ^ 5,) against something. 
 
 detestation (testor, to aver,) imprecation against. 
 
 denunciation a threatening announcement; a declara- 
 tion against. 
 
 delineate describe define determine designate denote 
 denominate delude dellrions defaolt delitdcation demand 
 demor deny ^ 5, 8. 
 
 f 8. VerbaL 
 deliberate demean deplore ^ 7 deprave f 6 declare f 5 
 declaim demand deserve debate deny deCrand decease 
 
 ^ 9. For DI-, DI8-. 
 Defer, is differ accented on the second syllable. Defy, 
 Ital. dis-fidare, to break faith. Delay, for dilay, dilStIo a 
 
DES- 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 61 
 
 putting off. Deluge, Lat. DI-LUvItTM. Device, devise, are 
 from the root of divide. Device, devise, are from the root of 
 divide. 
 
 Obs. Spelling and etymology have but little connexion, and an English 
 word may or may not follow a French original. The deceptive form 
 'phthisic' is supposed to be as much Oreek as thesis, although the pronun- 
 ciation and the form indicate the contrary, the Greek word being ijBhis 
 (phthisis,) Frenoh phthisic, Itulian tisica, and Spanish tisica. Bishop 
 Wilkins wrote 'tissick' in 1668, and Milton 'tizzio' about the same time, 
 'phthisic* being apparently a later form, whereas, dropst/ and qiiinsi/ arc 
 regularly demed from ' hydropisy' and ' squinanoy,' which had preceded 
 them. 
 
 The following are examples of variation between French and English 
 words. 
 
 adresse 
 
 address 
 
 manuel 
 
 manual 
 
 oaract^re 
 
 character 
 
 mariage 
 
 marriage 
 
 dfisordre 
 
 disorder 
 
 m«ssager 
 
 messenger 
 
 diseorde 
 
 discord 
 
 prSambule 
 
 preamble 
 
 discours 
 
 discourse 
 
 pretention 
 
 pretension 
 
 estorsion 
 
 extortion 
 
 proprigtfi 
 
 property 
 
 frise 
 
 frieze 
 
 restauration 
 
 restoration 
 
 hysope 
 
 hyssop 
 
 rapport 
 
 r^ort 
 
 jaunisse 
 
 Jaundice 
 
 symgtrique 
 
 symmetric 
 
 losange 
 
 lozenge 
 
 zgle 
 
 zeal 
 
 demi- half. 
 [duo tu>o; DhiiDin", Fr. demi o half. See bis-.] 
 demlgrod demiqnaTer demilnne demigorge demltlnt 
 
 Demiurge a subordinate creator; drjfitapydc; a maker, a 
 chief Dorian magistrate; StjijXoz public; epyov a work, a 
 business. 
 
 des- separative; intensive. 
 
 [French d6s-, a form of Dis-, confused with de.] 
 
 des-cry (de-CEE.no,) to perceive distinctly; to discover. 
 des-cant DE-CANTARE to sing or repeat often. 
 despatch, Sp. despachar, to do or send immediately. 
 dis-, des-habille (Fr. d^sAabill6) an informal dress. 
 desse'rt the last course of a repast. 
 
62 PREFIXES DI- 
 
 DIA through. See bis. 
 
 diameter (8Xa (liTpov) measure through. 
 
 di-aeresis {alpiut I take,) a taking apa/rt (the two ele- 
 ments of a diphthong, as in saying elaw-y for cloy.) 
 
 diatribe a continuous discourse (Sia-r-pXI^'^ a rubb-ing, a 
 lecture, a dispute.) diadem (5ta-diw I bind around.) 
 
 dialogue (J.6Yo<i) discourse between (several persons.) 
 
 dea-con dtdxovoq an attendant; (xovig dust; xoviai I run 
 rapidly, raise dust, be active, serve.) « 
 
 dlapbanooa diagonal dias^ram diatonic de-Til '''dlvel 
 Pr heliifll feend raylH up through divelilh science. — Spmttr, 
 
 DI-, DIS- apart, un-. 
 
 [Separative. Dis-, dI; It. di-, dis-, o-; Sp. di-, dis-, de-, des-; Fr. di-, 
 die-, dg-, dee-. See BIS.] 
 
 diverge (vergo) to incline apart. 
 
 dislocate to put out of (locus) place. 
 
 disqaisition (ciVMRO I seek) inquiry into part-iculars, 
 or separate parts. «Ugress(B@" gbadioe) to step aside. 
 
 discuss (qvatio, qvassu", to shake, beat, quash, con- 
 cuss,) to shake apart; — used in its primary sense in surgery, 
 as, to discuss pimples. Compare debate, de, ^ 1. 
 
 Peny-royal and Nep di&uis and fliajce off the cold in Ague. — Holland' t Plinh, 163$. 
 
 dispel to drive apart, distract to dra-w apart. 
 disjoin to unjoin, place apart, separate. 
 diminish to lessen by separation of a part. 
 discourse a passing from one thing to another. 
 disperse (5®° spabgo) to scatter widely. 
 di-stant stand-ing apart, direct to regulate, arrange. 
 dispose (jB©* PONO) to distribute, arrange, adjust. 
 
 dis-cem dis-tlng^nlsli discriminate dissolve dispose 
 dif-fer dlflta^e display, splay disport, sport dilate 
 lUIapidate dilnte digest deluge divide, devise, device 
 
DYS- PREFIXES 63 
 
 If 2. 
 Dis- has a separative and negative or reversing force, as in 
 disagree not to agree, dislionest not honest, difficult 
 un-fac-ile, not easy, disltearten to deprive of heart or 
 cour-age. defame (diffamo,) to spread an evil report of. 
 
 I eiryd in hurtyng and dyfiamyng his boolc in dyrerce placesv— Cojrton, about 1481. 
 
 disable dlsabnse displease disclaim disinter disclose 
 dispossess disparage disarrange discoloration diffident 
 
 ITS. 
 
 In difficult discolor discomfort disease discord 
 disaster the idea of dis- is allied to that 'of Sv(;- ill, hadly. 
 
 Obs. 1. DUease is based on ease like Bohem. ntduh (sickness) on ne 
 (not) and duh (to thrive.) 
 
 Obs. 2. The dia in disc-iple (disco I learn,) and disc-oidal form part of 
 the root. In di-shevel, » belongs to the next syllable. See DE-, ^ 4. 
 
 Obs. 3. Dis- is used for de- (or the two are confused) in disguise, dis- 
 dain, distress, disarm (de-arhabe,) dishonor (de-honobare, Fr. d£s-, Sp. 
 des-,) dissever. Gosson (1579) uses diacifer (decipher;) and Chaucer 
 discent (descent,) and diapUe. » 
 
 Obs. 4. Although dbfbro (I carry, offer,) is a Latin word, defer and 
 differ are from (dis-) diffbro I spread, scatter. Defy, defame {^ 2; DE, 
 ^3,) derange, deform (Fr. difformer,) may be placed here also. 
 
 DUO, DU- two. See bis. 
 
 dnel duet dual dnpUcate donble dno-decimo (duodbcih 
 twelve) do-deca-bedron den-ce twi-ce twe-ive don-bt 
 
 BYS- bad, badlff. 
 
 [ios-; Ss. DTJS, Dim lad, ladly, as in dtjemasas, Gr. iumcsrn iK-Misded, 
 hoatile; li r) mia/ortune; Euss. ddmo badly. Ss. root DU, Dus to harm. 
 Gothic tu3 - and Irish do- (implying difficulty) probably belong here.] 
 
 dyspepsy 3o<nr£^''£'a had digestion. (-iTrrto to cook, digest.) 
 dysopsy dimness of sight. (w(J> eye, look.) dysentery 
 ' dyspnoea diflScnlty of hreathing. (jtvoij air, hreath.) 
 dysphagy difficulty in swallowing. (joaJ'eTi/ to eat.) 
 
64 PREFIXES EN 
 
 [Go. and, anda-; Ang. and-, on-; Ohg. and-, ant-, nnt-, int-, en-, in-; 
 old Fris. and, ande, anda, ende, end in, at, on.^ 
 
 e-lope Belg. ont-loopen, Ger. ent-laafen, to run away, 
 escape; loopen, laufeu to run. 
 
 e- prosthetic. 
 
 [This e- is withont meaning. In Spanisli, initial S is not followed bj 
 certain consonants, as cay and^y bnt as esc-, esp-, &e. are initial combi- 
 nations, there is a feeling that initial S in forms like sc-, sp- ought to 
 make a distinct syllable, a feeling which is realised by prefixing e-, which 
 caused scoRPiO}f-is and species to become eecorpion and especie. French 
 has this feature to a less extent. — ffald. Analytic Orthography J 219-20.] 
 
 e-sqnire or squire scutiger (scutu" a shield, gero I 
 bear,) the armor-bearer of a knight; ' one legally entitled to 
 use armorial ensigns; a justice of the peace. 
 
 epaulette escalade escntcbeon escbew espalier espy 
 etiqnette 
 
 E^ in. 
 
 lev in, on, very; ey-X, eX4, ifi-t, etc. See IN.] 
 
 engrave (ypa'tpa)) to write or cut in. enaliosaarian 
 pertaining to a (aaSpa) lizard living (iv) in the (a^?J sea. 
 
 [The French form of ^^" is, em4, am-,t an-.] 
 
 enclose to close in. am-bnsb, am-bnsc-ade, old Eng. 
 emboyssement, abuchyment, Ital. imboscata, Fr. embuche, 
 (as if) in-bush-ed, in the bushes. 
 
 embraced (brachiC"' the arm,) to clasp in the arms. 
 
 encircle enfold entitle endnre entail entice enmity 
 embodyt empower emperor embalm embeUisb engine 
 
 Ohe. En- is preferable to in-, inasmuch as it has a nniform meaning, 
 whilst in- means both in and not. 
 
 Their wicked e n g i n s they against it bent ; — Sftnter. 
 
EQUI PREFIXES 65 
 
 ENDO-, ENTO-, INDL, IND- within. 
 
 [Lat. INDUJ Iviov within; aurpoVj ANTRU™ a cave. See IN, INTER.] 
 
 endocarp (xap7:d'; fruit,) the hard lining or stone of fruit 
 like the peach or cherry. 
 
 endo'genons, endogenes plants growing within the 
 trunk, and not by external layers like the exogenes. 
 
 indi-genous produced within; native to a country. 
 
 ind-igent in want, (egeo I want, need; egens needy.) 
 
 entozoa (Caiov an animal, pi. Za>a\ animals (worms) living 
 in other animals. 
 
 enter- See inter 
 enterprise an undertaking, entertainment entersole 
 
 EPI over, on. See B-. 
 
 [nri*, HT-, E*-, often intensive or determinative.] 
 
 epide'rmis the cuticle or outer skin, that (iiti) on or 
 over the true (W/o/ia) skin. 
 
 epi-scop-al having the super-vision of a bi-shop. 
 
 epitapb an inscription on a (ra'po?) tomb. 
 
 epi'phany {iizc^avia,} a festival commemorative of the 
 appearance of our Lord; int-<paiv(o (see -n- intensive,) to 
 shine upon, to come forth (on an occasion.) 
 
 epi-stle imarokyj (azlkXut I send,) something sent, as in- 
 telligence, a despatch, or a letter (by a messenger.) 
 
 epli-enieral pertaining to (^fiipa) a day. 
 
 ep-e'n-thesis the (ddac^') placing of an element or sylla- 
 ble (^/Tt, iv,') in a word, as in saying Tartar for Tatar. 
 
 eqni- equal. 
 
 equi-Tal-ent of equal val-ue. equinox the period 
 when the (nox) night is (jEQVUS, gen. ^QVl) equal to the day. 
 equilibrium (libra a balance,) of equal weight. 
 equidistant equiangular equity eqn-anlmlty equality 
 
 6» 
 
66 PREiTXES EX 
 
 EU, EY-, irdl, good. 
 
 [ct w*Ii, very; Ss. SD /ordbUf, wtU; Ss. root sf to product; chxj 
 I throtc, rfrire.] 
 
 eaphony (eoiv^ voice,) good or agreeable ennnciation. 
 eulogy a formal (/o^-o;-) discourse speaking tcfll of some one. 
 ev-angel-ist an annonncerof good; aJ/sXo^ a messenger; 
 afj-iXXat (a»a- J/sXJLat) I report eDCbarist eaptiemism. 
 
 EX, EC-, E- out, out of, from. 
 
 [Lat. £-, ix-; Ital. e-, ex-, es-, s-, eg-; if-, i-; Ss. TiHis: Peis. »3; 
 Gaelic as; Welsh es- and the noon jch tiat t> out, and preps, o, oc, odd 
 from, out of.} 
 
 except J^^* cXp 10, to take oat. 
 
 exclaim B®=" clamo, to call out 
 
 eclogue (i-iyiti) a culling out excentrie out of the centre. 
 
 effigyt FiNGO, to fiisMon out. 
 
 ec-Ilpse, el-Upsis (ilenro to leave,) a leaving out 
 
 effluxt J8®~ FLtJO, to flow out. educe SS^" DUtX), to 
 lead out elect LEOO, to cull out; to select by vote. 
 
 e-normons out of, or beyond (norma) role. 
 
 e-radicate (8©=" RiDlX a root,) to root out. 
 
 expostulate to urge, demand as a right, complain earn- 
 estly. (posTTTLO, to demand, require, arraign.) 
 
 explode to drive out, condemn (as a false theory;) to 
 burst with noise, (^.plavdo, to applaud with clappings; 
 EXPLODO, to drive ofiF by clapping and hissing; to condemn.) 
 
 . . , water rcfalting from the explofure of hjdrogen and commoa air, . . . — Fritth. 
 
 extenuate (tSncis thin,) to thin out, mitigate, excuse. 
 
 extirpate (stirps a stem, a race.) 
 
 exterminate express expire extant exhale exit explain 
 expose extend extract egress elnde emanate emit ednce 
 
 s-trange is formed firom sxtranSus (foreign) by eliding 
 ec and converting E (through J) to English j. 
 
F- PREFIXES 67 
 
 lsa>ne v. to proceed, pass out; n. progeny, result. (ex-irS 
 to go out; old Fr. iss-ir, participle masc. issu, fern, issue.) 
 
 The prefix is ec- or eg- in execute (for ex-secute,) exult, 
 execrate, expire, expect. • 
 
 s-camper (campus a field,) to hurry away through fear. 
 
 s-carce, the same as ex-cerpt, from carpo I select. 
 
 s-poil s-trlp (drape) es-cape example and sample expand 
 and span ex(or dis)pen<l and spend 
 
 Ex- is intensive in exalt exag^gerate extenuate exbUarate 
 es-tabllsli es-planade s-pcclal 
 
 Elegy is from the exclamation t alas and X^u I speak. 
 
 Obs. Astonish, stan, astound, are usually referred to ad (at-tono, &,a.) 
 but Fiedler refers them to ex. 
 
 But in the tai/erne all difpendeth 
 
 The winning whiche that God ^hcm fendeth. 
 
 ChauctTy Romaunt of the Rofe, 1. 5684. 
 
 EX-0 adv. outward. 
 
 ex-o-t-ic (T participial) i^uirixhi; coming from abroad. 
 exo-skeleton a skeleton (i^ai) on the outside, as in insects. 
 exogea a plant whose stem grows by means of external 
 layers. B©" genus, iSOTZiogenous. 
 
 EXTEA Imfond. 
 
 [Lat. EXTRA, Oscan ehtrad. ex gives the adj. m. exteb or exterus, 
 f. EXTBRA external, whence the fern, ablative case extra, used as a 
 preposition and an adverb. Similarly formed arc intra, intro, supra, 
 
 ULTRA.] 
 
 extravagant (vXgIns) wandering beyond; wasteful. 
 str-ange (extraneus) extraneous, foreign, surprising. 
 The positive form exterus gives the comparative exte- 
 rIor, and the superlative extremus extreme, utmost. 
 
 f- prosthetic. 
 
 f-Iannel or f-lannen (Welsh gwlanen) a loosely woven 
 woollen fabric. Lat. lInI, W. gwlan wool, o wlan of wool. 
 
68 PEEFixis FOEB- 
 
 F-L' motion. 
 
 [Composed of F- and Ii-; (p, A; and of F- preceding i. of the root. 
 See under B-, D-.] 
 
 fly fleet flow flnsh flktter Harry flicker flagrant 
 flare flame flirt flasli flaunt fliracb fling' flippant 
 flagftions flounce floonder flaeeid flagellate inflict inflect 
 
 Obs. bloir blsst belong bere, bnt bl- pi- are mnch rarer in this 
 sense than fl-, which is preferred on account of the greater eontinnons- 
 nesa of C It is sometimes intensire. 
 
 f!»r- he, from, against, entirely. See per. 
 
 [Ang. for-, as in for-loren ; 6er. {v as /) verloren, Dan. forloren, Sw. 
 forlorad for-lor-n, lo»-U Go. fair-, four-, fra-; Ohg. fer-, fer-, fir-, 
 for-, fur-.] 
 
 forbid (Go. £HiT-bindan; Ang. for-beddan; Ger. ver- 
 bieten;) to bid against. 
 
 foredo to ruin; Lat. do / give, put, do; pek-do (old 
 Eng. for-do,) / ndn, destroy, waste, i.e. put tbrongh, whence 
 perdition, fore-go (fiirgo, 1250.) forefend 
 
 Tbis IS the very extafie vf lore. 
 
 Whose nolent propeitjfordoei ilielf. — Shaisf, Hamiet. 
 
 1 fee no more bnt chat I am fordo. — Chatuer. 
 
 Aad if thon tell it man tfaoa art forlore. — ij. 
 
 And their forwafced kingdom to repayre: . . . 
 
 ForvaTted all their land . . . 
 
 Te all forwearied be . . , . — Spmitr. 
 
 forsake seek, forgive. Go. fragiban, Ang. forgifan. 
 forswear forbear forget foreshorten foredo forelay 
 
 fore- he/ore. See PEO. 
 
 [Ang. fore-, for-, foran ; as in foreenman to come fvrik; forebe^od the 
 forehead. Qo. faora, fanr-; Dan. fore; Sw. fore; Belg. Toor; Ger. Tor.] 
 
 foreteD forewarn foreknow foresight forward Ang. 
 foreTeard, fonreard. foregoing foreland foreman forehead 
 
 Gajr piUmd3 from the fan thdr forbeada fyjrr to fliade ... — Sftjugr. 
 
HOLO- PEEFIXES 69 
 
 fore- out. 
 
 [Lat. f5rSs, Gr. Mpojs out of doore; fobis a door, gate; 9V'i>a, Doric 
 <p6pa; Ger. tAur, Ang. dur, Eng, door. Akin to peb.] 
 
 foreclose (CLtJDO,) to shut out. (Old Er. foreolore, to 
 forbid entrance.) forfeit 
 
 F-E'. See B-, R-. 
 
 frigid freeze fracture frequent friction freckle 
 fritter fry fray- 
 Fright has the fr of /ear. 
 
 fro- from. 
 
 froward refractory, going from (the proper direction.) 
 
 gain- 
 
 [Ang. gean, on-ge-gen ; Ger. gegen, Dan. gjen- againtt.'] 
 
 gainsay to say against, contradict, controvert, deny. 
 
 G-R' intensive or imitative. See c-e'. 
 crake, grackle imitative names of noisy birds; from 
 the root of ec?i-o. 
 
 EEMI half. See semi-. 
 hemi-sphere half a {<s<paipXov) sphere. 
 
 HETERO- other, different. 
 [lirtpoj other, different, strange; ceter-us, -a, r".] 
 
 heterogeneous of a different (oenus) kind. 
 
 HOLO; SOL-. 
 
 [IiiXos, Eng. whole, all; Lat. '''sSllus all. Ss. i.LA, timch, al to 
 occupy, fill.'] 
 
 holocanst a burnt offering the wholeof which was consumed. 
 holograpli a writing of which the whole (the body as 
 well as the signature) is written by its author. 
 
70 PREHXis HYPSI- 
 
 soli-eitnde SOUJ-crruDO great anxiety; (ciEO to move, 
 excite,) whence »Iso solicit to pnt in motion, tempt, nige. 
 
 soI-emn ceremonial; sacred; reTerentiaL (soUjSMiriCs 
 celebrated every (XNNf s) year. — KcJtstJanidt^ 
 
 HOM-, SIM- like. See com-. 
 
 [I^, «^ac; sndiis lOx, the tam-e; S/m (ci!') wiUy sixSi, togeAer.l 
 
 bomogeneoas of a like, or of the same (gSitds) kind. 
 stmnl-taiieoiis occnrring at the same lime. 
 faomonym liomologoiis homeo-patbic gi««ii»y same 
 
 HTPER bofond, over. See super. 
 
 Iirpercritieal beyond, or exceeding (jnst) critidsm; 
 over-critical. Iiyperbol-e a carrying (of speech) beyond 
 strict tmth. Q^diXm I throw, cast.) 
 
 hyperlHtrean fir (/So/>ii^) north. 
 
 STPO under. See sub. 
 
 hypogene (jiva, to produce,) produced beneath, as cer- 
 tain rocks. 
 
 bypotbesis (fiiati; a laying down,) that which underlies 
 an argument; a supposition. 
 
 liypotliecKte (ib.) to depodt under a pledge. 
 
 Iiypli-eii Qvfh), uTzo & under-one,) a mark uniting the 
 letters of a written word into one group. 
 
 HTPSI- high. 
 
 [I^ai<n>e,ilmslaglU,iif,iUskigk. See OB.] 
 
 Iiypsometry the art of measuring heights, (airpov a 
 measure.) 
 
 Hypsiprynums a genus of kangaroos with the (jzp-jpM) 
 rump elevated. 
 
IN- PREFIXES 71 
 
 IN-, un- not, without. 
 
 [Ss., Zend, an-, a; dv-, d-. Welsh an-; Craelio ana; Irish an-, ain-. 
 Qer. ohn-, ohne without. (Coptio an; Heb., Arab., J^N { t>-Juiii) nothing, 
 not, have a doubtful place here.) Bohem., Euss. ne-; Pol. nie-. Gothic, 
 Saxon, German tin-; Swed. u-; Dan. u-; Belg. on-; Ang. un-, on-, an-, 
 in-; Eng. un-, in- not. Si'vsv (to which Scheller refers sine,) du, d- with- 
 otit. Hindoo un-, u- (pronounced. with u in up,) ni-, na-, na no, not. Lat. 
 IN-; Fr. in-, im-; (and by accident, Aztec a-, an-.) Ss. root vs to 
 diminish. In- is used with adjectives, adverbs, participles and nouns.] 
 
 nn- or in-constant not constant; without or wanting con- 
 stancy, un-crowncd adj. not crowned, without a crown; 
 (part.) deprived of a crown. 
 
 nn-(or ln-)conGeiTable •conclnsi've -constant -compact 
 -proper 
 
 inimense:|: (mensus; J8®° metior to measure,) not 
 measurable, nncolored not colored; without color. 
 
 i-gnoble not gnohle. (nobilis, *gnobilis; gnosco I 
 know.) 
 
 en-emy INIMICUS unfriendly. (amIcus a friend.) 
 
 i-gnominy 1-gno-r-ant inimodestt illegralt irreverencet 
 
 Some lead a life unblamable and jufl. 
 
 Their own dear virtue their unfhaken tnift . . . — Cowfir^ 1737-1800. 
 
 Obs. 1. The un- is intensive in unloose (Ang. onlesen, on- meaning 
 into, to,) unrcmorseless, until. 
 
 Obs. 2. In some words un- has displaced the Latin in-, as in unambi- 
 tious, ungenial, unhumbled, unnumbered, unfortunate. In- is used where 
 assimilation is required, as un- is never assimilated. 
 
 Obs. 3. " There can be little doubt that in, on, un, avn, are all from one 
 stock." — Webster. 
 
 Obs. 4. Tin- is the preferable form, used almost exclusively in Anglish, 
 as in untemed untamed. Latin has a bad feature in the use of in-, not 
 only for into (as in indCco to lead in,) but negatively, as in inconstans 
 not constant; invocattjs called upon, and not called upon; iMMtrTATUS 
 changed and unchanged; — and intensively, as in ix^Qvo, to make level; 
 Ik^stimabilis very estimable; ingemo, to groan; infcsco, to sully. 
 
 Altho the definite Germanic iln- is naturalised in the English un-, there 
 is a tendency to retain the indefinite in-, which leads to the use of dis- 
 crepancies like unequal and inequality; unfailing and infallible; — causes 
 the toleration of forms like invaluable, apparently used by Bp. Taylor for 
 not valuable, or not able to be valued; and (as if ironically) by quacks in 
 
72 PREFIXES IN 
 
 describing their nostmins; — and it obscares the spoken language, as in 
 asserting that — 
 
 The chrifiian doctrine .... makes our greatefi happinds here to lie in dtfendenct of 
 God^s prorideDCe and contentment in oar condldons.^ — Stillingfiett. 
 
 In offensive qperaUons, the points which it U desirable thus to occupy, reduce them* 
 selves to, . . . Ac^-Westaunster Beriew. 
 
 Already the Bichmond papers indulge in affentive criminatioiis . . . — ^Philadelphia 
 "Press," Feb. 18^2. 
 
 In a word, all good and every ill are in ccfmmim among them, and all work together 
 in harmonUmt union for the good and defence of the whole.« — Mrt. A. H. Daney. 
 
 Sinners seek for delights only in $engS>le things. — id. 
 
 It is written thronghoat with great power and in harmardota langnage .... 
 —Penny Cyc 3, 431. 
 
 A Cfariilian^s wit is intffenfivt ti^t, 
 
 A beam that aids but oerer grieves the fight, — Cnoper^ born 1731. 
 
 The contents of the sheath are composed of a Eeries of globules, arranged very 
 r^inlarly, their conv^ties cansing the sheath to prqject in delimit lines. — WytMm, 
 Lectm-^ on Comparative Physiology, 1^49. 
 
 Pollen . . . cohering in definite or indefimle waxy maeses. — Lindky^ Botany 1830. 
 
 I coold scarcely realize the terrible event, and in vduntaiHy addressing the 
 corpse, I muttered, 'Are yon really dead, Eozengo?' — Anderuoi^g Okavanga Biver. 
 
 . . . the astonished spectators b^;in to beiieve that it has been trained to dance in 
 correct time.; — Blnstrated Haga^ne of Art, 1853. 
 
 The entire machine iras now tn action, every separate wheel was revolving .... 
 —Bev. William Sirby. 
 
 IN in; upon; very, 
 
 [Ss. AX, A at; 51, Pers. nl- in; iv, ivi; Lat. is in; Irish in-, an- in, very; 
 Welsh en (intensive) yn n. a eiate of being in, prep. tn. Ang, an, on, in 
 in; 6^0., Ger., Eng., Belg., in. Dan. i, ind, inde; Sw. i, in. Fr. en, em-, 
 in-. Boss., PoL, Bohem. na-. Ss. root as to move. Akin to AJfA.^ 
 
 inclade IN-CLUDO to shut in; to contain; to comprehend. 
 
 il-lnnujiet to throw (lvmen) light upon, illaminatioit 
 
 incite to ronse up, on, against, (crao, ciru", to call^ incite.) 
 
 empliasisl (iv, a>affXq assertion^) stress of voice on 
 particnlar words in sentences. 
 
 energy active vigor, {ipyov work.) engrave, see EN. 
 
 The prefix is intensive in in&inge,in&actiony inflame, ensign. 
 
 fnfiise infer inenleate induce ir-mptionj irritate 
 ii-lndet im-bibet impel improve embalm em- or Im-body 
 in- or en-gnlf -elose -quire -sure ^orse ^ite Hsne 
 
JUXTA PREFIXES 73 
 
 IND-, INDI- withiiu See EXDO-. 
 
 INFRA beloto. 
 [Lat InfrX adv. f^om Ikfbros, i.-, 6°>; adj. oompar. IkfSriSh.] 
 
 lufl-aorbital below the orbit (of the eye.) 
 iuf)er-nal pertaining to the lower regions. 
 
 INTER bcficcen. 
 
 [Lat I'NTBBj Ss. XjjtIb; Zend (Ano. Pars.) antart; Pors. ender, 
 enderQn; Saelio eader; So. undar; G)er. Qnter; Ohg. untar, intar, ujidax, 
 under, undir; Eag. under, inner. 6r. nn^-, or-, eni-, wilhiii. See in.] 
 
 interpose (PONO,) to place between, interposition 
 intermix -line -pose -rapt, -eept -sect -veiie -lade 
 •marry -Jeetlon intci^ior Inter-nal entertain enterprise 
 
 eutr-alls evrspa internal parts, (influenced by -al-ia.) 
 ' INTRA tcithin, inwards. 
 
 [Lat. adv. t'Stra on the in«tif«. See rHTER.] 
 
 Intravert to turn inwards, intraniarginal inside of 
 the margin, intramural within walls j inside of a city. , 
 
 INTRO within. 
 
 [t!rrB5 adv. into a place, iciihin. See rsTSR, SxTR^ 
 
 Introdnce to lead in. introversion a turning inwards. 
 introit (So, iTtJ" to go,) an entering (psahn.) 
 
 is- in. 
 
 Is-agogie ela-a./'o/yud^ elementary, introductory to a sci- 
 ence or art. (jirwr^ a leading, a method or system.) 
 
 eso-te'rio more inward; abstruse or secret. (iati-Tspoi, 
 the comparative degree of saio, e'atu within.^ ep-is-ode. 
 
 JUXTA near, next 
 
 [jSxtI, from jmtao I Join.'] 
 
 Juxtaposition contiguity of position. 
 
 7 
 
74 PREFIXES MAL- 
 
 1- the. 
 [French article masc. le, fem. 1& the; Lat. prononns niS *«, nil »*«.] 
 a-l-e-rt = at-/Af-erect. See under ad. 
 l-ooTcr or l-onTxe (French TonTert the opening,) a 
 kind of steeple or TentUator for the exit of smoke. 
 J-one is for al-one, all one. 
 
 M-. See B-. 
 
 [Welsh my (y af in myrrh,) tltat is, tkat w'tn ageneg; ma toiat « pro- 
 dmeed; mw tkat ia foncard or ahout^ 
 
 masli (conunonly spelt ' mesh/) XT. masg (my-as-g) that 
 is interwoven, lattice work, an interstice of a net. From as a 
 particle, asg a splimterj whence also b-asg a plaiting of 
 splinters, basged a basket; and fflasg, fflasged a wicker vessel, 
 whence fl-ask, fl-asket. 
 
 W. ma what is produced, ma-g the act of rearing, magi 
 a principle of generation, magiod, (a collective plmal,) 
 ma-gg-ots. W. ma-d what proceeds, madr adj. become pus, 
 mziTeid. putrefactive ma-tter. W. mus (from mw that is for- 
 ward, and ws that is impulsive,) that starts out, an effluvium, 
 hence mn-s-k and mn-s-tard, tardd issue. 
 
 ma my. 
 
 [Lat. mase. pTt:n. xi-rs, fem. xea, nent. VEU*; Fr. fem. ma.] 
 
 madam and madonna mj (dohina, Ital. donna, Fr. 
 dame) lady. 
 
 (MAL-, ;MALE bad, badltf.) 
 
 [Lat. »«tS badty; TrTi.fs badJ] 
 
 malaria bad (Ital. aria) air; poisonous air of marshes. 
 
 malady (ApTt's seized, adapted,) dis.«ase; indisposition. 
 
 mal-a-pro-po-s Fr. (Lat Mlt-, ad, pro, posItc" 
 placed,") put forward badly, or at the wrong time or place. 
 
 mal^-dictioii mal^foctor mal^ad-minlstnition nialform- 
 atlon malconteiit maltreat malice mala-per* man^grre 
 
MIS- PREFIXES 75 
 
 META with, het/ond, after. 
 
 [Gr, (itri, /<£r-, /«8-; Sa.MiT'nAsj Lat. apud; Go. mW, mid ; Gor. mit; 
 Ang.mid; Dan. med (ved hy,) with; English witli. Ss. root mid to fit.'] 
 
 metaplirasie {fpdan; an explanation,) a version with 
 each word translated. 
 
 metapbor, ^opa a carrying, <pipu)v carrying (a word 
 beyond its meaning.) 
 
 metacarpus the bones beyond or after (carpus) the wrist. 
 
 meta'-thesis a change in words by the transposition of 
 parts, as LeaF compared with FoiL, or cURdle with cRUddle. 
 
 met-em-psych-o-fsis the passing of the (^v/^) breath or 
 soul (em-) into another body after death, a doctrine taught 
 by Pythagoras. 
 
 metamo'rpliosis a changing to a dififerent Qiopfij) form, 
 or beyond the proper form. 
 
 method (68d^ a way, an art,) a mode constructed with 
 skill, or according to rule; order; systematic arrangement. 
 
 within inside of. withal with the rest. without 
 outside of. See under with-. 
 
 mis- wrongly, iU. 
 
 [Go. missa-, miss-, crif, (Vffcrent; old Nordish % mis alternately 
 (Grimm, Diofenbach 2,75;) old high Ger. missa-, missi-, miss-, mia-j 
 Ger. miss- or misz-j Sir., Isl. miss-; old Frisian, Ang., Selg., Dan., £ng., 
 mis-; Eng. to miss. Ital. mis-; Fr. mes-, me-. Gr. /iitjo;, nio- hatred; 
 Ir. mois had; Welsh m£th a failure; Ss. mit'hja faUely Ss. root mat'h 
 to mooe. There are probably two distinct roots here.] 
 
 misdeed a deed done wrongly; an evil deed. (Go. 
 missa-deds, G-er. misse-that.) misreading a false reading. 
 
 mlssnicle .call -Inrorin -fortune -apply -Jadg^ -print 
 -co'nduct -demeanor -govern -adventure -anderstandlng 
 
 Obs. 1. The Greek liimi (hatred) appears in mls-anttaropy hatred of 
 ('ivBixna!) man. mlso-gyny hatred of (ym)]) woman, mlso'-gamy 
 hatred of (yi'nos) marriage. 
 
 Obs. 2. The prefix mis- has become confused with the French m^s-, 
 mi-, Ital. mis- (as in misfatto) which according to Fiedler, is from the Latin 
 
76 PREFIXES N- 
 
 MiNFS leas, iiilspi*lsioii9 old Fr mesprision^ Fr^ m^pris (eontempt, 
 despising, undervaluing,) Lat. prehensio, prensio (a taking;) u. crime 
 near, but below or lesa than a capital offense, miscliaiice, old Fr. 
 mescli€ance. miscbief, old Fr. mesohief. 
 
 Nay, quod the fox^ but God yeve him mefchance 
 That is so indifcrete of governaDce< — Chaucer* 
 
 Chaucer uses mis (ill, amiss,— miase being to faU,) as in mifchcfe (misfortune,) 
 ' mif-de-port (to distribute wrongly,) mifefe (un-eas-iness,) mifgie (to misgui-de,) mifgied 
 or mifgyed (misguid-ed,) mifborn (misbehaved,) mifgo miiledc miflaye miilake, &c< 
 
 To fclander you is no thing min entent. 
 
 But to correcten that is mis I ment* — 0iauctrt 
 
 MON-, MONO; UNI- one. 
 
 [Gr. /itfvar, UNUS, one. W. mSn an individual, Ir. man 8olitafin€88,'\ 
 
 monopetalons having a single petal. 
 
 mon-arcb the {'ap/'^) rule, of one person. 
 
 monotony monologue monad monocbrotnatic monKt 
 
 nniliteral of one letter, nnicornous having one horn. 
 
 uniformity univalve nniveise one-eyed oneness 
 
 MULTI-, POLT' many. 
 
 multiform mnlt-ang^nlar multifarious mnltlvalvnlar 
 polysyliaUe polypetalous polygon polytlielsm polypus 
 
 n- an. 
 
 [An otosis (error of the ear,) as in saying a neg for on egg."] 
 
 n-ewt an eft; a salamander or lizard. 
 
 N-, NE, NEC, NEG--, NO, NON not. 
 
 [Sa> NA not; Lat. ne, ni-, nec, neq- notf neqtb and not, (qVb, ra! and,) 
 U-ULLUS not any; vc-, vri-, v- not; n6h not, no. Ital. ne-, ni-; Euss., 
 Bohem. ne-, Pol. nie- ; Persian ni-, n- ; Welsh na, ni not. Akin to in-.] 
 
 ne-nter not (tJTER) either, ne-nt-r-al-ity neutralise 
 
 ne-cessary that cannot be (cedo, cesstJ"',) ceded, given 
 away, or dispensed with. 
 
 neg-otiate (OTIU"" ease, neg-otid" business,) to traffic. 
 
OB PREFIXES 77 
 
 nn-bi-lons cloudy. Ss. na-bbas, vi-po^ NtJBES a cloud; 
 that whioh does not (bha) shine. 
 
 nefarious not to be (fari) uttered; wicked. 
 
 deny, (NEGO, NE not, ajo I say. — Kaltschmidt.') 
 
 negatlTe negation nay nonessevtlal nonentity n-nlllty 
 an-n-nl n-ever n-one n-anght n-cither no n-or no-thing 
 
 tio-t (n-anght) is the German nicht, (n-ichts nothing,) 
 the stem of which is akin to the German achten to regard, 
 to value; echt genuine, real, (Ss. ics to see,) as if something 
 seen. (Chaucer uses not for ne wot know iwt.') 
 
 The prefix of neg-lect, (lego to lay together, pick up,) is 
 considered by Prof. Key as identic with the German nach 
 (after, at, by,) as in nach-lassen (to leave behind.) 
 
 (NUN-) 
 
 an-nnn-ci-ation, an-nonn-ce-ment the delivery of a 
 message. (nOn-CI-tjs a messenger, from novum new, and 
 CIEO I call.) 
 
 nnn-cup-at-ive (nomen name, CAP-io I take,) mention- 
 ing by name; pertaining to a verbal declaration. 
 
 OB against, upon. 
 
 [Lat. ob; Osoan op, up. Gr. nrr' upon, wpi high. Eng. up, abore; 
 Dan., Belg. op; Sw. upp; Go. ufar over; Ger. ob above, auf on. Welsh 
 wp a state of being out or up. Kuss. po along, beyond. Ss. API towards, 
 BPA by, near; Ss. root ub'h to heap up.1 
 
 obje'ct (8®° JACIO,) to throw or place against. 
 
 obstinate (8®° STO, stans) standing against, or (OBS- 
 TINO,) holding against, ob-ey (Jg®" avdio,) to give ear to. 
 
 oblige (B®" LIGO,) to bind upon; to constrain; to favor. 
 
 obliterate (littera a pen mark,) to blot out; efface. 
 
 obvious in the (fi®" via) way; easily seen; distinct. 
 
 obconic inversely conic, o-mit not (Jg®" mItto,) to send. 
 
 oc-casion} (fl@° cado, casu",) a falling upon; a hap- 
 pening. oflTert (fl@° FEED,) to bring before; to present. 
 
 1* 
 
78 PREFIXES OUT 
 
 officious (8®° fXcio I make,) acting against, or con- 
 trary; intermeddling, oppresst (PREMO,) to press upon. 
 
 oppose (PONO,) to place against. 
 
 os-tentation (S®° tendo, to stretcli,) a showing out. 
 
 upriglit (Ang. upriht) nptnrn upstart npland npo'n 
 upward uproot upset npbold uplift upblll uprigbt 
 
 Oba. The s in obs-cene is from OBS-. 
 
 off from. 
 [Go. af; Ger. ab. See A-, AB.] 
 offiiboot a ahoot from.' offl^prlng ofilset oflftaand oflbl 
 
 on upon, forward. 
 
 [Ss. ANu; Gr. 'ivai up. Go. ana, at; Ger. an; Ang. on; Belg. aan. 
 Buss., Pol., Bohem. na. See ad, ana-.'] 
 
 onset onslaugbt onward — away along^ See a- f !• 
 
 OMNI- aU. 
 
 omniscient all-knowing. (B®° soio I know.) omnific 
 omnipotence omnipresent omnlvoroos omnibus 
 
 or- for over 
 
 or-lop a kind of deck, or an additional deck. (Belg. 
 loop a walk, a run.) 
 
 (0E-, OEI-.) 
 
 [See under SniOR, ob-T-us, to rite.'] orient orl-glu ab-ort-ive 
 
 out See EX. 
 
 [Sb., Angl., lal., Sw., old Frisian tt; Dan. ud; Gothic us, ut. Buss., 
 Pol. ot; Bohem. od. Ger. aus; Eng. out. In Angl. ut is out, and o»- 
 /rom, out of, as in oSberstan to burst out; otShydan to hide from/ otSatandan 
 to Btand out. Ss. ut, ud above, out"] 
 
 outburst a bursting from, or from within. 
 
 outside the exterior side. 
 
 outcast one cast off or away, outlandish foreign. 
 
 on'twork n. outer utter uttermost utmost outmost 
 
PARA- PREFIXES 79 
 
 oat* ieyond. See tTLTKA. 
 out-bid to bid beyond, outlive outdrink outlast 
 outr-age 
 
 OS- 
 
 [For OBS-. See under OB.] 
 
 os-tentation a showing off. (O'STENTO I present to 
 view, make a show of.) 
 
 PARA ha/ond, beside. See PEB. 
 
 par-allel hi/, heside, or near one-another; equidistant. 
 (jtapa beside, alXt/jkajv one-another, reduplication of d'AAo? 
 other.') 
 
 parallax change of position from being viewed from dif- 
 ferent points. (aXXaaatu I change, aXkd^m I will change.) 
 
 parasite Greek priests who collected grain for the sacri- 
 fices; afterwards, a hanger on. (Tcapd hy, o-Tto? grain.) 
 
 paraphrase a version beyond the text. 
 
 parody {(bd-ij an ode,) an altered version. 
 
 paradox a (collateral or) false opinion. 
 
 parhelion a mock sun. (jzapdi near, t^IXo^ the sun.) 
 
 pa-lsy (for paralysis,) loss of voluntary motion. 
 
 pray (precor,) -Kap- and eoj^ij a prayer, as in ■Kap-tj^-ito, 
 to imitate a sound j itap-Tiyoplu) to exhort, soothe, relieve; 
 whence paregoric, a medicine which relieves pain. 
 
 para-, par- 
 
 [French, from Latin pabare to contrive, pre-pare, &e. Ital. parare 
 to parry. 1 
 
 para-sol a defense from the (sol) sun. 
 parachute a defense from a (Fr. chute) fall. 
 parapet a protecting wall as high as the (Ital. petto, 
 Lat. PECTUS) breast. 
 
 r-am-par-t (re-, in-) a parrying or defensive wall. 
 
 Par-aiBue is from the Latin adv. par-S™ but Jittle, and atfisis allied. 
 Par-ity ^S' par equal. 
 
80 PREFIXES PEE 
 
 PALIN again, hackwards. 
 
 palin-drome (naXtv-dpofiia a running back,) a word or sen- 
 tence which may be read backwards without variation, as — 
 
 •' Bnug & raw was I ere I aaw war & guns" 
 name no one man 
 
 palim-psestt (^ao), to rub,) a parchment from which the 
 first writing has been (nearly) obliterated, and replaced by a 
 second. The remains of the earlier writing often afford 
 valuable literary material, and some of the productions of 
 Cicero have been recovered by a careful study of palimpsests. 
 
 PAS, PAN, PANT- all. 
 
 [Greek maac. tos (gen. Travroj,) fern, maa, neut. vap (pi. mvra,) all, evenf^ 
 
 pasigraphy universal (ypafyj) writing. 
 panto-logy universal {Xdyoq) science. 
 pantheist one who believes creation to be (dedz) Grod. 
 pantheon (j:dv0€ov^ an ancient temple devoted to all the 
 heathen deities. <Ua-pas-on see -ON, 3. 
 
 panace^a {dxiofxat, to heal,) a universal remedy. 
 
 Panax a genus of plants, all-heal, ginseng. 
 
 panorama panegyric pandsemoninm panoply pantagrapb 
 
 PEN- almost. 
 peninsula (pjEne) almost (iNSUtX) an island. 
 peuultintate next to the last, penumbra 
 
 PEE through. 
 
 [Ss. PARA across, against; PABA,; wipS', iripa beyond, ircp- very. Lat. 
 pee; Bohem. pro through; Span, per, Fr. pour /of. Old high Ger. far- 
 for-, fer-, fir-, furl-, Ger. ver- (» as /;) Eng. for-, far, fr-om, forth, frith 
 or firth, to fare. Gr. mipo) to pierce; Trspa'a, to traverse, penetrate^ Lat. 
 FORO, to bore. Ss. root pur to advance.} 
 
 per-for-ate (rORO,) to bore through. 
 
 perfect (8®" facio to make,) finished, thoroughly made. 
 
PERI PREFIXES 81 
 
 peroration the close of a speecli. 
 
 perish (j|®° EO, Ibe) to go, through its course. 
 
 perennial (ANNTJS the year,) lasting. 
 
 perjure (JURO,) to swear, heyond the truth. 
 
 perfidious past (fides) faith. 
 
 per-p-lex (plecto,) to involve, nmch. 
 
 pervert v. tr. to turn aside. 
 
 perspicuous (specIo to see,) very evident. 
 
 pil-grint a wanderer abroad, or through the (Xger field, 
 or) country, pellucidji shining through, transparent. 
 
 pur-sue (Fr. poursuivre) and persecute. (pe-RSEqvor, 
 PE-rsecutus to follow up or after.') 
 
 par-don (dono,) to give (forgive) entirely; but the Ro- 
 mans used CONDONO I present, remit. 
 
 para-mount (Fr. monter) to rise above; superior. 
 
 Per- is intensive in peracnte very sharp j permute to change en- 
 tirely ; persaade to exhort much. 
 
 For- is intensive in forbid forlorn for^ve 
 
 For- is negative in forbear (to bear fr-om,) forget forswear 
 forsake (seek,) as in the German kaufen to buy, verkaufen to sell. 
 
 Obs. 1. I and r are akin and subject to interchange, as in pilgrim for 
 peregrine^ and French co-Ion el, pronounced curnl in English. 
 
 Obs. 2. Although per and very agree in their elements, the latter 
 belongs to ^^®*' verus true. 
 
 Per agrees with for in the phrase per me licet for me it is lawful. 
 
 PERI around. 
 
 fGr. nepX'; Ss. PARI around, as in AP to hold, pabjaptaS, itcpimrds, Lat. 
 p£raptc3 adapted. See PER.] 
 
 pericardium the membrane around the (xdpSi'a) heart. 
 
 period ((553? a way,) a circuit; the year of a planet, &c. 
 
 perihelion the point where a heavenly body passes 
 round (and nearest to) the sun. 
 
 periphery and periphrase from the Greek, correspond 
 with circumference and circiimlocution from the Latin. 
 
82 PREFIXES POST 
 
 POLY- many. 
 
 [Gr. iroXii't. Akin to ^S- plus more, J^* plenus/«M, and probably 
 to MtJLTUS many, Ss. ptjl to augment.'] 
 
 polytecbnic (rt/v-q art,) pertaining to many arts. 
 Polynesia polygon polyglot polysyllable polygamons 
 polyp 
 
 POK- before. See puo-. 
 
 [Lat. PORRO, jrdp^Gj, Eng. far, be-for-e.] 
 
 por-rect (por-rigo, -rbctu",) st-retcli-ing or reaching 
 before por-teml, -teiit, a showing before, a foreboding. 
 
 For por-trait see pur- and pro. Chaucer uses pourtraie, pourtraiture, 
 purtraye, purtreiture, purveye, parflt (perfect,) parfourme (perform,) etc. 
 
 POS- See B-. 
 
 [Lat. in pos-sideo, pos-sessu"", to have, own, enjoy. Russ. po by, 
 near, on.] 
 
 pos-scss to own. (Ang. besitten, Ger. besitzen. 
 SEDEO, SE-ssB", to sit, stay, dwell.) 
 
 possession that one owns, as land which one has acquired 
 the right to settle on. 
 
 Po-mer-ania, a country hy or along (Russ. more, Lat. 
 MARE, Pr. mer) the sea.* 
 
 P-rnssia (formerly a Slavonic country,) along Russia. 
 
 Pot-Bible is from po'SSD°> I am able, for potis able, sii"' I am. 
 
 POST after. 
 [Lat. post, allied to pond (posiTU",) to place. Persian ires after.l 
 postpone to put after; defer, postscript written after. 
 pu-ny, Pr. puis tx&, Lat. post natus after-born ; inferior. 
 
 Obs. The Romans often reduced post to po-, as in post- or po- 
 MBRlDiANns, after (mbdius, /loros) mid- (dies) day. 
 
 * Ar-mor-ica ia flimilarly formed on an Irish basis, with ar at, upon. 
 
PRO- PREFIXES 83 
 
 PRE-, PR.E lefore. 
 
 [Lat. PR^, PRE-; Ital., Sp. pre-, pri-; Fr. prg-, pre-, pri-. See PRO-.] 
 
 precede (PRiE-CEDO) to go before, prejudice judgment 
 beforehand, premise prsetor or pretor fi^" eo. 
 prison, prehensio a taking. See -ion. 
 proTost JB®" PONO. 
 
 The Latin prj:- becomes pre- in English, as in predestine prefix 
 preside prevail prevent prejudice preclude preface 
 preamble precipitate precocious predict prefer prea..cb 
 
 PR-ffiTEE hefore, past. See PR^. 
 
 preter-it (fi®- lo, itu" to go,) a past tense implying an 
 action finished ; the perfect tense. 
 preternataral beyond nature. 
 preterperfect a past tense. 
 
 PRO- be/ore. See PER. 
 
 [Ss. PDRA, PRA; Zend pra; Gr. irpU (Eolio irfoi, Lat. pr^;) Buss. 
 pred-, Bohem. pf ed ; G-o. faur, be/ore. npot early y irfuTos Jir-st, Lat. pro, 
 PRE, PRI-, PRJB, PRirs he/ore; prater beyond/ primus ^r-si/ pri-st-inus, 
 Ss. PRATANA5 ancient. Gaelic roi; Ger. vor before. Bng. ySB~ for-, 
 ^S' fore-, for-mer, for-ward. Welsh noun masc. pri origin. See PER.] 
 
 promote (MOVEO, MOTD") to move, forward. 
 
 proceed (cedo) to go forward, provident (video) to 
 see or look, before, provoke (voco) to call forth. 
 
 pro-d-igal (ago to act,) squandering away. 
 
 procrastinate (CRAS tomorrow) to defer. 
 
 procure (cuRA a care) to get in advance; to have in care 
 for (some one.) 
 
 pro-pli-et {<pa'u} I tell) he who forfetells. 
 
 prostyle a colonnade in front. 
 
 proIo§rne protract and portrait prior pri-me yES~ •me, 
 PRiHirs 
 
 ^S~ fore- forward forth far farthest first 
 
 Pro- means inatead of in pronoun, proconsul. 
 
 The prefixes are intensive in procure prolix (laxus loose,) pre> 
 
84 PREFIXES PUB- 
 
 clnct (ciNGO, to bind, surround,) as in the Latin PBiEPOTENS very power- 
 fuli HUPEK newly, lately, pkonupbr very lately; pe^olaeBs very clear. 
 
 Obs. PKOD-, EED-, SED- may have been the original form of peo-, ee-, 
 ^E ; or the D may be akin to the Oscan and archaic Latin ablative case 
 ending, and preserved in Latin between vowels, where it would act as a 
 fulcrum. The Oscan forms of contba, extba were contrud, ehtrad. 
 Compare the Kussian pered before. 
 
 PROS 
 
 [Q-r. irpds tOj upon, in addition, towards, near, etc. See PER.] 
 
 proselyte one ■who (comes towards or) adopts some view 
 or system. {iXsodu> I draw near, approach.) 
 
 prosody npoffioSia, (aidrj a song, an ode,) the laws of 
 versification, over and above those of prose. 
 
 pros'-thesis an addition to the beginning of a word, (the 
 reverse of aphaeresis,) as 'espy' for spy (see under e-,) 
 ' squench' for quench — 
 
 Rivers fquench'd their thirft. — Ferrand Spenciy Miscellanea, l686, p. 74, 
 
 PEO TO- first. See pro-. 
 
 prototype the first or earliest type or model. 
 prot-oxid the first or lowest degree of oxidation. 
 proto-martyr (St. Stephen.) protho-notary 
 
 pur- See PRO-. 
 
 [Pr. pour, Sp. por for, para. Lat. peo before, confused with pee 
 through.'] 
 
 purpose (prOtPOsItu'",) to set before; to intend. 
 
 purvey to supply; to procure. (A form of pro-vide.) 
 
 pursue, Fr. poursuivre, Lat. proseqvor or perseqvor 
 (PE-RSECtJTUS,) to follow after. 
 
 purchase (PER-,) Fr. pourohasser to follow ardently, as a 
 deer or an employment, — from OiPTARE to catch at, strive to 
 
RE- PREnxEs * 85 
 
 obtain ; through the false form CApTJare, whence c/iase and 
 catch. 
 
 And here I ride about my pourchafing 
 To wotc wher men wol give me any thing; 
 My pourchas is th' effeft of all my rent, 
 Loke how thou rideft for the same entent. — Chauttr, 
 
 So was it ihewed in that purtreiture, — W. 
 
 R- intensive. ' 
 
 [Akin to S, and transmutable with L. Gaelic ro very; Lat. r-ae6s, 
 Gr. apatd^ Tare, thin. W. rhia that forces onward; rhe a awift motiort, active; 
 rhy excesBf very.J 
 
 r-ogation supplication. ar-r<ogate to make undue 
 claims, (rogo I ask. See under d- and c-r'.) r-ec-ent 
 
 im-p-r-ec-ate to invoke evil on any one. (precor I p-r-ay .) 
 
 r-asher, W. rhasg a slice; from rhy, and asg a piece 
 sliced off. 
 
 c-r-OTF, r-ook, or-eab, break, are partly imitative. 
 
 KE-, RED- back, again, down. 
 
 [Lat. E-, EE-, RED-; Sp. RE-; Ital. RI-, -re; Fr. li-, re, r-; Irish a-. 
 Ss, root R to go, to rcacA.] 
 
 ra-m-; re-ab-; re-ad- (-af-, -an-, -ap-, -ar-, -as-;) re-con- 
 (-com-, -co-, -col-;) re-de-; red-in; re-dis-; re-e-, re-ex-; re-en- 
 (-em-, -in-, -inter-, -intro-;) re-n-; -re-re-; re-sur-; re-sus-. 
 
 pe-snr-rec-tion a rising again, (re-, sub, rEgo; JJ@" 
 StJBQO.) recede (J8@" CEDO,) to go back, recline (c-LINO,) 
 to lean back, red-eem (redimo ; JB®" emo,) to buy back. 
 
 repeat to mention again. pctoItc to turn over. 
 
 red-onnd (JJ®° UNDO,) to run over, recall to call back. 
 
 red-undant running over. pa-in-par-t,1: see para-. 
 
 re-pose a lying down, remote moved aicay. 
 
 repel to drive back or off. redraft n. a second draft. 
 
 re-col-lect re-ad-apt renovate or renew refng:e re-dnce 
 red-olent nn-re-con-cll-ed nn-re-pre-sent-ed respect revise 
 resldnnm resign reprobate reside re-st refer ra-g^nt 
 
 8 
 
86 * PREFIXES S- 
 
 Oba. The Latin bEd-do, reddbkb to give back, gives render and 
 rent (with n educed from d,) which are essentially formed from the pre- 
 fix. Spenoe (1686) writes vijlex, rifleation. 
 
 Alexandria, which beeing rafcd and deftroied by the Barbarians, Mthcbus the fon of 
 ScUiaui re-edified.— ffi/teii'j Plinie, 1635. 
 
 RETEO backwards, back, again. See RE-, KED-. 
 
 ji-etrospect (sPEOlo,) to look backwards. 
 
 retrocession (OEDO I cede,) a ceding back. 
 
 arrear ad be'tbo. retrograde retrogression retropnlsiTe 
 
 The -tro, of inteo, retro means -wards. 
 
 S- much, very. 
 
 [An intensive prefix in various languages.* Bohem. pSl-iti to burn, 
 s-pSl-iti to burn up. Gr. ir-fiiXa| and /iiXuf bindweed; a-itlKpis and /lutpoj 
 small; c-rpci^dci} and rpuiram / turn, whence s-tropbe and trope; a-Tcp-els, 
 BiJB-us firm, solid; a-Tcyo}, TBGO / cover; AGO, to move, drive, s-eqv-or to 
 follow; s-EEVO, to guard, prevent, s-erve, ip«'-o/iOi, to ward off, protect, 
 ransom; ypS'ipai, S-OEIBO, to write, Eng. s-cribe, s-crlbble; iictlaa I 
 s-mile {d to I, or I frequentative;) KiS-vniu and u-KcS-da to s-oatt-er. W, 
 ys that is, that issues, that is active.^ 
 
 s-pade, s-pnd, s-patula, (TtiTaXov) petal, paddle. 
 
 s-pace, (pXteo,) to extend. fi@°" pando. 
 
 s-kul-k, CELO I cover, bide; W. eel shelter, cel-c con- 
 ceal-ment; Ir. ceal con-ceal-ing, ceal-g treachery, a c c e i 1 g 
 in ambush. 
 
 sliad a &h like a herring, which swims in herds. W. cad 
 a reach or spread out, cadw a herd, ysgadan herrings. 
 
 smelt V. ^Ajo) melt spread broad slender lean 
 
 spare v. pargebe splasli plash scroll ourl 
 
 spunge FUNGiJS scrutiny critic stolid dull 
 
 splice ply scold call snap nab 
 
 surge irk sUlff cup snip nip 
 
 swirl whirl slat lath scourge correct 
 
 scratch grate smoUe See M- spllie peg 
 
 * S- in Ancient Egyptian, is the Bign of causative action. " It is the sign through 
 the agency of which being becomes action, or an action is converted into the cause 
 of an action, the stimulus, as it were, to the activity of the predicate." — Bunsen. 
 
sc 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 87 
 
 spigot peg storm turbo 
 
 spur bur, Ir. bioT a spit sqneak quack 
 
 spar bar 
 scald calidSs 
 sparrow pabvs 
 slime LiMus 
 slab lap, lobe 
 slack lax 
 
 swab wipe 
 smasb mash 
 
 swing wing 
 spit V. pit-uitous. 
 sclntlUate kindle 
 scoop cup 
 spine pin sway wag 
 
 stun din stln-gy ten-acious 
 
 smnt mote (Webster.) sqnencb quenob 
 sllgbt light stir tur-n 
 
 sneeze, snore, snarl, nose, sqnasta, quash, stich v. swash 
 swell scarce slongta strew sprig sklrmisb sbadow 
 scrape scud small squeeze spank scow snipe snare snow 
 
 Obs. S-ombre belongs to sde-; B-ooroh (ex-aortio-ate) s-oreen, to 
 ^^^" EX ; and s-conndrel to abs-. 
 
 The following are Welsh examples — 
 
 aeth u prickle, 
 
 en yd time, 
 
 yff a tendency out, 
 
 i^d the side of the head. 
 
 saetb a dart, 
 sen yd, ysenyd a while, 
 syfag what spreads out. 
 s iad the top of the skull. 
 
 sans without. See SINE. 
 
 sansculotte (Fr. culotte breeches,) a ragged fellow; a 
 radical republican. First applied to the poorest class of the 
 people but assumed as a title of honor by the adherents of 
 the French constitution of 1793. (Gatiel, 1803.) 
 
 Their arena of SansculotHsm was the most original arena opened to man for above 
 a thousand years ; . . . — ^Westminster Keview, 1837. 
 The spirit of modem sansculoU^ism . . . — Democratic Review, 1838. 
 
 S-C, sq-, sli- 
 
 [Indlcative of action, sound, and intensity.] 
 
 sc-ratcli rake ratchet. sc-raw..l (repo I creep.) 
 scream a shrill outcry. (Old Eng. reme, Ang. hreman.) 
 squeak (vagio,) voc-ative, q-uack, of which sq-nal..!, 
 sq-uea..I (cater-)wau..l are frequentatives, with the guttural 
 elided, sh-red a piece torn off. (rado I sc-rape, rub.) 
 
 sc-rub scrabble scamble scribe screw scream screech 
 or shriek shrill scramble scranch shrivel rivel, ruffle, 
 shrinlc wrink-le squabble squib squirt squash 
 
88 PREFIXES SP' 
 
 SE- aside, apart. 
 [Lat. SE-, SED-, so-. Sanscrit root SE to^nisA.] 
 
 seclude (^clavdo,) to shut apart, select (lSgo,) to 
 gather apart, segregate (grex a flock,) to se-patate. 
 secern s-creen (cerno, xpivm I sift, separate ) 
 so-lve (so-LTJO,) to wash apart; to remove difficulties. 
 s-ober, (ebrius drunk.) secede sever separable 
 
 Obs. Se-tmref without (curX) care, may haye SB- from sine without. 
 Sedition is commonly referred to SE-, with d (see T) connective and 
 ■ EO, but Prof. Key thinks it may be connected with ditio power. 
 
 SEMI-, HEMI- half, somewhat. 
 
 [Ss. SAMi; Lat. semi; ^p "half. Ang. sam- half, samod together. San- 
 scrit root SAK to place together^ 
 
 semiannual half yearly, semilunar half-moon shaped. 
 semifluid somewhat fluid, semi-vitreous somewhat 
 vitrified, sin-ciput (semicaput) the front of the head. 
 semitone or bemitone a half a tone. 
 semi-bituitatiiious bemicycle megrim (for hemicranium.) 
 
 SESQU-, SESOUI one and a half. 
 sesquichlorid a compound of three parts of chlorine 
 and two of a base. 
 
 SINE without. 
 
 [Lat. sine; si »/, ne no(. Sp. sin; Ital. senza; old Pr. gens; Fr. sans.] 
 
 Sinecure (an office) without care. 
 
 sin-cere without mixture, {xsp am I mix.) — Kaltschmidt. 
 
 S-L' intensity. 
 sUngr slug: slack slelglit sllgbt slap 
 
 S-P' motion, intensity. 
 sp-ic-nle (Xo-EO to be sharp,) a small sp-ike. 
 sp-rink-le ir-rig-ate sp-eak ech-o 
 
SUB 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 sp-Iice (PLico I fold, lIgo I tie.) 
 
 spirt sprout spray spill split splash spit sputter 
 spew speed spray sprey sprlug; sprig spruce spark 
 
 Obs. The same -irt ooours in sp-irt, bl-urt, fl-irt, squ-irtj,but B-tart is 
 akin to s-tir, tur-n. 
 
 S-T' much, very. 
 
 st-roU roll, stretch, streak leaoh. strip rob, rip. straight or 
 strict right, reot-ify. strand, Ger. rand (a margin.) str-ike, st-ick, 
 st-lng (ictus a blow.) st-a^i t. m-cix-a (I go, stalk.) struggle wriggle. 
 stake stick string strong' strive street stream streperous 
 
 SUB, HYPO under, somewhat, after. 
 [Sanscrit upa; 'jhni; Lat. sub; Qo. uf under. See OB.] 
 
 sabmarine under the sea. subacid somewhat acid. 
 
 SDbangalar nearly angular, subrotund somewhat round. 
 
 snfBx to place after or under, re-sur-rec-tion. See re-. 
 
 subscribe to write a signature after or under a document. 
 
 succor Fr. secourir to aid. (Lat. CURRERE to run, STJB- 
 or succuRRERE to go near, hasten to.) 
 
 s-care to startle with fright, (su-ccutere (qvatio I 
 shake,) Fr. secouer to shake violently.) 
 
 s-lip to slide on a surface, (sublabor to go to ruin, 
 glide away, as ' relapse' to slide back.) 
 
 sub-di-vide (FINDO, to split,) to divide farther, or again. 
 
 supplicated (PLico, to fold,) to kneel down; to pray 
 earnestly. sur-rep-titions in a sneaking, dishonest man- 
 ner, (repo I cr-eep.) s-ombre under (umbra) shade. 
 
 subjugate succeed succinct sufficient suflTer suggest^ 
 
 suui-uiont ('mon' as in ad-mon-ish.) suppress surrogated 
 
 Sub- is much used in natural history for somewhat, as in 
 
 * Sug- of suggest is for Bub- before pure Latin gay, the change of which involvf s 
 the former. English has its laws of assimilation as well as Latin, and these forbid a. 
 union like g^, bo that gay is as improper in sQ'gest and exil'gerato as it would be in 
 cudgel (from cog,) according to the laws of speecHi, which are seldom consulted by 
 the orthoepists. 
 
 8» 
 
90 PREFIXES SUE 
 
 "black, subrugulose, subsulcated, sides convex, angles sub- 
 acute." 
 
 Sub- is verbal, or it has lost its force in so-jonrn, and 
 snp-ple (€>Lico to fold or bend,) often pronounced soople in 
 accordance with its French original sowpk. 
 
 The adverb STI'BTER is used in snlbterfiige (evasion,) and 
 su-BTiJS (Pr. sous,) is observed in subs-traction. 
 
 Su-rrender is the French ' se reqdre' to render one's self; 
 Ital. render e, with n educed from the d of Latin reddere. 
 
 SUPER above, heyond. 
 
 [Ss. TTPARij 'vjtlp'j Lat. suPERj Ital. Bopra-. Go. ufarj Ger. liberj old 
 Fris. ova, bova, OTlr, nr; Eng. oyer, upper; Obg. oba, ope, ob, op; Eng. 
 up, Ger. auf. Persian seber above; aber, ber upon. Lat. SURSB"", sus- 
 npwards; Fr. sur, sus-. Etymologioally -er is an adjective suffix, as in 
 EXTRA. See OB, SUB.] 
 
 superpose (B@" pono,) to place above or over. 
 supernatural beyond nature; spiritual. 
 snper-ab-nndant super-in-cnmb-ent -Sne -scribe -sede 
 snpcr-ior snper-b — bypercritlcal bypocbondrla Uypocrite 
 
 soTC-rei^n supreme. (Ital. sovrano; Lat. supernBs.) 
 over-flow -sbadow -reacb -act -arcb -pins -load -wbelm 
 
 sur over, heyond. See super. 
 
 surmise (mitto, missu™ to send,) to pass over (mentally.) 
 survey to look over; inspect'. (vIdere to see, to view.) 
 survive to live beyond (some event or contingency.) 
 surbase the part above the base. 
 
 surname or siruame a name besides the personal name; 
 a man's real name, or that with which he is born. 
 surpass to pass beyond, surplus overplus. 
 snr-pr-lse snrtout surface surfeit surmount 
 
 Obs. Sur-reptitious and sur-rogate belong to sub-; and sur-geon is 
 composed of xstpv hand, Spyo work. 
 
T- PREFIXES 91 
 
 SUS- SU- wp, above. See super. 
 
 sns-pend (pendeo,) to iang up; to interrupt; to delay. 
 
 sus-ceptible taking up; readily subject to an influence 
 or affection. (capIo, ca-ptu", to take.) 
 
 re-sns-ci-t-ate (t intensive,) sus-cIto to rouse, raise up, 
 cause to rise (again.) 
 
 sustain (teneo,) to hold, up. 
 
 sn-spic-ion, su-spic-ious looking upwards, or with 
 mistrust; distrustful. 
 
 Obs. Sus-pioiou may be from sub-, under the form subs-, as in aba 
 for ab, 
 
 ST; STL; SYN, STM- vnth. See con. 
 
 quinsy or squinancy a disease of the throat; — corrupted 
 forms of auvdJ^Tj, from aT^m to suffocate. 
 
 T- intensive. See D-. 
 
 t-rite worn out. (Lat. t-rit-us bruised, rubbed; rado I 
 shave, rodo I gnaw. Compare ir-rit-ate.) 
 
 t-rachyte arough lava. (T/oa;^iiV, rough, ^ayoq, ^a'xoq 
 a rag, wrinkle.) 
 
 t-wink wink t-winge wince 
 
 Obs. Compare Irish baladh a acent, do-bhaladh a rank acentj dealbh 
 the countenance, doi-dhealbhach ill-featured; faghail to procure, do- 
 f haghala rare, hard to be found; blasda aav'ori/, do-mblasda inaipid. 
 
 t- repetitive. 
 
 [Anglish ed-, ofl-, aed-, aet- again, re-, as in edgifan to give again, 
 edcoelnes a recooling. GotMo id-, as in idreigon to re-form, convert; Ohg. 
 Ion wages, itlon re-paymemt; old Saxon idur again. Irish ath-, aith-, as 
 in cogadh war, athchogadh re-bellion; beddhaim to enliven, aithbh^odhaim 
 to revive. Welsh ad-, at-, dy-, as in byw alive, adfyw re-vived; bod to 
 be, atfod to re-exiat; ere a cry, dychre a cawing. Lat. EO (iTU™,) to go, 
 ITBKO / repeat. Ss. root i, IT to go, JAT going.l 
 
92 PREFIXES TO"- 
 
 t-wit to reproach by citing faults. (Ang. edvitan to 
 reproach, vitan to blame.) 
 
 And evermore fhe did him Iharpely twight 
 
 For breach of faith to her, which he had firmeiy plight, 
 
 Spenser^ Faerie Queene Bk 5, canto 6. 
 
 T-awdry, Saint Awdry (Ethelred,) from a fair bearing his 
 
 T- this. 
 
 [The indicative dental consonant of (/te, (ftis, f/iere Ger. da ikere^ here; 
 Greek neuter article to; Ger. plur. and fern. sing, die the.l 
 
 t-auto-logy repetition in speaking, (abrd it, r-aurd the 
 v&ry samej Xiyat I speak.) See auto-. 
 
 to separative. 
 
 [Gothic dis- (differing from Latin dis-, according to Diefenbach 2,629 j) 
 Ohg. zar-j German zer-, with a separative and destructive force (as in 
 Ger. reissen to tear, zerreissen to tear to jji'eees,) but confused with 
 to- at Ac. Gothic du-, as in du-ginnan to begin; ^dugann iaisus^ 
 qiflan^ JeauB began to-aay. — Matt. 11 :7; dugannun .... raupjan 
 ahsa they-began to-pluck ears. — Marc 2 :23.] 
 
 Common in old English, and not restricted to the infinitive, as in 
 to-torn torn apart; to-broke (Ger. zerbrochen) broken to pieces; to-heweu 
 hew to piecee; to-bete beat muck; to-shrede cut to piecea. 
 
 The helmes they to-hewen and to-fhrede .... 
 For which Almachius did him to-bete 
 With whip of led. — Chaucer, 
 So they ran together that Sir Grifleis fpere all to flievercd. — *King Arthur.* 1634. 
 And a certain woman call a piece of a millilonc upon Abimelech^s head, and all t'o 
 brake his fkuU. — Judgts ii xsi. 
 
 to- at. 
 
 [Gothic du, to, at, hy, be-; old Saxon te; Ang. toj Ohg. za, ze, te, tij 
 Ger. zu to, at, at the."] 
 
 tomorrow, Go. du maurginaj old high G-er. in morgan, 
 te (ti, zi, ze) morgana; Islandic a uiorgun; Ang. to morgen, 
 on morgen. tonight, Ang. to-niht. today, Ang. to-dseg. 
 
ULTRA PREFIXES 93 
 
 together, Ang. to-gedore, against, Ang. to-genes. Ang. 
 to-middes in the midst. *tofore, heretofore formerly. 
 
 In parts of England toyear (to-yero of Chauoer,) is used for thie year, 
 and HaUiwell has to-month, to-medis (in the midst,) to-whils (whilst.) 
 
 to supinal. See to at. 
 
 [The preposition 'to' indicating a supine, as in 'to go.' Gfer. zu 
 haben, Danish at hare, Swedish att hafva to have; Gaelic do 
 bheith to be; Cornish tha vewa, Armorioan da veva to line. In 
 Spanish, do o/ is used, as in de ver to see; and in Albanian me with, 
 as in me passune to liave.'\ 
 
 T-E' dr- tbr- motion. 
 
 [Composed of t- or D- preceding k- or r. W. rholyn a roll, trolyn a 
 roller; rhef and dref a hundle.^ 
 
 tr-emble (rpoj, rp^iw.) dream trepidation tramp trape 
 travel tr«ad trot trip Intrude tbr-ost trend tmndle 
 trudge trill troll drive thrive throw throb strihe 
 
 TRANS heyond. 
 
 [Lat. TRANS, TRAK-, TRA-, as In TRA!?SLATU3 Or TEALATUSJ TRANSMITTO 
 
 or TRAMITT ; THlifSSUO Or TRANSuo / sew through. Welsh tra ovir. 
 Sanscrit tir to traverse.^ 
 
 transmit (1®° MITTO,) to send beyond, or forward. 
 
 tra-vesty (vESTio,) to dress beyond; to disguise (Fr. 
 travestir, as a man in female attire;) to make a ridiculous 
 translation, transmontane beyond the mountains, north 
 of the Alps, unltalian. 
 
 transfer trans-it tran-scend tran-scribe tres-pass tra-Ject 
 traduce tra-ditlon tra-verse tra-vail or travel tnr-moil 
 
 ULTRA h^ond. 
 
 [Lat. adj. maso. ulteb, fern, (adv.) ultra of that side; comparative 
 VLTETOOR farther : superlative ultimus fartheBt. Fr. outre j Eng. out- 
 he^ond.} 
 
 ult-, ulter-, ultra-, ut-, outr-. 
 
94 PREFIXES TJN- 
 
 nltramontane beyond the mountains, south of the Alps, 
 Italian, ultraist one who goes to extremes. 
 
 nit-imate extreme, nlt-imo the (month) preceding. 
 
 Ut-recllt (tJLTRA-TRAJECTUS.) 
 
 ontr-age (Xgere) to act beyond (propriety,) old French 
 cultrager, (and also ostraige.) 
 
 nn- not; without; -less. See IN-. 
 
 unfit not fit, without fitness; v. t. to deprive of fitness. 
 nnfl-nitfiil not producing fruit j fruitless j unproductive. 
 
 Christina, though uncrowned [having relinquished her crown,] demurred on some 
 points of court etiquette. — Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Burke's plirase, nevertheleas, must be allowed to he infinitely more unphiloaophi- 
 cal, immoral, irreligious, uncivil, impolitic, inhiunan, and insolent than either. — 
 John AdamSf Works, 6,413. 
 
 Young (Night '!, London 1'716,) uses — nn-absnrd nnask'd 
 unavoidable unbelief unbelieving^ unborn unbounded 
 unbrewed nncans'd unconfin'd nnconfounded unconscious 
 nndebaucht undesignM undrawn undrew un-embittered 
 unexpected unfadlngr unfaithful unfastaiou'd unfear'd 
 unfeigned unfelt unintelligent unlock unmade unmanned 
 unmarr'd unmerciful unmixt unpaid nnportion'd 
 unprecedented unquencb't unrefnuding: nnreqnested 
 nnresolveable unriddle nnripen'd unroll'd unsound 
 unstretcbt unsubdu'd nntaugbt untie untiU'd nn- 
 tormented unwilling; unwisely unwisb't unwrongbt 
 
 Th' illuilrious mailer of a name uninewnj 
 
 Whofe worth unrivall'd, and unwitnefeM loves, — Tmng.^ Nt. 8. 
 
 tJnpeopled, unmannurd, unprovd, unprayfd ; — Sfiemer, 
 
 All mourn the minstrel's harp unstrung. 
 
 Their name unknown, their praise unsung. — Scott. 
 
 [Gottic und- tOj untot against; old Frisian ont, und till.'] 
 
 until to a certain time. (Old Frisian ont, und till, to; 
 Swedish till to, till, at, by; Danish til to, towards, in, as in 
 tildeels in part; tilforn hefore, formerly ; ind m, as in ind- 
 liegtietoJiedgiein; indfrossen frozen up ; indtil toii!i7.) 
 
VE- PREFIXES 95 
 
 un- 
 
 [Anglish on- into^ to, as in onlesai) to unlooae.l 
 
 unloose to make loose; to loosen, unrip unstrlp 
 
 unto to, implying motion towards, or onwards. ( To, with- 
 out un-, expresses various relations.) 
 
 *an Iiungered hungry; the subject of hunger. 
 
 Obs. Old English has anhonged hung up, anhytte hit, anlifen livelihood, 
 anondyr under, and others. 
 
 UNI- one. See MONO. 
 
 unity oneness, unite to join into one. disunitedly 
 union nnlcorn nniform nniTersal nn-anlmous unit 
 unique triune unison nniyalTe univalvular 
 
 under heneaih, less than. See INTER. 
 underrate to rate at less than the true value. 
 underling an inferior agent. underhand clandestine. 
 undercurrent -clerli -sell -grofrth -wood -value -neatb 
 
 Used figmatively in underhand, undergo, understand, 
 
 up See OB. 
 
 apbold upset upstart upland upright uproar uproot 
 
 VE- 
 
 [A Latin intensive (Ss. ATA, Ti of, to; Pers. Bij) perhaps akin to B-. 
 Ss. vi to pasa.'] 
 
 Te-st-ige a footstep; <rT-£;^-<u I go, st-alk. in-ve-st-ig-ate. 
 ve-stibule an antiohamber. (sTABULt}" a standing place.) 
 
 VE-, wi- without 
 
 [Ss., Zend vi, Pers. Ei- without. Latin, as in tecSbs without (heart or) 
 mind. Kussian, Polish, Bohemian hez without."] 
 
 Teh-e-ment, Lat. vemens (and vehemens vehement, 
 inconsiderate. — Bichhoff.) Ss. Vi; and MAN to think, whence 
 also man and mind. 
 
96 PREFIXES Z- 
 
 wi-dow, Lat. viDuX; Sansc. vidhava, from dh1va5 a 
 husband, (root dhu to move, direct.) 
 
 vice instead of. 
 
 [Lat. Ticis a turn or change; vice, its ablative case, a dissyllable pro- 
 nounced as a monosyllable in English.] 
 
 viceroy one who governs in the name of (old Fr. roy) a king. 
 vicegerent (gerens ruling,) exercising delegate power. 
 vic-ar a substitute, vis-count one next in rank to a count. 
 viciss-itude regular change. 
 
 Obs. This prefix ought to be pronounced vis- to prevent confusion with 
 vice (a fault,) Lat. vmu"; and vice or vise (a screw-press,) Fr. vis n. 
 screw. Vicinity, vicInds near. Vicennial, vicenary, viceni twenty. 
 
 with- from. 
 
 [Ss. root VIDH to separate. Groth. viSra; Aug. vi^er-, vi®-; G-er. wider 
 against; widrig contrary; widerlich repugnant. Dan. mod; Sw. mot 
 againBt, mota to liinder.'\ 
 
 witbdraw to retire, recall, withhold to hold back. 
 withstand to stand against, notwithstanding 
 
 whitwitch (in Devonshire,) one employed to counteract 
 witchcraft. 
 
 To weather a storm, Ang. vi8rian to resist. 
 
 with with. 
 
 [Ang. vi», old Bng. mid, Ger. mit; itera with. Ss. root met'h to adapt, 
 unite; Lat. mut-ucs mut-ual, reciprocal. See META.J 
 
 wltbln, Ang. viBmnan. without, Ang. viSutan. 
 
 Obs. The Ang. viS mith and against; and probably the Greek (lira mth 
 and beyond, include this and the preceding prefix. 
 
 y- See c-. 
 
 The reprehensible exclamatory oath zounds (and oons) is for by-his- 
 wounds (woonds,) in allusion to the sufferings of our blessed Savior. 
 
LIST OF THE fKEFIXES 
 
 97 
 
 LIST OP THE PREFIXES 
 
 a- of on 
 
 a-fore ^@~ be- 
 <^like ^^ c- 
 an- m 
 
 (^shamed of 
 B-ronnd in 
 a-pricot al 
 a-Tow^®~ AD 
 l^way on 
 a-ward ^^~ EX 
 A- ^S~ AN 
 A- 1 
 AB >■ from 
 ABS- J 
 
 ab-out ^~ AMBI 
 ac-eept ^^®~ AD 
 AD to 
 
 advance ^^®~ AB 
 af-fect ^m~ AD 
 ag-gressire ^^~ AD 
 al-loqny ^S~ AD 
 al the 
 ALL- other 
 am-bush J^~ em 
 am-brosia y^" AN- 
 AM- ^ 
 AMB- V around 
 AMBI ) 
 AMB-iguoua \ 
 AMBO [■ 6o(i 
 
 AM-phora i 
 AMPHI 7^- AMBI 
 an-oint _^S~ cn- 
 aii*eal on 
 
 an-nex ^@~ AD 
 am-swer ^^S' ANTI 
 AN- without 
 ANA- again 
 anci-eut J^' ANTI 
 ANO up 
 ANT- -i 
 ANTE- I against 
 ANTI J 
 AP- 1 
 APB- \ from 
 APO ) 
 
 ap-pend ^&- AD 
 Ar-morioa J^- POS- 
 ar-rest ^^S~ AD 
 as-sume _^^*" AD 
 as-sag^i J^^ al 
 at-traot ^^g- AD 
 AUTH- \ 
 AUTO- I '''^ 
 +av-antag6 ^S' AB 
 avant before 
 
 ba-lanoe ^®- BIS 
 
 6j 
 
 B- 1 
 be- ^ 
 bi- J 
 
 BI ^@~ BIS 
 bl-shop J^- EPI 
 BIN ■) 
 
 BiNi I """ ^y '"'" 
 
 BIS <wice 
 toy-law .^*" B- 
 
98 
 
 LIST OP THE PREnXES 
 
 c- much 
 
 do- 1 
 dou-ble 1 '«"" 
 
 CAT- 1 
 
 OAT A \ againat, down 
 
 dr- ^^- TR' 
 
 CATH-} 
 CIRCUM ) 
 
 DU- 1 ^ 
 DUO 1 *™ 
 Dra ladlji 
 
 CIS on tJiia aide 
 
 
 CL' oontinuative 
 
 e-lope 
 
 CO- . 
 
 e- prosthetic 
 
 COL- 1 
 
 COM- V^- CON- 
 
 e-nough ^S~ C- 
 e- ^ 
 
 COMB- J 
 
 ec- )■ jm^ EX 
 
 COM- with 
 
 ef- j 
 
 CON with 
 
 ef.fendl J^~ AUTO- 
 
 CONTEA ^ 
 
 el-ixir ^^g" al 
 
 CONTRO- I againat 
 
 el-lipsis ^^' EX 
 
 cont-rol J 
 
 EM- ^@- IN 
 
 COR-rode 1 „„„ 
 c-ouoh } ^ CON 
 
 EM- ^@- ^JV 
 ^JVin 
 
 counter I 
 
 country. | "?"""* 
 
 en in 
 
 ENDO- loithin 
 
 CK' 
 
 en-emy ^^~ IN- not 
 
 cu-stom ■) _ ^ 
 
 > S^' CON 
 
 enter-tain ^^ INTER 
 ENTO- jm- ENDO- 
 
 
 entr-ails ^g- INTER 
 
 
 EP- \ 
 
 D- very 
 
 EPH- \ on 
 
 de 1 '-f 
 
 EPI ) 
 
 EQU-, EQUI- equal 
 
 DE /toot 
 
 ESO-iena ^S% Is- 
 
 dea-oon ^®» DIA 
 
 EU, EV well 
 
 deo-ussate y^' DE, Obs. 
 
 EX from 
 
 de-vil J^- i)/4 
 
 EXO outward 
 
 dc-famo ^^- BI- If 3 
 
 EXTRA leyond 
 
 denti- Aa?/' 
 
 
 den-arius ^~ DE, Obs. 
 
 F- ^' B- 
 
 dcs separative 
 
 f- prosthetic 
 
 den-ce y^' DUO 
 
 FL'- 
 
 DI- ^m- BIS 
 
 fl-ask ^m- M- 
 
 dl-stil ^- DE 
 
 for-, fore ^~ PER 
 
 DM through 
 
 fore- out 
 
 DIS- ^ BIS 
 
 fore before 
 
 DIS- ^- DI- 
 
 FR'- 
 
 dif-fer J®- DIS- 
 
 fro- /rom 
 
LIST OF THE PREFIXES 
 
 99 
 
 gain- againat 
 GR'- ^S- GW- 
 
 lutensive 
 
 beloto 
 
 between 
 
 HEMI half 
 HETERO- different 
 HOLO whole 
 HOM-, Iiomeo like 
 HYPER beyond 
 HYPO' under 
 HYPSI- up, above 
 
 l-gnorant ") „, 
 
 IWegal I ^" ^- ""' 
 
 U-lude ^' IN in 
 
 Ini-mature _^^~ IN- not 
 
 Im-bibe ^®" IN in 
 
 IN- not 
 
 IN in 
 
 IND-, INDI- ^' ENDO- 
 
 INFER -> 
 
 INFRA/ 
 
 INTER -I 
 
 INTEL- ; 
 
 INTRA mthin 
 
 INTRO- within 
 
 ir-regular ^^^ IN- 
 
 tr-ruption ^®" IN 
 
 is- in 
 
 iss-ne ^^ EX 
 
 Jeo-pardy ^^* c- 
 JUXTA near 
 
 fc- J^' c- 
 
 L- ^®* D- 
 lan-danum ^^~ jliV- 
 I-ute ^^®" al 
 I- <Ae, &c. 
 
 M- ,^^~ B- 
 
 m-ash, m-esh _^@* M. 
 
 ma my 
 
 badly 
 
 ma-tter ^^~ M- 
 
 MAL- -J 
 
 mala-peit 
 
 MALE 
 mau-gre ' 
 
 me-grim ^S^ SEMI- 
 
 META !■ after 
 METH- ) 
 mis- wrongly 
 
 mls-chanoe _^S~ mis- Obs. 
 m-isa ^^^ ma my 
 MON-, MONO- one 
 MULT-, MULTI- many 
 mn-s-tard ^S- M- 
 
 n- an 
 
 N- ^^- D 
 
 N- 
 
 NE- 
 
 NEC 
 
 NEG- \ not 
 
 no 
 
 NON 
 
 NU- 
 
 NUN- new 
 
 NUN- name 
 
 o-mit 
 
 OB 
 
 OBS ) against, up 
 
 oc-cur 
 
 of-fer 
 
 oS from 
 
 OMNI all 
 
 on forward 
 
 op-press ^^ OB 
 
 or- over 
 
 OR-, ORI- Jeyin 
 
 OS- J^- OB 
 
 oat- beyond 
 
 ont EX 
 
 ontr-age J!^~ ULTRA 
 
 over ^m- SUPER 
 
100 
 
 LIST OF THE PREFIXES 
 
 P- ^^ B- 
 P-ruasia ^^ POS- 
 PALIN, PALIUA again 
 pa-lay ^@* PARA 
 PAN, PANT .^- PAS all 
 PAR- PARA ieyond 
 par- para- protection 
 par-affine ^S" para, Obs. 
 
 »""-'°" , I ^" PER 
 para-mount / ■'^ 
 
 PAS, PAST- all 
 
 PEL-lueid ^^» PER 
 
 PEN- almost 
 
 PER through 
 
 PERI around 
 
 pll-grim ^®~ PER 
 
 pol-lute JS- PER 
 
 POL Y many 
 
 Po-merania 0^^ POS- 
 
 POR- before 
 
 POS- hy, near 
 
 POST after 
 
 VRM 1 
 
 PRE- [■ ie/ora 
 
 prea^ch J 
 
 PRiETER ) , 
 
 preter \ *^2"""^ 
 
 PRI- 1 
 
 PRO [■ before 
 
 PROD- ) 
 
 p/joro- 
 
 protbo- 
 
 pa-ny J?^- POST 
 qn-ash ^S~ CO- 
 ra-m-part \ 
 RE- l iacfc 
 
 RED- J 
 
 RETRO bachwarda 
 sans ,^» SINE 
 s-trange ^|^~ EX 
 S- much, very 
 s-ombre ^^^ SUB 
 s-ooundrel ^®~ ABS 
 
 I A"* 
 
 s-ober ^^* SE 
 
 sovo-reign ^^~ SUPER 
 
 SC- action, &o. 
 
 SE aside 
 
 SEMI AaJ/ 
 
 SESQUI one and a half 
 
 sh- ,^» SC- 
 
 Smul } ^ ^«^- 
 
 SIM-ple 1 .. 
 SINE I '"'"^'"" 
 so-joum ^S^ SUB 
 so-lre J®» SB 
 SOL- J^~ ROLO- 
 8-care ^^~ SUB 
 s-port ^^- DIS- 
 sp- motion, &o. 
 sq- ^^^ SC- 
 SI- OTMcft 
 
 str-ange ^^^ EXTRA 
 SU-, SUS- above 
 SUB under 
 
 SUBTER I ^" SUB 
 
 SUC-oor -^ 
 
 SUF-fer 
 
 SUG-geat 
 
 snm-mon J 
 
 SUPER above 
 
 SUP-plioate "I 
 
 SUR-rogate J 
 
 snr-pass ^^®~ SUPER 
 
 sn-rrender self (_^®" SUB), 
 
 SY- \ 
 
 SYL- 
 
 8YM- 
 
 SYN 
 
 ■ J^' SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 with 
 
 T-, T-AUTO- this 
 T-, th- intenslTe 
 t^ repetitive 
 thr. ^- TR'- 
 to- at 
 to 
 
LIST OP THE PREFIXES 
 
 101 
 
 TR'- motion 
 
 TRA- 
 
 TRAN- 
 
 TRANS 
 
 tres-pass 
 
 tni>moil 
 
 twe-lye 
 
 twi-ce 
 
 heytmd 
 
 DUO 
 
 ULT- Ut-reoht ) , 
 ULTRA I *^°"'' 
 
 on- ^S- IN- not 
 under 
 UN- 1 
 UNI- / °"" 
 up ^^' OB 
 ut-ter ,^@~ out 
 
 V- ^^~ B- 
 
 VE very 
 
 VBr without 
 
 vie- ■> 
 
 vice V instead of 
 
 Tls- j 
 
 w- y^- B- 
 
 ireatb>er v. ^^ with- 
 
 wl-dow ^^ BIS ». 
 
 wtalt-witoh 1 , 
 ,.. > from 
 
 "HTitlft with 
 y- ,^~ c- 
 
 9» 
 
-A surrixES 103 
 
 SUFFIXES 
 
 -A adverbial. 
 
 [Latin in extra, i'npra, i-ntrI, juxta, supea. Formed on the abla- 
 tive case of feminine adjectives in -a.] 
 
 -A, -E, n. that which. 
 
 [Gr. -a,» -ij;* Lat. -A, rarely -E. Sanscrit -Z, -a5; Bohem. -a. Nouns, 
 mostly feminine. pOEXAjJoet is masculine; PARRiciDA^arWcide is common.] 
 
 idea that which is seen or known mentally. (XdeTv to see, 
 to know.) plethora fulness, repletion. (See -rar-.) 
 
 astb-ma (see -T?-) cassia dogma (see -Jlf^) bye-na man-ia 
 napbtba nausea tracbea scoria spbere (u^aTpa) — ac-me 
 zone {iiinn) stroptae epl'tome diatribe (see BIA) byperbole 
 
 Obs. 1. This snfSx is sometimes omitted, as in axiom-a poem-a 
 sophism-a stratagem-a epigram-ma epoch {enoxfi.) epoch-a crown 
 (corona,) aunt (amita,) ruin-a picture (pictuea,) fame (fama.) 
 
 Obs. 2. Many of these words being anglicised (as epitome rather than 
 epitomde,) it is equally proper to give them an English plural form, as 
 epitomes and areas, rather than epitomai and arese; and as singularity is 
 to be avoided, it is better to say dogmas, tsarinas, and saharas, than dog- 
 mata, tsaritsa, saharats, and zemindar^n, with the original plurals. 
 
 Latin — alga (pi. algss) amptadra animal area arena 
 argillaceous caesura calumniate camera catenary corolla 
 causative cerate Claudia Cornelia cretaceous crustaceous 
 coronal ulpable epistolary fibula Flavia formal formula 
 fortunate berbaceous irate January .ITulia lamina linear 
 lunar larva lyrate material molar nebula palmate 
 pecuniary peninsula penumbra rotate saliva scapula 
 silvan Silvia spat-nla stellar tabular testaceous tibia 
 terraqueous TuUia villa — conclave (cosclave.) 
 
 banana quota savanna sofa snltaua (Arabic sooltana, with 
 a in arm.) tarantula tsarina umbrella lava vista Xi&'g&rS. 
 
 Jerboa is Arabic, with Qerman j or English y, and from the difficulty 
 of pronouncing the Arabic finals it should be suppressed. 
 
104 SUFFIXES -AO 
 
 •a, -all, n. 
 
 [Hebrew and Arabic nonns in -h.] 
 
 masora (maaorahj tradition, cabala (qabbalab) eptaata mislina 
 
 — Arabic be'glra (flight) with eg as in edge or idge. — (It is better to say 
 hedge-ra^ omitting the i.) Sab&ra a desert, (with a in arm.) 
 
 -A, -I- A, -T-A, n. pi. 
 
 [-a, -la, -ra; Lat. -A, -lA. Pol., Bohem., Gtothio -a. Plural nouns, 
 mostly neuter.] 
 
 ptaenomena prolegomena exantbemata apocryptaa arcana 
 parapbernalia synonyma credenda (see -AND) data regalia 
 effluvia strata errata genera lustra mllltla stamina 
 
 -able, -able, -ibie, a. Sea -ble. 
 
 In some badly formed modern words, -able has the power of full, as 
 veritable truthful; forcible /orcc/u^/ charitable /i/^? q/* cAaWiy,* 
 sociable companionly; profitable /uW of pro/it. Capable, instead 
 of being applicable to an object that may (or is worthy to) he taken, means 
 one having the power of taking. Although honorable, favorable, 
 sensible, have Latin originals, they are not used quite in their original 
 sense, for the first means — that procures honor; the second — in favor, 
 popular; and the third — perceptible by the aenaee, 
 
 -AC, -IC, adj., n. having; pertaining to. 
 
 [Gr. -a*i!f, -vt(K, -axoi; Lat. -Ac-ns, -no-TJs, -ic-us, iQvrs, -eo-. Fr. 
 -aqne, -ique. Welsh -awg, -eg, -ig ; Irish, Gaelic -ach. Norse -ag-r, -og, 
 -ag-t. Sanscrit -ca5 (preceded by a vowel,) and nouns in -cA, -ci. Gr. 
 eX-^iv; Goth, aig-an to have; Ger. eig-en own. Ss. j^le to poBBeee.l 
 
 demoniac having, pertaining to, or possessed hy a (dal/imv) 
 demon. 
 
 maniac affected hy (ji.'^vr)) the moon; one moon-struck. 
 
 didactic employed in, qualified for, or adapted to (dlda^tt) 
 instruction. 
 
 bnmectate made moist. (hum-BC-to, to make (hum- 
 Idtjs) moist.) 
 
 elegiac paralytic arctic ascetic stom-ach mon-acta-lsm 
 
AC-eous SUFFIXES 105 
 
 prismatic dramatic atbletlc typlc ansellc conic cad-ac-ous 
 prosaic public economic generic concentric fabric Gallic 
 antique unique op-aqae zodiac (see -D-) music log'lc 
 mathematics physic cler-k clerical Tcrn-acular or-acular 
 medical lettuce lIctuca loricate tunicate vesication urtlcation 
 
 Obs. 1. Music &o. (mCsica, adj. and noun fern.) stood originally for the 
 music art or science. 
 
 Obs. 2. The suffix of pacific, specific, horrific, is fXcere to make. 
 
 -ace, D. 
 
 [Lat. -at-iBm," as in palatiu" a palace; -at-io," -at-ia."] 
 
 preface'' (far! to speak,) somethiog said (VRM) before; 
 a preliminary discourse. 
 
 solace" cond61ence. (solob. I condole.) 
 
 And 1 wol tel you vcramcDt , 
 
 Of mirthe and of folas. — Chaueir, 
 
 menace a threatening, (min-ob'' I threaten.) 
 
 bnllace ('bolas' in Chaucer,) a sort of plum or sloe. 
 
 terrace (written 'terras' by Sir Wm. Temple, Lat. terba the earth, 
 Fr. terrasse, Ital. terrazo, Sp. terrado.) palace ('paleis' in Chaucer.) 
 space* grace° sur-pllce ('surplis' in Chancer.) 
 
 Populace, see Obs. under -AC-eous. Furnace, purnus, porhax, see 
 -AX. pinnace, see -ass. 
 
 AC-eous, AC-ious, adj. of, like, having. 
 
 [Lat. -AC-BUS," -io-Bns,* -lo-ifSs," (-ii-ius.) -ix,* -px,« -Ex,' ix;S 
 Gr. -Sf. Russ. -ok. Ital. -aceo, -ace. Pr. -ace, -acS, -oce. Ss. -oa5 
 (,-rA5) as in ad-aca5 (Lat. ed-ax) voracious; suTrACAS (Lat. sagax) 
 sagacious. Ss. root if to have. See -AC, -AX. Commonly, words in 
 -ACETTS (-aceous) are from nouns, and those in ix, -aelous from verbs.] 
 
 arenaceous" of, like, or having (Xrena) sand. 
 crnstaceoas having a crust; crust-like. 
 adTent-itioas° (-icitjs) coming by chance. 
 capacious' (capax, from B©" capio, to take,) having 
 capacity, ar-gill-ac-eons coimposed of clay; clayey. 
 pngnaclons^ prone to (ptJQNA) strife. 
 
106 SUFFIXES -ACLE 
 
 pertinacious^ fallacions^ vlvaclons^ efficaclons'i tena> 
 clous'' audacious'' (atdeo I dare.) loquacious^ {^^- loqtob.) 
 rapacious^ voracious^ meudaclous'' atrocious" ferocious" 
 and fierce (fbrox, Fr. ffirooe.) -vertex' nutritious (-icius) 
 propitious (-itius) coriaceous" and cuirass (caBm°' leather.) 
 fell-c-itys radicals fugacious rosaceous* capricious" cetaceous 
 setaceous cretaceous liliaceous alliaceous predaceous 
 
 Obs. To -aceoUB belong embarrass, populace, (Ital. popolaccio;) and to 
 -ICEU™ tbe nouns lodge, hash, lattice, (Fiedler,) and pelisse^ 
 
 -AC-I-Ty -IC-I-Ty -OC-I-Ty. See -AC-eous. 
 
 audacity pertinacity veracity mendacity voracity 
 rapacity capacity pngrnacity loquacity sagacity — felicity 
 simplicity duplicity electricity — atrocity ferocity velocity 
 
 -acle, -icle, n. agent; place. 
 
 [Latin nouns in -AorLUM," (Ital. -aoolo,) -icSLfiM,'' -culum," (cbu"", 
 -bulS"", -Sld"", -TBiJ", -STBU",)- are derived chiefly from verl)S, and 
 indicate the ag-ent, implement, or place, of the ac-tion of the verb. See 
 -AC, and -L f 3.] 
 
 or-acle" (ORO I speak, pray,) the person wto announces; 
 a prophetic announcement; and the place whence made. 
 
 spiracle' a breathing aperture. 
 
 cubicle' a place in which (oubo,) to lie down. 
 
 miracle'^ something at which (miror) to wonder, or 
 which causes wonder. 
 
 spectacle' something (specio,) to see. 
 
 ob-st-acle and st-able (ST-o I stand.) 
 
 peril (PERlcuLtJ"") a trial, ex-peri-ment. 
 
 oper-calnm" (OPERIO I cover.) 
 
 receptacle' curriculum curricle veblde" 
 
 Obs. pinnacle' may be an aug-mentative of penna a feather, pinna 
 a fin, or pinds a pine; or it may be named from some resemblance to 
 them, manacle (mXnica,) a chain for (mands) the hand. PBRTici a 
 per-ch, pole, has the same -icA. See -cb. 
 
-AG-Y SUFFIXES 107 
 
 -AC-UL-AK 
 
 or-ac-nl-ar pertaining to (ORACULtJ") an oracle. See 
 -acle, -cle, -l. ^ 3. 
 
 vernacular (verna a home-born slave,) home-born, in- 
 digenous; a vernacular language, that spoken at home. • 
 
 -AC-y, n. state of beinffj -ing; -tion. 
 
 [Gr. -M-ria or M-ia;" -ic-iAj'' -of. See ACeous.] 
 
 con-tnm-acy'' (tumeo, to swell,) a state of being puffed 
 up; a sweIhVi(7 up or inflation. 
 
 fallacy (fallo I fail,) a deception. 
 
 pharmacy'' the application or preparation of (jfdpixaxov) 
 a remedy. 
 
 -ac-y, n. 
 
 [-iT-rs" n., -AT-io'' n.; -ar-cia," -iT~claA -T- participial followed 
 by i and a vowel, the i taking the power of a, through the influence of 
 elided t.'] 
 
 ob-stin-acy" a (STiNS) standing (ob-) against. 
 
 demo-cracy" (xparo^') rule, by the (Sfi/ioq) people. 
 
 theocracy (9s6i; Grod,) divine rule. 
 
 aristocracy (apiaroq best, bravest.) 
 
 celibacy' the state of being (celebs) an unmarried 
 person. 
 
 piracy' policy, police and polity'' accaracyi> conspiracy'' 
 magistracy' (Fr. magistrature.) 
 
 Obs. This sutSx is mostlj taken from the Erench, as in snprematie 
 supremacy; intimity intimacy; legitimitfi legitimacy; episcopat 
 episcopacy; cSlibat celibacy. The following are not French nor classi- 
 cal Latin forms : — intricacy, lunacy, secrecy, privacy (or privity) degene- 
 racy,"" legacy (legatO",) delicacy, confederacy.'' 
 
 ApoBtaey and extasy belong to -arj; and fancy, fantasia, fantasy, to ffi'a. 
 See -SIS. 
 
108 SUFFIXES -ADE 
 
 -AD, -ade, -ID, n. relating to. 
 
 [Greek adjectives and nouns with a base in -i- (-7-, -8-.) Kom. -as, 
 gen. -ai-os {-ar-os and -avT-oy;) -is, gen. -i^-ojj Lat. -as, gen. -AD-is. But 
 X^'pts grace, dpvts bird, and cX/iti/; worm, have JCupir-Of, 8pvt6-os and c^itvd-o; 
 in the genitive.] 
 
 dryad (Spvau;, gen. SpudSoq,') pertaining to forests. (Spui; 
 an oak, a tree, whence tree.) 
 
 decade pertaining to (5czaV, gen. dsxSIdoq,') the num- 
 ber ten. sporadic {oTtop-Ai;, gen. <!T:opado<; dispersed,) ap- 
 plied to scattered cases of disease. 
 
 Iliad (a poem) pertaining to (ilias, -adIs,) Troy. 
 
 Nere^ides {ytjprjX'deq, pi. of nj^oetf,) nymphs of the sea 
 and daughters of (vrjpshi;') Ne-reus. {yrjpb^ wet; vim I swim; 
 Nerita a genus of sea snails.) 
 
 drom-ed-ary (dbohas, gen. -adis;) Ipojiis (-£'^0;) running, ipljw I 
 run, perfect middle di-SpopLa. 
 
 pletad {wXciS's, pi. tXciS'Ic;.) Plei&des HyJidSs "vales Aeneid 
 Naiad monad tnad myriad cliiliad liebdomadal Jeremiad 
 pyramid caro'tid paro'tid lil'ltrid pedagogue ornitliology 
 lielmlntliology cliarity 
 
 nit k6vis, gen. k^iIos. iris, pi. irides. lepas, pi. lepades. chrysalis, 
 pi. cbrysalides, adj. -id, -idan. 
 
 A HAMADRTAD flouriih*d in thofe days. 
 Her name Pomona, .... — Garth, 1669. 
 The Pleiads, Hyads, Lefs and Greater Bear. — Drydiji's Ovid, 1680. 
 
 -M, -AE, n. plural. 
 
 [The Latin plural of nouns in -A is an added -e, which was originally 
 -I. Greek poiaa muee, [lavaa-i musea, Latin MUSA, pi. MUSAB or MUS^. Ac- 
 cidental in Hebrew 3U gob locust, ^3U oob^ locusts.'] 
 
 Striae more than one stria or streak. 
 
 larvae tracbeae areae or areas vertebrae antennae 
 
 Comucopiee (horn of plenty,) is a genitive case singular. 
 
 -ade, -ado, -ada, -ata, n. 
 
 [Lat. adj. masc. at-5s, fern, -at-a, neut. -at-u". Sp. -ado, -ada; 
 Ital. -ato, -ata; Fr. -ade. Welsh -od, -ad, -ed, -id, -aidd. Ger. -et, -t; 
 
-AGE SUFFIXES 109 
 
 Bug. -ate, -ed, -t. ^ Primarily past partioiplea and adjectives in Latin, 
 but used also as nouns, and in English as adjectives, nouns, and verbs. 
 See -ATe.] 
 
 brocade something (as silk or lace,) ornamented by 
 means of a (brocca Ital.) wooden needle. Whence also 
 brocket (or pricket) a young deer with tapering un- 
 branched horns j also called a 'spitter' for the same reason. 
 
 arcade something (ARCti-ATUS -atX. -atu") arcuate or 
 arched, colonnade a columned (way;) a row of columns. 
 
 parade a prepared show, (paratus apparatus, equipage, 
 PARO I prepare.) 
 
 lemonade (as if limonjatus) lemoned, endued with the 
 quality of lemons; water and lemon-juice sweetened. 
 
 esplanade something (exflanatus) spread out; (an- 
 other form of ex-plain-ed.) A term in fortification. 
 
 armada an armed (fleet.) {Pintado a painted (fowl.) 
 
 barricade blockade stockade palisade crnsade brigade 
 cavalcade promenade ambuscade cannonade maskerade 
 serenade cascade tirade gasconade rodomontade bravado 
 tornado panado or panada bastinado desperado cantata 
 sonata 
 
 Cociade is for the French cocarde. 
 
 -age, n. collective. 
 
 [Lat. -iT-Jc-63,» -AT-ic-n"','' (-atio,") Ital. -aggio,* -eggio; old Fr. 
 -adge ; Fr. -age ; Sp. -age. The sufBx -age has been confounded with the 
 heterogeneous terminations of VKSTiGio"" vestige, coLLEGifi"" college, 
 PRITiLBGiB™ privilege.} 
 
 Rcdy to wendcn on my pilgrimage 
 
 To Canterbury with devoute corage. — Chauctr, 
 
 voyage a traveling (by sea.) Lat. viATicu"' provision for 
 a journey. (Port, viatge, Sp. viage.) 
 
 ambrage, Lat. umbraticus in the shade, retired; UM- 
 BRATIO a shading; umbraculO"' a shady place, a retreat. 
 
 savage wild, uncultivated. (Lat. silvatIcus, from silva, 
 a forest.) 
 
 10 
 
110 STJITIXES -AGO 
 
 mileage traveling expenses allowed according to the dis- 
 tance traversed. 
 
 wharfage charge for the use of a wharf. 
 
 cellarage available space in a cellar. 
 
 leverage the power of a lever. 
 
 parentage the condition of a parent. 
 
 verbiage mere wordiness, plumage feathers collectively. 
 
 foliage leaves collectively. (folIatio foliation.) 
 
 courage'' constitutional bravery, or that which depends 
 upon (cor) the heart, mind, or temperament. 
 
 forage*^ licrbag^e^ visa^ed personag«'^ laugnag^*^ beverag^e^ 
 assemblage vicinage coinag^e tonnage bandag^e bondage 
 cordage lineage nsage badinage carnage damage bomage 
 message advantage (see A-) marriage bostage manage r. 
 
 Obs. 1. Outrage (ultra beyond,) advantage (ab ante,) and disparagef 
 may be enforced by agebb to act. Nonage means not of age. Privilege 
 (lex law.) Suffrage (sijB, prango I break.) PrSsage (sagio I perceive.) 
 hemorrhage {hXixH blood, ftfiyvvnX to burst.) Cartridge, Fr. oartoucbe. 
 Appendage is akin to appendix. 
 
 Obs. 2. Image, mucilage, and cartilage belong to -ago. Cottage may 
 have been produced from cot, cottier, cot'ger, cottager, cottage. 
 
 A pore wydow, fomdel* ftope in age * Somewhat. 
 
 Was whilom duellyng in a pore cotage, — Chaucer. 
 
 -age, n. 
 
 [Ital. -iccia, Sp. -ioha, Fr. -iase. Lat. -ities, -itia. See -ice.] 
 
 sausage (-Idge) meat minced and seasoned. (Ital. salaiccia, Fr. sau- 
 cisse, from SALsiJS salted, savory; sal salt, whence also salad, and sauce.) 
 
 -AGO, -UGO, -IGO, n. resemblance. 
 
 [L. -AGO, gen. -A-aira-is; -uGo, gen. -uginis; -lao, gen. -iginis. Per- 
 haps akin to -0-.] 
 
 plumbago a mineral like or resembling (PLUMBtJ") lead. 
 Solidago golden-rod, a plant like the (sol, gen. solIs) sun. 
 plantain plantago a weed like a (planta) young plant. 
 Tnssilago tussI-l-ago a plant as if for (tussis) a cough. 
 
-AL 
 
 SUFFIXES 111 
 
 serpigo a serp-ent-like tetter. 
 
 Ininltago rheumatism of the (LUMstjs) loin. 
 
 vertigo* a sensation of turning. 
 
 lentigo a lens-like freckly eruption. 
 
 Ilstilago a genus of parasitic fungi infesting maize. 
 
 albugo an eye disease, (IlbCs white.) linagpe, as if from m of 
 im-it-ate, s-im-ilar. origin, (orIor to arise.) mncUsige (mccus.) 
 virago (vir a man.) ferrago a mixture (rlE wheat.) cerago 
 
 Obs. 1. Indigo is Spanish, for ikdicus Indian, color being understood. 
 Fustigate see -IG-. 
 
 Obs. 2. The corresponding axijectires are formed on the genitive case, 
 as plumbaginous, plantaginous, lentiginous, ferruginous, rubiginous, 
 aeruginous, cartilaginous, -gin- being the base, or crude form. 
 
 -AL, adj. relating to, like, capable of being — . 
 
 [Lat. adj. m., f. -iL-is' (neut. -Ile,) -EL-ifs,'' -il-is" (neut. -il-e.) Gr. 
 -Xis, -Xdf. Ital. -ale. Fr. -al, -ale, -el, -elle. Gaelic -ail. Welsh -awl. 
 Old Eng. -all, -ell, -eil. "Words in -AL are derived from nouns or adjec- 
 tives, and verbs. Akin to -ol-, -ul-, -ur-, -er-, -ak-is, -at-us, -id-ds, 
 
 -AH-US.] 
 
 -al, -al-ic, -el, -eel, -il, -1-e, -1-ian, -1-ity, -I-ism, -1-ist, -I-ist-ic. 
 -1-ity, -I-ness, -1-tj. 
 
 austral relating to or pertaining to (avstee) the south. 
 
 liberal having the quality of one (libee) free. 
 
 social ?tAe (socius) a companion; companionaiZe; adapted 
 to companionship. 
 
 fluvial pertainiog to (fluvitjs) a river. 
 
 in-imical not like (amicus) a friend ; like an en-emy. 
 
 tractile" that may be (or capable of being) drawn out. 
 
 cruel" (CR^DELIS; CRUDUS rough,) inhuman. 
 
 docile' that may be instructed; easily taught. 
 
 From nouns and adjectives — dual punctual gradual vocal or 
 vowel juvenile infantile bostile civil" gentile, gentle and 
 
 * Vertigo, lentigo, serpigo, as EngliBh words, — wer-tfie-go, Ac. as Latin. Incongru- 
 ous hibrids like vert-eye-go are neither Latin nor English. 
 
112 SUFFIXES -AN 
 
 genteel carnal and cbarnel fidelity" annual annalist lateral 
 celest-i>al mart-i-al Judicial etber-e-al triumpbal natural 
 naval bumiljty utllitj 
 
 From verbs — utensU fertile vers-at-ility s-erv-ility noble° 
 fincllity fossil April frag^ile or frail superficial potential 
 
 Inftitutions, . , * Prafticall, Etbycall, CEcumenicall, and Politicall. — paries, 1641. 
 
 Obs. 1. This safSx has been extended to a few Latin and many English 
 nouns, as in L. ANmlL having (XniaiI) breath; candela a candle^ from 
 GANDEO, to shine; capital a covering for (oapht) the head. 
 
 capital the head of a column; principal; chief. 
 
 ratio-n-ale" n. the reason or explanation of a phenome- 
 non, (nav-ale a ship-yard, cCb-ile a couch.) 
 
 bospital and botel general cardinal mortal signal 
 canal and cbannel catbedral — apocrypbal cboral — vassal 
 trial reprisal proposal reversal denial renewal burial 
 nonpareil 
 
 Obs. 2. Entrail-s, victaal-s, teprisal-a, are formed by the adjective col- 
 lective plural -AL-iA, 
 
 Obs. 3. Corporal, n. is a heteronym of Fr. oaporal, Ital, caporale/ 
 
 -AL-IA, n. pi. 
 
 regalia ornaments pertaining to a (hex) king. 
 penetralia the inmost parts (of a temple, &c.) 
 parapbernalia Baiicbanalla Cerealla JTerealia 
 
 -AL-ITy, -IL-ITy, n. 
 brutality the quality of being (-al) like a brute. 
 
 legality formality frugality principality plurality 
 facility docility agility bumility servility ductility 
 
 -AN, -IAN, -EN, 
 
 >aln, -ane, -can^ -en, -ene, -ine, -nnC; -ne, -on. 
 
 adj. of J nice, pertaining to; n. one who^ &c. 
 
 [Sa. -ANA5, -INA, -in, -T-ANAS. Gr. -SLvdSf -iJvSs, -tv6Sf ~ii>r}s J -r-ivog, -0-f-wiff. 
 L. -AN-U8 (-A, -U"*,) EN-US, ONUS, -UNUS, -INUS, -T-INUS, -NUS. Welsh 
 
-AN SUFFIXES 113 
 
 -ain. Sa. jam (yam) to tie, hold, jIminaS, Lat. gbmincs joined, twin. 
 Ss. PALALI straw, PALALINA full of atraw. But (see -en) -iv6s, -iNus, 
 with i means made of] 
 
 Afirican o/ Africa. Protean like Proteus. 
 Alexandrine ^ai.s^av8pXvo<;') pertaining to Alexandria. 
 veteran one who has become (vetus, gen. veter-is) old. 
 opportune convenient to an occasion, (portus a harbor, 
 
 an asylum.) alien of (Xli-ds) another (place.) 
 
 pristine most ancient. (* educed from s of prius before, 
 
 the adverb of pro.) 
 
 kitchen (COQVINA) a place for cooking. (COQVO I cook; 
 
 COQVINUS pertaining to cooking.) 
 
 flnorine an element found in fluor spar. 
 dams-on and damasc-ene the Damascus plum- 
 foreign (Fr. forain, foraine,) exterior; alien; irrelevant. 
 
 (foras out of doors.) 
 
 which that thofc knights likewife mote underJland, 
 
 And witnefle forth aright in forrain land, — Spenfer^ born 1510. 
 
 If any Engli/h man Hiouid now write or fpeak as our forefathers did about fix or feven 
 hundred years pall, we Ihould as little uuderlland him as if he were a foreinerj — Bp. 
 IViliini, Real Character p. 6, 1668. 
 
 sylvan (siltanus) tantnan and humane urban and urbane 
 
 cliristian benig^-n grer-m-ane (gero I bear) meridian terrene 
 
 serene coronal colo'nial tribune divine serpentine feline 
 canine marine peregrine or pilgrim 
 
 The following are from Latin feminine nouns in -ana, -ina, &q, 
 
 fortune pertaining to (rORs) luck. 
 
 saline (SALINUS salty, salinI a salt work.) 
 
 COL-ONUS a farmer, from COLO to cultivate, whence colony 
 colonist. VEN-ENU" (a neuter noun,) whence Tenom. 
 
 etesian (eto? year,) periodical (winds.) 
 
 medicine discipline doctrine columbine membrane 
 rapine resin mln quartan captain or cliieftain citiz-en 
 (ciYiTAS u. city.) certain cbaplain barbarian bistorian are 
 formed from supposable adjectives in -annsj quatrain curtain 
 train (trahebg to draw,) Jacobin from -innsj and mountain 
 fountain from others in -anens. 
 
 10* 
 
114 SUFFIXES -ANA 
 
 Gon-s-in is the adjective and noun forms COnSobrlN-us, -a^ or without 
 the prefix con-, the nouns sobbin-Ss, -a. sliagreen is probably from 
 an adjective form carchaeinijs of carchabus (whence) aharhf from 
 yAfXflfos rough, snappish. 
 
 Obs. 1. Mcsicns means both mmical and musician (see -AC, Obs. 2,) so 
 that-ian in 'physician' is an adaptation of the Latin -ianus, formed from 
 the genitive case of a noun or adjective, with -anus added, as in PHYsiciis, 
 gen. PHYSici, physici-an-us, musici-an-us, politioian-us, rhetorician-us, 
 magician-us, &g. which are not Latin words. 
 
 Gangrene, yajypaiva, from ypaia and yftai-v-ta I gnaw. 
 
 Profan~e not sacred. (pANiJ" a temple.) Anodyne, see AN", 
 
 In Persian geographical names, -an is part of -stan (country, region,) 
 as B agist an the place of vines; DaghestUn (gh guttural) land 
 of mountains; Hindustan country of Hindoos. 
 
 In Hebrew there are nouns in -an, &a. as qorban (an offering, Mark 
 7 :llj) leviathan (Job 41.) 
 
 -ANA, n. pi. sayings, &c. of. See -AN. 
 
 Of our English Atui, by far the most celebrated is the Walpoliana, being a collection 
 of the conyerBational remarks of Horace Walpole, together with a good many frag- 
 ments copied from his papers. — Penny Cyclopsedia, 1833. 
 
 -ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency, n. 
 
 quality of (being — ;) the act of; the result of; an — ing. 
 
 [Lat. ANT-IA,* -ENT-iA;^ Ital. -anza, -enza (« as («;) Sp. -anoia, -anza, 
 -encio, -enoia; Fr. -a^oe, -e''oe. Formed from present participles by add- 
 ing the fem. noun termination (J^~ -A) to the genitive case, as in 
 PRO-TIDBO I foresee, pro- vide; PEOVinENS (genitive pbovidentis) provi- 
 dent; PBOviDBNTiA providencc or prudence.] 
 
 providence the quality or the act of foreseeing, or of 
 being prudent; a foreseeing. 
 
 abundance the quality of abounding; an abounding. 
 
 defiance the act of defying. 
 
 elegance, elegancy the quality of being elegant. 
 
 silence (silentIu"") the result (consequence, effect,) of 
 , being silent. 
 
 continence countenance'' (continEntia) obedience and 
 obeisance'' semblance (dis-sisiulastia) observance difference 
 albescence efflorescence audience Impatience science 
 
-ANDA SUFFIXES 115 
 
 experience Indulgence constancy significance repugnancy 
 decency fulgency refulgence clemency potency urgency 
 
 Hindrance is a heteronym of the Belgian hiudernis, see -ness. 
 
 -AND, -ANDUM n., a. something to be — ed. 
 
 [Lat. -AND-fis (-A, -8™;) end-Ss (-a, -6";) the future participle of the 
 passive voice of the verb, used as nouns in English. Ital. -ondo, -anda, 
 -enda, Obs. 1. The neuter forms in the genitive, accusative, and abla- 
 tive oases, constitute the gerund, which are sometimes used as English 
 nouns. Obs. 2. The N is that of the present participle (see -ANT,) and 
 the D corresponds with the past participles and adjectives in -iva. 
 See -ate.] 
 
 mnltiplic-and something to be multiplied. 
 
 memorandam something to be remembered. 
 
 deodand to be given (deus, dative case" deo) to God. 
 
 reverend one to be revered; worthy of reverence.' 
 
 legend something to be read. 
 
 prebend an allowance, (pejbbeo, to allow.) "Provende or rent, or 
 dignite." — Chaucer, who uses ' provendre' for a prebendary. 
 
 second secundus adj. following. (See seqvor.) 
 
 Tland (vivBNDUS ; vivo I live,) an agreeable article of food. 
 
 morl-b-and adj., a. moribuhdus adj. about to (kobi-ob) die. 
 
 round kotdndcs a., as if 'rotandus' to be rolled; eoto I roll, eotX a 
 wheel, innuendo by hinting; the ablative case of the gerund of 
 IN-Nuo I nod, hint. 
 
 Obs. 3. The meanings of 'prebend' and 'dividend' have been changed. 
 Obs. 4. ' Tremendous' and ' stupendous' are adjectives formed like the 
 participle eobrendus horrible. 
 
 -and participial. 
 [The old English present participle. See under -tng.] 
 
 Eflfoones himfelfe in glitterand armes he dight, . . . — Sptntir. 
 
 -ANDA, -ENDA, n. pi. 
 
 [The plural of -akd-u™, -End-c'". See -AND.] 
 memoranda things to be remembered. 
 corrigenda things to be corrected. 
 
116 SUFFIXES -ANT 
 
 -ANeous, a. See -an, -ous. 
 
 cntaneons pertaining to (cutis) the skin. 
 subterraneous spontaneous extraneous or strange 
 
 -AN-ITy, -EN-ITy, -IN-ITy 
 
 urbanity the quality of one (-an) pertaining to (uRB-s) 
 a city; the politeness of a city. 
 
 -ANT, -ENT, a. quality of — ing ; n. that wMch^ one who. 
 
 [Latin present participle, -Ins, -eks (gen. -ant-is, -ent-is;) Gr. -avfl 
 gen. -oiTOff. Ital. -ante, -ente; Wallachian -nd. "Welsh -iad. Lat. infini- 
 tive ESSE to he, ENS, Gr. we heinc/, exiatincf, Ss. pres. part. -AT (-ANTj) 
 Zend -ansj Lithuanian -ans; Go. -ands; Ger. -end. Welsh noun en w 
 living principle, a spirit; ener an intelligence; Gr. 'avfip (gen. di'Sp^St) a 
 man. Ss. b'harat hearing; (ftiptav, Lat. fbrens and paribns; Fr. portant 
 (from pShto I carry,) Eng. im-portant.] 
 
 -ntahle, -ntlike, -ntless, -ntly, -ntiation, -ntial-ly. 
 
 proTident and prudent having the quality of foresee- 
 ing; the heing or existing of foresight. 
 
 absorbent a. having the quality of absorbing; n. that 
 which absorbs, assailant one who assails. 
 
 servant and Serjeant one (serviens) serving. 
 
 mercbant one selling, student one that studies. 
 
 flend, Gothic participle present fiands, from fian, fijan to Tiate. 
 
 president tenant (for tenent) oppo'nent Inbabltant 
 assistant vagrrant infant quadrant alb-esc-ent ar-rog:ant 
 urgent innocent defiant eleg^ant ruminant a., u. consonant 
 expectant observant absent abstinent excellent resident 
 o., n. adherent sufficient vol-untary authentic (see .4 J/rO-.) 
 
 Ti-ol-ent pest-il-ent op-ul-ent truc-ul-ent frand-ul-ent 
 
 * As in ffovXefio) I advise, consult; fiovAeu-ui' Cgen. -ovto^^ advising; tlovXcV'd-sCs 
 (gen. -d-evms,) being advised; SovXev-trts (see -S-XS) the act of consultation; 
 SovXtv-fia (see -MA,) the result of deliberation; SovX-eta (see -y ^f 1,) the function 
 of a counsellor. (TTriJw I draw, pull; ffTrdar-tia that which has been drawn, (ajB a 
 sword,) convulsion ; anaffis the act of pulUng, tension. 
 
AR- SUFFIXES 117 
 
 (see -ul-ent.) valiant grand stand blind binnt splint 
 sqnlnt pageant truant serpent brigand craven 
 
 Obs. 1. The genitive case of some Latin nouns in -ns, -s, gives English 
 nouns in -nt, -nd, as sextans (gen. sextantis,) the sixth part; octant; 
 quadrant (equally derivable from a verb,) mens (gen. (Jentis,) mind. 
 
 Obs. 2. Tyrant is a heteronym, Fr. tyra", Lat. tybannus, Gr. 
 rv'fii/vo; a ruler. 
 
 -ANT, n. that which. 
 
 [Greek nouns in -Sj, gen. -Svros ; Latin -as, gen. -antis. See -AS."] 
 
 giant GIGAS yfyaq, a large man fabled to have sprung 
 from (jfi) the earth. 
 
 gigantic elepbant -ine, -fasis. adamant and dlam-ond see A-. 
 Atlantic see -AS. 
 
 Hierophant and sycc^hant are from trivia I show, with N intensive, and 
 T of -nji, T-BB. 
 
 'AR, n. 
 
 [Greek, as in vhrap ntectar, ktrx^^'p^ a- heariht an eschar^ 
 
 sagar is from an East Indian original, but as a European word it is 
 from the Arabic sukkar (sookkar,) and with the article as-snkkar, 
 whence the Spanish azticar. (Greek o-a/ceop, ffowcopf; Latin SAOCHAEn™; 
 Ellenic idxivn; Albanian and Turkish sheker.) 
 
 Jaggary a coarse unrefined (Tamil jakarai, Malay jagara) sugar; 
 also sugar from palm juice. 
 
 * the sugar Itself [of the sap of the cocoarnnt palm] is separated under the 
 
 name of Jagery. — ZiTidley, Botany, 1830. 
 
 saccharine nectary nectarine £scbar scar tiara 
 
 The juice neaareous, and the balmy dew ; . . 
 
 Pcfi, EiTay on Man, I : I36, 1733. ' 
 
 -ar, n. 
 
 A false spelling of -er, in friar beggar liar vinegar ('vinegre,' 
 'vmeger,' Solland, 1635) doUar pillar ('piler,' Chaucer, 'piller,' Sol- 
 land, 'pUlour,' Spenser.) 
 
 With baleful beggery or foul difgrace j . . . 
 
 A ftately pallace . . . without morter laid, — Sfmiir. 
 
118 SUFFIXES -AEy 
 
 In poplar (Fr. peuplier) -ar means tree, as French amande an 
 almond gives amaiidier an almond tree; prune a plum, prunier a 
 plum tree. 
 
 -AB., -AKI-, ARy, a., n. relating to. 
 
 [Lat. adj. m. and f; -AR-ia, neut. -ar-e; atin to -AL-ifs, and used 
 chiefly to avoid the repetition of L.] 
 
 military pertaining to (mil-es, gen. -ITIS,) a soldier. 
 
 auxiliary affording (AVXlLltJ"") aid. 
 
 regular according to a (reg-ula) rule. 
 
 salutary conducing to (SAL-tJs, gen. tJTls,) safety or health. 
 
 collar (collare) a band for (coLLtJ") the neck. 
 
 tabular famili-arity simil-arly perpendicular Joc-ul-ar 
 par-t-lc-ul-ar circular polar solar lunar sublunary stellar 
 consular globular popular angular scbolar columnar 
 
 -AR-, -OR-. See -r- formative, and -ARy. 
 
 vicar (vICAEius) one supplying the place of another. 
 cellar (CELLARIU"") an underground apartment. 
 
 -ARy, -ARI-, -ORy, -ORI-, a., n. relating to. 
 
 [Lat. adj. -ar-ius, (fem. -lA, neut. -iuji,) OR-ius. Ital. -ario, -orio. 
 Fr. -aire, -oir. See -K- formative, and I formative.] 
 
 -ari-ous, -ari-ly, -ari-ness, -ari-ed, -ari-ty, -ori-ness. 
 
 military soldier-like, auxiliary affording aid. 
 gregarious living in (grex, pi. greges) flocks. 
 honorary conferring honor. consolatory affording 
 consolation, illusory tending to, or promoting illusion. 
 
 anniversary arbitrary taeredltary testamentary voluntary 
 tributary legionary contemporary Judiciary primary 
 secondary salary 
 
 transitory dilatory censorious meritorious territory 
 
 Latin adjectives in -arius -orius were sometimes used as nouns, as in 
 ADVERSARius (opposite, and an adversary; STATiiARius, ACTUARIUS, MBR- 
 
 CENARIUS, HOTAKiua, AQT ARIUS, COMMENTARlijS and COMMENTARliilt. 
 
-ARy ^ SUFFIXES 119 
 
 antiquary he who studies antiquities. 
 
 dromedary (adj. dpofidi; running, see -AD, genitive 
 Spofia,'da(;,') a running (camel;) one swift of foot. 
 
 statuary n. he who makes statues; a. fit for statues, as 
 'statuary marble.' 
 
 sorc-er-er (with a double suffix,) old Fr. sorcier, sorti- 
 AR-iTJS, he who practises divination by (SORS, pi. sortes) lots. 
 
 January February anniversary premier and primmer 
 contemporary secretary stationary commentary 
 
 The suffix of cutler (courtier, cavalier,) may be considered as from 
 -arius, as if 'cultellarius,' from CDLTELiiJs a small (cultbr) knife. 
 
 To this head belong vicar, mountaineer, engineer, grenadier, treasurer, 
 bursar or purser, equerry, oordwainer; and perhaps archer and tinner 
 (sTANNiRiijs,) but not weaver, drinker, Ac. 
 
 -ARy, -EE.y, -ORy, n. of place; that which. 
 
 [Gr. -ijpio^,'' -6pu>pj'> -AR-iuM," ERiBir,^ -6Ri5M,° -are.' Ital., Sp. -ar, 
 -ario, -eria, -orio; Pr. -oir, -oire. Dan. -rie; Ser. -erei, -elei. Hindoo- 
 stanee -ar, as in Ion ealt, lon-ar a salt pit. See -AK- formative, and I 
 formative.] 
 
 cemetery' xot/iijriy'yot'ov a sleeping place, (xotfia'm I put 
 to sleep, I calm; xara-xoi/naui, to set (^ara) down to sleep; 
 whence catacomb. See CAVA-.') 
 
 emporium"'' " a place of deposit, (nopeotu I transport.) 
 
 mystery'' '' something kept concealed; fivw to shut up; 
 /xviio, (future fiurjam,) to instruct in hidden knowledge; 
 fwtTTrjp (see -tor) a mystic, cautery' see -S-. 
 
 aviary," a place for (AVIS, pi. AVES) birds. 
 
 magistery and ma..stery'' the place or power of a 
 master; but imperiu" makes empire. 
 
 altar,' L. noun ALTARE, agreeing with a neuter adjective 
 form; from altus high. (See collar, under -ar, a., n.) 
 
 berbarlam aqnarinm calend-ar° library apiary grranary 
 and gr«">S« dormitory dispensary almonry and ambry 
 refectory confectionary dictionary grlossary itinerary 
 diary estuary promontory armory" laver" vestry'' frontier 
 reserv-olr parl-or orat^orlo anditorlnm columbarium 
 
120 SUFFIXES -AED 
 
 Obs. Its use is extended to nursery, brevfery, colliery, dower, refinery, 
 chafery, foundry, smithery or smithy, fishery, seuUery, buttery, pillory, 
 lottery, hostelry, quarry, Ac. 
 
 Caravansary is a heteronym of the Persian and Arabic 'oarwau' a 
 traveling body, and 'sura' a bouse. Ivory, Lat. £bvb, gen. ebqbi-s. 
 
 -ard, n. one who; that which. 
 
 [Ital. -ardo; Sp. -arde, -arte, -ardo; Port, -art, •arde; Fr. -ard, -arde. 
 Ger. (-hart,) -art, -ert; Belg. -aard. Ger. art, Belg. aard a kind; akin to 
 Latin aes (gen. AKTifs,) art, faculty, quality. Old high Ger. adj. hart 
 hard; adv. harto, harte, much, very, vehemently; as in the proper namea 
 Adelhart (or -hard) one who is very noble,* Erhart, one with much 
 honor; Keginhart, whence Eeinhart and reynard, from regin counsel. 
 The masculine suffix -er, as in hunt-er, has been confounded with -art and 
 -hart, as in (the German reioh rich, whence the names) Reicher, Eeichert, 
 Beichhard; or in stand-ard (for stand-er) as distinguished from standard 
 a banner, derived from exietid. Similarly, Belgian -er, -aar, an inhabitant, 
 has taken -d in Spanjaard a native of Spain; English lanyard, Fr. lanijre 
 a long 8trap.'\ 
 
 drnnkard one who has the habit of being drunk- 
 placard, itXa-^ a plate, Belg. plakken to stick' up, 
 
 plakkaat a proclamation, balliard, from 'haul.' 
 
 gurnard, as if horn-ard, from the bony head. (Welsh 
 
 pengernyn horn-head.') 
 
 billiards a play with balls. (Fr. bille an ivory ball; Flem- 
 ish 'bikkel' a small bone, or die, used in the play of 'cockles.') 
 coward, (L. CAVdS, Ital. coda, Fr. queue a tailf) first 
 
 applied to timorous dogs, which indicate fear by drawing in 
 
 the tail, hazard, old Fr. hazart a dicer. 
 
 cockade (Fr. cocarde) an ornament originally like a 
 
 cook's comb. 
 
 Inbbard or Inbber, Belg. looper a runner, a vagabond; 
 
 hence landlubber, a contemptuous term for a landsman. 
 
 dnllard standard dotard slngg^ard niggard wizard 
 
 bnzzard braggart haggard mallard pilchard rampart 
 
 poUard scabbard poniard bayard lanyard halyard 
 
 Exceptions: bustard mustard orchard lizard leopard spikenard 
 
 steward. 
 
-ASS SUFFIXES 121 
 
 Halhert or halherd, Fr. haUebarde, Ger. hellebarde, Ital., Sp. labarda, 
 Kbaetian halumbardj from the German kelm u handle, and barte a 
 hroad~ax^ 
 
 Obs. 1. Mustard is oommonly referred to mfsttt"^ ardenSj but see M-.* 
 Obs. 2. In old high German^ the name hart is a woody mountain 
 (whence Hartz; Harz resin,) as in Lindhart linden-wood; Spehtea- 
 hartj Ger. Spessart tooodpeeker-foreat; flng, "^Speight ft woodpecker. 
 
 -AS, -IS, n. 
 
 [Gr. -Of, -IS. Irish -as, -se. See -AO.] 
 
 Boreas (Sopia<;, gen. -oD,) the north wind. 
 Dipsas (^St(/ioi(; gen. -ddu^,') a genus of serpents. 
 pancreas (gen. -aroj) Atlas (gen. -ayTo?) 
 erysipelas (gen. -aro^') canvas (zai/va/Jt? hemp.) 
 These give the adjective forms pancreatic, Atlantic, 
 
 and erysipelatous. 
 
 Xiphias {St^t'a^} the generic name of the sword-fish. 
 
 (^Si'yoz a sword, Situ, Suw to scrape.) 
 
 Huge ziffins, whom manners. efchew . . . 
 And greedy rofmarinesf with vifages deforme : 
 
 Sf enter, b]/:. z, canto 12, : 24. 
 
 Copperas, for copperose. See -ons. 
 
 Was is probably from oBlIqvUS oblique. — J. Thomson. 
 
 Reafon the byas turns from good to ill. 
 And Nero reigns a Titus, if he will. — Pope, 
 
 Alias (otherwise,) a Latin adverb. 
 
 Capias (you may take,) a Latin verb of the second person singular 
 number, used as an English noun. 
 
 [Italian angmentatire and deteriorative -accio, -accia; 'Fr. -as, -asse. 
 Akin to -AC-Eus.] 
 
 * Welsh ta t?uU extends, tar a pervaditig principle, tardd issue, has shallow, base, bas- 
 dardd wJiai is of base ffrowth. 
 
 f Searhorsea. The gloasary does not explain ziffiua and rosmarine, but 
 Richardaon quotes the latter line in illustratioa of the plant rosemary. 
 
 11 
 
122 suFPixES -ATe 
 
 cutlass, Italian odltellaccio (a large or bad knife,) from 
 the Latin cultellus a small (cUlter) knife or 'coulter.' 
 
 crevasse (Fr.) a large break, (crepo, to break, burst j 
 Ital. crepaccio (-aocia) a large break or opening.) 
 
 matrass a chemical Tessel shaped like (matara) a Gallic 
 javelin, cuirass see -ACeous and Obs. 
 
 pinnace, Er. pinasse, Ital. pinaccia, Sp. pinaza, from 
 PINUS a fir tree, a ship. — Diez. 
 
 mattress mornss embarrass calabasb (Fr. caleba^se.) 
 
 Carcass is an exception. 
 
 -ASM, n. See -ISM. 
 
 spasm an abnormal contraction of the muscles. {oTzdm I 
 draw, pull.) 
 
 -AS-T, n. -AS-T-IG, -S-T-IO, a. 
 
 [See -S- inflectional, -t-eb, Obs. 1, -IS-M, -IS-T.} 
 
 en-comi-ast he who gives (kJxtujj.tov) praise, or commends. 
 
 el-astic springing back. {iXauvai to move, extend.) 
 
 cau-stic see -S-. my-stic see -^S*-. 
 
 enthusiastic see -lO. 
 
 dom-estic pertaining, to (domtjs dd/io^') a house or a home. 
 
 Iconoclastic periphrastic ecclesiastic sarcastic plastic 
 pleonastic fantastic gpynmastlc pro-gno-stic cabalistic 
 
 -AT- See -AS, -AT-IC, -MA. 
 
 -ATe, -AT-, a. guality of; like; n. the person or thing that; 
 V. to make, &c. 
 
 [Latin adjectives, past participles, and supines, -at-cs," (-a, -u",) 
 -ET-Ss,'' -It-US," -OT-ns,* ut-tjs," -t-tjs,' -s-dsjS Ital. -to, -ta. Walla- 
 chian -at, -ut, -it; Fr. -at-, -ate, -ite, -U, -tie. Gothic -9s. Islandio 
 -dur, -tur. Welsh -t, -d, -aid, -aidd ; Irish -ta, -te, -th, -the, -dha, -de, 
 -t. English -ade, -ate, -et, -ete, -ite, -at, -ute, -ed, -id, -d, -t, -te, -(y. 
 See ^ under -ade.] 
 
-ATe SUFFIXES 123 
 
 The Sanscrit forms of -ttts are -ta5, -ta5 (with the original vowel,) 
 -dhaS, as in ^ 
 
 DA to yive, dattXS given, Lat. dXtus whence date. 
 
 TAP to heatf TAPTA5 keatedf " tepidus tepid, 
 
 LOTf to appear, LOTfiiAS lucid, " lCcidus ludd. 
 
 STABH toyix, stubi>ha5 Hiff, dull, " stdpSEdds stupid.'] 
 
 advocate^ eaRed (ad) to; one called to plead a cause. 
 
 plicate plie-c^ or fold-e<£; v. to make folds or plications. 
 
 laureat, -ate" decked with laurel, as if laurel'd. 
 
 fac-t' anything (fa-CTU") done, se-lec-t chosen (sE-) 
 apart, fate what is 'spoken (hy the gods.) 
 
 Tote' (that which is vow'd;) choice by suffrage. 
 
 armed, Fr. arm^. army, Fr, arm^e, an armed (force.) 
 
 Used as adjectives — associate duplleate ornate striate Innate 
 roseate ovate cordate discrete cflTeteO complete obsolete 
 qui-et requisite poIite° remote'' acnte° astute minute 
 moro^eE abstrnses stric-t jns-t liones-t modes-t exenip-t 
 abrnp-t erec-t abjec-t beref-t righ-t 
 
 Souis elevate, angelic, wiDgM with fire . . . — Tmng, 
 
 Used as nouns — associate duplicate reprobate advocate 
 date rate certificate mandate consnliy« l^ate mag;istrate 
 triumvirate ag^reg^ate cerate veg^etate site dncat dig-it 
 gran-ite' trib-nte statute deposit and depot verdict relict 
 conflict sect insect district assignee^ fusees Fr. fus£e 
 jettry Fr. jet^e guarantee and ivarranty 
 
 Used as verbs — associate duplicate reprobate advocate 
 date rate medicate consolidate confiscate regulate 
 elucidate gyrate tabulate circulate stagnate veg-etate 
 complete inflec"t li^t 
 
 Holland's Plinie, 1635, has inneterat immoderat appropriat Bophisticat senat 
 infinit opposit, and the verbs intoxicat expectorat incorporat mitigat 
 
 Chocolate is the Mexican chocoUatl. 
 
 Termite n. Lat. terikes (pi. terhites, insects vulgarly termed white 
 ants,) is formed irregularly from the Latin plural. 
 
 Obs. 1. As the first Latin supine resembles the neuter nominative of 
 adjectives and participles in u"^, words derived from any of them may be 
 placed under the same head, as debt, which is equally contained in the 
 participle debitus, $ind the supine debitu'", from debeo I owe. 
 
124 stJFrixEs -ATe 
 
 Obs. 2. Votms like defrauded, dei^ided, deluded, etirtounded, grounded, 
 have indaoed the vulgar form drown-d-ed, whose iterative suffix is present 
 in English^ the -d of len-d being that of loan-d. Hence len-d-ed is 
 etymologicly equivalent to loan-d-ed, compac-t-ed to compack-ed-ed, 
 con-coo-t-ed to con-cooked-ed, deduc-t-ed to deduced-ed, proteo-t-ed to 
 pro-decked-ed, and gir-t-ed or gir-d-ed to gyr-ate-ate or gyr-ed-ed. 
 
 Bement-at-ed is in use, and eruc-t-at-ed occurs in the transactions of a 
 learned dociet^. Predestinate, Eom. 8 :30; predestinated, Ephes< 1 :11. 
 
 A box where fweets compacted lie. — Geo. Herbert^ born 159}. 
 
 And each lock fad the wall-compac-t-ed gate. — Pofg, 
 
 That foil, impregn-at-ed with nobler feed 
 Refufed the culture of fo rank a weed. — FaUetitn 
 
 Which, like a bud conipac-t-ed 
 
 Their purple cups cohtr&O-t-ed.-'—Southey, 
 
 Oba. 5. The older writers were more observant of the etymologic differ- 
 ence between verbs and participles^ as Chaucer, who uses the vei'hial formd 
 corrige (to correflf,) corrumpeth, corrumpable, delibere, dissimule, encor'* 
 poring — but he also uses enfeote and endite as verbs. 
 
 He became fo confufe, he conneth not loke. — ^Piers Plouhman, 
 I am fo confufe that I cannot fay. — Chaucer, 
 Sith firft inhabit was the lond.-^id. 
 Sal tartre, alcaly,4ind fait preparat 
 And combuft materes and coagulat. — id. 
 My joy is t f a ii fl a t e ful far in ejcile. — Id, 
 The wifdom of thofe arts < . * is degenerate Into chlldifli fophiftry.— -Button, 1625. 
 . . , be ye lift up, ye evdrlafting doors. — Psalm 24 zj. 
 . , . captivate with the mcaneft vanity. — Henry Hammond, 4764. 
 Well haft thou acquit thee. — Shaktsp, 
 With head uplift above the wave. — Milton, P. Loft, i JI95. 
 How complicate, how wonderful is man. — Toung. 
 Imaged the supreme beauty u n c r e a t e. — Ooleridge. 
 To glad and fertilise the s u b j ec t plains. — id. 
 Their fortimes are compact with mine ; — Aytoun, 
 
 Obs. 4. The following have been formed nearly thus; (but see Obs. 2 
 under -tli.) 
 
 have (havM) ha think (think't) tho't 
 
 do (do-ed) did may (may'd) mi't 
 
 will (will-ed) wou'd shall (shal'd) shou'd 
 
 bring (bring-ed) bro*t owe (ow'd) o'd, awt 
 
-AX BUiTIXES 125 
 
 -AT-IC; ET-IC, -OT-IG, -AD-IO, a., n. 
 
 [See -AS, -MA, T" deolonaional, T"" participial, and -AC] 
 
 pancreatic" pertaining to the pancreas. See -AS. 
 dramatic" see -MA. proplietic" athletic'' see t-eb. ' 
 
 energetic'' see T participial, sporadic see -AD. 
 
 asce'tie pertaining to (do-mjT^?- see t-er,) one who prac- 
 tices any exercise, (aaxiat to perform a work with care, to 
 train, to practice devotion.) 
 
 narcotic producing (ydpxrj) torpor. 
 
 hypnotic producing (uVko?) sleep. 
 
 -AT-ILe, -AT-IL-, -T-IL-, a. 1. capable of —ing; 
 2. pertaining to. 
 
 [-ATe and -AL; as in m., f., ham-at-il-is, neut. HiJi-lT-lfL-B like or 
 with a (hamus) hook; hXii-at-5s hooked, tbrs-atius apt to turn, that 
 turns, turning; VERS-ATILIS that may be turned, capable of being turned.'\ 
 
 Tlbratile that may (vi-bro,) vibrate. 
 
 flnviatile pertaining to (eltjvius, pi. fluvii) rivers. 
 
 contractility dnctOe volatilisation ombratile versatile 
 
 Docile is for docible. 
 
 [A Frencli spelling of o, often preceded by e, and connected with an 
 original J.] 
 
 beaa (bSllds) beauty portmanteau bnreaa flambeau 
 
 -AX, -EX, -IX, -0X-, -TX, -X, n. 
 
 [Latin and Greek nouns (sometimea diminutives) in -X, -%, derived 
 from verbs, and inflecting in -C-, -G-. See -ACeous, -IX Obs. 2.] 
 
 climax 
 
 climac-teric 
 
 calx 
 
 oalo-ined 
 
 apex 
 
 apio-al 
 
 calyx 
 
 cSlye-nlate 
 
 index 
 
 indic-ate 
 
 codex 
 
 codicil 
 
 varix 
 
 varic-oae 
 
 belix 
 
 helical 
 
 vertex 
 
 vertie-al 
 
 cicatrix 
 
 cicatrice 
 
 vortex 
 
 vortio-ose 
 
 suex, xa'Xrj 
 
 , silio-ious 
 
 11* 
 
126 SUFFIXES -B 
 
 pbalanx pha^langes onyx onyohite 
 
 larynx laryngal plllox phlogistic 
 
 spbln-x pi. -xes, -ges append>ix pi. -ices, -ixes 
 
 cliallce pumice or poance larch lIrix Xapif tborax Siipi^ 
 tboracic moustactae^or mnstttsh jjtSara^ mystax nntr-icatiozi 
 Imbricate cortical radical 
 
 Borax, from the Arabic, has been adapted to these. 
 
 SyntaXf (for syntaxis) belongs to -SIS^ and paradox (-f la) to -S!A, 
 
 Obs. In some cases the -c is part of the root as in paradox (-fiflj) 
 equinoXf equinactial, auspice, index, indication. 
 
 -B-, -p., -v., -F, -U-, (-M.) 
 
 [Ss. BHU to he horn, to exist; iftv'-oj, to produce, have, get; Lat. ri-o, to 
 be, FU-i / have heen. Welsh -p, -f, -% h, as in gel-1 a shooting out, col-p 
 (Swed. kol-f ) a dart. Bohem. hon-iti to hunt, hon-ba the chase; sta-ti to 
 sta-nd, sta-w a stand; kri-ti to cover, kr-ow a roof; sitl to sow, sitba 
 (Coptic sit) seed. They appear in the Latin perfect and future indicatiye, 
 as XmaVi / have loved, lulBo / will love; and in -Bus," -PUS,'' -vus," 
 
 -BEH,'l -VEB,» -BUHD,' &C.] 
 
 mor-b-id (MORBUS disease, moeiob I die,) diseased, 
 tending towards death. 
 
 imp (Welsh,) a shoot, a scion, (im that is extreme.^ Welsh 
 gwy a fluid; gwy-f that yields, draws out; gwy-f-r Tri..re 
 
 ehir-p a chirring sound. sa..fe, sIlus n., SA'LVUS a. 
 
 gnl-f, x6X-Tzo(; a gulf, a deep holl-ow; xofA-of hollow, deep. 
 
 gulp, coLLtJ" the neck, gula the gull-et. 
 
 corpse," CORPUS a body. 
 
 corre servant corb snperb" acerb* garb garbage 
 cada-verous crabapple berb na-v-ig-at-ion harp scalp 
 sbelf sbelve olive saliva lava Calvnry Calvin oalf 
 belve hemp crisp" pnl-v-er-nl-ent plebeian bulb bleb 
 globe glebe grief belp yelp rasp crop sn-bulate 
 v-oca-bulary vestibule vibrate motive captive grave a. 
 con-splc-nous eon-tig-nous octave Octavius ellluvium 
 le-r-thanded° 
 
 Obs. 1. In limb (lJubus a border,) olamp, cramp, b, p, may be educed 
 trom m. 
 
-BLE sumxES 127 
 
 Obs. 2. From the affinity betireen b and m, some of the examples under 
 m may belong here. , 
 
 lu-b, a vessel with two handles, is from two and bear. 
 
 -B-ER, -BR-, n. 
 
 [Lat. -BER (gen, bri,) -bra ; -betm (gen. bri.) Perhaps akin to fero, 
 Ss. BHii to bear, but more probably -B-, and -er agential.] 
 
 •br-ious, -br-ious-ness, -br-ity, -br-ate, -br-at-ion, -br-ic-ate, 
 -br-ic-at-ion. 
 
 salD-br-ions bringing (sSlus) health. 
 vertebra (or verteber) plural vertebrsB, the bones of 
 the spinal column, (vertere to turn.) 
 
 fa-br-ic-ate (facere) to make, as a (rA..BER) workman. 
 
 Terebra a genus of shells. 
 
 iDgabrlons celebrity Incnbrate fibre or fiber 
 
 Obs. 1. September seventh, November ninth, December tenth (month 
 being understood,) are referred by Bopp to the Sanscrit vara period, 
 time; old Nordiah thris-var thrice. Hindoostanee (from Persian) bar, 
 war time, turn, as in sostvar manday. 
 
 Obs. 2. By the inductive influence of September, &c. the Wallachian 
 has the form Octombrie. In the name Beroaus, ber means son. 
 
 -BIL-ITy, n. See -ble, -Ty. 
 
 -ble, -BIL^, a. 1. that may he — ed; 2. worthy of; 
 3. capable of) A:, full of; 5. causing. 
 
 [See -AL. Lat. adj. m., f. -ab-il-is* (neut. -ab-il-e;) -eBrLis;* 
 -iBiLis;" -BiLia;* (ip-DLDs* n.; -bula' n.; eiilums n.; -pulum'' n.) Sp. 
 -able; Fr. -able; Ital. -bile, -evole. L is the adjective element, -is the 
 suffix for case-inflection, and gender, (see -US ;) and -AB the character- 
 istic portion, observable in habilis fit, habeo I have, uber full. Sanscrit 
 root ap to hold. ^ In some cases the b of -ble. cannot be distinguished 
 from -B-. Bopp refers -bilis, -bam, -bo, -bits, -bundus, to the Latin 
 root FD. Words in -ble are mostly based on verbs.] 
 
 flexible" 1, that may be (flexus) bent. 
 
128 SUFFIXES -BOE, 
 
 credible" 2, worthy of credit. 
 
 legible" (legere to read,) 3, capable of being read; 
 that may be read. 
 
 forcible 4, full of force, terrible" 5, causing terror. 
 
 tolerable 1, that may be borne. 
 
 stable" 3, (sta-bilis firm, sto I stand.) 
 
 stable,*^ (sto,) a standing place; a building for cattle. 
 
 notable'' and noble* 2, worthy to be (n6-tus) known. 
 
 laudable'- 2. soIuble>> 1. risible 5. commendable 2. In-sati- 
 able (satis enough,) not to be satis-fied borrible" 5. movable 1. 
 miserable" 2. culpable" 2. mutable" 1, i. venerable" 2. 
 
 memorable" 2. mutable" 1, 3, 4. disciple° he who is (discere) to 
 learn, fablc^ something (fa-ri) to tell. 
 Amiable (Xmabilis,) is a false form. 
 
 Obs. 1. This suffix is reduced to B when -ly follows, as in credi-b-ly, 
 tolera-b-ly, remarkably. 
 
 Obs. 2. The vowel which has disappeared from the unaccented syllable 
 -ble, has been retained by the accent in flexi-bil-ity, credi-bil-ity, 
 
 Obs. 3. For ramble, crumble, &c. see -L frequentative. For double, 
 treble, see -pie. 
 
 Obs. 4. Mistakable, remarkable, and others, are hibrids. 
 
 . futable to the aAs of our own minds, — T^ilkint, l668. 
 
 -bor, n. See -B. 
 
 [Persian -tar (u as Bng. v>s) Hebrew (from the Persian) -bar, as in 
 OIZBAR a treasurer; Gr. from anc. Pers. ydfa a treaaure. Ger., Dan., Swed. 
 -bar. Irish caraig a rock, creagmhar craggy, — mh as English u.] 
 
 hulver the holly, a tree of the genus ILEX. COLUBER a 
 genus of serpents; originally, a house snake, (cella a hut, a 
 cell.) 
 
 Sulphur, cinnabar, sinoper, caliber, are doubtful, or heteronymio. 
 
 Neighbor one living nigh ; Ger. nachbar, old high German nahkipuro ; 
 bur a dwelling, bau-en to build. 
 
 But inwardly he chawed his owne maw 
 
 At n c i b o r s weltb, that made him ever &d ; — Spemar. 
 
-C- SUFFIXES 129 
 
 -BKUM, n. 
 
 [Latin, in oerebktj™, which Prof. T. H. Key thinks was originally 
 equivalent to brain-ve«se^. Ger. hir-n tUb brain. See -BEK.] 
 
 candela'-bram the bearer or support of a (c^ndElX) 
 oandle; an ornamental branched candlestick. 
 
 cerebrum the principal part of the brain as distinguished 
 from the cerebellum. 
 
 -B-UND. See -B, -And. 
 moribund about to (morior) die; a dying person* 
 
 -C-, -G--, -CIN-, .GaJV-, genetic. 
 producing, having. 
 [Gr. yevvd &> to produce^ to become; yof-os, Lat. gen-us a Kli-rf.] 
 
 rnbi-c-und having (rub-Igo) redness. 
 
 vere-c-nnd diffident out of respect. (VERBOR to revere.) 
 
 fa-c-und eloquent, (for I speak, rlRi to speak.) 
 
 ludi-c-r-ons, lOdicer or LuyiCRUS (see -er, -r, a.) pro- 
 ducing (LtJDUS) sport. 
 
 medio-c-re occupying (mediu"") the middle; ablative 
 case MEDIO in the middle. 
 
 ratio-cin-ate to produce (ratio) reason. 
 
 vati-cin-ate to perform the function of a (vates) prophet. 
 
 Vatican a celebrated palace, library, and museum at Rome. 
 
 ballu-cin-ation a mental impression ("oA^Jo?, alius) 
 other than the correct one. pur-ge to make (purus) pure. 
 
 bydrogen producing (vdtap) water. 
 
 oxygen producing (SSv'i;') sour. 
 
 nitrogen a gas produced from nitre (nitrate of potash.) 
 
 sepnl-chre sepulcru" lar-ceny latrociniu". 
 
 -C- diminutive. 
 
 [See under -C-le, -ook, -k-in.] 
 
130 SUFFIXES -CH 
 
 -C- agential. 
 
 [Lat. Xoo I do, act; -o-ate, and -ca-tiou. See -IGt-.] 
 
 ubi-c-ation the state of being somewtere. (UBI wtere.) 
 claudication the act of halting or limping. 
 vellication a pulling out, as hair. (vSllo I pluck; 
 VEILICO I twitch, jerk out.) 
 
 fabrication altercation commnulcate varicose 
 
 Obs. 1. In vocation, location, plication, vacation, and others, c is part 
 of the primitive word. 
 
 Obs. 2. Prognost-ic-ation and sopbist-ic-ation have the adjective suffix 
 -IC ; and nutrication is from mutbix a nurse. 
 
 -ce, -cy, n. See -ace, -acy, -ance, -ty. 
 
 poli-ce, poli-cy, poli-ty something pertaining to (TrdXry) a city, and 
 (jToXt'rr/ff) a citizen. (ffoXr^ia a political society.) 
 
 fan-cy soe -S-IA. necromancy see -MANej. prophecy npo^priTSLa 
 see -ET. solstice solstitiu". potency potSntiI. niece neptis. 
 
 -ce, adverbial. See -s. 
 
 once (+ones) twice (twise, Stowe 1603) ttarlce (thrise, Bp. Hall) 
 wbence bence tbence since 
 
 The S participial of gatdEre, gaviSus su", to be glad, is present in 
 Provensal jau-z-ir, and English re-Joi-ce, but not in en-joy. 
 
 That to myn hcrt it was a rejoyfynge 
 To here thi vois ? — Chaucer, line 17178. 
 
 -ch, n. 
 
 percb a pole for fowls, (pert-ica; akin to pXrio, eero, 
 to bear.) See -AC. larch. lIrix XdpiS. 
 
 -ch, a. See -ly. 
 
 sn-cta, old Eng. swilke, swiche; Ger. so-leh; Go. sva-leiks to-Uhe. 
 wbi-cb, old Eng. whllke, Scotch quUk; Go. hvi-leiks who-like. 
 
-C-LE SUFFIXES 131 
 
 -clipe 
 
 sepnl-chre (sepulcru"') a place in which (sepelio,) to 
 bury. See -C-E-. 
 
 -C-le, -eel, -cal-, -cule, -cH, -cile, n. dim. 
 
 [Lat. (-UN-)C-UL-US,» -o-cL-rs* (-ul-a, -ul-d"',*) -cellus," -cillus,* 
 -CILIUM®. Ss. -CA, -ca5, -cu5. Pers. -aej Hindoostanee -k, -ja. Polish 
 -ik, -ek^ -ka; Bohem. -ik, -ek, -ka, -ko; Huss. -ko^ -ka. Swed. -unge. 
 "Welsh Agf -og; Gaelic -ag, -ach; Irish -ag, -og, as in bUle-og a small 
 (poLi-u^) leaf — (caol small.) Gr. -ixos, -af, -vf^, -if^, as in dvvvos a 
 tunny, Ovuva^ a little tunny; av'piri a pipe, whence Syrinx, Syringa, 
 syringe, from av'ptii I draw; lynx Xu/"f, from Xaw / see. ^ The re- 
 semblance of the Turkish -dzhik and -dzhiq is probably accidental.] 
 
 arti-cle'' a little (artus) joint; a clause; an agreement. 
 
 auricula, aoricle, a small (avris) ear; a plant; a shell. 
 
 per. .11, PERicuLtJ™ a trial, an ex-per-iment; danger. 
 
 mo-nkey" a beast shaped like a man. (HOMtJNCtJLTJS and 
 HOMUNCio (c as A,) a small homo, gen. homin-is, man.) 
 
 carbuncle* a small (carbo, gen. carbon-is) coal. 
 
 uncle*, AVUNCULUS, from Avusf an ancestor. 
 
 domicile" (domus a house,) a habitation, a place of abode. 
 
 peduncle, pedicle, and less properly pedicel the foot- 
 stalk of a plant or flower. (PEDO, gen. pedonis, broad-footed.) 
 
 Tiolon-cello often called cello (tshello,) a bass viol much 
 larger than a violin or tenor, but smaller than the violone or 
 double bass. 
 
 particle fascicle follicle cnticle pencil^ codicil'^ damsel 
 animalcnle ranuncnlns reticnle c«rpns-cnle, -cle, -cuLusi. 
 ossicle, -cuLtTU imgni-cal-ate fennel fceniculu™, Ital. finocchio. 
 
 Obs. 1. Icicle, ice, and Ang. gicel (c as k,) Ger. kegel a (cog) taper- 
 ing body, as a wedge or cone. 
 
 Obs. 2. In male, (Lat. mascttlcs a., from uls a male,) the ,sense is 
 augmentative. 
 
 * Prof. T. H. Key suggests that C of -x is diminutive in the. generic names C1M£X 
 hug, PULEX fiea, ctfl^x gTuU. 
 f This word may have had an inflexional n. 
 
132 SUFFIXES -D 
 
 -C-ous, a. quality. See -AC. 
 
 caducous (cXdo I fall,) having the quality of falling. 
 festocous like (festCca) straw. labricons slippery. 
 
 -C-R- 
 
 [Lat. nouns in -c-Ktr", -c-re; adjectives in -cbr, -okus, rCRis, ifitli 
 -G- genetic and -er agential.] 
 
 in-vola-cram or involucre, iuTOlucret or iuTolncel, 
 
 involving flower organs like bracts. 
 
 ludicrous (ludioer, LUDICRUS,) causing (ludus) sport. 
 sepulchre pnlchritude mediocre (iTEsiocRis) mediocrity 
 
 -C-UL-. See -acle, 
 
 es-c-ul-ent fit to be eaten. (ED-0, ES-U», to eatj ES-C-X 
 food.) 
 
 -C-UND, a. See -c-, -and. 
 
 -d, -t, n. that which (is.) 
 
 [See -ATe, -ed, -t. Irish -de, as in air over, air-de Jieight; -t, as 
 in agaraim to revenge, agar-t revenge, agar-th-ach vindictive. Welsh 
 gwy o liquid, gwyo to fiow, g'wae-d blood, gwy-th a cAanneZ.] 
 
 flood (Mood) that which flows, deed that which is done, seed «ow 
 cold cool g^ld yell-ow mead(-ow) mow third three lend t. loan 
 end, qnid chew gleed glow gilt give* bead Ang. heafod welt 
 weave blast blow 
 
 bud stnd sonnd thread nod build v. \rield v. ireald 
 or wald shield yield guild beard sward swarthy sivord 
 shade, shadow (o-vTa') tied and tigrtat fact, connterfelt, and 
 feat act pact cataract tract, treat aspect prefect sect 
 secret duct and conduit circuit Pict raft craft loft and 
 lift thrift shrift rift cleft theft tnft graft draught 
 draft drift shaft haft heft hilt float fleet ' sheet 
 slight bright plight flight fright might sight fight 
 
 * Similarly so (I give) proctuces dat e a given (point of time,) Persian d5rd a gif-t. 
 
-DEN SUFFIXES 133 
 
 hel^bt wlgbt welgrlit ft-elgtat yacbt thonght drongrtat 
 pleat plait biscuit credit deceit receipt exploit snit 
 fl^uit malt cobalt felt welt bolt bolt quaint saint 
 paint taint tint Joint point bart quart request mist 
 twist post ttost tbirst wrist wrest toast Just August 
 locust provost bost trust gust tbrust rust robust 
 bluster spout sprout salt silt start state soft spit r. 
 
 Ophicleid, a musioal instrument of the {^'s) serpent kind, provided 
 with (<tXsis, plural Khtiss) keys. 
 
 -D-, diminutive. 
 
 zo-di-ac a zone in the heavens marked by certain animal 
 constellations. (C«u-5iov a little Cfuox animal.) See Observar 
 tion under -let. 
 
 opWUian pertaining to serpents : a serpent. (^d(pt'diov a, 
 small 0^1^, genitive oift:o(; serpent.) 
 
 -D-, declensional. 
 
 [pBATS fraud, gen. FRATD-is of fraud. coR the core or hear-t, coRD-is 
 of the heart. This d is part of the base or crude form. See -AB-.^ 
 
 fi-aud land lapidary foot pedal custody bereditary 
 cordial pedagogue, an instructor of youth, (rraij a boy, gen, naid-is ; 
 'cEyoi I conduct; 2d aorist ijyayov.) 
 
 dar a holder, darl Jurisdiction. 
 
 [Persian words in common use in India.] 
 
 zemlnda'r a superintendent or holder of (Persian zamin) land. 
 zemindar! or zemindary the Jurisdiction of a zemindar. (Pro- 
 nounce € as in mutter, i in mien, a in arm, and u like oo.) 
 subabdar the governor of (Arab, subah) a province. 
 cbokcedar terrimdar killadar doifadar tnrrefdar foujdar 
 
 -den, n. 
 
 burden, bnrtben (jpopriov fardel,) formed from 'bear' 
 like growth from grow, with -en diminutive. 
 garden, a diminutive of hor-t-tjs. 
 
 12 
 
134 SUFFIXES -DER 
 
 gfOlden, a. -en made of, -d tliat which is, gol — (Lat. GihYVB, Sax. gelj 
 yell-ow. (Welsh, gole splendor; G-aelie galla hrightneaa/ ^X-tog the sunj 
 j(pK-h gall, a yellow secretion. _^^** sol.) 
 
 Linden is probably a plural. 
 
 / 
 
 -der, adv. 
 
 yonder, Goth, jains, {ekcT, ekcTv-t;, Keiv-rj,) in that place; jainar 
 there J jaind, jaindre thither. The -d is educed from -n adverbial, 
 and -er is that of -ter, a. 
 
 binder, (posterior,) is from the root of he-re, hi-ther, Ger. bin, with 
 -N adverbial. (Bopp regards the -n of hin as a petrified accusative case 
 sign.) 
 
 -dler, n. 
 
 [The participial and gerundive -and, with, the noun suf&x -er, giving 
 a more active signification to English nouns in -and, and a few others to 
 which this form bas been extended, often by the eduction of d from n. 
 This -der is not a Latin suffix.] 
 
 cullender an implement with whicli (colare) to strain. 
 
 lavender an aromatic plant used as a cosmetic (lav- 
 ANDO) in washing. 
 
 attainder, _^®*' tingo, tinctu™, to stain, detainder, ji^^ teneo, 
 TE'NTU™, to bold. prOTender, see vi-AND. remainder re-joinder, 
 JUNGO, JUNCTU™, to join, rudder row. ctaevender a chub, shoulder, 
 akin to scal-e. gatider, see -m. 
 
 murder, Ss. ME,, Lat. mor-ior, Pers. mur-den* to die; Ger. mor-den 
 to murder; Goth, maurflr, Fr. meurtre murder; Ss. mIra5, Gr. ^6pos (see 
 marasMTTS,) Lat. m5rs, Bohem. s-mrt death.f 
 
 Germander is a beteronym, from cham^drys, a low oaJS:-leaved plant, 
 X^/ifll on the earth, ipvs oak. 
 
 Elder (tree,) German holder, holunder, old high German bolan- 
 tar hollow tree. For cylinder, see -N- intensive. 
 
 Obs. In Greek names, -ander is from av^p a man, genitive dv6p6s, as in 
 Alexander, defending men. In botany it is equivalent to stamen or 
 anther, as in 'hexander* a plant with six stamens or six anthers. 
 
 * In Persian -den is infinitive, as in biirden to hear. 
 
 f Greek 0pords a mort-al, n losing its nasality, or /? is educed from It, as in 
 a-(iPpoTos, Sanscrit a-maraS im-mort-al, whence a-mbrosia. See AN-. 
 
-DOR SUFFIXES 135 
 
 -DO, -DIN-, n. 
 
 [Latin feminines in -do, gen. -din-is, nom. pi. din-es. ItaJ. -dine. 
 Akin to -T- participial, witli -N declensional,] 
 
 -din-ac-e-ous, -din-ari-an, -din-ary, -din-ate, -din-ous. 
 
 tere^do (repijSmv fern., from rspio), to bore,) that which 
 pierces; a boring shell- fish known as the ship- worm. 
 
 torpe^do a fish which causes torpor or numbness in those 
 who touch it; a contrivance for blowing up ships. 
 
 _ ure^do a blight, (tJRO, to burn, infest,) a genus of minute 
 parasitic fungi infesting living cereal plants, and known as 
 'rust' Uredo rubigo, and 'smut' Uredo segetum. 
 
 testn^do that which has (testa) a shell; a genus of land 
 tortoises; in antiquity, a defence made by joining shields. 
 
 vale-t-ud-inary, -ari-an pertaining to (valItudo) 
 health, or disease, (val-eo, to be well.) 
 
 Mncedo testn^ln-ate moltltii-din-oiis arnn-dln-ac-e'Ons 
 
 -dom, n. domain of; condition of; act of. 
 
 [Ang., old Frisian, Belg., Swed., Dan., -dom; Ger. -tAum, old Ger. 
 -torn. Ger. tAUm judgment^ Bng. doom. Grimm refers it to Lettish 
 nu-dom-at to diacriminate; Lithuanio duma deliberation, opinion. In old 
 high German it was rarely used as a prefix, as in tomphaffo priest-dom.'] 
 
 Christendom kingdom dnhedom martyrdom 
 
 TFisdom is the domain of (wit) knowledge, and freedom of the free. 
 
 tbraldom the condition of (Anglish Srssl) a slave. 
 
 Tct wifedome warns, — Spenser. 
 
 monkeydom, 
 
 Tigerdom, donkeydom, sunk into flunkeydom. — ' Punch.' 
 
 -doir, -dore, -door, n. 
 
 [-dor is the Spanish form of Latin -tor.] 
 
 corridor a covered passage way. (OtJrrere to run.) 
 matador a slayer. (Sp. matar, L. mactare to slay.) 
 
]36 SUFFIXES 
 
 -E 
 
 battledoor, Sp. batidor a striker. 
 ambassador, Spanish, from the Arabic. 
 stevedore he who stows a cargo ; from the root of stuff, ^ 
 Lat. STIPO I pack, cram. 
 
 But glimmering through the dusky corridore, 
 Another chequers o'er the ehadoVd floor. — Bjp'Ojh 
 
 -DOT- 
 sacer-dot-al pertaining to (sacer-dos) a priest. See 
 
 SACER. 
 
 -E, imperative. 
 
 [Latin imperative of the second person singular, as in tide see; dele 
 blot out; TALE fareweU.] 
 
 val-e-dic-t-ory a bidding farewell; a farewell oration. 
 (dico, DiCTtJ"", to say.) 
 
 -e, feminine 
 
 [The French -e feminine, used for masculihes, as quadrille, and femi- 
 nines, as bagatelle.] 
 
 due a. owed; that should be rendered, (debere, Fr. de- 
 voir to owe; participle masculine dfl, feminine due owed.') 
 
 iss-u-e V. to proceed, emit, result; n. a passing forth, 
 result, offspring, point in dispute. (ex-i-Re to go out; old 
 French iss-ir, participle issu, feminine issue, the -u being 
 a participial remnant of the Latin -tum.) 
 
 Or th' utmoU yffew of his own decay. . , . 
 
 But the fifl troupe moft horrible of hew . . . — Spenser. 
 
 avennc belle carte-blancbe g'anze Jonqnille parole 
 rue prude> programme (and program) clique hue (outcry) 
 cue and queue value valve fibre — dialogue tbeatre lucre 
 
 Profile is the French masculine noun prcfil, with I pronounced. Eye 
 ■was formerly a dissyllable. Ax is preferable to axe. Glue is for French 
 glu, andpufoe is for pouls, German puis. 
 
 Obs. Written English is subject to the freaks of lipogrammatism, in 
 
-E- SUFFIXES 137 
 
 forbidding certain letters to occupy their proper place. Thus 'v' must 
 not be doubled (except latterly in itawt/, a nut^igation or canal workman,) 
 nor must it occur final in spelling words like believe, cleave, heave, leave, 
 weave, sleeve, give, live, sieve, missive, salve, solve. Final *u' (formerly 
 confused with 'v') is also avoided, as in true, blue, glue, pursue, argue. 
 
 -E, neuter. 
 
 [Primarily neuter adjectives in -e, with the masculine and feminine 
 in -IS. See -AL.] 
 
 ratlon-al-e n. sim-il-e n. facile a. mobile a. volatile a. 
 
 -E, n. See -A. 
 
 acme syncope hyperbole apostrophe scene machine 
 ode systole diastole Calliope Penelope — conclave Agave 
 
 -E, adv. -?y. 
 
 [Latin adverbial -£, as in beste well, hale badly.'] 
 
 ben-e-TOlent kindly wishing; disposed to do good. 
 mal-e-volent mal-e-diction ben-e«foctor benefit beneficiary 
 
 -E-, -I-, -y, formative. 
 
 [-B-U3, -i-us, -^-us, (-1, -u™;) -i-ES; -n-b-fs. -e-os, -t-o^, -u-o^, 
 -ai-os, (-a, -ov,) -€-vs. Sp., Port, -la; Ital. -ia, -ajo; Fr. -ie. So. -ei (= i) 
 as in diup-ei depth. Get. -ie, -eL Sw., Dan. -L See -y, u. ^ 3, 4.] 
 
 Enrop-e^-an (EVROPA-E-US, svprniza-^-oq, tupatrzioi;, tupoiiz- 
 £-0(j) pertaining to Europe; a native of Europe. 
 
 Athen-i-an (idi^va-'i-og') pertaining to Athens, or to adir)v5. 
 Minerva. Atlien-e-nin a building devoted to literature. 
 
 Epicore^an (^ rrtz «'/)-£ i-o?) pertaining to Epicurus. 
 
 master-y, magi-ster-i-d"° the function or condition of a 
 master; superior power or skill. 
 
 nansea, vaua-i-a sickness from the motion of (vaD?) a ship. 
 
 vitreous composed of (vlTKfl") glass; glassy. 
 
 Obs. This -I- cannot always be separated from I genitive. 
 12« 
 
138 SUFFIXES -EE 
 
 ■nnsenm see -enin scoria oKiapia mania trachea aculeate 
 roseate eleg-y miser-y prog^eny pnoGEfi-i-ES series cong:erles 
 trochee rpoxaio; spondee anovieias apogee an6yzfjav 
 
 -ed, -d, -t, pp., a. made; having; did; was, &c. 
 
 [See -ATe, -A, -t. Latin -atus; old Pr. -ad; Aug. -t, -d, -ed, -id, 
 -od (as in lufod or gelufed loved, nacod naked, dypt dipped.) Old Eng. 
 -ed, -d, -t, -te, -de, -yd, -yde, -id, -yt-, -ud. Ger. -et, -t; Dan. -de, -t. 
 French participle past -te, -tie, -i, -Se, -i, -ie. Irish -the, -dha, as in 
 airg-im to spoil, airg-the spoiled, airg-the-ach a spoiler; aer air, aer-dha 
 airy. Welsh verb oedd was, did exist. Probably connected with Eng. 
 do, (Ss. nv to move,) of which di-d may be a reduplication, and done the 
 old German gedUan (from duan to do,) deprived of its prefix.] 
 
 vTOunded made round, bearded having a beard. . 
 
 ruined in the condition of a ruin. 
 
 prepared (PABATU"', Welsh pared,) made ready. 
 
 watered supplied with water. 
 
 pressed was under pressure. 
 
 horned (L. coRNtJTUs) whence hart (a deei;, i.e.) a 
 horned animal. 
 
 shod supplied with shoes, cold, gelid made cool. 
 
 mild wild old bald made staid laid right Just fit 
 apt fast Celt (pronounced kelt) gilded or gilt gird 
 
 By me was nothyng added ne mynufhyd. — Cdxfon, about 1481. 
 
 To let not others honour be defalle 
 
 Through countreyes wafie, and eke well edifyde, — Spenser. 
 
 A beam ethereal, fuUyM, and abforpt I 
 
 Tho' fuUyM, and dilhonourM, ftill divine! — IToung. 
 
 Obs. When past time is not in view, words in -en, -ed, may be regarded 
 as adjectives, as in hidd-en faults,* land-ed property; one possess-ed. — 
 -ed is also used to indicate past time in verbs — 
 
 And fmott and bitt, and kickt, and fcratcbt and rent, — Spenser. 
 
 Then paused, and look'd, and turn'd, and seem'd to watch. — Byron, 
 
 -ee, -ey, -y, n. one who; that which. 
 
 [See -ATe, -ed. French participial -6 masc, -ie fem., pronounced 
 with the true E of tliey, like the old English ee of Chaucer's freeltee 
 
-EL SUFFIXES 139 
 
 (firailty,) femininitee (womanhood,) auotoritee. But -Se is not always femi- 
 nine in French, pygm6o a dtoarf is masouline, and solidity is feminine.] 
 
 grantee one to whom something is granted. 
 
 guarantee, (Fr. participle past garanti warrant-ed,) the 
 person who wari-ants ; — sometimes used for the warranty. 
 
 trustee one specially trusted. ■ jury, Fr. jur6 swor-n. 
 
 causeway a heteronym of causey, Fr. chauss^e. 
 
 fosse (roDiO, rossC"", to dig,) a ditch, especially in forti- 
 fication. (Fr. foss6; hut fosse (a pit or grave) is com- 
 monly given.) 
 
 . . . funouniled by a fbfl^ half a mile in compa^. — P<caci#, 1738. 
 
 absentee legatee reftagee reteree assignee patentee 
 lessee legatee eonin>itt<?e firlcassee repartee meKe soiree 
 mortgagee cong# resume expose levy dory idley volley 
 
 Jonmey, originally a day's work or a day's travel, {as journee in 
 Chaucer;) Ital. giornata, &p. Jornada (J nearly as x,) Fr. journee; Lat. 
 DIES dayy DirRXUs done hif day. The meaning heing modified in English, 
 the phrase 'a day's journey' (really — a day's day's work) is proper. 
 Similarly, 'journeyman' has ceased to mean a worker hy the day. 
 
 futee (of a watch,) FiJsus a spindle. Fmee (a portfire,) Fr. fasi{, 
 Ital. focile, diminutive of Latin focus a hearth, a fire. 
 
 Grandee, Sp. grande, (a dissyllable.) Decree, decretu". Trochee, 
 spondee, and apogee belong to E formative. 
 
 Srahtnnn-ee (brahmaxi, with h pronounced, u as in far,) a female 
 brahman ; brafama-n, a priest of Brahma. 
 
 But who can mm the ftream of deflinee, * 
 
 Or break the chayne of ftrong neceffitee. 
 
 Which fafl is tyde 10 Jove's eternall feat ? — Sfnuir. 
 
 -eel, a. See -ILe. 
 
 genteel an nnetymologic spelling of qsntilis (gentile, gentle, jaunty.) 
 
 -el, n. See -al. 
 
 vowel Tooal. cbannel canal. 
 
 Obs. Hebrew has proper names in -Si, as Israel (Soldier of 6od;) 
 Mahalaleel (Praise of Ood;) Mehetabel (Blest of 6odj) Isbmael (Whom 
 God hears.) 
 
140 SUFFIXES -EN 
 
 -EL, n. dim. See -h, ^ 1. 
 kernel a small corn, laurel a small laykus. 
 
 -een. See -ene. 
 
 tureen, for terrene, (originally) an earthen vessel. 
 
 -eer, -ler, n. See -ARy, ^. 
 
 engineer one who contrives and adapts engines, originally 
 those of war. An engine-driver is not an engineer, for the 
 same reason that an organ-blower is not an organist. 
 
 farrier a sheer of horses; a veterinarian, (fekrarius 
 a. occupied with FERRtJ" iron.) 
 
 monntaineer auctioneer maleteer mnsbeteer privateer 
 pamphleteer volunteer gazetteer charioteer bombardier 
 grrenadier brigadier financier cavalier or chevalier (FreDch; 
 Ital. cavaliere) chandelier courier premier harrier tarrier 
 or terrier rapier grazier glazier clothier garreteer 
 
 Obs. This suffix is to some extent confused with -er, as in currier, 
 furrier, terrier, courtier, collier, drov(i)er, barrier (Fr. barriere,) career 
 (carriSre,) treasurer (Lat. thesZvrarius,) compeer (Lat. para equal.) 
 Chanticleer, the cle^ar singer. In aold-ier the suffix is for Welsh gwr a 
 man. Domineer, see -er, t. infinitive. 
 
 -en, part, present. See -ing. 
 
 [The genuine etymologic form of the English participle present, which 
 has been corrupted into -ing.] 
 
 barr-en, Ang. un-ber-ende (Luc 1 :7,) Gothic fem. participle nn- 
 bair-andei un/ntitfvlf not bearing. 
 
 fri-end, Goth, fri-jon to love, fri-jonds loving, a friend. 
 
 Curteia and wife, and wet doande, — Chaucer. 
 
 Hecome criand c. — id. 
 
 Soone as thofe glitter and armes lie did efpyc, — Spenser. 
 
-EN SUFFIXES 141 
 
 -en, a. made of, like. 
 
 [-iiKij, -Eiw;, -utos; -iNus; Sanscrit and Hindoostanee -in. Gothic 
 -eins; old Ger. -inj Ger. -en, -n; Welsh -in. See -AN.] 
 
 eartlien made of earth; eartliy having the qualities of 
 earth; eartUy like (pertaining to, having the accidents of) 
 earth, crimsou (Ital. cremesino) of kermes. 
 
 gulden woollen flaxen leatber-n oaken liempen silken 
 beeehen oaten wheaten brazen leaden waxen wooden 
 
 Obs. 1. The nouns linen, satin, robin and iron probably belong here. 
 
 Obs. 2. The resemblance is accidental in Turkish, as in ivv>.J^ (atesh) 
 Jire; ..^a-wXj1 (ateshin) of Jire, belonging to jire, where 'in' is the geni- 
 tive case sign. See note under N adverbial. 
 
 -en, V. to make, cause, add, use, &c. 
 
 [Sanscrit -axa^; Hindoostanee -^na, -na; Persian -en; Javanese -Sn. 
 Gr. (-oivu, -vvdi,) -£w; Doric -vv, -ev, Albanian -on. Welsh -ain. Go. 
 -an, -jan, -onj Ohg. -an, -on, -un, -en, -jan; Ang. -an, -on, -u, -ean, 
 -ian, -gan, -gean, -gian; Ger. -en. (The old Frisian -a, Norse -a, Sw. 
 -a, Dan. -e have lost the ji.) (Irish -im.) Old English -en, (-in, -ne 
 and -e,) as in to wondr-en, to tell-en, to riden, to berin, to doen, used by 
 Chaucer, but which must not be confounded with the old verbial plural, 
 as in the following example — 
 
 And smale foules maken melodie 
 
 That n e p e n al the night with open yhe. — Chauctr. 
 
 Infinitive mood signs akin to -ANT.] 
 
 war-n to cause to be-ware; to make a- ware. 
 
 ear-n, Ang. erian to plow. 
 
 dead-en to cause to become dead. (Flemish — een mensch 
 dooden, to-kill a man.) 
 
 monr-n, Lat. m<er-bo. b-nr-n, Lat. UEO, COM-Bmio. s-Iee-n g-low, 
 g-lea^m, Xaw I see. lear-n (lerin Chaucer.) happen listen dizen 
 sbnn dawn yawn (see -sp) fawn spawn drown tnm own 
 And grete trcfouris up to lainc. — Chaucer. 
 
 Obs. Belgio prefers /, as in laten, to German »», as in lasaen, Bng. 
 to let; and as t is often dropt in Saxon (as in mo..er mother, bra..er 
 brother,) laten is lo..en in Saxon, and these may have influenced the 
 English forms loan, lend, the last with d educed from re. 
 
142 suri-ixES -EN 
 
 ^ In the following, -en is used to form verbs from nouns and adjec- 
 tives, but they are not strictly infinitives. 
 
 strengthen to make strong, to add strength. 
 
 bolden wlilten fasten fatten madden moisten lengthen 
 Ilgbten frlgbten beigbten bearten gladden tbreaten 
 cheapen deepen dajrken reck-on (rek en (//laucer) beclc-on 
 
 -en, participle past. 
 
 [Anglish -en, -n; Ger. -en. Sanscrit past part, passive -naS, fern. 
 -NA, neut. -NA(. Akin to -en v., -an, -ant. This -en is a participial suffix 
 of Grimm's strong conjugation, in which the preterit is formed by a vowel 
 change, as in How, (preterit hlem,) blown, where the form of the weak 
 conjugation would be Mowed, growed, waked, cleaved, &o.'] 
 
 driven woven smitten cloven sbaben taken bidden 
 broken cbosen forgotten driven fallen forsaken slai-n 
 tor-n bee-n do-ne go-ne bor-ne tor-n — beaven leaven 
 
 Graven belongs to -ant. 
 
 -en, n. diminutive. 
 
 [Lat. -iNAj Ital. -ino, -ina. Gr. -tov. Gaelic, Irish, -an, -in, as in 
 dionn a hill, dionnan « little MIL Welsh -an, -en, -yn. Hindoostanee 
 -un. Heb. -on.] . 
 
 kitten a young cat. chicken a young chick. 
 cabin, Welsh caban, a small (Welsh oa-b) hut. 
 patten garden jerken (jerkin) muffin cordon carinate 
 careen, carina a keel, burden, bnrtben, see -den. 
 
 -jE7iV one. 
 
 hyph-en ('iipei/, 6Tzd h under-one,) a mark uniting the 
 letters of a written or printed word into one group. 
 
 -en, n. one. 
 
 [Welsh nouns are often collective, and are individualised by the diminu- 
 tive suffixes, masc. -yn, fem. -en, neut. -an, (perhaps influenced by the 
 numeral en one,) aa in rhos roBee, rhosyn w roae; yd com, yden a grain 
 
-END 
 
 SUFFIXES 143 
 
 0/ com; Sa, Jeans, ffaen a lean. This aooonnta for -en in hold-en; and 
 in I>erw-eii-t, from derw oak treea, d^r a male oak — whence Darby, often 
 spelt 'Derby,' but pronounced properly. W. gwlan wool, gwlanen 
 flannel, called flannen in some parts of England and the United States. 
 For goblin see -Un.] 
 
 kll-n, W. CO, cw, a rounding, a concavity, cwl what surrounds, a 
 kiln, cylyn a single kiln. 
 
 aspen, W. aethwydden, from aeth a point, gwydd trees, 
 
 -EN -IN-, n. 
 
 pect-in-ate comb-like, as the gills of fishes, (pecten a card 
 or comb, irixia to pick off wool, to card or comb; Lat. pe-c-t-o, 
 T intensive.) pollen dust from the stamens of plants. 
 
 unguent, UNGVEN and ungventu"' {t participial) some- 
 thing with which (ungo, UNGyo,) to anoint. 
 
 Latin glSten (collX glue; yXoi-dj clammy,) whence gint-ln-ons. 
 The primary idea of glue was general, of gluten special, as between a 
 clammy and an adhesive substance. 
 
 -en, -in, n. pi. 
 
 [Anglish (of the 2d declension) -an; German and old English -en. Per- 
 sian -an for living objects, as jtedeT father, peder^n fatherp. Welsh 
 -onj -ion. Irish, as in ceasd a quest-ion, pi. ceasdan. The resem- 
 blance to Aramaic, Chaldee and Syriac -ijn, -in, and Chippeway -an is 
 accidental.] 
 
 ox-en plural of ox. klne, old English plural of Anglish cu, cy cow. 
 ■weVixa (the clouds;) the concavity of the sky. '''eyen '''candlen 
 
 she found hircfelf and eke hire doughtren two. — Chauar, 
 
 Targum-ln, plural of targum, a Jewish paraphrase or interpretation of 
 the old Testament. A Chaldee word. 
 
 Obs. 1. Ghild-r-en is a surplnral. The plural childr is sometimes heard 
 among old people. 
 
 Obs. 2. The final -n of many English nouns cannot be distinguished 
 from the adjective forms -an -en, pai*ticipial -en, and -en diminutive. 
 
 -END, -ENDous. See -and. 
 
144 SUFFIXES -E-OUS 
 
 -ene, -een. See -en, -AN. 
 
 terrene pertaining to the (terra) earth. 
 tureen originally a vessel made of (terea) earth. Fr. 
 terrine an earthen vessel. 
 
 Damascene a native of Damascus. 
 Gerg^esenes Ctadarenes Hagarenes 
 
 -enger, n. 
 
 [Ctiefly due to -ger with n induced by the d of corrupt g or dzh, as in 
 Sellenger for St. Leger.] 
 
 messenger the bearer of ^ message. (French messager.) 
 pass-enger (Fr. passager.) pottinger and potager (Fr. potager.) 
 scavenger '''poUenger tinnrenger barblnger ^barlinger 
 
 -ENS, participle present. See -ant. 
 
 ut-ens-il something that may be used; an implement. 
 (tfT-OR to use; ut-ens using.) 
 
 -ENSio, a. pertaining to. 
 
 [The Latin guffix -ensis is confounded with others in English.] 
 
 forensic (porensIs) pertaining to the FORtJ" or court. 
 castrensian belonging to (ca'stra) a camp. 
 XthenIensis, CARTHAGiNilNsis, pertaining to Athens, to 
 Carthage. 
 
 -E-ous, a. formed hy; made of; like; -y-. 
 [E formatiTe, and -ous. Bas^d on nouns.] 
 
 cbalceous of or like {•/akxbq') brass. 
 igneous, iqneus formed by (ignis) fire. Lava (an igne- 
 ous rock) is due to igneous agency, i.e. the agency of fire. 
 ligneous formed of (LiGNtJ"") wood;i woody. 
 terreous of earth, ochreous of the nature of ochre. 
 
-ER SUFFIXES 145 
 
 capreons flammeoas membraneous vitreous aqueous 
 elnereons osseous snipbureous tartareous grramineons 
 
 Obs. plenteous, beauteous, courteous, piteous, bounteous, &o. are false 
 forms in -ons. Righteous belongs to -ways. 
 
 -er, V. frequentative. 
 
 [Heteronymio, partly akin to frequentative -L in wrangle, wriggle, 
 gabble, gibber, (often used to prevent its repetition, as in bewilder, which 
 has already an I, as^di prattle, which has an r,) and partly to -er infinitive. 
 Some examples cannot be discriminated from the latter; nor from nouns 
 in -ER used as verbs.] 
 
 wander wend scatter 4- shed waver wave 
 
 batter beat stasS^' sta% falter fail 
 
 patter pat clamber climb welter wallow 
 
 linger long bicker pick slumber sleep 
 
 bewilder wild cbatter chat flicker 4-fly 
 
 flutter whisper stanuner flounder whimper simper 
 simmer shudder tvpitter spatter sputter sp-1-utter slippery 
 
 Obs. In KTorse, -r indicated the nominative case masculine gender of 
 noons and adjectives, as in dagr day, dair dale, elgr elk, kalfr calf, rettr 
 right, stormr storm, scetr sweet, kaldr cold, diupr deep, enskr English, 
 fullr full. 
 
 -er, V. infinitive. 
 
 [Latin Infinitive sign of the 1st conjugation -Z-re; 2d -b-rb; 3d 
 -b-rb; 4th -i-re; old Fr. -ee; Fr. er, -IE. Ital. -are, -ere (mostly short,) 
 -ire. Wallachian -are, -ere. German -ir-en.] 
 
 rend-er beddbre measure metibb domineer sominarb 
 ponder sunder smoulder smother flatter banter 
 hamper founder cower 
 
 Tol-er-ate, oonsid-er, reoup-er-ate, belong to -r- formative. 
 
 -EE, -R, adjectival. 
 
 [Adjectives in -er, -r, -e-us, -ris, -rip, -pos, -pt- Sanscrit -ka5. 
 Akin to -rs.] 
 
 eag-er, vineg-ar, ac-i>id; Lat. ac-er (c as h,) or acris sharp, keen. 
 meag-re uacbr miserable miser a. prosperous prosper poo..r 
 PATPEE aus-t-ere austerity. See -RoUS. 
 
 13 
 
146 SUFFIXES -EK 
 
 tender slender Umber Integer or entl.,re nent-er or 
 n-eitli-er otta-er vesper asper celeb-rated alac-rity celerity 
 salubrity liberty eqnestrian Ind-lc-rous dex-t-r-ous sac-red 
 — ^bitber tbltber wblttaer — inner outer upper over after 
 
 -er, -OR, -lOR, a. more. 
 
 [Lat. -ins, -lOR. Sanscrit -ijas (j as English y.) Ang. -er, -ere, -ar, 
 -sere, -ir, -or, -ur, -yr; Dan. -ere; Ohg. -or, as in fer far, tenor farther, 
 ferrost fartheBt.l 
 
 smaller larg^er fartber senior Junior superior major 
 minor meliorate deterioration ulterior '''ofter better viser 
 
 And they the "wiser, friendlier few confest 
 They deem'd him better than his air exprest. 
 
 Byrotiy Lara I. vii. 
 
 Obs. The oomparatire sign TPas originally S, as in less, least; worse, 
 worst. 
 
 -ER-, -OB.-, n., a. declensional. 
 
 [Lat. -EB-is,* -OR-is," -uR-is," genitive ease signs in the 3d declension. 
 See -B declensional.] 
 
 itin-er-ary, It-er a going, gen. itineris. fl©" EO. 
 piilT-er-nI-ent,° PULVis dust, gen. PtJLV-EUis of dust. 
 in-cin-er-ate, cin-er-ary, cind-er, CINIS' ashes. 
 cncnmber, CUCUMIS". federate, FCEDiJs' a compact. 
 flower, flo-r-al, FLOS." telluric, tellus" the earth. 
 femoral, femur'' the thigh, gen. femoris or feminIs. 
 
 -ER, -R, -OR, -UR, -oir, -re, n. agential. 
 
 [Lat. -ER,* -OB,'' -UR," -ERA,* -ORA,° -UEA.' Gr. -aft -<i)p,- -dp, -vp, 
 
 -ijf, -eCj; mostly passive nouns. Akin to -E- formative, and to nouns in 
 -S. Ital. -ere, -ore; !Pr. -re, -oir, -eur, -er, -dre, -erre. Go. -arja; 
 Anglish -ere; old Eng. -er, -our; Sw. -are, -ar, -er; German, and Banish 
 -er. Polish -arz. Irish -aire. Welsh -ar, -awr, -wr, -ur, -or.] 
 
 Obs. English -er is used indifferently for active nouns, as defender, 
 feeder, jailer, lover, robber; or paaaive ones, as tinder, fender, rudder, 
 counter, hammer, beaker, pitcher, ladder, dollar, order, saucer, fodder. 
 
-BE SUFFIXES 147 
 
 prisoner, widower, stranger, Hollander, member, owner, and for utetiBili 
 when distinguished from peratmsy as ruler, scraper, roller, stamper, digger, 
 boiler, rubber, piercer, skimmer, feeder, plunger, slider, pounder, wringer. 
 
 compiler he who compiles. 
 
 Even the abridge^, compiler, and tranflator, though their labours cannot be ranked with 
 thofe of the diurnal hiftoriograpber, yet muil not be raflily doomed to annihilation. 
 
 Dr. Jdhnnn^ Rambler, AuguA 6, 1751. 
 
 a-ir, aerial that which blows, (aw, to blow.) 
 etiier, aldijp the bright upper sky, from its supposed 
 quality of biiming. (atdtu, to burn.) 
 
 gore, W. gwy a liquid; gwy-ar that flows, gore. 
 
 conlter culter cbamber cImerI'^ anclior IncorX CafKvpS) 
 pepper (piper nmepi) snlplmr (sulpur or suLFiJR) copper (cupRii") 
 gattaral° and goitre falgaration im-teg^er vesper Incifer 
 arbiter nectar fUrap martyr ftaprop exaggerate" illiterate^ 
 agriculture* marmar*^ crater incarcerate'^ Iterative'^ tuber" 
 cadaverous" arboreal* ministerial' exuberance* reverberate" 
 vlper^ figure' lib-r-ari-an liberty generic* and gender 
 cancer* and canker puerile femoral^ — rudder pltcber coffer 
 weatber sbower leatber featber udder ledger girder adder 
 salamander conger ginger beaver otter clover badger 
 border finger lever sliver dodder pewter muster prayer 
 slumber cider stair lair pliers pinchers wl-seac-er boor 
 
 Obs. 2. The following are under false spellings — ^liar beggar pillar 
 poplar manor sailor demeanor memoir goitre acre theatre theater 
 6idTpov, See -ar, n. 
 
 Obs. .3. Some of these are equally nouns and verbs, as plunder cumber 
 fetter hammer slur clatter; and the frequentatives — quiver shiver Ac. 
 
 Obs. 4. In Belgian -er (Ang. -ere) is masculine, and -ster (Ang. -stre) 
 feminine, as in spinner spinster, zanger zangster. The German hdcken 
 to squat, to sit about, to take upon the back, gives the English (mascu- 
 line) forms havjker and (feminin^ huckster; also, to hatch, to sit on the 
 (haunch-«s or) hunk-ers, namely, like a huckster beside her wares; and 
 hunker, one who keeps sitting In the same place; hence, in America, a 
 politician who will not desert established principles. 
 
 Obs. 5. The Semitic languages have an analogous suffix, as in Heb. 
 n£f£r, Arab, nasr, Syriac n£f ora, Ethiopic nascrc, an eagle. Arabic 
 khandjar a large knife, whence hanger a kind of sword, usually but 
 improperly referred to hang. 
 
 Obs. 6. This termination is commonly considered of the masculine 
 gender when applied to persons, but it is sometimes used for both sexes. 
 
148 SUFFIXES -ERN 
 
 as in author, lover, and swinger (she who swings, Spectator, Sep- 
 tember 24, 1712.) 
 
 One fees in it the expoltulation of a diglited lover, tlic refeutments of an injured 
 woman, and the forrowa of an imprifo;ied queen. — Addiim^ Speftator, June 5, 171a. 
 
 Larder and ewer belong to -ary, n. 
 
 Saucer, denier, purser, and perhaps ealver, belong to -ar.'> 
 
 Jasper is for iaspis. 
 
 Gander is regularly formed from xS" a goose, d being educed, and the 
 masculine -er added. Or, d is transmuted from » of the German gans, 
 Latin Insee, Sanscrit hansas. See -N intensive. 
 
 Younlcer is the Belgian jonker, jonkheer, composed oi jong and heer, 
 equivalent to young gentleman. 
 
 -er, n.pl. 
 
 Isemmergeir the vulture of the Alps. (Grerman lamm 
 lamb, lammer or Isemmer lambs; geier vulture.) 
 cbild-r-en, see -en pi., Obs. 1. 
 
 -er, n. masculine. 
 
 cat-er-waiil the (sq)ueal or howl of (Belgian and Ger- 
 man kater) a male cat. 
 
 -ern, a. toward or in. 
 
 [This suffix is essentially due'to the use of both -r and -n, as observed 
 in the Norse norCr the north, northward; nor « an of, or from the 
 north; Danish ost east; oster, adv. eastward; osten, adj. eastern. Old 
 high German has sund, sundert, sundar, sundan, the south, souths 
 sundroni the south wind; sundirin (Anglish suBern) southern.^ 
 
 eastern western northern sontbern 
 
 -ERN, n. 
 
 [Latin n., a. -EE-UTrs," fem. -eena;'' Greek -cpv.J 
 
 cav-crn'' a place (cXvBs) hollow or excavated. 
 la(n)tern^ sub-altern^ cistern^ tavern tabernacle^ modem 
 postern slattern quartern bittern blekern 
 
 govern v. gubebno, Kiffepuda, (primarily) to guide a (K'YfiBri) canoe. 
 
-ESCe stiiTiXES 149 
 
 -ERNITy, n. See ur-n. 
 
 -ery, n. See -ARy, -Ry. 
 
 [A form induced by -ARy, -ERy, u., and applied as in thievery, Ger. 
 dieberei; lottery, Fr. loterie.] 
 
 -ES, n. singular. 
 
 con-gep-I-es, a mass formed by bringing together its com- 
 ponent parts. (CONQERO I bring together.) 
 
 ser-i-es a row or line the parts of which are in connection 
 or succession. (SERO I connect.) iso-sceles, adj. berpes 
 
 spec-i-es, (SPEC-IQ I see.) dermestes, see T-ES. caries 
 
 Eermes is Arabic, on a Sanscrit base. 
 
 -ES, n. plural. See -s. 
 
 apices, pi. of apex, pleiades, see -AD. aphides, pi. 
 of aphis, ephemerides, pi. of ephemeris. apsides, pi. of 
 apsis, cantharides, pi. of cantharis. irides, pi. of iris. 
 
 The following have the singular in -is. axes fasces bases crises 
 Pisces theses ellipses amanuenses metamorptaoses analyses 
 syntbeses empbases pbrases pbases synopses bypotbcses 
 
 -es', n. possessive. See -'s. 
 
 ESCe, V. to become. -ESC-ent, a. hecoming. 
 ESC-ence, n. state of hecoming. 
 
 [Sr. -oqK-, Ac. Lat. -Aso-, -esc-, -isc-, -so-. The force of these in- 
 ceptives is seen in 
 
 lIbo, to totter; laba'SCO, to begin to fall. 
 
 ALBEO, to be white; albe'SCO, to become white. 
 
 DOEMio, to sleep ; boemi-sco, to begin to ?leep. 
 
 HID, to gape, open; Hi'sco, to yawn. 
 
 FLORBO, to flower; flore'Sco, to flourish. 
 
 dSiebiy to grow; dXSanaOf to flourish.] 
 
 deliquesce (xlQvlsco) to become liquid. (lIqvIo to 
 be liquid.) 
 
 13» 
 
150 SUFFIXES -ESS 
 
 deliqnescence incipient liquidity; the state of becoming 
 liquid. 
 
 coalescent coniralescence acqalescence effervesce inean> 
 descent evanescent intnmescent crescent debiscent 
 adolescence jnvenescence reminiscence irascible irX anger. 
 nigrescent higer bla«k. 
 
 ^ 1. feverisli having some fever, bluish somewhat 
 blue. sweetisU somewhat sweet, modisb in the mode. 
 
 ^ 2. foolisli like (in the manner of) a fool. 
 
 fiendisb tliievlsb wolfisb selflsb dwarfisb slng;glsb 
 
 Obfl. 1. The -ess- in facbsso I cause, from FAcio I make, seems to be 
 a oorraption of the same form, 
 
 Obs. 2. -isc has become -ish (Kuss. -sky) as in Flem-ish, Scott-ish or 
 Soot-oh, Pol-ish, Welsh, Ac. Latin tevtISChs, Ital. ted-esc-o, Sp. 
 tudesco, Ft. tudesque, G-o. 6iotisk, old high G-erman thiudisk, Ang. 
 deodisc, Ban. tydsk, Belg. duitsch, Ger. deutsoh, Eng. 'Dutch/ le. 
 teut-onic or German, from diot people. Ang. deniso Danish; denisca 
 a Dane. 
 
 Obs. 3. The suffis -ish (Ger. -isoh) is partly due to -ic, as in hispani- 
 ous Span-ish. 
 
 Obs. 4. In Russian geographical names, -sk indicates place, as in 
 Krfisndborsk, from kr&sno red, bor forest. Smolensk, from smSlE' pitch, 
 
 •ese, a. pertaining to; n. a native of. 
 
 [Ital. -ese. Akin to -esoe, Obs. 2; and to -ensis the Latin sufSx of 
 place.] 
 
 Maltese Tyrolese Cbinese Portuguese Milanese 
 
 -esqne, a., n. manner, like. 
 
 [The French spelling of -esc, Ital. -esco. See -esce, Obs. 2.] 
 
 moresqne or morisco in the Moorish manner. 
 
 picturesque like a picture. 
 
 arabesque grotesque bnrlesque romanesque 
 
 -ESS, n. fem. 
 
 [Fr. -esse, -euse, -ice; Ital. -ioA, -«8sa; Sp. -isa, -it; Port, -ii; "Welsh 
 s. Lat. -ix, -esbI. Gr. -W, -imro, as in irl/mts a Pertian, rcpci's a Per- 
 
-EST SUFFIXES 151 
 
 Bian woman; ieoTrdrjis a master^ SeaTT6ns a mietresa/ ifpws a hero, iipwt'oad. and 
 ripttii'vT) a heroine; Atl&ntia the dautjhter of Atl&a. Bohem. -ssi.] 
 
 abbess princess empress, laundress belress tigress 
 p]-alce p-LAT-BSSA a f-lat fish. 
 
 Talbot suggests that dormouae may be from the French la dorm-euso 
 the eleeper. 
 
 -ess, -esse, -es, n. See -ice. 
 
 [Fr. -esse; It. -ezza, -izia. Lat. -itia," -itas,' &c. It may include 
 Bohem. -ez, -iz-na, — the e as in English.] 
 
 duress" fortress finesse larg;ess'> prowess*' distress wages 
 rlcbes ('*'riebesse) promise '^feblesse '''bumblesse '''slmplesse 
 
 To fiondin forthe in foche dureife 
 
 This cruiltc and wickidneff^ — Chaucer, 
 
 Thcr richis was ther old fervife. — id. 
 
 To fill his bags, and richcfle to compare ; — Spinier. 
 
 Burgees, Ir. buirgeiseaoh, bruigeis, from brug a town. 
 
 Obs. In mattress, buttress, trellis, the suffix is heterogeneous. 
 
 -est, a. most. 
 
 [Sanscrit -i9tha5 (-a, -a,;) -urns, {-a, -oi>.) Anglish -ast, -tiste, -seat, 
 -est, -ist, -est, -ust, -yst. The sign of the superlative degree,, as in 
 fuy-ioro^ biqg-eat, GeKr-itrros, do. batists, Ang. betst best. The original sign 
 of the comparative degree being s, the superlative was formed by adding 
 t. The « which afterwards fell into r was (English) z in Gothic, as in 
 aldiza older, sutiza sweeter.] 
 
 Some of the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of 'nigh' are 
 as follows, the English having the greatest resemblance to the North 
 Friesian — ^being identic in the positive and comparative. 
 
 nahist 
 
 nehst 
 
 naestr 
 
 nest 
 
 naist 
 
 Old Saxon 
 
 na 
 
 nahor 
 
 Anglish 
 
 neah 
 
 ne-ar 
 
 lalandic 
 
 na 
 
 naerri 
 
 Old Frisian 
 
 ni 
 
 qiar 
 
 North Friesian 
 
 nai 
 
 najer 
 
 English 
 
 nigh 
 
 nigfAer 
 
 
 nigh, near 
 
 ne-ar-er 
 
 nearest 
 From near comes nigheTf because the rowel of the former is older than 
 
152 SUFFIXES -EST 
 
 the diphthong of the latter. The superlative is nearest, nighest, next, the 
 last from a form allied to nigh, with a distinct guttural. The Zend (an- 
 cient Persian) form of nighest is nazdista, showing the loss of the gut- 
 tural as early as 1500 years before the Christian era. Chaucer uses hext 
 for highest, showing the presence of a cai/ — 
 
 For the firll apple and the hext 
 Which ygrowith unto you next. 
 
 first as if fore-est,; advanced before all others. (Danish. 
 forst, Ang. fyrst, Persian fir is t, Gr <pipi<!To<; and izpm- 
 TtoToq. Norse fiarr far, firri farther, firstr farthest, 
 naerst nearest. 
 
 whitest hardest fallest soonefst ntm-ost mo-st wor-st 
 
 The worft and moft dangerous thing euery way that can be in all the courfe of 
 our life, is ExcelTe and Superfluity, — E^land^ Plinle, b. IZ, ch. 54, 1635. 
 
 Obs. 1. In German, first is erst, from eh before (with h silent,) 
 eher formerly, whence 'ere' and *erst,' but not €'er ever. The German 
 Ffirst is a Prince, whence perhaps the proper name Forest may be in part 
 derived; and Forester from Vorsteher (A silent, v && f, really u. fore- 
 stander,) a "Warden. 
 
 Obs. 2, The use of -est with polysyllables is inelegant, as in fugitivest, 
 vehementest, violentest, used by Boyle, 1675. 
 
 The ordinarieft, courfcft, hard-favouredft temptation that tney can fee. — John Hammond, 
 D.D., Woriij, 1764. , . . rhetoricaU'ft . . . impoffiblell . . . decrepitell . . —Id. 
 
 Dunluce Caflle is without any exception the grandeft romanticeft and swfulell fea-kings 
 caftle in broad Europe. — Ld, John Manners. 
 
 -EST, a., n. See -d, -t, -ty. 
 
 [Lat. -Ss-T-cs' adj.; -es-t-as'' n. ; -Ss-T-lc-Ss adj. t participial.] 
 
 est-ic, -ic-ally, -ic-ate, -ic-at-ion, -ic-at-or, -ic-it-y, -u-ous, -ly. 
 
 modesf according to (MODUS) mode or propriety. 
 honest' according to (honor, honos,) honor, 
 domestic pertaining to the (domtis) house or home, 
 tempest'' honesty<> nu^estyb (saci-isty amnesty interest) 
 
 Harvest, old Ger, herpist; Kapni^u, to collect (Kapirds) fruit, — Grimm. 
 Earnest, Welsh er an. impulse fonoard; ern, m, what serves to drive 
 on; ern-es, f. earnest*money. 
 
-ET STJPPIXES 153 
 
 -ET, -ETE, -ITE, -IT, -OT, -T, n. 
 he who; that which. 
 
 [The agent or aotor. ->irrit;» -eta, -itI, -itas; -iriu,'' neut. -itoi'. Fr. 
 -ete. See T-OR, -ITE, and T participial.] 
 
 propIiet° he who foretells, (po'w I tell.) izpotpriTii; a 
 prophetess, acrobat a rope-dancer. 
 
 poet idiot despot atblete ancboret bermlt comet'' 
 planet diet dr'atra. epitbet tizX'BtTov, 
 
 -et, -ette, -etto, -etta, -otte, -t, n. small. 
 
 [Pr. -et, -ette; Ital. -etto, -etta, -ita; Sp. -eta, -ita.] 
 
 bnllet, pellet, a small ball, pallet a small (Fr. poule) 
 hen. poultry turret a small tower. 
 
 mignonette a little (Fr. mignonne) favorit (flower.) 
 locket casket facet mallet lancet batcbet ear-t rosette 
 violet Is-I-et eye-l-et stylet egret pnppet cruet crotcbet 
 lappet leveret cygnet signet cabinet coronet skillet 
 backet (-ket) bonqnet bndget gullet plununet wallet 
 mnl-et^eer sonn-ett>eer palette lunette gazette Harriet 
 Henri-etta bnrletta Cbarl-otte stll-etto palm-etto cavetto 
 gibbet belmet target garret mlnnet banquet paroquet 
 
 et, n. 
 
 freshet a flood in a river, cricket a noisy insect. 
 musket bayonet triplet gorget brocket pricket suet 
 ferret bornet racket russet velvet sarcenet carpet 
 
 Thicket, Grerman dickicht, dickigt, belongs to -IC, and T participial. 
 It is not from thicked as Richardson has it. 
 Trivet is a form of tripod. 
 
 Owlet is from Fr. Anlotte, which is applied to a large species. 
 Dulcet is from dulcis sweet, dulcbdo sweetness. 
 Basket, see M-. Chatet, see -t. Market, garnet, i participial. 
 
 Obs. The -t of val-e« (vassal-et) and bouqu-e( having disappeared, the 
 e alone remains as the representative of -et. 
 
154 SUFFIXES -FIC 
 
 -ET-IC, a. See -AT-IC. 
 
 pro-ph-etic pertaining to one who foretells. 
 
 patbetic atbletic peripatetic emetic enei^etic lie'retie 
 
 -ET-UM, n. a place for or with. 
 
 rosetam (rosetu") a garden or plot for roses. 
 arboretmn. a plantation of ornamental trees. 
 
 [-£101', -aiovj -toy; -jEJm. Neuter adjective forms used as nouns. See 
 -E-, -I- formative.] 
 
 mase^nm (^fiaffelo-/) a temple of the muses. 
 lyce^m (Xuzsiov) Aristotle's school near the temple of the 
 Lycaean Apollo. 
 
 l»yp*se^-'"n (n ^^^ earth.) the underground parts of a 
 building, maasole^mii colise^nm colosse^nm 
 
 t 
 -enr, n. 
 [A French form of -OK, -EE, Ac] 
 grandeur haateajr connaissenjr amateur Ikrccar 
 
 -FERoas, a. bearing. 
 
 [-PBK-us ; ^(Mf. ^S~ FERO I bear.] 
 
 Inci-fer-oas bearing (ltjx) light. 
 phos-plioras bearing (joai?) light. 
 pestiferons metalliferoas anrtferoiu stelUferons 
 
 -FIC, a. making, causing. 
 
 [-ric-f s. ^^~ FAC-io (PA-crt";) -Pic-io (fectt";) -fico, to make, fid, 
 ^ to become, to happen, to be made. -FlcR", n. what is made, done, 4c.] 
 
 pacific making (tax) peace, horrific causing horror. 
 terrific calorific morbific unific soporific magnificent 
 
■aEON STJFFIXES 155 
 
 -lice, n. that which is made, done, &o. See -FIO. 
 
 artifice something done with art. artificer a mechanic. 
 benefice edifice office sacrifice orifice 
 
 -ftal, a. full of. 
 
 [PLE-Nus; irXfoi/. Russ. polnoe. Belg. vol; Ang. -full, -ful. Ss. root 
 PALL to augmentJ] 
 
 palnfal deceltftal fandftal wllflil mlrtbriU yontbmi 
 
 Obs. 1. It is used as a prefix in full-toned, full-orbed, &o, 
 Obs. 2. In/uleome, 'ful' is the old form o{ foul. 
 
 (-f y, V. to make, &o. See -no.) 
 
 stnpify to make (cause to be) stupid. 
 fortity to make (fortis) strong, to strengthen. 
 nullify to render null, classify to arrange in classes. 
 darliy verify purify falsify amplify versify pontl-lT 
 
 -g, -k, -sli, n. See -AC. 
 See under M for masb (or mesh) basket flask smoke masgot 
 
 -gar, he who. 
 [A Tamil termination used in India.] 
 cavelgar a watchman, monigar a surveyor, manager. 
 
 [Partly deriyed from I (sometimes of a genitive ease, as lav-tr™, gen. 
 .«:v-i, a-ge;) and -E and I formative.] 
 
 age grange orange deluge binge bang, challenge 
 
 -geon, n. 
 
 [Commonly for -jon, u different pronunciation of -ion in nation. See 
 -lOSr, and -N declensional.] 
 
156 SUFFIXES -H 
 
 pigeon PiPio, gen. PIpIONis. sturgeon, Ital. storione. 
 gudgeon GOBio xwSidq a fish with a large (oIptjt) head. 
 dungeon, Irish daingean A/ort or tower; daingion secure. 
 
 Surgeon (ohirurgeon, Xfip hand, Ipyov work,) a badly formed word, 
 Xupcpyi' being hand-work, and xcip^py^s hand-operator. 
 
 IN-, pertaining to; like. See -AGO. 
 
 [Probably allied to -GEN- (see -C-,) in which case februgo ruit 
 means producing (feeb5°') iron; jbeSgo verdigris, producing {Mi, gen. 
 iERlS,) brass.'] 
 
 ferrnginons like iron ore. aeruginons brassy. 
 oleaginous like an (olea) olive; or giving (OLEU") oil. 
 imagin-ary, -at-ive, -at-ion. fUligiuons sooty. 
 For margin, virgin, see N declensional. 
 
 -glio, n. 
 
 [Italian ; the silent g indicates that i has the power of English y.] 
 
 imbroglio (the noun of embroil,) an embroiling. 
 integUo olio panctUlo seraglio 
 
 -go, n. 
 
 em-bar-go (Sp.) a bar or prohibition against passing. 
 cargo the load or charge of a ship, (carrus a wagon.) 
 
 pbs. Latin has -go in maeg-o (gen. -Ms,) a margin. See under -GIN-. 
 
 -gy, n- 
 
 clergy, Latin clericus, perverted from the plural CLlRici. 
 Obs. The g is radical in energy, liturgy, eulogy, effigy, prodigy, foggy. 
 
 ■h 
 
 Denoting an aspiration in words from the Hebrew, as Shekinah, ephah, 
 Messiah, Shiloh, Jonah (Yonah,) where it is not a mark auxiliary to the 
 Towel. It is also used to indicate the Greek aspirates 6 th, ipph, x ch. 
 
-I SUFFIXES 157 
 
 •head, -hood, n. condition. 
 
 [Ang. -had, hadS; old Eng. -hed, -heed, -hede, -hode, -hod, -hood. 
 Belg. -held; old Frisian, old Sax., Dan. -hed. Ger. -heit, -keit; upper 
 Ger. -et. Go. haidus kind, mode; old Ger. haid, halt, heit person, sex, 
 condition, as in dhiu ander heit, the other person. Norse hei^ people, 
 whence heathen.^ 
 
 brottaertaood (-hed, Chaucer.) likelihood Oodtaead manhood 
 neighborhood \ridowhootl childhood boyhood falsehood 
 
 That is to fayn, trouth, honour, and knighthede 
 Wifdom, humbleflc, efiat, and high kinrcde.—Cbaucer. 
 He was of knighthode and of fredome flouer. — id. 
 
 Chaucer also uses wiklcedhede, penaifehed pensivenees, lustihed mirth, 
 mistihede darkness, fairehede beauti/, lowlyhede humility, onhed, onehed 
 unity, knighthode valor, gref hed grief, humblehede, chapmanhede. 
 
 Spenser has bountyhed, ioUjhead, drerihedd, drowaihedd, goodlyhead 
 godliness, lustyhed vigor, livelyhed liveliness. 
 
 Livelihood is a heteronym of liflade, life-lode, as if life-leading. 
 
 And former liu el od faile, file left me quight. — Spinzer. 
 
 -I, genitive. 
 
 [Latin genitive -I of the 2d declension, as in cuNErs wedge, gen. OUHEI, 
 in ounei-form; laiBB. field, gen. Xqri, in agri-culture; siGNU"" «i^n, gen. 
 sign!, in signi-fy.] 
 
 horticulture the culture of a (hoet-us) gard-en. 
 fabricate to work like (faber) an artificer, or with artifice, 
 auriferous bearing (avru") gold. 
 
 [Latin genitlTe -IS of the 3d declension, as in frater brother, gen. 
 FRATRis ; REX king, gen. regis ; PAX peace, gen. PACIS ; judex judge, 
 gen. jnDicis; aer air, gen. aeris; ars art, gen. artis.] 
 
 fratricide regicide pacific <!ordial Judicial aeriform artifice 
 ventrlloqaist andacity simplicity ferocity mellifluous edifice 
 
 -I, n. plural. 
 
 [Gr. -01 ; Lat. -i; Buss., Bohem., Welsh, Ital. -i. If Heb. -u, -aj, as in 
 ADOif a lord, adonaj (lords) The Lord.] 
 
 geminl radii foci trinm-viri dcntelli ascidi literati 
 
 14 
 
168 SUFFIXES -I-A 
 
 I-, diminutive. 
 
 [Akin to -I- formative, and used with -ov, -um, for diminutives, aa in 
 /?;7pr)XA-i-oi' a small (/S^puXXos) beiyl. Associated with D diminutive in 
 ixOv'iiov a little {ixSHs) fish; 'tjiiTi itou a small mantle.] 
 
 cymat-i-um xvfidrtov a small (xo/ia, gen. -aro?) wave; a 
 waved moulding of a cornice. 
 
 Icbthidion, Imatidium, genera of coleopterous insects. 
 Ceri-th-i-um a genus of moUusoa. Gon-y cuniculBs. 
 
 -I-, connective. See §§ 52, 55. 
 
 -I-, formative. 
 
 [Eng. -i-ous, -i-an. Adjectives derived from nouns. See -B- formative.] 
 
 regius (rex hing,) periaininff to the sovereign. 
 Corinth-i-an pertaining to' Corinth. 
 
 -I, adverbial. 
 alibi IlIbI elsewhere, ibidem ibIde"' in the same place. 
 
 -I-A, n. singular. 
 
 [-(tt;' Lat., Ital. -lA; Fr. -ie. I formative and -A n. feminine. See E, 
 I formative. It is used for modern forms like Tasmania, named after its 
 discoverer Tasman.] * 
 
 Etbiopia the land of the Ethiop. 
 Australia the country which is (avstralis) south. 
 Abyssinia Boeotla loiila Polynesia Tasmania India 
 Arablapu Alexandria Victoria Asia Austria Virginia 
 
 -I-A, n. plural. 
 
 [The plural -A preceded bj I formative.] 
 
 regalia effluvia parapbemalla penetralia saturnalia 
 
-10 SUFFIXES 159 
 
 -IC, a. relating to; lilce; made of. See -AC. 
 
 [-w-dj; -ic-us, -iQTUs; Ital., Sp., -ioo; Fr. -ique, -io-. Bolg. -ig; Pw., 
 Dan. -ig; German -ig, -iscb, -icb, -icht, -igt. AVelsh -ig. Lappish -k. 
 Eng. -io, -ioe, -ish, -k, -y, -ick, -ique.] 
 
 -ic-abil-ity, -ic-able, -ie-able-ness, -ic-abl-y, -ie-al, -ic-al-ity, 
 -ic-al-nesa, -ic-ally, -ice, -ic-ity, -k, -cy, -gy, -y. 
 
 proph-et-ic relating to prophecy. See -ET. 
 
 Iicvit-ic-us the Book relating to the Levites or priesthood. 
 
 metallic like metal, made of metal. 
 
 despotic in the manner of a despot. 
 
 entbnsiastic full of (due to, proceeding from) enthusiasm. 
 
 prosaic like (in the manner of) prose. 
 
 cluronic produced by, or due to (//3<5vo?) time. 
 
 historic pertaining to history. (Chaucer uses historial.) 
 
 nautic pertaining to (vau?) a ship. 
 
 critique the act or work of a critic. 
 
 antique (antiqtus) ancient; a remain of ancient art. 
 
 cler-k, cler-gy, for der-lc. piracy piratica, a., u. en-crg-et-ic 
 r ro-gno-s-t-lc med-lc-ln-al civ-ic public snlpbnric nitric 
 
 See under -csce for Judaic or Jewish, Frank or French. 
 
 Such adjective forms may become nouns, as- critic he who is able 
 (ffpt'i'M) to discern, logic (for, the logic art, ARS LOGicA;) rhetoric, 
 arithmetic, panic, physic, ecliptic, and names of sciences in the 
 plural, as physics phvsica, mathematics, hydrostatics, politics, 
 pneumatics, mnemonics, hydraulics, tactics, aerostatics. 
 
 Phyfic of Metaphyfic begs defence. 
 
 And Metaphylic calls for aid to fenfe; 
 
 See Myflery to Mathematics fly ! 
 
 In vain! they gaze, turn giddy, rave, and die. 
 
 Po/Jf, Dunciad, 1728 — 41. 
 . , . mechanicks have long ago difcovered, that contrariety of equal attractions is 
 
 equivalent to reft. — Dr. Johnjon^ Rambler, Sept. 3, 1751. 
 
 grassy full of grass, glassy like glass, glossy having 
 
 gloss, ashy of the nature of ashes. Ger. asch-ig, -icht, see -y. 
 
 windy witty merry dreary melancholy holy loamy 
 
 Obs. Intrinsic is for intrinseo, from the adverb iNTHiNSEcrs on the in- 
 side. Mere-trio-ious, see -AX, -IX. YelU-c-ation, see G agential. 
 
160 SUFFIXES -ICE 
 
 ThrasybfiluB . . . restored the democratical form of government. — J^E.WoT' 
 cester, 1826. 
 
 Whiift Phoebus down the vertic circle glides. — Falconer. 
 
 The speeches were declaimed with considerable rhetoric effect. — London Ob- 
 server, June, 1859. 
 
 The application of electricity seems to have acted as a strong mechanic shock. 
 Philosophical Transactions, 1810. 
 
 Poetry, in the hands of a set of mechanic scribblers, had become such a tame 
 mawkish thing, that we could endure it no longer. — Wm. SazUtt. 
 
 . . . books and treatises theoretic, critical, philosophical, and didactic. — Encyc. of 
 Music, 1854. 
 
 .... swallowed up ill the pursuit of literary curiosities, or mathematic 
 abstractions, or philosophic experiments. — ^Westminster Review, 1827. 
 
 -IC-A, n. See -AC. 
 
 nr-t-ic-aceons like (u-rtica) a nettle. See URO, to 
 b-ur-n. lumbrical like (lumbr-ic-us) a worm. 
 ves-ica-te ves-ica^tory 
 
 -ICal, a. -ICally, adv. 
 
 Btymologioly, -al after -ic is superfluous, in forms like con-io-al oom- 
 io-al metr-io-al oonoentr-io-al philosoph-io-al spher-ic-al politio-al, &e. 
 
 -ice, n. condition; quality of heing, &c. 
 
 \-mia-'- -iTiX,* -itiBm," -itiEs.'' Pr. -ice (maso. and fern.;) Sp. -ioio, 
 -ioia; Ital. -izio, -igio, -ioio, izia. Abstract nouns derived chiefly from 
 adjectives. See -T-, -ac-y.] 
 
 police," policy, polity (POLITIA, izoXXTda) the condition 
 of a citizen; tte pursuits of a statesman. (rd^iT?- a city, a 
 state.) 
 
 service" the condition of (slRvCs) one who serves. (Fr. 
 service, Ital. servizio, servigio, Sp. servicio.) 
 
 jnstice'' the quality of heing (Justus) just. 
 
 militia the aggregate of the soldiery. 
 
 malice" the quality of heing (malAs) bad; malevolence. 
 
 notice'' amity amicitiX avarice''^ novlce>> solstice" 
 
-I-C-UL-OuS SUFFIXES 161 
 
 cowardice capWce, Ital. oapriooio. Jaundice (Fr. jaunisse, from 
 jaune yellmo.) crevice 
 
 Obs. 1. Modifications of this suffix appear in pent-house "originally 
 pentice, from Fr. apentiche a sloping shutter, Ital. pendice the slope of a 
 hill." — R. Wedgwood, promise merchandise franchise finesse 
 prowess largess distress riches wag;es 
 
 Obs. 2. The suffixes of avarITiI or avarITiEs, ditbrsITas, and 
 elegaNTia, (-ice, -ity, -anoe are akin.) 
 
 Obs. 3. Ao-com-plioe, plicatus folded. Denti-frice, dens, gen. dentis, 
 tooth; FRicARH to rub. Edi-jice (^des a house,) and Of-Jicef FAcio I 
 make. Lico-rice, yXvKv'-p^i^S sweet-root. , 
 
 Obs. 4. For lattice, pelisse, surplioe, see -AC-eous, Obs. 1. 
 
 -IC-i-an, n. Tie who. See -AC, -an. 
 
 rhetorician mnslcian mechanician physician patrician 
 
 -IC-UL-AR, -C-UL-AE. See -C-le, -l. 
 
 reticular like, or pertaining to (reticulu") a small 
 (rete) net. Termicular like a little (vermis) worm. 
 
 orbicular auricular canicular carb-uncular vesicular 
 per-pend-lcular fanicular mus-cnlar corpuscular vascular 
 
 I-C-UL-ATe, a., v., -I-C-UL-AT-ION, n. 
 
 articulate formed of little (artus, n. pi.) joints or divi- 
 sions; an insect or similar animal; to utter speech. 
 
 grestlculate matriculate particulate in-oscnlate reticulate 
 
 Obs. The c is part of the root in spic-ulate, oalyc-ulate. 
 
 -I-C-UL-OuS, a. 
 
 ridicalons RiDlcBLtJs causing laughter; worthy to be 
 laughed at. (bibeo I laugh.) 
 
 14* 
 
162 SUFFIXES -IG-- 
 
 -ID, a. quality (in a high degree.) 
 
 [-ID-US. Akin to- at-us. See -ATe, -ade, -ed. Adjectives, mostly 
 based upon yerbs.] 
 
 acid having the quality of sharpness. (ACEO, to be sour.) 
 solid firm; compact; valid; (on the soL-tJ" soil, bottom, 
 sole.) viscid glutinous; like (visctj™) birdlime. 
 
 col-d, as if cool-ed or gel-ld pale for pall-id arid splendid 
 livid bnmid valid tepid Horid rlg^id frigid stupid lucid 
 rapid sordid liquid timid placid turgid tumid torpid 
 
 -ide, n. See -id. 
 
 A modern ohemio suffix, used as in oxide (or better — oxld, like acid) 
 of iron, a compound substance formed of oxygen and iron. 
 sulpbide iodide cbloride Huoride 
 
 -IDES, n. pi. 
 
 caatha'rides, the plural of oanthXris, a blistering fly. 
 caryatides statues of women, used as supports in archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 -IDI-ons 
 
 fastidious easily disgusted; minutely critical. See -T- intensive. 
 
 -ie, -ye, n. See -y. 
 
 Old English, as in ladye. centaurie an herb. (Ohaucer.) aerie or 
 eyry (pronounced air-y.) Scotch lassie, lassicb a little lass. See -ocfc. 
 
 -IG-, V. to make, cause, use. 
 
 [Ss. -IJA ; Lat. ie-o, v. ; akin to ago / do, ac-t, conduct, drive; 'Sya I 
 lead, conduct, bring, rule; ix^^ I have, hold, &c. See -AC] 
 
 -ge, -ig-ate, -ig-ation, .-ig-ating, -ig-at-ive, -ig-at-or, -ig-at-ory. 
 nav-ig-ate to conduct (navis) a ship. . 
 
-ILe- SUFFIXES 163 
 
 lit-ig-ate to cause (lis, gen. lItis) strife. 
 ftam-ig-ate to imbue with (fumus) smoke. 
 pur-ge to make (PtJRUS) pure. 
 mitigate to make (mitis) mild, tranquil. 
 flistigate to use a (fustis) cudgel. 
 castigate to punish with (ce-stus) a strap, or (caiSTUs) 
 a boxing glove. 
 
 Vertigo, fuliginous, indigo see -AGO. Investigate see VB-. Obligate 
 
 -IG-N-, a. acting. 
 
 [-iQ-N-ns. For -N-, compare exter and exteentis. See -IG-, N-US.] 
 
 -ignancy, -ignant, -ignantly, -igner, -ignity, -ignly. 
 
 benign, benignant acting (bene) well. 
 malignant acting (MALE) badly. 
 
 Obs. Condign and indignant are fiqp. dignBs worthy. 
 
 -ILe-, -ILI-, -IL-, a., n. See -al. 
 that may he — ; quality, like. 
 
 fiss-ile that may be (fissus) split j readily split. 
 missile that may be thrown. 
 fragile or f^a..il easily broken; apt to break. 
 pnerile in the manner of (puee) a boy; boyish. 
 infontUe mercantile civil scarr-llous anx-lllarj, see -AR. 
 
 Obs. 1. -ile may be in part derived from -ible by the loss of h, as the 
 Latin has both docibilis and docilis (neut. -e, dooible, docile,) easily 
 taught. 
 
 Obs. 2. The nouns kennel, (cAins a dog,) and fusil or fusee (focSs a 
 hearth, a fire, dim. pbciJLns,) are false forms. 
 
 Obs. 3. In domicile (dom6s house,) the -cil- of DOMioiLin"" may belong 
 to -CLe. In council and exile, il is part of the root. 
 
 Obs. 4. Brittle or brickie may be referred to fragile. 
 
164 SUFFIXES -IM 
 
 -ILL-ATe, v., -ILL-AT-ION, n. See -l, f 1. 
 
 scintillate to sparkle. (s-cint-illX a spark, cand-eo 
 I shine, burn.) scintillation a sparkling. 
 
 -im, -ime, -imo, -IM-US, -IM-A, -IM-UM, a. most. 
 
 [Superlative adjective forms, -uirrs, -em6s, -im-ijs (fern. -I; neut. -S"; 
 neut. pi. -A;) ablative sing. -imo. Sanscrit -ma5, -t-ama5 (fem. -t-ama, 
 neut. -T-AMA,.) Lappish -urnus. Lat. E'XTIMCS, Ss. uttamaS extreme, 
 utmost. M is the superlative element.] 
 
 -im, -im-acy, -im-al, -im-ari-ly, -im-ary, -im-ate, -im-ate-ly, 
 -im-at-ing, -im-at-ion, -im-ate-ness, -im-at-ive, -ime, -im-er, 
 -im-ism, -im-ist, -im-it-ive, -im-ity, -im-o. 
 
 maxim a principle or saying esteemed to be of the greatest 
 authority. (J8@~ ma-gnus great, maximus greatest.) 
 
 maximum the greatest amount in a given case. 
 
 optim-ism the doctrine that every thing happens for 
 (OPTIMIJS) the best, ultimate final, farthest. 
 
 pen-ultima the (syllable) next to the final one. 
 
 prime most pri-or. Lat. pro before, prior previous; 
 PRIMUS, fem. PRIMA, Sanscrit prat'hamaS (pra, Lat. pro 
 before,) Lithuanic piemas, Coordish her first. The ma of 
 PRIMA may be present in magnify, much, wore, most. 
 
 mari-t-ime (-T- participial) at or on the very (mare, 
 genitive maris,) sea. 
 
 ininlm minimniii proximate proximo ultimo Maximns 
 primate primary premier primer primordial prince 
 
 -IM, adv. 
 
 [Latin adverbs, sometimes preceded by participial or declensional T.] 
 
 verbatim word for word, seriatim in regular series. 
 pmictaatlm literatim ibidem quondam Interim item 
 
-INA SUFFIXES 165 
 
 pllg^rim is for peregrine, palDim for pagan, and megrlin for Uemi- 
 or^nia. For maxim see -Im, a. 
 
 -im, n. pi. 
 
 [Hebrew plural masculine, pronounced -eem.] 
 teraphiin household gods, rodanim Khodians. 
 
 seraphim cbernblm Dodanlm Fbllistiin sbittlm 
 
 Sanbedrim is a hebraised form of covsSpiov (an assembly,) 
 from auv together, and idpa a seat, a sitting. 
 
 Mizraim (Egypt) is not a plural but a dual. 
 
 -IN- 
 
 [Latin, as in opinor / have an opinion; venio / comej as if akin to vTX 
 a way. See -N- intensive.] 
 
 op-in-ion opinio what each holds (mentally;) judgment; 
 belief. (Perhaps akin to i-Kw to take care of; ops, genitive 
 opis, wealth, power.) 
 
 It-in-erary is from the genitive ease iTiuERis, of iter a journey. 
 
 Dest-ine — STAifS standing (from ^l^^ STO,) seems to be used in 
 DE-ST-ifN-o I (cause to stand,) destine. 
 
 Pro-cra-s-t-in-ate to defer till (cras) tomorrow, (crastinus of to- 
 morrow. See -S adverbial, -T- participial, and -N-TJS.) 
 
 -IN, n. 
 
 [Crude forms of certain nouns, as xlReo margin, gen. marsin-is; 
 PECTBN comhf gen. PBCTiif-is.] 
 
 origin Tlrsln ordinal cardinal tendinous pectinate 
 
 -INA, -in, -ine, small. See -en, dim. 
 
 BETINA a small (rete) net or curtain (of the eye.) 
 LAMINA a thin plate, violin a small viol. 
 tamborine a small (Er. tambour) drum. 
 nnbbin (knob) a small ear of maize. 
 bnlletin basin curtain coralline 
 
166 ' sumxES -INQ 
 
 -INiB, n. pi. See N-us. 
 falconinte the subfamily of the falcons. 
 
 -INe, a. pertaining to, &c. See -en, a. 
 
 turpentine TepsfiivB-ivoq terebInthinus pertaining to 
 the Tepi^tvOoq TEREBINTHUS terebinth tree. 
 flnorine an element obtained from fluor spar. 
 EleuBinian pertaining to (s^mo-fj or iKzvdivj genitive cXeucrtvos,) Eleusis. 
 For doctrine soctrina, (with long I) see -AN. 
 
 -INe, n. fern. 
 
 [-ima, -ijnTj, -uirj, -aiva. Lat., Ital. -INA; Fr. -inne. Ger. -in; Anglish, 
 Teutonic -en, -in; Hindoostanee -in; Welsh -en.] 
 
 landgravine the wife of a landgrave. 
 qn-een, Belg. koning-in a female king. 
 carlin a female carl or churl; (but the Norse form is 
 kerlings.) vixen a female fox. heroine heroina i\pmtyq. 
 Czarina is an error for Tsarftsa. 
 
 -ing, n. that which; act of; state of; -tion. 
 
 [Ohg. -anga, -uno, -ino; Ger., Angl. -ung; Old Eng. -unge, -inge, 
 -yng (1307) -ynge; Belg. -ing; Swiss -ig; — as in Otg. reclianunga; Ger- 
 man rechnung; Danish regning; Belg. reekening; English a reclconing. 
 Anglish feorm-an to form, noun fern, feormung and feorming a forming.l 
 
 reckoning <Aai wA.icA is reokonec?; a calculaftoji; the ac< 
 or result of calculation. clotMng clothes in the aggregate. 
 meaning the act or state o/the mind; that which is meant. 
 bagging material for bags. 
 
 feeling: Mndiiag pudding; stabling; clearing mornings 
 evening with-y kin-g, Anglish (c as i) oyning, cmg, cinge. 
 
 Obs. In Anglish, this suffix is also used for origin and nativity, hence 
 Fleming a native of Flanders. 
 
-ING suFnxES 167 
 
 -ing, participle. 
 
 [Present participle, -av, -au. Islandio -andi; Danish -nde; Anglish 
 -ende; Ger, -end; Gothio -nds. Latin -bhs, gen. -entis. Lithuanic -ant 
 -anti. Wallaoliian -nd. Sanscrit -an, -at. See -en, participial.] 
 
 haTing continuing to have. 
 
 making: giving going sayings living working eating 
 
 Syngynge he was, or flowtyngc, al the day j—Chaucir. 
 
 after five minutes' tugging, propping, slipping, and splashing, the boulder 
 
 gradually tips over. — Charles Kingshy, Glaucus. 
 
 I fought for it like a tiger, wrestling, hugging, tugging, kicking, pushing, striking 
 right and left. — Th. Hood, Whimsicalities. 
 
 Obs. 1. The sense of -ing is not limited to time present, as may be 
 observed in — idob, is, or loill be go~ing; hav-huj gone; about to be go-ing. 
 
 Obs. 2. The departure from the original form may have arisen from 
 a con/uBion of idea, in distinguishing the participle from the nounj 
 and a confusion of epeech, in saying ^feelin' for the noun feeling, and 
 'hav-in' for a form of the Anglish participle hahbende, German habend 
 having. 
 
 Obs. 3. K'orman French entered England in the 11th century, and the 
 participial -ing, -yng, occurs in Old English of the 13th century, (and 
 -ande in the 15th.) The ignorance of each nation, of the language of the 
 other, and the confusion which both may have made between the English 
 -ng and the French nasal vowels, would be sufficient to produce or confirm 
 the error. The following English and French forms may be compared, 
 the final 't' of the latter being silent. 
 
 during durant pending pendent regarding regardant willing 
 Toulan^ 
 
 Obs. 4. Angl. S66gen a sayen'; green (grow-en',) brown (burn, brand,) 
 and own, are participial in form, except when used as infinitives. 
 
 Obs. 5. Participial forms are used in the following nouns — 
 
 tlcken (for ticking) beaven leaven dawn burden 
 
 -ing, n. dim. 
 
 [Akin to -ing, n. German and Anglish -ing.] 
 
 farth-ing a fourth part (of a penny.) 
 
 penny, Ohg. pfennink, Ger. pfennig, Ang. pening. 
 
168 SUFFIXES -lON-EE 
 
 -inge, -INX, n. 
 
 [syringe (av'pZ T^") a pipe for throwing water. 
 syrinx a shepherd's pipe. See - YNX. 
 
 -ION, n. aci of; state of being ; that which; -ing. 
 
 [-10, -iti", -T-io (gen. -tion-is,) -sio, -xio. Italian -ione; Sp. -ion, 
 -e-ion; Port. -So, -f-ao; Fr. -tio" (« as »,) -sio". -rij, -s-m. Sanscrit -ti5. 
 -t-ion, s-ion hare T participial, s mutational and inflectional, i formative, 
 -0 nominative, and n declensional, -ion indicates the action of the root 
 verb.] 
 
 Tision (s mutational,) the act or power of seeing. (S^" 
 VIDEO I see.) 
 
 exhibition the act of showing j the state of being shown; 
 a showing; that which is shown, (exhibeo I show.) 
 
 question the act of inquiring. 
 
 potion and poison that which is (to be) drunk, (poto 
 I drink.) menace MiCNATIo. 
 
 pris-on a place of confinement, (peehensio or prensio, i 
 gen. PRENSIONIS, a taking.) 
 
 venis-on VENATIO the chase; 2. the game; 3. venison. 
 
 ^ 1. Active nouns. 
 
 conta^on mnltlpllcation espnlsion explosion revision 
 extension correction deflexion invasion collision fusion 
 
 Tf 2. Passive nouns. 
 
 oblivion reg-lon dominion commnn-lon complexion 
 repletion connexion mansion vision emulsion session 
 
 -ion-cr, n. 
 
 parish-ion-er one who belongs to a parish. (French 
 
-IS-ATION suiTixES 169 
 
 paroissien m., paroissienne fem., from paroisse parish. The 
 -ion is for -ian of musician, with -er added.) 
 
 -IS, n. 
 [French -is (s silent.) See under -ess, >lee.] 
 abatis d£brl8 glacia 
 
 -IS, n. 
 
 [Greek and Latin nouns, as TriKis (gen. irdXtoj) city; icXipt's (gen. JeX^ims) 
 dolphin; Ti'ypis (gen. riypidos) tiger. Sanscrit aga5 or XKi5, IX'Sj Latin 
 ANGVis a serpent. Sanscrit acsa5 a wheel, a centre; Latin AXIS. See 
 -AS, -AD.] 
 
 Cle'-ma-t-is xXTjfiaTiq (t declensional,) a genus of wind- 
 ing plants. {xX^fia, gen. -oto?, a twig, a vine branch; xXdat 
 I break, break off, prune.) 
 
 metropolis chrysalis epidermis eptaemerls ba-sls 
 eene-SIS plitlil-57.S' piiloc-s (-x) «eg-ls Iris pro-bosc-ls 
 I>elvis PELVIS pest PESTis vest testis nl-ece neftis worm 
 TERuis orb oRBis com-lce, com-lsli, com-lche, xopui'i; a top, a 
 peak. Trellit tbichila a bower, with -L, ^ 3. 
 
 -IS, genitive. 
 
 [Latin -is, genitive singular of the 3d declension, as in j9s right, au- 
 thority, genitive jdr-is.] 
 
 jurisdiction legal authority, (dico, dIctu"', to say, 
 affirm, determine.) 
 
 Gratis (gratis without recompense,) is an ablative plural of oratu°> a 
 favor. For aatis-fy see -S adverbial. 
 
 -is-ation, n. See -Ise, v. 
 
 dvlllsatloii demoralisation naturalisation antborlsatlon 
 oi^riuilsatlon crystallisation symbolisation canonisation 
 
 15 
 
170 SUFFIXES -ISE 
 
 -ise, "ize, v. to make; give; practice^ &c. 
 
 [The following are allied, as far as s, r, and Belg. (Eng.) z are con- 
 cerned. Fr. -ise?', Ital. -izzare, Sp. -izar, Port. -izar. Belg. -iezen; Ger. 
 iren. Lat. -Ire. G-r. -i$a» (-izdo,)- Doric -tS^.] 
 
 apologijse to make 6r give an apology. 
 sermonise to give in the manner of a sermon. 
 tyrannise to practice tyranny; to act as a tyrant. 
 crystalise to become a crystal; to take the crystalline form. 
 
 He is fc and all zed at youth far being lively, and at childhood for being playful.-— 
 Addison, Spe£lator, Sept. 26, 1712. 
 
 The invisible world with thee hath sympathised ; 
 
 Be thy affections raised and solemnized. — Wordsworth. 
 
 criticise organise barmonise metlsodise monopolise 
 catechise baptise symlbolise economise eulog-ise — civilise 
 realise reTOlutionise naturalise immortalise antliorise 
 legalise sig-nalise patronise humanise advertise lionise 
 
 Obs. 1. This suffix is probably regarded as Greek by those who write 
 '-ize,' although -ise and -ism have the same sibilant in English^ so that 
 *-ize' should require '-izm.* The d part of ^ [zd) was lost in Greek deriva- 
 tives, as in SaTn-t^o) (baptizdo) I baptise j Bairrran^s baptism; and as ungreek 
 words like moralise, brutalise, sensualise(-istj -ism,) are used, the spelling 
 '-ize' need not be retained. 
 
 Obs. 2, The Westminster Beview for July, 1831, has recognised (p. 
 210,) and recognized (p. 242.) "It is a pity men are most inclined to 
 satirise that of which they know the most." id. ib. The Illustrated Lon- 
 don News uses -ise, as in individualise, &c. "Sardinia cannot be held 
 blameless for her dreams of ambition and aggrandisement." July 18, 1859. 
 
 Extemporize, tantalize (Th. Hood.) Conchologizing (Kingsley.) Ethy- 
 mologise (Chaucer.) Sermonising (Brit. Q. Rev.) Volatilized (Geologist.) 
 Analyse, sympathise, moralise, monopolising (Sir T. N. Talfourd.) Indi- 
 vidualise, civilisation, equalisation (Mrs. Jameson.) 
 
 Exercise exercito. Supervise, ^^^ video. Com-pro-mise, sur-mise, 
 
 ■ MITTO. 
 
 -ise, n. See -ice, Obs. 1. 
 
 treatise is formed from tract-ate. val-ise, Sp. bal-ija, Ital. valigia. 
 How mortgaging their lives to Covetife, 
 Through waftfull pride and wanton riotife, 
 Herfelfe had ronne into that hazardize j . . . — Sfenter. 
 
 S mutational appears in concise, enterprise, surprise, demise, promise. 
 
-ISK SUFFIXES 171 
 
 •ish, V. to make, give, &e. See -ise, v. 
 
 [Latin Infinitive, oliiefly -ire, as in finieb, Fr. finir, Eng. fln-ish, but 
 modified by «* of tlie French participle finissant finishing, and other in- 
 flections. In Chaucer the verb embellish is embelise, and the same s re- 
 mains in rejoice. See -ce, v.] 
 
 establisb stabilire to make stable. 
 
 diminisli to make less, admonish to give warning. 
 
 nourish, nnrse, Fr. nourrir, Lat. nutrire. cberisli replenish 
 famish tarnish banish flourish flirnlsh publish punish 
 g^arnlsh abolish demolish polish furbish finish rush 
 languish Tanqnish exting^nish 
 
 She crampifll-eth her limmis crokidly. — Chaucer. 
 
 Obs. 1. The r is preserved in (dominare to) domineer; and lost in ally, 
 sally, rally, dally, tally. 
 
 Obs. 2. The final -sh, -r, -s, in relish, sever, o£rer,.care£8, belong to 
 the stem. 
 
 •ish, a. somewhat; like. 
 
 [-ISC-. Ang. -\3e; old Eng. -issche; Ger. -isch. Bohem. -sk^, as in 
 nebe heaven, nebesk^, Pol. niebieski heavenly. Go. barn a child; barnisks 
 childish; barniski childhood; barniskei childishness. See -ESCe.] 
 
 whitish somewhat white. latish somewhat late. 
 thievish given to thieving, foolish senseless, unwise. 
 clownish like (in the manner of) a clown; rude, ill-bred. 
 
 Obs. -ish occurs in a few nouns, as gibberish, blemish, parish, relish. 
 
 -ISK, n. dim. small. 
 
 [-(ffWff, itrmj, -ujKiov; -isc-us, Polish -ysko.] 
 
 asterisk a little (aster) star. 
 obelisk a little i6^ekd<;) spit. 
 
 meniscus a little Qj-rlvq) moon ; a concavo-convex lens. 
 basilisk a snjall (Saadehq') king; the Begulus or gold 
 crested wren ; a kind of lizard. 
 
 discos, disk, dish, desh, *Ukiii I throw. 
 
172 SUFFIXES -IT 
 
 -IS-M, n. condition; act; idiom; doctrine. 
 
 [.07-/1-0;, -affjiaj -toiiOSt -l^lia, -ASKUS, -ASMA; -ISMUS, -ISMA^ Ital. Sp. 
 Fort, -ismo ; Fr. -isme. See -S, -in, -M.] 
 
 barbarism the condition (also the act and idiom) of a 
 barbarian, gallicism an idiom of (galliI) Prance. 
 
 Catholicism the doctrine of catholics. 
 
 fantasm ^a'vTacjii paroxysm irSpo^wfids entliiisiasin prism 
 see -m. chasm see -m. scbism sophism despotism heroism 
 asterism syllogism aphorism solecism I^tinism Judaism 
 
 Hibrids — paganiam witticism deism fanaticism nepotism attorneyism 
 (Carlyle) favoritism 
 
 -IS-T, n. an agent; one who. 
 
 [-urnit; -ISTA; Ital., Sp. -ista, Fr. -iste. The ( is that of -teb, -tor 
 following z or 8 of a verb, as in dramat-ise, dramat-ist. See -AS-T, 
 T-ER, Oba. 1, -S- inflectional, and -ET.'] 
 
 monopolist he who monopolises. 
 
 anatomist epitomist catechist sophist organist — florist 
 annalist linguist pugilist plagiarist magazinist pianist 
 
 -ist-er, n. 
 
 -is-terial, -is-tering, -is-tr-ar, -is-trar-y, -is-tra-tion, ^is-try. 
 
 re-gi-s-t-er, (s mutat., T particip.) low Latin registrum 
 for REGE-STU", from re-gero I carry back, transcribe. 
 
 chorister palmister barrister sophister canister see 
 -S-TEB minister see T-EK 
 
 -IS-T-IO, a. 
 
 sophistic pertaining to one who is (seemingly ffo^d^") wise. 
 antagonistic characteristic euphemistic — linguistic 
 
 -IT-, -T-, -S-, often, much. 
 
 pT-EEO / repeat; ITBB a going; So, 1KB, iTU"" to go.' Ss. root it to go, 
 
-ITE suFnxES 173 
 
 to move. See under t- repetitive. Iteratives or frequentatives, as in 
 JAC-ERE to throw; JAO-T-ARE to throw about; jao-T-iT-abe to continue to 
 throw. CANERE to eiiig; ca'nTarS to sing forcibly; CA'nTiTare to aing 
 repeatedly. PAO-io / make; pXo-eSSo / do eagerly.'\ 
 
 palpitate to throb. (PALPO I touch; palpIto I throb.') 
 
 po-t-able drinkable, (rtio; I drinkj POTO I drink, tipple.) 
 
 agitate, ago I do; agito, I do often. 
 
 calcitrate, calco I tread under the (calx) heel; oal- 
 CITRO I kick, calcitrate. 
 
 visit felicitate hesitate cogrltate dictate dabltatire 
 slangta-t-er Ince-ss-ant, incesso I attack; Tncedo I go, I fall upon. 
 
 Obs. T and S participial occur in consul-t abrup-t aec-t-ary cur-s-ory 
 ver-s-atile and perhaps in dic-t-ate. Fug-it-ive (fugio, FUG-iT-u°* to flee,) 
 may be equally referred to T participial, and to this I iterative in fug-it-o, 
 to flee often. 
 
 -IT, n. See -MT. 
 
 orbit ORBITA the track of a heavenly body; originally the 
 track of (obeis) a wheel, samiiiit the top or highest point. 
 
 -IT, verbial. 
 
 audit to examine accounts officially. (J9®" AVD-IT he 
 hears; avdite hear ye.) 
 
 plandit an action indicating applause. (Lat. he applauds; 
 PLAVDITE applaud ye.) 
 
 deficit (Lat. it fails,) deficiency in an account or an in- 
 come, caret (Lat. it is wanting.) 
 
 -ITE, -IT, n. he who; ihat which. See -ET. 
 
 bjrpocrlte anchorite ereinit« levite aconite cenobltlc 
 
 Parasite, see PARA. The aufSx in Shunamm-ite indicates a Hebrew 
 (n'., -IJe,,) noun feminine, of which the masculine form is rrsAMHij. 
 For -ite in names of minerals, see -oid. 
 
 -ITe, -IT-, a. See -ATe. 
 
 requisite reqnis-it>ion polite recondite — elite 
 
 15* 
 
174 SUFFIXES -IVe 
 
 -IT-ial, -ici-ous, a. See -ice, n. 
 solst-ltlal mal-lcious-lj, -ness 
 
 -ITIous, a. -ITIously, adv. ITIate, n. See -IT- 
 
 flagitioDS pertaining to (rLAGiTlfJ") a base action. 
 nutritions (nutritius) affording nutriment. 
 factitious flctitloos oovltlate ambitions seditions 
 
 Adventitious belongs to -AC-eous. 
 
 -ITIS, n. disease. 
 
 [i formative, t paTticipial, and -IS. See -IS, -SIS. Originally femi- 
 nine adjective forms agreeing with the feminine noun v6ms disease, ex- 
 pressed or understood. Often (and correctly) pronounced arthreetia, Ac] 
 
 artbritis dpdpln<; disease in (apdpov) a joint; gout. 
 phrenitis ^psvtTt<; disease of (pjo^v) the mind; delirium; 
 inflammation of the brain. 
 
 nephritis vt^pXrXz inflammation of (yeippdi;') the kidney. 
 
 -ito, n. dim. 
 mnsqnito, Sp. mosqieito, a small (MUSOX) fly. 
 
 -IVe, -IV-, a. having the gwdity of; n. that which. 
 
 [-iT-rs (-X, -6",) -v-ns, -u-us, active forms (-lie being passive.) San- 
 scrit -t-a5 (-a, -n,.) -o-os (-a, -ov.) It. -ivo; Fr. -if (masc.,) -ive (fem.,) 
 Ger. -iv. Derived in nearly every case from participles, and therefore pre- 
 ceded by participial -s, -t. Sanscrit -vi, as in djagr awake, djagrvi viake- 
 fid. See -B-.] 
 
 -iv-able, -iv-al, -iv-ate, -iv-at-ion, -iv-at-ing, -iv-at-or, -ive-ly, 
 -ive-ness, -iv-ity. 
 
 delnsiTe having the gwdity of deluding} tending (having 
 the power") to delude. 
 
 expansive having the p6wer of expfttiBibility. 
 
-IZO SUFFIXES 175 
 
 prim-it-ive having the quality of being or going (phimus) 
 first. 
 
 cer-v-ine pertaining to (clR-v-us, gen. cee-vi,) a deer or 
 har-t. 
 
 octiTe decisive massive progn^'esslve expensive passive 
 niitr>lt-i,ve sens-lt-lve affirm-at-lvo 
 
 captive or cait-iff (ca-ptivus) he who is taken. 
 
 fug-it-iTe he who, or that which (fugit) flies. 
 
 locomotive a steam car. 
 
 motive missive dissuasive prero§;atlve relative actjective 
 li|ng-a-ae;e statae statSa resid-u-um — bast-y tard-y test>y 
 
 rel^f they were, and lufly for to plcye ; — Chauur^ 1. 400Z. 
 
 -IV-AL. 
 
 fest-lv-al, formed from fest-iv' and fest-al; festIvus 
 pertaining to a feast or solemnity. 
 
 adjectival pertaining to adjectives, estival of summer. 
 
 -IX, n. fern. See -ax, -ess. 
 
 [-IX with cay lost in -imro, but present in the feminine S'Mirrif fox, 
 and absent from the Latin feminine form tulpes. Compare English fox 
 and Belg. vos.'] 
 
 directrix she who directs. 
 
 execatrlx testatrix mediatrix administratrix matrix 
 
 Obs. 1. The feminines cicatrix, caljx, appendix, ilex, may belong to 
 this head. 
 
 Obs. 2. -X is sometimes an abbreriation (see under -ACeous,) as in 
 v5z voice, in Sanscrit ^vatpas; Greek ci(,TiroS and aiiv'S yoked together. 
 
 •izo. 
 
 Spanish mest-izo a person of (MlXTi^s) miaxd European 
 and American Indian race. (Also nlttstee or mestee.') 
 
176 SUFFIXES -KEY 
 
 K, C, G, /. See -ig-, -c-. 
 
 [Cay is th? element indicative of breafeing, mailing, au|^enting, 
 agency, action, beginning, (Kuu, kds&j, to hold, gestatej Tevea birth, race; 
 yiaj yfj the earth;) Kind, production, frui(c)t, likeness. It appears in 
 -ago, -gen, -ein-, -kin, -cr-, -ac-, -ig. Cay is intensive in (^ lig^'^,) 
 <p6aKti3 to shine; and in (hear) hear-k-en.] 
 
 Hearken to the fentence of the wife. — Chaucer, 
 
 ■k, n. 
 
 [Among several powers, this -k forms verbs ami adjectives. In lan-k 
 it may be diminutive (see -ocb, -C-le,) and in star-k augmentative. See 
 -AC, -IC, -g. Lat. FER-0 / bear, FUR-CA u for-h. Polish, Russ. wid 
 via-ion (with English v,) widok the thiTig seen, (Euss. the eeer.) Hindoo- 
 stanee fjer-na. to sujvni, p^r-ac a awimmer,'\ 
 
 s-cal-k, CELO, con-ceal; Dan. skiule to hide, abscond. 
 wal-k, wal-tz, Ger. wall-en, to move irregularly, ramble. 
 ca-g a small hooped vessel. (Welsh oaw-g a bowl, caw 
 a band.) 
 
 yol-k yell-ow, see -den. lank lean. 
 
 talk talc, tell. lark laver-ock (dim.) 
 
 bulk boll. ckark char. 
 
 ci*ook cur-ve. star-k, star-ch, cnp-tSs firm. 
 
 sniir-cti smear. kark bear. 
 
 quirk queer. cliirk (ctalr-p, ctair-m) chirr. 
 
 husk " I)utch huyahen, a little house." H. Wedywood. 
 
 -U-et, n. 
 
 Ibris-ltet the breas-t of an animal. Dan. brusk, bryske, 
 the breast-gristle. 
 
 bn-cUet (pi-tcher, ba-sin^) izivat I drink, perfect rU-itmxa. 
 
 -key, n. dim. 
 donkey a small animal of a dun color. 
 
-L SUFFIXES 177 
 
 k-in, n. dim. 
 
 [Persian -kin; Belgian -ken; German -chen (as in katz-ohen kitten, 
 mad-chen maiden.) Gaelic -aoh-aUj -ag-an^as in sguab a broom, a awab, 
 dim. sguabaohan. Lat. -cio, -uncclus. A surdiminutive. See -G-le.] 
 
 napkin a small (Fr. nappe) tablecloth. 
 pnmpkin a small pompion. 
 
 ptpkln pipe firkin four mannlkln lambkin bodkin 
 doltkln kilderkin muskln gberkln Slmpkln Watklns 
 
 L, -le, n. V. 
 
 [1. -6l-Ss (-a, -r",) -iLL-6s, -Sll-us, -bllX, -elX, -leus, -ol-u". 
 Ital. -illo, -olo, -ola, -ello, -ella, -rello; Sp. -illo, -ilia, -uelo, -uela. 
 -uAXtj, -vXXa, -lAXo, -oXty, -uXoy, -lios, Ac. Go. -ula, -ilo, -ila; German -el. 
 Ss. -ila5, -ira5. 2. -UL-O, -xtl-tis. 3. -Xa, -M, -oAji, -oiKka, -aXov, -oXtoj;, 
 -iAX-ioi', &a. See er, n., -AL, Obs. 1.] 
 
 -ail, -al, -el, -ellum, -il, -ile, -ilia, -illo, -1, -le, -ol, -ul, 
 -ule, -yl, — alls, -ilate, -iloid, -leus, -ular, -ulary, -ulation, 
 -aline, -ulum. 
 
 ^ 1. Diminutive. 
 
 idyl eiduXXtov a small picture or poem; sMo? a figure. 
 
 nautilus xav'rfAu? a little (vad?) ship; a shellfish fabled 
 to sail, kernel a small corn, nnclens a small (NtJx) nut. 
 
 squirrel a small SCIUKUS. satchel a small sack. 
 
 pistil, pestle, piSTiLLU""; pinso, pistu" to pound. 
 
 flail PLAGELLU'"- spile a spicula or small (spiCA) spike. 
 
 vea-l viTDLUS 'traXdi;, Sanscrit vatsXla5 a calf. 
 
 nozzle a small nose or projecting snout. 
 
 formnla bottle spangle ripple rnndle iinrdle gi^avel 
 thistle Jag-nl-ar fiddle fable libel kettle tile title 
 circle radicle cndgel cog swivel pommel sandal rowel 
 castle citadel taovel seal cowl rill snail nail buckle 
 acnleate ocular arm-ad-illo peccadillo flotilla cuppel 
 trowel asphodel bagatelle chapt-er (for -el) calc-nl-us, -ate 
 patella uvula cereb-ellnm hl-ll grill y. qnadrille ft«ckle 
 
178 SUFFIXES -L 
 
 Jonquille (junc-6s a rush, foliB" a leaf,) the rush-leaved daffodil. 
 Dishabille (French noun masc. d§8habill€,) a negligent or informal 
 dress of a woman. 
 
 ^ 2. Frequentative. 
 
 nibble to nip little or often. 
 
 ramble to roam often, or continuously. 
 
 querulous habitually complaining. 
 
 sliuffle to continue to shove. 
 
 post-nlate, POSCO I ask for; postulo I demand. 
 
 nl'Ulation g-ratulate trifle tussle puzzle frizzle daivdle 
 baffle travel drivel tickle trickle track linstle rustle 
 bnstle toddle gamble grapple prattle tittle-tattle battle 
 trammel bubble trail or draggle jostle struggle straggle stray 
 gobble wabble ware hobble tipple topple whittle whistle 
 whirl drawl sprawl scrawl crawl squall kueel smile 
 fondle dwindle throttle strangle startle stumble rumble 
 fumble crumble nestle wrestle dazzle chuckle grovel 
 
 ^ 3. Agent, subject, implement. 
 
 style (ffrWo? a column, &c., otvo) I erect,) that which is 
 erected, sty-let, sti-I-etto. chyme, {x^'" I pour, see -m.) 
 
 cymbal a kind of musical instrument. (xuii^aXov, from 
 xi>ii6-q a hollow vessel.) 
 
 tu-t-el-ar pertaining to (tu-T-BLa) a safeguard. (TUEOE, 
 to take care of; t participial.) beetle a beater. 
 
 spindle an implement for spinning, thimble thumb. 
 
 sorrel that (plant) which is sour. 
 
 handle stopple ladle funnel saddle gable muscle 
 morsel staple girdle beetle shovel shuttle scuttle bundle 
 fardle needle nettle sickle chisel aw-1 rail angle ankle 
 scalpel cupel idol (see -OlD)- pedal treddle poodle teasel 
 towel epistle apostle speculum chrysalis — shekel camel 
 
 Welsh rha that forces onward, gra what shoots, graid heat, 
 greidell a g-r-idd-le. 
 
 Obs. The frequentative l is akin to -er, as in wonder, Ger. wandeln; 
 apaiter, from spit, &c. 
 
-LESS SUFFIXES 179 
 
 -ledge, n. 
 
 [Wedgwood refers it to like. See -ly.] 
 
 knowledge that which is definitely known. 
 a-cknowledge freelag^e 
 
 Obs. In old English knowleohe was used for the verb acknowledge, 
 and knowleohing, knowelageyn g, Ao. for the noun foioWerfi/e. 
 
 . . . knowlechinge fill lowely here [their] fynnes . . . He is well worthy to have 
 pardoun and forgevenes of his fynne, that excufith not his fynnc, but knowlecheth 
 and repentith him, axinge indulgence. . . . Cure fwete Lord God of heven that no man 
 wol [»] perifche, but wol that we comen alle to the knowleche of him, and to the 
 blifful lif that is perdurable, . . . — Chauctr, 
 
 ... to teche fondrie knowlechy nges. — Gower. 
 
 . . . Perception is the firft Operation of all our intclle£)ual Faculties, and the Inlet of all 
 Knowledg into our Minds.— £«ic, Eflay, (zd ed.) 1722, Bk. ii, Ch. 9. 
 
 -L-ENT, a. See -ttl-ent. 
 
 frandnlent corpulent Tlmlent cscnlent violent 
 
 less, a. without. 
 
 [Old Frisian -las; Belg., Ger. -IBs; Ban., Swed. loa; Anglish -los, Ixs, 
 -leas; Go. -laus; Isl. -laus. Old English -les, -less, -lesse; English -leas, 
 (less-ly, -less-ness,) loose, lose, loss. 60. lius-an to lose; perf. indio. laus.] 
 
 wortbless merciless senseless careless beedless helpless 
 bloodless useless meaning^Iess nameless artless nevertbeless 
 
 Byron uses breathless deathless dauntless echoless fearless helmless 
 swordless sheathless lifeless manless sailorless timeless ' tideless hopeless 
 guiltless roofless rayless cloudless seasonless heartless soul-less sleepless 
 quenchless stingless successless tombless fleshless treeless thankless 
 faithless shapeless countless heedless friendless careless lawless useless 
 matchless shaftless senseless comfortless ceaseless motionless childless 
 sonless parentless spouseless wordless answerless hapless houseless. 
 
 Talfourd uses stainless smokeless passionless objectless rippleless 
 waveless joyless. Sir Francis Head (Paris in 1861,) mentions "one 
 blindless shutterless window." 
 
 Bulwer uses bloomless breadless breathless (dead,) careless childless 
 
 * The true reading seems to require this wol before the previous that. 
 
180 SUFFIXES -Lie 
 
 endless fatherless friendless frontless (impudent,) fruitless restless rayless 
 guiltless headless lifeless penniless powerless reckless relentless ruthless 
 senseless shoreless sleepless smileless stainless thankless worthless. 
 
 He feemcd breathle^e, hartlelTe, faint, and wan ; — Sptnier. 
 And bootlcffe make the breathlelTe hufwife churne. — Shalttptart^ 
 Ah! how unjuft to nature, and hlmfelf, 
 l3 thoughtless, thanklefs, inconriAent man ! — Toung^ Nt. 2. 
 
 -let, n. dim. 
 
 [A double or surdiminutive.] 
 
 piTulet a small stream, (rivus a stream, rivtjlus.) 
 
 flageolet, for flutelet. (Low Latin flauteolus a small 
 flute. FLO, FLATU"", to blow; flatoe a piper.) 
 
 driblet, droplet a small drop, samlet a young salmon. 
 
 bracelet, a band or ornament for the wrist or arm. (Ital. 
 bracciale, braccialetto. Gr. Spa/iiuv the arm. Irish braccaile, 
 a sleeve or bracelet; brae arm, cal covering.') 
 
 streamlet martlet bamlet frontlet gauntlet chaplet 
 cntlet ringlet circlet eyelet goblet driblet corselet 
 mndlet — '''popillot, ^popelote, '''popelot, '''popelet a puppet. 
 
 Coch-ineal, a surdiminutive in N and L, Lat. coccus a kind of scarlet 
 insect. 
 
 Armlet, a ring worn above the elbow, an armilla; adj. iEMiLi.ATC3 
 wearing an armilla. 
 
 Coverlet has -let for LBCTUS a bed, and as the word will not he accepted 
 as a diminutive, it' has to some extent become the heteronym coverlid. 
 
 Amulet is from the Arabic. 
 
 Obs. Diminutives are frequently represented by dentals as in irrriBv'- 
 Niov, cTnOl'Aioii a small (urijeos) breast; zodiac see -B-, hamlet, kitten, 
 radicle. 
 
 -lie, n. 
 
 [Turkish -lie, -IJq, as in eji good, ejIlic goodness; sagh safe, sagh-lj^q 
 safety; ^to SD water, susi3 (waterless) thirsty, sQsislJ-q thirst, SUSMAQ to 
 ie thirsty, sAlamaq to water, give to drinh, sillanmaq to he watered, to leak.'} 
 
 pasbawlic (paral;fq) the jurisdiction of a (L&Lj) pashaw. 
 Frolic see -ly. Garlic see -lock. 
 
'LING- SUFFIXES 181 
 
 -lin, n. dim. 
 
 [Ohg. -lin, -leen; Ger. -lein. Perhaps a surdiminutive (-L, -en,) influ- 
 enced by the- adj. k-leen, ch-lin, k-lein little. The Turkish diminutive 
 suffix -lin has an accidental resemblance.] 
 
 dunlin a small snipe of a brownish color. 
 
 javelin a ismall gaff. (Graelic gabhla a spear, gabhlam to 
 shoot out.) 
 
 goblin, Welsh cw a quick motion, c6b a thump, coblyn 
 (n. dim.) a thumper, rapper, fiend. 
 
 .... bugs and hobgoblings. — Holland^ Plinie, 1635. 
 
 Oba. -lin has been confounded with -ling by perverting -ing to -in (as 
 in saying *feelins' for feelings,) and (in restoring the proper sound) 
 making a new perversion of -in to -ing, as in saying 'oapting' for cap- 
 tain. See -ing. It is probable therefore that a diminutive form like 
 goaling is for goalin. 
 
 The GtJXtlin Endearour'd to do That too -f—VEfrangt, Fable ccxzn, 1692. 
 
 -ling, n. a person or thing that. 
 
 [Ger., Belg., Angl. -1-ing (as in Ang. irOling a farmer.) Banish -1-ing, 
 -n-ing. Ohg. -ling, -lino, -linch. A double suffix akin to -ing, n.] 
 
 nnderling a person under the authority of another. 
 
 iritling one who imitates a wit. fopling a petty fop. 
 
 scantling a narrow piece of timber. 
 
 gosling, Dan. gaesling, a young goose. 
 
 darling, Ang. dedrling, one that is dear. 
 
 nestling groundling sterling falling bantling firstling 
 
 Obs. 1. German has forms like 'kammerling' a chamberlain ; 'haupt- 
 ling' a chieftain; 'fremdling' a foreigner; and 'fliiohtling' a fugitive. 
 
 Obs. 2. Asa person found or nursed is more likely to be a child than an 
 oAvXi, foundling f nursling (and some others) have acquired a diminutival 
 sense. Sapling, a tree with much sap-wood, acquires the secondary 
 meaning of a young tree. 
 
 Thofe fpoylefull Pifts, and fwarming Eaflerlings, 
 
 and forrein fcacterlings — Spenter. 
 
 complete series of frogs, from the full-grown froggy . . . down to that 
 
 minute frogling — a tadpole. — Tfi. Bood. 
 
 16 
 
182 SUFFIXES -L-US 
 
 -lion, n. 
 
 postl'llon, French postilion. paTl'Uon, French pavilion. 
 
 •lock, n. a plant. 
 
 ^a'x-Svov pot-herha; LEG-UMEN peaSf beanSf Ac.j lac-tuca le-ttuce. 
 Belg. look, Eng. leek.] 
 
 char-lock a plant which is (Welsh chwerw) bitter. 
 Called also kedlock, kedlack, Welsh c e d e n what sticks 
 together, shaggy hair; oeddw mustard; cedys faggots, 
 bundles, whence cadis, caddis or caddice. 
 
 hemlock a plant or weed of the genus coNifJM. 
 
 gar-lie, as if spear-leek, Irish carr a spear. 
 
 Wei loved he garleek, oynouns, and ek leekcs, — Chauctr. 
 
 Wedlock, Ang. -lac an offering. — Klipetein. 
 Hump-l-ock a small hump or heap. 
 
 (LOGy, n. a discourse; science.') 
 
 herpetology the science of rep-tiles, as serp-ents and 
 lizards. (Jp7:eT-dz creeping; ipTzai, serpo, eepo, to o-reep.) 
 
 -L-ons, a., n. 
 
 [Lat. a., n. -L-us (-A, u"";) -X-oj (-a, -oi;.) Sanscrit l-a5 (-a, -a,.) See 
 -L-TJS, -L, -UL-oUS.] 
 
 glandulous pertaining to glands. 
 credulous prone or ready (credere) to believe. 
 an§;Dlons stylus, see -L, f 3. sedulous tremulous nabllons 
 pendulous scroflilous frivolous sciolous fou-l (pav\as 
 
 -L-US, m., -L-A, f., -L-UM, neut. 
 
 [Sanscrit -L-A5 (-A, -I,;) (Jreek -X-oj (-a, -oi'.)] 
 
 nautilus, see -L, f 1. calculus stimulus regnlus Tantalus 
 ranunculus — formula nebula fecula — pendulum speculum 
 
-M- SUFFIXES 183 
 
 -ly, a. like; adv) manner. 
 
 [-Xi«-05 (-11, -oil.) -Lio-us (-A, -u".) Sansc. lacs lilee. Gothic ga-Ieiks 
 like, ga-leik-on to compare, ga-leik-a eimilarity. Ang. -lie, -lice, -li, 
 ge-Uc; Ohg. -lihj German -lieh, g-leiohj Isl. lik, lig, alik, glik; Sw. likj 
 Dan. lig; Belg. -lyk, ge-lijk; old Eng. -lik, -lick, -lioh, -lyoh, -liohe, -lie, 
 -li; Eng. like similar, -lie (in fro-lio,) -ly, -li-, -oh (in su-oh, whi-oh.) 
 Ss. root LIG to appi'oaGhf Join,'] 
 
 friendly like (in the manner of) a friend. 
 Iieartily in a hearty manner; with the heart engaged. 
 masterly verily trnly bomely elderly freely openly 
 richly adviseclly boldly northerly duly love-Ii-ly snr-li-ly 
 
 And fodenliche vpon me renncth. — Gowtr, died 140Z. 
 . . . derelye, frclye, fyngulerlyc and hooly . . . — Fahyan^ died 1512. 
 Others conceive that thofe Countries did not at firft perfectly receive the Latin from the 
 Rtmans^ but did o n e I y make ufe of the moft principal radical v}ordi; — l^iliins, 1668. 
 I am not writing insolently, but as shortly and clearly as I can. — RmJcirif born 1819. 
 
 Obs. 1. In daily, yearly, Ac. -ly is frequentative. 
 Obs. 2. In admirably, forcibly, &c. the suffix is -ble and -y. 
 Obs. 3. In nobly, the suffix is not -ly, but -y attached to -il of NOBiLis. 
 Obs. 4. -ly may be partly due to Danish -ledes, as in ligeledes likewise; 
 saa 80, saaledes thits. 
 
 Obs. 5. Chaucer uses costlewe (costly,) and dronkelew (given to drink.) 
 
 -M, intensive. 
 
 tremble, rpito and rpi-fi-m. thermal, Oip-w, to warm; 
 8ip-lj.-oiJ.at to become warm. 
 
 drea-m, dormant^ DOR-Miolsleep; Ss. root dkai to i 
 
 -M-, participial. 
 
 [Sanscrit participle -man-a5 (a, -I,.) -iiau-os (-a, -ov.) This perfect 
 passive and participial -M- indicates the action of the verb. It is also 
 followed by the participle present -au,^ used substantively.] 
 
 pheno-m-enon an appearing. (8@° <paivu), to appear.) 
 gno-m-on'' that which enables one (^yjdto,') to k-now. 
 ichnenmon" an animal which (J^veu-m,) tracks. 
 
184 suFfixES -M 
 
 demon'' one that {Sai-m,~) allots; destiny; a good or bad 
 spirit. 
 
 eleemosynary, see -SYNE, cremation al-am>nns autumn 
 column, see -MIN. 
 
 Obs. M (like t, n, sk,) is a strengthening element, as in cla-m-or-ous; 
 CLAMO I shout, from CALO, KaXm I callj perfect passive KiK\r)fiai. <p&'iii, to 
 shine, tpnMV to bring to light; to say, whence eu-ptae-m-ism (^aSKoi to 
 assert. See -esce.) 
 
 -M-, superlative. 
 
 See prime, under -Im moBt; and -mer, Obs. 2. 
 
 -m, -me, -MA, -ME, -MEN, -MIN-, -MON, -ment, n. 
 that which, that which is. 
 
 \_~HoP- (gen. -jiar-o^] Lat. -ma, gen. -mat-is,) -itrj^ -/^of," -/iiff,*^ -t"i^)^ -fiuv,^ 
 -povyS -liovrj. Latin -men*' (gen. -min-is,) -menttjm' (( educed,) -mo"^ (gen. 
 -MON-is,) (see -mon-itjm -ifX,) -ima.' Pol., Bohem. -ma. Sansc. -ma, -man, 
 -MA,. They indicate the result, effect, or object" of the verb. See the 
 footnote at -ANT ; and -M- participial.] 
 
 bloom that which blows, gleam that which glows. 
 
 worm that which (vbr-to,) turns; a contorting animal. 
 
 stem that which (ST-o,) stands, sham show, deception. 
 
 brim ^brow seam sow team tug qualm quail 
 s-cream cry 
 
 palm the inside of the hand. (Welsh p a what forms a 
 continuity; pal a flat hody, a spade; palm a spread, a 
 flag; palf a blade, paw, palm. See -B-. Latin pala a 
 spade.) 
 
 blossom boom beam foam fathom claim ^loom 
 looming loam flam lime slime blame flame spnme 
 
 prism npi'ffiia something sawn; a prism. (npt'm I 
 saw; perfect passive Tii-irpitT/iat I have been sawn.) 
 
 chasm an abyss. (*/«'<«, to stand open; ;(a-Zm, to clear a 
 place; perfect passive xi-mafi-ar, perfect middle xs-xav$-a. 
 Xai-v-ut, to open, gape, utter; .-^avdbi; (d educed from v,) gaping 
 
-M SUFFIXES 185 
 
 wide; ^V^ a gan-der; xs-)iTjvoTi<; gapers, fools j whence ca- 
 chiun-ation a fool's latigh.) 
 
 psalm ^lalfioq. (Perfect passive s<pa,\/jLat, of (pdkXia, to 
 play a stringed instrument.) 
 
 plume something with which to (zA^ai, izXdu), ■nk&iu,') sail. 
 
 fame a speaking of. (fari to speak.) 
 
 har-m-ony '^apjiovX'a. {dpfid^io to join, to tune; &p/ia 
 union; '^apw, to adjust.) 
 
 taie-m-al pertaining to' winter, {x^-i, JC"", to pour; perfect passive 
 Kl-x'iiat; X"fiiu' stormy rainy weather. See M participial, -uf,'' -ON, If 2. 
 XEi/ifl, HIE'MS winter weather; Sanscrit hiua^ — whence also chy-tnc, 
 ctay-Ie, gn-sb.) 
 
 foramen an aperture; the result or effect of boring. 
 (foro I bore.) 
 
 panorama a view on all sides, (jzav all; 6pa.'m I see; 
 perfect passive idpapa:.') 
 
 drama-t-io that which is acted. {8 paw to do, act; per- 
 fect passive didpa,,uai.') 
 
 dog-ma-t-ic that which seems true, (dox-iw, to think, 
 seem; perfect passive di-8uy-/iai.) 
 
 dram, dpa-^fiij a certain coin; a handful. {Spaj-fAg a 
 pinch; Spdaao/jLai, to grasp; perfect passive didpayfiai.) 
 
 diadem'^ (di(u, to tie; perfect passive Sidepat; Sta across.) 
 
 stratagem" (jsTpardg an army; Tjyinpat I lead.) 
 
 axiom aSiiapa an admitted or established principle. 8®" 
 i^touj. idiom ISiuipa something, as a form of expression 
 ("r^roir) peculiar. 
 
 dilemma diploma enig^ma^ stig^ma aroma miasma 
 asthma comma^ namismatic^ tlieme" scheme'^ rlicnm'^ 
 scliisin^(''°) phlegm {^\synoiiri) term^' alum'> at-mosphere 
 an-imoslty diag^rara* Bymptoin<^ phantasm" problem;'' 
 poem" emblem' acme'' spasmodic' epidermis'' giiomoii<^ 
 Ichneamon'' see -M-. pnenmonia etymons thy-me°e cal-amus 
 clematis see -IS. 
 
 na-me no-min-al 
 
 Lat. N5-MEir 
 
 SanSC. NAMAK 
 
 term ter-min-ate 
 
 " TBRMEU 
 
 " TABMAN 
 
 straw stramln-eoas 
 
 " STEAMEU 
 16* 
 
 " STABIMAN litter. 
 
186 SUFFIXES -M 
 
 tegnment" that which covers, — is made to cover; the 
 means of covering. (fl@" tego, to cover.) 
 
 gerin<> a bud. (GER-o, to bear.) 
 
 Tolnine<> something rolled up, as an ancient book; a 
 modern book; a mass of smoke, &c. (voLV-o, to roll.) 
 
 regimen, 1JSS- bego I regulate, charm cabmen a song. 
 
 acn'men, Xcuo I sharpen. examen examine specimen 
 abdomen bitumen albumen legnminous'* discriminate'^ 
 germinate'' seminary'* document' testament nutriment 
 ornament monument movement moment ailment, ^^@~ 
 ALO. judgment torment testimony victim' 
 
 salmon' a fish of -(a'A?) the sea. (sal-io, alXoixai, to 
 spring up, rush, throb; Hebrew salah to raise up.) 
 
 Atom d'-TQit-os indivisible, (ri/ii/d} I cut.) 
 
 Sermon, pulmon-ary. See -N declensional. Simoom, Coptic //imom. 
 
 Obs. 1. The -od- in spasm-od-io may be due to the adverbial form 
 oTraafjL-aiii^, See -old, 
 
 Obs. 2. A part removed is indicated in 'segment' from SECO I cut; 
 'fragment' the part brok-en oflf; 'cement* (from C^DO I cut,) primarily, 
 building-stone; 2d, rubbish for filling spaces; 3d, clay, mortar. 
 
 Obs. 3. Cinnamon Kiwaftov is from the Hebrew qinnamon, froiu qanch 
 
 -m, dative. 
 
 [An old singular and plural dative case sign. See -mer, >oni, adv.] 
 
 Obs. The obsolete dative occurs in the expression "I gave him food," 
 as compared with the objective " I gave him away." 
 
 bim irbom them seldom '^whllomi 
 
 -M, accusative. 
 re'qniem repose. (An accusative of the 5th declension.) 
 
 -m, n. diminutive. 
 
 film a thin fell (fell-Is) or skin. 
 cnlm coal in small fragments. 
 
-MER SUFFIXES 187 
 
 -M, adverbial. See -im. 
 
 idem idem the same, ibidem ibidem in the same 
 place. (iBl there.) item (item,) is a noun in English. 
 
 (^-MANcj, n. divination.') 
 
 [/lOv-T-ctS diTination ; ixaivonaij to rave; imv-t~Ts a diviner; iidv-t'a mad- 
 ness. Not properly a suffix.] 
 
 cbeiromancy palmistry; divination from the (/ei/j) hand. 
 Slantis a genus of insects of singular appearance. 
 necromancy divination by questioning the (yexpdq') dead. 
 
 with all the necromantici of their art, — TouRf, Nt, 8. 
 
 •MA-T; -MA-T-IC, -MA'Te. See -3fA, T declensional. 
 
 cli-mate pris-matic dra^ma-t-ic, see -m. 
 
 Obs. For rhythmic a New York journal uses rhythmatio(-aUjj) which 
 cannot be formed from pvdndi rhythm, 
 
 -M-ATe, a. 
 
 [The superlative -IM-US, with -ATe.] 
 prox-im-ate ultimate intimate primate 
 
 •me, -mo, a. most. See -imvs. 
 
 supreme, (super over, superior higher,) su-premus 
 uppermost, extreme most external. 
 
 -MEN, -ment, n. See -m. 
 
 -mer, a. more; -most, m^st. See -er, -est. 
 
 [Sw. as in narmare nearer, narmast nearest; Angliah (-mer wanting) 
 -mest, -most. The m is dne to the old dative ease a&golat, as in^ 
 
188 SUFFIXES -MONy 
 
 Gothic NordiaK German Anglish 
 
 Nom. god-» go8-r gut-er god good. 
 
 Gen. god-is goS-s gut-es god-es of good. 
 
 Dat. god-amma goS-um gut-em god-Vim to, for, with good. ■ 
 
 Accus. god-anii go?S-an gut-en god-ne good. 
 
 From Anglish ut out "we may infer utum to the out, ytemest ut-m-ost out 
 (to the) moat; but the Gothic iitana beyond, outmost; innana icithin; 
 aftana from behind, simulate the accusative, or a different form of the 
 dative.] 
 
 inmost farthest in. (Gro. innuma; Ang. innema, innemest.) 
 aftermost (Go. aftuma, aftumists; Ang. aftema, aeftemest.) 
 for-m-er fore-m-ost £ar-th-er-inore fiirttaermost 
 
 The formiit was alway behinde. — Chaucer. 
 
 Obs. 1. Although the suffix -most has been confused with most from 
 much, the two are usually distinguished in pronunciation. 
 
 Obs. 2. Former may be due to pri-me-er, or to foremost, and this to the 
 superlatives Gothic fruma and frumists, Sansc. prathamaS, tat. primCs, 
 fern. PRI.MA first, equivalent io primest ot fore-m-est. See -im, a. 
 
 Obs. 3. In Swedish, ut out, and om over, form utom beyond, without. 
 
 -MIN, -MN. See -MA. 
 
 [-MIN-US, fern. -Misr-A; -mn-5s, fern. -mn-a. -m- and -n- participial.] 
 
 alnmnns, fem. alumna, one who is (Jd®" ALO, ALITtJ",) 
 cherished, autumn the season of (avc-t-us) increase. 
 column cOLtJMNA, from COLUMEN a prop, COL-us a staff. 
 terminus tIrmIntjs a boundary; a limit; an end. 
 
 -MONy, -MONI-. 
 
 [-MON-IA,* -MON-iBM.* Akin to -MEN; and -mo, gen. -mon-is. See -m.] 
 moni-al, -moni-al-ly, -monious, -moniously, -moniousness. 
 
 acrimony' that which is imbued with the quality of aus- 
 terity or harshness, (acer sharp, gen. acrIs.) 
 
 sancti-mony' -monions ceremony* -inonlal testimony'' 
 patrimony'' alimony'' matrimony'' parsimonionsness 
 
-N SUFFIXES 189 
 
 -M-UL- 
 
 sti-m-nl-as that which goads (stick-s) or urges. 
 cumulate (d/i-dofiat) to heap together. 
 
 -M-US, -M-A, -M-UM, n. 
 
 [-m6s, (fern. -MA, neut. -sir";) Sansc. -siaS, (-ma, -ma,;) -las {-pi, -iimi.) 
 The nouD sufBx -us preceded by -M-. See -MA.} 
 
 hippo-potamus the river horse. (^t-r-Kot; horse, izora/idg 
 river, freshwater stream; tioio I drink; itdTTj/jia a drink; tiStc- 
 /io(; pot-able.) 
 
 isthmus a neck of land, {elfu I go; infinitive MiT6ac.) 
 
 marasmus a kind of consumption, (^fxapai'vu) I wither; 
 Attic perfect tense fis-fidpaff-fiat.') 
 
 anl-mns ani-mos-lty clirys>antlie-innin {-fou) golden flowered. 
 calamus calamus kS'XSijios, Ss. calama5 a reed; KoKayji straw, whence 
 balm, shawm, calumet, mesembryanttaemnm ^S- medius. 
 
 Dldymns a twin, tenesmns strabismus balsam fiaXcra^w 
 
 -mns, n. 
 
 [Latin verbs of the 1st person plural, present tense; used as nouns in 
 English.] 
 
 mittimus we send, mandamus we command. 
 ignoramus we know not. 
 
 -N-, intensive. 
 
 [A strengthening element, as in ov^w and a^|ci'Nw, to increaaey aug- 
 ment. Akin to the adjective suffix -iF-oj, -N-us, and participle present 
 -uN, -aNs. See -ANT.] 
 
 do-n-ate to give, present, (do I give, grant; DONfJ" the 
 thing give-n; do-n-o I give, bestow.) rego I reg-ulate, 
 REG-N-0 I reig-n. 
 
 diaphanous to give light {dia) through. (f> o'a>, to make 
 clear, appear; 8®" cpaivco.') 
 
 epiphany appearance. See HPI. 
 
190 SUFFIXES -N 
 
 tnnny a kind of fish, (duwoq, fern, euvvr^; Bum, to rush; 
 Oixuv rushing; dv'vio to rush furiously.) 
 
 cylinder, xv'XlvSpo<: a roller. {xukl'm, xvXi'vdm, to 
 roll; (5 educed from i-.y 
 
 Stepben ariipavoq a crown, {ariipm I wreathe, encircle.) 
 
 spurn {sTzeipiu I drive, SPERNO I disdain.) 
 
 yaw-n, g^a>n-der, cswbi-nn-ate. See -m^ CEAINO. 
 
 Iiieropha-n-t sycopbant ptaa-n-tom fantastic tympanum 
 mactaine tectanic stagnate pro-cra-s-t-ln-ate con-tam-ln-ate 
 sign rnn contemn consternation 
 
 Obs. 1. n is part of the stem in stain, explain, atun, remain, and others. 
 Gangre-n-e, see -AN. 
 
 Obs. 2. Ordain ORoifNOj from the genitive case of 6rd-o (-inis,) a rank, 
 an order. 
 
 -N, n. declensional. 
 
 [The sign of the base, or crude form of Latin nouns (of the third de- 
 clension,) as in SANCrTi3 blood, gen. sangvin-is of Hood; sermo a speech, 
 SERMON-is of a epeeeh; pulmo the lungs, gen. pulmon-is; tesdo (gen. 
 TENDiN-is,) a tendon; card Jlesh, gen. CA*RN-is; turbo a top, gen. TtJR- 
 BiN~is. Greek nominative -oyv, as in attpaiv (gen. aiclKavas,) a siphon; 
 Latin sipho, gen. siphon-is. G-reek kteis a comb, gen. ktev6s; ijii\Ss black, 
 gen, /liXffvof.] 
 
 sangnl-narj sermo-n pulmonary tendon turbinate 
 carnage margin carbon session option motion origin 
 su-spidon virgin legion gudgeon pigeon falcon ratio^n-al 
 optional cardinal Ciceronian centurion ordi-n-al onion 
 occasional provisional — sipbon icon ctenoid mela-n-cboly 
 
 Obs. 1. dolphin is both lc\(pt'v and SeXtpr's, gen. k\(piiios. 
 Obs. 2. bnmane has both this -N, and that of -nous. 
 Obs. 3. Famine (fames, gen. famis,) and order (oRBO, gen. ordinis,) 
 are false forms. 
 
 Obs. 4. Oupid (onpiDO,) and soap (sAPO,) have lost the case termination. 
 
 -n, infinitive. See -en, v. 
 
 -n, diminutive. See -en, n. 
 lamper-n a small lamprey, dtter-n a small guitar. 
 
-N SUFFIXES 191 
 
 -N, adverbial. 
 
 [Anglish -an, -on, motion /lom a place, as norBan/rom the nortli; feor- 
 ran from far; Ger. fer-n far. Banish adverbial and prepositional suffix 
 -en, as in ud out, uden mtlumt (deprived of;) ned down, neden hdow. 
 Bohemian podoba likeness, podobnj^ similar. Welsh gwaith turn, time; 
 weith-on this time, now. Greek dubitative particle ok. Latin is' behold; 
 DEIN then; interrogative particle an whether? ; con-, uvv with. Gr. wv, w, 
 ^Ger. nun) now; (liji truly, yes; ow then; itaK-p-S'v far; iripow beyond; Trpwi" 
 early, wol v before, irpajiji' formerly. Ss. sama a year, samina annually. ^1 
 
 wtaen then bence be-liind even often than yon soon 
 ag^ain non- sontber-n even +beforen -"-beforn -i-witlionten 
 
 Obs. 1. The stem of whe-n-ce appears in TriJ thither; irrj how; iroT 
 "v^ither; mv, TnSflr where; n-^ff somehow; miQ^N whence; jriSrc when; mioo; 
 how much, (Ionic /nSmj, see Obs. 3;) Latin qVO whither, qVI who; 
 qVAndo, Ger. wann, Eng. when. Ger. wo where, wie how. Eng. who, 
 we, why, wha-t, &g. 
 
 Obs. 2. The stem of the-n-ce appears in Eng. the, thee, thou, thy, 
 thus, this, those, them, there, that. Ger. die the; da here, there; dann 
 the-u. Gr. n any, ri what?; neuter article to the, this. Latin TU" then; 
 SIC thus (Eng. so.) Ss. tat that. 
 
 Obs. 3. The stem of he-n-ce appears in Eng. he, how, he-re ; in the 
 Gr. masc. article 6, fern, q the; wj how; 3, oii where; djie, i'lde, Latin HIc, 
 Ger. h i e he-re. 
 
 Obs. 4. When and Then have no corresponding form for ffen-ee, but it 
 appears in the Danish hen thither, and German hin toward, along; 
 English be-hin-d, hinder, with d educed. 
 
 -iV" n. masculine. 
 
 psean a song of deliverance. (Jlaiav Apollo as the god of 
 physic; a deliverer from sickness or danger; a hymn to 
 Apollo; a triumphal song. Tcauui I restrain, cause to cease, 
 relieve.) pseon peon-y ^ 
 
 ♦Accidental resemblances appear in Jakutisch (Yacootish) kyn day, kyn-yn 
 daily; Tatar munda here, mundan from here; Turkish orda there, ordan 
 from there; a word which is thus analysed by Dr. F. L. 0. Roehrig: — o that, j er 
 (with Latin J,)place, den from; but in putting these together the vowels must be 
 harmonised according to a peculiar law, making jar dan, from which the j must 
 be excluded (oardan) and ar transposed (oradan,) whence ordan thence. 
 Baba a father, hahnian fromafather; h a,b 0,1 er fathers, babalerdan/rom 
 fathers. Turkish is without native prepositions in the English sense, postpositions 
 being used instead, and it is supposed that the Greek and Latin case^signs are the 
 remnants of suoh postpositions. The objectionable terma preposition aui postposition 
 mirM be replaced vrith peritheHs. 
 
192 SUFFIXES -NEL 
 
 -N-, participial. See -N-us. 
 
 -iV, n. 
 
 [-i/a, -w), -jji/i), &o. -wj, -KOI', -oKoi', -OKOj, -1/. See -EN, n.] 
 
 sel-en-ite a shining mineral. (a-eAijVjj the moon. See-OID.") 
 
 org-satf dpy-avov. (epy-ov a w-ork.) resin, /if/ ri'vij. (^eu, to flow.) 
 fer-n, mcpivj irrcpUf akin to 7rr£/3fiv a plume, a wing, (mraw, Trrau to spread, 
 
 expand.) cam>ln a kind of plant, fran-tic pliren-o-logy dolphin 
 Beac-on — Welsh ig what is sharp; p-ig a pointed end, a beak; pigwn 
 
 a cone, turret, beacon. 
 
 Obs. 1. In German and Danish, -en is a suffix for ordinary nouns, some 
 of which are formed from verbs. Akin to these are blain coflfin dozCTi 
 haven liitchen oven puffin raven sloven tolcen wag;gon 
 
 Obs. 2. Hebrew has proper names in -n, as lotan ooTering (Genesis 
 36 :29;) darqon (Ezra 2 :56,) from dabIq to scatter. Leriath-an 
 Abadd-on satan. 
 
 -N-AL, a. quality. 
 paternal fraternal vernal infernal internal supernal 
 
 Obs. For optional, rational, &a., see -N declensional. 
 
 -ne, -n, n. See -N, N-US. 
 
 g^rain GEANtJ"' the seed of cereal plants; a particle. 
 prune PRUNtJ"" a plum, (jzpouiivoq, Tcpouvrj, PRUNtJS a 
 plum-tree.) throne ep6w<; a chair of state, (dpdm I sit.) 
 doctrine do-ctrina that which is taught. J8®" doceo. 
 
 •nel, n. 
 
 grap-n-el a small anchor. (A surdiminutive, Fr. grap-in, 
 grap-ill, Ger. krapfen a hook.) 
 
 dar-n-el an injurious weed. (Ang. derian to injure.) 
 
 char-n-el, with -N declensional. 
 
 colonel the commander of a (column or) regiment. 
 
-NESS SUFFIXES 193 
 
 -ner, n. 
 
 partner one who takes part with another. 
 Tintner one who deals in wine. 
 
 -nesB, n. quality of being; that which. 
 
 [Acg. -nesse, -nes, -nis, -nys; old Eng. -niSe, -nesse, -nes; old high 
 Ger. -ueasi, -nissa; Belg. -nis; Ger. -niss. Gothio -assus, -in-assus, -in- 
 being inflectional, as in ibn-assus evenness, equity; lekeis, (Eng. leech) a 
 physicianj lekinon to cure, lekinassus a curiny; vans lacking, vanan to 
 lack, Tan-eins wan-t, vaninassus the quality of wanting; 0iuda people, 
 fiiudans a king (i.e. the ruling,) 6iudinon to rule, Siudinassus rule.} 
 
 firmness the quality of being firm. 
 wilderness that (place) which is wild. 
 witness he who knows. (Ang. vitan to know.) 
 goodness meanness proneness likeness fiicedness 
 
 Holland's Flinie, 1636, has — bignesse goodnesse largenesse holines 
 kindnes sicknes. 
 
 Byron has — freshness darkness seriousness fierceness loneliness 
 dimness smilingness wantonness forgetfuloess hoariness firmness. 
 
 Talfonrd uses — loveliness listlessness nobleness spotlessnesa massive- 
 neas entireness venerableness. 
 
 As well in Chriftendom as in HethenelTe 
 And ever honoured for his worthineiTe. — Chaucer. 
 His noble perfone, with al gentilnes j 
 He is the wetle of alle parfitnes. 
 The very Redemir of al mankinde, 
 Him love I bell with herte, and foule, and mind. — id. 
 . . . there are many perfons, who, by a natural unchearfulnefs of heart, . . , give 
 
 themfeU'es up a prey to grief and melancholy. — 5pe£lator, Sept. a6, 171a. 
 Brilliancy and freshness may easily be pushed into rawness and crudeness ; . . . 
 
 transparency may easily degenerate into flimsinesa . . . spirit and cleanness of touch 
 
 quickly run into hardness, and softness into wooUiness and want of precision. — 
 
 John Opie, 1807. 
 
 Obs. 1. -ness forms abstract nouns, from nouns and adjectives. 
 
 Obs. 2. The Germanic -ness is used for -ty in words of Latin origin, 
 forming hibrids like plausibleness for plausibility, corruptible — , tracti- 
 ble — , credible — , rabid — , torpid — ; and oddity is used for oddness. 
 
 Obs. 3. In some geographical names, -ness (Sanscrit and Islandio nas; 
 Ang. nese; Saxon nes; Irish -nas, -nis; Polish nos; Bng. nose,) means a 
 cape or promontory, as in Sheemeas and Stromneas. 
 
 17 
 
194 SUFFIXES -N-US 
 
 -N-ITy, n. See -AN-iTy. 
 
 [-W-ous;* -N- intensive;* -N declensional."] 
 
 im-por-tn-n-ity'' that wBich is (im-) not opportune; or 
 which is introduced unseasonably; hence, vexatious solicita- 
 tion. (-T- intensive of POR-TO I bear, carry.) 
 
 op-portnnity fitness, the right moment. 
 
 vicinity' vicinitas nearness, neighborhood, (ylous a 
 village, a quarter; vicinOs similar, neighboring.) 
 
 Trinity fraternity^ divinity" Indemnity'' cansangnliilfy= 
 
 N is part of the root in vanity, lenity. 
 
 \ 
 
 -N-oUS, -NB-oUS, a., n. pertaining to; quality. See N-TJS. 
 
 membranous made of, or resembling membrane. 
 alie-n pertaining to another place, (alitjs aXkoq other.) 
 alter-n-ate, snb-alter-n, ALTER one of two, other. 
 sub-terra-neous under (terra) the ground. 
 ruinous tending to (ruina) destruction, (rijo I rush or 
 fall down, am overthrown.) 
 
 ple-ni-t-ude fulness. (PLENUS full.) 
 reign ElGNe™. Jonr-ney Difin-Nns. reslnons, see -N. 
 extraneous erroneons extemporaneous Instantaneous 
 spontaneons cutaneous miscellaneous som-n-olent sig^n 
 Diaphanous, see -N intensive; ferruginous, see -AGO; selenite, see -N. 
 
 -N-US, m. -NA, f. -NUM, neut. n. 
 
 [Ss. -n-a5 (fern, -i, neut. -a,,) -gA5. -v-dj (-?j, -ok;) -n-Ss (-a, -C"".) 
 Gothic -eins. Adjectives, participles and nouns (mostly passive,) akin to 
 -T-Ss, -ty, and appearing in the participial -/iExof (given under -M- parti- 
 cipial) and -N- participial of -AN, -ANeous, -N-AL. -nus the more cor- 
 rect form of -nous, is preserved in proper names.] 
 
 te'tanns eclil'nns aln-m-nus Afirlca'nus I.nca'nns 
 Sllva'nns Slle'nns ITeptunus Vnlcanus Vulcan volcano 
 tyrant npanos chimney kAiuvos are'na fari'na re'tlna aininna 
 Marla'na Antonlna taye'na — madona tympanum, see -UM. 
 arcannm (pi. arcana) Interregnum labdanom — ^laudannm 
 
-0 SUFFIXES 195 
 
 -0-, adverbial. 
 
 [A Greek (-u) and Latin adverbial signs, a in ex-o outwards; as-o 
 oftot'c, up; CAT~o below; INTRO within; RETRO backioarda; PRIMO at first. 
 Gothic -0. Kussian -o.] 
 
 -0-, connective. 
 
 This occurs in compounds like serio-comic, cumnlo-stratus, Syro- 
 chaldaic, gloss-o-logj, psycta-o-logy, ge-o-graphy. See § 53. 
 
 -O, declensional. 
 
 Italian and Spanish have this form; or, Latin -lis, -u™ have receded 
 to 0, as in the following examples — 
 
 solo alto portico nanclo studio fresco Tirtnoso canto 
 intag:1io punctilio motto bravo negro mulatto mestizo 
 lazaretto incognito ditto presto nianifesto peccadillo 
 agio sirocco stucco buffalo calico rotundo mezzotinto 
 
 Grotto (from crypt, Kpvwrds hidden,) is a mistake for Italian grotta, 
 French grotte. Old French crota, oroute, orote, crot — 
 
 Trova une crote soz terre. — Roman d'Atys. 
 Ibund a grot under ground. 
 
 -O, nominative. 
 
 [A Latin and Greek nominative case sign, as in i)%a> echo echo.] 
 
 balo tiro umbo pi. nmbones torpedo ratio Erato ipdTco 
 Hero is for ^pojs HER03, embryo for embryon, and eringo for Eryngium, 
 
 -0, genitive. See § 53. 
 
 -0, ablative. 
 
 in-nii-endo an oblique hint, (in at; nuo I nod; nuendo 
 by nodding.) proviso a clause ^ro-vid-ed or seen to hefore- 
 hand. (video I see.) 
 
 folio, the ablative case of FOLitJ" a leaf, stands for in folio. 
 
 quarto octavo dnodecimo limbo in extenso in situ 
 
196 SUFFIXES -OCK 
 
 -0, imperatite. 
 
 memento let them remember; a memorial. (The third person plural 
 active imperative of the second conjugation. ^^~ mbmihi, to remember.) 
 
 -ock, n. small, . See -C-le. 
 
 Iiillock a small hill, humiitock a small hump. 
 
 pinnocb a small bird with a (fenna) tuft; the titmouse. 
 
 sbamr-ock, Irish seamrdg a small (seamar) clover. 
 
 bullock a young ox; Irish bo a bovine animal, bol a cow, 
 bolog a heifer, of which the masculine form is boldn. Halli- 
 well says "A bullock is, properly speaking, a calf in the 
 second year." 
 
 baddock, Irish cud-6g, from codh Jiead, but probably 
 equivalent to a small cod-fish, i.e. head-fish. 
 
 mddocfe the ret^breast. lark or laverock bnrrocii: banuock 
 tarrock (a gull) whlnock battock 
 
 Hammock is of doubtful origin; Belg. hangemack and hangmatt (as 
 if hang and mat;) old Swedish ham a to cover; Brasilian hamacoa 
 (Marcgrave, 1648,) but probably not native. 
 
 The merry larke hir mattins lings alofl'j 
 
 The thruOi replyes j the mavis defcant plays : 
 
 The ouzeU Hiriils : the ruddock warbles Toil ; — Sftnstr, 
 
 -ock, n. large. 
 
 girrock a large (gar) fish. 
 
 paddoc a large (Aug. pada, Belg. padde, Sw. padda) toad. 
 pollock a fish named from its large head or poll. 
 tussock a large (Er. tasse) tuft of grass, as tass-el (tossel) 
 is a small tuft, puttock a large (buteo) hawk; the kite. 
 '''waddock a large piece. — HalKweU. 
 
 Obs. There is much difficulty in distributing words in -ock properly. 
 Thus haddock is both a fish and a bird, and as a bird (a gull,) it is larger 
 than the tarrock, and smaller than several other British gulls. Killockdoe 
 isa name of-thoblaok cock"/ the curious tail' of which inay'Kave recalled 
 hillock (a small anchor,) but such guesses are deceptive. 
 
■OID SUFFIXES 197 
 
 -ock, n. verbal. 
 
 finnock, pbinock a kind of Scottish trout from twelve 
 to sixteen inches long, whiter than the allied kinds, and with 
 white ventral fins. (Irish finn white.) 
 
 cammoc the herb rest-harrow. (W. cam crooked, bent.) 
 ha-roc destruction. (Welsh haf that is apt to spread; 
 hafog a spreading about; devastation.) 
 
 liawk a bird of prey. (Welsh hebog; hof that hovers.) 
 mattock a kind of hoe. (Welsh matog.) 
 
 {OD, n.) 
 
 [Gr. hiSs a way, mode, journey; Ladn -odds. Not properly a Bnffix.] 
 
 met-hod a mode or system (jisra^^ according to rule. 
 synod (av'v with,) a meeting, exodus a going (^f) 
 period (TztpT around,) a complete circuit. 
 ep-is-ode (ticf on, elq in,) an incident added in the course 
 of a story. (This is distinct from didij an ode, whence mon-ody^ 
 
 -OID, -ITE, -ITES, a., n. somewhat like, &o. 
 
 \-siiils, -ITT];, 't^Sqs, -wifeyj from elSos form, quality; ^^~ video, tAiaa 
 see. Sanscrit vidh to diatinguiah.'] 
 
 deltoid shaped somewhat like the Greek letter JiXra. 
 
 belemnites a fossil shell shaped like a (6iksiivov) dart. 
 
 calamites a fossil plant like a (za7a//o?) reed. 
 
 snlpkite a chemical combination between sulphurous acid 
 and a base, as lime, forming sulphite of lime. 
 
 pyrites (originally flint, from mp fire,) sulphuret of iron 
 and other minerals with a brassy lustre. 
 
 spberoid conoldal cycloid ethmoid aracbnoid peltold 
 sigmoid varioloid typboid g^e-ode meteorite ammonite 
 tbomsonlte sienite cyanite^ boracite* coraclte* cblorite 
 
 * Pronounce C as E. 
 
 17* 
 
198 SUFFIXES -OMA 
 
 Obs. 1, In mineralogy, -lite (\i'6os a stone,} and -ite are used indiffer- 
 entlj, and when tKe stem ends with I, they are not distinguishable, as in 
 apophyllite, argillite, petalite, arendalite. -lite appears in chrysolite 
 (xpiiiis gold,) i.e. gold-stone; oolite {oiiv an egg,) from its resemblance to 
 fish roe. litho-graphy litho-logic lith-i-um. 
 
 Obs. 2. Grreek and Latin family names in -AD^, -ID^ belong here, such 
 as Dardanidse, Bomulidse, Aeneadse, Bruidse, Danaidae imitiat children 
 of Banaus ,■ Greeks. Feleiides son of Felens. Hesperides daughters of 
 Hesperus. Oceanides daughters of oceXhus. 
 
 -oir, n. See -er, agency, 
 [-oir, -eur, -re, are French forms.] memoir reservoir devoir 
 
 -om, n. 
 
 transom, in ship-building, a strengthening timber bear- 
 ing some resemblance to a bench, (thanstrum a bench for 
 rowers; a cross beam. Grreek Opdtu I sitj n. dim. dpanarpov, 
 of dpavoi; a bench (the uppermost of three) for rowers; — a 
 projecting head of a beam.) 
 
 Tenom venenu" poison, bane, axiom, idiom, see -m. 
 
 fantom, (J8^ <[)aivw, to appear,) French fantdme, from 
 PHANTas-ma; old French enfantosmer to bewitch. — Diez. 
 
 fathom a measure of six feet. (Old G-erman fadum a 
 thread, Sanscrit badh, ba''dh to bind, tie.) 
 
 besom bottom bosom. Ranaom is a form of redemption. 
 
 -om, adv. 
 
 seldom, Ang. seld rare, seldon rarely; Ger. selten (and seltsam, with 
 -Bome,) old Bng. selden; dialect of Somerset seltimes, which accounts for 
 the m. wbilom, Ang. hvile time, dative plural hrilum at time). 
 
 at random, old high Ger. rand edge, extremity; old Bng. randon 
 haste; old Fr. randir to rush on, a, randon at a blow, immediately. 
 
 Men who live much by the brain have seldom the courage to be prudent, 
 seldom the wisdom to be patient. — Blackwood's Magazine, Sept. 1860. 
 
 -OMA, n. See -m. 
 aroma apw/M the flavor of spices. glancAma yXauxwiia 
 a disease of the eye giving it a (yXtfux&i;') bluish cplor. 
 
-ON SUFFIXES 199 
 
 -ON, n. 
 
 [-0 nominative and -N declensional. See under -ION.] 
 
 potion carbon falcon scorpion lilstrlonia mncronate 
 
 -ON, n. that which, &c. 
 
 [^ 1. -till' n.j Ss. -A,i Lat. \J^. ^ 2. -uiv part. pres. ^ 3. ~&v gen. pi, 
 If i. -01' n. \ 5. -o» neut. adj. f 6. -ui', -ok adj. oomp.] 
 
 \ 1. canon slpbon cotyledon scorpion myrmidon lion 
 gorgon Crang^n chameleon Amphi'on Ixi'on Endymlon 
 
 ^ 2. borizon that which ((J/> I'C-tu,) bounds; the bound- 
 ing line separating earth and sky. dragon dpa'xwv; part. 
 dpaxibv seeing (well,) of dipxm I see, glance; SJpaxov I saw. 
 archon a ruler, (ap^iu I command.) iciineii-iu-oii, gno- 
 m-oii, de-m-on, see -M. 
 
 balcyon arcbltect o^ircn-au' Piiae-tli-on Pblege-th-on 
 
 But Phlegeton is ibnne of Herebus and Night . . . — Spenser, 
 
 ^ 3. diapason, (dia through, ita^ every, gen. pi. fem. 
 T:aaBv of all,) through all, from a note to its octave, dia- 
 tessaron through the fourth, amazon Parthenon 
 
 ^ 4. colon a member (of a sentence;) a point indicating 
 such a member. 
 
 cinnamon ety-m-on lexicon melon chorion pantheon 
 scbolion criterion ganglion pneumonia ampblctlon 
 
 ^ 5. anto-ma-t-on self-acting, see A UTO- skeleton a 
 dry (body;) the bones pertaining to a body. 
 
 catbollcon basllicon octahedron oxymoron asyndeton 
 
 ^ 6. ple-onasm ■KXeov-aapii; overplus. {-kUov, neuter com- 
 parative of TzoXlx; many, much.) 
 
 Obs. 1. Greek neuter nouns in -ov usually take the Latin form, aa irrip- 
 vov ste'rnum; itBatiov museum; Kohcu^fiv colchicum. 
 
 Obs. 2. In many English words, -on was not the final of the originals, 
 as in Bp6viK throne, see -nc; rimt tonus a tone or din. 
 
 Sexton is for saoristan. Orinuon belongs< to -IXe a. 
 
200 SUFFIXES -ON 
 
 -on, n. deteriorative. 
 
 [Ital. -ognaj Fr. ogne, as in ivr-ogne dninkardj ivre drunken. Akin 
 to -on augmentative.] 
 
 scullion a person in charge of a scullery, cullion calyon 
 
 carrion decaying (CAR-O) flesh. Old English caroigne, 
 carren, &c. 
 
 Darke, dolefull, dreary, like a greedy grave, 
 That ftlU for carrion carcalTes doth crave : — Spenser. 
 
 -on, -one, -oon, n. augmentative. 
 
 [Ital. -5ne: Span, -on, -onaj French -o" (compare teton, tetasse, tetin, 
 tetine.) G-r. -uv, as Ks<jidf\ii head; Ke^SS-tiiv big-headed. Latin -onus, -ona. 
 See -AN.] 
 
 button a large hud. seton a large (seta bristle,) thread. 
 
 piston a large pes-t-le. balloon a large ball. 
 
 saloon a large (Fr. salle, Ital. sd,la) "hall. 
 
 bassoon a large instrument for the base. 
 
 trombone a large (Ital. tromba) trumpet. 
 
 an apron, Fr. naperon, North of Eng. nappern, a large 
 (Fr. nappe) cloth, as napkin is a small one. 
 
 Bellona the goddess of (BELLtJ"") war. 
 
 eralle-on modallion squadron gabion bastion baton or 
 batoon cannon champion falcblon tampion tanipoon 
 bnlToon barracoon cartoon cardoon seroon barpoon 
 donbloon fri^atoon festoon lampoon spontoon talon 
 triincbeon million latten griffin patron matron 
 Pomona Fortuna 
 
 Obs. 1. Perhaps bludgeon, dudgeon, guerdon, plungeon, puncheon, 
 stanchion, gnrri-son belong here. 
 
 Obs. 2. The corrupt form 'mushroom' belongs .here, being a mistake 
 for the vulgar form musheroon, of the French 7nouseeron. 
 
 Baboon converts the French nasal i° of babouin into -oon. 
 
 -on, n. diminutive. 
 
 [Frrnch diminutive 0°.] 
 
 cocoon a small (Fr. coque) she}}, flagon a small flask. 
 
-OS surrixES 201 
 
 cordon a small (Fr. corde.) 
 
 e'chalon something arranged like the steps of (Schelle) 
 a ladder. 
 
 masketoon a short musket. (A diminutive in French, 
 and an augmentative in Italian.) 
 
 Guahion is for the French diminutive ooussi". 
 
 -OR, -R, n. quality; -ing; -ness. 
 
 [Latin -oh, -e; Span, -or; Italian -ore; Fr. -ear. Bohem. -r, -er, -or. 
 Gaelic (i.e. Gallic,) -air, -oir. Greek -Up, -oj, -oj. Sanscrit 15, as in teas 
 (Lat. TBRUBO,) to /ear^ trXs-a5, Lat. tbeeoe. Sanscrit ho»a5 a h'quidf 
 Greek ■x^/ii; chyme, Lat. humor, -oe converts Latin intransitive verbs into 
 (passive) nouns of thincja, as -t-or converts them into (active) nouns of 
 persons. See -ER agential. Akin to -US.] 
 
 error the quality of erring, an erring. 
 
 favor kindness, (faveo to be kind.) 
 
 odor that which (ofu),) yields scent. 
 
 valor, VALEO, to be strong. 
 
 clamor tremor tumor splendor vigor rlg^r ftivor 
 fervor candor sqnalor stupor torpor Iiorror fliror 
 liquor calorific — savor tenor mirror MiEATOEin" — grand-eur 
 
 Obs. 1. Some nouns in -or cannot be referred to Latin verbs, as honor, 
 color, odor. 
 
 Obs. 2. This snffix is simulated by the genitive case, as in corp-or-eal, 
 from coEPDS a body, gen. coep-oe-is ; flow-er, see -ER-, -R, declensional. 
 
 Demeanor is for demeanure. Flavor. 
 
 -ORT-, -ORy, a., n. -ing, &c. See -ARy. 
 
 [Lat. masc -oRros," fem. -oeia," neut. -oeium." See I formative.] 
 
 transitory" passing, dilatory' dilating (as it were) time. 
 victory<> Iiistoryt> promontory° consistory" no-tK>ri-ous-ly 
 
 -OS, n. 
 [Gr. -OS, indicating the action of the root verb. See -US.] 
 chaos, see -m. pathos bathos epos asbestos -us acanthus 
 
202 SUFFIXES -OT 
 
 -OSe, -OS-, -OuS, a. fvU; like; having, &c. 
 
 [os-us;' Italian -080 ; FreDch -eux, -euse. German -os, os. Akin to 
 -6s,'' with which it is confounded in English and French.] 
 
 Tillous, villose villosus full of (vill-us) wool or 
 down, globose like a globe, studious' diligent in study. 
 
 malicious malitiosus having or bearing malice. 
 
 perilous full of peril, jocose" given to joking. 
 
 morose laclirimose plnmose operose verl>ose glbbose 
 vicious viTiosus sententious ponderous laborious vinous 
 numerous cavernous noxions°'> Ing^enlous prodigious 
 callous portentous monstrous oblivions"'' ambitious 
 generosity suspicions factious cadaverous tnmnltnons 
 ominons luminous sinuous sumptuous egregions'' nutri- 
 tious>> fictitious'' testaceous'' aqueous'' bilious varicose 
 
 Obs. The next examples are not from recognised Latin fonnsr 
 clamorous (glamor noise, glImosus) noisy, illustrious, a false form 
 of iLLiiSTBis. vigorous rigorous cautious plenteous virtuous 
 
 -OSO. 
 
 [The Italian form of -OSe.] virtuoso amoroso affettnoso 
 
 -OSI-Ty. See -OSe. 
 
 Terbosity the quality of being full of words; wordiness. 
 pomposity dubiosity curiosity animosity monsti*09ity 
 
 For ferocity, precocity, veracity, rapacity, voracity, &o. see -AC-eous. 
 
 -osy. 
 
 leprosy a scaly and pustulous disease of the skin, (ki-pa, 
 from It-aptj^ scaly; Xs-kIz a scale. A badly formed word.) 
 
 -ot, n. 
 
 fkgot a bundle of sticks. ^(W. flag what unites together; 
 ffagl a blaze; ifagod a fagot.) maggot, see M-. 
 
 spigot, W. ig what is sharp; p-ig a point, p-ike, be-ak; 
 yspig a spine, s-p-ike; yspigawd a spindle, a spigot. 
 
-OTH surnxES 203 
 
 "Ot, -otte, n. dim. 
 
 [French -otte; Spanish -ota. Akin to -et, -ette, n. dim.] 
 
 ballot a small ball; a closed paper used in voting. 
 chariot a small car or chair. 
 calotte a kind of cap. 
 
 Clymbe to her charet all with flowers fpred, — Sfttiter, 
 
 •ot, n. augmentative. 
 
 Iiakot a large hake, a voracious fish of the genus Mer-lu- 
 cius or sea-pike. (German hech-t a pike; akin to hook and 
 heckle.) 
 
 baked a large pike. (Anglish hacod.) oirlet, howlet a 
 large owl. (Fr. hulotte.) sans-cal-otte 
 
 -OT, n. 
 
 [Gr. -onif, -MTTis, fem. -urij. See -ET, -T-BE, T participial.] 
 
 patriot TraTptt^TijSy fem. irarpiuTts zealot ^ijXur^ belot el^un-jK Idiot 
 iduims despot SamiTiK esetaarotic iaxSpar-tKis 
 
 -OT-IC, a,.,n. See -AT-IO. 
 narcotic vapxiortxdg producing (ydpTuf) torpor, exotic 
 
 -otb, n. 
 
 A Hebrew feminine plural as in sabaotb (aaffauB) hosts or armies. 
 bdhemotta beasts, the plural as a more dignified form being applied to 
 the hippopdtamus. B^erdtta (wells,) the name of a city. Joshua 9: 17. 
 otb the (signs of the) zodiac. Job 38 : 32. 
 
204 suiTiXES -OUE 
 
 ■onch, -idge, n. 
 
 [Ital. diminutive -oooio, -uccia; Fr. -oucslie,- Sp. -uoho.] 
 
 cartoncli an architectural ornament like a label or scroll. 
 cartridge a small (xo-p'"!?) paper containing a charge for 
 a gun. 
 
 Obs. Italian has the enormous number of two hundred snffizial dimi- 
 nutives, including forms like car-uncula, car-unculetta, besti-uoluccia, 
 pagli-ucolina, bott-oncellino, bern-occolino, gall-ozzoletta, luc-ignolino, 
 cass-ettoncino, sbirr-acchiuolo, u-ccellinuocio. 
 
 -oar for -OR, n. 
 
 Obs. Some pretend that -our should be used because it occurs in 
 words got directly from the French. This rule is followed in spelling 
 a few words for the sake of the pronunciation, as toury contour, amour, 
 Neighbor is not French but Germanic, and is spelt 'neighbore' in 
 the English Bible of 1380, 'neghebor' by Chaucer, and 'neibor' 'neigh- 
 bor,' 'neighbour,' by Spenser. But French has -eur in connaisseur, 
 erreur, honneur, couleur, and old French has crlditeur where French has 
 cr^ancier. Henry III.'s Norman French proclamation of October 18th, 
 1258, has honur, and Ehaetian has hanur, errur, inferiur, inspectur, in- 
 dustrius, cunfessur, cunfessiun, &,a. -our is old English, as mirrour, 
 minour (miner,) trechour (cheat,) vauntour (boaster,) versiflour, hasard- 
 our (gamester,) in Chaucer; and harpour, benefactour, in F. Spence, 1686. 
 Spenser uses treachour, pillour, favour, mirrhour, rancor, labor, honor and 
 honour, horror and horrour, humor and humour, arbor and arbour. 
 
 ' Those who wish to use -our etymologicly, must distinguish between 
 words got from old French, and those taken directly from Latin, before 
 they can spell words like splendor, rancor, squalor, torpor, stupor, vigor, 
 &c. Richardson uses -our, but he does not cite the old French authorities 
 for his etymologies, so that there is no evidence that he is accurate in his 
 spellings of splendour, squalor, torpour, stupor, vigour and vigorous, 
 rancour and rancorous, honour and honourable. He refers 'splendour' 
 to 'splendeur,' and the unlatin word 'mirror' to the modern French 
 'miroir,' citing Piers Plouhman's 'mirour' and Gower's 'mirrour'— pro- 
 ducing no etymologic authority for either 'splendour' or 'mirror.' 
 
 The following old French forms show that there was no uniform ety- 
 mologic basis in that language. 
 
-QW SUFFIXES 205 
 
 detracteour detractai' eurenr hearer 
 
 savour savor contcor he who counts 
 
 metronr jioet sanveor savior 
 
 kantadoar singer coulor color 
 
 conqaerenr conqueror maester master 
 
 soldurienr soldier esqnier esquire 
 
 Trouthe and honour, fredom and custelie. — Chaucer, 
 
 -oUS, a. having; -ing. 
 
 [-US, -ius, -65s ; -of, -its, -as, -moj. Fr. -eux, f. euse. Akin to ;^§~ 
 -US n., and -ER n.] 
 
 o^dorous (ODORUs) having odor. 
 
 gibbous (QiBBUS and gibber) having a convexity. 
 
 ampbibious having (dTo?) life (a,upi:^) both on land and 
 in water; as toads, the tadpoles of which live under water. 
 
 indigenons pertaining to one in- (genitu") born; origi- 
 nating in the region or country. 
 
 conterminoas touching at the (TERMINUS) boundary. 
 
 strenuous arduous barbarous anxious obvious pious 
 devious noxious innocuous ridiculous cinereous curious 
 ambiguous argillaceous grallinaceous sonorous deciduous 
 superfluous conscious berbaceous — mlscliievous boisterous 
 
 Obs. The suffix is lost in rigid risidus valid honest robust austere 
 just right direct beatific innate compact. 
 
 -ow, n., a., V. 
 
 [A heterogeneous English spelling, partly derived from Germanic 
 -gen.* Some of them are contracted diminutives.] 
 
 sballow that which is shoal. 
 
 tallow that which is (Gothic tulgus) solid. (Islandic 
 tolga to solidify, congeal.) 
 
 fellow, formerly felaw, a companion. ("Isl. felagi, from 
 fe money, and lag communiti/." H. Wedgwood. Ang. fylgean 
 to follow. Skinner.') 
 
 callow without feathers. (CALVUS bald.) 
 
 s-parrow, Ang. speara, Lat. pakijs, Go. s-parwa, Ger. s-perling. 
 18 
 
206 SUFFIXES -POD 
 
 sbadow shade felloe, Ger. felge buirow bury bollow (bolwe, 
 Chaucer) hole barrow bear sw^allow, Aug. srelg-an swallow (a 
 bird,) Anglish svaleve, German schwalbe bellows (belons, Chaucer) 
 gallows^ (galwes, Chaucer) fallow, Anglish faleve, fealo sorrow"^ 
 morrow^ follow^ borrow^^ farrow minnow yellow billow 
 ivillow (sallow) barrow marrow narrow 
 
 A bettre felaw fchulde men nowher fyndc. 
 
 God yeve thee forwe, 
 
 What aileth thee to flepen by the morwe. — Chauter. 
 As frefh as flowres in medow greene doe grow, — Spenur, 
 
 P-. See -B-. 
 
 despot dermdn^i; a tyrant. (S inflectional, T participial. 
 Sanscrit jS.pati, Bvtifey. Sanscrit dS,sa a slave, Pott. Sim I 
 bind, restrain.) 
 
 -PLe, -ble, -FLEX, a., fold, times. 
 
 [-PLEX, -PLIC-; VIAC-O I fold, ply.] 
 
 idonble two-fold, triple, treble three-ply, three-fold. 
 quadruple duplicity trl>plic-ate complex complication 
 
 Obs. In temple, example, p is educed from m. Disciple, see -ble.° 
 -POD, -FED, -FUS, n., z. foot, feet. 
 
 [noCff footj gen. Ttoi-ds, nom. pi. irfiiJo. pes, gen. pedis, nom, pi. pedes. 
 Eng. pace, foot. Diminutive ^rddiof, -podium. Sansc. PADASybof. Bohem. 
 pod- below.] 
 
 polypns, polyp, poalp an animal with (TzoXv'q) many 
 feet, polypodinm, polypody a fern with many stems. 
 
 octo^pus a cuttlefish with {dxzcb) eight feet or arms. 
 
 decapoda Crustacea with (Sixa) ten feet. 
 
 apoda without feet, hexapod with six feet, as insects. 
 
 quadruped biped and dlpns tripod and trivet centlped 
 mllleped soUped palmiped pedal pedate cap-a-pie Apns 
 
 Por-pva is for pork-fish, and the allied gramp-u» is from yp6ft<pos, s-crofa 
 a sow, the form and motions of the small cetacea being somewhat like 
 those of swine. French grand poiaeon a 'large fish," is commonly given. 
 
-E SUFFIXES 207 
 
 -P-UL. See -B-, -l, dim. 
 
 manipnlate to perform small work with (mInus) the 
 hands. 
 
 -R-, formative. 
 
 [Akin to -L-, which is also formative. Its function is peroeired in the 
 Sanscrit mi to throwy meru apt to throw/ fR to pierce, tararu injurious; 
 BHI to /ear, BHIRTT fearful; asman a atone, ASMARA /m^^ of atones, ayto, to 
 lead, hriny; dycipa, to assemble. TOLIO I raise, lift, bear; TOL-iER-o I bear 
 (in a particular manner,) endure, tol-er-ate. It occurs in -ary, -er, -or, 
 -R-ns (-R-A, -R-UM,) -R-ous, -ry, -trum.] 
 
 nec-ro-logy an account of one (yex-pd?') dead. 
 
 de-p-gy (originally) a body chosen by (xXrjpoi;) lot. 
 
 the-or-eni 0£a>prj/ia a proposition in mathematics. (0sdw- 
 /lac, to behold, contemplate.) 
 
 pn-pe pu-R-Tis, Ss. PtJ to clean. 
 
 pylorus, see -r-tjs. gl^-re c-Iea-r, see c-la-e-us. sepulchre 
 9EPCLCRU'". consid-er desi-re recup-erate l-gno-ront fe-r-n 
 
 Obs. The r of experience ia part of the root. 
 
 R, declensional. 
 
 [A base with S in the nominative, as mas (gen. mar-is") a male; flos 
 (gen. PLOR-Is'") flower; mos (gen. MOR-is") manner; -vs. gen. -0R-IS,° gen. 
 -BR-is;* puLvis (gen. pulvbr-is") dust; m6s (gen. mur-is) mouse. See 
 -ER, -OR declensional.] 
 
 marry' floral'' oral*" moral^ temporal" pectoral" decorous" 
 corporate" frlgforific" operate* ulcer* funeral* general* 
 lateral* remunerate* onerous* ponderous* TCtcran* sidereal* 
 vulnerary* cinerary" purulent' Jury' murine' rural' (rustic) 
 
 Obs. OS a bone, gen. ossis, gives ossl-fy. 
 
 -R, permutative. 
 
 [A permutation of S, as in spbs hope, spero / hope; \ia power, tir o mon.] 
 injure jaa-t inspire -virus 
 
208 SUFFIXES -BED 
 
 -K, V. infinitive. See -ep. 
 
 sneer veer hear steer shear jeer leer bear cliar 
 roar soar — souvenir 
 
 -p, possessive. See -er, a. 
 
 yon-r ttaelr onr ber 
 
 -K, adv., prep. 
 
 [Gr. as in 'wrip, Lat. sup-br, Bng. ov-er; nup-br lately; sbmpbr ev~er; 
 TBR thrice. instIntbr instantly. Some are transferred comparatives.] 
 
 far near under after never yonder outer wtaere 
 
 Obs. The question WJiere? is made with a labial root, and its answer 
 with the glottal H, when the direction is towards the speaker, and with 
 the dental T, Ac. .when if is from him. This appears in the following 
 Greek, Latin, German, and English examples — 
 
 no5 
 
 qV5 
 
 wo 
 
 war 
 
 where 
 
 when 
 
 whence 
 
 what 
 
 whithei 
 
 Iri-is 
 
 HI(c) 
 
 hie 
 
 hier 
 
 here 
 
 hen* 
 
 hence 
 
 hid* 
 
 hither 
 
 TH 
 
 Tuit 
 
 da 
 
 dar 
 
 there 
 
 then 
 
 thence 
 
 that 
 
 thither 
 
 -re, n., a. 
 
 [See -ER agential; -C-U-; -chre; -T-R-UM.] 
 
 acre wiseacre massacre austere, see -R-oUS spectre 
 fibre FIBRA lucre sabre centre Involucre sepnlcbre 
 
 Sire is for seni-or. Fire and sphere have the r radical. 
 
 -red, n. 
 
 hnnd-red, Ohg. hunt, hundertj .old Frisian hunderd; 
 Belg. honderd; old Saxon hunderod; Latin centum; Alba- 
 nian kint; Welsh cant. Akin to hand, and com-pre-hend. 
 
 liind-red, +kinrede relations by birth. or marriage. (The 
 first d is educed from n of 7cin. Swedish re da order; "Welsh 
 cenedl kindred.) hatred ill-will, malevolence. 
 
 « Danish. See -N adv., Obs. 4. 
 
-K-oUS SUFFIXES 209 
 
 -rel, n. 
 
 [Diminutive or depreoiative -1, following tlie suffix -r.] 
 
 pickerel a small pike. 
 
 timbrel a kind of small (Fr. tambour) drum. 
 
 doggerel bad poetry. (German dichter a poet.) 
 
 spandrel cbaptrel mandrel tendril grambrel tnmbrel 
 mackerel mongrel liog^erel cockerel costrel 
 
 Scoundrel, Italian soonderuola, one who ahaconda from the roll or 
 muster. — Thomson^ Minatrel and poitrel belong to -al. 
 
 -ren, n. pi. 
 
 children (Ang. ein-r-en,) and brethren are double plu- 
 rals formed by adding the -n of oxen to the old English plu- 
 rals childre and brothre, Ang. brothra. 
 
 Obs. The -r plural in children and the German kinder is probably a 
 mutation of a (as in German ha«e, English hare,) to avoid in the plural 
 the « of the genitive singular, for in Anglish, smi^as is both amilha and 
 of a amiih, 
 
 ric, n. jurisdiction. 
 
 [reg-nu'" a kingdom. Anglish rio-e, -ric; Sw. rikej German leich. 
 English reign, rich.] 
 
 bishopric the jurisdiction of a bbhop. 
 
 rit, n. 
 
 cnlp-ri-t, REA-TtJs n., the condition of one arraigned, for 
 a (culpa) faultj a criminal. — Sullivan. 
 
 -R-oUS, a. quality. 
 [-B-ns (-1, -e™.) -p-iif. Ss. -R-X5. See -OR n., -ons, -BUS.] 
 
 au-s-t-ere having the quality of parching, (avsterus, 
 adffTTjpdg harsh; au-ai, to parch.) 
 
 18» 
 
210 SUFFIXES -Ry 
 
 avarons avarBs covetous, (aveo I covet.) 
 sonorons sounding. (SONO I sound.) 
 canorous vocally melodious. (CANO I sing.) 
 odorons oDORns vigorons rJg;oroiis trai-t-or-ons sec-nre 
 SBCURUS dolorons damorons timoroas bamorons raptnrons 
 
 Obs. These words are mostly derired from verbs, and do not include 
 forms like canceroiMj iUceroua, murderous, onerous, nor those in -ferous. 
 
 -R-US, n. m., -R-A, n. f., -R-DM, n. nent. 
 
 [-BUS is the more correct form of -rons. It is preserved chiefly in 
 proper names. See -E-ous, -T-RUM.] 
 
 pyloros the (nuXji) passage, from tte stomach. 
 Theo-doras, {daipov) a gift, from God. Apollo-dorns 
 Helio-dorns Iiydra an animal living in (uSmp) water. 
 fulcrnm something with which (fulc-IO,) to prop. 
 pletliora izhjOdpa fulness, repletion. {-Mm, jzXrjdm, to filL) 
 
 ' And late the nation found, with fniitlels fkill. 
 
 Its former Arength was but plethoric ill. — Goldsmith, 
 
 Ce'rberas Ca'nttaariis He'speras Ta'rtams SeTe'ms 
 papyrus hnmeras cedar nciiJpo; — Aoro'ra £Ie'ctra Cblme'ra 
 camera decdram 
 
 Arct-urus, the (otSpo^) tail, of the {apKroi) bear. 
 Quorum of whom J the genitive plural of qtI who. 
 
 -Ry, -ERy, n. 1. aggregate of) 2. practice of. 
 
 [Adj. masc. -akiSs; nom. fem. sing, and neut. pi. -aeiI. Dan., Sw. 
 -eri; Ger. -erei; Selg. -erij. See -ARy.] 
 
 artillery, (gen. artis of art,) Port, artilh fortification; 
 old Fr. artilleux artfvl; artillier to fortify, artillerie, old Port, 
 artilharia throwing engines; Ital. artigrlieria, French artillerie 
 cannon in the aggregate. — Diez. 
 
 cavalry soldiery yeomanry infantry arcbery bribery 
 carpentry tbleverj' bravery perfumery pastry imagery 
 mercery trumpery sorcery surgery bntcbery broidery 
 rivalry revelry confectionery stationery grocery foondiy 
 
 Treasury Airatipd; b^onga to -RDS. 
 
SUFFIXES 211 
 
 -s, -es, -ce, -X, -se, n. plural. 
 
 [Ss. -15 J Latin -es, Greek -eg in some nouns, as fdpflf, corZx raven, pi. 
 K6ptlK£s couSc-Es; ttAcuV, pi. TrXemdcff Pieiadsy QV^STIO question, pi. qVjES- 
 tionbsj SERMO a apeeck, pi. SBRMONESJ CONSUL COnaul, pi. CONSULBSJ 
 
 honSr, pi. HOSOUES. Islandio -r. Anglish 1st declension -as, cor- 
 ruptly -es; Gothic -s, -eis, -os, -jus: old English -es, -is, -ys, -ua. See 
 under -AD and -AX.] 
 
 qnestions sermons consuls honors voices obsequies 
 org^ies boxes buttresses dice pence beaux — these those 
 
 . . . therforc alle men and women hadden greet deuocion 
 w o r d u s J and in alle her d o y n g u s. — R. Brunne (in Richardson.) 
 
 . . . "ryghtys, pryuylegys and appertenauncys to the fayde kyngedome . . . apperteyn- 
 ynge : . . . — Fahyan (in Richardson.) 
 
 With knotty, gnarry, barren trees old 
 
 Of ftub bes fharp and hideous to behold. — Chauctr, 
 
 Teres and dayes fleet this creature. — id. 
 
 Min ben alfo the maladies colde 
 
 The derke trefons, and the caftes olde, — id. 
 
 The Songs which were fiing, by fome of the ancient Greeks, at the Time of the Vintage, 
 in honour of Bacchus^ were called "Tragedys . . . — Terence, by Thomas Cooke, 1734- He 
 also uses enfmys, beautys, copys, crys, &c. 
 
 Obs. 1. In some cases there is a tendency to avoid a plural form, as in 
 
 Up fpringcn fperes twenty foot on highte . . . 
 Er we had ridden fully five mile. — Chauctr. 
 
 A {lately pallace built of fquared bricke, — Spenser. 
 
 Obs. 2. The following are both singular and plural Latin forms — series 
 species superficies cong«ries; but effigies progenies facies hare 
 been naturalised under the forms ejffigy, progeny, face, in the singular 
 number. There is a tendency to consider the adjective suffix of Portu- 
 gue-se, Chine-se a plural, and Milton (Par. Lost, 3,) uses Ghineaea. Athens 
 (ddrfvai) and Thebes (OnSai) were intended to follow their original plural 
 form. 
 
 Obs. 3. The following, although etymologicly of the singular number, 
 are commonly assumed to be plural, from which a singular is formed by 
 dropping -s or -es: — belemnites, basaltes, stalactites, ammonites, Ac. 
 
 Obs. 4. Manea, (remains of the dead, a ghost,) is of the singular 
 number in Latin, but singular or plural in English. Riehea (French 
 richesse,) alma (EAerjMoSOVij,) and wa^eff were originally of the singu- 
 lar numbon 
 
 Obs. 5. Idea is for the Latin plural iD©8, which wants the singular. 
 
212 SUFFIXES -S 
 
 Obs. 6. The drug alSes is properly singular, from the French noun sin- 
 gular alo^s, with 8 pronounced, which distinguishes it from aloe a genus 
 of plants. Butler, altho a scholar, uses double plurals in — 
 
 As other grofe phenomenas, . . . — Hadibras, Pt. 2, Canto i, 1. 189. 
 
 For we are animals no lels, 
 
 Altho* of different fpcciefes. — Pt, i, Canto i, 1. 864. 
 
 -s, -'s, -es'j -se, possessive. 
 
 [Genitives, as in yvaj/117 kno-wledge, gen. yvw/ii;-? j irlMipf pater father, 
 gen. varpds, PA'TR-is father'a; Ger. vaters. Old Eng. -es, -is. Anglish of 
 the Ist decl. sing. -es. See under -iiier.] 
 
 A cbild's obedience men's opinions fisbes' scales ''Rnbens's 
 letters" (Kuskin.) ivbose yours his hers theirs ours 
 
 Achilles . . . was left Vulnerable yet in the Heel, and Paris'es Arrow found him Out 
 there, — VEflrange, Fable cxLvn, 1692. 
 
 Turn the world's hiftory ; what find we there. 
 But fortune'' s fports, or nature's cruel claims. 
 Or woman's artifice, or man'a revenge, 
 And endlefs inhumanities on man ? — Toung^ Nt. 8. 
 
 Those accents, as his natire monntaing dear, . . . 
 Friends*, kindreds', parents', wonted voice recall. 
 
 Byron, Lara I. 25. 
 
 Obs. 1. Locutions like — The book of Edward — The hair of the head — 
 are no more examples of a possessive case than — Edward owns the book 
 — The hair on the head. 
 
 Obs. 2. The apostrophe indicates the loss of a vowel^ from the old 
 English form, as in 
 
 Of quenis livis and of kingis 
 
 And many othir thingis fmale. — Chaucer. 
 
 Alas min heries queue. — id. 
 
 Through envies fnares, or fortunes freakes unkind. — Sf enter. 
 
 ... far from ail mens fight } — id. 
 
 That houfes forme — id. 
 
 • There was consequently no etymologic reason for introducing it where it could 
 not stand for an omitted e, as in writing— For science' sake, — The horse's head, — The 
 horses^ saddleB, — Children's toys. In Anglish, the possessive of plurals was not 
 formed in -s. 
 
SUFFIXES 213 
 
 -S, adverbial. 
 
 [-wy. St as in m\ hoWt ^ somehow; rpVi thrice; aiS backf &fp bachwardSf 
 (u beooming ir.) Latin -B as in Xlias otherwise: mIqis rather; qvStibs 
 horn often; Sanscrit DVis, Greek 1S5, Latin ufs twice; sXtis enough; vix 
 acareely; isx out of; AB-8 from; INTUS xoithin, Wolsli ni, ni-s not. Gothio 
 -s; Anglish -os, as in ficst fast, fiEStes firmli/; old English then-s then-ee. 
 Old French envorv, jamais, alors, dans, sans, nns (from ante, Sp. ante-s) 
 whence adv-an-oe.] 
 
 elNp (els in Spenser) since (sithens in Spenser) a..s (als in Spenser) 
 pcrlinpn townrtlH needs besides -wards thus nnawures 
 whence '''wlienncs hence (honno, henen, hcnnes, hense, hens, in 
 Chaucer) thence '^thrns once '''onls, '^ones, '^onsc, '''oonys 
 twice '''twisc always noways jildeways straightways 
 lenifthways Illiewlse ye-s yea out-adoors amld-shlps 
 betimes now-adays satisly ma>8-<>er anijfbts '^amornings 
 (Swed. i morgens.) 
 
 That twife he reeled, readie twife to fall; 
 
 T h r i fc every weeke in alhea Ihee did aitt, — Spintir. 
 
 Obs. 1. Forth (from fore) has ih. 
 
 Obs. 2. The similarity between adverbial -S, and the signs of the 
 plural, and possessive singular of nouns, has caused some nouns to be 
 transferred to the adverlis. That betime-s is not a plural is shown by the 
 German, where m9,l does not take its plural -e in dreimal tliree-limea, 
 vormals former!};. 
 
 Obs. 3, This -8 is sometimes strengthened by t, as in whilst, against, 
 amongst, alongst, amidst (amiddes in Spenser,) lest. In vulgar discourse, 
 once is used for number — "He did it (but) once;*' and once-t (Ger. einst) 
 for time — "Onco-t upon a time;" and when governed by a(, as in "at 
 onoo-t," which may be an old objective case governed by a preposition. 
 
 Who, whiles he llvde, was called proud SanHby . . . 
 
 W h y 1 e f t here thy (hield is hangd for victors hyre i — Sfitntir, 1589. 
 
 . . . vnder the mids therof. ^ . . in the midlt of Winter. — Holland't Plinie, 1635. 
 
 -S-, repetitive. See -iTt. 
 pulsation, pello, FtJLStJ'", to drive; ptiLSO I beat, beat 
 
 oiiteu. 
 
214 
 
 SUFFIXES 
 
 -SAN 
 
 -S- mutational. 
 
 [A mutation of d, t, k, and e, and often participial, as in -s-ioif and 
 s-iTe. See t, u, s, participial.] 
 
 degrade digress 
 
 provide proviso 
 
 intrude intrusive 
 
 delude delusive 
 
 divider divisor 
 
 remit remiss 
 
 respond response 
 
 suspend suspense 
 
 sedentary sessile 
 
 persuade persuasive 
 
 elide elision 
 
 cadence casual 
 
 scent sense 
 
 mete mensurate 
 
 revert reverse 
 
 deponent deposition 
 
 adhere adhesive 
 
 inquiry inquest 
 
 -S-, participial. 
 
 [See under -T-, -D-, -S-, participial. French -6s, -se.] 
 
 excnr-s-ion repnl-s-iTe impre-ss-ive 
 In remis-s percas-sion the penult a is a mutation of t. 
 In congres-s posses-s ahsces-s (better abces, French abcSs) the 
 penult 8 is a mutation of d. 
 
 And this vyfyon flic Ikyd all in wepyngc & in laughynge . . . — Legenda aurca, 1527. 
 
 -S-, inflectional. 
 
 [dfDii-oiiai I dance; future ipx.v^l^<" I leiU dance; 1st aorist middle ii/ixi- 
 ^ifLCi' I danced; dpxv^rpa the place 0/ the dancers. -S-IA, -S-IS, -ISM, 
 -S- YNE, have this -5.] 
 
 can-s-t-ic burning, corroding, (xdw, to burn; future 
 xauffio.') my-s-tery, see -ABj. spa-s-m, cha-s-m, see -m. 
 
 A-s-ia, as if, the country of dry winds. (,*a<o, to blowj 
 aoio, to dry.) a-s-th-ma, see -TH- formative. 
 
 In a-t-mo-sphere, t represents the s of As-ia. 
 
 minsm crisis orcliestra hypocrisy pbase paase drastic 
 amnesty extasy genesis masnetisni Mnemosyne, see -<?- FJV£. 
 
 -san, n. one who; a. pertaining to. See -AN. 
 
 parmesan pertaining to Parma, partisan a party man. 
 artisan one who follows a mechanic (ars, gen. aetis,) art. 
 
 . . . this artizan Nicophanes, a famous painter in his time. — Holland^ 1635. 
 ... the meaneft artifan or manufafturcr contributes more to the accommodation of life 
 than the profound fcholar and argumentative theorili; — Dr. yohnion. Rambler, Aug. 1751. 
 
-«*, V. to make- 
 
 «I««imse, Aog. clKnsian to make (dsoie') dean. 
 ■nimee to out into bits; to make (Belg. min fess, Sw. 
 minst) $mallc-$t. 
 
 ri»s*, Sw. rensa, Dan. rense to make ^Sw. ren) pure. 
 parse (^KUis a part,) to resolve or analyse a sentence. 
 
 -«e. n.. a.. T. 
 
 [-5-VS, akin to -t-cs. t-oos. -rs, S*e -^ putieipial.] 
 
 ^•■r-se ciR-srs, (^ctrso I mn,") that which is ran. 
 
 lapsp vrrse jpals* oktosr pivtase rcetase InuMKe 
 
 Pknse, phase, Moos to -.J-/5. 
 
 •«el. 
 
 [Puthr 6«^aB -«1, -sal, dae to -I witli aa interposed or |»i«eediBS «, 
 as ic $:o»-set « tto^jMr or ttaffk^ iSti-sd e.ntAimg {laii-vt) to gmet, 
 irbenc« r;<Mfe. The foUc>irins are diminatiT«s.] 
 
 «teei tlMsel taisel axle t ta w e l Mutsel d M sel dossU Masd 
 
 Okjw^ aad mrrmtl haTC -S- matatioDal (fivm O,) Tith -L. ^ 3. 
 Daaise], see -Cle. 
 
 T^efe vas K 6.~c-^:ts m daswrjefl vUcte Ikdde ^dx of y £Tcte reaoae of tkis hoty 
 ftyat . . , — Legea^ iirn. 153-. 
 
 •«et, n. dim. 
 ■aaraaoset a small 'marmot.' a kind of monkey. 
 Obs. la Fiotck. aannot means a kind of auahjr, aad maimotte a 
 
 ^-sH.) 
 
 [Vostlj dne to a gvttanl not eleiaent; also to • and its afiaitks.] 
 
 tltresk. tiknask. <x^ W^aa. ansh ikV;'.^ to bora, je@~ LfcSo. 
 wisk. Aa^sh Tiseaa. Asli disk. ym>. Freaeh poasser. 
 Fwaeh aagwae. 
 
216 SUFFIXES -S-IS 
 
 -ship, u. aggregate of; office. 
 
 [Ang. -scype, -scipej old English as in frendshyppe, felaushepe, lord- 
 schip. Dan., Sw., -skap; Belg. -schap; Ohg. -scaf, (from the 10th een- 
 toiy -seaft;) Ger. -schaft. The » is a prefix. Ss. jabh to unite, to join.] 
 
 lordship the aggregate of the duties, rights, and office 
 of a lord. 
 
 saltansblp (Byron^ elerkslilp censorsbip taorsemansbip 
 feUowsIilp bardslilp friendsbip township wor(Ui)ship 
 
 Neither did 1 at any time foe iarre forgctt my felfe in my exalution or receaved 
 queenfhipp, but that 1 alwayes looked for filch an alteration as 1 now findc; — 
 Ann BuUn (or Batejin) 1536. 
 
 S-IC-ian, n. See -S-, -IC, -AN. 
 
 mn-sician, -an one who practices, -ic, what pertains to, 
 -S- that which, mu inspires, (jj-am, to feel an impulse.) 
 
 9Ia-n-t-is (a diviner; a genus of insects,) is from the 
 same root, with -n- intensive and -t- participial, — also snto'- 
 ma-ton, see AV'TO-. 
 
 -S-IM-, ordinal. 
 
 [Latin ordinals, as in cent-esimds (-X, -n") the hundredth.'] 
 
 qnadragesima the first Sunday in Lent, and about the 
 fortieth day after Easter, (qvadraginta forty.) 
 
 millesimal centesimal septnageslmal infinitesimal 
 
 -S-ION, -T-ION, n. See -ion. 
 
 [S participial, mntational, and inflectional, T participial, and N de- 
 olensionaL] 
 
 S-IS, -S-IA, -T-IS, n. that which; -ing. 
 
 [-<ris,« -ffia,' -nt." -sTis, -sio, -Tus, -Tie. Sanscrit -t'haS, -Tr5, -ti5, as 
 in (sTHi "fimjp to place,) STHr-T-i5 irrorfj atate, fomtimt. Go. stafls, gen. 
 
-SOME SUFFIXES 217 
 
 sta-dis ; Lat. sta-t-us state; stItio station. See -ION. -SIS is S inflec- 
 tional, and the noun suffix -IS. It indioates the action expressed by the 
 vevh. See foot-note under -ANT.] 
 
 genesis a be-ginn-ing, generation, (fewdm, to produce; 
 yivsatz the act of creation; yiwijiia the result of creation; 
 progeny.) 
 
 dose something (that which is) given. {S6io I give.) 
 
 phthisis (pdtatq a disease which (jpOt'to,') consumes. 
 (tisic, is the same, with an adjective suffix.) 
 
 cacttexy" a (fem. zozij) bad (??c;) condition of body or 
 mind. Asia," see -& 
 
 idio-syn-cra-sy'' a peculiar temperament; aov with, 
 'XSioi; one's own, xpaaiq a mixing. 
 
 a-mbrosia, see AN-, apoplexy dmnrXiifia, see APO. 
 
 pleurisy^ fantasy, fancy ^avracia para-noma-sia euthanasia 
 cystitis ellipsis thesis phrase' phase" synopsis mantis 
 crisis praxis basis syntax Eleusis 
 
 Allots the prince of his celeftial line 
 An apotheofis and rites divine. — Garth. 
 
 -S-rVe, a. 
 
 [S participial, as in discur-s-ive; and mutational, as in delu-s-ive.] 
 
 -SM, n. 
 
 [See -S- inflectional, -m, and -ISM.'\ 
 
 pri-sm chapsm spa-sm fantasm schism sarcasm nUasm 
 
 -some, a. having the quality or habit of; earning. 
 
 [Ger. -sam; Belg. -zaam; Ang. -som, -sum; old Frisian -sum; Danish 
 -som. Gothic sama like. Ohg. sam, sama like, as in — Sie liihtet sam de 
 Sonne it lighU like the sun. Eng. same, -some. E(i(i-oios, siM-iLia like; see 
 SEMI half. Ba. SKU io place together.'\ 
 
 tronblesome having the quality or habit of troubling; 
 
 causing trouble. 
 
 19 
 
218 SUFITXES -ST 
 
 meddlesome addicted to meddling. 
 wbolesome causing (or consistent with) health. 
 . lonesome the quality of being alone; solitary. 
 mettlesome having mettle, noisome nox-iouB, hortiul. 
 Tentnresome having the habit of venturing. 
 loathsome (lothsom in Spenser) qnarrelsoms toilsome (toilsom 
 in Spenser) cumbersome burdensome frolicsome seUsame 
 
 A Torfof/f was thinking vith himfelf, how Irkfom a Ibrt of Life it was, to fpend Ali 
 his Days in a Hole, — V Estrange, Fable ccxx, 1692. 
 
 Ferrand Spenoe (Miscellanea, 1686,) writes handsome tiresom, wearwom. 
 
 -son, n. Bee -ion, -t-ion. 
 
 comparison, a form of com-par-at-ion. 
 
 season (satio a sowing or planting.) 
 
 poison Tenison prison benison orison reason lesson 
 
 Tbit Humour of Mythology maj turri to tf Poyfon infttad of a Nourlihment ; — V Es- 
 trange, 169Z. 
 
 -sp, n., V. 
 
 ga-sp to open the mouth for breath. Cx''^'"> t° stand 
 open; hio, to ya-wn, ga-pe.) 
 
 crisp cur-led or cur-ved, in gyr-ations or oir-cles. 
 grasp to hold tightly. (Akin to grapple.) 
 
 . , the hinder limbs [of the caterpillar] act as graspers. — ^Dlnstrated London 
 Almanac, 1860. 
 
 -ST. 
 
 robust ROBUSTUS having (robur) strength. 
 entlinsiast, see -I-£B, Obs. 2. 
 
 -st, n. 
 
 [T participial added to a stem with S, whicli may be -,?-» inflectional, 
 as in axurrds split; o%t^u to splitJ] 
 
-STER SUFFIXES 219 
 
 east the region of the (jIok;, lonio t^Sx;, Doric dtb^) dawn. 
 See Asia, under -<S^. 
 
 west the region of mist, moisture; 6sTdi; rain; German 
 wasser loater. 
 
 can-st-ie hurning. (xatto, to burn, future xauato.') 
 
 tliirst, toast, Ss. TARS; Latin torrSo, tostO"", to dry, 
 parch, post that which is put. (B®" pono.) 
 
 nmne^t-y ametbyst nion-st-er locnst vest zest blast 
 fbrest nnlst aest mast (acorns. £o.) bost gnest Cbrist" 
 scblst" dynnsty' g;bost g;ust grist yeast twist burst 
 firast trust tbrnst rest (remainder) 
 
 Se-tt (repose) and cost are from sto I stand. 
 
 Durat (from dare,) is partly for durji, AugUsh fiorfte. 
 
 -st, adv. 
 
 [The -t is added to intensify the adverbial foroe of -3 ; or to give it to 
 other parts of speech, as in les-t. The old English agens, ayens, is now 
 agains-t; the German ein-st is 'once,' often pronounced with -t; and old 
 Suabian wilent is English whil-st. See -S adv., Obs. 2.] 
 
 -St. See -est, most. 
 
 And thus, the firft and belt employment of poetry was, to compofe hymns in honour of 
 the great Creator of the univeife. — Drydtn^ Pref. to Paftorals. 
 
 -Stead, n. 
 
 [st5 (si^tu°>,) to ttand. German statt; Anglish and Sazon stede.] 
 
 bedstead, as if, a bed stand. 
 
 bomestead the place of a home, in stead in place of. 
 
 It appears in steady, stedfbst. 
 
 -ster, -str-ess. n. the persomoho. 
 [Originally -eter was feminine, as in Belg. voedster •&< wio fetdt; a 
 
220 suEnxES -STKI-AN 
 
 nurse; whence fostcr-=-sueoes8ively a noun, an adjective, and » verb. 
 See -er.] 
 
 songster songstress spinster dabster tapster maltster 
 punster gamester lobster youngster 
 
 Webster and Brewster formerly meant a female weaver and brewer. 
 "When the meaning of -ster was forgotten, forms like seam-str-ess and 
 song-8tr-esB arose. 
 
 Bolster is a Belgian masculine noun, akin to the Gothic neuter hnlistr 
 a hull or covering. Bolster is masculine and neater in the Norse b o 1 s tr. 
 
 -S-T-EK, -S-TEt- pertainivg to. 
 
 [The following are Latin adjective forms in -steb,» -strum," -STBIB," 
 -STIS,^ TRUM. The T is participial, the s various.] 
 
 equestrian"" pertaining to (eqvus a horse,) EQyls a 
 horseman. 
 
 iSylTCSter pertaining to (silva) a wood. (siLVis in 
 woods.) 
 
 fenestral pertaining to (eenestba, old French fenestr) 
 a window. 
 
 Badister a genus of coleopterous running insects. (/?a- 
 Siariji; a pedestrian ; ^adlZw, I walk. The s is inflectional.) 
 
 ccelestial*^ terrestrial^ sequester'^ sinister^ minister^ 
 pedestrian" 
 
 Obs. 1. The following are noun forms — ^pUaster,' a square (pIla) 
 column, oleaster* the wild olive tree. trans-oni,>> see -om. can- 
 ister'' alabaster °t> plaster'' monster'' — cloister dexterity 
 dextrous. 
 
 Obs. 2. Ma-8-t-erf chori-s-t-er, Ac. belong to t-er; and roi-s-t-er, 
 bli-s-t-er, blu-s-t-er, to -er, v. inf. Begister, see -is-ter. 
 
 -stri-an, a., n. See -s-teb. 
 
 pedestrian going on foot. (PES, gen. PEDIS, a footj 
 PEDESTER a. on foot.) 
 
-SY SUFFIXES 221 
 
 -S-UEe, -T-UKe, -D-URe, n. that which is — ed. 
 
 [-T-,» -D- and -S-'' participial, -S-° mutational, and -UR-.] 
 
 measnrej''" (JB®° mItior I mete,) a meting, or esti- 
 mation of quantity. 
 
 flexure"' the act of bending, (flecto I bend.) 
 erasure'" (fi®° RiDO, RASU", to scrape,) a scraping out. 
 eii-closare° the act of enclosing. 
 
 Ter-dure the greenness of vegetation. (viREO, to grow, 
 grow green.) 
 
 literature the results of literary labor. 
 texture a web, that which is woven, (texo I weave.) 
 pasture that which is browsed upon. (pascor, to 
 feed, browse.) 
 
 capture* the act of taking by force. (B@" CAPio I take.) 
 ligature that with which something is tied, (ligo I tie.) 
 pressure fissnre closure tonsnre exposure fixtare 
 lnclsnre° cse-sara creatnre scripture scnlptnre fracture 
 (Tynoaure Kuvdoapa^ [kv <tiv dog, gen. Kwdsj ovpa tail,) the little bear. 
 
 -S-US, n., a. 
 
 [Ss. -s-a5 (-a, -a,;) Lat. -s-us (-1, -uji,) as in mobsus a bite; -aos (-oi», 
 -ooK,) -flbj. -iS- inflectional or participial. Akin to -T-TJS.] 
 
 tarsus the instep and heel. (Tapad<; a hurdle (for drying 
 fruit;) the blade of an oar; a wing; the foot between the 
 toes and the heel, a®" torreo to dry up.) 
 
 narcissus (properly, with c as k,') vapxtaaoq, (vdpxq numb- 
 ness, stupor;) named from its supposed narcotic power. 
 
 Narcissa abscissa ortiio-grapliy,J^~SBiOE. ob-ese oto-c-s-Ily 
 
 -sy, n. 
 
 idio-syn-cra-sy, syn- vdth, 'Sto<; & peculiar, xpd-a!<; tem- 
 perament. See -S-IS. tansy idavaaia gypsy Egyptian. 
 
 19* 
 
222 SUFFIXES -T 
 
 -S-rHU, n. fern. 
 
 [-S- inflectional; -v'vii, akin to -an, -0105; -JB, fern, sign.] 
 
 Klnemosyne fivrj/ioauvrj remembrance, (/ivdofiat, perfect 
 MiMvTjiiai,, to remember; [ivjii-rj memory.) 
 
 Eu-pUro-s-yn-e sb(ppuauvTj gaiety, (evfpiov gay; eS well; 
 fpijv the mind.) 
 
 Siophrosyne awtppoauvt) discretion. (adxppiov of sound 
 intellect; (rai? sa-ne; (pp'^v mind.) 
 
 eleemosynary and alms. {iXsito, passive iXhfiai, to pity; 
 iksTJixiov merciful; iXsefioauvtj mercy.) 
 
 -T-, -D-, -S-, participial. See -t, -d, -se, -T-ous. 
 
 [Indicating completeness^ an act finished,- the actor, (Quality (as acute 
 or acid,) fitness, attribute. It occurs in exTra, -T-ous, -Ty, -T-ive, -aTe, 
 -bD, -T-ee, -T-io, -T-ion, Ac. Latin masc. adj. domiTcs, fern, domita, 
 neut. DOMITC"' tani-ed; Sanscrit damiTaS, damita, damita,; Gothic tam- 
 iSs, tamiSa, tamifl (also tamida.) Sanscrit neut. participle future ''•damiTb, 
 I^atin BOMiTuB-us abotU to tame. 
 
 Sanscrit (with g corrupt, in genif) DJNA to know/ djna5, djANAT in- 
 Btrueted; djnaTr ynwnltp, Latin +GN0T0R u know-er. Sanscrit jBota, 
 Latin jnircTA, English yoked, joined, jnnct, joint. 
 
 Sanscrit or (Lat. cr-bo) to create; cn-T (Lat. creaks,) creani; cr-t-a5 
 (Jjat. CREATUs) created; CR-T-is (Lat. CRBAxio) creation; car-t-r creator, 
 
 Greek ^iX-iw / love; adj. ^iXi^rdj loved; ^iXriTOipj ^fXqrris a lover."] 
 
 en-erg-et-ic iv-epy-tjT-tx-d(; energetic, efficacious. (Ipyov 
 a w-ork; ipyd-r-Tjz a worker, irk-er.) 
 
 conconr-se a running (con) together. (CUERO I run.) 
 frai..t FRUCTUS that which is enjoyed, (frtjor I enjoy.) 
 Tl>t«al In-doml-t-able vln-t-ner fal-se morose resolate 
 
 Obs. T may be considered the earliest of the dentals. Its easy forma- 
 tion by the end of the tongue, has made it the most common, important, 
 and varied in its use, of all the consonants. 
 
 -t, -te, -d, a., n. 
 
 [Latin past participles and adjectives in -Ttrs ; supines (verbial nouns) 
 and nouns in -to", which agrees with the Sanscrit present infinitive -in,, 
 
i SUFFIXES 223 
 
 (and nouns in -ta, -ti,) Rusa., Bohem. -t. Lithuanio -ti; Gaelic -adh. 
 Welsh -t, -ed, 4o. See -ATe, -ed, -d.] 
 
 rent a return for borrowed property, (reddo, redditu"", 
 to restore.) flood, see -d. 
 
 gnss-et, Welsh cwysed, from cwys a furrow. 
 
 bent lent lost bereft post point welgbt might light 
 sight fight silt Uft belt stilt b-lo-t we-t snlte flute 
 
 -T-, -D-, -TS-, intensive. 
 
 [Akin to T participial and S inflectional. Bohem. -ot intensive.] 
 
 dic-t-ate to say or order with authority, (dico I say; 
 DicTo I command, dictate.) 
 
 fasti-d-ions readily disgusted. (fastIdio I dislike, 
 loath; FASTijs disdain.) ple-th-ora, see -r-us. 
 
 PWege-th-on (in mythology,) a river in the infernal re- 
 gions. (yXfyio and ^hyi-d-m, to burn.) 
 
 in-spec-t to look at carefully. (JB@°" SPECIO, SPEOTtJ"", to 
 see; specTo, specTatu", tolookat; spec-it-o, to view often.) 
 
 -T-, repetitive. See -it-. 
 
 T, factitive. 
 
 [Latin, as in mbo, to go, pass, (whence per-me-ate,) miTto I came to 
 go, I send; whence mlT, miS, of remit and mission. Akin to T intensive.] 
 
 T, declensional. 
 
 [Latin crude forms or genitive case signs,' with the nominative in -S,' 
 as in PASS (gen. pabt-is,) part; SALDS (gen. salut-is,) health. Greek 
 nom. in -p, as Jirap (gen. ?itnr-os,) the liver; -s, as in xS'p's grace, gen. 
 XflpiT-os, whence ohari-t-y; -a, as in xXTpa (gen. KM/iaT-iis) climate. See 
 -MA, -AD, -AS, and -D- declensional.] 
 
 satellite a companion, (satelles, gen. sXtellItis.) 
 
 part mind mental dental monnt moand front fount, 
 font creant gentile* gentle clement nepotism* hospital 
 
224 STJITIXES -TE 
 
 sort litigate (lis strife, genitive litis.) snlnte nigtat climate 
 clironiate Iiepatic dramatic pedagogue clematis, see -IS, 
 
 Tlie Latin nominative is -ES and the genitive -iT-is, in military, satel- 
 lite j but quiet qties lias -ET-is, and interpreter interpres has -bt-is. 
 
 -T-, connective. 
 
 es-t-eem (^s money, emo I gain.) ego-t-ism (ego I.) 
 
 Obs. The T in pro-cras-t-in-ate (cras tomorrow,) and in rus-t-ic (bus, 
 gen. RUBis the country,) is as much participial as connective. 
 
 -T-, mutational. 
 
 [Akin to -T-, -D-, -S- participial.] 
 
 chao-t-ic in the condition of (/a'o?) chaos. 
 gene-t-lc pertaining to genesis (see -S-IS~) or origin. 
 syntac-t-ic pertaining to syntax. 
 
 -t, neuter. 
 
 [Sanscrit -D, -T. Latin -d; Gothic -ta; German -s.] 
 
 Latin qvo-d nba-t isTUD tliat id it. 
 Danish neuter indefinite article et the. 
 
 -T, adverbial. 
 -T was originally adverbial in the adjective aliquot. 
 
 -T-AKy, a. 
 
 Iiereditary (-D- declensional, -T- participial.) proprietary (-T- 
 participial.) military (-T- declensional.) cemetery, see -ARy. 
 
 -te, n. See -T-be, -T-ES. 
 
 pirate 7:etparyj<; one who robs at sea. (jcstpdto I try, try 
 the sea.) athlete, see -t-er. tracbyte 
 Climate, see -T- declensional. 
 
-T-EE SUFFIXES 225 
 
 [T partioipial and -ee, as in lega-t-ee, paten-t-ee. See -ATe.] 
 
 -T-ER, -TR-, -T-OR, -S-OR, n. he who; agency. 
 
 [-TEB," -TOR,'> -SOB," (fern. -TRix,* neut. -trum.") Ital. -tore, -sore; 
 Rhaetian -tur, -dur. Sp., Port, -dor; Fr. -teur, -tre. Ss. -te, fern. t-i5. 
 Gr. -TJip^ ~nifi,s -Tvpf^ Tsvs, -rnsj^ feni. -rttpa,^ -riy,! 'Tpta^°^ -T-piyjii neut. -rpovy^ 
 -rfipiav.v Irish -teoir, -thoir, -doir. Wallachian -toria. Polish -tarz; 
 Bohem. -tar. Albanian -tSr. See T part, -OE n., -^Tn.] 
 
 sector' he who, or that which (see SECO, se-ctu",) cuts. 
 
 monitor'' he who (moneo, monitu",) admonishes. 
 
 cor-sair CURSOR a runner, (fi^* ctJRRO I run.) 
 
 equator agltator<> auditor" mlnls-ter'' •tr-atlon arbiter^ 
 arbltr-ary magisterial" master visiter an-ttaor'> factor 
 extorter'' digrester incisor° censor" extensor" successor" 
 
 atblete," adkiio I toil, combat. 
 
 cerastes' a horned viper, (xipa^ a horn.) 
 
 mystery"' cliaractcrf despot' see -P- propbef see -BT 
 martyr'' patriot' bermit or eremite' zealot' nectar I'sxrap 
 crater^ plaster" philter" centre" obstructor or obstrncter 
 — ^liitlier C) motlierC) brother (i') sister daughter 
 
 Ancestor (antecessor, antcessor,) has both s and T. 
 
 Preebi/tcr {when&e prieat) is from Tipsa^vrEpos, the comparative degree 
 of TipsaSvs old, venerable, a senior. 
 
 Obs. 1. This snffix is -eb, -ob, preceded by t partioipial, as in dooeo I 
 teac-h, DO-c-T-ns taugh-t, do"c-t-or (as if teaoh't-er) a teacher. The 
 English word 'teacher' is more abstract than 'doctor,' implying one who 
 teaches or may teach, whilst the Latin word is associated with an adjec- 
 tive form, and implies a person by whom anything is taugh-t. The Eng- 
 lish word is an index of ag-ency, the Latin one an indica-t-or of perfeo-t 
 ao-t-ion. The difference is that between explorator and explorer, nume- 
 rator numberer, aocusator accuser, deolamator declaimer, inquest inquiry, 
 dednct deduce, (injspection {sus)picion. 
 
 Obs. 2. Greek has many verbs in -i?6i (izdo,) and when -tik follows one 
 of them (the verbial w being dropped) d (of isdtes) is absorbed by t, or 
 zd becomes st (ist-tes,) and -otttk (whence -ist) results, as in Sajnt^a I bap- 
 tise; fonTioT^j bapti-st, he who baptises. This inflectional s and partioi- 
 pial T occur in enthusia-st caustic, see -S. elastic, see -AS-T. 
 
 Obs. 3. Artist, florist, ohimist, algebraist, &o. are inductive forms. 
 
226 SUFFIXES -TEK 
 
 Obs, 4. The t of Arnaut or Arnaout (pronounced arn-out) belongs 
 here. This word is from apPaviTijs (Albanian) and is formed by metathesis 
 and the mutation of ba to au. Zemind&r (with English z,) see -dar. 
 
 -ter, n. 
 
 [A Teutonic suffix formed of T repetitive, participial,, (or declensional,) 
 and -er frequentative, or substantive.] 
 
 slaughter slaying in the aggregate. (Grer. schlagen to 
 slay, schlachten to slaughter.) rafter a roof timber. 
 laagliter mur-der, mobiob, to die. 
 
 -ter, V. frequentative. 
 
 swelter to be overcome with heat. (Middle high German 
 swell en to sufiFoca,te; Ang. svelan to burn.) 
 welter wallow bluster blow glitter glow falter fail 
 
 -TEE, -TEMOE, -tber, a. 
 
 [-TER-US, -teb-ior; -Tcp-o;; Sansc. -tXe-I5 ; Pers. -ter. A sign of the 
 comparative degree, which has lost most of its force in English. From 
 the Sanscrit root TRI, to step or place beyond, and seemingly present in 
 TR-ANS, ter-mination, pene-tra-te, I'N-tra-re, i-TEB-r"" again, ce-ter-us 
 
 other (pE-rEp-Off, CI-S, Ci-TRA,) A'L-TBR other, N-EV-TER, I*N-TBB, PBAE-TEB, 
 
 STJ'B-TEB, EX-TBR. — Bopp, Comparative Grammar.] 
 
 exterior farther out, on the outside. See extra, ultra. 
 
 eso-ter-ic pertaining to that which is {iaazspoz) interior. 
 
 other, Ger. an-der; old Ger. andher; old Sax. odhar; Gothic an-0ar; 
 Buss, inoi; Ss. an-ja, compar. an-tar-a other. 
 
 better, Persian bih gnod, bihter better, bihterin beet. Go. hats 
 good, batiza better, batists beat. Eng. better; Ang. beterej German 
 besser; Sw. battere; Gr. 6e\-T£pds and tpep-repos. 
 
 nlterior alter-nate neuter neutral Iterate wlie-tber 
 eitber fartber dexterous sinister — bys-ter-ic 
 
 -ter, prepositional. 
 
 [Gothic af-ta backward, aftra m the new; old Nordish eptir, eftir after. 
 Akin to T participial, and -ER adjectival.] 
 
-TH supjFixES 227 
 
 -TEE-ION, n. See -t-er." 
 
 crl-t-er>ton acro-t-er-lon or acrotei'luin claterlam 
 
 -TEEN. See -urn. 
 -T-ES, a. 
 
 [See -T-EE, -tir,' and T partioipial.] 
 
 der-in-es-t-es a genus of insects which eat skins and 
 other animal matter, (dipm I flay, Slp-fia a skin, iaBiiu I eat.) 
 
 pyri^tes wu/ji'ttjc (from Tzup fire,) several species of 
 mineral with a metallic lustre, and composed of sulphur and 
 iron, copper, &c. 
 
 cerastes, see -T-ER. pirate, see -te. prophet, see -ET. 
 
 pfh., -t, n. that which is; -ness, -ing. 
 
 [-T-Asj Ss. -TA, -TV A, as in PRTHU 6rau(jL prthtj-ta or -tta ireadth. 
 Gothic, ns in diupi6a depth, gabaurds hirth, daudu? death, friadra joy, and 
 participial -0s. Sw. -de, -te, -d, -t; Dan, -de, -te; Ohg. -ida; Belg. -de, 
 -te, as in lengte length, vtengde joy. Qer. -atb, -at, -ut, -te, -d, as in heim 
 home, heimatA native place; arm poor, armutA poverty; breit broad, breite 
 breadth; tod death. Ang. -H, -Ba, as in fiscian to Jish, fisoo* a Jighing. 
 Irish goal white, gealadh whiteueaa; beirim to bear, breith bearing, beirt a 
 burden, beirthe birth; bi, beo living, bith, bioth life; beit both. Welsh 
 -dd, -d, -th, as in du black, du-edd blackness; pedwar /our, pedwaredd 
 fourth; gallnog strong, galluedd strength; tor a break, toriad a breaking. 
 See -d, -Ty.] 
 
 month moon yonth young health hale 
 
 strength strong sloth slow math mow 
 
 dearth dear breadth broad growth grow 
 
 mirth merr-y stealth steal filth (de)file 
 
 fourth fonr tilth till broth brew 
 
 wealth weal birth bear death die 
 
 herd hoard garden hearth earth girth lath sheath 
 
 Obs. 1. Th became T to prevent the oonourrenoe of f8, s9, xff, as in 
 the/(, thir«( (see -d,) isthmua, weight, hight (Chaucer,) or highti (Milton,) 
 
228 SUFFIXES -TH- 
 
 dron^^t or drontli (drooth,) thonght, wrigJU.* Diphthong and naphtha, can- 
 not become di/(Aong and na/(Aa in genuine English; and for a similar 
 reasoj), old English has fift, sixt, Ac. instead of 'fifth' and 'sixth.' This 
 is a. question of speech and etymology, independent of the accidents of 
 spelling. 
 
 Obs. 2. If 'stealth' had been derived from steal, it would probably 
 have been 'stilth,' as till makes 'tUth.' But there is no recession from the 
 vowel I to e, the Anglish stelan or Belg. stolen (with e in they,) being 
 the precursor both of steal and stealth. 'Width' is not from wide 
 but from Ang.Vid; 'wealth' not from weal but Ang. Vela; and 'would' 
 not from nill but &om Latin VOLO, German wollen, old English woll, 
 Scotch wull, &e. ^ 8. 
 
 Obs. 3. The ordinal sign -th, (Ang. -o»e, Gr. -ns, Ger. -te,) is also used 
 for partitives, as in 'a fourth part,' in German vier-tel, with -1 diminutive 
 added to the ordinal form. 
 
 -Tff-, formative. 
 
 [A future and aorist passive participle, and present in Greek inflections 
 of the passive voice. Compare the present active infinitive Sov^-€ip to 
 advieCf passive SnaXsv-eaBtu to be advised; subjunctive aorist active Bovk^-ma 
 I may advise, Ac. passive ^otfXni-A5 I may be advised, Ac. of which the 
 participle is 6oa}£ij-9sis being advised.^ 
 
 a-s-tli-iii-a a disease accompanied by difficulty of breath- 
 ing. (_*aa), at] fit, to blow; with S inflectional, and -MA.") 
 
 ari-tU-m-et-ic the science of numbers. Qapi-dixig num- 
 ber; 'a/xu I adapt.) 
 
 oph-th-almic (-ic) pertaining to (S^daXfiiq') the eye. 
 (o-Tofiat, to see; 1st aorist indicative passive to^d-qv; 1st 
 future indicative passive dyffijffofuu.') 
 
 ortho-cpy right pronunciation, (rf/)^^? erect, right; ^opai, 
 to move, arise ; perfect passive infinitive Sp6ac to be raised.) 
 
 cyathiform goblet-shaped, (xum, to contain; xvaBoq 
 and xmOiov a cup; diminutive TtvdO-i-ov a goblet.) 
 
 Phaethon a proper name. {^aiButv the shining.) 
 
 Plethora (see -R-tJS) is placed under T intensive, because 6 is in the 
 intensified form. 
 
 * See collateral fects by Guest in the Proceed. Philol. 8oc. vol. 2, 190, 199. 
 
-T-ILE SUFFIXES 229 
 
 -TM-, mutational. 
 
 {Th is a mutation of S, as in iput; a bird, gen. ipvido;.] 
 
 orni-th-o-Iogy the science of birds. 
 helmintliology the science of worms. (See -AD.'^ 
 But T replaces Th by dissimilation in auttaelmiu-t-ic (a medicine 
 iiirX' against worms,) to prevent the repetition of the lisp. 
 
 Obs. -th is a feminine suffix in the Hebrew Elath, iSbo. 
 -til, adverbial. 
 
 [Danish hid (Sw. hit) hiih-er, and did (Sw. dit) thith-er, seem to in- 
 dicate that this -th- is adverbial, with adjectival -er in English. Go. -d- 
 in hvadre whither; -d- in flaflro thence. Sanscrit in ta-t-ra there; TA-r-AS 
 thence. Old English in eath, rath, sith ; English in forth. See Obs. under 
 -E adverbial.] 
 
 Ohg. Swedish, 
 where, hwarot hvart whither, 
 
 here, herot hit hither. 
 
 therCf darot dit thither. 
 
 -T-IC, a. 
 
 plastic that may be moulded. (TzXaaaut I mould. T part.) 
 rustic pertaining to (rus, gen. RfjR-is,) the country, or 
 rural affairs. (See T connective.) 
 
 lunatic influenced by (lunS) the moon (t participial.) 
 proplietic, see -IC, T part, pris-ma-t-lc, see •m, T declensional. 
 
 (-tide, time.y 
 noontide eventide wbitsnntide starovetlde springrtlde 
 
 -T-ILE, a. See -at-ile. 
 rer-t-ile capable of bearing. . (J!@" pero I bear, carry.) 
 
 20 
 
 
 Ger. 
 
 Gothic 
 
 wbl-tb-er, 
 
 wo 
 
 hva-r 
 
 bl-tl»er, 
 
 hie 
 
 he-r 
 
 tbl>tb.er. 
 
 da 
 
 fla-r 
 
230 SUFFIXES -T-ION 
 
 -T-IM-, adv. 
 
 [From nouns and verbs. See T participial, and -IM adverbial.] 
 
 -T-IM, n., a. 
 
 [T and M participial.] 
 
 Tic-tim victImX an animal bound and sacrificed. (viN- 
 Cio, viNCTU" to bind.) 
 
 mari-time pertaining to (mabe, gen. mabis,) the sea. 
 
 -T-IM-, superlative. 
 
 [Adj. superl. -im, preceded by T or S participial or intensive.] 
 op-tlm-ist In-tim-ate mac-slm-nm proii-slin-ate (cs for z.) 
 
 -T-IN-, -T-INe. 
 
 [Sansc. -TAHA5; Latin as in crIstihus pertaining to (cBla) tomorrow. 
 T participial.] 
 
 pro-cras-tin-ate to defer until (CRAS) tomorrow, (s ad- 
 verbial.) vespertine pertaining to the evening. 
 prl-s-t-lne (S adverbial, T participial, -INe a., see PRO.) 
 Intestine (i-mtds witbin.) 
 
 -T-ION, n. 
 
 [Latin -tig (gen. TifoNis;) Ital. -tione, -zione; Span, -oion; Port, -pao; 
 French -tion (pronoanced si-o°.) In old Eng. -tion, -cionn, Ac. were dis- 
 syllabic. See T participial, and -ION.] 
 
 -tion-ary, -tion-ate -ly, -tion-ate-ness, -tion-ed, -tion-er, 
 -tion-ist. 
 
 can-t-ion a taking care ; watchfulness. (cXvEO, to take 
 care, beware.) 
 
 How had this cherl imaginatioun . . . 
 
 Who Ihulde make a demonftration. — Chaucer. 
 
 And by thele meditations refinM, — Dortnt. 
 
-TRE SUFFIXES 231 
 
 -T-rV-, -T-IVe, a. 
 
 [-T-IT-0S (-A, -S".) Sanscrit -tavj-a5 (-a, -2,.) -k-os {-a, -ok.) See T 
 participial, -IVe.] 
 
 flir>tlve festive Inventive progressive active — talkative 
 
 -ton, n. 
 
 simpleton a senseless person. (Akin to the Italian aug- 
 mentative semplicione a dolt.) 
 
 wanton wandering; unrestrained. (W. gwa that throws 
 from; gwan a dividing; gwant that divides; gwanton 
 that is apt to separate or run off; adj. fickle, wanton.') 
 
 A frere ther was, awantoun anda merye, 
 
 A lymytour, a ful folempne man. — Chaucer^ 1. £o8. 
 
 . . . our own nation have wantoned in blood, — y. Vf^esUy, 
 
 -T-ous, a. 
 
 [See T participial, T declensional, and -ons.] 
 
 liga-men-t-ons having the quality of a ligament. 
 par^n-cliy-ma-t4>as momentons calamitons felicitous 
 
 -T-R-. 
 
 [T participial and R formative. See -TRUM.] 
 pene-tr-ate to pierce, advance (penitus) inwards. 
 
 -tre, n. See -trum. 
 
 [In etymologic and phonetic points of view, -tre and -ter, like -pie and 
 -pel, are equally erroneous, the last syllable of theatr and apl being with- 
 out a vowel. The analogy of theatre is that of little, and of theater that 
 of litter.] 
 
 tiieatre spectre sceptre metre centre Instre nitre 
 
232 SUFFIXES -TU-AL 
 
 -T-E-IX, -tress, n. fern. 
 
 !s. Fr. -trice, -tresse, -treuse; 
 .. fonn of -T-OR, -T-K-TJM. See - 
 
 directrix, directress she who directs. 
 
 [-T-E-IX. W. -dres. Fr. -trice, -tresse, -treuse; Ital. -trice; Sp. -triz; 
 Port. -triz. The fem. form of -t-or, -t-k-tjm. See -IX.] 
 
 -T-R-UM, -T-R-A, n. that which; agency. 
 
 [Neuters t-k-Bm, a, shortened form of -tek-ium; Sansc. -tba,; Gfr. 
 
 -rpov, -dpov, -Trjpiov. Fem. — Ss. -TRAj Lat. -tra, -tbria, -toria; Gr. -rpa, 
 -flpa, -Ttipa, -TTipiaj -rpta, -rptj, -Tiff. Masc. — -rpas, T participial and R 
 formative. See -S-TBR.] 
 
 spectrnm, spectre something to be seen; an image. 
 (sPEcIo, SPE CTU", to see.) 
 
 rostrnm a beak; something with which (rodo,) to gnaw. 
 
 plectrnm something with which (^tiXtjj'iu,') to strike (the 
 strings of a lyre.) 
 
 Py'rethrum (Tzdp fire,) a plant named from its pungency; 
 the plant barton. 
 
 liCstris a gernis of gulls. (Xi^arplq a female robber; Xsia 
 booty.) 
 
 orcliestra dpxjiarpa mystery -Jov centre -rpov ezcentrleity 
 tbeatre -rpov canister -rpov alabaster -rpos elaterinm 
 
 -t-ry. 
 
 poultry fowls in the aggregate. (Old French poulet a 
 young fowl, npidlet. See -et, -ry.) 
 
 gentry (T declensional) pantry peltry sentry pag'eantry 
 
 -TU-AL, a. 
 
 [-T-TT9 (t participial) and -al.] 
 
 Intellectnal effectual spiritual pnnctnality eventnally 
 
-T-US SUFFIXES 233 
 
 -T-UDe, n. 
 
 [-T-DDO, gen. -TUDiN-is (see -DO;) Fr. -tude; Sp. -tud; Ital. -tudine. 
 Akin to T participial, -ud-, and -tas, gen. -tat-is.] 
 
 solitude the state of being (solijs) alone; loneliness. 
 plenitude fulness, (plenus full.) 
 
 amplitude Inqnietnde slinllltufle Tldssltnde tnrpltnde 
 mnlt-l-tud-ln-ons longitude habitude magnitude gratitude 
 
 Obs. 1. The accusative case COnSveTUdineM gives 'custom' and 
 'costume,' unless, as Diez suggests, the Italian 'costuma' may be from 
 CONSVETUS accuatomedf with -udin- rejected for -umen. 
 
 Obs. 2. Although there is a word servitudo, — * servitude' may be from 
 sfiBYITOS aermce, gen. sSrtitct-is. 
 
 Obs. 3. The similarity of -tudo and -tas, gen. -tat-is, is shown by the 
 two Latin forms tarditas and tarditudo tardiness; Ital. quietudlne and 
 quietezza. The Welsh -tyd, -did, &a. answer to both forms. 
 
 -T-URe, that which is to be. See s-TJRe. 
 
 [The Latin future participle, as in ama-turus about to love."] 
 
 future that which is to be. (rtri I have be-en ; rl-o, ^u<a, 
 to be.) venture something (venio, ve-ntu"") to come. 
 judicature about to (judIcare) give judgment. 
 
 -T-US, n. m. -T-A, n. f. -T-UM, n. neut. 
 
 [T partioip. Ss. -ta5, -t-a5 (-a, -a,.) Lat. -t-us (-a, -u".) -to; (fem. 
 -rn, -TIB, neut. -tov,) -6cis. Hindoostanee -Ti. See -ATe, -T-ous, -ous.] 
 
 a-sbe-s-t-ns, a mineral which resists fire. (aff/Searo? 
 unextingui^shable ; *a^i<o, to quench.) 
 
 AJbi/ltis, or Incombuftiblc cotton, is found in a quarry of limcftone, in the county of 
 Effex. — Guthrii, Geography, 1795. 
 
 albata an alloy resembling silver, (albus white.) 
 stra-t-nm (Ss. strta,) that which is spread; pi. strata. 
 blatns apparatus status Impetus dictum asplialtum 
 momentum ultimatum tectotuni aorta — Infanta 
 
 20» 
 
234 SUFFIXES -TJC- 
 
 -Ty, -TI-, -ITy, n. -ness; qnality; power. 
 
 [T participial, -t-jk (gen. -rijr-oj;) -ftij. -tas (gen. -tat-is.) Sp. -dad; 
 Port. -dade. Provensal -tat. Ger. -tat; Belg. -teit. Ita,l. -t&; Fr. -t6. 
 Old Eng. -te, -tee (pronounced as in French.) Welsh -did, -dawd. It is 
 commonly preceded by I, often of a genitive case, bat this becomes E 
 when the concurrence of II is to be avoided.] 
 
 sanity sanitas saneness or soundness (of mind.) (sanus 
 healthful.) facalty power of doing. (fac-Il-is what can 
 be (fa-c-tu"') done.) 
 
 equity the quality of justice, or of being just. 
 
 security the state or condition of being secure. 
 
 polarity the state or condition of being polar. 
 
 majesty avidity timidity validity agnUity atrocity 
 diversity fluidity felicity veracity rapacity pngnadty 
 sagacity— anxiety piety verity variety sobriety — liberty 
 poverty fatn-ity vacuity — cl..ty summit., bounty surety 
 
 Obs. 1. -oy (for -sy) is a form of -ty, t having become a, as in polity 
 policy, privity privacy. 
 
 Obs. 2. Oddity and probably laity (XSoj the people,) are hibrids. For 
 polity, dynasty, see -y, n. ^ 1. 
 
 Obs. 3. Amity is from AMIciTIa, Fr. amit€. Cruelty is from CBuri- 
 LITAS, but it bears some resemblance to the German graneltAat an out- 
 rageous (tAat) deed. 
 
 Obs. 4. -ty in twenty, thirty, Ac. is for ten. 
 
 OfF hem 1 have ffiiU piente 
 
 Ffor ffblke that haven volunte. — Attributed to Lydgatt, 
 
 -T-YL. 
 
 [-T- participial, and -L ff 3.] dactyl 
 
 -U-, formative. 
 
 [e formative appears in -CRe, -tmy, -uri-ent, -n-iTons, and is often 
 fused with u of the adjectival and participial -us, -UM.] 
 
 -UC-, -UC-ous, a. See -ac. 
 
 Festuca, fescue a genus of grasses, festncons 
 cad-nc-ous subject (caderI) to fall. 
 
-UL- STiPFixES 235 
 
 -UD-j -UT-, n. 
 
 [Lat. n. -ns, gen. -rn-is, St-is. Akin to -oj, gen. -AAot. See -AD, and 
 D declensional.] 
 
 pal-ud-al relating to (pXlus) a marsh. 
 
 paludina a freshwater snail. 
 
 sal-ut-ary pertaining to (sALtJs) safety, health. 
 
 -ue, -u, participial. 
 [French participial nonns, mostly masculine in -u," feminine in -ue.'] 
 
 revenue" return or income from investments or taxation. 
 (Fr. revenu, from revenir, Lat. ee-venio, to return.) 
 
 avenne' battae' due™ retinae Fr. retenue'' value' residue"' 
 residual tissue™ virtue Fr. vertu' virtuous virtu' Xtal. virtd' 
 virtu-oso, fern, virtn-osa vendue venue akin to vicin-age issue' 
 
 -ne, cacographic. 
 
 catalogue itordXoy-of pedaf o^e prorogue league, Fr. ligue, ^®~ 
 LiGO I bind, opaque ofacus grotesque antique oblique pique 
 
 -UGO, -UGIN-. See -gin-, -ago. 
 
 albugo (albus white,) a speck on the eye. 
 lan-ngin-ous having (lana) wool or down ; downy. 
 
 -U-IT-ous, a. •manner. 
 
 fortuitous by (fors) chance. 
 gratuitous in the manner of (gratu") a favor. 
 pitn-it-ous like, or producing phlegm. 
 in-iqn-it-ous in a wicked manner. 
 
 Circu-it-oua has -it- of eg, iTf", to go. 
 Ubiqu-it-oua going or being everywhere. 
 
 -UL-, -0L-, -IL-, -L-, pletive. See -ul-ent. 
 
236 SUFFIXES -UL-ENT 
 
 -UL-, -tlL-A, -UL-TJM, -ule, n. diminutive; implemental. 
 
 [uL-ua n. masc, -ul-I u. fern., ul-um" n. neut.; Gr. -dhov, Ital. -olo, 
 ola, -ello, -ella. See under -L, -L-US, -C-le, -acle.] 
 
 -ul-ar, -ul-ate, -ul-at-ion, -ul-at-ory, -ule, -ul-ist, 
 -ul-os-ity, -ul-6us. 
 
 s-pat-ula (and epa-ul-et,) a small spade. 
 nebula a small (nubes) cloud, nodule a little knot. 
 r-ule and rail, regula, an implement with which (J8@" 
 REGO,) to rule. 
 
 cir-cingle' a band for girding; a girdle. (cIngulus, 
 
 OINGIJLA, CINGTJLtiM; CINGO I gird.) 
 
 Tinc-nlnm something with which (viNCIO,) to bind. 
 
 globule cellule grran-ul-ous ocnl-ar vitriol spherule 
 schedule scapula uvula fibula speculum tenaculum — 
 gondola cupola vanilla arm-ad-illo peccadillo punc-t-ilio 
 
 -UL-AR, -UL-AR-Ly, -UL-ARI-Ty. See -io-ul-ar. 
 
 capsular pertaining to, or like a small (CAPSA) chest. 
 perpendicular vertical. (perpendiculS" a plumb-line.) 
 circu-1-ar-ly clrcu-I-ari-ty cellular regularly angularity 
 
 -UL-ENT, a. fuM of. 
 
 [-TTL-, -0L-, -IL, -L-; UL-ENT-US, -OLENTDSJ -ULES8, -OLENS, -ILBNS. 
 
 Formed from nouns. Akin to -AL, L being the significant element. See 
 -UL-, -ANT.] 
 
 Tirulent full of (virOs) poison. 
 pestilent full of (PESTIS) contagion. 
 violent violens and violentus full of (vis) force. 
 esculent adapted for (Isci) food. 
 
 corpulent opulent truculent turbulent fraudulent 
 succulent somnolent purulent viol-ence -ate, -ation, -ently 
 
 Obs. In-dol-ent is from Dot-Eifs paining; red-ol-ent from 5leo, to scent 
 of; and male^ol-ent from maletSlens badly-wishing, -ol- being part of 
 the root. 
 
-UM SUFFIXES 237 
 
 -UL-oTJS, a. inclination to. 
 
 garrnlous inclined to (garkIo,) prate. 
 
 querulous ready (QVEROR,) to complain, tremulous 
 
 -UL-T, n. -UL-TU-oUS, a. 
 
 tumult, TUMESco, to begin (tumeee) to swell or ferment. 
 adult grown up. abolesco, adxi-ltu", to grow upj ALO 
 (alitu" and altd",) I feed, increase, whence co-alite. 
 
 Besultf insultf resile, are from SALio, to leap. 
 
 -UM, n. that which. 
 
 [Ss. -A,; Ijat. -fj""; Gr. -on, -wr; as in Sa. tala,, Lat. tallB™ a wall. 
 Sa. MADHJA^, Lat. MEDiu", Gr. ftaiov the middle. Ss. p'hulla,, Lat. foliu™, 
 Gr. 0iJX>oi/ a leaf. Neuter nouns. See -OiV, Obs. 1.] 
 
 tym'pannm the drum of the ear. (ruii-Kavov a drum; 
 TOJZTw I strike; rOfifia a blow.) 
 
 Greek, in -ov — crauimiai muse'nm mausole'nm g;yinnasinm 
 scbolium trape'ziam asy'Ium elyslnm plectrum ajsptaaltnin 
 
 Latin — medinm tedinin T.£niu<° delirinm compendinm 
 stlpendinm exordlnm addendum mod-ic-nm millenninm 
 serum premium pr^iiiu™ atrlnm sensorium equilibrium 
 alluvium effluvium menstruum Itxivluin opprobrium 
 forum, opus-cul-um gypsum album minium intervaKmn 
 petr-oleum spectrum rostrum — vellum venom, see -om. 
 
 Obs. 1. The suffix -um is lost in monument, document, parchment. 
 Obs. 2. Begum (Turkish, e as in tliey, properly hegam,) a lady of high 
 rank, a princess. The feminine form of Beg, bey a prince. 
 
 -UM, genitive plural. 
 
 nostrum (of us;) a quack medicine which is claimed as 
 a discovery known only to the maker. 
 
 quorum (of whom; Qvi who; the first word formerly 
 used in commissions to justices of the peace;) the number of 
 persons necessary to transact business legally, in a board of 
 directors or other deliberative body. 
 
238 SUFFIXES -UR- 
 
 -UND, a. UND-ITy, n. See -and. 
 
 rotnnd rotundity jocand-ity rnblcand vagabond 
 
 -UNe, UN-ITy See -an. • 
 
 op-port-nne Im-port-nn-lty fortune trlbnne Jejnne 
 
 -UoUS, -UI-, -UUM, a., n. 
 
 [-r-6s (-1, -Bm,) a form of -ttjs. See -IVc] 
 
 noc-nons having the quality of injuring, (noceo, to hurt.) 
 contln-aons conUn-ai-<y vac-ni-ty resld-aum ardnons 
 
 -UR-, -URe, -URy, n. 
 
 -ing; that which is, a state of heing. 
 
 [-URA n. (Ital., Sp., Port, -ura, Fr. -ure;) commonly added to the stem 
 of a supine, participial, or adjective form, a8 jdhgo I join; jnNCTUS joined; 
 JUNCTIO the act of joining, junction; juncttjrX the reault of joining, a junc- 
 ture or seam. The u is formative, and the R is that of -t-er. See S-UKe.] 
 
 -ur-able, -ur-age, -ur-al, -ur-ate, -ur-ation, -ur-ed, ur-er, 
 -ur-esque, -ur-ious. 
 
 figure a make, shape, form ; that which is the result of 
 making. (fIngo, fictu"', to make, shape.) 
 
 censnre a condemnatory criticism (cENsSo I judge.) 
 tenure a holding; the condition by which a tenant holds. 
 (tIneo I hold.) 
 
 nature that which (nascoe, natus est) is born or pro- 
 duced, aperture and overture an opening. 
 
 su-t-ure a state of being sewn; a seam, (suo I sew.) 
 postnre posituba nsniy Csdra caesn'ra fissure exposure 
 lecture sepulture picture stature gc8-t>ure saturate 
 trl-t-ur-at-lon structure puncture measure, see -S-TJKe 
 mens-ur-at-ion manu-fac-t-ur-er pas-t-ur-a@re temperature 
 — enclosure failure furniture seizure miniature feature 
 
 Obs. The distinction is not always observed between -ion and -are, as 
 
-UR-N SUFFIXES 239 
 
 in fraotion fracture; junction junotare; position posture; torsion torture; 
 incision incisure; compression pressure; construction structure. 
 
 -ore, n. 
 
 [French -ir in plais-ir pleas-ure, lois-ir leia-ure, due to the Latin infini- 
 tive -EBB. — jDiez,\ 
 
 -nr-et, n. 
 
 [A modern suffix used chiefly in mineralogy.] 
 
 fsnlpbiiret pbosptauret arsenlnret cblornret cyannret 
 
 URI-, -URy, n. 
 
 century centuria that contains (CENTtJ"') a hundred, 
 commonly a hundred years. 
 
 centurion (-N declens.) the leader of a hundred men. 
 dec-urion the leader of (dec-e") ten men. 
 
 -URI-ENT, a. readi/ to. 
 
 [Latin part. pres. of verbs in -nRio (Gr. -aciai,) formed on -urus of the 
 future participle active,] 
 
 esurient (participle of edere to eat,) ready to eat. 
 parturient ready (pariOj) to produce, satnrient 
 
 -UR-N-. 
 
 [See under -EKN, -ER a., N-ous, and -Ty.] 
 
 noc-t-nrn-al in the (nox, gen. noct-is,) night. 
 
 diurnal and journal, from (fl®"" DIES,) day to day. 
 
 yesterday (hesternus a.,) the day preceding the pre- 
 sent one. 
 
 eternity .siternitas, as if for .siviternitas ; jevv"^ 
 duration, iBViTAS age. 
 
 tacltnniity diaturnity — ex-t-er-n-al Internal paternity 
 
240 SUFFIXES -VER 
 
 -URy, -URI-, n. See -er, n. 
 penury plNtJail want, scarcity. (Tzivsm, to be poor.) 
 
 -US, n. that which. 
 
 [-us* (-S, -6°";) -IS, -BS. Or. -as, -of,' -vs. Go. -o. Sansc. -a5, -u6, -at. 
 Used chiefly for maaculine nouns (and adjectiTes,) aa -A, -a are used for 
 feminines, and -tJ", -ov for neuters. They also indicate the nominative 
 case. With -at-, <&c. they form double suffixes, as may be observed under 
 -ate, -ade, -tons, -ary, -rous, -an, -nous, -ulous, -tous, -mus, Ac. Sanscrit 
 GARBHA5 a form. Latin corpus (gen. corporis,) o body, whence corp-s, 
 oorp-se, corporeal. Sansc, pica5, Lat. pious, Bng. wood-pecker. Sansc. 
 calamaS a reed, /tS'Xa/ios, calamus. Sanscrit ju to combine, gives JU-5, 
 Lat. ju-s broth, Eng. juice. Sansc. var to love, prefer, vrtiS excellence, 
 Lat. viRTTJS, Eng. virtue, worth. Ss. stambhaS, Lat. stipes, Eng. stipe, 
 stem, stub. Ss. nabhas, vufos, Lat. hubes a cloud. Ss. Avi5, Lat. ovis a 
 sheep. Ss. ruNAS, Lat. canis a dog. Ss. cocilaS, Lat. cucuLUs a cuckoo. 
 Bohem. chud' poverty, chud'as a pauper.^ 
 
 hiatus a ga-p or openinfy. (mo I ga-pe, yaw-n. See cbas-m.) 
 exodnsi* OD. discus'' chorus'' Earns" urus* calamus'' 
 polyanthus'' crocns'' narcis-S-US" cestus" circus fungous, 
 spnnge, s^unk. nnc-Ie-us calc>nl-ns sinus gpenns'' virus 
 genius radius focus tarsus impetus incubus apparatus 
 afflatus Hesperus'' syllabus<> acanthus" scope'' — grampus 
 
 Oba. The suffix -us is omitted in splendid florid tumid long just 
 ionest puls-e exod-e. It la replaced by -ne in vir-t-ne, Ital. virtii, Latin 
 Ti'RTUs (u long, but not accented,) gen. tirtutis. See -ue participial. 
 
 Bebue a riddle given in pictures. (Latin by things, the ablative plural 
 of RES a thing.) 
 
 -US-T-. See -st. 
 
 ang-ns-t-ate narrowed, (a/^a*, ango I throttle.) 
 robust locust combustion august' Augustus 
 
 -VER, n. See -B-. 
 
 cada-ver-ons pertaining to a (cadaver) dead body. 
 (See CADO I fall, die.) cnlver the European wild pigeon. 
 
-Y SUFFIXES 241 
 
 -ward, in the direction of. 
 
 [QothioraWa; Lat. tbbsus; Ang. -yard, -veard, -Terd, -veardeaj old 
 Sax. -ward, -werd; old Nordish adj. verdr; Belg. -waards. Ss. root trt 
 to gOf to turn. An adverbial -s is sometimes added, and Ohg. had an ad- 
 verbial -sun, as in dar there, daras'un (7w(Aer.] 
 
 inward forward afterward homeward southward 
 
 Then welbvard turn the fiem, that every mail 
 May fhorewanl iall, as from the veflel call. 
 
 Falcontr, The Shipwreck. 
 1 give him joy that's aukward at a lye; — Toung. 
 
 -ways, -wise, adv. manner. 
 
 [See VIDEO, visu", 'iitw to perceive; Ss. vidh to diatinguiah. Dan. viis, 
 Sw. vis, Ger. weiae manner. See -old.] 
 
 length-ways or -irlse cross-irise or -ways likewise nowise 
 straightways 
 
 Righteous (Ang. rihtyis) is a heteronym influenced by -ous. Cbauoer 
 uses lightmsneBse. 
 
 -XILLAry, a., n. dim. 
 
 maxillary pertaining to the (maxIllX) jaw. (malX 
 the cheek-bone, cheeky mando, to chew.) 
 
 -xt, adverbial. 
 
 betwixt between. (Akin to -s adverbial, with -t, and fol- 
 lowing g of Ang. tvegen twain.') 
 
 Ne wold nevere God betwix us tweyne . . . — 1. 11068. 
 That is betwixe theft and eek the weft, . . . —1. 6829. Chaucir. 
 . . wi mufi DiJUngullh hetwixl Natural and Mtral AOions. — L'Estrangi, Fable 
 ccxxu. 
 
 -y, n. condition; faculty; subject: 
 
 [f 1. -Of, see -US. H 2. -rj, -a, -e, -es, -is, -as, -'s, -s. 1[ 3. -ia, -lA, 
 4o., see B formative. % 4. -iok, -in™, see E formative. If 6. See -ee. 
 ^ 6. Miaoellaneous.] 
 
 21 
 
242 SUFFIXES -Y 
 
 necromancy fortune-telling by means of departed spirits. 
 (^fiavTsla divination; v^xpd^ dead.) 
 
 memory MEMORIA the faculty or quality of remembering. 
 (memor mindful.) 
 
 ^ 1. tunny, see -N- intens. chimney kS iitvos treasury Biiaavpds 
 letltarg^y \fidapyos. 
 
 % 2. pigmy rruyjif) the fist, a cubit, catastrophe parody melody 
 monody — galaxy -I'o; tyranny rvpavvt's dropsy Upoip hydrops 
 heresy a'psnis h^bbsis cachexy -ij phrenzy tppsvins — botany SotS- 
 ftKii {Soravri an herb.) Hilary hilabis cheerful. money monbta 
 usury usuRA progeny pbosenies pyrotechny -Tbcn- 
 
 If 3. tansy a plant with durable flowers. (Low Latin tanaoetum, from 
 aeamcia immortal. — Baton's Botany, 1836; Talbot's Etymologies, 1847.) 
 elegy Ikcy-cia, Sicydov polity, police toXiteio, see -ice dynasty -£'» 
 antipathy aoriirS'SEia irony -eia litany -ei'a agony I'a fantasy 
 -m ilPOplexy dnroahi^ia astronomy -ia astrology -in melancholy 
 -ia pharinacy -da idiocy idioiTeia geography -ia. 
 
 -lA. colony misery modesty history contumely calumny 
 repngn-ancy ceremony harmony scammony i-gnominy 
 
 ^ 4. mystery fLvorfipiovj see -ARy. canopy Kuviimetoi/ a gauze net for 
 protection against gnats, ((cwvojip a gnat.) trophy Tpiiraiov. augury -lu"". 
 larceny LATBOciNro"', (lateo «■ thief.) study stBdib" testimony 
 scrutiny 
 
 f 5. See -ee. lev-y dor-y all-ey voll-ey Jury warranty 
 pansy country medley destiny puny 
 
 \ 6. MiscellaneouB. penny, Ang. pening, Ohg. pending, that which 
 is struck. (Ss. badh to strike.) folly, Fr. folic, W. ffolineb. thicTcry, 
 Ger. dieberei b-ar-1-ey, W. ar upon; bS,r the topj a tuft; Uy that extends 
 out; ys that issues out; barlys bread com. ruby, kubeus red. luntusy, 
 ldhatious. balcony, Ital. balcone. ivory ferry cherry sherry 
 
 ancliovy, Spanish anchova, a kind of fish usually dried. 
 (Basque antzua, anchua dri/. — Mahn, 1854.) 
 
 Xormandy, Ang. normand-ige, the isle of the Normans. 
 
 -y, n. dim. 
 
 [A fragment mostly of -lin, n. diminutive.] 
 
 baby a little babe. Scotch lassie (and lassick) a little lass. 
 puppy goody Sally cranny pony ninny 
 
 Although valley agrees with vallis, it is probably formed on the dimi- 
 nutive VALLECDiiA, Fr. Valine. 
 
-Y-BR SUFFIXES 243 
 
 -y, -ey, -i", adj. 
 
 [Ang., Belg., Ger. -ig; Ohg. -ac, -ag, -eo, -io; Gothic -ags, -eigs, -aha, 
 -ugs; old Bng. -ie. See -IC] 
 
 bloody imbued or covered with blood. (Ang., Dan. blodig, 
 old Fris. blodich, Ohg. blotag, Ger. blutig.) 
 
 Iiangry tbirsty rusty ireary sandy bairy Bilglit-l-l; 
 stormy sbady lumpy stumpy many any clay-ey every 
 
 She wolde her painis everich one renewe. — Chauctr^ 
 
 But th* heedful boteman ftrongiy forth did llretch 
 
 His brawnie armes, and all his bodie llralne, — Sfmser. 
 
 The ground may be either muddy, sandy, weedy, gravelly, stony or rocky, and the 
 animals inhabiting each kind of ground will be found to be more or less peculiar 'to 
 it.— Stimpson, 1859. 
 
 This suffix has arisen from the fusion of various originals, as in — 
 spongy spoNGiosus lazy lassSs mnrky, Dan. morke savory, 
 Ft. savoreux bearty, Ger. herzlioh balmy, Ger. balsamisoh sbiny 
 shining, Ger. scheinend busby, Ger. haschicht vratery, Ger. wasse- 
 reich, wasserig, wasserioht wortby, Ang. vurBe, Ger. wurdig rlgbtly 
 adv. Ang. rihte. Go. raihtaba basty, testy, guilty, old French, and in 
 Chaucer — hastif, testif, gUtif, from -IVe. See also -IC, -ARy, -ee, and -ly. 
 
 -y, adverbial. 
 [See -ly, the 1 of which is confused with that of -Me.] 
 
 abl-y in an able manner, sociably in a sociable way. 
 
 -y, V. See -ish, v. 
 sully soil tally sally raUy daUy parley bray— mutiny 
 
 -y-er, n. he who. 
 
 [The same as -EK and -ARy, with y interposed.] 
 
 saw-y-er lawyer collier pavlor courtier premier 
 fEurier — drover 
 
244 SUFFIXES -ZEN 
 
 -YNX, n. See -inx, -ax. 
 
 lar'ynx Xa'pof^ the cavity at the top of the trachea. 
 syrinx avplf^ a shepherd's or pandean pipe, (avpto 
 1 draw; avpiaam I pipe, whistle.) 
 syringa a genus of plants; lilac. 
 syr-lnge lynx • 
 
 -za, n. 
 
 [Italian, formed oat of Latin T before I or E and a second vowel.] 
 
 piazza irXarcia platea, Spanish plaza, G^erman platz, English place. 
 stanza, Latin stans standing. 
 
 -ae, V. 
 
 [A consonant becoming sonant to indicate a verb.] 
 
 graze grass braze brass use use abuse abuse — ^breathe breath 
 clothe cloth 
 
 -zen, n. ona who. See -san. 
 citizen one who inhabits a (OIVITAS) city, denizen 
 
ANALYSIS OF WOBDS 245 
 
 ANALYSIS OF WORDS. 
 
 A few examples are parsed here for the purpose of exhibiting a more 
 minute analysis of derivative words. 
 
 fa-t-al-i-t-y 
 
 fa ^eak, decree; -t /ore, as indicating pas-t time in an 
 ac-t-ion finish-e?^ or comple-te; fa-t decree-d (as fac-t is equi- 
 valent to ma-dej) fate the decree; -al relating to; fatal 
 relating or pertaining to that which is decreed; -i the nomi- 
 native case sign of fatal-is ; -t agen-cy, power, a repetition 
 of the former T participial, used in a substantive sense, -y 
 being the remnant of its gender and case sign as a noun. 
 Hence the word fatality was constructed to express The power 
 which has the quality of being decreed; or, The power relating 
 to that which is decreed. 
 
 To the same root belong pro-pli-et (see -ET;) and in-ef-fa- 
 b-le (see in- nat, EX-, -ble.) 
 
 nn-sym-path-is-ab-il-i-t-y 
 
 •ity (as before,) the agency of; un- not; -ise v. being; 
 abil (habeo I have, use, do,) ah-le; to (implied in the verb 
 suffix -ise;) path/eeZ; sja (sym-^') with. Or, un- toithout ; 
 -ity the power of; ab having; -il the quality; patb-ise 
 to-fiel; syn- viith. But in the actual English word, the 
 force of -is-ab-il may be considered lost. 
 
 21 « 
 
246 ANALYSIS OF WORDS 
 
 c-li-ma-te 
 
 Greek (infinitive J.^-v to desire earnestly;) x-Xi'v-io I lean, 
 in-c-line) xXX'fia (gen. xXtfiarog,) that which inclines, a region, 
 a clime, in regard to its polar inclination; -t the genitive case 
 sign of -ma that which, c- (as it were) be- 11 le-ans, or leans 
 much; climate, that which, hy its inclination towards the 
 pole, influences the seasons. 
 
 cllma-c-t-er-ic 
 
 Akin to Climate. See -AX, -T-EE, -ic. xXt/iaS,. -axoz, a 
 ladder; xXZiiaxr-qp the step of a ladder, every seventh year of 
 human life, particularly the 63d year, which the Greeks sup- 
 posed to he a critical period. 
 
 in-f-la-mma-b-le 
 
 (wimfor^m.) lux light; ^s-Af^'-o, to hlaze, hum ; ipMyiia, 
 FLAMmJI flame — -ma ^lat which is; in- very; b-1 capable 
 of; f-la b-laz-ing or burning. 
 
 f-l-ag-ltl-ons-ness 
 
 (See under D-.) :J;fij clamor; X-ij'ia I speak; f-A-ij/i) a 
 hleat, whine; Ger. fluoh-en to swear; -It frequentative (with 
 a connecting vowel 1;) f-, with the force of he- in be-rate, or 
 oh- in ob-loquy; rLAGiTO I demand often, I dun. 
 
 -ness the quality of being; -ons (for -ose) fall of; -Iti 
 frequent; f-l-ag c-l-ach. 
 
 snp-er-e-r-og-at-or-y 
 
 r-og akin to 1-ag in f-lag-itious; D-ico I say; E-oa-o I 
 ask; e- out of; -y the case termination; erogo I intreat, 
 pay out; erog-at (the thing) demand-ed, pai-d. 
 
 op-y relating to; -at that which is; snp-er beyond; 
 e-pog- demand. Relating to (supererogation) over-payment. 
 
ANALYSIS OF WOKDS 247 
 
 d-ic-ta-t-or-i-all-y 
 
 The root is akin to the preceding. See under D-, and T 
 
 intensive. 
 
 con-st-it-a-t-io-n-al 
 
 STO, ST-AT-tJ", to stand ; (but the supine varies with a 
 prefix, giving) oon-sto, con-st-It-u", to stand with; this 
 becomes the stem of a new verb con-st-It-C-o I dispose, 
 settle, determine, agree upon; con-st-IT-xJ-t-io (with T parti- 
 cipial,) that which is constitute, settled, or determined, or 
 agreed upon. The u is that of the supine, and the second n 
 a genitive case sign. 
 
 -al pertaining to; io-n that which is; (ST stand, ST-IT to 
 stand,) ST-iT-u-T- stoo-d; con together;, or, less strictly — 
 
 Consistent with that which has been mutually established. 
 
 # 
 
 sn-b-nl-ate 
 
 STJO I sew; subulX an awl. 
 
 -ate ma-d-e like; -nl the small; -b thing with which; sn- 
 to sew; hence subulate awl-shaped. 
 
 adv-ant-age 
 
 adT- for "k&from, confused with Xd to; ant- (ante) 6e- 
 fme; -age that (condition or aggregate of conditions) which 
 places one before, or in adv-ance of others. See A-; and 
 -aee, Obs. 1. 
 
 bn-c-Ii-le-..-r 
 
 Welsh bw terror, &c. ; bwg a scare-crow; cled sheltering; 
 cledr a fiat body, a board; bwccled a security against dan- 
 ger; bwocledr a buckler; o-l-ed is the prefix c-, with U-ed 
 width, compounded of Uy that extends out, and ed what has 
 aptness to act, the sense being thus made active, (not passive. 
 
248 ANALYSIS OF WORDS 
 
 as when one is protected by a rock or other immoyable de- 
 fense;) -r that which. Bncbler, a hody xindening out as a 
 protection against danger. 
 
 c-Iay-more 
 
 a great sword: Graelic and Irish mor great; Gael, claidhamh, 
 Ir. claidheamh, Welsh cledd-yf a sword, c-led-r a flat body, 
 11-ed breadth; Lat. 8®" latus, ■ir-XaT-h(; wick; Irish leith-ead 
 breadth; leithe the shoulder blade. 
 
 co-r-ac-le 
 
 A small portable fishing boat made of wicker-work and 
 covered with leather or canvas. 
 
 Welsh CO a rounding; or that isoutward, an edge; co-r a 
 circle, close, crib; cw-r a periphery, a skin; cwrwg a round 
 body or vessel; cwrwgl, corwgl^ Irish cwrach. 
 
 ca-r-o-I 
 
 Welsh ca holding; ca-r a friend; aw an impulse; aw-1 
 praise; car-awl a lave song. 
 
 groan grumble 
 
 Welsh grw that is uttered imperfectly; rhw what breaks 
 (or grows) out; grwn a groan; grwm a grumble. 
 
VOCABULARY 249 
 
 VOCABULAEY 
 
 OF 
 
 LATIN AND GEEEK OKIGINALS, OF ENGLISH 
 
 DEKIVATIVES AND THEIR COL- 
 
 LATEEAL POEMS. 
 
 2c-E0, to be sharp; ic-UO, to sharpen, ac-id ac-et-ous ao- 
 et-io ao-er-b-ity or-abbed ao-r-id aoriMONy acute ache 'Sx>s edge 
 acumen acme d'*r/ii) oxid dfiJV oxalic oxytone oxygen par-oxysm 
 
 .ffiQVtis, gen. .aiQVi, equ-al. equity equinox equator equi- 
 distant ad-equate equilibrium equivalent equi-t-able in-iqui-ty 
 
 jEVU™, gen. ^vi, an age. age ev-er co-eval primeval e-ter- 
 nal, see -UR-N loBg-evity co-e-taneous 
 
 Xqo, -igo (a-ctu") to do, (^ayio) drive, lead, ag-ent act 
 amb-ig'uous oo-g-ent «xigency outr-age nav-igate ag-it-ate — par- 
 agoge synagogue demagogue 
 
 ALIUS, ALI-, aXXo^," other; ALTER the other. alias alien 
 
 ^iiegory* par-all-el"" alter-nate sub-altern 
 ALO, (alitu™) to nourish, cherish. aluMNus coalESCe 
 
 aliment alimony 
 Xnima breath, life {*aio, to blow, see under S,") anim-al 
 
 anim-ate 
 Xnimtjs mind, un-anim-ous equ-animity anim-advert 
 ARCH- (ap^ui I take the had, govern; ipx^^, ^PZ"'^> Sanscrit 
 
 ABHA5 a chief, from Sanscrit abh to have power.) archon archangel 
 
 archbishop anarchy monarchy architect 
 asg (Welsh, see M-, E-,) a piece split off. r-ash-er m-ash 
 
 (or m-esh, of a net,) b-ask-et fl-ask-et 
 AVDio (avditu") to hear; avdit he hears, audible aud-it-or 
 
 ob-ey ob-ed-ient 
 AVGEO (avctu") auSoi, to aug-ment. auction au..-thor — 
 
 auxesis 
 
250 VOCABULAET 
 
 AIXOO, i^tdai, to admit, take /or granted, axiom -atic 
 BEEVis, 6pa]cv(; short, brief brevity abridge (y and s being 
 
 silent.) 
 cioo, -CID- (CASfl") to /aU; casus a faUing. cadence 
 
 oadnoous ac-cldent de-cid-uous case casual co-in-cid-e -nt occasion 
 
 in-cidental oadaVERoas — decay 
 
 c^DO, -CID- (c^su™,) to cut, kiU. concise excision incisor 
 
 decide parri-cida 
 
 CALO, xakito, CLAMO, to caH, (see -M-, Obs.) clamor claim 
 
 pro-, le-, ex-olalm — call bslloo yell yelp 
 
 CAP-io, -CEP-, -CIP-, -CUP- (cA-PTU",) to take, accept capt-ive 
 
 capt-or capacious (see -AC-eous) oc-cnp-y recipient receiTe oonceL.t 
 
 ca..tch chase purchase 
 oXp-ut (-ITIS,) the head, cape capital chief chapter pre- 
 
 clpit-ate susceptible chub cube cob gable — cephalic 
 CAVUS hoBow. cave cavity concave camber cup cupel 
 
 a-kiff a-Kd 0T} cymbal cove coop hoop haven coffin coffer cap 
 cuff coif cape hoof chamber cabin chapel chimney hovel gouge 
 cage govem-or gubernatorial 
 
 CEDO (CESSU",) to yield, to go. cede accede cession process 
 
 proceed recede exceed concede 
 CELO, to hide, con-ceal cell cellar xotXoi; hollow, deep, calyx 
 
 chalice hole hollow hell kiSXttoj gulf gul-a guU-et 
 CENTU"* a hundred. cent century centennial centi-pede 
 
 centurion 
 CERNO (cretB",) xpi'vai, to siji. dis-cer-n con-cem crisis 
 
 critic crime dis-cre-te decree 
 
 CHAINO, (*/afl), see -m,) j^ai-v-w, hIo I ga-pe; cha-s-m hiatus 
 chaos Chama gander cachinnation yawn a-che-n-ium 
 
 CHARTES )[dpTQ<; paper, chart charter card cartel cart-oon 
 
 CHRONOS j^pdvoq time, chron-io, chron-icle chronometer 
 {^s^" mstior) ana-chronism 
 
 c-LA-EUS c-lea-r; hum, to shine; W. Ua wJtat is dear; llewer 
 light, clarify {^S- LDcEo) glow glare 
 
 COQVO (coCTU",) to cook, concoct decoction — cook coke 
 
 cake kitchen 
 CUBO, CUMBO, xsTfiat, to lie dovm. recumbent succumb in- 
 cubation cubit kimbo coma (lethargy) inoubus cower 
 
VOCABULARY 261 
 
 OUrX care, ao-curate care curate procure procurator or 
 
 prootor procuracy or proxy 
 
 CURRO (oURSfl",) to run. course courier career concur cur- 
 rent cursory corsair, see -T-ER 
 
 CtJRVO, Yvp6uj, to bend, curve coronal coroner crown gyre 
 gyration girasSl cord gird curl 
 
 OUtIs a skin; a-xuTo<; a skin, a whip, leather, anything of 
 leather; ifkvXov a ekin; k5'u, to contain; trKih a shadow; aKX&'s a 
 tent; sonTB"" (dim. scfJTnLU"",) a shield; sofiiULA a diah, out-iele 
 out-aneons coat hide hut house hose scotch (remove bark) sky 
 ski-n sou-m shu-ck soutiform souteliate skull scale shell shoe 
 shield sheath shade shed shelter skulk (ooal-)souttle skillet 
 scullery kettle cotyledon cuttle-fish (from its sucking cups.) 
 
 DEUS ds6(; God. deity deify div-ine lu-piter (d lost) theology 
 DO, (datu", -dit-,) do-n-o, di'diofii, to give, date edict 
 
 recondite don-ate, -ation ad-, tra-, con-dit-ion-al addendum deo- 
 
 dan-d par-don endow dower dotal antidote dose 
 DECE™, dixa, ten. decad decimal decimate decennial decagon 
 
 decussate, see -DE, % 1. From the root or tango. 
 DIES a day ; daim, to light up. diary meri-dian (medIus) 
 
 diURNal journal quoti-dian dial 
 
 DOCEO (do-ctu"",) to teach; dico (dIctC"",) to say, tell, do- 
 cile doctrine doctor teacher, see -T-ER diet-ate, -ion -ary, pre-, 
 contra-, inter-dict 
 
 VR YS Spu(; an oak. dijAD druid tree 
 
 Duco (DtJcTU",) to lead, ad-, re-, in-, con-, tra-duce conduct 
 
 or conduL.t aqueduct duke doge tug tow 
 
 DUO two; duo-decimo duel dou-ble deuce dou-bt twin twain 
 
 twine twice twe-lre ta-b twi-Uing (a double web, as dri-Uing is a 
 triple one.) 
 
 EMO (e-mptu",) to buy. red-eem exempt peremptory red-, 
 
 ex-, pre-emption pro-mpt 
 
 So (iTtJ"',) IRE to go. ex-it amb-i-ent circu-it in-iti-al ob- 
 
 itu-ary trans-it-ory pre-t-or preterit it-in-er-ary perish 
 EBOON spyov work, toU; ipydio I work, irksome w-ork en- 
 erg-y lit-erg-y ge-org-io. dp/rsw / defend; aeceo / restrain, ward off. 
 co-erce ex-ero-ise. UBGEO / impel, force, urge urgent. 
 
 ESSE to be; stJ" I am; ens (ent-,) being, ent-ity abs-ent 
 pre-s-enee (« of su") ess-enoe ess-ent-ial inter-es-t (esse with t 
 participial.) 
 
252 VOCABULARY 
 
 FACio, -FEO-, -Fic- (factu™,) to make. See -fio, -fice, -fy. 
 
 fact fea..t perfect ooanterfei..t refit oerti-fy fi-at ofiioe benefice 
 beue-fic-ent ponti-f fashion hacienda fig-ur-at-ive feign 
 
 FEKO I carry. , in-, pre-, re-, de-, dif-, suf-, of-, trans-, con-fer 
 ferry fer-T-ILE -FBR-ous bear iffiTjlphor 
 
 FIDES trust, con-fid-ent diffident infidel faith af-fi-ance 
 
 FLO / blow; FLATUS a blowing, inflate flatulent flute fla- 
 geolet blow blast 
 
 FLUO (fluxu",) to flaw, re-, con-, af-fluent afflux fluid in- 
 fluence superfluity fluctuate 
 
 FOR, <p7j-iiX', <pa-T-lX(i>, to sjpeak. af-fa-ble fa-te fa-me pre- 
 fa-ce in-fa-nt em-pha-sis 
 
 FORTIS Strong, fort forte re-en-force ef-fort com-fort 
 
 FRANGO -FRING-, (fractu"",) to break, frac-ture; fraction 
 
 fragile or frail infringe re-frac-t-ory — ^breach os-prey (os a bone) 
 
 FUNDO (fusu",) toj)our, to melt, suf-, trans-, con-, in-, pro-, 
 
 dif-, fus-e -ion refund foundry 
 
 GE y^ the earth, geometry geography apogee gigantic giant 
 
 GEL-ID-US col-d; chilly eon-geal gelid jelly 
 
 GEN-US (-ErIs,) yivo(; race, sort, offspring; *yiva>, *GENO, 
 
 GIGNO (genitu™,) to produce, gen-uine con-gen-ial regenerate genesis 
 
 homogeneous cosmogony hydrogen gender general genteel gentle 
 
 jaunty gentile — kin kind 
 OONIA yiavia an angle, tri-, tetrar, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, 
 
 nona-, deca-, poly-gon goni-o-meter 
 GrXdior, to go; gressus a going, grade de-grad-e -ation 
 
 di-, pro-gress -ion 
 ORAPBO ypolipio, s-CRiBO I scratch, write, en-grave dia- 
 
 gra-m graphic geo-graphy grammar a-, in-, sub-, pro-, circum-, 
 pro-, tran-, super-scribe grave groove graft grub s-crape scrap 
 scrub scrabble scramble 
 
 HEPTA iicTa SEPTE", seven; heptagonal hept-archy septen- 
 ary September 
 
 HEX' ?f SEX six ; hexagon hexangulaf sexennial senary 
 
 HETEROS Itepoq different, heterodox heteroclite heteroge- 
 neous 
 
 HOBOS 6ddg a way. peri-od met-hod exodus synod ep-is-ode 
 
 {htC on, c(V in.) 
 
 HUMEO, to be wet; humus the ground; ;^a/ta) on the ground. 
 
VOOABTIIART 253 
 
 humor humid in-, ex-hnme humiliate humble ohame-leon camo- 
 mile (as if earth-apple imXop, from its fragrance.) 
 
 BTDOS "vdtop, "vdmp water; hydrogen hydraulics (abXaq a 
 pipe) hydrometer hydrostatic hydrophobia dr-opsy hydra otter 
 
 ISO- 'Xaoq equal, isochronal isodynamic isothermal 
 
 jXceo, to lie. adjacent circumjacent 
 
 Jicio -JEC-, (JACTU"", -JECT-,) to throw, ah-, 6-, ob-, de-, 
 sub-, in-, pro-ject -ion conjecture projectile je..t jetson 
 
 . . . thcfe are of three forts, either found on the itreame floating, and then are called 
 Floatfon, ... or cad forth there [on land] by florme and the water, and then are called 
 letson. — MalyniSy Lex Mercatoria, 1642. 
 
 jtiGU" a yoke, subjugate conjugal yoke jtJngo / unite. 
 join joint junc-tion, -ture 
 
 JUS (gen. JURIS,) right, law; JURO I take oath; JU-DICO / 
 declare judgment, ad-, nn-just just-ice just-ify injur-e -y -ious 
 jurisdiction ab-, con-, per-jure juror jury judge judicial adjudicate 
 prejudice 
 
 iXcio, DE-Licio / entice, de-lec-t-able delicious delightful 
 
 LATUS w-^ttT-iSV wide; lXt-us (-eris) the side. lati-tude 
 di-late p-late b-lade f-lat p-lot p-laioe, see -AS p-linth f-lint 
 p-lat p-latitude Platanus plane-tree o-loth lath leath-er equi-, 
 col-, qnadri-lateral (and from the affinity between I and r — ) b-road 
 sp-read — ^buckler claymore 
 
 LATU"", to carry, bear, trans-, re-, e-, eol-, pro-, ob-late di- 
 latory prelate legis-lat-or 
 
 LEGO (legatu™,) to depute, bequeath, de-legate legation 
 
 leg-acy, -atee colleague college allege 
 LEGO (lectu",) -LIG-, ii/io, to lay together, to read; lex 
 (gen. LEGris,) a law. col-Iect di-lig-ent dialect e-, se-, neg-lect in- 
 tel-lectt intelligent col-, se-, e-lection religion legion lexicon lesson 
 legible lecture — leg-al legis-latnre legitimate illicit privi-lege sor- 
 ti-lege law loyal alloy 
 
 LiGO, (ligatu™,) to bind. ligature al-Iigation league oblige 
 
 allegiance — ally alli-ance 
 LiNQVO I leave, de-linquent re-lic-t re-linqu-ish 
 LOCO (locatu"",) to place. (Akin to lego.) local locat-e -ion 
 
 lien lieutenant, 2ieii-tenant or {^/-tenant, le/tenaunt in the Bible of 
 1551 ; lieutefumt in Shakspere (who uses u and v indiscriminately, as 
 in diaiolaej) and Uefiencmt in. Coles's English Dictionary of 1701. 
 
254 VOCABULARY 
 
 lOQ-VOB XiY(o (J8@" LEGO,) to speak ; Uyo^ a word; -logy a 
 
 discourse, loquacity elocution obloquy Ioo-U8t — geology eulogy 
 prologue logic 
 Lflclo, to shine, lucid e-lucidate pellucid* look ligh-t link 
 
 (a torch) b-leach b-leak b-link b-lank ph-lox Lu..na lunar 
 MA-GNUS /la-xpdg, iiiyaq great; MAxImus greatest, magiste- 
 rial ma..ster mi.. stress maxim maxIMUM magnify major ma- 
 jesty mai..u big — macro-cosm megatherium 
 
 mXre the sea. marine mariner mar-aud for-ay Ar-mor-ica 
 
 por-beagle (a shark which hunts in packs.) 
 MEDl-us iiia-o<; middle. (Ital. mezzo, pronounced meddzo.) 
 
 mid a-mid-st meddle medium mezzotint mediocrity m€d-ullary 
 
 inter-medi-ate meri-diau meso-thorax mes-embri-anthe-mum mid- 
 
 day-jlower {iifiepa dayj ai/Qo^j HvdEfMv fiower.) 
 
 METIOR ficrpito, to measure; mensura a mea..s-ure. mete 
 
 meter metre im-mense dimension mensuration chrono-meter 
 MEMINI /jiva'o;ua!, to re-member, memento memor-y, -able, 
 -ise, -ial-ise mention mnemonic a-mnesty. mens (gen. mentis,) the 
 mind; mental comment 
 
 MONEO (MONiTtJ",) to ad-mon-isb; monitor monument sum- 
 mon MIN^ threats minatory menace 
 
 MICRO- fiixpdg little, microscope micrometer microcosm 
 
 MOVEO (MOTtJ"",) to mov-e j e-, com-, loco-, pro-motion mo- 
 tive — mob 
 
 MiNEO, to prqfecf, hang over, e-, im-, pre-, super-e-, pro- 
 minent eminence 
 
 MiNUO (minutu™,) fitv-v'do), to di-min-ishj minus minor 
 minute com-minnte min-oe 
 
 MiTTO (Missu"",) to send, ad-, re-, com-, e-, o-, sub-, per-, 
 
 re-ad-, inter-, trans-mit remittance emissary com-mission-er demise 
 sur-, pre-, pro-mise re-miss 
 
 MtJN-us (-ERIS,) office, duty, favor, muni-fic-ent re-muner- 
 ate immunity ex-oom-mun-ic-ate commune common 
 
 MUTO (mutatu"",) to move, change, com-, im-, per-, trans-, 
 mut-able transmutation 
 
 4.NASCOR, to he (natus) horn, nat-al, -iv-ity, -ure, -ion in- 
 nate nascent. Originally SN-Ascos, gn-atus, whence co-gn-ate im- 
 pre-gn-ate _^S~ oSn-5s. 
 
 NAVis vaug a ship, nausea nav-y, -al, -ig-ate nautical navvy 
 
VOCABULARY 255 
 
 ^NOM-EN (-inIs,) ovofia, a nam-e; noun nomenclature nomi- 
 nal anonymous synonym i-gnotn-inious co-gnom-en ^^- gbn-5s. 
 NOVE™ ivvia nine; nona-gon ennea-gon 
 Novus vioq new; novelty innovate novice neo-phyte 
 OCTO oxrd) eight; octagon octavo October octu-ple 
 OCULUS eye; ocular in-ocul-ate ocell-ate ogle 
 OLEO, to emit a smell, ol-id ol-factory red-olent 
 OLEO Xd-6lesco (ADULTtJ",) to grow ; from ALO, to nourish, 
 
 cause to grow, ad-olesc-ent ad-ult ab-ol-ish — ali-ment coalesce 
 OPO onto Ztccu), to see; OPTO I look at, wish, choose, optics 
 
 oyol-ops option adopt 
 OBIOR (O'RTUS) opo-fiai, to rise; dpdoto (see -TB-,') to erect, 
 make rightj straighten; OKD-0 (-iNis) a rank, an order, orient ori-gin 
 -al-ity ab-ortiye or-deal ere erst early m-or-n — ortho-graphy — 
 order ordain ordinal disordered 
 ovu" mov an egg. ov-al, -ate, -oid ovi-parous — oo-lite odiogy 
 PANDO (passu",) itsTa'w, to spread; PATEO, to he open. 
 expansion expand s-pan pan patent patulous pet-al paddle 
 s-pat-nla s-pathe s-pade s-pud feath-er; irtrpa «, rock; petrify 
 petr-oleum rock-oil Peter petrel f-ern (see -N.) s-PAT-iiJ"^ extent, 
 interval, delay, space spacious expatiate r^-spite 
 
 PACTtJ" an agreement; PAX (gen. PAC-is,) peace; pact cdm- 
 
 paot paci-fy, -flo appease 
 
 PANGO (PACTtJ"",) to set, fix. compact impact 
 
 PAR equal, par disparage pair compare peer-less impair 
 
 par-ity imparisyllabic 
 PARO (PARATU™,) to provide, furnish; fM-PERQ, to order, 
 govern, parade apparatus prepare repair ap-parel se-parate sever 
 em-peror empire 
 
 PARS (gen. PARTIS,) a part; particle parcel part-y, -isan, -ial, 
 -ner, parse portion 
 
 PELLO (PULSU™,) to move, drive, expel ex-, ap-, com-, re- 
 pulsion, pulse push 
 
 PENDEO (PENSU",) to hang, pend-ant, -ent, -ulum, -ulcus, 
 
 pensile suspend per-pend-ic-ul-ar. pendo (pENsr°*,) to weigh, 
 pay, consider, expend dis-, re-oom-, ex-pense pension dispensary. 
 p5HD-rs (-BBIS,) weight, ponderous pound poise 
 PENTE Ttivre QVINQVE five; pentagon pentecost (TtsvTTjxoffTdq 
 
256 VOCABULARY 
 
 fiftieth) pingster — quinary quinquelobate fivelobed fivefold — ^pnnoh 
 (a liquor.) 
 
 ex-peri6r (expertus,) to try, test, expert experiment, 
 
 experimenter, -al 
 
 PETO (PETiTtJ",) to beg, desire, strive, assault, petition re- 
 peat repetition propitiate appetite oompet-e -ence, -itor, compati- 
 ble impetus 
 
 PHAINO tpaivu) (see -N-,) to shine, show, expose, accuse; <pa.'io, 
 
 to make clear, to appear, pha-se (see -S-) em-pha-sis dia-pha-N-oua 
 fant-asm, -astic, -asy fancy phenoMenon epipliany. (jiti^t to eay 
 (JSS' FOB, -M- Obs.) fame eu-phemiam pro-ph-^J* 'blas-phemo 
 (BXd'nrbj J injure.) 
 
 PBAGO ^ayu) I eat. ichthyophagous t;fffi;'? (X^sA. anthro- 
 
 pophag-y, -i, -ous 
 
 PiNGO (piCTtJ",) to pain..t; pigment picture depict 
 PLACED I please; placid displeasure com-placent pleasant 
 
 com-ply. PLACO / appease, implacable 
 PLENUS ■i:Xio<; full; i:X-^d(u COM-PLEO (-PLETtJ"",) to fiU. 
 
 ple-n-ty, -ary replenish de-, com-, re-plete im-, sup-, oom-plement 
 
 ac-oom-pli-sh com-, sup-ply — plethora (see -R-US) pie- (?iV-asm 
 
 (ttXciuc more.) n-oXij j many; polygon polysyllable. ffdXfy a city; 
 
 pol-ice, -ity, -icy 
 PLIC-0 ("ATtJ",) to fold; PLE-OTO, T:kixm, to pleat, com-plex 
 
 im-, sup-, dn-, com-, ex-plic-ate, -ation suppliant pliant mnlti-, 
 
 im-, ap-ply dis-play ac-com-pli-ce (see -PLe.) 
 PLUS (PLURis) more. (Akin to fi©" PLENIJS.) over-, non-, 
 
 sur-plus plu-perfect plur-ality 
 
 PONO (posiTU",) to set, place, de-, com-, de-com-, dis-, dis- 
 cern-, ex-, im-, super-im-, inter-, op-, pro-, re-, sup-, pre-sup-, trans- 
 pose postpone deponent deposit-ory depdt post impos-t, -ition 
 ex-, pro-, com-pound posture provost (PRiB-PosiTOs) put 
 
 popuLus a multitude, people de-populate un-popular pub- 
 
 lio-ation publish republic 
 PORTO I carry. (Akin to PERO.) bear com-, de-, ex-, im-, 
 
 re-, sup-, trans-port porterage portfolio 
 PRECOR I invoke, de-, im-precate pray 
 PRE-HENDO (-HENStJ",) to take, ap-, com-, re-prehend sur-, 
 
 com-, enter-prise prize reprisal prison 
 
 PREMO (PRESSU",) to press; com-, de-, ex-, im-, op-, re-, sup- 
 press printt 
 
VOCABULARY 257 
 
 PRETiu" value, reward, ap-, de-preoiate praise price pre- 
 cious appraise, -ment appraiser 
 
 PKiMus first; prISr former, prime primer primrose pri- 
 mate primogeniture pristine prince prior-ity 
 
 pr5bo I prove, probe proof prove prob-able, -ity probate 
 
 reprob-ate, -ation 
 
 PROPE near; PROXIMUS ven/ near, nearest, prop-inquity 
 proxim-ate, -ity approach 
 
 PROTO-, TcpBroi; first, prototype protoxid 
 
 PSEUDO-, false; (psudo? falsehood, pseudovolcanic pseudo- 
 nymous 
 
 PtJLLUS a young animal, a bud. pullet poult poultry foal 
 pullulate 
 
 PUNGO (ptJNOTU™,) to Sting. Welsh ig what is sharp; pig a 
 
 pointed end; u pike, a beak, punot-ure, -uate, -ual-ity pungent 
 compunction Pagurus pungar poignant point punch pike poke 
 pick peak beak bicker peg s-pigot spicule s-pike a-poke 
 
 PUN-io (-ITU"",) to pmiish. punitive pain fine (a pen-alty.) 
 
 PUTO I say, think; (nsidm I advise; akin to FOR.) de-, dis-, 
 im-, re-put-e, -ation compute or count 
 
 QV^ffiRO (oVjESITU",) to ask, seeJc, get. query question in-, 
 re-quest in-, ro-, ac-quire in-, ac-, re-, dis-quisition exquisite ac- 
 quire conquer 
 
 QVATUOR zitTffapeg Tirpa- four J QVADRUS s-quare; QVARTUS 
 the fourth ; tessera a square, quaternary quadr-angle, -ant, -ate, 
 -atic, -ature, quadru-ped, -pie quart-er-ly s-quadr-on squad square 
 quar-antine (French quarante for-tj) tetragon tetrastyle tesseral 
 tesselate 
 
 QVOT as many as. quota quotient quotidian 
 
 RABIES madness, rabid rave rage 
 
 RADIX (-icTs,) ^t'Ca root; e-radicate radical radicle rhizo- 
 
 phagous lico-rioe (yX'3mis stoeet.) 
 
 RADO (rasu",) to scrape, ab-rad-e abrasion rasorial erase 
 
 raze razor razee ras-p rasberry. rodo (rosu",) to gnaw, ar-, cor-, 
 e-rod-e cor-ros-ion, -ive ros-trum rostrate ah-red 
 rXpio (ra-ptC™, rept-,) to take away, plunder, hurry, ra- 
 pine rapacious surreptitious rapture rapid rapier bereaTe ravage 
 robber rover robe reap 
 
 REGO (rectC",) to set righ-t, reg-ulate. cor-, di-, e-, in-cor-, 
 
 22* 
 
258 TOCABTJLAIIY 
 
 in-di-reot rect-ify, -angle, -or reign (but not sovereign, see stoeb-) 
 
 reg-al, -ent, -ion ru..le bishopric rich a-l-e-r.. ..t (see ad) 
 KOGO (kogatu"",) to ash, heg. ab-, de-, inter-rogate arrogant 
 
 prorogue rogation ^®~ f-recob. 
 ROTA a wheel, rot-ate, -ary, -ation, -und -o ro..und (see -and) 
 
 rote rut route (pronounced root) routine rowel ro..U ro..le ree..l 
 BtJMPO (RUPTtJ",) to break, ab-, cor-, ir-, dis-, inter-, e-rupt, 
 
 -ion, -ive incorruptible 
 
 SAC-ER (-Rl,) "ay-toi; holy, sacer-dot-al sacr-ed con-, ex-, de- 
 secrate sacrament sacrifice sacristan or sexton — hagiograpby 
 
 SAL (gen. SALis,) aki; (gen. 'a^d?,) sal-t; sal-ine saliferous — 
 halo-gene salad sau..sage sauce 
 
 sXl-io, -SIL-, (SALTU", -stJLT-,) to hap. salient assail con-., 
 
 re-, ex-, in-sult exile resilience 
 
 SALVUS sowid, well, salu-tary, -brious, -ute salvation sa..fe 
 
 save salre 
 SATIS enough; satur full, sate satis-fy insatiate satur-ate 
 sciNDO (scisstj",) a^Z'Zoi, to cut, rend, ab-, ex-, re-scind 
 
 abscissa schism scissors 
 scio I know, sciolist science conscious omni-scient 
 SCOPEO axoTtiu) I spy, observe, scope episcopal microscope 
 slco (se'CtB"",) to cut. sect bi-, in-, inter-, dis-sect, -ion 
 
 segment saw secTOR 
 SEDEO (SESStJ",) to sit; CON-SIDO / sit down, assess assize 
 assiduous sedulous siege insidious po-ssess subside subsidy re- 
 eid-e, -uum, -ence 
 
 SentIo (sbnsO",) to feel, think, con-, re-, dis-sent scent 
 
 sens-e, -ible, -ory sentient sentence 
 
 SEQVOR (secutus,) to follow, attend, sequ-ent, -el ob-seqni- 
 
 ous oonsSoutive second persecute (see pxk-) consequence sue en-, 
 pur-sue suit suitor suite 
 
 SERVio (sERviTtj"",) to serv-e; de-, mis-, sub-serve service 
 
 servitude, servo (servatu™,) to «at)c, keep, pre-, eon-, ob-, re-serv-e, 
 -ation, -oir servant 
 
 SEX ?f six; sexennial bis-sextile senary hexagon sixfold 
 sTgnu™ a mark, token, sign-al, -ature, -ify, as-, con-, de-, re-, 
 
 en-sign sigil or 8ea..l 
 similIs 6/ia,Xd<; like, similar-ity re-, dis-semble dis-sim-ulate 
 
 simile homo-gen-eous an-omalous 
 
VOCABULARY 259 
 
 siSTO I place, set, stop, as-, con-, ex-, in-, per-, re-, sub-sist, 
 
 -ance* -ant 
 SOL fjXtoi; the sun, ffiXag lustre, asX-ijvTj the moon, solar sol- 
 stice — peri-heli-on Hel-en El-eotra — sel-eno-graphy selenite ^S~ 
 
 TORREO. 
 
 SOLUS (done, sole soli-tude, -tary desolate 
 
 SOLVO (soLUTtJ"',) to loose, to free, to melt, ab-, re-, dis-, 
 
 solv-e, -able soln-tion 
 SONUS ■c6voq a sound, a noise, son-orous, -net ab-, dis-, con-, 
 
 re-sonant sound — ton-e, -io de-tonate mono-tonous tune din 
 
 thunder 
 
 SOPOR, SOMNUS, S-izvog sleep. sopori-fic somni-fic somn- 
 * olence, -ambulism — hypnotic 
 
 SPlRGO (SPARSU", -SPERS-,) to scatter, sparse as-, dis-, inter- 
 sperse 
 
 SPEOio (SPECTU",) to see. spy spee-nlum, -trum, -tacle, -tre, 
 -imen, -ies, -ify, -ulate, -ious per-spio-uous perspective as-, circum-, 
 ex-, in-, pro-, re-, su-spect speck despise despite spite 
 
 SPERO I hope, de-spair de-sper-ate, -ation pro-sper-ous, -ity 
 
 SPIRO (spiRATti™,) to breathe, blow, live, as-, con-, in-, re-, 
 per-, sn-, tran-spir-e, -ation spirit sprite sprightly 
 
 SPONDEO (SPONSU™,) to speak, promise, re-spond respons-e, 
 -ibie sponsor spousal spouse cor-re-, de-spond 
 
 S-POLiu"" a skin, booty; PELLIS a skin, spoliate spoil fell 
 
 pell pelt-ry pellicle pelisse, pilus a hair; tbllus a fleece; villus 
 
 a tuft; VELOM a veil; PALLifuH a mantle; pall palli-ate, -ation pile 
 
 pilose villous fleece wool peel pillage 
 STEREOS arsps6<; firm, solid, stereo-type, -scope, -ometry 
 STINGVO, -STIGO (STINCTU"',) \.ari'Z<o, to mark, sting; stick 
 
 stitch stock stoker distinct instigate ex-, contra-, dis-tinguish 
 
 8ti..in-ulns, -ulate stig-ma-t-ise 
 8T0 (statu™,) ardto, loTtjiu, to stand, place, stay station -ary 
 
 stand state stat-ue, -ute sub-stance co-st sta-ble establish de- 
 
 sti-ne — meta-stasis hydro-statics eztasy sy-stem stamen style 
 
 stadium 
 STRINGO (STRICTU",) to touch, to bind, string stricture con-, 
 
 re-, dis-trict re-, con-stringe con-, re-strai..u con-strain-t 8trai..t 
 
 STEUO (STBUCTU™,) to build, constru-e destroy con-, ob-, 
 
 in-, de-struot-ion 
 
260 VOCABULARY 
 
 stiMO (SUMPTU",) to take, use, wear out. as-, re-, con-, pre- 
 sum-e presumption 
 
 StJEGO (suRKE-CTtJ""; SUB and S^" REGOj) to raise, to rise. 
 surge re-sur-rec-tion source 
 
 TANGO (taotu"",) 0i'}'-w, di)^u[iai, to tak-e, touch; in-, con- 
 tact contngion contingent in-teg-er or entire attai..u index in- 
 dic-ate dexterity dactyl digitate dog {the taker) thing think 
 thank dignity (digh&s worthy) condign deign disdai..u te..n 
 
 TAXO Irate, value, tax taxation taste 
 
 TEGO (TE-CTti",) a-riyo), to cover, hide, defend. de-, pro- 
 tect-ion toga toggery tegument bedeck thatch deck duck (linen) 
 ticking ti,.le — s-teganography $ 
 
 TEMP-US (-OEIS,) time; tempor-al, -ary, -ise extemporaneous 
 
 tempest tenset 
 TEN-DO (-stJ", -TtJ",) reivm, to stretch, tend tent at-, con-, 
 dis-, ex-, ob-, per-, pre-, sub-tcn-d, -t, -ion in-, ex -tensive, tenuis 
 thin; tenuity thinness attenuate — tonic peri-toneum. o-tevSs nar- 
 row, stenography 
 
 TENEO (tE'Ntu"',) to hold, abs-, at-, con-, de-, enter-, ob-, 
 
 per-, ap-per-, re-, sus-tain dis-con-tent con-tin-ue, -ent coun-te- 
 nancc ten-ure, -ant, -or detainder 
 TEKMINUS rip/ia a limit, term conterminous determine 
 exterminate 
 
 TBEO (tritu"",) re(pa), to rub. at-, con-, de-trition detriment 
 
 trite tear 
 
 TERRA the earth, terr-ene tur-een in-ter-ment terrace ter- 
 rier terrestrial terraqueous subterranean territory 
 
 TERREO I frighten, terror terri-fy de-ter 
 
 TlSTOR I witness, declare ^ Con-testor T call to witness; 
 DE-TKSTon / defecate, test, -ify, -ator, -ament intestate at-, con-, 
 de-, pro-test 
 
 TITSEMI TX'Ofjixi, to place. theme anti-, hypd-, par-6n-, 
 s^n-, pr6s-thesis, -thStio 
 
 tingo, tingvo (tInctu"",) riJyio, to wet, to dye. dis-ting- 
 uish tinct-ure attainder — tinge distain s-tain s-tenoil 
 
 TORREO (TOSTU",) Bipio, Bipau), aeipiio, to parch; TORRENS 
 burning, rushing, torrid toast tar-S-US torrent — ther-m-al ther- 
 mfi-meter — Sirius sear sere thir-st dr-y dr-ug — udp, iiXioj, Lat. sol, 
 
VOCABULARY ' 261 
 
 English sun; solar hol-i'aoal — {ijpds («-ini(»t) dry, xerodea a dry tumor. 
 See yol-k yell-oir gol-dsn under -den 
 t5rno, to turn (in a lathe.) turn-er de-, con-tour tornado 
 
 tourniquont 
 
 t6rqv£o (TORTtJ",) to twist, con-, dis-, re-, ex-tort, -ion 
 
 tor-moat dossil (torsel) tor-tion, -sion, -turs tortoise (tSrtBs crooked, 
 from its foot,) turtle (tortle) Tortugas (a Portuguese plural,) torch 
 truss trousers 
 
 trXho (tra'OTU°>,) to draw, dragj abs-, at-, con-, de-, dis-, 
 
 ex-, pro-, re-, sub-, tract, -ion, -ivo at-trah-ont track trace dray 
 dredge drudge — trudge draggle drai..l trai..l drawl portray trait 
 treat-y treat-ise 
 
 TRECHO Tpi](<i>, rpo^du) I run, Tp6](0(; a race course, Tpo^bq a 
 wheel, TfXOClOUa a roller, Troohus a genua of ahella with a winding 
 epire, Trochilus a genua of humminghirda, from ita awi/tneaa. trochee 
 trochanter trochlea-r troche trochoid truck (on wheels) truckle-bod 
 
 trSmo Tpipw I trem-hle, fear, trem-or, -ulcus, -endous tre- 
 pidation in-trep-id-ity 
 trI- tres T/>£tf Tpt'a, rpX- dpi- three; tri-ad, -angle, -dent, 
 
 -foliate, -pie, -ne, -nity, -vet, trey treble trefoil trestle dri-Uing 
 TRiCiE impediments, in-, ex-tricate in-trigue trickery treach- 
 ery (But see Diez, p. 353 at treccare.) 
 
 trOdo (TRUSf}"",) to push, in-, ob-, ex-, pro-trude, -trus-ion, 
 
 -ive thrust tread 
 
 Tt5MEo, to smell, he inflated, tum-or, -id, -efy tuber, -ous, 
 
 -cle contumacy tomb 
 TUNDO (TUSt}",) to heat, con-, ob-, per-, re-tus-e, -ion 
 tCrbX. tu;o/S)j abp^ confusion, uproar, turb-id, -ulent dis-, 
 
 per-turb trouble 
 OndX a wave; undo, to surge, he fuM. undulate inundate 
 
 ab-, red-undant ab-, red-ound 
 
 tJR-0 (CSTU",) to b-ur-n; comb-us-tion Crt-IoX tTie nettle, 
 
 urtioaooous 
 
 Ot6r, to use; CsiJs use; ut-ensil ut-il-it-ari-an tool ab-use 
 
 usage usu-ry, -ol usurp (rIpIo / rob.) 
 
 vXoGCs empty, vac-uum, -uity, -ant, -ate, -ation, -ancy 
 
 evacuate 
 vXolLLO, to waver, wag vacillate fickle boggle 
 viDO (visOm,) to go. e-, in-, per-vade wade waddle 
 
262 TOCABTJLART 
 
 VALEO, io be strong, well val-id, -or, -iant, -ue; pre-, a-, 
 
 counter-vail invalid 
 VALLUS a palisade; VALLti"' a rampart; PALXJS a stake. 
 
 in-terval circumvallation wall pale palisade ' 
 
 VAS a vess-el ; vascular vase 
 VASTUS desert, immense, waste vast devastate 
 VEHO (VECTU™,) to carry, in-veigh vehe-ment vehicle 
 
 weight 
 VENio (VENTtJ"',) to come, go, happen, suit, fit. ad-, con-, 
 
 contra-, inter-, super-vene ad-, con-, circum-, e-, in-, pre-vent re-, 
 a-venue co-venant venture inventory 
 
 VERTO (VERStJ™,) to turn, a-, ad-, con-, contro-, de-, e-, in-, 
 
 intro-, ob-, per-, re-, retro-, sub-vert a-, ad-, con-, di-, in-, ob-, per-, 
 uni-, re-vers-e, -ion di-vorce vortex vert-ex, -igo, -ical s-wer-ve 
 t-wir-1 wor-m 
 
 VERUS true, ver-acity, -ify, -diet very aver. Akin to pure 
 
 mere 
 VIA a road, passage, way de-viat-e, -ion devious pre-, im- 
 
 per-vi-ous en-, con-voy voy-age invoice envoy convey 
 VICIS a change; VICE in change, alternation, vic-ar-ious 
 
 vic-issitude vis-count vice-regent, -roy 
 VIDEO (vistj™,) eldiu), to see, to know, wit wise vis-ible, 
 -ual, -age, -or, -ard, -ion, -it, -ta pro-vid-ent or prudent or pur- 
 vey(ant) e-vid-ent, -ence revise proviso sur-vey view in-vid- 
 ious or en-vi-oua advise advice^-' — id-ea id-ol -OID 
 
 VIGIL watchful, vigil, -ant, -ance wake watch 
 
 ViNCO (viCTtJ™,) to conquer, excel, con-, e-, pro-vince e-, 
 
 con-vict, -ion victory invincible vanquish 
 VIVO (viCTtJ™,) Si6(o, to live, re-, sur-vive viv-id, -ify, -acity 
 
 vi-and vital victuals 
 
 voco (vocATt}",) to call, vocal voice vow..el vouch voci- 
 ferous con-,'equi-, in-, re-, pro-voke 
 
 VOEVO (vOLtJTtJ",) elXiu) tlXiio elXuu) etXuw, to roll, wind. 
 volu-tio», -te, -me, -ble con-, e-, in-, re-volve re-volt valve wallow 
 waltz weel wheel willow or sallow (salix) 
 
 VULGUS, Tc6X^o<; a crowd, di-vulg-e pro-mulg-ate vulgar vul- 
 gate folk flock 
 
 * The French equivalent " avia," is used like Notice — something to be looked at, or 
 attended to. 
 
LIST or THE SUFEIXES 
 
 263 
 
 LIST OF THE SUFFIXES 
 
 -A adv. 
 
 -A n. 
 
 -a u. Heb. 
 
 -A u. pi. 
 
 ■able a. 
 
 -AC a. 
 
 •acb n. ^' -AC 
 
 -ace n. 
 
 -AC-eous, -AO-ioua a. 
 
 -AC-I-Ty 
 
 -acle n. 
 
 -AC-UL-AR 
 
 -AC-y n. 
 
 -ac-y n. 
 
 -AD n. 
 
 -ada u. _^~ -ade 
 
 -ade n. 
 
 -ade n. ^S~ -AD 
 
 -AB-IG a. 0^- AT-IC 
 
 -ado n. _^gg* -ade 
 
 -M u. plural 
 
 -^UM n. 
 
 -age n. colleotire 
 
 -age n. 
 
 -a^noas a. _^®~ -GIN- 
 
 -AGO n. 
 
 -ab ^a8~ -a n. Heb. 
 
 -alee J^~ -ess u. fern. 
 
 -aln ,^~ -AN 
 
 -AL a.j u. 
 -ALB n. ^^~ -AL 
 -AL-IA n. plural 
 -AL-ITy n. 
 
 }- 
 
 -als n. pi. ^^^ -AL, Obs. 2. 
 
 -AN a. 
 
 -ANA n. pi. 
 
 -ance 
 
 -ancy 
 
 -and participial 
 
 -ANDA u. pi. 
 
 -AND 1 
 
 -ANDUM / "•' "• 
 
 -ane ^S~ -AN 
 
 -ANeous a. 
 
 -AN-ITy n. 
 
 -ANT a., n. 
 
 -ANT n. 
 
 -atine ^S' -AC 
 
 -AR n. 
 
 -ar n. 
 
 -AR, -ARI-, -ARy a., n. (ak-is) 
 
 -AR-_^§^ -AR- formative 
 
 -ARIUS ^&' -ARy a. 
 
 -ARITJM ^g~ -ARy n. 
 
 -ARy, -ARI- a., n. (ak-iSs) 
 
 -ARy n. (ar-iSm) 
 
 -ard n. 
 
 -AS n. 
 
 -ass u. 
 
 -AS-Mn. ^' -IS-M 
 
 -AS-T, -AS-T-ia 
 
 -asy ^S" -S-IS 
 
 -AT ^i^' -ATe 
 
 -AT- ^^^ -AS 
 
 -ata ^^' -ade 
 
 -ATe a. 
 
264 
 
 LIST OF THE StlFFIXES 
 
 -AT-ILe 
 
 -AT-IN-ous a. ^- -AT, &o. 
 
 •aa n. 
 
 -AX n. 
 
 -B- 
 
 -BER J^~ .bor 
 
 -BER n. 
 
 -BIL- ^^~ -ble 
 
 -BIL-ITy ,^» Me 
 
 ■W- \ 
 
 -ble J 
 
 -ble ^^~ -pie 
 
 -bl-y ^^» -ble 
 
 -bor '> 
 
 •boar J 
 
 -BR- I „^ „„„ 
 
 -BRUM n. 
 -B-UND 
 -BUS ^^ -B- 
 
 -C- genetic 
 
 -C- diminutiTe 
 
 -C- agential 'I 
 
 -CATION J 
 
 ■ce n. 
 
 •ce n. pi. J®* -s pi. 
 
 -ce adv. 
 
 -eel 
 
 •cello 
 
 •cb n. 
 
 •Cb Vim 
 
 •ebre n. 
 
 •cil 
 
 •die 
 
 -CIN- ym- -C 
 
 •G-le n. dim. 
 
 •de ^^~ •acle 
 
 •Oons 
 
 -C-R- 
 
 ■cracy _^®- •ac^y 
 
 -C-UL- n. 
 
 •cnle, -cnl-ar, ko. ^S' -C-Ie 
 
 VpSS' -Ole 
 
 I j^~ -Ole 
 
 -OULUM 
 -CTJND 
 "Cy n. •ce 
 
 >acle 
 
 C-, -AND 
 
 •d n. 
 
 •d ^^^ •th n. 
 
 -JD diminutive 
 
 -D declensional 
 
 -D- ^^ -T- intensive 
 
 -D- ^S" -T- participial 
 
 •dar n. •darl n. 
 
 de of 
 
 •de _^g~ •ed ». 
 
 •den n., a. 
 
 •der adv. 
 
 •der n. 
 
 -DIN- -I 
 
 -DO I"- 
 
 •dom n. 
 
 •dor 1 
 
 •door V n. 
 
 •dore J 
 
 -DOT- 
 
 -D-URe J®" S-URe 
 
 -E imperative' 
 
 •e feminine 
 
 -E neuter 
 
 -E n. 
 
 -E adv. 
 
 -B- formative 
 
 •e _^®~ •ee 
 
 •ean ^^ -AN 
 
 -EC-, 
 
 •ece^®~ ■ 
 
 •ed a. 
 
 •ee n. 
 
 •eel a. 
 
 •een u. 
 
 •cer n. 
 
 •eer ^^' •er, v. infinitive. 
 
 •elgq, for-eign ^^^ -AN, p. 113 
 
 •el 
 
 •eU 
 
 -AC 
 ■IS 
 
 .^®~-AL 
 
LIST OF THE SUFFIXES 
 
 265 
 
 -erne ^®~ -me 
 
 -BBN-AL, -ITy ^ -UR-N 
 
 -en part, pres. 
 
 •ery ^®- -ARy 
 
 -eii part, past 
 
 -ERy ,^~ -Ry 
 
 •en It. 
 
 -ES n. sing. 
 
 -en V. 
 
 -ES n. pi. 
 
 •en n. dim. 
 
 •es' ^S' •'» 
 
 -EN 1 
 
 >• one 
 -en J 
 
 -ESCe v. 1 
 
 -BSC-ent a. |- 
 
 -EN n. ■( 
 -EX, siren, mip>iv / 
 
 -ESC-ence n.J 
 
 -ese a., n. 
 
 -en n. plural 
 
 -esc a. ^^~ -S-TJS 
 
 -EN a., n. ^S~ -AN 
 
 -eslma-l ^S' -SIM ordinal 
 
 •ence 1 
 
 - .?^~ -ance 
 
 -esqne a., n. 
 
 -ESS n. fem. 
 
 -END ^g^ -AND 
 
 -es \ 
 
 -ENDA ^- -ANDA 
 
 -ess y n. 
 
 -ENDO 
 
 -esse ) 
 
 -ENDous ^S' -AND 
 
 •est a. superlative 
 
 -ENDUM ^g~ -AND 
 
 -EST a., n. 
 
 -ene a. 
 
 -ES-T-IC ^^ -EST, -AS-T 
 
 -enger n. 
 
 •csty J^" -EST 
 
 -BN-ITy ^g- -AN-ITy 
 
 -et ^^ -ATe 
 
 -ENS part. pres. 
 
 -^r, -£?■£ 7»e who 
 
 -ENS-IC -l 
 -ENS-IS / *• 
 
 •et \ 
 
 ■**** V n. dim. 
 
 -ENT J^- -ANT 
 
 -ette [ 
 
 -eon ^^' -on 
 
 •etto J 
 
 -Eous a. 
 
 -et n. 
 
 -er v. frequentatire 
 
 -et ^^^- -ade 
 
 -er T. infinitive 
 
 •et (caret) ^' -IT verMal 
 
 -ER a. 
 
 -ET-IO a. 
 
 -er a. comparative 
 
 -ETUM n. 
 
 -EB- declensional 
 
 -enm n. 
 
 -EB n. agential 
 
 ■enr ^- -OR 
 
 -er u. plural 
 
 -EX ^- -AX 
 
 •er n. masculine 
 
 -ey- ^®~ -ee n. 
 
 -ER ^®~ -R- formative 
 
 •ey ^^- -y a. 
 
 -er n. ^^^ -AR 
 
 
 -ere JSS' -re adv. 
 
 -F ,^~ -B- 
 
 -ere a. ^^ -roos 
 
 -FEBcus 
 
 •erlal ^S' -R 
 
 -FIC a. 
 
 -BB-N ,^~ -UR-N 
 
 •fice n. 
 
 -eim JL. 
 
 -fal a. 
 
 -BBN u. 
 
 •ff V. 
 
 23 
 
266 
 
 LIST OP THE SUFFIXES 
 
 -G ^^' -C-, -IG- 
 
 -ID ^S- -AD 
 
 ■S n- 
 
 -Ide n. 
 
 -gar n. he who 
 
 -IDES n. plural 
 
 -ge n. 
 
 -Idge J^*- -oacli 
 
 -GEN ^ -C- 
 
 -IDI-ous 
 
 ■geon 
 
 -le n. 
 
 GIN- 
 
 -ler _^- -ecr 
 
 -gUo n. 
 
 -iff ^^ -XVe 
 
 •go n. 
 
 -IG-, -IG-ATe 
 
 -gy n. 
 
 -IG-N- a. 
 
 
 -IGO ,^- -AGO 
 
 -h 
 
 -IL- ^^ -UL- 
 
 •head n. I 
 -hood n. / 
 
 -ILe, -IL-, -ILI- 
 
 -IL-ITy ^g~ -AL-ITy 
 
 
 -llio V 
 
 -I genitive 
 
 •"'" I ^' -L. -TTL- 
 
 -I- diminutive 
 
 -iUe r -^^ ' 
 
 -I- connective 
 
 -lllo J 
 
 -I n. plural 
 
 -ILL-ATe, -AT-ION 
 
 -I- formative 
 
 •tm \ 
 
 I adverbial 
 
 ■*™*' I a. 
 
 •i- jl^' -y a. 
 
 -imo r 
 
 -I-A u. 
 
 -IM-US, -A, -UM J 
 
 -I-A n. plural 
 
 -IM adv. 
 
 -IAN ^S- -AN 
 
 -Im n. 
 
 -IWe ^®> -ble 
 
 •im n. plural 
 
 -IC a., n. 
 
 •in 
 
 -IC-A u., IC-AT-OEy 
 
 -INA ■ n. dim. 
 
 -ICal a., -ICally adv. 
 
 -ine . 
 
 -Ice n. (itia) 
 
 -IN- 
 
 -Ice ^^ -AX, -AC-eoua 
 
 -IN-, INe ^^ -AN 
 
 -Ice ^^~ -IS 
 
 -IN n. 
 
 •Ice j^- -ESS n. fem. 
 
 -in J^" -en n. pi. 
 
 •Iche ^^' -IS 
 
 -IN^ n. plural 
 
 -IC-ian ,^- -AC, -AN 
 
 -INe a. 
 
 -ICI-ous ^' -IT-ial, -Ice 
 
 -INe n. fem. 
 
 -IC-I-Ty J^ -AC-I-Ty 
 
 -ing n. 
 
 -Icle J^* -acle 
 
 -ing n. dim. 
 
 -ics ^r- -IC 
 
 -ing part. pres. 
 
 -IC-UL-AR 
 
 -inge n. 
 
 -iC-XJL-ATe 
 
 ■inger J^~ -enger n. 
 
 -lO-TJL-AT-ION 
 
 -IN-ITy J^» -AN-ITy 
 
 -IC-UL-OuS 
 
 -/JVXj®--inge 
 
 -ID adj. 
 
 -ION n. 
 
LIST OF THE SUmXES 
 
 267 
 
 ■ion>er (parishrion-er) 
 
 -lOR ^^@~ -er more 
 
 -iqae J^' -IC 
 
 -is u. 
 
 -IS n. 
 
 -IS genitive 
 
 -is-Atlon n. ^^^ -ise T. 
 
 -isco ^S^ esqae 
 
 ■Ise V. 
 
 -Ise n. 
 
 •isli T. 
 
 -isli u. 
 
 -ish ^©" -/5f 
 
 -Isli ^^- ESCe 
 
 -AS AT n. diminntiTS 
 
 -IS-M n. 
 
 -isse J^' Ac-eous 
 
 -IS-T n. 
 
 •Ist-er n. 
 
 -IS-T-IC a. 
 
 -IT n. 
 
 -IT- often 
 
 -IT verbial (audit) 
 
 -IT, -ITE n. 
 
 -IT, -ITe J^- -ATe 
 
 -77^, -ITES^S- -OID 
 
 -IT-ial 
 
 -ITIate "1 
 
 -ITIously J 
 
 -ITIS n. disease 
 
 -Ito n. diminutire 
 
 -ITy ^^^ -Ty 
 
 -IV- -> 
 
 -IVe I "^ 
 
 -IV-AL 
 
 -IX u. feminine 
 
 -Ize ^^©~ -ise v. 
 
 -izo n. (mestizo) 
 
 K 
 
 -k n. 
 -ket n. 
 
 -hey n. diminative 
 -bin n. diminutire 
 
 -L n. dim. ^^~ -L 
 
 -L- ,^" -XJL- 
 
 -le ^B- -L, -AL 
 
 -ledge n. (know-ledge) 
 
 -L-BNT ^^^ TJL-ENT 
 
 ■less u. 
 
 -let n. diminutive 
 
 -li- ^©- -ly 
 
 -lie n. 
 
 -lin n. diminutive 
 
 ■linia; n. 
 
 ■Ilo n. J^' ■glio 
 
 ■lion u. 
 
 ■11 jl^- -L f 1 
 
 ■lock n. aslant 
 
 LOGy 
 
 ■lot y^~ -let 
 
 L-US, -A, -UM 
 
 -ly lihcj manner 
 
 -M intensive 
 
 -M- participial 
 
 -M accusative 
 
 ■m dative 
 
 ■m diminutive 
 
 -M adverbial 
 
 -M n. ^©~ -B- 
 
 -m 
 
 -MA 
 
 -MA Nay 
 
 •me 
 
 -ME 
 
 -me 
 
 -mo 
 
 -MEN ^'•m 
 
 -ment ^^~ -m 
 
 -mer a. 
 
 -MIN- ^^■- -m 
 
 -MINI 
 
 -MN-J 
 
 -mo j?sS~ -me a. 
 
 -MON JUS- -m 
 
 -MONy, -MONI- n. 
 
 } 
 
 ffcy 
 >■ u. J®~ -m 
 
 }•■ 
 
268 
 
 LIST OP THE SUFFIXES 
 
 -most a. J^- -mer 
 
 -M-UL- 
 
 -M-US, -A, -UM n. 
 
 -mns Q. 
 
 -MUS a. S^- -me 
 
 -N- intensive 
 
 -N declensional 
 
 -n infin. _^©* -em T. 
 
 -n u. diminative 
 
 -N adverbial 
 
 -N participial y^" -N-TJS 
 
 -N n. mascaline 
 
 -N neuter ^®- -OJV f 5 
 
 -n-, -ne _^^ -N n. 
 
 -N-AL a. 
 
 -ne y^- -AN 
 
 -ne n. pi. _^^* -en pi. 
 
 -nel n. dim. 
 
 -NBoUS ^&- -N-oUS 
 
 -ner 
 
 -ness 
 
 -N-ITy 
 
 -nltey J^- C-le 
 
 -N-oUS 
 
 -NT a. ^®- -ANT 
 
 -N-TJS, -A, -UM 
 
 -0- adverbial 
 
 -0- connective 
 
 -0 declensional 
 
 -0 'nominative 
 
 -0 genitive J^- g 53 
 
 -0 ablative 
 
 -0 imperative 
 
 -0 n., a. 
 
 -OCious ^®~ -AC-eous 
 
 -OC-I-Ty ^^- -AC-I-Ty 
 
 -ock u. email 
 
 -oclc n. large 
 
 -ock u. verbal 
 
 -OCR- ,^- -C-R- 
 
 -OD n. 
 
 -02>.B n. (ge-ode) ^®- -O/fl 
 
 -0/2> a., u. 
 
 -olr n. _^~ -ABy n. 
 
 -olr n. J^" -KE agency 
 
 -OL- J^- -UL- 
 
 -ol (vitri-ol) ^^- -L 
 
 -OL-BNT ,^^~ -UL-ENT 
 
 -OL-IC a. 
 
 -om n. 
 
 -om adv. 
 
 -OMA 11. 
 
 -ON n. 
 
 -ON n. 
 
 -on n. deteriorative 
 
 -on ^^* -en v. 
 
 -on ^1^^ -en n. dim, 
 
 -on ^S' -AN 
 
 -on "j 
 
 •one >- n. augmentative 
 
 -oon ) 
 
 -ond o. ,^S~ -AND, -UND 
 
 -OR n. 
 
 -OR- Jl^- -ER declensional 
 
 -OR- n. ^®~ -ER- agency 
 
 -OR a. ^^* -er more 
 
 -OR- ^^* -R- formative. 
 
 -ORy, -ORI-1 
 
 -orlo Y ^@~ -ARy n. 
 
 -ORIUM } 
 
 -OSn. 
 
 -OSe, -OS- a. 
 
 -OS-ITy 
 
 -OSO n., a. 
 
 -osy n. (lepr-osy) 
 
 -ot n. 
 
 -ot n. diminutive 
 
 -orn. 
 
 -dth n. 
 
 -OT-IO a. 
 -ottc _^S" -et, -ot 
 -onch 11. diminutive 
 -onr n. 
 
 -oUS a. 
 
 -OnS ^g~ -OSe 
 
 -onch n. 
 
LIST OF THE SUFFIXES 
 
 269 
 
 -OW u., a., V. 
 
 -S-A ^' -S-US 
 
 -OX ^S- -AX 
 
 -sair ,^g- -T-BR 
 
 
 ■san 
 
 -P ^^ -B- 
 
 -SO- J^- -ESCe 
 
 -PED jgg- -POD 
 
 -se n. ^^ -S-IS 
 
 -PLe -1 
 
 -PLEX ; ^ 
 
 -se a. ^®" -S- participial 
 
 -se J^* -s 
 
 -POD 
 
 -se ^^^- 's 
 
 -P-UL 
 
 -se V. 
 
 -PUS ^- -POD 
 
 -sel 
 
 
 •sh _^- -ESC 
 
 -R- formative 
 
 -sh ^^~ -W^ 
 
 -R deolensionaJ 
 
 -sh ^^ -fe 
 
 -R permutative 
 
 -sblp 
 
 -r V. freq. ^^~ -er 
 
 -/S-ZA n. ^- -S-IS 
 
 -r v. infinitiTe 
 
 -S-IC-ian 
 
 -r possessive 
 
 -SIM- ordinal 
 
 -R adverbial 
 
 -SIM- ^®~ -T-IM- a. 
 
 -R ». ^^ -ER 
 
 -S-ION n. 
 
 -R n. J^- -OR 
 
 -S-IS n. 
 
 -R, -re js<8- -ER agential 
 
 -S-rVe 
 
 -r plural _^g~ -er plural 
 
 -SMn. 
 
 ■re y&- -ER 
 
 -some a. 
 
 -re ^^®* -R- formative 
 
 -son n. 
 
 •red n. 
 
 -S-OR ^^- T-ER 
 
 -rel n. diminutive 
 
 •sp n. 
 
 •re-n n. plural 
 
 -ST n. 
 
 -ress ^^- -T-RIX, -ess 
 
 -St n. 
 
 -rlc n. 
 
 -St a. J^~ -est mosi 
 
 -rU ^~ -rel 
 
 -St adv. 
 
 -rlt n. 
 
 -stead III 
 
 -R-IX ^g- -T-RIX 
 
 -ster n. 
 
 -R-oUS ». 
 
 -S-TBR 
 
 -R-OuS a. J^- -OSo 
 
 -str-ess ^^~ -ster 
 
 -R-US, -A, -UM 
 -Ry 
 
 tTRI-,-A4^'-'"^ 
 
 
 -SURA 1 
 -S-URe j" 
 
 -s n. plural 
 
 's n. 
 
 -S-US 
 
 -S adv. 
 
 -sy 
 
 -S- ^S- -IT- 
 
 -S- YNE 
 
 -S- mutational 
 
 
 -8- inflectional 
 
 -t a., n. 
 
 -S- ^^ -T- participial 
 
 -T- repetitive ^^^ -IT- 
 
 23* 
 
270 
 
 LIST OP THE SUFFIXES 
 
 -T- factitive 
 
 -T- intensive 
 
 -T- declensionurl 
 
 T participial 
 
 •t dim. ^S' -ct 
 
 -t neater 
 
 -T- connective 
 
 -T ^©- -IT veibial 
 
 -T- mutational 
 
 -T ^m' -ET n. 
 
 -t n. J^~ -th 
 
 -T adverbial 
 
 -TA n. pi. ^m- -A 
 
 -T-AN-Bous ^S~ T participial 
 
 -T-AKy a. 
 
 -te 
 
 -T-ee J^' -ATe 
 
 -T-ER n. 
 
 -ter n. 
 
 •ter v. frequentative 
 
 -TEE 1 
 
 -TERIORJ *■ 
 
 -ter prepositional 
 
 -TER-ION n. 
 
 -T-ER-N y^- -UR-N 
 
 -T-ES n. 
 
 -TH- ^^ T intensive 
 
 •tb u. 
 
 -th adverbial 
 
 -tlier ^m- -TER a. 
 
 -THO- ^g~ S-T7S 
 
 •tbor n. ^^^ -T-ER n. 
 
 -THRUM ^^- -TRUM 
 
 -TI- ^- -Ty 
 
 -T-IC 
 
 ■tide 
 
 -TIL-, -TILe 
 
 -TIM- adv. 
 
 -T-IM- n. 
 
 -T;;IM superlative 
 
 -t'in- -( 
 
 -T-INe / 
 -T-ION n. 
 -T-IS ^ -S-IS 
 
 . fern. 
 
 -T-IV- 1 
 -T-IVe / *• 
 •ton 
 
 -T-OR ^^" -T-ER n. 
 
 -T-ous a. 
 
 -TR- ^S' T-ER 
 
 -T-BA ^m- -T-R-UM n. 
 
 -tre ^S- -T-R-UM n. 
 
 -tress ■» 
 
 -T-R-IX / "• ' 
 
 -T-R-UM n. 
 
 ■<^ry n. 
 
 -T0-AL a. 
 
 -T-UDe n. 
 
 -T-URe n. 
 
 -T-URe ^' -S-URe 
 
 -T-US, -A, -UM 
 
 -Ty 
 
 -T-TL (dactyl) 
 
 -U- ^®- -B- 
 -nble Jl^- -ble 
 
 uc- .^r- -AC 
 
 -UC-ous ^^' -AC 
 
 UD-, -UDe n. \ 
 -UD-IN-ous J 
 -UDO n. ^®~ -DO 
 •ne y^" U participial 
 
 Ue (stat-ne) ^®~ -IVe 
 -ne ^&' -US, Obs. 
 -UGIN- ^®- -UGO 
 -UGO n. 
 -UI- J^- UoUS 
 -U-IT-ons 
 -UL- pletive 
 -UL-A n. dim. 
 -UL-AR -ITy, -UL-AR-Ly 
 -nle ^e~ -U-LA 
 -UL-BNce ^B- -UL-ENT 
 -UL-ENT 
 -UL-oUS 
 -UL-T, -U-oUS- 
 -UL-UM ^ -UL-A 
 
 T-UDe 
 
LIST OF THE SUFFIXES 
 
 271 
 
 -UM n. 
 
 •van u. torn. ^S- -UM u. Oba. 
 -UM genitive plural 
 -U-Me, -U-MEN ^g~ -MA. 
 -UM-N 1 _^ „„ 
 
 -UNCle 1 _^„. 
 
 -UNC-UL-US}^*^*" 
 
 :SND.ITy } ^ -^^" 
 
 -UNe, -UN-ITy ,^~ -AN 
 
 -UoUS 
 
 -UR _^~ -ER agency 
 
 -URe, -UR- n. 
 
 -URe ^' -R-oUS 
 
 -URe a., n. ^^^ T-UEe. 
 
 ■ore n. 
 
 •nr-et n. 
 
 -URI- 
 
 -URI-ENT 
 
 -UR-N 
 
 -URy, -URI- n. 
 
 -US n. 
 
 -US-T 
 
 -UT ^^ -UD 
 
 -UTe ^S' -ATe 
 
 -UUM ^- UoUS 
 
 -VER- 
 
 ^--S- 
 
 ■ver ^S~ -bor 
 
 -VI- ^^ -IVe 
 
 •ward 
 
 •ways adr. 
 •wise ^^^" -ways 
 
 -X n. ^^- -AX 
 •x u. pi. JS^" -a 
 -XILLARy 
 •xt adverbial 
 
 •y ^&- •ec n. 
 •y n. 
 
 •y n. ^^S*- E formative 
 
 •y n. ,^@*' -Inir n. dim. 
 
 •y n. dim. 
 
 ■y a. 
 
 -y adv. ^®" -ly 
 
 •y V. 
 
 -ye ^©~ -ie 
 
 -y^er n. 
 
 -FJfXn. 
 
 -TS ^^ -ER n. 
 
 -TX .^~ -AX 
 
 -za n. 
 
 ■zan ^@~ •san n. 
 
 •ze V. 
 
 •zen n. 
 
 BTEKBOTYPID BT L. JOBNBON t CO. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H, BUTLER & CO., 
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 Goodrich's Pictorial History of the United States. 
 
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 By S. &. GooBElCH, author of "Peter Parley's Tales." lor the nse of Schools 
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 Goodrich's Parley's Common School History of the 
 
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 Histoire des Etats Unis d'Amerique, avec Notices 
 
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 Petite Histoire Universelle a TUsage des Ecoles et 
 
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