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 FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY 
 
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A 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MUSICIANS 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 THEODORE BAKER, Ph.D. 
 
 WITH PORTRAITS FROM DRAWINGS IN PEN AND INK 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEX. GRIBAYEDOFF 
 
 $ 
 
 NEW YORK: G. SCHIRMER 
 
 1900 
 
Copyright, igoo, by 
 G. SCHIRMER 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Concise biographical dictionaries of musicians are no longer a novelty ; but their 
 contents and tendency are too apt to be influenced by the immediate environment, 
 the nationality, or the idiosyncrasies of the compilers. In the present lexicon it has 
 been the editor's endeavor to give an impartial general view of musical biography, past 
 and present, favoring no nation or period unduly. It has been his especial aim to 
 make up for the scant attention which leading English and American musicians have 
 received at the hands of foreign biographers ; in this point, no other work of similar 
 scope can compare with this in completeness, recentness, and accuracy. It will be 
 noticed that living musicians have, in general, a somewhat larger relative space allotted 
 them than those whose career is closed. The reasons which determined -this course 
 are, firstly, that full and correct information about contemporaries is frequently 
 unavailable for the general pubKc, being either scattered in numerous periodicals and 
 books of reference, or not published at all ; secondly, that earlier lexica already contain 
 the life-histories of most musicians of prominence. It is true, that in such pubhshed 
 biographical sketches many errors of fact occur ; in the difficult matter of dates, 
 especially, much requires rectification. Hundreds of emendations are contained in the 
 present work, which will, it is hoped, prove more trustworthy than its predecessors. 
 A careful collation of the standard works of reference has resulted in a weeding-out of 
 very many mistakes, due to carelessness or inadvertence, in the biographical matter 
 belonging to past epochs. A large amount of reliable and valuable information has 
 been obtained by direct correspondence with musicians and writers of note, though 
 many inquiries remained unanswered. The comparative brevity of sketches of certain 
 prominent contemporaries is due to the impossibility of gathering sufficient and 
 reliable data. 
 
 A feature of peculiar interest and value is presented in the three hundred accompany- 
 ing pen-and-ink vignettes, by the Russian artist Gribayedoff, after authentic portraits 
 or recent photographs. In their selection, again, a preponderance of contemporary 
 over deceased musicians will be observed, the general plan having been, to portray 
 individuals in whom a personal interest is felt. It was impossible to make the list as 
 complete as projected, owing to the difficulty of procuring originals. 
 
 Despite all vigilance, many of the statements made in the nearly six thousand 
 biographies given in the Dictionary doubtless require correction. Any suggestions 
 tending to the improvement of the work will be gratefully received by the editor, to 
 whom communications may be addressed in care of the publishers. 
 
 The editor wishes to extend sincere thanks to all the distinguished contributors who 
 have so kindly furnished the material requested, and so essentially lightened his task. 
 Special thanks are due to Mr. Richard Aldrich, cf New York, for careful and critical 
 proof-reading, and for timely assistance in completing several important articles. 
 
 The Editor. 
 New York, January i, igoo. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND FOREIGN WORDS 
 
 A., alto. 
 Abate ■\ 
 
 Abbate [-abbot [often a merely honorary title]. 
 
 Abb6 ) 
 
 Abt., about. 
 
 Acad., Academy. 
 
 A capp., a cappella. 
 
 Acc, according(ly). 
 
 Accomp., accompaniment. 
 
 Acct., account. 
 
 A. G. O., American Guild of Organists. 
 
 Allg., AJlgem. (Ger., allgemein), universal, 
 general. 
 
 Antlq., antiquarian. 
 
 App., appointed, appointment. 
 
 Arr., arranged, arrangement. 
 
 Art., article. 
 
 Aspirant (Ger.), an unsalaried orchestra- 
 player awaiting advancement. 
 
 Assoc, association. 
 
 Asst., assistant. 
 
 Augm., augmented. 
 
 b., born. 
 
 B., bass. 
 
 Bar., baritone. 
 
 b. COnt., basso continuo. 
 
 Biirgerregiment (Ger.), militia regiment. 
 
 CamerlingO (It.), Chamberlain. 
 
 Cantab. (Lat. , Cantabrigiensis), of Cambridge. 
 
 Gath., cathedral. 
 
 Cav. (It., Cavaliere), Chevalier. 
 
 'Cello, violoncello. 
 
 Cent., century. 
 
 Cf. (Lat., confer), compare. 
 
 Cb., church. 
 
 ch., chorus, choir. 
 
 Chantre (Fr.), singer. 
 
 Chapelle (Fr.), chapel, choir. 
 
 Chef de chant (Fr.), chorusmaster. 
 
 Chef de mtisique (Fr.), bandmaster, con- 
 ductor. 
 
 Chef d'orchestre (Fr.), conductor. 
 
 Chev., Chevalier. 
 
 Ch.in., Choirm., choirmaster. 
 
 ChoragUS (Lat.), precentor. 
 
 Chormeister (Ger.), conductor (of a choral 
 society). 
 
 Circa (Lat.), about. 
 
 Clar., clarinet. 
 
 Coll., collected, collection ; college. 
 
 Commercienrath (Ger.), Counsellor of 
 Commerce [often honorary title]. 
 
 Comp., composed, composer, composition. 
 
 Comte (Fr.), Count. 
 
 Concertmelster (Ger.), leader. 
 
 Cond., conducted, conductor, conducting. 
 
 Congr., Congregational. 
 
 Cons., Conservatory (Conservatorium, Con- 
 servatoire, Conservatorio). 
 
 COnt., continuo. 
 
 Conte (It.), Count. 
 
 Contraltista (It.), male contralto. 
 
 Cpt., counterpoint. 
 
 d., died. 
 
 d.-bass, double-bass. 
 
 Deutsch (Ger.), German. 
 
 Dir., director. 
 
 Doin (Ger.), cathedral. 
 
 Domchoi* (Ger.), cathedral-choir. 
 
 Dram., dramatic. 
 
 Dr. jur. (Lat., doctor juris), doctor of law(s). 
 
 Dr. phil. (Lat., doctor philosophise), Doctor 
 of Philosophy. 
 
 Due (Fr.), Duke. 
 
 Sd., edited, editor, edition. 
 
 e.g. (Lat., exempli gratia), for example. 
 
 Eng., engaged. 
 
 £ngl., England, English. 
 
 Ent., entered. 
 
 SpiSC, Episcopal. 
 
 !Est., establ., established. 
 
 Et al. (Lat., et alii, aliae, alia), and others. 
 
 Et seq. (Lat., et sequentes, sequentia), and 
 the following. 
 
 Evang., Evangelical. 
 
 P., Fellow. 
 
 f., for. 
 
 Fest., Festival. 
 
 fl., flute. 
 
 Fr., French. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND FOREIGN WORDS 
 
 fragm., fragmentary. 
 
 Frau (Ger.), Mrs., Madam. 
 
 Fraulein (Ger.), Miss. 
 
 F. (R.) C. O., Fellow of the (Royal) College 
 
 of Organists. 
 Freilierr (Ger.), Baron. 
 Geheim (Ger.), Privy ; Gelieimratli, 
 
 Privy Counsellor. 
 Ger., German. 
 
 Gesellscliaft (Ger.), Society, Association. 
 Gov.t, Government. 
 Grosslierzoglicll (Ger.), Grandducal. 
 Harm., harmony. 
 Hai'ps., harpsichord. 
 Hauptkirclie (Ger.), principal church. 
 Herr (Ger.), Mr. 
 Herzog-licll (Ger.), Ducal. 
 H. M.'S Til., Her Majesty's Theatre. 
 HocllSChule (Ger.), " High School," col- 
 lege, university. 
 Hof (Ger.), court ; a frequent prefix, as in Hof- 
 
 kapelle, court chapel, or court orchestra ; 
 
 Hof kapellmeister, court conductor ; 
 
 Hofmuslkintendant, Superintendent 
 
 of the court music ; etc. 
 Hou., honorary. 
 lion, causa (Lat., honoris causa), because of 
 
 respect [affixed to honorary titles]. 
 ill., ibid. (Lat., ibidem), in the same place. 
 id. (Lat., idem), the same. 
 I.e. (Lat., id est), that is. 
 Imp., Imperial. 
 lucid., incidental. 
 Inst., institution, institute. 
 Instr., instrument ; instr.l, instrumental ; 
 
 instr.S, instruments. 
 Introd., introduction. 
 It., Ital., Italian. 
 Justizratll (Ger.), Counsellor of justice [often 
 
 honorary title]. 
 Kammersanger (Ger.), chamber-singer. 
 Kapelle (Ger.), chapel, choir, orchestra. 
 Kapellm. (Ger., Kapellmeister), conductor. 
 Kerk (Dutch), church. 
 Kirche (Ger.), church (often compounded 
 
 with Saints' names ; as Tliomaskirclie, 
 
 Church of St. Thomas ; Nikolaikirclie, 
 
 Ch. of St. Nicholas ; Petrikirclie, Ch. 
 
 of St. Peter ; etc.). 
 Kommerzienrat. Same as Commercien- 
 
 rath. 
 
 Kreuzkirclie (Ger.), Church of the Ploly 
 Cross ; that in Dresden, with the Gymna- 
 sium (Kreuzscliule) attached, is most 
 frequently mentioned. 
 
 Kiinstler (Ger.), artist. 
 
 Iielirergesangverein (Ger.), Teachers' 
 
 Singing-society. 
 
 Iiiceo (It.), Lyceum, College. j 
 
 Liederkranz, Liedertafel (Ger.), male 
 choral society with social tendency. 
 
 lilistspiel (Ger.), comedy. 
 
 LiUtlierie (Fr.), the art of making bow-instni- 
 ments. 
 
 Lyr., lyric. 
 
 Maestro (It.), teacher ; conductor ; ill. al 
 cembalo, (formerly) the orchestral con- 
 ductor, who sat at the Jiarpsichord ; 111. 
 del putti. Master of the Boys. 
 
 Maitre de chant (Fr.), conductor of a 
 
 chorus ; singing-master. 
 Miinnerchor (Ger.), male chorus ; Men's 
 Choral Society (Mauiiergesang-Yer- 
 
 ein). 
 
 MiirclieuspieKGer.), fair3'-play, fairy-opera. 
 
 Marcliese (It.), Marquis. 
 
 M. de cliap. (Fr. , maitre de chapelle), con- 
 ductor. 
 
 M. di capp. (It., maestro di cappella), con- 
 ductor. 
 
 M. E., Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 Melodr., melodrama. 
 
 mod., moderately. 
 
 m.-SOpr., mezzo-soprano. 
 
 M. T. A., Music Teachers' Association. 
 
 Mus., music ; musical ; musician. 
 
 Mus. Antiq. Soc, Musical Antiquarian 
 Society. 
 
 Mus. Bac. (Lat., Musica; Baccalaureu§), 
 Bachelor of Music. 
 
 Mus. Doc. (Lat., Music^E Doctor), Doctor of 
 Music. 
 
 Musico (It.), male soprano. 
 
 Musik (Ger.), music ; often compounded, as 
 Musikdirector, musical director; Mil- 
 Siklelirer, music-teacher ; Musikver- J 
 ein. Musical Society. ' 
 
 n., near. 
 
 n. d., no date. 
 
 jS". E., New England. 
 
 N". M. T. A., National Music Teachers' Assp- j 
 elation. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND FOREIGN WORDS 
 
 N. S., New Style. 
 
 Op., opus ; opera. 
 
 Oper (Ger.), opera. 
 
 Orcll., orch.l, orchestra, orchestral. 
 
 Org., organ, organist. 
 
 Orig., original. 
 
 O. S., Old Style. 
 
 Oxoil. (Lat. , Oxonia;), of Oxford. 
 
 p., part. 
 
 Pes., pieces. 
 
 P. E., Protestant Episcopal. 
 
 Pert'., performed. 
 
 Pf., pianoforte. 
 
 PMlll., Pllilharni., Philharmonic. 
 
 Pres., President. 
 
 Presb., Presbyterian. 
 
 Principe (It.), president, chairman. 
 
 PrOC., Proceedings. 
 
 Prof., Professor. 
 
 Publ., published. 
 
 B., Royal. 
 
 K. A. M., Royal Academy of Music. 
 
 K. C, Roman Catholic. 
 
 B. C. M., Royal College of Music. 
 
 recte (Lat.), correctly, properly. 
 
 rectius (Lat.), more correctly, more properly. 
 
 Begens Chori (Lat.), choirmaster, precentor. 
 
 Begius musiCUS, Royal musician. 
 
 Beichsfreilierr(Ger.), Baron of the Empire. 
 
 B^petiteur (Fr.), Bepetitor (Ger.), 
 
 coach or drillmaster for soloists or chorus. 
 
 rev., revised. 
 
 Eev., Reverend. 
 
 Bitter (Ger.), Knight, Baronet. 
 
 Bom., romantic. 
 
 S.-, soprano ; S. A. T. B., soprano, alto, tenor, 
 bass. 
 
 Sangerverelnigung (Ger.), Singers' Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 Sch., school. 
 
 ScllUle (Ger.), school. 
 
 Scliulrath (Ger.) Inspector of Schools. 
 
 Siebenbiirgen (Ger.), Transylvania. 
 
 Singakademle (Ger.), Singing-Society. 
 
 Soc., Society. 
 
 Sopr., soprano. 
 
 Sopranista (It.), male soprano. 
 
 St., studied. 
 
 Staatsbibliotbek (Ger.), State (National) 
 Library. 
 
 suce., successful. 
 
 T., tenor. 
 
 Th., theatre. 
 
 Thaler (Ger.), silver coin ; value about 75 
 cents. 
 
 Tliomaskirclie (Ger.), Church of St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 Tllomasschule(Ger.), the celebrated Gym- 
 nasium connected with the Thomaskirche 
 at Leipzig. 
 
 Tonkiinstler (Ger.), "tone-artist," mu- 
 sician. 
 
 Transcr,, transcribed, transcription. 
 
 Transl., translated, translation. 
 
 II. (Ger.), und. 
 
 Unit., Unitarian. 
 
 Univ., University. 
 
 U. S., United States. 
 
 v., very ; (Lat.) viile, see ; (Ger.) von, of. 
 
 Var., variation. 
 
 VCS., voices. 
 
 Verein (Ger.), Society, Association, Union. 
 
 via., viola. 
 
 vin., violin. 
 
 Volksoper (Ger.), folk-opera (opera in popu- 
 lar style on a popular or national subject). 
 
 W., with. 
 
 Ztg. (Ger., Zeitung), Gazette. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MUSICIANS 
 
 Aaron, , abbot of the monasteries of St. 
 
 Martin and St. Pantaleon at Cologne, where he 
 died in 1052. Wrote " De utilitate canius voca- 
 lis et de modo cantandi atque psallendi " (in 
 library of St. Martin), and " De regulis tonorum 
 et symphoniarum." He introduced the Gregorian 
 nocturnes into Germany. 
 
 Aaron (or Aron), Pietro, b. Florence, 1480 
 or 'go ; d. between 1545-62. Noted theorist ; in 
 turn cantor of boy-choir at Imola, canon and 
 choir-master at Rimini, monk (order of Hospita- 
 lers) at Bergamo, Padua and Venice. Wrote 
 " Lucidario in musica di alcune opinioni antiche 
 e moderne" (1545); "II Toscanello in musica" 
 (1523, '25, '29, '3g, '62); " Trattato della natura 
 e cognitione di tutti gli tuoni di canto figurato " 
 (1525); " Compendiolo di molti dubbj, segreti, 
 et sentenze intorno al canto fermo et figurato 
 . . ." (Milan, no date); this last also in Latin as 
 " Libri tres de institutione harmonica " (Bologna, 
 1516). 
 
 A'baco, Evarista Felice dell', b. Verona, 
 1662 ; d. Munich, Feb. 26, 1726, as leader of 
 orch. to the Grand Duke of Bavaria. Comp. 
 violin-sonatas w. continuo^ and concertos for 
 bow-instr.s. 
 
 Abba-Corna'glia, Pietro, b. Alessandria, 
 Piedmont, Mar. 20, 1851 ; d. there May 2, 1894. 
 Pupil of Milan Cons., 1868-71. Talented opera- 
 comp. {Isabella Sfiinola, 1877 ; Maria di War- 
 den, 1884; Una partita discacchi, Pavia, 1892); 
 also wrote good chamber- and sacred music 
 (Requiem Mass). 
 
 Abbadi'a, Natale, b. Genoa, Mar. 11, 1792 ; 
 d. Milan, abt. 1875. Chorus-master 1831-37 at 
 Carlo Felice Th., Milan. Comp. the opera, 
 Gianntaa di Pontieu, ovv. La villanella d'onore 
 (Genoa, 1812), and the farce Vimbroglione ed il 
 castigamatti (do.); also masses, motets, etc. 
 
 Abbadi'a, Luigia, daughter of Natale A. ; 
 b. Genoa, 1821. Celebrated mezzo-soprano 
 
 stage-singer ; de'but Sassari, 1836. R6Ies : 
 Maria Padilla (written for her by Donizetti), 
 Saffo, Vestale, Elvira (in Ernani). In 1870 she 
 established a singing-school at Milan. 
 
 Abbati'ni, Antonio Maria, Roman com- 
 poser; b. Castello, 1595 (1605 ?); d. there 1677. 
 Maestro di cappellasA the Lateran, 1626-8, and 
 thereafter successively at 4 other Roman 
 churches. Comp. much church-music, most 
 still in MS.; publ. 3 books of Masses, 4 of 
 Psalms, various 24-part Antiphons (1630, '38, 
 '77), and 5 books of Motets (1635). Co-worker 
 with Kircher on the " Musurgia." Prod. 2 
 operas, Del male in bene (Rome, 1654), and 
 lone (Vienna, 1666). 
 
 Abbey, John, noted English organ-builder; 
 b. Whilton, Northamptonshire, Dec. 22, 1785 ; 
 d. Versailles, Feb, 19, 1859. On Seb. Erard's 
 invitation he went to Paris in 1826, settled there, 
 and built many organs for churches, cathedrals, 
 chapels, etc., throughout France. His sons, E. 
 and J . Abbey, still carry on the business at 
 Versailles. 
 
 Abbott, Emma, dramatic soprano, b. Chi- 
 cago, 1850. After years of hard work as a 
 natural singer and guitar-player, she came to 
 New York abt. 1870, took lessons of Erani, 
 sang in Dr. Chapin's church at $1,500, and in 
 1872, aided by the congregation, went to 
 Europe, studying with Sangiovanni at Milan 
 and Delle Sedie at Paris. Has sung with great 
 success abroad and at home. Married, 1878, 
 Mr. E. Wetherell of N. Y. (d. 1888). 
 
 Abd el Kadir (or Abdolkadir), Ben Isa, 
 
 Arabian writer in the 14th century, author of 
 3 mus. treatises noticed by Kiesewetter (" Musik 
 der Araber," 1842, p. 33) : " The Collector 
 of Melodies"; "The Aim of Melodies in the 
 Composition of Tones and Measures"; and 
 " The Treasure of Melodies in the Science of 
 Musical Cycles." 
 
 Abd el Mumin (or Abdolmumin). See 
 Saffieddin. 
 
ABEILLE— AbrAnYI 
 
 Abeille, Johann Christian Ludwig, b. 
 Bayreuth, Feb. 20, 1761 ; d. Stuttgart, Mar. 2, 
 1838. Leader of the Duke of Wiirttem berg's 
 private orch. ; later court org. and mus. director. 
 Fine pianist and organist ; comp. the operettas 
 Amor und Psyche l^tattgaxt, 1801), and Peter 
 und Annchen (Stuttg., iSog); harpsichord- and 
 chamber-music (concertos, trios, duets, etc.); 
 and songs still gung in schools. 
 
 A'bel, Clamor Heinrich, b. Westphalia near 
 middle of 17th century ; d. (?). Publ. 3 sets 
 of pieces for strings (1674, '76, '77). He was 
 chamber-musician at the Hanoverian court. 
 
 A'bel, Leopold August, b. 1720 at Kothen 
 (where his father, Christian Ferdinand A., 
 
 was a viola-da-gamba player) ; fine violinist ; 
 played in court orchestras at Brunswick, Son- 
 dershausen, Schwedt, and Schwerin ; publ. 6 
 violin-concertos. Brother of 
 
 A'bel, Karl Friedrich, renowned player on 
 the viola da gamba ; b. Kothen, 1725 ; d. 
 London, Jan. (or June) 22, 1787. He received 
 thorough training from his father, and from J. 
 S. Bach at the Thomasschule, Leipzig ; mem- 
 ber of the Royal Polish Band at Dresden, 
 1748-58; visited Leipzig and other German 
 towns, and went to London in 1759, where the 
 Duke of York assisted him. In 1765, cham- 
 ber-musician to Queen Charlotte. He was inti- 
 mate with Joh. Chr. Bach. He comp. 2 operas : 
 Love in a Village (London, 1760), and Berenice 
 (1764) ; also popular symphonies, overtures, 
 quartets, sonatas for harpsichord, concertos for 
 harpsichord and strings, etc. He revisited Ger- 
 many 1783-5, returning to London via Paris. 
 He was the last great virtuoso on the gamba. 
 
 A'bel, Ludwig, b. Eckartsberga, Thuringia, 
 Jan. 14, 1835 ; d. Neu-Pasing, n. Munich, 
 Aug. 13, 1895. Pupil of Ferd. David ; mem- 
 ber of Gewandhaus orch. at Leipzig, the Wei- 
 mar court orch. (1853), leader of court orch. 
 at Munich (1867), teacher in and (1878) In- 
 spector of the Royal Music-.School then man- 
 aged by V. Billow ; 1880, royal Professor; re- 
 tired on pension, 1894. Violin-virtuoso of high 
 rank, and an excellent orch. conductor ; wrote 
 a good Violin Method, also studies, variations, 
 etc. 
 
 Abe'la, DonPlacido, b. Syracuse, 1814; prior 
 of abbey at Monte Cassino, where he died July 6, 
 1875. Fine organist; comp. much good church- 
 music. 
 
 Abe'la, Karl Gottlieb, b. Borna, Saxony, 
 Apr. 29, 1803 ; d. Halle, Apr. 22, 1841, as cantor 
 of the Francke Institute. Publ. a volume of 
 school-songs ; also male choruses. 
 
 A'bell, John, a celebrated alto singer [mu- 
 sieo), and lutenist ; b. London, abt. 1660 ; d. 
 Cambridge (?), abt. 1724. In 1679, member of 
 the Chapel Royal ; fled to the Continent dur- 
 ing the Revolution of 1688, and won fame and 
 wealth by his singing. In Kassel he was made 
 
 Intendant of Music (169S-9). About 1700 he 
 returned to England. He was also a song- 
 writer and collector (collections publ. in 1701, ; 
 and 1740). 
 
 A'benheim, Joseph, violinist ; b. Worms, 
 180^ ; d. Stuttgart, Jan. 19, 1891. Member 
 and (1854) musical director of the Stuttgart 
 Cons. Orch. — Comp. overtures, entr'acte music, 
 etc.; some minor pf.-pcs. and songs have been 
 publ. 
 
 A'bert, Johann Joseph, b. Kochowitz, Bo- 
 hemia, Sept. 21, 1832. Choir-boy at Gast- 
 dorf and, from 8 to 15, at Leipa monastery, 
 whence he fled to an uncle in Prague, who 
 sent him (1848) to the Prague Cons. (Kittl, 
 TomaJek). He first St. the double-bass; his 
 etudes, concertos, etc., for this instr. are 
 classics. He also wrote overtures, and gradu- 
 ated in 1852 with a symphony in B minor. 
 Engaged as double-bass player in the court 
 orch. at Stuttgart, he comp'. 2 symphonies (G 
 min. and A maj.), and an opera, Anna von 
 Landskron (Stuttgart, 1859) ; in i860 a second 
 opera, Die Almohaden, was prod. Studied fur- 
 ther in Paris and London ; wrote opera Konig 
 Enzio (1862) after returning to Germany, and 
 his "Columbus" symphony, which made him 
 famous. A 3-act romantic opera, Astorga 
 (Stuttgart, 1866), followed; A. was then app. 
 Musikdirektor and (1867) Kapellm. at the 
 Stuttgart Court Th., succeeding Eckert; he 
 retired in 1S88. Other works are the 5-act oper^ft 
 Ekkehard (Berlin, 1878), probably his mag- 
 num opus; a 5th symphony in C min., and a 
 6th "lyric" symphony in D min.; a mass f. 
 mixed ch. w. org.-accomp. ; overtures, string- 
 quartets, pf.-pcs. and songs. 
 
 Abes'ser, Edmund, b. Margolitz, Saxony, 
 Jan. 13, 1837 ; d. Vienna, July 15, i88g. 
 One opera. Die liehliche Fee; much salon-music. 
 
 Abos (or Avos, Avossa), Girolamo, comp. 
 for stage and church ; b. Malta, shortly 
 after 1700 ; d. Naples, 1786 (?). Pupil of Leo 
 and Durante at Naples ; in 1756, maestro al 
 cembalo at the Italian Th., London ; in 1758, 
 teacher in the Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini, 
 Naples (Paisiello was his pupil). Wrote ^\ 
 operas for Naples, Rome and London, and,, ■ 
 after 1758, much sacred music (7 masses, sev- 
 eral litanies, etc.). 
 
 Abraham, John. See Braham. 
 
 Abraham, (Dr.) Max. See Peters, C. F. 
 
 Abranyi, Kernel, b. 1822 at Szent Gy- 
 orgz Abranyi, Hungary, of the noble Hun- 
 garian family EordOgh ; the founder of the; 
 first Hungarian musical journal (i860), of the 
 Singers' Union (1867), and one of the chief pro- 
 moters of the National Mus. Acad, at Pesth,,.! 
 of which he is a professor and the secretary 
 (1875). His publ. comp.s (songs, choruses, etc.) 
 are in the national vein. 
 
ABT— ADAM DE LA HALE 
 
 Abt, Franz, song-writer and conductor ; b. 
 Eilenburg, Dec. 22, i8ig ; d. Wiesbaden, 
 Mar. 31, 1885. He was sent to the Leipzig 
 Thomasschule to study theology, his father be- 
 ing a clergyman, and later obtained an excellent 
 musical education both there and at the Univ. 
 On his father's death he gave up theology, hav- 
 ing already made several successful attempts at 
 composition, and having conducted a students' 
 philharmonic society. In 1841 he went to 
 Bemburg as Kapellm. of the Court Th. , but in 
 the same year relinquished this post for a simi- 
 lar one at, the Zurich Th. Here he remained 
 till 1852, conducting several singing-societies 
 and composing many vocal works, particularly 
 for men's voices. He was then app. 2nd Kapellm. 
 at Brunswick, 3 years later becoming ist 
 Kapellm., a position held up to 1882, when he 
 retired to Wiesbaden. — Abt wrote over 500 
 works, comprising more than 3,000 numbers ; 
 the largest are the? secular cantatas. His pop- 
 ularity as a song-writer is due chiefly to the flow- 
 ing, easy and elegant style of . his vocal melo- 
 dies, many of which (" Wenn die Schwalben 
 heimwarts zieh'n," " Gute Nacht, du mein 
 herziges Kind," "So viele tausend Blumen," 
 etc.) have become true folk-songs ; numerous 
 part-songs are likewise deservedly prime favor- 
 ites ; in these and his choruses for men's and 
 for women's voices, he rivals Mendelssohn in the 
 hearts of his countrymen. On his vocal works 
 rests his lasting fame ; his pf.-compositions, of a 
 light and popular character, are already for- 
 gotten. — His son, 
 
 Abt, Alfred, b. Brunswick, May 25, 1855 ; d. 
 of consumption at Geneva, Apr. 29, 1888. Had 
 been Kapellm. at theatres in Rudolstadt, Kiel 
 and Rostock. 
 
 Achard, L6on, lyric tenor ; b. Lyons, Feb. 
 16, 1 831 ; St. at Paris Cons. (Bordogni); debut 
 at The'atre-Lyrique, 1854. Engaged 1856-62 
 at the Grand Th., Lyons; 1862-71 at the 
 Opera-Comique, Paris ; and 1871 at the Grand 
 Opera. 
 
 Ack'ermann, A. J., b. Rotterdam, Apr. 2, 
 1836. Studied at The Hague in the R. Music- 
 School, under Lubeck, Nicolas and AVietz ; app. 
 teacher of pf. there in 1865 ; of org. and theory, 
 1867. — Works : Pf.-pcs. f. z and 4 bands ; 
 songs. 
 
 Acton, John, English singing-teacher and 
 composer ; b. Manchester (?), 1863. Pupil of 
 Francesco Lamperti at Milan. Prof, of singing 
 at the Manchester R. C. M. since its opening in 
 1893 ; since 1894, cond. of the St. Cecilia 
 Choral Soc. — Works : 2 cantatas f . women's 
 voices. Forest Bells, and The Rose and the Night- 
 ingale; a male chorus, " For home and liberty," 
 w.' pf.-accomp. (prize from S. London Mus. 
 Club, 1888); also duets, songs and pf.-pieces. 
 
 Adam, Louis, b. Muttersholtz, Alsatia, 
 Dec. 3, 1758 ; d. Paris, Apr. 11, 1848. He 
 
 went to Paris in 1775, and from 1797-1843 was 
 prof, of pf. at the Paris Cons. He was a close 
 student of the German classic masters, an ad- 
 mirable pianist, a comp. of numerous pf.-pieces 
 much in vogue at the time (especially the varia- 
 tions on " Le rol Dagobert "), and an eminent 
 pedagogue, the teacher of Kalkbrenner, Herold, 
 Henri le Moine and F. Chaulieu, and author of 
 two standard instruction-books for piano : 
 " Methode ou principe generale du doigte pour 
 le Forte-piano" (Paris, Sieber, 1798), and 
 " Methode nouvelle pour le Piano" (5 editions, 
 1802-32), written expressly for pupils of the 
 Cons. — His son, 
 
 Adam, Adolphe-Charles, celebrated opera- 
 composer, was b. Paris, July 24, 1802 ; d. there 
 May 3, 1856. He 
 entered the Cons, in 
 1817, but made little 
 progress until taken 
 in hand by Boieldieu 
 in his class for com- 
 position. After pub- 
 lishing various pf.- 
 pieces, he brought 
 out the I -act opera 
 Pierre et Catherine 
 (1829), the success 
 of which encouraged 
 him to produce 13 
 more similar works 
 in quick succession, 
 the Postilion de Longjumeau (1836) gaining Eu- 
 ropean celebrity for its author, and still keeping 
 his name in grateful memory. In all, he wrote 53 
 theatrical works, the most popular operas after 
 ths Postilion being Le Chdlet (1834), Le fidele 
 Berger, Le Brasseur de Preston (1838), Le Roi 
 d' Yveiot (1842), La Poup/e de Nuremberg, Ca- 
 gliostro, and Richard en Palestine (1844) ; also 
 the ballets Giselle, Le Corsaire, Faust, etc. In 
 r847, on account of difficulties with the director 
 of the Opera-Comique, A. founded the Theatre 
 National, but was ruined financially by the rev- 
 olution of 1848, and entered the Paris Cons, as 
 prof, of composition, succeeding his father, who 
 died that year. — A. does not rank with the fore- 
 most dramatic composers of France, his style 
 being distinguished by taking rhythms and light 
 elegance and grace, rather than forceful origi- 
 nality. \\\s forte was comic opera, in which he 
 was a worthy successor of Boieldieu. 
 
 A'dam, Karl Ferdinand, b. Zadel, n. Mei- 
 ssen, Dec. 22, 1806 ; d. Leisnig, Dec. 23, 1868, 
 as cantor and musical director there. — Works : 
 Popular choruses and quartets f. men's voices ; 
 songs ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Adam de la Hale (or Halle), called le Bossu 
 d' Arras (Hunchback of Arras); b. Arras, abt. 
 1240; d. Naples, 1287. A gifted Trouv^re, 
 many of. whose works have been preserved (publ. 
 1872 by Coussemaker as " CEuvres completes du 
 Trouv^re Adam de la Hale"); the most inter- 
 
ADAM VON FULDA— ADLER 
 
 esting is a dramatic pastoral entitled Le jeu de 
 Robin el de Marion (1285), written for the 
 Aragonese court at Naples, resembling an op&a 
 comiqtie in its plan. He was a master of the 
 chanson, in the dual capacity of poet and com- 
 poser ; his works are of the utmost value as 
 illustrating the music of the period. 
 
 A'dam von Fulda, noteworthy German 
 theorist and composer ; b. abt. 1450 ; d. after 
 1537- His treatise on mus. theory is to be 
 found in vol. iii of Gerbert's " Scriptores 
 ecclesiastici " ; his compositions were highly 
 prized in their day. 
 
 A'damberger, Valentin {not Joseph), b. 
 Munich, July 6, 1743 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 25, 
 1804. Dramatic tenor, pupil of Valesi 1755-61; 
 eng. at Venice, 1762, as ist tenor; sang with 
 growing success in other Italian cities, and 
 assumed the name of " Adamonti." He sang 
 in London in 1777, and in 1780 was eng. at the 
 Vienna Court Opera, in 1789 also as " Hof- 
 kapellsanger." Mozart wrote for him the part 
 of Belmonte, and some concert-arias. 
 
 Ada'mi da Bolse'na (or da Volterra), 
 Andrea, b. Bologna, 1664 ; d. Rome, July 22, 
 1742. Famed as the author of " Osservazioni 
 per ben regolare il coro dei cantori della cap-' 
 pella Pontificia " (Rome, 1711), a work of his- 
 torical value. Cantor of the Pontifical Chapel, 
 and music-teacher. 
 
 Adamon'ti. See Adamberger. 
 
 Adamow'ski [-moff'-J, Timoth^e, b. War- 
 saw, Mar. 24, 1858. Violin-virtuoso ; at first a 
 pupil of A. Kontchi at Warsaw Cons.; 1876-9 
 of Massart in Paris Cons. In 1879 ^^ went to 
 America, and travelled as soloist with M. Stra- 
 kosch, Clara Louise Kellogg, and finally with a 
 company of his own, with which he played in 
 Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, 
 Chicago, etc. From 1885-6 he taught in the 
 New Engl. Cons., Boston ; in 1888 he organized 
 the Adaraowski String-quartet (A., E. Fiedler, 
 D. Kuntz, and G. Campanari ; reorganized 1890 
 with A., A. Moldauer, Max Zach and Josef 
 Adamowski, the last a brother of T. A., and an 
 excellent 'cellist). In 1887 A. appeared at Lon- 
 don (Crystal Palace, St. James' Hall, Covent 
 Garden), and Warsaw ; in 1895, again in Lon- 
 don and Paris, since which time he has spent 
 the summer season regularly in these two cities. 
 In i8g8 he. played at Warsaw with the Phil- 
 harm. Orch. and the Mus. Society. His quartet 
 gives about 30 concerts annually in the chief 
 towns of the U. S. P'rom 1890-4 he also cond. 
 the six weeks' popular summer concerts of the 
 Boston Symphony Orch. — He has publ. several 
 songs, and has a Novellette f. vln. and pf. 
 in MS. 
 
 Ad'ams, Stephen. See Maybrick, M. 
 
 Ad'ams, Charles R., fine dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Charlestown, Mass., abt. 1848. Pupil in 
 
 Vienna of Barbieri ; was then eng. for 3 years 
 at the Royal Opera, Berlin, and thereafter for 9 
 years at the Imp. Opera, Vienna ; has also 
 sung at La Scala, Covent Garden, Madrid, 
 various German towns, in the U. S., etc. Set- 
 tled in Boston, 1879. Has a predilection for 
 Wagner roles ; is also an excellent actor and 
 teacher. 
 
 Ad'ams, Thomas, eminent organist and 
 comp. for org.; b. London, Sept. 5, 1785; d. 
 there Sept. 15, 1858. He was a pupil of Dr. 
 Busby, and organist at several prominent Lon- 
 don churches. His publ. organ-works include 
 many fugues, voluntaries, 90 interludes, and 
 several variations on popular airs ; he also wrote 
 variations for piano, and many anthems, hymns, 
 and sacred songs. His skill in improvising was 
 remarkable ; for years he had charge of the per- 
 formances on Flight and Robson's "ApoUon- 
 icon." 
 
 Ad'cock, James, b. Eton, England, June 
 29, 1778; d. Cambridge, Apr. 30, i860. Chor- 
 ister, 1786, of St. George's chapel, Windsor, 
 and lay-clerk in 1797 ; later a member of va- 
 rious church-choirs in Cambridge ; and, finally, 
 choir-master at King's College. — Works : Sev- 
 eral 3- and 4-part glees ; an evening service in 
 Blj ; anthems ; and a book, " The Rudiments of 
 Singing." 
 
 Ad'dison, John, composer and double-bass 
 player ; b. London, 1765 ; d. there Jan. 30, 
 1844 — Works : 6 operettas, very popular at the 
 period; a "sacred drama," Elijah; songs, 
 glees, etc.; also "Singing Practically Treated 
 in a Series of Instructions " (London, no date 
 [1836]). 
 
 Adelbol'dus [ah-]. Bishop of Utrecht ; d. 
 1027. Wrote a treatise on mus. theory, publ. by 
 Gerbert in the " Scriptores," vol. i. 
 
 A'delburg, August, Ritter von ; b. Con- 
 stantinople, Nov. I, 1830 ; d. insane at Vienna, 
 Oct. 20, 1873. Fine violinist, pupil (1850-4) of 
 Mayseder. His tone is said to have been well- 
 nigh unmatchable in fullness ; his numerous 
 corap.s were chiefly for violin (concertos, so- 
 natas f. pf. and vln., string-quartets), and some 
 sacred pieces ; also 3 operas : Zrinyi (Pesth, 
 1868) ; Wallenstein; and Martinuzzi. 
 
 A'delung. See Adlung. 
 
 Ad'ler [ahd-], Georg, violinist and com- 
 poser; b. Of en, 1806 ; good pianist and teacher. 
 — Works ; Chamber-music, pf. -variations, part- 
 songs, songs. 
 
 Ad'ler [ahd-], Guide, mus. theorist and 
 writer; b. Eibenschutz, Moravia, Nov. i, 1855. 
 Studied at the Academic Gymasium in Vienna, 
 where he conducted the pupils' chorus, and at 
 the Vienna Cons, under Bruckner and Dessoffi ; "■; 
 entered the Univ. in 1874, and founded, in co- 
 operation with Felix Mottl and K. Wolf, the 
 
ADLER— AGAZZARI 
 
 academical Wagner Society ; took the degree of 
 Dr. jur. in 1878, and in 1880 tiiat of Dr. phil. 
 (dissertation on " Die liistorischen Grundklas- 
 sen der christlicii-abendiandischen Musik bis 
 1600"), and in 1881 qualified as private lecturer 
 on mus. science (thesis, " Studie zur Geschichte 
 der Harmonie "). With Chrysander and Spitta 
 he founded, in 1884, the " Vierteljahrsschrift 
 fur Musikwissenschaft "; in 1885 he was app. 
 prof, of mus. science in the German Univ. at 
 Prague, writing a monograph on the Faux bour- 
 don and the treatise by Gulielmus Monachus. 
 In 1892, he was elected president of the central 
 committee. of the " Internat. Ausstellung fur 
 Musik und Theater"; in 1895, he succ. Hans- 
 lick as prof, of mus. history, Univ. of Vienna, 
 becoming " prof, in ordinary" in l8g8. 
 
 Ad'ler [ahd-], Vincent, pianist and com- 
 poser ; b. Raab, Hungary, Apr. 3, 1826 ; d. 
 Geneva, Jan. 4, 1S71. Pupil of his father, and 
 of Erkel at Pesth ; studied in Vienna and 
 Paris ; 1865, prof, at Geneva Cons. — Works : 
 Op. II, Valse rococo ; op. 13, Feuilles d' Album ; 
 op. 15, Allegro de concert ; op. 16, Etudes de 
 style ; op. 24, Grande Marche ; op. 26, Barca- 
 rolle ; etc. 
 
 A'dlg^asser, Anton Cajetan, b. Innzell, 
 Bavaria, Apr. 3, 1728 ; d. Dec. 2i, 1777, at 
 Salzburg, where he had studied under Eberlin, 
 and, since 1 75 1, was first organist at the cathe- 
 dral. — Works : Church-comp.s of merit. 
 
 Ad'lung [ahd-] (or A'delung), Jakob, b. 
 Bindersleben, near Erfurt, Jan. 14, 1699 ; d. 
 there July 5, 1762. Studied music at Erfurt ; 
 became town organist (1727) and prof, in the 
 gymnasium (1741), also giving private music- 
 lessons. He was not only an indefatigable 
 teacher of the clavichord, but also built 16 
 clavichords with his own hands. Three of his 
 works, " Anleitung zur mus. Gelahrtheit " (1758 ; 
 2d edition 1783, revised by J. A. Hiller), " Mu- 
 sica mechanica organoedi " (1768), and " Musi- 
 kalisches Siebengestirn" (1768), have historical 
 value. 
 
 Adolfa'ti, Andrea, b. Venice, 1711 ; d. 
 Genoa (?), abt. 1760. Pupil of Galuppi ; m. dt 
 capp. at church of the Madonna della Salute, 
 Venice, and (1750) at the church dell' Annuncia- 
 zione, Genoa. He wrote 5 operas, and much 
 church-music. 
 
 Adras'tos, pupil of Aristotle ; peripatetic 
 philosopher of Philippopolis abt. 330 B.C.; 
 wrote "Three Books of Harmony" (a Latin 
 translation was found 1788 in the library of the 
 King of Sicily). 
 
 Adriano di Bologna. See Banchieri. 
 
 A'driansen, Emanuel (called Hadrianus), 
 b. Antwerp. Eminent lutenist of the l6th cen- 
 tury; publ., 1592, a coll. of canzonets, dance- 
 tunes, fantasias, madrigals, motets and preludes 
 (by C. di Rore, O. di Lasso, J. van Berchem, 
 H. Waelrant, etc.), freely transcribed for lute in 
 tablature. 
 
 Adrian (Andrien), Martin-Joseph [also 
 called La Neuville, or Adrian I'ain^], b. 
 Liege, May 26, 1767 ; d. Paris, Nov. 19, 1822. 
 From 1785-1804, bass-singer, then chorus-mas- 
 ter, at Paris Grand Opera ; in 1822, singing- 
 teacher at the " Ecole royale de musique." — 
 Works : " Hymne i la Liberte " (1792, celebrat- 
 ing the Prussians' departure); "Hymne a la 
 Victoire " (1795); and the " Hymne aux martyrs 
 de la liberte." 
 
 .£gi'dius Zamoren'sis, Joannes, Francis- 
 can monk of Zamora, Spain, abt. 1270 ; wrote 
 "Ars musica " (in MS. at the Vatican, and 
 printed in Gerbert's " Scriptores " ). 
 
 .ffigi'dius de Muri'no, theorist of the 15th 
 century ; wrote treatise on mensural music, 
 printed by Coussemaker, " Scriptores," vol. ill. 
 
 Aerts [arts], Egide, flutist ; b. Boom, n. 
 Antwerp, Mar. i, 1822 ; d. Brussels, June 9, 
 1853. Entered Brussels Cons, at 12 ; at 15, 
 gave brilliant concerts in Paris; app., 1847, 
 teacher of flute in Brussels Cons. — Works (in 
 MS.): Symphonies, flute-concertos, etc. 
 
 Aerts [arts], F61ix, b. St.-Trond, Belgium, 
 May 4, 1827 ; d. Nivelles, Dec. ( ? ), 1888. 
 Pupil of Brussels Cons. (C. Hanssen); violinist 
 in Brussels, conductor in Tournay; lived in 
 Paris for some years, and in Nivelles, as music- 
 teacher, from i860. — Works : 2 Essays on Plain 
 Song ; an elementary instruction-book ; also fan- 
 tasias f. orch., variations f. vln., litanies, school- 
 songs, etc. • 
 
 Affilard, Michel 1', musician and singer from 
 1683-1708 in the chapelle of Louis XIV.; wrote 
 a very successful text-book on sight-singing : 
 " Principes tr^s faciles pour bien apprendre la 
 musique . . .", which went through 7 editions 
 (Paris, 1705 — Amsterdam, 1717). 
 
 Afra'nio, canon at Ferrara, inventor of the 
 bassoon ; b. Pavia, end of the 15th century. He 
 is mentioned, and the bassoon depicted, in Al- 
 bonesio's work " Introductio in chaldaicam 
 linguam . . ." (Pavia, 1539). 
 
 Afze'lius, Arvid August, Swedish writer, 
 pastor at Enkoping ; b. May 6, 1785 ; d. Sept. 
 25, 1871. Publ. 2 collections of " Svenska Folks- 
 visor" [Swedish Folk-songs] (1814-16, 3 vol.s); 
 and "Afsked af Svenska Folksharpan " [Fare- 
 well of the Swedish Folk's-harp] (1848, I vol.). 
 
 Agazza'ri, Agostino, b. Siena, Dec. 2, 
 1578 ; d. there Apr. 10, 1640. Entered the 
 service of the Emperor Matthias as a profes- 
 sional musician ; proceeding to Rome, he was 
 in turn m. di capp. at the German College (be- 
 fore 1603), the church of S. Apollinaris, and the 
 Scndnario romano ; intimacy with Viadana led 
 to his adoption of the latter's innovations in 
 sacred vocal music (writing church concerti for 
 I or 2 voices with instrumental harmonic sup- 
 port). From 1630, ?^. di capp. at Siena cathe- 
 dral. His works, variously reprinted in Ger- 
 
AGELAOS— AGRICOLA 
 
 many and Holland, were in great favor, and 
 very numerous (madrigals, psalms, motets, 
 magnificats, and other church-music). His 
 little pamphlet on "La musica ecclesiastica " 
 (Siena, 1638) is a theoretical endeavor to bring 
 the practice of church-music into accord with 
 the Resolution of the Council of Trent ; he was 
 also among the first to give written instructions 
 for the performance of the basso contintio (Pre- 
 face to Book iii of the Motets [Zanetti, Rome, 
 1606]). 
 
 Agela'os of Tegea, reputed the first virtuoso 
 on the cithara played alone, took first prize 
 given in the Pythian games of 559 B. c. for 
 playing on stringed instruments. 
 
 Agnel'li, Salvatore, b. Palermo, 1817 ; 
 pupil of the Naples Cons, under Furno, Zinga- 
 relli and Donizetti ; began his professional ca- 
 reer as a writer of Italian operas for Naples : 
 // Lazzarone napolitano (1839), and La Locan- 
 deria di spirito (1839) ; going to Marseilles 
 (where he still lives) in 1846, he brought out 
 the operas La Jacquerie (1849), Lionore de 
 Midicis (1855), and Les deux Avares (i860), 
 besides several ballets ; 3 operas, Cromwell, 
 Stefania, and Sforaa, remain in MS. He has 
 also written a cantata {Apoth^ose de Napoleon /, 
 performed by three orchestras in the Jardin des 
 Tuileries, 1856), a Miserere, and a Stabat 
 Mater. 
 
 Agne'si, Maria Theresia d', pianist and 
 dramatic comp.;,b. Milan, 1724; d. 1780 (?). — 
 Works; 4 operas (all given in 1771), Sofonisba 
 (Naples), Ciro in Armenia (Milan), Nitocri 
 (Venice), Lnsubria consolata (Milan) ; also so- 
 natas f. pf. , and ditto f. harp. 
 
 Agne'si, Luigi (^recte Louis-Ferdinand- 
 L^opold Agniez), bass opera- and concert- 
 singer ; b. Erpent, Namur, July 17, 1833; d. 
 London, Feb. 2, 1875. Pupil of Brussels 
 Cons. ; conductor of several singing-societies, 
 and choir-master at St. Catherine's ch. ; comp. 
 the unsucc. opera Harold le Norniand (1858) ; 
 St. iS6t with Duprez ; filled numerous engage- 
 ments in Germany, Holland, Belgium, Paris, 
 and especially in London, where his reputation 
 was high. 
 
 Agniez, L.-F.-L. See Agnesi, L. 
 
 Agobar'dus, Archbishop of Lyons, d. Sain- 
 tonge, 840. Wrote 3 mus. treatises (publ. in vol. 
 xiv of " Bibliotheca Patrum ") : " De divina 
 psalmodia," " De ecclesiee officiis,'' and " De 
 correctione Antiphonarii. " 
 
 Agosti'ni, Ludovico, b. Ferl-ara, 1534; d. 
 there, Sept. 20, 1590, as m. di capp. at the ca- 
 thedral and also to Alphonso IL of Este. He 
 was both poet and composer ; his madrigals, 
 motets, masses, vespers, etc. , were published in 
 2 collections at Venice (Gardano) and Ancona 
 (Landrino) respectively. 
 
 Agosti'ni, Paolo, 1». Vallerano, 1593 ; d. 
 Rome, 1629. Pupil of B. Nanini ; was succes- 
 
 sively organist of S. Maria in Trastevere, m. di 
 capp. at S. Lorenzo at Damaso, and the succes- 
 sor of Ugolini in the similar office at the Vati- 
 can. His publ. works, 2 books of psalms (1619), 
 2 books of Magnificats and Antiphons (1620), 
 and 5 books of Masses (1624-28), form but a 
 small portion of his compositions, which are 
 marvels of contrapuntal ingenuity, some of 
 them in 48 parts. He was the pioneer in the 
 employment of large bodies of singers in divided 
 choirs. 
 
 Agosti'ni, Pietro Simone, b. Rome abt. 
 1650 ; maestro to the Duke of Parma. Wrote 
 the opera // ratio delle Sabine (Venice). Publ. 
 Cantatas for solo bass voice (Rome, 1680). 
 
 Agramon'te, Emilio, b. Puerto Principe, 
 Cuba, Nov. 28, 1844. He studied composition 
 under Balartand Botessini, in Spain, and Maiden 
 and I^avid in Paris ; piano under Jovell and Bis- 
 cani (Spain), and Marmontel (Paris) ; also singing 
 under Roger, Selva, and Delle Sedie. In 1865 
 he took the degree of LL.D. at the Univ. of 
 Madrid ; he taught singing in Barcelona, 1865- 
 6 ; in Cuba, 1866-8 ; since then in New York. 
 From 1869-72 A. conducted the " Eight o'clock 
 Mus. Club " ; the Vocal Union of New Brunswick 
 (N. J.), from 1878-83 ; the Amer. Composers' 
 Choral Assoc, from 1890-2 ; and, since 1886, the 
 "Gounod Society "of New Haven, Conn, (an 
 excellent chorus of 300 voices). During 30 
 years' active work in N. Y., he has trained m^ny 
 good singers. — Works (in MS.) : Numerous 
 songs and sacred compositions (a Stabat Mater); 
 of his various lectures, one, " Qualifications 
 necessary in a Vocal Master," was publ. in the 
 " Art Journal." 
 
 Agreir, Johann, b. Loth, Sweden, Feb. i, 
 1701 ; d. Nuremberg, Jan. 19, 1769. From 1723- 
 46, he was court violinist at Kassel, and also 
 noted as a harpsichord-player ; 1746, after visit- 
 ing Italy, I\apellm. at Nuremberg. — Works ; 
 Symphonies f . orch. ; 7 concertos f . harpsichord 
 and quartet ; 7 trios ; several duos ; 6 sonatas 
 f. harpsichord solo. 
 
 Agri'cola, Alexander, eminent composer, 
 probably of German nationality ; b. abt. 1470 ; 
 d. abt. 1530 near Valladolid, Spain. He was one 
 of Okeghem's many distinguished pupils ; served 
 as a singer under Charles VIII. of France, Lor- 
 enzo de' Medici at Milan, and finally Philip I. 
 (the Fair), whom he followed from Brussels in 
 1505 to Spain. 31 of his songs and motets were 
 printed by Petrucci (Venice, 1502-3), who also 
 published (Venice, 1503) a vol. of 5 masses (Le 
 Serviteur, Je ne demande, Malheur me bat, 
 Primi toni, .Secundi toni). 
 
 Agri'cola, Martin, a very important mus. 
 theorist and writer ; b. Sorau (Saxony), i486 ; d. 
 Magdeburg, June 10, 1556 ; an authority on the 
 instruments of his time, and a valuable source 
 for the history of notation. Mattheson says that 
 he was the first to abandon the old tablature for 
 
AGRICOLA— AHLE 
 
 modern notation. From 1510-24 he was a pri- 
 vate music-teacher in Magdeburg ; 1524, app. 
 cantor at the first Lutheran school there. His 
 friend and patron, Rhaw, of Wittenberg, printed 
 several of his works, chief among which are 
 " Musica figuralis deudsch," " Von den Propor- 
 tionibus " (both without date or author's name, 
 but reprinted together in 1532); " Musica in- 
 strumentalis deudsch " (chief work; 1528, '29, 
 '32); " Rudimenta musices" (1539, '43; this 
 2nd ed. entitled " Quaestiones vulgariores in 
 musicam"); "Duo libri musices" (i 561, being 
 the Rudimenta and De Proportioiiibus in one 
 vol.); "Scholia in musicam planam Wenceslai 
 de Nova Domo " (1540); Virdung's "Musica 
 getutscht " in verse, with the original illustra- 
 tions ; also a few collections of pieces, " Ein 
 kurz deudsch musica " (1528); " Musica choralis 
 deudsch" (1533); " Deudsche Musica und Ge- 
 sangblichlein " (1540); " Ein Sangbiichlein aller 
 Sonntags-Evangelien " (1541). 
 
 Agri'cola, Johann, b. Nuremberg abt. 1570 ; 
 d. ( ? ). Prof, of music at Gymnasium Augusti, 
 Erfurt. Publ. Motets (Nuremberg, 1601), Can- 
 tiones (do.), 28 Motets (Erfurt, 1611). 
 
 Agri'cola, Wolfgang Christoph, German 
 composer. Publ. 8 masses, " Fasciculus musi- 
 calis " (Wiirzburg and Cologne, 1651), and a 
 coll. of motets, " Fasciculus variarum cantio- 
 num " 
 
 Agri'cola, Georg Ludv/'ig, b. Grossfurra, n. 
 Sondershausen, Oct. 25, 1643 ; d. Feb. 20, 1676, 
 at Gotha, where he was Kapellm. from 1670. 
 Publ. " Musikal. Nebenstunden" f. 2 vlns. , 2 
 vlas., and bass (Miihlhausen, 1670); .Sonatas, 
 Preludes, etc. (1675); " Deutsche geistliche 
 Madrigalien " (Gotha, 1675). 
 
 Agri'cola, Johann Friedrich, b. Dobitschen, 
 n. Altenburg, Jan. 4, 1720 ; d. Berlin, Nov. 
 12 (Dec. 1?), 1774. He entered the Univ. 
 of Leipzig in 1738 as a law-student, but also 
 studied music for three years with J. S. Bach, and 
 later (1741) with Quantz in BerHn; was made 
 court-composer (1750) and director of the Royal 
 Chapel (1759), succeeding Graun. His compo- 
 sitions, which had no enduring success, were 8 
 operas (brought out 1750-72 at Berlin and Pots- 
 dam), and a variety of sacred music and arrange- 
 ments of the King's compositions; except a psalm 
 and some chorals, none was published. He was 
 a good singing-teacher (transl. Tosi's " Method 
 of Singing"), and was said to be the finest organ- 
 ist in Berlin. Under the pseudonym " Olibrio," 
 he printed some polemical pamphlets directed 
 against Marpurg, and made some valuable ad- 
 ditions to Adlung's " Musica mechanica orga- 
 noedi." 
 
 Ag'the [ahg't^h], Karl Christian, b. Hett- 
 stadt, 1762; d. Nov. 27, 1797, at Ballenstedt, as 
 court-org. to the Prince v. Bernburg.— Works: 5 
 operas, I ballet, sonatas f. pf., songs, etc. 
 
 Ag'the, Wilhelm Joseph Albrecht, son of 
 
 preceding; b. Ballenstedt, 1790; d. after 1848. 
 Pupil of Fischer in Erfurt ; in 1810, music- 
 teacher in Leipzig, and member of the Gewand- 
 haus Orchestra; 1 823, teacher of Logier's method, 
 in Dresden; 1826 in Posen (Theodor Kullak be- 
 ing one of his pupils); 1830 in Breslau, and 1832 
 in Berlin, where for 13 years he was director of 
 a music-school. Some of his piano-pieces are of 
 interest. 
 
 Ag'the, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Sangers- 
 hausen, 1794; d. insane at Sonnenstein, n. Pir- 
 na, after 1828. Pupil of MilUer and Riemann 
 (Dresden), and Weinlig (Leipzig). Cantor of 
 the Dresden Kreuzschule, 1822-8. 
 
 Agua'do, Dionisio, famous guitar-player; 
 b. Madrid, Apr. 8, 1784 ; d. there Dec. 20, 
 1849. Wrote various pieces and etudes for gui- 
 tar, also a " Method" (publ. 1825; in French, 
 1827). 
 
 Aguia'ri, Lucrezia. See Agujari. 
 
 Aguile'ra de Heredia, Sebastiano, a monk, 
 composer and maestro de musica at the cathedral 
 in Saragossa early in the 17th century ; publ. 
 (l6i8) a coll. of Magnificats still sung there, and 
 elsewhere in Spain. 
 
 Aguja'ri [-yah'-], Lucrezia (known as La 
 Bastardina, or Bastardella, being the natural 
 daughter of a nobleman), a brilliant singer with 
 phenomenal compass (f '-f*) ; b. Ferrara, 1743 ; d. 
 Parma, May 18, 1783. Her father entrusted her 
 instruction to P. Lambertini; in 1764 she made a 
 triumphant debut at Florence, followed by a suc- 
 cessionof brilliant appearances in Milan and other 
 Italian cities, also in London. Mozart wrote of 
 her, that she had ' ' a lovely voice, a flexible 
 throat, and an incredibly high range." She 
 sang by preference the music of CoUa, a maestro 
 di c., whom she married in 1780, then retiring 
 from the stage. 
 
 Ah'le, Johafin Rudolf, b. Miihlhausen, 
 Thuringia, Dec. 24, 1625; d. there July 8, 
 1673. A diligent composer of church-music 
 and writer of theoretical works ; his ' ' Compen- 
 dium pro tonellis" (1648) ran through 4 edi- 
 tions [2d (1673) as " Brevis et perspicua intro- 
 ductio in artem Jnusicam " ; 3d and 4th (1690 
 and 1704) as " Kurze und deutliche Anleitung 
 ."]. Principal compositions, "Geistliche 
 Dialoge," songs in several parts (1648) ; " Thii- 
 ringischer Lustgarten " (1657); "Geistliche 
 Fest- u. Communionandachten " (posthumous). 
 Many of his chorals are still popular in Thu- 
 ringia. — For a time he was cantor in GBttingen; 
 in 1654, organist of St. Blasius, Miihlhausen; 
 in l66l, elected burgomaster of the town. 
 
 Ah'le, Johann Georg, son of the preceding; 
 b. Miihlhausen, 1650; d. there Dec. 2, 1706; 
 succeeded his father as organist, composed nu- 
 merous works popular at the time, and was 
 made poet-laureate by Emperor Leopold I. 
 He wrote a method of composition, " Musika- 
 lische Frilhlings-, Sommer-, Herbst- u. Win- 
 
 7 
 
AHLSTROM— ALARY 
 
 tergesprache " (1695-1701) ; also " Instrumen- 
 talische Fruhlingsmusik," and " Anmuthige 
 zehn vierstimmige Viol-di-gamba-Spiele " (1681). 
 
 Ahl'strora, A. J. R., b. Stockholm, 1762; 
 d. after 1827. Org. and court-accompanist ; 
 publ. songs, also sonatas for pf. and for vin. 
 (1783, '86). Editor for 2 years of " Musikalisk 
 Tidsfoerdrife." Co-editor (with Bomann) of a 
 coll. of Swedish folk-songs and dances. 
 
 Ahlstrom, Johan Niklas, b. Wisby, Swe- 
 den, June 5, 1805 ; d. Stockholm, May 14, 1857. 
 He comp. operas, songs, etc. 
 
 Ah'na. See De Ahna. 
 
 Ai'bl [l-bl], Joseph, firm of music-publ.s 
 estab. at Munich in 1824 ; the subsequent heads 
 were Eduard Spitzweg (from 1836), and his sons, 
 Eugen and Otto. 
 
 Ai'blinger [1-], Johann Kaspar, b. Wasser- 
 burg, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1779 ; d. Munich, 
 May 6, 1867. Studied music in Munich, then 
 at Bergamo under Simon Mayr (1802) ; lived at 
 Vicenza 1803-11 ; became (i8ig) 2d 111. di c. 
 to the viceroy at Milan ; founded the " Odeon " 
 (society for the cultivation of classical vocal 
 music) at Venice, in cooperation with Abbe 
 Trentino ; was engaged (1825) for Munich as 
 2d Kapellm.; returned in 1833 to Bergamo, and 
 made the fine collection of ancient cla.ssical 
 music now in the Staatsbibliothek at Munich. 
 He was the foremost promoter of classical vocal 
 performances in All Saints' church, Munich, 
 and wrote many celebrated sacred compositions 
 (masses, requiems, liturgies, psalms, etc.). 
 His one opera, Rodrigo e Ximine (Munich, 
 1821), and 3 ballets, were less successful. 
 
 Ai'chinger [1-], Gregor, b. Augsburg (?), abt. 
 1565 ; d. there Jan. 21, 1628, as canon and vicar- 
 choral of the cathedral. Comp. much sacred 
 vocal music : 3 books of " Sacrae cantiones" 
 (Augsburg & Venice, 1590 ; Venice, 1595 ; Nu- 
 remberg, 1597), "Tricinia," " Divinae laudes " 
 (1602) ; his " Cantiones ecclesiasticae . ." 
 (Dillingen, 1607) are noteworthy as one of the 
 earliest works in which the term basso continuo 
 appears. 
 
 Aid6, Hamilton, b. Paris, 1830, of Greek 
 parentage. Vocal comp. ; poet. 
 
 Aigfner [ig-], Engelbert, dramatic comp.; 
 b. Vienna, Feb. 23, 1798 ; d. abt. 1852. Pupil 
 of Stadler ; 1835-7, director of ballet in court 
 theatre. — Works : Opera Die Wunderlilie 
 (1827) ; 2 comic operas : Das geheime Fenster 
 (1826), and Der Angriffsplan (1829) ; cantata. 
 Lob der Tonkunst j a mass ; a quintet in G ; 
 6 choruses f . men's v. ; some unpubl. masses ; 
 and a requiem. 
 
 A'imo. See Haym, N. F. 
 
 Aire'ton, Edivard, violin-maker in London ; 
 b. 1727, d. 1807. He worked under Wamsly ; 
 
 his violins and 'cellos, of pale yellow, were after 
 Nicol6 Amati models. 
 
 Ajol'la. See Layolle. 
 
 Ak'eroyde, Samuel, Engl, song-writer, b. 
 Yorkshire after 1650. Many of his popular 
 comp.s were printed in collections of the period i 
 e. g., in " D'Urfey's 3rd coll. of .Songs " (1685), 
 " Theater of Musick " (1685-6-7), " Banquet of 
 Musick " (1688), "Comes Amoris " (1685-7), 
 " Thesaurus musicus" (1693-6), etc. 
 
 A'la, Giovanni Battista, org. at ch. of the 
 Serviti in Monza, where he was born 1580 (?) ; 
 d. 1612 (?). Publ. Canzonette e Madrigali (Mi- 
 lan, 1617-25) ; also Concern ecclesiastici (Milan, 
 1616-28, 4 vol.s), and Pratum inusicuin (Ant- 
 werp, 1635, containing motets). 
 
 Alabieif, Alexander, a well-known Russian 
 song-composer ; b. Moscow, Aug. 30, 1802 ; d. 
 there in 1852. A special favorite is the " Night- 
 ingale " song {Salavei). 
 
 Alard, C^sar, excellent violoncellist, b. Gosse- 
 lies, Belgium, May 4, 1837 ; entered the Brussels 
 Cons, at 9, as violinist, but was persuaded by Ser- 
 vais to study the 'cello instead, and in 2 years took 
 a second, and soon after a first prize. From Brus- 
 sels he went to England, travelled with Jullien's 
 orchestra as a soloist, and, after concert-tours for 
 several years, played with Pasdeloup at Paris; 
 in 1866 journeyed to Havana, 1868 to New 
 York, and in 1870 returned to Paris. 
 
 Alard, Jean-Delphin, a distinguished violin- 
 ist of the modern French school ; b. Bayonne, 
 Mar. 8, 1815 ; d. 
 Paris, Feb. 22, 
 1888. A pupil of 
 Habeneck at Paris 
 Cons. (1827), his 
 celebrity dates 
 from 1831; he suc- 
 ceeded Baillot as 
 prof, in 1843, and 
 as leader of the 
 royal orchestra, 
 teaching in the 
 Conserv. till 1875. 
 A fine instructor 
 (Sarasate was his 
 pupil), he pub- 
 lished a "Violin 
 
 School" of high merit, a selection from 18th- 
 century classics (" Les maitres classiques du 
 violon"), and numerous brilliant and popular 
 compositions for violin (concertos, etudes, fan- 
 tasias, duets for pf. and vln., etc.). His play- 
 ing was full of fire and spirit, and his interpre- 
 tation of classic German chamber-music was 
 exceptionally fine. 
 
 Ala'ry.Giulio Eugenio Abramo, b. Mantua, 
 1814; d. Paris, Apr. 17, i8gi. Pupil (1827-31) 
 of MiknCons.; then flutist in La Scala; since 
 1838 in Paris as music-teacher. — Works : 9 
 
ALA YRAC— ALBERT 
 
 operas; a " mystery," Z« Redemption; numer- 
 ous minor pieces. 
 
 Alayrac. See Dalayrac. 
 
 Albane'se, , b. Albano, n. Rome, 1729; 
 
 d. Paris, 1800 ; from 1752-62, principal singer 
 (musico) at tlie Parisian Concerts Spirituels. 
 Comp. songs (" romances ") very popular in tlieir 
 day. 
 
 Albane'si, Carlo, b. Naples, Oct. 22, 1856 ; 
 pupil of his father (pf.) and Sabino Falconi 
 (comp.). In 1893, app. prof, of pf.-playing 
 at R. A. M., London, succeeding Wingham.. 
 Fine pianist. — Works: " Sei fogli d'Album," op. 
 13 ; a pf.-trio ; 2 pf. -sonatas ; 12 Preludes, and 
 40 or 50 minor pes. f. pf. 
 
 Alba'ni is the stage-name of Marie Louise 
 Cecilia Emma Lajeunesse, a gifted dramatic 
 soprano, b. Chambly, n. Montreal (Canada), 
 1853 ; trained in the Convent of the Sacred 
 Heart at Montreal ; removed to Albany, N. 
 Y., in 1S64, where her singing in the cathe- 
 dral attracted such general attention, that her 
 father was persuaded to take her to Europe for 
 study; pupil of Duprezat Parisfor 8mos., and of 
 Lamperti at Milan for a longer period (the latter's 
 treatise on the Trill is dedicated to her); made 
 her debut at Messina in 1870 (Sonnamhuld), 
 under the name of Albani, in grateful memory 
 of the town where her public career began. 
 After singing in Florence, London (1872), and 
 Paris, she. again studied with Lamperti for sev- 
 eral months ; sang at Covent Garden in 1873, 
 also at St. Petersburg ; returning to America, 
 she revisited Albany, and sang in the cathedral ; 
 in 1874 sang again at Covent Garden, where she 
 has since been permanently engaged. Married 
 the lessee of the theatre, Mr. Ernest Gye, in 
 1878. Her principal roles are Amina (Sonnam- 
 iula). Marguerite (Faust), Mignon, Ophelia, 
 Elsa, Senta, Elisabeth, Lucia ; she is also an 
 oratorio-singer of the first rank, and a fine pi- 
 anist. She has sung in opera on the continent 
 (BerHn, 1887) with great success, [w. Appendix.] 
 
 Alba'ni, Mathias (father and son), violin- 
 makers of Bozen (Tyrol). A. the elder, b. 
 Bozen, 1621 ; d. there 1673, was one of Stainer's 
 aptest pupils ; A. the younger learned the trade 
 of his father, and worked with the Amatis at 
 Cremona, settling finally in Rome. His instru- 
 ments, from 1702-9, are considered almost equal 
 to. the genuine Amatis ; whereas his father's 
 violins, though powerful in tone, are less re- 
 markable in quality. 
 
 Albeniz, Pedro, b. Logrono (Old Castile, 
 Spain), April 14,1795 ; d. Madrid, Apr. 12, 1855. 
 In early youth, organist in various Spanish 
 towns ; later, a pupil of Kalkbrenner and Henri 
 Herz in Paris ; app. (1830) pf.-prof. at Madrid 
 Cons., and (1834) court organist. An early and 
 powerful promoter of modern methods of piano- 
 playing ia Spain, a composer of some 70 piano- 
 
 pcs. (rondos, variations, fantasias, etudes, etc.), 
 also songs ; author of a pf. Method adopted by 
 the Madrid Cons. 
 
 Albeniz, Isaac, fine concert-pianist, grand- 
 nephew of Pedro A.; b. Caraprodon, Spain, 
 May 29, 1861. Pupil of Marmontel, Jadas- 
 sohn, Reinecke, Brassin and Liszt (for pf.), 
 and of Dupont and Gevaert (comp.). — Works : 
 Comic opera. The Magic Opal (London, 1893, 
 V. succ); opera, Enrico Clifford (Barcelona, 
 1895, do.); l-act zarzuela, San Antonio de la 
 Florida (Madrid, 1895, do.); opera, Pepita 
 Jiminez (Barcelona, 1896); over 200 publ. 
 comp.s f. pf. (Concerto fantastico). Pianist to 
 the Queen of Spain. Living in London. 
 
 Albeniz, Pedro, Spanish monk ; b. Biscay ; 
 d. in 1821 in San Sebastian, where he was 
 maestro at the cathedral. Wrote many masses, 
 motets, villancicos, etc. ; also a Method of Mu- 
 sic, highly esteemed in Spain. • 
 
 Alberga'ti, Pirro Capacelli, Conte d', 
 comp., b. Bologna, towards end of 17th cent. 
 His works, very popular at the time, were 2 
 operas : Gli aniici (1699) and II principe sel- 
 vaggio (1712) ; an oratorio Giohbe (168&), and 
 many minor oratorios and cantatas : also masses, 
 motets, psalms, sonatas f. 2 vlns. w. continuo, 
 Cantate inorali f. solo voice, dances, etc. 
 
 Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince 
 Consort of Queen Victoria ; b. Schloss Rosenau, 
 Aug. 26,1819; married Feb. 10, 1S40; d. Dec. 14, 
 1861. A zealous promoter and patron of art, he 
 himself comp. an opera, Jean le F'ol (Bagni^res 
 de Bigorre, 1865); an operetta, Les Petits du 
 Premier (Paris, 1864); masses, songs, etc. 
 
 Albert, Heinrich, b. Lobenstein (Saxony), 
 July 8 (new style), 1604; d. Konigsberg, Oct. 6, 
 165 1. In 1622 he went to Dresden to study 
 music under his uncle, Heinrich Schiitz, but his 
 parents soon decided that he should study law, 
 and sent him to Leipzig. Going to KOnigs- 
 berg (1626), he was attached to an embassy to 
 Warsaw and taken prisoner by the Swedes ; re- 
 turning to K., he became organist of the cathe- 
 dral (1631), and resumed mus. study under 
 Stobaus. He was a gifted composer, and a fine 
 poet (of the " Konigsberg school"), writing the 
 words for the majority of the songs he set to 
 music. He published 8 famous books of arias 
 ["Arien"] (1638-50), and the " Kurbshutte " 
 (1645), collections of chorales, arias and Lieder, 
 for one or several voices ; many of his hymn- 
 tunes are still sung in Prussia. He is some- 
 times called the father of the German Lied. A 
 selection of his songs, with the music, has been 
 issued in the " Neudrucken deutscher Littera- 
 turwerke " (Eitner : Halle, 1883-4). 
 
 Albert, Max, a zither-virtuoso who inv. 
 many improvements for his instr. ; b. Munich, 
 Jan. 7, 1833 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 4, 1882. 
 
ALBERT— ALBERTINI 
 
 Albert, Eugene (Francis Charles) d', 
 
 [writes his name in German style, Eugen^ 
 pianist ; b. Glas- 
 gow, Apr. lo, 
 1864. His father, 
 Charles L. N. d' 
 A. (b. Nienstetten, 
 near Hamburg, 
 Feb. 25, 1809; d. 
 London, May 26, 
 1866), was a musi- 
 cian and dancing- 
 master, and com- 
 posed many pop- 
 ular dances ; he 
 was his son's first 
 teacher. — Eugene 
 was elected New- 
 castle scholar in the National Training School, 
 London, in 1876, and was taught by Pauer(pf.), 
 and Stainer, Prout and Sullivan (harm, and 
 comp.); in 1881, he was elected Mendelssohn 
 scholar, and studied under Richter (Vienna) and 
 Liszt (Weimar); the latter dubbed him "the 
 young Tausig" on acct. of his remarkable 
 technique. On Feb, 5, 1881, he played the 
 Schumann concerto at the Crystal Palace, Lon- 
 don, and, on Oct. 24, a concerto in A, of his 
 own, at a Richter Concert. Since that time he 
 has arrived at full pianistic maturity, one of his 
 feats being the performance of 5 Beethoven 
 sonatas (op. 31, 53, 90, 109, no) at a Gewand- 
 haus recital on Nov. 20, 1893, thus vying with 
 Billow's famous programs. As a composer he 
 has publ. 2 pf. -concertos, in B minor and E ; 2 
 overtures {Hyperion and Esther); a symphony 
 in F ; a pf. -suite in 5 movements ; a pf.-sonata 
 in F sharp min. ; an A minor string-quintet ; 
 minor pf.-pcs. , and several songs; text (after 
 Fr. Hebbel's fairy comedy Der Rubin) and 
 music of an opera in 2 acts, Der Rubin [ The 
 Ruby] (Karlsruhe, Oct. 12, 1893), which had a 
 favorable reception ; text and music of the 3-act 
 opera Ghismonda (Dresden, 1895, mod. succ); 
 opera Gemot (Mannheim, 1897 ; succ.) ; i-act 
 mus. comedy Die Abreise (Frankfort, 1898 ; 
 succ); op. 14, "Der Mensch u. das Leben " 
 (by O. Ludwig), f. 6-p. ch. and orch.; op. 16, 4 
 pf. -pieces (Waltz, Scherzo, Intermezzo, Ballade). 
 • — D'Albert married the celebrated pianist Teresa 
 Carreiio in 1892 (divorced 1895), and now resides 
 in Germany. 1895, app. 1st Kapel/m. at Weimar, 
 as Dr. I^assen's successor ; but resigned speedily, 
 being himself succeeded by Bernh. Stavenhagen. 
 
 Albertaz'zi, Emma, n^e Howson, stage-con- 
 tralto ; b. London, May i, 1S14 ; d. there Sept. 
 25, 1847. Pupil of Sir M. Costa ; debut 1829, 
 Argyle Rooms, London. Engaged at King's 
 Th., 1830; at Piacenza, Italy, in 1831, where 
 she married Sgr. Albertazzi. Sang in La Scala, 
 '31 ; Madrid ('33), and Paris (Ital. Op., '35), 
 her most brilliant period. Reappeared in Lon- 
 don, 1837. She had a fine voice, but no passion 
 or animation in singing or acting. 
 
 Alber'ti, Job. Friedrich, b. Tonning, Schles- 
 wig, Jan. II, 1642; d. Merseburg, June 14, 
 1710. Pupilof Werner Fabricius, Leipzig ; org. 
 at Merseburg cathedral till 1691. A learned 
 contrapuntist, whose chorals, fugues, etc., were 
 held in estimation. 
 
 Alber'ti, Giuseppe Matteo, b. Bologna, 
 1685 ; d. after 1746. Violinist and comp. of 
 great merit ; pupil of Manzolini and Minelli 
 (vln.) and F. Arresti (cpt.) ; "principe"of 
 the B. Philh. Academy. — Publ. works : 10 Can- 
 cer ti {stxiets) ; 12 vln. -sonatas w. basso continue; 
 12 Sinfonie f. 2 vlns,, via., 'cello, and org. 
 
 Alber'ti, Domenico, b. Venice, 1707 ; d. 
 p'ormio, 1740, is still known to fame as the first 
 to develop and extensively eniploy the style of 
 broken-chord bass-accomp., in similar figures, 
 named " Alberti " or " Albertinian bass "after 
 him. The specimen is the opening measures of 
 
 AXUgro tnoderato. 
 tr. 
 
 {§ 
 
 Ti=r 
 
 
 l^t=: 
 
 :*?: 
 
 P 
 
 _».«_P=iar-zp= 
 
 ^ff^F 
 
 
 E: 
 
 = lJ— ' -J 
 
 a sonata of his (No. 6 of the " VIII Sonate per 
 cembalo"). He first attracted notice as an ama- 
 teur singer, developing into a pianist and com- 
 poser of easy popular piano-music, also 3 operas, 
 Endiviione, Galatea, Olimpiade. In 1737 he 
 was attached to the suite of the Venetian ambas- 
 sador at Rome, and was a much-admired singer 
 and player. 
 
 Alber'ti, Karl Edmund Robert, writer on 
 music ; b. Danzig, July 12, 1801 ; d. Berlin, 
 1874. While studying theology and philosophy 
 at Berlin, he also worked hard at music under 
 Zelter. His compositions comprise only a few 
 books of songs ; his chief writings were " Die 
 Musik in Kirche und Staat " (1843) ; "Andeutun- 
 gen zur Geschichte der Oper" (1845); "Ri- 
 chard Wagner" (1856) ; " Rafael und Mozart" 
 (1856); " Beethoven als dramatischer Tondich- 
 ter " (1859) ; ^Iso numerous contributions to the 
 " Neue 13erliner Musikzeitung." 
 
 Alberti'ni, Gioacchino, b. 1751 ; d. War- 
 saw, in April, 1811. About 1784, Royal Polish 
 Kapellm. His Italian operas, Circe ed Ulisse 
 (Hamburg, 1785) and Virginia (Rome, 1786), 
 were extremely popular. 
 
ALBERTINI— ALCOCK 
 
 Alberti'ni, Michael (called Momoletto), 
 famous soprano singer (tnusico) at Kassel early 
 in the i8th century. His sister Giovanna 
 (called Romanina) ^&^ prima donna there. 
 
 Albica'stro, Henrico (real name Weissen- 
 burg), b. Switzerland, end of 17th cent.; d. (?). 
 Violinist and composer. Publ. several sets of 
 sonatas for violin accomp. by bass, or by 2 or 3 
 other instr.s. 
 
 Albino'ni, Tommaso, opera-composer and 
 violinist ; b. Venice, 1674 ; d. there 1745 ; 
 wrote some 46 operas, chiefly for Venice ; in 
 Germany he was best known as a violinist and 
 instrumental composer (symphonies, sonatas, 
 concertos, etc., among them some valuable 
 works). He was also an admired singer. 
 
 Albo'ni, Marietta, celebrated contralto, b. 
 Cesena (Romagna), Mar. 10, 1823 ; d. Ville 
 d'Avray, France, June 23, 1894. Studied under 
 Mme. Bertolotti at Bologna (where she began 
 her stage-career in 1839), and later with Rossini, 
 whose sole pupil she is said to have been. Her 
 debut as Orsini in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia, 
 at La Scala (Milan, 1843), was a brilliant success; 
 with her impresario, Mertelli, she made an Italian 
 tour, then proceeding to Vienna. She visited 
 St. Petersburg, returned to Germany in 1845, 
 sang at the Roman carnival in 1847, and ap- 
 peared at Covent Garden in I-ondon the same 
 spring, entering into not unsuccessful rivalry 
 with Jenny Lind, then at the zenith of her fame. 
 Engaged the following Oct. in the Italian Opera 
 at Paris, she was received with unbounded en- 
 thusiasm, and sang for several years alternately 
 in these capitals. In 1853 she made a trium- 
 phal progress through the two Americas ; mar- 
 ried Count Pepoli in 1854, and at his death ('66) 
 retired from the stage. Her voice was rich, 
 sweet and powerful, with a compass of 2 octaves 
 {g — g'^) and perfectly equalized. 
 
 Al'brecht, Johann Lorenz, b. Gormar, near 
 Muhlhausen (Thuringia), Jan. 8, 1732 ; d. 
 Muhlhausen, 1773. He studied at Leipzig, and 
 in 1758 became cantor, music-director and 
 teacher in the Gymnasium at M. Edited 
 Adlung's " Musica mechanica" and " Sieben- 
 gestirn " (Berlin, 1768), wrote an " Abhandlung 
 iiber die Frage : ob die Musik beim Gottes- 
 dienst zu duldensei odernicht" (1764); "Griind- 
 liche Einleitung in die Anfangslehren der 
 Tonkunst " (1761); and a treatise " Vom Hasse 
 der .Musik" (1765); contributed articles to Mar- 
 purg's " Kritische Beitrage," etc. Composed a 
 Passion, some cantatas and harpsichord-lessons. 
 
 Al'brecht, Johann Matthaus, b. Oster- 
 behringen, n. (iotha. May i, 1701; d. Frankfort, 
 1769. Organist ; author of harpsichord-con- 
 certos which, though praised, remain unpubl. 
 
 Al'brecht, Eugen Maria, a fine violinist and 
 musician ; b. St. Petersburg, June 16, 1842 ; 
 d. there Feb. 9 (Jan. 28, O, S.), 1894. 1857-60, 
 a pupil of David at Leipzig Cons.; 1860-77, 
 
 leader of the orchestra at the Italian opera, St. 
 Petersburg, and (1S67-72) musical director of 
 military schools ; since 1877, Mus. Intendant of 
 the Imperial theatres there. Also the founder 
 (1872) of the Chamber-music Society, and violin- 
 master to several of the Imp. princes.' — His 
 father, Karl A., b. Breslau, 181 7 (?); d. Mos- 
 cow, June 26, 1893, was Kapellm. for 12 yrs. of 
 the Imp. Russian Opera, and later Director of 
 Moscow Cons. 
 
 Al'brechtsberger, Johann Georg, famous 
 theoretical writer, composer, and teacher ; b. 
 Klosterneuburg, n. ViSnna, Feb. 3, 1736 ; d. 
 Vienna, Mar. 7, 1B09. After holding positions 
 as organist and music-master in smaller towns 
 (especially 12 years in Molk, where his fine 
 playing attracted the Emperor Joseph's notice), 
 he was eng. in Vienna as Regens cliori to the 
 Carmelites ; app. court organist in 1772, and, in 
 1792, Kapellm. at St. Stephen's cathedral. His 
 (very important) theoretical writings (complete 
 ed. publ. by J. v. Seyfried) are: " Grilndliche 
 Anweisung zur Composition" (1790 and 1818 ; 
 French ed,, 1814); " Kurzgefasste Methode, 
 den Generalbass zu erlernen" (1.792; also in 
 French) ; " Clavierschule fiir Anfanger " (1808); 
 the well-known " Modulations from C maj. and 
 C min." ; and some lesser essays. Of his 244 
 compositions, only 27 have been printed (pf.- 
 fugues ; pf. -quartet ; a Concerto Uger f. pf. , 2 
 vlns. , and bass; organ-preludes; and quartets, 
 quintets, sextets and octets for strings) ; the MS. 
 scores (in the possession of Prince Esterhazy- 
 Galantha) comprise 26 masses, 43 graduals, 34 
 offertories, 6 oratorios ; 28 trios, 42 quartets, 
 and 38 quintets, for strings ; besides a great va- 
 riety of church-music. He was Beethoven's 
 teacher in cpt. , and expressed but a poor opin- 
 ion of his pupil's talents. 
 
 Albri'ci, Vincenzo, born Rome, June 26, 
 1631 ; died Prague, 1696. About 1660, Kapellm. 
 to Queen Christina, at Stralsund, Sweden ; 1664, 
 do. to the Elector, at Dresden ; 1680, organist 
 of the Thomaskirche, Leipzig ; afterwards, 
 church-music director at Prague. His works 
 (MS.) were destroyed in the Dresden library 
 during the bombardment of 1760 ; only a few 
 were saved, but never publ. 
 
 Alcarrot'ti, Giovanni Francesco, Italian 
 comp. of the 16th cent. — Publ. works : 2 vol.s 
 of 5- and 6-part Madrigals (1567, 1569). 
 
 Al'cock, John, b. London, Apr. 11, 1715 ; 
 d. Lichfield, Feb. 23, 1806. At 14, a pupil of 
 Stanley, the blind organist ; in 1738, organist 
 of two London churches ; in 1737, at Plymouth, 
 and 1740, at Reading. In 1748 he was app. 
 organist, master of the choristers, and lay-vicar 
 of Lichfield cathedral ; in 1761, he took the de- 
 gree of Mus. Doc. (Oxford). His publ. comp.s 
 comprise harpsichord-lessons, concertos, collec- 
 tions of psalms, hymns, and anthems ; church- 
 services ; glees and catches. His son, John 
 
ALDAY— ALKAN 
 
 (1740-91), was also an organist, and publ. sev- 
 eral anthems (1773-6). 
 
 Alday, family of French musicians. The 
 father (b. Perpignan, 1737) was a mandolinist. 
 His two sons made their reputation as violin- 
 ists ; A. le vieux (b. 1763) was a composer of 
 merit, and wrote a Method f. vln. , of which 
 several editions appeared ; A. le jeune (b. 
 1764), a pupil of Viotti, in Paris, was the finer 
 player of the two ; he went to England, and 
 settled in Edinburgh, where (1806) he was a 
 conductor, teacher, and composer of many light 
 and pleasing vln. -pes. , now forgotten. 
 
 Alden, John Carver, b. Boston, Mass., 
 Sept. II, 1852; pupil, in Boston, of Carl Fael- 
 ten ; in Leipzig, of Paul, Plaidy, and Papperitz. 
 For some years associate-teacher (with Faelten) 
 at the N. E. Cons. ; now (1899) head of the 
 piano dept. at the Quincy Mansion School, 
 Wollaston, Mass. — Works: A pf. -concerto in 
 G minor, and other pf. -music ; songs (" Du 
 bist wie eine Blume ") ; anthems, etc. — A. is 
 known as a very successful pf. -teacher. 
 
 Aldovrandi'ni, Giuseppe Antonio Vin- 
 cenzo, b. Bologna, 1665 ; d. (?). Cpt. pupil 
 of G. A. Perti ; 1695, a member, and 1702, 
 "principe," of Bologna Philh. Acad. ; also for 
 a time m. di c. to the Duke of Mantua, and 
 do. at the Acad, of the Spirito Santo at Fer- 
 rara. Wrote 11 operas, besides much church- 
 music (oratorios, concertos, motets, sinfonie, 
 etc.), some of which were publ. 
 
 Aldrich, Henry, b. Westminster, 1647 ; d. 
 Oxford, Dec. 14, 1710 ; a man of versatile at- 
 tainments, being, besides a good musician, a 
 theologian, historian, and architect. He was 
 educated in Christ Church (Oxford), of which 
 he became the Dean in 1689 ; thus he had 
 great influence on musical instruction and prac- 
 tice in the college. He wrote learned works : 
 " On the Commencement of Greek Music," 
 " Theory of Organ-building," " Theory of 
 Modern Instr.s," etc. ; composed many services 
 and anthems, some of which are still sung ; also 
 wrote catches, and the like. The collections 
 of Boyce, Arnold, and Page contain numerous 
 compositions of his. 
 
 Alerabert, Jean le Rond d', mathematician 
 and writer ; b. Paris, Nov. 16, 1717 ; d. there 
 Oct. 29,^1783. His works on musical science 
 were " Elements de musique theorique et pra- 
 tique, suivant les principes de M. Kameau," a 
 treatise giving R.'s theories in luminous detail 
 (ist ed. 1752) ; " Recherches sur la courbe, 
 que forme une corde tendue mise en vibration " ; 
 "R.'s sur les cordes sonores"; "R.'s sur la 
 Vitesse du son " ; " Histoire de la musique fran- 
 caise"; most of which were also publ. in Ger- 
 man. He contributed many articles on mus. 
 subjects to the great " Dictionnaire encyclope- 
 dique " edited by himself and Diderot (Paris, 
 1751-72, in 28 vol.s). 
 
 Alessan'dri, Felice, dramatic composer and 
 conductor, b. Rome, 1742 ; d. Berlin [or in 
 Italy (?)], i8il. Studied music at Naples ; m. 
 di capp. at Turin ; then lived in Paris (1768), 
 London, St. Petersburg (1784), and various Ital- 
 ian towns ; from 1789-92 was 2ni' Kafiellm. of 
 the Berlin opera, where his // Ritorno di Ulisse 
 had great success ; a satirical opera made him 
 many enemies, whose intrigues finally cost him 
 his position ; he lived thereafter in retirement. 
 His 26 operas are quite forgotten. 
 
 Alessan'dro Merlo (or Aless. Romano), 
 called della Viola, b. Rome (?), abt. 1530; 
 pupil of Goudimel ; singer in the Pope's chapel 
 abt. 1570 ; later Olivetan monk. — Publ. works ; 
 2 vol.s of Caiizoni alia Neapolitana (1572-5); 
 I of Madrigals (1577) ; l of Motets a j voci 
 (1579) ; and others in collections of the period. 
 
 Alfara'bi, or Alphara'bius, properly El 
 Farabi (abbr. Farabi), so named from his 
 birthplace Farab (now transoxine Othrax). 
 Famous Arabian mus. theorist ; b. 900 (?) ; d. 
 Damascus, 950. His works contain descriptions 
 of the different Arabian mus. instr.s, of the mus. 
 scales, and of the different systems of music. 
 He vainly attempted to introduce the Greek sys- 
 tem into his own country. 
 
 Alfie'ri, Abbate Pietro, Camadulian monk, 
 prof, of singing at the English college, Rome ; 
 b. Rome, June 29, 1801 ; d. there June 12, 
 1863. His fine collection of i6th-cent. church- 
 music (mostly by Palestrina), " Raccolta di 
 Musica Sacra," in 7 vol.s, is very valuable, and 
 is supplemented by later and less extensive 
 ones: " Excerpta ex celebrioribus de musica 
 viris " [Praenestino, Vittoria, Allegri] (Rome, 
 1840); "Raccolta di Mottetti" [Palestrina, 
 Vittoria, Avia, Anerio] (Rome, 1841), etc.; his 
 essays on plain song : " Accompagnamento col- 
 I'Organo" (1840) ; " Ristabilmento del Canto e 
 d. Mus. eccl." (1843) ; " Saggio storico . . . d. 
 Canto Gregoriano" (1855); "Prodrome sulla 
 restaur, de' libri di Canto detto Greg." (1857); 
 and many other articles in mus. periodicals on 
 eccl. music, are of noteworthy historical inter- 
 est ; as also his biogr. sketches of N. Jommelli 
 (1845), B. Bittoni, and others. 
 
 Algarot'ti, Francesco, b. Venice, Dec. 
 II, 1712 ; d. Pisa, March 3, 1764 ; a man of 
 versatile ability and wide knowledge, a favorite 
 of Frederick the Great, who induced him to 
 come to Berlin in 1746, and gave him the title 
 of Count. His musical monument is the " Sag- 
 gio sopra I'opera in musica," publ. 1755, and 
 in many later editions, and transl. into German 
 and French. 
 
 Alkan, Charles-Henri-Valentin (Alkan 
 l'ain6), b. Paris, Nov. 30, 18 13 ; d. there March 
 29, 1888 ; a pupil of Zimmerman in the Paris 
 Cons., to which he was admitted when but 6 
 years of age ; took the first piano-prize at 10, 
 and after 1831 occupied himself with composi- 
 
ALKAN— ALQUEN 
 
 tion and teaching, with occasional appearances 
 in public as pianist. His romantic comp.s f. pf. 
 are highly original, diversified, and often very 
 dilficult, embracing numerous Preludes, charac- 
 teristic pes,, marches, a concerto, several pes. 
 of familiar modern types, and a variety of excel- 
 lent etudes. His chief pf.-pcs. are : Etudes- 
 Caprices, op. 12, 13, i6 ; concert-study Le 
 Preux, op. 17 ; 3 Grandes Etudes (op. 15), 
 Aime-moi, Le vent, Morte ; Nocturne, op. 22 ; 
 Saltarelle, op. 23 ; Marche funebre, op. 26 ; 
 Marche triomphale, op. 27 ; Bourree d'Au- 
 vergne, op. 29 ; pf.-trio, op. 30 ; 25 Preludes, 
 op. 31 ; Receuil d' Impromptus, op. 32 ; 
 Grande Senate, op. 33 ; Douze lEtudes, op. 35 ; 
 12 Grandes Etudes, op. 39 ; Minuetto alia te- 
 desca, op. 46 ; etc. 
 
 Alkan, Napol^on-Morhange {le jeune), b. 
 Paris, Feb. 2, 1826 ; brother of the foregoing ; 
 is also an excellent and popular pianist, and has 
 published several brilliant salon-pcs. 
 
 AUac'ci, Leone (or Leo AUatius), b. Chios, 
 1586 ; d. Rome, Jan. ig, 1669 ; was made cus- 
 todian of the Vatican Library in 1661 ; compiled 
 and publ. (Rome, 1666) a " Dramaturgia," or 
 catalogue of all dramas and operas till then 
 brought out in Italy, — an important historical 
 work (2nd augm. ed. Venice, 1755); wrote a 
 treatise, " De Melodiis Graecorum." 
 
 Alle'gri, Gregorio, b. Rome, 1584 ; d. 
 there Feb. 18, 1662. A pupil of Nanini ; en- 
 tered the Papal Chapel in 1629, after acting for 
 some years as chorister and composer for the 
 cathedral at Ferrao. Chiefly known to fame as 
 the comp. of the celebrated Miserere in 9 parts, 
 [i. e. , for two choirs singing 4 and 5 parts respect- 
 ively,] regularly sung during Holy Week at the 
 Sistine Chapel, and surreptitiously written out 
 by Mozart after twice hearing it, though its 
 publication was forbidden on pain of excommu- 
 nication ; since then it has been frequently pub- 
 lished. Many other comp.s by A. are preserved 
 in MS. ; 2 books of Concerti and 2 of Mottetti 
 have been printed. 
 
 Alle'gri, Domenico, Roman composer, and 
 from 16 to 29 m. di c. at S. Maria Maggiore, is 
 noteworthy as being among the first to provide 
 vocal music with an independent instrumental 
 accomp. A few of his Mottetti are still extant 
 (a sopr. solo with vlns., a tenor duet, and a bass 
 solo, each accomp. by 2 vlns.). 
 
 Allen, Henry Robinson, Irish dramatic 
 singer (bass); b. Cork, 1809; d. London, Nov. 
 27, 1876. St. in the R. Acad, of Mus. ; sang in 
 opera at Drury Lane ; also gave concerts. 
 
 Allen, George Benjamin, composerand sing- 
 er ; b. London, Apr. 21, 1822; d. Brisbane, 
 Queensland, Nov. 30, 1897. Successively chor- 
 ister, conductor, and organist, in England, Ire- 
 land and Australia ; also manager of a comedy- 
 opera company, producing several of Sullivan's 
 operas. — Works : 2-act opera. Castle Grim (Lon- 
 don, 1865); 5-act opera, The Viking {rvol •^&cl.y. 
 
 opera, The Wicklow Rose (Manchester, 1882); 
 two others in MS. ; 3 cantatas ; 2 Te Deuras ; 
 anthems ; much concerted vocal music, many 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Allen, Nathan H., b. Marion, Mass., 1S48. 
 Pupil (1867-70) of Haupt in Berlin (organ); then 
 settled in Hartford, Conn., as org. of the Cen- 
 tre Ch. and teacher. — Works : Church-music 
 (hymns, anthems, quartets); concert-pcs. f . org., 
 and f. pf. and org., vln. and pf., etc.; pf.-pcs. 
 (Fantaisie-Impromptu ; Nocturne ; 3 Winter 
 Sketches) ; exercises and arrangements f. org. ; 
 songs, and part-songs. Also " Hymns of M. 
 Luther," w. the original melodies, and Ger. and 
 Engl, text (New York). 
 
 AUihn, Heinrich Max, b. Halle-on-Saale, 
 Aug. 31, 1841 ; from 1885 pastor and school- 
 inspector at Athenstedt, near Halberstadt(Harz); 
 edited the 2nd edition (1888) of Topfer's " Lehr- 
 buch der Orgelbaukunst," and has contributed 
 articles on organ-building to the "Zeitschrift 
 fiir Instrumentenbau. " 
 
 Allitsen, Frances, contemporary comp. and 
 concert-singer ; debut as vocalist at Grosvenor 
 Hall, London, in July, 1882. Her settings of 
 songs by Tennyson, Heine, and other poets, are 
 admired. 
 
 'Alma'gro, Antonio Lopez, Spanish comp. 
 and pianist ; b. Murcia, Sept. 17, 1839. 
 
 Alme'ida, Fernando d', b. Lisbon, abt. 1618. 
 Distinguished pupil of Duarte Lobo ; in 1638, 
 entered the Order of Christ at Thomar, where he 
 died Mar. 21, 1660. — Of his many church-com- 
 positions, only one folio vol. in MS. is extant : 
 " Lamenta9oes, Responsorias e Misereres das 
 tres officias da Quarta, Quinta e Sexta-feria da 
 Semana Santa." 
 
 Al'menrader, Karl, bassoon-virtuoso ; b. 
 Ronsdorf, n. Dusseldorf, Oct. 3, 1786 ; d. Nas- 
 sau, Sept. 14, 1843. Was in turn prof, of bas- 
 soon at Cologne Music-school (1810), member of 
 Frankfort theatre-orch. (1812), and regimental 
 bandmaster ; started a manufactory for wind- 
 instr.s (1820) at Nassau, but gave it up in 2 
 years, entering the Nassau Court Orch. at Bieb- 
 rich. He materially improved the bassoon, wrote 
 a treatise on it (Mainz, 1824), and a method for 
 it. Publ. a bassoon-concerto ; potpourri f. b. 
 and orch. ; variations f . b. w. vln. , via. and 'cello ; 
 introd. and var.s f . bassoon and quartet ; Duet- 
 tinos f. 2 bassoons; etc.; also the popular ballad, 
 " Des Hauses letzte Stunde." In MS. are 3 
 concertos, and other works. 
 
 Alphara'bius. See Alfarabi. 
 
 Alquen, Peter Cornelius Johann d', pop- 
 ular song-writer, b. Arnsberg, Westphalia, 1795; 
 d. Miilheim-on-Rhine, Nov. 27, 1863. A med- 
 ical student in Berlin, he was a music-pupil of 
 Klein and Zelter, and gave up med. practice to 
 devote himself to composition. 
 
 13 
 
ALQUEN— AMALIA 
 
 Alquen, Franz d', younger brother of pre- 
 ceding ; b. Arnsberg, 1810 ; d. London, June 
 18, 18S7 ; a law-student, but took piano-lessons 
 of P'erd. Ri?s, with whom he travelled, and 
 adopted the career of a professional pianist and 
 teacher. In 1827, teacher in Brussels ; 1830, 
 went to London. Publ. concertos, sonatas, and 
 other pf.-pcs. 
 
 Alshalabi, Mohammed, Spanish-Arabian 
 writer, early in the 15th century. The MS. of 
 his work on mus. instr.s is in the Escurial. 
 
 Als'leben, Julius, b. Berlin, Mar. 24, 1832 ; 
 d. there Dec. 8, 1894. Dr. pliil., Kiel Univ. 
 Pf. -pupil of Leuchtenberg and Zech ; st. theory 
 with S. Dehn. First a concert -pianist and 
 teacher ; 1865, president of Berlin " Tonkiinst- 
 lerverein"; 1872, "Professor"; 1879, pres. of 
 the " Musiklehrerverein," being one of its foun- 
 ders. Editor (from 1874) of " Harmonic " ; has 
 publ. " 12 Vorlesungen ilber Musikgeschichte," 
 and " Licht- und Wendepunkte in der Entwicke- 
 lung der Musik " (1880) ; contributor to several 
 musical papers. — Comp.s : Requiem f. 6- and 8- 
 part choruses a cappella ; a liturgy ; overtures 
 and march f. orch. ; songs ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Al'sted(t), Johann Heinrich, b. Herborn, 
 Nassau, in 1588 ; d.Weissenburg, Siebenbiirgen, 
 1638. Prof, of phil. and theol. at both those 
 towns. Articles on music are found in his 
 " Encyclopadie der gesammten Wissenschaf- 
 ten" (1610) ; wrote " Elementale musicum" (in 
 his "Elementale mathematicum," publ. 161 1), 
 transl. into English by Birchensha (1644). 
 
 Al'tenburg, Michael, b. Alach, n. Erfurt, 
 May 27, 1584; d. Erfurt, Feb. 12, 1640. St. 
 theology at Halle ; in 1611, pastor at Trbchtel- 
 born ; 1621, in Gross-Sommerda ; 1637, asst.- 
 pastor (Diakonus) at Erfurt. — Composed much 
 excellent church-music ; 7-part Wedding-motet ; 
 5-, 5-, and S-part Church and Home-Songs ; 
 Festival Songs in 5-14 parts ; 6-part " Intra- 
 den " f . instr.s or voices ; etc. 
 
 Al'tenburg, Johann Ernst, b. Weissenfels, 
 1734; d. Bitterfeld, 1796. Trumpet-virtuoso; 
 field-trumpeter in the 7 Years' War, then organ- 
 ist at Bitterfeld. Wrote a valuable treatise : 
 "Versuch einer Anleitung zur heroisch-musika- 
 lischen Trompeter- und Paukenkunst " (Halle, 
 1795) ; also pes. f. 2, 4, 6 and 8 trumpets, and a 
 concerto f. 7 trumpets and kettle-drums. 
 
 Altes, Joseph-Henri, b. Rouen, Jan. 18, 
 1826 ; d. Paris, July 24, 1895. Pupil of the 
 Paris Cons. , and a fine flute-player (Grand 
 Opera) ; successor of Dorus as C^ons. professor 
 (1868-94) ; publ. flute-pcs., many with accomp. 
 of pf. or orch. 
 
 Alt&s, Ernest-Eugfene, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Paris, March 28, 1830. Violinist and 
 conductor; pupil of Habeneck, in Paris Cons.; 
 took 1st vln. prize in 1848, and the 2nd for har- 
 mony (under Bazin) in 1S49 ; in 1871, app. 
 
 deputy-conductor of the Ope'ra, 1879-87 con- 
 ductor, then retired.— Principal comp.s : A sym- 
 phony, string-quartet, trio f. pf. and strmgs, 
 sonata f. pf. and vln. , etc. 
 
 Alt'nikol, Johann Christoph (J. S. Bach's 
 pupil and son-in-law) ; b (?) ; d. Naumburg, 
 1759, as organist there. Publ. works : Several 
 cantatas w. gr. orch. ; Magnificat ; some others 
 in MS. in Berlin Royal Library. 
 
 Alvary, Max, dram, tenor, b. Hamburg (?), 
 1858 ; d. at his country-seat Datenberg, near 
 Gross-Tabarz, Thuringia, Nov. 8, 189S. His 
 real name was Achenbach, his father being the 
 celebrated painter. His debut was at Weimar; 
 he became famous in New York, 1884-g, as a 
 Wagner singer (Siegfried was his finest role) ; 
 then returned to Hamburg, but visited N. Y. 
 during two subsequent seasons. 
 
 Alvs'leben, Melitta. See Otto-Alvsleben. 
 
 Aly'pios, Grecian musical theorist, abt 360 
 B.C., whose " Introd. to Music," containing all 
 the Greek transposing scales both in vocal and 
 instr. notation, is the chief source for our knowl- 
 edge of ancient Greek notation. It has been 
 publ. by Meursius (1616) and Meibom (" Anti- 
 quae musicae auctores septem," Amsterdam, 
 1652) ; the notation has been reprinted more re- 
 cently by Bellermann, Paul, Riemann, etc. 
 
 AmadS, Ladislavr, Baron von, b. Kaschau, 
 Hungary, Mar. 12, 1703; d. P'elbar, Dec. 22, 
 1764. National poet, and composer of folk- 
 songs, which were coll. and publ. (Pesth, 1836) 
 by 
 
 Amad6, Thaddaus, Graf von, b. Pressburg, 
 Jan. 12, 1783 ; d. Vienna, May 17,, 1845 ; a suc- 
 cessful pianist and composer, who discovered, 
 and provided means for developing, Liszt's mus. 
 genius. 
 
 Araade'i, Roberto, b. Loreto, Italy, Nov. 
 29, 1840. (irganist and m. di c. at Loreto, suc- 
 ceeding his father. — Works : The operas Lu- 
 chino Visconti (Lugo, 1869) ; Bianca de* Rossi 
 (Bari) ; Jl Bacchettone (comic) ; the i-act "boz- 
 zetto" Amore allegro (Loreto, '96 ; succ.) ; also 
 much church-music, and pf. and vocal music. 
 
 Ama'lia, the name of three artists, princesses 
 by birth, (i) Anna A., Princess of Prussia, sis- 
 ter of Frederick the Great, b. Nov. 9, 1723 ; d. 
 Mar. 30, 1782 ; composed a series of excellent 
 chorales, and also wrote new music to the text 
 book of Graun's "Tod Jesu." — (2) Anna A., 
 Duchess of Weimar, mother of the Grand-duke 
 Ernst August, b. Oct. 24, 1739 ; d Apr. 10, 
 1807 ; composed the operetta Eriain und El- 
 mire (text by Goethe). — (3) Marie A. Friede- 
 rike, Princess of Saxony, sister of King John of 
 Sajfony, b. Aug. 10, 1794, Dresden ; d. there 
 .Sept. 18, 1870. As a writer of comedies she was 
 known under the name " Amalie Heiter "; com- 
 posed also church-music and several operas ( Una 
 
 14 
 
AMATI-AMIOT 
 
 donna, Le ire cinture. Die Siegesfahne, Der 
 ICanonenschuss, etc.) [Uiemann]. 
 
 Ama'ti, a renowned family of violin-makers 
 at Cremona, Italy, (i) Andrea, b. 1520 (?), d. 
 1577 ('). was the first violin-maker of the family ; 
 his violins were usually of small pattern, but 
 show a marked advance over the Brescia instr.s. 
 — His 2 sons (2), Antonio, b. 1550, d. 1635, 
 and (3) Geronimo, d. 1638, worked for a time 
 together, producing violins of nearly the same 
 style as their father.— (4) Niccolb, b. Sept. 3, 
 1596 ; d. Aug. 12, 1684, the most celebrated 
 of the Amatis, improved the model in several 
 respects, and, though generally working with 
 a small pattern, built some so-called "grand 
 Amatis" — large violins of more powerful tone, 
 and in great request. The tone of his instr.s 
 is clearer, purer, and more sonorous than in 
 those of his predecessors. His label is " Nico- 
 laus Amati Cremonens. Hieronimi filius An- 
 tonii nepos. Fecit anno l6 — ." In his work- 
 shop were trained both Andrea Guarneri and 
 Antonio Stradivari. — (5) Niccol6's son Gero- 
 nimo, the last of the family, was far inferior to 
 his father as a workman. 
 
 Ama'ti, Vincenzo (called Amatus), Dr. of 
 theol. , and m. di capp. at Palermo cathedral 
 abt. 1665 ; b. Cimmina, Sicily, Jan. 6, 1629 ; d. 
 Palermo, July 29, 1670. Publ. sacred comp.s, 
 and the opera L Isauro (Aquila, 1664). 
 
 Ama'ti, Antonio and Ang^elo, organ-build- 
 ers at Pavia abt. 1830. 
 
 Am'bros, August Wiihelm, distinguished 
 musical historiograph and critic ; b. Mauth, n. 
 Prague, Nov. 17, 1816 ; d. Vienna, June 28, 
 1876 ; divided his student-years at Prague Univ. 
 between law and music ; was app. Public Prose- 
 cutor at Prague in 1850, but continued his musi- 
 cal work and study, and in 1856 attracted general 
 notice by his essay on " Die Grenzen der Musik 
 und Poesie " (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1885 ; Engl, 
 transl. N. Y., 1893), a study in mus. aesthetics 
 put forth in reply to Hanslick's " Vora Musi- 
 kalisch-Schonen," and a treatise of high and 
 lasting value as a corrective to Hanslick's ex- 
 treme views. This was followed by " Cultur- 
 historische Bilder aus dem Musikleben der Ge- 
 genwart" (i860; 2d ed. Leipzig, 1865), a col- 
 lection of admirable essays ; he was then(iS6o) 
 engaged by Leuckart of Breslau (now in Leip- 
 zig) to write a History of Music, his principal 
 work, and a life-task destined to render him 
 famous. In 1869 he was app. prof, of music, 
 Prague Univ., and prof, of mus. history at 
 Prague Cons.; 1872, app. to a position in the 
 Ministry of Justice, Vienna, and also prof, in 
 the Cons, at Vienna. In gathering the mate- 
 rials necessary for the history, he spent years of 
 labor in the libraries of Munich, Vienna, and 
 several Italian cities, having leave of absence for 
 this purpose, and likewise a grant of money 
 from the Vienna Academy. Vol. iii, down to 
 Palestrina, appeared 1868 ; A. died before com- 
 
 pleting the fourth, which was edited from his 
 notes and materials by C. F. Becker and G. 
 Nottebohm ; a fifth vol. was published (1882) 
 by O. Kade from, further collected materials, 
 and W. Langhans has written a sequel, in a 
 more popular style, bringing the work up to 
 date (2 vol.s, 1882-6). A list of names and gen- 
 eral index were also published by W. Baumker 
 in 1882. A 2nd ed. (Leuckart, Leipzig, 1880) 
 of the original 4 vol.s has been printed ; con- 
 tents : Vol. i, The Beginnings of Music, Mus. 
 of the Antique World, of the Greeks, etc. ; Vol. 
 ii, from the Christian era down to the First P'lem- 
 ish School ; Vol. iii, from the Netherlanders to 
 Palestrina ; Vol. iv, Palestrina, his contempora- 
 ries and immediate successors. Vol. i has been 
 rewritten, not wholly to its advantage, by B. 
 Sokolovsky. Vol. s ii and iii are of peculiar value. 
 Two series of entertaining essays, " Bunte Blat- 
 ter " (1872-74), are interesting to either ama- 
 teurs or professionals. Ambros was also an 
 excellent practical musician, being a fine pianist, 
 and the composer of an opera, Bretislaw a Jitka, 
 overtures to Othello and the Magico prodigi- 
 oso, several piano-pcs. , numerous songs, and 2 
 masses, a Stabat Mater, etc. 
 
 Ambrose (Ambrosius), b. Trier (Treves), 
 A.n. 333 ; d. Milan, Apr. 4, 397 ; elected Bishop 
 of Milan in 374 ; canonized after death. Cele- 
 brated for his regulation (384) and development 
 of singing in the Western Churches, by the in- 
 troduction and cultivation of ritual (antiphonal 
 and congregational) song, as practised at the 
 time in the Eastern Church, and by the conse- 
 quent adoption of the 4 authentic church-modes ; 
 his indisputable authorship of many sacred 
 songs has earned him the title of " Father of 
 Christian Hymnology." It does not appear 
 that St. Ambrose was acquainted with the use 
 of the letters A-G as signs of notation ; his re- 
 puted authorship of the " Ambr. Chant," Te 
 Deum laudamus, is mythical. 
 
 Am''(m)erbach, Elias Nikolaus, contrapun- 
 tist and organist ; b. abt. 1540 ; d. Leipzig, Jan. 
 27, 1597. lu 1570 was organist of the Thomas- 
 kirche, Leipzig ; publ. (Leipzig, 1571) an " Or- 
 gel- Oder Instrument-Tabulatur," a work im- 
 portant as bearing historical witness to the prog- 
 ress in the practice of tuning, the fingering of 
 keyboard-instr.s, and the execution of graces, 
 etc. (described by Becker, "Die Hausmusik in 
 Deutschland," Leipzig, 1840); and " Ein neu 
 kiinstlich Tabulaturbuch " (1573 ; 2nd ed., 
 1583). Also printed many comp.s for organ 
 and clavichord. 
 
 Amiot, P'ather, b. Toulon, 1718, Jesuit mis- 
 sionary to China ; transl. Li Koang Ti's work 
 on Chinese music; " Commentaire sur le livre 
 classique touchant la musique des anciens " ; 
 also wrote ' ' Memoire sur la musique des Chinois, 
 tant anciens que modernes " (Vol. vi of " Me- 
 moires concernant I'histoire, les sciences, les 
 arts, etc., des Chinois"; Paris, 17S0, 15 vol.s, 
 edited by Abbe Rouffier). 
 
AMON— ANDr£ 
 
 Am'(m)on, Blasius, d. Vienna, June, 1590 ; 
 a Tyrolese by birth, educated as a sopranist in 
 the service of Archdulce P'erdinand of Austria ; 
 an able contrapuntist, many of whose works 
 were printed (book of 5-part Introits, Vienna, 
 1582 ; ditto 4-part Masses, Vienna. 1588 ; 2 
 books of 4- to 6-part Motets, Munich, 1590-91 ; 
 five 4-part Masses, Munich, 1591 ; and a book 
 of 4-part Introits, Munich, 1601) ; numerous 
 works in MS. are in the Munich Library. He 
 died as a Franciscan friar. 
 
 Am'ner, John, b. late in the i6th cent.; d. 
 1641. Organist and choir-master at Ely cathe- 
 dral, England, 1610-41 ; Mus. Bac. Oxon., 
 1613. — Works : Hymns in 3 to 6 parts, " for 
 voices and vyols," 1615 ; anthems ; etc. — Ralph, 
 his son, was bass singer at the R. Chapel, 
 Windsor, from 1623-63. 
 
 A'mon, __ Johann Andreas, b. Bamberg, 
 1763 ; d. Ottingen, March 29, 1825 ; a virtu- 
 oso on the Waldhorn, and pupil of Punto, with 
 whom he made long professional tours to the 
 chief cities of France and Germany. App. 
 music-director at Heilbronn in 1789, he lived 
 there till 1817, then accepting the post of J^a- 
 pellm. to the Prince of Ottingen- Wallenstein. — 
 His printed conip.s include symphonies, a pf.- 
 concerto, a concerto f. flute and viola, various 
 sonatas, trios, quartets, quintets, etc., all hardly 
 remembered to-day. 
 
 A'nacker, August Ferdinand, b. Freiberg, 
 Saxony, Oct. 17, 1790 ; d. there Aug. 21, 1854 ; 
 a pupil of Schicht and Schneider at Leipzig ; in 
 1822 cantor and music-director in Freiberg, and 
 a teacher of music in the Seminary; in 1827, 
 conductor of the miners' band. A sound musi- 
 cian and composer (wrote the cantatas Berg- 
 mannsgriiss and Lebens Blume und Lebens 
 Unbesiand, the opera Bergmannstren, various 
 piano-pcs. , songs, etc.). Founded singing-socie- 
 ties by which the best works of Seb. Bach, 
 Graun, Hasse, Schneider, etc., were given. 
 
 Ancot, a- family of musicians at Bruges. — 
 Jean (ph-e), b. Oct. 22, 1779 ; d. July 12, 
 1848 ; violin-virtuoso, pianist, and composer; 
 St. (1799-1804) in Paris under Baillot, Kreutzer, 
 and Catel, then settled in Bruges as teacher. 
 Publ. 4 violin-concertos ; overtures, marches, 
 sacred music, etc.; most of his works are still 
 in MS. Taught his 2 sons — (i) Jean (Jils), b. 
 July 6, 1799 ; d. Boulogne, June 5, 1829; fin- 
 ished his mus. education at the Paris Cons, 
 under Pradher and Berton ; an accomplished 
 pianist, in London 1823-25, and settled in Bou- 
 logne after making concert-tours through Bel- 
 gium ; an astonishingly prolific composer (225 
 works, chiefly pf. -sonatas, a concerto, varia- 
 tions, etudes, fugues, 4-hand fantasias, also 
 violin-concertos, etc.); — and (2) Louis, b. June 
 3, 1803 ; d. Bruges, 1836 ; for a time pianist to 
 the Duke of Sussex, London ; made extended 
 continental tours, taught at Boulogne and 
 Tours, and finally returned to Bruges. Comp.s 
 of little value. 
 
 An'der, Aloys, remarkable dramatic singer 
 (lyric tenor), b. Liebititz, Bohemia, Aug. 10, 
 1824; d. Bad Wartenberg, Dec. 11, 1864. His 
 debut as Stradella (1845) at the Vienna court 
 opera, was a complete success, though he had 
 had no previous stage-training ; he was en- 
 gaged in V. till 1864 (?). Principal parts, Lo- 
 hengrin, Johann of Leyden, Arnold (in Tell), 
 etc. 
 
 An'ders, Gottfried Engelbert, b. Bonn, 
 1795; d. Paris, Sept. 22, 1866. Archivist and 
 superintendent of Paris Library. Wrote mono, 
 graphs on Paganini (1831), and Beethoven 
 (1839)- 
 
 Andersen-Boker, Orleana, b. New York, 
 1835 ; a pupil of Timm in piano-playing and 
 thorough-bass ; an excellent pianist, and de- 
 serving of special mention on account of her 
 fine arrangements (piano, 8 hands) of Mendels- 
 sohn's Symphonies and of Spohr's Double 
 Symph. and Historical Symph. 
 
 Andersen, Lucy, n^e Philpot, b. Bath, in 
 Dec, 1790; d. London, Dec. 24, 1878. Fine 
 pianist, pupil of Windsor at Bath, and the 
 teacher of Queen Victoria and her children. 
 
 An'ding, Johann Michael, b. Queienfeld, 
 n. Meiningen, Aug. 25, iSio ; d. Hildburg- 
 hausen, Aug. g, 1879, as music-teacher at the 
 Seminary. Publ. " Vierstimmiges Choralbuch" 
 (1868), " HandbUchlein fur Orgelspieler " (3d 
 ed., 1872); also organ-pcs., part-songs, school 
 song-books, etc. 
 
 Andr^, Johann, father of a musical family ; 
 b. Offenbach, March 28, I74i;d. there June 18, 
 1799. Founder of the well-known music-publ. 
 house at Offenbach, est. Aug. i, 1774. He 
 was an accomplished pianist, a composer of 
 some 30 operas and " Singspiele " {De?- Topfer, 
 Erwin und Elmire, Belmonte e Constanze [Ber- 
 lin, 1781, a year before Mozart's], etc.), of 
 many instr.l works and songs (Rheinweinlied, 
 Bekrdnzt init Laub), and was the creator of the 
 durchkoinponii-tc Ballade, the first being " Die 
 Weiber von Weinsberg" (1783). For 7 5'ears 
 (1777-84) he was Kapellm. at Dobbelin's Thea- 
 tre in Berlin. Up to his death his establish- 
 ment issued about 1,200 numbers. 
 
 Andr6, Johann Anton, third son of the pre- 
 ceding, b. Offenbach, Oct. 6, 1775 ; d. there 
 April 8 [Grove], 1842 ; a precocious mus. 
 talent, pupil of Vollweiler in Mannheim from 
 1793-96 ; was a fine pianist, violinist and com- 
 poser before entering the Univ. of Jena ; after 
 completing his studies, he made extensive 
 travels, and on his father's death took charge of 
 the business, adding peculiar lustre to its good 
 name by the purchase (1800) of Mozart's entire 
 mus. remains. He publ. M.'s autograph the- 
 matic catalogue, and supplemented it by a list 
 of the works so acquired. By accepting the 
 application of the lithographic process to music- 
 printing (1779), another long stride was taken 
 
 16 
 
ANDREOLI— ANFOSSI 
 
 towards placing this firm in the front rank. 
 He was an excellent composer (2 operas, sym- 
 phonies, songs, etc.), a successful teacher, and 
 a noteworthy theorist (" Lehrbuch d. Tonsetz- 
 kunst" [unfinished], 2 vol.s on Harmony, Cpt. , 
 Canon, and Fugue, 1832-43, new revised ed., 
 1875; and " Anleitung zum Violinspiele "). 
 His sons were : — (i) Carl August, b. June 15, 
 1S06; d. Frankfort, Feb. 15, 1887 ; head (since 
 1835) of the Frankfort branch, opened in 1828, 
 and founder of the piano-factory ( ' ' Mozart- 
 nugel"); author of " Der Klavierbau u. seine 
 Geschichte" (1855). — (2) Julius, b. Offenbach, 
 June 4, 1808 ; d. Frankfort, Apr. 17, 18S0; a 
 fine organist and pianist, pupil of Aloys 
 Schmitt (his grandfather's pupil), author of a 
 " Praktische Orgelschule," composer of several 
 interesting organ-pieces, and arranger of Mo- 
 zart's works f. pf. 4 hands. — (3) Joh. August, 
 b. Mar. 2, 1817 ; d. Oct. 29, 1887; his father's 
 successor (1839) '" the Offenbach publishing 
 establishment. His 2 sons, Karl (b. Aug. 24, 
 1853) and Adolf (b. Apr. 10, 1855), are the 
 present proprietors of the business. — (4) Jean 
 Baptiste (de St. Gilles), b. March 7, 1823 ; 
 d. Frankfort, Dec. g, 1882, pianist, and com- 
 poser of various pes. f. piano and voice, was a 
 pupil of A. Schmitt, Taubert (pf.), and Kessler 
 and Dehn (harmony); lived for years in Berlin 
 with the (honorary) title of " Herzoglich bern- 
 burgischer Hof kapellmeister.'' 
 
 Andreo'li, Carlo, pianist and organist, b. 
 Mirandola, Jan. 8, 1840. Pupil, and from 1875 
 pf. -teacher, in Milan Cons. Gave successful 
 concerts in London, 1858. Composed Noc- 
 turnes, Romances, etc. — His father, Evange- 
 lista A., organist and teacher at Mirandola, was 
 b. 1810 ; d. June 16, 1875. — His brother, 
 
 Andreo'li, Guglielmo, b. Modena, Apr. 22, 
 1835 ; d. Nice; Mar. 13, i860. Pupil of Milan 
 Cons. ; excellent pianist ; gave a series of con- 
 certs (1856-9) at the Crystal Palace, London. 
 
 Andreo'li, Giuseppe, b. Milan, July 7, 1757; 
 d. there Dec. 20, 1832 ; eminent double-bass 
 player at La Scala, and prof, of his instr. 
 (1808-30) at Milan Cons. Also an excellent 
 harpist. 
 
 Andreoz'zi, Gaetano, b. Naples, 1763 ; d. 
 Paris, Dec. 24, 1826 ; a pupil of Jommelli ; 
 composed 27 operas, the first, at the age of 16, 
 being La Morte di Cesare lor the Teatro Argeri- 
 tino at Rome. Went to Russia in 1784 ; 
 printed 6 string-quartets in Florence, 1786, and 
 in 1790 became m. die. there, and -the follow- 
 ing year at Madrid ; finally settled in Naples, 
 whence poverty drove him in 1825 to Paris. He 
 also wrote 3 oratorios. 
 
 Andre'vi, Francesco, prominent Spanish 
 composer and theorist, of Italian parentage ; b. 
 Sanabuya, n. Lerida, Nov. 16, 1786; d. Barce- 
 lona, Nov. 23, 1853. He took holy orders ; was 
 music-director at the cathedrals of Valencia, 
 
 Sevilla, and other Spanish cities, also at Bor- 
 deaux from 1832-42, during the Carlist wars. 
 From 1845-9 he lived in Paris, and was then 
 called to 13arcelona as maestro of the church of 
 Our Lady of Mercy. The best of his numerous 
 and excellent compositions are an oratorio. The 
 Last Judgment^ a Requiem, and a Stabat Mater; 
 only a Nunc dimittis and a Salve regina have 
 been printed. A treatise on Harmony and Cpt. 
 has been translated into French (Paris, 1848). 
 
 Andrien. See Admen. 
 
 Andries, Jean, b. Ghent, Apr. 25, 1798; d. 
 there Jan. 21, 1872 ; from 1851 Director, and 
 after 1856 Hon. Dir. , of the Ghent Cons., 
 where he had been prof, of vln.- and ensemble- 
 classes since 1835 ; also (till 1855) solo violinist 
 at the theatre. — Wrote: " AperfU historique de 
 tons les instr.s de musique, actuellement en 
 usage"; "Precis de I'histoire de la musique 
 depuis les temps les plus recules " (1862); 
 "Instr.s i vent. La Flute" (1866); "Re- 
 marques sur les cloches et les carillons" (1868). 
 
 Ane'rio, Felice, b. Rome, abt. 1560 ; d. 
 there abt. 1630 ; st. under G. M. Nanini, was 
 then app. maestro of the English College, and 
 later (Apr. 3, 1594) Palestrina's successor as 
 composer to the Papal Chapel. His eminence 
 is best attested by the fact that several of his 
 comp.s were for a long time supposed to be 
 Palestrina's own. Besides numerous MSS. in 
 Roman libraries, many of A.'s works are extant 
 in printed collections, between 1 585-1622 ; sev- 
 eral books of madrigals a 5 and 6, canzonets 
 and madrigals a 3-4, concerti spirituali a 4, 
 litanies a 4-8, and 2 books of hymns, cantica 
 and motets ; also separate motets, etc. 
 
 Ane'rio, Giovanni Francesco, younger 
 brother of Felice, b. Rome, abt. 1567; d. 
 1620 (?); 1575-79, chorister at St. Peter's ; abt. 
 l6og, m. di c. to King Sigismund III of Poland; 
 1610 m. di c. at Verona cathedral ; i6n. Prefect 
 of the Seminario romano ; and 1613-20, in. di c. 
 at the Jesuit church of S. Maria dei Monti at 
 Rome, taking holy orders in 1616. A very 
 prolific composer of all the forms of sacred 
 music then in vogue, many of his works being 
 printed by the leading Italian publishers ; cele- 
 brated as the arranger of Palestrina's 6-part 
 Missa Papce Marcelli, for 4 parts (Rome, 
 1600). 
 
 Anet, Baptiste. See Baptiste. 
 
 Anfos'si, Pasquale, proHfic composer of 
 operas (54 in all); b. Taggia, n. Naples, Apr. 5, 
 1727; d. Rome, Feb., 1797. Originally a vio- 
 Hnist, he studied composition under Piccinni, and 
 brought out 2 unsuccessful operas, but with 
 his third venture, Vincognita perseguitata 
 (Rome, 1773), won popular approval, being 
 supported by a powerful clique hostile to Pic- 
 cinni. In ungenerous rivalry with his old 
 teacher and friend, he brought out a great num- 
 
 17 
 
ANGELET— ANTIQUIS 
 
 ber of operas ; his works soon palled on the 
 Roman palate, and he sought new fields, — in 
 Paris (1799), London (1781-3, as director of the 
 Italian Opera), and after that in Prague, 
 Dresden, and Berlin. Returning to Italy in 
 1784, he was in 1791 made m. di l. at the 
 Lateran, and turned his attention to sacred com- 
 position (4 oratorios, masses, psalms, etc.). His 
 once lauded works are now forgotten. 
 
 Angelet, Charles-Frangois, an excellent 
 pianist, b. Ghent, Nov. 18, 1797 ; d. Brussels, 
 Dec. 20, 183Z ; a pupil of Zimmerman at the 
 Paris Cons. ; established himself as a teacher at 
 Brussels, studied composition there under Fetis, 
 and publ. various piano-pcs. , a trio, a symphony, 
 etc. Appointed court-pianist to King William 
 I of the Netherlands in 1829. 
 
 Angeli'ni, Bontempi Giovanni Andrea, 
 
 singer, composer, theorist ; b. Perugia, abt. 
 1624; d. near P., July i, 1705. Maestro in 
 Rome and Venice, later in the service of the 
 Margrave of Brandenburg and the Elector of 
 Saxony. His opera Paridc, given in Dresden, 
 Nov. 3, 1662, was the first Italian opera ever 
 produced there. He returned to Italy in 1694. 
 Wrote several works, among them an " Historia 
 musica " (Perugia, 1695), interesting for the dis- 
 cussion about the ancients' ideas of harmony. 
 
 Angelo'ni, Luigi, b. Frosinone, Papal States, 
 1758; d. London, 1842. Wrote a valuable mono- 
 graph, " Sopra la vita, le opere ed il sapere di 
 Guido d'Arezzo, restauratore della scienza e del- 
 I'arte musica" (Paris, 1811). 
 
 Anglebert, Jean Baptiste Henri d', a dis- 
 tinguished pupil of Champion, and court clavi- 
 cembaUst to Louis XIV ; b. 1628 (?), d. Paris, 
 Apr. 23, 1691. Publ. in 1689 "Pieces de clavecin 
 avec la maniere de les jouer, diverses chaconnes, 
 ouvertures et autres airs de M. LuUy, mis sur 
 cet instrument, quelque fugues pour orgue et les 
 principes de I'accompagnement. Livre premier, " 
 among which are 22 variations on Folies d'Es- 
 pagne (varied before him by Corelli and after 
 him by Scarlatti). This work shows d'A. to 
 have been a master of the quaint clavier-style 
 then prevailing; it is also valuable for its expla- 
 nation of several old-fashioned graces. 
 
 Animuc'cia, Giovanni, the distinguished 
 predecessor of Palestrina at the Vatican ; b. 
 Florence, abt. 1500; d. Rome, March, 1571. 
 From the circumstance that he wrote the first 
 Laiidi spirituali for the lectures held by Neri in 
 the oratory of S. Filippo, h^has been styled the 
 " Father of Oratorio." These Laudi were con- 
 trapuntal songs in several parts, interspersed 
 with occasional strophes or lines sung by a solo 
 voice for variety's sake; the first book of the 
 Laudi was printed by Dorici (1565), the second 
 by Blado (Rome, 1570). Other publ. works are 
 a book of masses (1567), 2 of magnificats, a 
 4-part Credo, etc. ; the greater part, however, are 
 probably in MS. in the Vatican Library. His 
 
 compositions show a gradual emancipation from 
 the involved formalism of the Flemish school, 
 and prove him to have been a worthy forerunniV 
 of Palestrina. He was app. maestro at St. Peter's 
 in 1555. 
 
 Animuc'cia, Paolo, brother of Giovanni; ' 
 noteworthy contrapuntist; was rn. di c. at the 
 Lateran, 1550-52, and died 1563 in Rome. Only 
 a few of his comp.s, found in collections of the 
 time, are still extant. 
 
 Ankerts, d'. See Dankers, Ghiselin. 
 
 Anna Amalia. See Amalia (i). 
 
 Anniba'le, called II Padova'no (or Pata- 
 vi'nus) from his birthplace, Padua ; contra- 
 puntist of the 15th century; from 1552-6, or- 
 ganist of 2nd organ at San Marco, Venice. 
 — Publ. I book of 5-p. motets; i of 6-p. mo- 
 tets (1567); I of 5-p. madrigals (1583); I of 4-p. 
 motets (1592); besides 2 masses and some madri- 
 gals in collections. 
 
 An'schiitz, Johann Andreas, b. Koblenz. 
 Mar. ig, 1772; d. 1858. Founder, in 1808, of 
 a mus. society, also a school for vocal and instr. 
 music, at Koblenz. He was a lawyer by pro- 
 fession, but also a good pianist and conductor, 
 and composed pf. -variations and numerous well- 
 received vocal works (songs; 2 arias f. alto; some 
 sacred music, etc.). 
 
 An'schiitz, Karl, b. Koblenz, Feb., 1815; d. 
 New York, Dec. 30, 1870. Pupil of Friedr. 
 Schneider; in 1844 he assumed the directorship 
 of the music-school founded by his father, Jo- 
 hann Andreas, but went in 1848 to London 
 (where he conducted the Wednesday Concerts 
 for a time), and in 1857 to N. Y. as conductor of 
 Strakosch & Ullmann's opera-troupe. In Sept., 
 1862, he opened a season of German opera on 
 his own account, which deserved the success it 
 failed to obtain. From 1860-2 he conducted 
 the Arion singing-society. He was a gifted con- 
 ductor and cultivated musician ; his publ. comp.s 
 consist of a few piano-pcs. 
 
 Anselm of Parma (Anselraus Georgius 
 Parmensis), b. in Parma; d. 1443. A man of 
 profound erudition, whose treatise " De har- 
 monia dialogi (de harm, coelesti, de harm, in- 
 strumentali, de harm, cantabili)," long regarded 
 as lost, was found at Milan in 1824. 
 
 Antegna'ti, Costanzo, celebrated organ- 
 builder; b. Brescia, abt. 1550; d. there abt. 
 1620. Organist at Br. cathedral. Wrote sacred 
 comp.s (masses, motets, psalms, and canzoni), 
 publ. Venice, 1619-21; and pieces in organ- 
 tablature; also an interesting and rare treatise, 
 " L'Arte organica " (Brescia, 1608). 
 
 Anti'co, Andrea. See Antiquus, Andreas. 
 
 Anti'quis, Johannes [Giovanni] de, mae- 
 stro di e. in the ch. of San Niccoli at Bari (Na- 
 ples). Publ. "VillanelleallaNapolitana"(l574), 
 
 18 
 
ANTIQUUS— ARAJA 
 
 which contains a few pes. by him ; and the ist 
 book of his 4-p. madrigals (Venice, 1585). 
 
 Anti'quus, Andreas (also A. de Antiquiis 
 Vene'tus, or Andrea Anti'co) ; b. Montona 
 (Istria), in latter half of the 15th cent. Music- 
 printer in Rome and (1520) Venice, probably 
 the first of his trade after Petrucci, who publ. 
 many of his " Frottole " (Venice, 1504-8). 
 
 An'ton, Konrad Gottlob, b. Lauban, Prus- 
 sia, Nov. 29, 1746 ; d. July 3, i8lg ; prof, of 
 Oriental languages at Wittenberg from 1775. 
 Wrote " Versuch, die Melodic u. Harmonic der 
 alten hebraischen Gesange u. Tonstucke zu ent- 
 ziffern . . .," an attempt to explain the He- 
 brew accents as musical notes ; also wrote on the 
 Hebrew metrical system, etc. 
 
 Anto'ny, Franz Joseph, b. Munster, West- 
 phalia, Feb. I, 1790 ; d. there 1837. 1819, music- 
 director at the cathedral ; 1832, organist, suc- 
 ceeding his father (Joseph A., b. Jan. 12, 1758; 
 d. 1836). Publ. "Archaologisch-liturgisches Ge- 
 sangbuch des Gregorianischen Kirchengesangs " 
 (1829), and " Geschichtliche Darstellung der 
 Entstehung und VervoUkommnung der Orgel " 
 (1832). Composed church-music. 
 
 A'pel,Johann August, b. Leipzig, 1771; d. 
 there Aug. 9, 1816. Dr. juris; author of a 
 series of articles on rhythm (" Allg. musikal. 
 Zeitung," 1807-8), and a large work on " Me- 
 trik" (1S14-16, 2 vol.s), in both of which he 
 combats Gottfried Hermann's views (in the 
 latter's " Elementa doctrinae metricae "). 
 
 Apell', Johann David von, b. Kassel, Feb. 
 23, 1754 ; d. there 1833. Theatre-Intendant, 
 and Dir. of Kassel Singing-Society ; member of 
 several foreign mus. societies. Prolific com- 
 poser : 4 operas, several ballets and cantatas, 3 
 symphonies, 3 quartets, etc., etc. 
 
 Apollo, the son of Jupiter, and the Greek god 
 of light ; hence, the god of poetry and music, 
 and the fabled inventor of stringed instr.s. In 
 his train were the 9 Muses ; the Pythian games, 
 celebrated every 4 years at Delphi, in which 
 musical contests were most prominent, were given 
 in his honor. 
 
 Ap'pel, Karl, violinist, b. Dessau, Mar. 14, 
 1812 ; pupil of Linden and Schneider; leader 
 of the ducal orchestra ; composed an opera, Die 
 Rduberbrmtt (Dessau, 1840), and very popular 
 humorous male quartets. 
 
 Appun, Georg- August Ignaz, b. Hanau 
 (Kassel), Sept. i, 1816 ; d. there Jan. 14, 1885 ; 
 a musician of versatile talent, a player on almost 
 all mus. instr.s, and up to i860 a teacher of 
 theory, instr.l playing, and singing in Hanau 
 and Frankfort ; then occupied himself exclusive- 
 ly with acoustical experiments and the construc- 
 tion of acoustical apparatus, notably an harmo- 
 nium of 53 degrees within an octave. 
 
 Apri'le, Giuseppe, one of the finest contralti 
 {musico) of his time ; b. Bisceglia (Apulia), Oct. 
 
 2g, 1738 ; d. Martina, 1814 ; a pupil of Avos, 
 and the teacher of Cimarosa. From 1763 he 
 sang in the principal theatres of Italy and Ger- 
 many, then settling in Naples as a singing- 
 master, as which he was famous. His vocal 
 method : " The Italian Method of Singing, with 
 36 Solfeggi," first publ. by Broderip (London), 
 has been reprinted in many editions and several 
 languages ; he also wrote vocal music, solfeggi, 
 etc. 
 
 Ap'thorp, William Foster, b. Boston, 
 Mass., Oct. 24, 1848. Writer and critic. A 
 student at Harvard, 
 where he graduated 
 in 1869, he St. pf., 
 harm., and cpt. un- 
 der J. K. Paine from 
 1863-7 ; then pf. 
 under 15. J. Lang 
 for 7 or 8 years 
 longer. While in 
 Harvard, he was 
 asst. - pianist and 
 cymbalist in the Pi- 
 erian Sodality, and 
 cond. that society 
 lS68-g. Taught pf. 
 and harm, at Bos- 
 ton " National Coll. of Music " (1872-3) ; then, 
 until 1886, taught successively pf. , harm. , cpt. , 
 fugue, and general theory at the N. E. Cons.; 
 also, for some years, sesthetics and mus. hist, in 
 the Coll. of Mus. of Boston Univ. He began 
 his career as music critic on the "Atlantic 
 Monthly" (from 1872-7) ; waseng. asmus. critic 
 on the " Sunday Courier" in 1876; as mus. and 
 dram, critic on the "Traveller" in 1878; has 
 been mus. critic on the " Evening Transcript" 
 since 1881, and also dram, critic since 1882. 
 A. has also given courses of lectures at the Lowell 
 Inst., Boston, and Peabody Inst., Baltimore ; has 
 contributed many articles on music and drama 
 to leading periodicals ; has edited the ' ' Program- 
 books " of the Boston Symph. Orch. since 1892 ; 
 and has publ. the following works : "Hector 
 Berlioz. Selections from his Letters and . . . 
 Writings," with biogr. sketch (N. Y., 1879) ; 
 " Musicians and Music-lovers, and other Es- 
 says" (N. Y., 1894); "Jacques Damour, and 
 Other Stories," Englished from Zola (Boston, 
 1895); and "By the Way — About Music and 
 Musicians" (Boston^ 1899). Critical editor of 
 Scribner's "Cyclopedia of Music and Musi- 
 cians" (N. Y., 1888). 
 
 Aptom'mas, John and Thomas, two broth- 
 ers, b. at Bridgend, England, in 1826 and 1829 
 respectively ; remarkable harp-players, both liv- 
 ing in London as teachers ; the younger was 
 from 1851-6 in New York. Compositions ele- 
 gant, though hardly equal to Parish-Alvars'; 
 have also written a " History of the Harp" 
 (London, 1859). 
 
 Ara'ja, Francesco, opera-composer ; b. 
 Naples, abt. 1700 ; d. Bologna, abt. 1770. His 
 
 19 
 
ARANDA— ARDITI 
 
 first opera, Berenice (Florence, 1730), made his 
 name ; in 1735 he went to St, Petersburg, and 
 wrote many successful operas in Italian and 
 Russian, his Cephalos and Prokris \^Cefalo e 
 Procri'\ being the first opera written in the Rus- 
 sian language. Returned to Italy in 1759. Also 
 wrote church-music, and a Christmas oratorio, 
 La Nativilh di Gesii. 
 
 Aran'da, Matheo de, Portuguese musician, 
 prof, of mus. (1544) at Coimbra Univ. — Publ. 
 (1533) " Tratado de canto llano y contrapuncto." 
 
 Aran'do, Del Sessa d', Ital. comp. of the 
 i6th cent. ; publ. a vol. of 4-part madrigals (Gar- 
 dano : Venice, 1571). 
 
 Arau'xo (or Araujo), Francisco CorrSa de, 
 
 Dominican monk and eminent Spanish musician, 
 b. abt. 1581 ; Lishop of Segovia, where he died 
 Jan. 13, 1663. Wrote the important treatise 
 " Libro de tientes y discursos de musica . . . 
 intitulado : Facultad organica . . ."(1626); 
 two others, "Casos morales de la musica," and 
 " De Versos," are in MS. 
 
 Arban, Joseph-Jean-Baptiste-Laurent, b. 
 
 Lyons, Feb. 28, 1825 ; d. Paris, Apr. 9, l88g. 
 Virtuoso on the cornet ; teacher at Paris Cons., 
 cond. of the music of the Opera balls, inventor 
 of several wind-instr.s. Publ. a Method f. Cor- 
 net and Saxhorn ; also many transcr.s f. orch. 
 
 Arbeau, Thoinot, pen-name of Jean Ta- 
 bourot ; b. Dijon, 1519 ; d. Langres, 1595 (?). 
 In his curious " Orchesographie " (1589, 1596), 
 dancing, and playing on the drum and fife, are 
 taught catechetically, aided by a kind of tabla- 
 ture. 
 
 Ar'buckle, Matthew, famous American 
 cornet-player and bandmaster ; b. (?), 1B2S ; d. 
 New York, May 23, 1883. Wrote "Arbuckle's 
 Complete Cornet Method " (Boston, no date). 
 
 Ar'buthnot, John, British physician ; b. Ar- 
 buthnot, Scotland, 1667 ; d. London, Feb. 27, 
 1735 ; app- physician in ordinary to Queen 
 Anne in 1709. He was one of the founders of 
 the Scriblerus Club (1714), and was friendly to 
 Handel during the composer's wrangles with his 
 opera-company; his "Miscellaneous Works" 
 throw sharp side-lights on various persons of in- 
 terest. 
 
 Ar'cadelt, Jacob (or Jachet Arkadelt, 
 Archadet, Arcadet, Harcadelt), distin- 
 guished Flemish compcser and teacher ; b. abt. 
 1 5 14, maestro dei putti to the Papal Chapel 
 (1539), 1540 singer in the same, in 1544 holding 
 the office of Camerlingo^^&nt in 1555 with the 
 Due de Guise to Paris, where he is mentioned in 
 1557 as Regius musicus, and where he probably 
 died between 1570-75. His Roman period was 
 devoted to secular, his Paris period to sacred 
 composition. Of his numerous extant works, 
 6 books of 5-part madrigals (Venice, 153S-1556, 
 his finest and most characteristic comp.s), and 3 
 books of masses in 3-7 parts (Paris, 1557), are 
 chief among those preserved in print. 
 
 Arca'is, Francesco, Marchese d , b. Ca- 
 gliari, Sardinia, Dec. 15, 1830; d. Castel Gan- 
 dolfo, ii. Rome, Aug. 15, 1890. A critical 
 writer and reviewer of markedly conservative 
 tendency, on the staff of the " Opinione," and 
 also a contributor to the Milanese " Gazzetta 
 Musicale." His ventures as a dramatic com- 
 poser (3 operetta.s) were unfortunate. 
 
 Archadet. See Arcadelt. 
 
 Archambeau, Jean-Michel d', composer; b. 
 Herve, Belgium, Mar. 3, 1823 ; in 1838, teacher 
 of music at Herve College ; 1848, organist at 
 Petit-Rechain. — Works : i operetta, 2 masses f. 
 3 men's voices, 12 litanies, 7 motets; also several 
 Romances sans paroles f. pf. 
 
 Archer, Frederick, organist ; b. Oxford, 
 Engl., June 16, 1838. Taught by his father; 
 also St. in London and Leipzig. Organist, con- 
 ductor, and opera-director in I^ondon ; went to 
 New York in 1881, and became org. of Ply- 
 mouth church, Brooklyn, later of Ch. of the In- 
 carnation, N. Y. In 1885, founded the mus. 
 weekly " The Key-note," of which he was the 
 editor ; 1887, conductor of Boston Oratorio Soc. 
 From 1895-98, cond. of the Pittsburg (Pa.) 
 Orchestra ; succeeded by Victor Herbert.— 
 Works : For organ. Adagio maestoso ; Fugue 
 in D min. ; Grand Fantasia in F ; Andantes in 
 D, F, and A ; Concert-variations ; Marche 
 triomphale ; 12 pieces. For pf.. Polka de salon ; 
 2 Gavots (D and E^) ; 3 Impromptus ; Can- 
 tata, King Witlaf's Drinking-horn; songs, 
 part-songs, etc. Wrote " The Organ," theoreti. 
 cal text-book ; and " The Collegiate Organ' 
 Tutor." 
 
 Archy'tas, Greek mathematician, disciple ot 
 Pythagoras, lived at Tarentura abt. 400-365 B. c. 
 His writings are only fragmentary. 
 
 Ardi'ti, Luigi, b. Crescentino, Piedmont, 
 July 16 [ace. to his autobiography], 1822 ; pupil 
 of Milan Cons. Began his career as a viohnist; 
 became director of opera, and honorary member 
 of the Accademia Filarmonica at Vercelli in 
 1843. going thence to Milan, Turin, and Havana 
 as an opera-conductor, a position in which he 
 excels. In 1847, '48, '50, etc., he visited New 
 York with the H^avana opera-company ; con- 
 ducted the performance at the opening of the 
 N. Y. Acad, of Music in 1854. Finally left 
 America in 1856, going to Constantinople, and 
 thence to London, where he settled in 1858, 
 as conductor of Her M.'s Theatre, and resides 
 there as a well-liked teacher and composer. 
 He also led a campaign of Italian opera in Ger- 
 many, at St. Petersburg (1871 and '73), and (for 
 some years) annually at Vienna, from 1870. His 
 operas {I Briganti, II Corsaro, La Spia) have 
 had fair success ; but his best and most popular 
 comp.s are his numerous songs, especially the 
 vocal waltzes (// i?««i;, L-'Arditi, I^e Torlordk, 
 etc.) Wrote " My Reminiscences" (London, 
 1896). 
 
 20 
 
ARDITI— ARMBRUST 
 
 Ardi'ti, Michele, Marchese ; b. Piesicca, 
 Naples, Sept. 2g, 1745 ; d. Naples, Apr. 23, 
 1838. Archaeologist and amateur composer, 
 pupil of Jommelli ; wrote l opera, Olimpiade ; 
 also sacred and secular cantatas, motets, sym- 
 phonies, overtures, arias w. orch. , pf. -sonatas, 
 etc. 
 
 A'rens, Franz Xavier, b. near the Mosel, 
 Germany, Oct. 28, 1856. Came to America in 
 early youth ; pupil of his father and Singen- 
 berger of Milwaukee ; also st. in Germany 
 w. Rheinberger, Wlillner, Abel, Janssen, and 
 Kirchner ; conductor of Cleveland ' ' Gesang- 
 verein" and Philh. Orch. (till 1887); also or- 
 ganist. — Works : The Troubadour, secular can- 
 tata ; " Salve regina," f. mixed ch.; Symphonic 
 Fantasia, f. orch. ; string-quartet in A min.; 
 Prelude and Fugue f. org. ; etc. 
 
 Aren'sky, Anton Stepanovitch, Russian 
 comp. and pianist ; b. Novgorod, July 30, 1862. 
 From 1879-82, pupil of Johanssen and Rimsky- 
 Korsakov at St. Petersburg Cons.; in 1882 he 
 was app. prof, of harm, and comp. at the Imp. 
 Cons., Moscow, and in 1895 succeeded Bala- 
 kirev as conductor of the Imp. Court Choir. — 
 Works : Op. I, 6 pf.-pcs. in canon-form ; op. 2, 
 pf.-concerto w. orch. ; op. 4, Symphony No. i, 
 f. orch. ; op. 5, Six pieces p. piano ; op. 8, 
 Scherzo f. pf. ; op. 11, String-quartet, G maj. ; 
 op. 12, two pes. f. 'cello and pf. ; op. 13, inter- 
 mezzo f. orch. ; op. 15, Suite f. orch. (Romance, 
 Valse, Polonaise) ; op. 19, Three pf.-pcs. ; op. 
 20, Bigarrures f. pf. ; op. 23, "Silhouettes," 
 Suite f. orch. ; op. 24, Trois Esquisses f. pf. 
 (A, Ab, F min.; ; op. 25, four pf.-^cs. ; op. 
 28, 6 " Essais sur des rythmes oublies," f. pf. 
 4 hands ; op. 30, 4 pes. f. vln. and pf. ; op. 32, 
 pf.-trio (" Davidoff ") ; op. 33, Third .Suite f. 
 orch. ; op. 34, 6 small pes. f. pf. 4 hands. ; op. 
 35, String-quartet (vln., via., 2 'celli) ; op. 36, 
 24 pf.-pcs. ; op. 37, Rafaello, i-act opera (St. 
 Petersburg, 1895 ?). Also a Fourth Suite f . orch. 
 
 Argine, dall'. See Dall' Argine. 
 
 A'ria, Cesare, b. Bologna, Sept. 21, 1820 ; 
 d. there Jan. 30, 1894. St. piano and theory with 
 Gius. Pilotti ; later in Bol. Cons, under P. Mattel. 
 A favorite of Rossini. Lived for some years 
 in France and England as teacher of singing, 
 pf., and comp.; 1840, music-director of the Te- 
 atro Comunale, Bologna ; 1850, President of the 
 Accad. Filarmonica. Comp. fine churchmusic 
 (a Dies irae is particularly noteworthy). 
 
 Ari'bo Scholas'ticus, probably a native of 
 the Low Countries ; d. about 1078. Wrote & 
 valuable treatise, " Musica " [printed in Gerbert's 
 " Scriptores," vol. ii], containing a commentary 
 on Guido d'Arezzo's writings. 
 
 Arien'zo, Nicola de, dramatic comp.; b. 
 
 Naples, Dec. 24, 1843 (or '42); pupil of Labriola 
 
 4(pf.), Fioravanti and Moretti (cpt.), and Merca- 
 
 dante (comp. ). First operas (in Neapol. dialect), 
 
 Monzii. Gnazio La Fidanzala del Parrucchiere 
 
 (Naples, i860), and I due Mariti CNa-pies, 1866), 
 were succ; others are Le J^ose {186S), II Caccia- 
 tore delle Alpi (1870), // Cuoco (1873), / Viaggt 
 (Milan, 1875), La Figlia del Diavolo (Naples, 
 1879 ; severely criticised for a straining after 
 realistic and original effect), I tre Coscritti (Na- 
 ples, 1880), La Inera (1887), Rita di Lister 
 (MS.), etc. Also wrote an oratorio, // Crista 
 sulla croce, a Pensiero sinfonico, overtures, some 
 vocal music (4 Nocturnes) and pf.-pcs.; and a 
 manual, " L'invenzione del sistema tetracordo e 
 la moderna musica" (1879), favoring pure into- 
 nation instead of equal temperament, and dis- 
 criminating a 3rd mode (of the Minor Second) 
 besides the usually accepted Major and Minor 
 modes. 
 
 Ari'on, famed Greek singer (7th century 
 B.C.), a poet, and player on the cithara. He was 
 a native of Lesbos, and lived for many years at 
 the court of Periander, Tyrant of Corinth. 
 
 Arios'ti, Attilio, b. Bologna, 1660 ; d. there 
 abt. 1740; composer of 15 operas, the first of 
 which, Dafne, was given at Venice (1686) ; in 
 1698, court Kapellm. at Berlin, and for a short 
 time the teacher of Handel ; in 1716 in London, 
 as a rival of Buononcini, both being for a while 
 competitors with Handel for public favor, and 
 both defeated by his genius ; in 1720 these three 
 composed the opera Muzio Scevola in company, 
 each taking one act. In 1727 Ariosti returned to 
 Italy, and died in obscurity. He also wrote an 
 oratorio, a volume of cantatas, and some lessons 
 for the viola d'amore, on which he was an accom- 
 plished performer. 
 
 Aristi'des Quintilia'nus, a Greek writer on 
 music abt. A.D. 160 ; a teacher of music at 
 -Smyrna, and celebrated from his work " On Mu- 
 sic " [printed in Meibom's " Antiquae Musicae 
 Auctores Septem " (1652)]. 
 
 Aristo'teles (Ar'istotle), (i), b. Stagyra 
 (Macedonia), 384 B.C. ; d. 322 B.C.; a Greek phi- 
 losopher, pupil of Plato. The 19th section of his 
 "Problems" affords valuable information con- 
 cerning the Greek system of music ; further re- 
 marks are found in Book viii of the " Politica," 
 and in the ' ' Poetica. " — (2) Pseudonym of a writer 
 on mensurable music of the I2th-i3th centuries. 
 
 Aristox'enos, b. Tarentum, abt. 354 B.C.; 
 one of the earliest Greek writers on music. His 
 "Harmonic Elements" (complete) and " Rhyth- 
 mical Elements " (fragasentary) are the most im- 
 portant treatises on Greek music that are left us, 
 excepting certain essays by Plato and Aristotle. 
 Publ. (1868) by P. Marquand, text German and 
 Greek, with commentaries. Also cf. Oscar Paul, 
 " Boethius u. die griechische Harmonik," and 
 "Absol. Harm, der Griechen." 
 
 Arm'brust, Karl F., fine organist; b. Ham- 
 burg, March 20, 1849; d. Hanover, July 22, 
 1896. St. Stuttgart Cons. (Faisst); 1869, org. 
 of St. Peter's ch., Hamburg. Teacher of org. 
 
ARMBRUSTER— ARNOLD 
 
 and pf. at H. Cons. Musical critic (H. " Frem- 
 denblatt "). 
 
 Arm'bruster, Karl, b. Andeniach-on-Rhine, 
 July 13, 1846 ; pupil of Hompesch at Cologne. 
 Precocious pianist ; settled in London, 1S63. 
 An influential admirer of Wagner, he has done 
 much to spread the Wagner cult in England ; 
 was Hans Richter's asst.-cond. at the Wagner 
 Concerts of 1882-4 ; then cond. at the Royal 
 Court Th., lateral the Haymarket ; cond. Tris- 
 tan und Isolde in 1892 at Covent Garden, and is 
 now conductor at Drury Lane. 
 
 Armingaud, Jules, b. Bayonne, May 3, 
 1820 ; one of the best violinists in Paris, who 
 was refused admission to the Cons, when 19 be- 
 cause he was " too far advanced"; orchestra- 
 player at the Grand Opera, and leader of a famous 
 string-quartet recently enlarged by adding some 
 wind-instr.s, and now called the Socytdclassique. 
 He is the reputed introducer of Beethoven's 
 quartets into Parisian mus. circles ; has publ. 
 some violin-pcs. 
 
 Arnaud, Abbe Frangois, theoretical writer ; 
 b. Aubignan, n. Carpentras, July 27, 1721 ; d. 
 Paris, Dec. 2, 17S4 ; wrote many essays on mis- 
 cellaneous mus. subjects (Collected Writings, 
 Paris, 1808, 3 vol.s). In the " Memoires pour 
 servir a I'histoire de la revolution operee dans la 
 musique par M. le Chevalier Cluck," he warmly 
 espouses the great reformer's principles. 
 
 Arnaud, Jean-fitienne-Guillaume, b. Mar- 
 seilles, Mar. 16, 1807; d. there Jan., 1863. 
 Composer of some 200 songs ("romances"), 
 many of which have won great favor. 
 
 Arne, Thomas Augustine, one of the fore- 
 most of English composers ; b. London, March 
 12, 1710 ; d. there March 5, 1778. By dint of 
 stolen nightly practice he became a fine player 
 on the spinet and violin, in despite of his father's 
 wishes that he should study law ; the latter finally 
 yielded to the inevitable, and Arne, free to pur- 
 sue his mus. work, set to music various texts — 
 Addison's Rosamond and Field's Tragedy of 
 Tragedies (1733) ; a masque. Dido and yEneas 
 (1734) ; ^nd Zara (1736). In 1736 he married 
 Cecilia Young, a fine singer and a prime favor- 
 ite of Handel's. In 1738, as composer to the 
 Drury Lane Th., he set Dalton's adaptation of 
 Coinus to music, a composition which firmly 
 established his reputation. The music to the 
 masque of Alfred (iia,<S) contains, among other 
 fine songs, the celebrated " Rule Britannia." 
 While residing in Dublin (1742-4) he brought 
 out 2 new operas, Britannia and Eliza^ and the 
 mus. farce Thomas and Sally. He became 
 comp. to Vauxhall Gardens, London, in 1745. 
 Further dramatic works were, Congreve's 
 masque. The Judgment of Paris (1740), Colin 
 and Phccbe (1745), Artaxerxes (1762), Olympiad 
 (1765), and the music to Mason's Caractactts 
 (1776) ; also settings for songs in As you Like 
 it, and " Where the Bee Sucks" in The Tem- 
 
 pest ; etc. His 2 oratorios are Abel (iTSS), and 
 [udith (1764). Dr. A. was the first to introduce 
 "female voices into oratorio-choruses (Judith). 
 Besides the above, he composed numerous minor 
 texts, and wrote orch. overtures, vln. -sonatas, 
 organ-music, harpsich.-sonatas, _ many songs, 
 glees, catches, canons, and the like. With the 
 exception of 2 years in Dublin, A. lived con- 
 tinuously in London as a composer and concert- 
 giver ; he was created Mus. Doc. (Oxon.) in 1759. 
 
 Arne, Michael, natural son of Dr. Arne, b. 
 London, 1741 ; d. there Jan. 14, 1786 [not 
 1806] ; a clever dramatic composer (g operas, 
 the best being Cymon, 1767); writer of a num- 
 ber of songs, and a skilful player on the harpsi- 
 chord. In 1779, music-director at Dublin The- 
 atre ; from 1784 onward he conducted some of 
 the Lenten oratorios at London theatres. A 
 curious episode in his career was his search for 
 the philosopher's stone (abt. 1768), during which 
 he neglected his profession and ruined himself 
 pecuniarily. 
 
 Arne'iro, Jos6 Augusto Ferreira Veiga, 
 
 Viscount d', distinguished Portuguese composer, " 
 b. Macao, China, Nov. 22, 1838 ; pupil (1859) 
 of Botelho (harm.), Schira (cpt. and fugue), and 
 Soares (pf.), at Lisbon. Has written the ballet 
 Gimi (1866) ; 2 operas, V Elisire di giovinezza 
 and La Derelitta (1885) ; and a TV Deum (his 
 chief work), performed Lisbon, 1871, and later 
 in Paris under the modern and much-affected 
 title of Symphonie-Cantate. 
 
 Arnold, Georg, Tyrolese church-comp. of 
 the 1 7th cent. ; b. Weldsberg ; organist at Inns- 
 bruck, later to the Bishop of Bamberg. — Publ. 
 works (1652-76) Motets, psalms, and 2 books 
 of masses in 9 parts. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel, b. London, Aug. 10, 1740; 
 d. there Oct. 22, 1802 ; educated by Gates and 
 Nares as a chorister of the Chapel Royal, he 
 early showed a gift for composition, and in 1763 
 was commissioned to write an opera for Covent 
 Garden — The Maid of the Mill — successfully 
 produced in 1765. This was followed, up to 
 1802, by 42 stage-pieces (operas, mus. after- 
 pieces, and pantomimes). His first oratorio. 
 The Cure of Saul, came out in 1767 ; AHmelech, 
 The Resurrection, The Prodigal Son, and Elijah, 
 followed in the order given. He took the degree 
 of Mus. Doc. (Oxon.) in 1773, and in 1783 suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Nares as organist and composer to 
 the Chapel Royal, for which he composed sev- 
 eral services and anthems. In 1789 he was 
 app. conductor of the Acad, of Ancient Music ; 
 in 1793, organist of Westminster Abbey. His 
 edition of Handel's works, begun in 1786, em- 
 braces 36 vol.s, but is incomplete and not free 
 from errors. His principal work, " Cathedral 
 Music" (1790, 4vol. s), is a collection in scoreof 
 the finest cathedral services by English masters 
 of 2 centuries, forming a sequel to Boyce's work 
 of like name ; republ. by Rimbault (i847).-<.i 
 
ARNOLD— ARTCHIBOUSHEFF 
 
 Arnold, Johann Gottfried, 'cello-player and 
 composer ; b. Niedernhall, n. Oehringen, Feb. 
 15. 1773 '• d. Frankfort, July 26, 1806. Pupil 
 of Romberg and Willmann ; after concert-tours 
 in Germany and Switzerland, he was app. ist 
 'cellist at Frankfort Th, — Works : Symphonie 
 concertante f . 2 flutes w. orch. ; 5 'cello-con- 
 certos ; 6 sets of var.s f. 'cello (op. g) ; pes. f. 
 guitar ; etc. 
 
 Arnold, Ignaz Ernst Ferdinand, a lawyer 
 in Erfurt, where he was b. Apr. 4, 1774, and d. 
 Oct. 13, 1812. Wrote (1803, etc.) biogr. sketches 
 of Mozart, Haydn, Cherubini, Cimarosa, Paisi- 
 ello, Dittersdorf, Zumsteeg, Winter, and Hira- 
 mel (republ. 1816, as " Galerie der beriihmtes- 
 ten Tonkiinstler des 18. u. 19. Jahrhunderts "). 
 Also wrote " Derangehende Musikdirektor oder 
 die Kunst, ein Orchester zu bilden " (1806). 
 
 Arnold, Karl (Sr.), b. Neukirchen, n. Mer- 
 gentheim, WUrttemberg, May 6, 1794 ; d. Chris- 
 tiania, Nov. II, 1873. Pupil of A. Schmitt, J. 
 A. Andre, and Karl VoUweiler, at F'rankfort ; 
 fine pianist ; lived successively at St. Peters- 
 burg (1819), Berlin (1824), Munster (1835), and 
 Christiania (1849), where he conducted the 
 Philh. Soc, and was org. of the principal 
 church. — Works : An opera, /««<? (Berlin, 1832); 
 pf.-sextet, and sonatas, variations, fantasias, 
 etc. , for pf . 
 
 Arnold, Karl (Jr.), b. St. Petersburg, 1820. 
 A pupil of Bohrer ; was a 'cellist in the royal 
 orch. at Stockholm. 
 
 Arnold, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Sontheim, 
 n. Heilbronn, Mar. 10, 1810 ; d. Feb. 13, 1864, 
 at Elberfeld, where he was a music-seller. 
 Publ. 10 series of Volkslieder, and the " Loch- 
 eimer Liederbuch," K. Paumann's " Ars or- 
 ganisandi," arrangements of Beethoven's sym- 
 phonies f. pf. and vln., numerous original pf.- 
 pcs. ; and wrote an " Allgemeine Musiklehre, 
 als Einleitung zu jeder Schule." 
 
 Arnold, Yourij von, b. St. Petersburg, Nov. 
 I, 1811 ; d. Simferopol, Krimea, July 19, i8g8 ; 
 a student and soldier, who in 1838 devoted him- 
 self wholly to music, giving lectures and com- 
 posing 2 Russian operas, The Gypsy (1853) 
 and Swdtlana (1854, won a prize) ; also over- 
 tures, part-songs, songs, etc. Lived 1863-8 in 
 Leipzig, as editor of a paper ; since 1870, prof. 
 of singing at Moscow Cons. Wrote " Die alten 
 Kirchenmodi historisch u. akustisch entwickelt " 
 (187S). 
 
 Ar'noldson, Sigrid, dramatic soprano, b. 
 ^ Stockholm, Sweden, abt. 1865 ; daughter of 
 Oscar A., the celebrated tenor (b. i843[?], d. 
 Stockholm, 1881). Pupil of Maurice Strakosch. 
 Debut 1886, at Moscow; then sang a.s prima 
 donna in St. Petersburg and in London (Drury 
 Lane) with brilliant success ; 1887, in Amster- 
 dam and The Hague, then in Paris (Opera- 
 Comique), Nice, and Rome ; 1888, eng. at Co- 
 vent Garden, London, as successor of the Patti. 
 
 In i88g she excited indescribable enthusiasm in 
 Moscow and Zurich. In May, 189S, she was 
 at the Royal Opera in Pesth ; in Oct. she sang 
 in Amsterdam at the Dutch Opera with marked 
 success. — Chief roles, Rosine, Dinorah, Son- 
 narabula, Mignon, Cherubin, Zerlina, Traviata. 
 
 Ar^nulf von St. Gillen, of the 15th century ; 
 wrote " Tractatulus de differentiis et generibus 
 cantorum," printed in Gerbert's " Scriptores," 
 vol. iii. 
 
 Arquier, Joseph, b. Toulon, 1763 ; d. Bor- 
 deaux, Oct., 1816. Studied in Marseilles; 
 1784, 'cellist in Lyons Th. orch. ; '8g, in Mar- 
 seilles, 'go in Paris. About 1800, he went to 
 New Orleans as director of an opera-troupe, 
 but failed, and returned to France in 1804, hold- 
 ing various positions in Paris, Toulouse, Mar- 
 seilles, and Perpignan ; he died in poverty. 
 — Works : i5 operas, mostly comic. 
 
 Arria'ga y Balzola, Juan Crisostomo Ja- 
 cobo Antonio d"*, b. Bilbao, Jan. 27, 1806 ; d. 
 Feb., 1825. Pupil of Fetis at Paris Cons. 
 (1821) ; in 1824, r^p^tileur there for harmony 
 and cpt. — Publ. works : 3 string-quartets. 
 
 Arrie'ta, Don Juan Emilio, b. Puenta la 
 Reina (Spain), Oct. 21, 1823 ; d. Madrid, Feb. 
 12, l8g4. St. under Vaccai at Milan Cons. 
 (1842-5); returned to Spain, 1848; in 1857, app. 
 prof, of comp. at Madrid Cons. ; 1885, Coun- 
 cillor in Ministry of Instruction ; 1877, Director 
 of Madrid Cons. Dramatic composer : Opera 
 lUhgonda (Milan Cons. Th., 1845), followed 
 by about 50 zarzuelas and operas, the most am- 
 bitious being Isabel la Catdlica 6 sea la conquista 
 , de Granada (Madrid, 1850). Chief success as 
 writer of zarzuelas, the Spanish comic operas. 
 
 Arri'go Tedesco (Henry the German), pseu- 
 donym of Heinrich Isaac, in Italy. 
 
 Arrigo'ni, Carlo, b. Florence, abt. 1705 ; d. 
 Tuscany (?), abt. 1743. Renowned lutenist, and 
 maestro di c. to the Prince of Perpignan. He 
 was invited to London, in 1732, to strengthen 
 the clique opposed to Handel ; but made no 
 impression. Is said to have brought out an un- 
 successful opera, Fernando ; produced an ora- 
 torio, Esther (Vienna, 1738) ; publ. " Cantate 
 di camera" (London, 1732). 
 
 Arronge, Adolf 1', b. Hamburg, Mar. 8, 
 1838. Pupil of R. Genee, and afterwards of 
 Leipzig Cons. Since 1874, theatre-manager at 
 Breslau. — Works : Comic operas {Das Gespenst; 
 Der zweite Jakob , etc.); " Singspiele," musical 
 farces (Mein Leopold); songs, etc. 
 
 Artari'a, music-publ. house in Vienna, estab- 
 lished by Carlo A. in 1780. 
 
 Artchi'bousheff, Nicholas Vassilievitch, 
 b. Tsarskoje-Sielo, Russia, Mar. 7, 1858. Law- 
 student (till 1879) '' advocate ; pianist. St. har- 
 mony, etc., with Soloviev and R.-Korsakov. 
 Has made many transcriptions f. pf. ; has also 
 written a polka f. orch., 2 pf.-mazurkas, and 
 several vocal romances. 
 
 23 
 
ARTEAGA— ASHDOWN 
 
 Artea'ga, Stefano, Spanish Jesuit, b. Mad- 
 rid(?), 1730 (?); d. Paris, Oct. 30, 1799. Inti- 
 mate with the celebrated Padre Martini at Bo- 
 logna ; author of the valuable treatise " Le 
 rivoluzioni del teatro musicale italiano dalla sua 
 origine sino al presente " (Bologna, 1783, 2 
 vbl.s ; thoroughly revised ed., Venice, 1785, 3 
 vol.s). 
 
 Arthur, Alfred, b. n. Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 8, 
 1844. Pupil, in the Music School, Boston, of 
 B. F. Baker, G. Howard, Arbuckle, and Bowen ; 
 at the Boston Cons., of Eichberg (harm, and 
 comp.). From 1869-71, tenor in Ch. of the 
 Advent, Boston ; then settled in Cleveland, 
 Ohio, where since 1878 he has been choirmas- 
 ter of the Woodland Av. Presb. Ch. ("Bach 
 Choir"), and cond. since 1873 of the Vocal So- 
 ciety ; is also Dir. of the Cleveland School of 
 Music. — Works : 3 operas. The Water-carrier 
 (MS., 1876) ; The Roundheads and Cavaliers 
 (MS., 1878); and ^ife/m^ (MS., 1879); church- 
 music, pf. -pes., songs, etc. ; " Progressive Vocal 
 Studies" (1887); "Album of Vocal Studies" 
 (1S88) ; etc. 
 
 Art^t, Maurice Montagney, ancestor of a 
 line of celebrated musicians, Montagney being 
 the true family-name. He was born at Gray 
 (Haute-Saone), Feb. 3, 1772; died Brussels, 
 Jan. 8, 1829. Bandmaster in a French regt. ; 
 then 1st horn-player in Th. de la Monnaie, 
 Brussels, and conductor at the Convent of the 
 Beguines. Also taught singing, and played the 
 guitar and violin well. 
 
 ArtSt, Jean-Desir6 Montagney, son of 
 Maurice ; b. Paris, Sept. 23, 1803 ; d. St. Jesse 
 ten Noode, Mar. 25, 1887; taught by his father, 
 whom he succeeded in the theatre ; 1843, prof. 
 of horn in the Brussels Cons. ; 1849, ist horn 
 in the private orch. of King Leopold I. — Publ. 
 fantasias and etudes f. horn, and quartets f. 4 
 valve-horns or cornets a pistons. 
 
 ArtSt, Alexandre-Joseph Montagney, son 
 
 of Maurice ; b. Brussels, Jan. 25, 1815 ; d. 
 Ville-d'Avray, July 20, 1845. Pupil of his 
 father, and Snel of Brussels ; 1824-31, of R. 
 and A. Kreutzer at Paris Cons. Eminent vio- 
 linist ; extended concert-tours through England, 
 the Continent, and the United States (1843). — 
 Works : Violin-concerto in A min. ; fantaisies 
 for vln. and pf. (op. 4, 5, 8, 11, 16, 19); airs 
 varies f. vln. and orch. (or pf.) (op. i, 2, 17); 
 Rondeaus f. do. do. (op. 9, 15); serenades, 
 romances, etc.; also (MS.) a pf. -quintet, string- 
 quartets, etc. 
 
 Artot, Marguerite - Josephine - D6sir6e 
 Montagney, daughter of Jean-Desire, b. Paris, 
 July 21, 1835 ; renowned dramatic soprano, 
 pupil of Mme. Viardot-Garcia (1855-7); debut 
 at Brussels, 1857, in concerts ; eng. at Grand 
 Opera, Paris, in 1858, but soon left this position 
 for starring-tours in France, Belgium, and Hol- 
 land ; studied for a time in Italy, and sang for 
 several years in Germany, where her fame 
 
 reached its height. In St. Petersburg, 1866; then 
 to London, Copenhagen, etc. Married, m 
 1869, the Spanish baritone Padilla. 
 Artschibuschew. See Artchibousheff. 
 
 Artu'si, Giovanni Maria, contrapuntist, b. 
 Bologna, abt. 1550 ; d. Aug. 18, 1613. Was 
 canon in ordinary at the ch. of San Salvatore. 
 A musician of the old school, his writings and 
 compositions are very conservative. He wrote 
 "L'Arte del contrappunto ridotto in tavole" 
 (Part I, 1586; P. II, 1589; a 2nd ed. at' 
 Venice, 1598, in i vol.); also " L'Artusi, ovvero 
 delle imperfettioni della moderna musica" 
 (Venice, 1586 ; 2nd ed.,i6oo); " Considerazioni 
 musicali " (Venice, 1607); and " Impresa del R. 
 P. Gioseffo Zarlino " (Bologna, 1604). Com- 
 posed a set of 4-p. Canzonette (1598), an 8-p, 
 Cantate Domino f. 2 choirs, and other sacred 
 music. 
 
 Asantchev'ski (Asantschevirski, Assant- 
 chevski), Michael Pavlovitch, b. Moscow, 
 1838 ; d. there Jan. 12/24, 1881. Pupil of 
 Hauptmann and Richter at Leipzig Cons, in 
 i86i-2 ; lived in Paris, 1866-70, where he 
 bought the library of Anders, and, adding to it 
 his own, presented them to the St. Petersburg 
 Cons., which thus possesses one of the finest 
 mus. libraries in the world. From 1870-6, 
 Director of the Cons., succeeding Zaremba; 
 later he devoted himself to comp. — Works : 
 sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 2, in B min.; pf.-trio 
 in F sharp min., op. 10; Fest-Polonaise f. 2 
 pfs., op. 12 ; minor pf.-pcs. ; overtures f. 
 orch., etc. 
 
 Asch'enbrenner, Christian Heinrich, b. 
 
 Altstettin, Dec. 29, 1654 ; d. Jena, Dec. 13, 
 1732. An able violinist ; leader at Zeitz 
 (1677-81) and Merseburg (1683-90); Music- 
 Director to the Duke of S. -Zeitz (1695-1713); 
 and Kapellm. to the Duke of S. -Merseburg 
 (1713-19) ; then retired on pension to Jena. 
 Only extant works : " Gast- u. Hochzeitsfreude, 
 bestehend in Sonaten, Praludien, Allemanden, 
 Couranten, Balletten, Aden, Sarabanden mit 3, 
 4 u. 5 Stimmen, nebst dem basso continuo" 
 (1673). ; 
 
 Asch'er, Joseph, b. Groningen, Holland, | \ 
 June 4, 1829 ; d. London, June 4, i86g [these 
 dates are correct]. Pianist and composer, 
 pupil of Moscheles in London and Leipzig 
 (1846). Went to Paris in 1849, and subse- 
 quently became court pianist to the Empress 
 Eugenie. Composed much popular'salon-music \ '. 
 (over 100 nocturnes, mazurkas, galops, etudes, 
 transcriptions); favorites are the 2 mazurkas '* 
 "La Perle duNord" and " Dozia," and an 
 etude, " Les gouttes d'eau," besides the song 
 " Alice, where art thou?" ] ; 
 
 Ashdown, Edwin, London music-publisher, 
 successor (1884) of Ashdown & Parry, who 
 were the successors (i860) of Wessel & Co. 
 
 24 
 
ASHTON— ATTWOO.D 
 
 Ashton, Algernon Bennet Langton, 
 
 talented pianist and composer ; b. Durliam, 
 Engl,, Dec. 9, 1859. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. 
 (Coccius, Papperitz, Jadassohn, Reinecke), 
 1875-79 ; and of Raff at Frankfort, 1886, for 
 comp. ; since then in London. App. pf.-teacher 
 at R. C. M. in 1885.— Works : Choral and 
 orchestral music ; a pf. -concerto ; suite f. 2 pfs.; 
 Sonata, f, pf. and vln., op. 86, C min.; pf.-trio, 
 op. 88 ; pes. f. org.; pf.-music ; violin-concerto; 
 3 overtures ; op. 36, 4 Idyls f . pf. ; op. 47, 3 
 Gavots f. pf. ; op. 67, "Roses and Thorns" f. 
 pf . ; op. 69, 3 Fantasias f. pf. ; Spanish, Engl., 
 Scotch, and Irish dances ; many other solo 
 pf.-pcs. ; some chamber-music, many part-songs ; 
 over 125 songs ; etc. 
 
 Asio'li, Bonifazio, b. Correggio, Aug. 30, 
 1769; d. there May 18, 1832. A prolific com- 
 poser of wonderful precocity, and a pupil of L. 
 Crotti, at the age of 8 he had written 3 masses 
 and 20 other sacred works, a harpsichord-con- 
 certo and a vln. -concerto, both w. orch., and 2 
 harp-sonatas f. 4 hands. St. at Parma 1780-2, 
 under Morigi ; then visited Bologna and Venice, 
 where he was much applauded at private con- 
 certs as a cembalist, improviser, and composer. 
 Returning to Correggio, his first opera buffa. 
 La Volubile (1785), was successfully produced ; 
 1786, m. di c. at C. ; 17S7, attached to the Mar- 
 quis Gherardini as maestro, going with him (1796) 
 to Turin and (1799) to Milan, where his opera 
 Cinna had been favorably received in 1793. 
 From 1808-14 he was 1st prof, of cpt. , and In- 
 spector, at the newly-founded Milan Cons., and 
 then retired from public activity. — Works : 7 
 operas, an oratorio {Giacobbo), ■^^rj many canta- 
 tas, masses, motets, duets, songs, etc, ; a sym- 
 phon)', an overture, concertos, serenades, sona- 
 tas, chamber-music, organ-pcs., etc., etc. He 
 was the author of several clearly-written text- 
 books : " Principi elementari di musica" (1809 ; 
 French ed. i8igl ; " L'Allievo al cembalo"; 
 " Primi elementi per il canto " ; " Elementi per 
 il contrabasso " (1823); " Trattato d'arraonia e 
 d'accompagnamento " (1813), with a posth. se- 
 quel, "II maestro di composizione " (1836); 
 " Dialoghi sul trattato d' armonia " (1814) ; 
 " <3sservazioni proprio al temperamento degli 
 istrumenti stabili," with a supplement " Disin- 
 ganno suUe osservazioni ecc." 
 
 Aso'la (or Asula), Giovanni Matteo, one 
 
 of the first to use a basso continuo for the org.- 
 accomp. of sacred vocal music ; b. Verona, abt. 
 1560; d. Venice, Oct. I, 1609. Composed 
 much church-music (masses, antiphones, psalms, 
 etc.) ; 2 books of madrigals (Venice, 1587 and 
 1596 ; also later editions). 
 
 Aspa, Mario, opera-composer ; b. Messina, 
 1799 ; d. there Dec. 14, 1868. Pupil of Zinga- 
 relli in Naples. Wrote some 42 operas ; the 
 best are // muralore di Napoli (1850) ; I due 
 \ Forzati (abt. 1834) ; Piero di Calais (1872) ; Un 
 travestitnento (1846). 
 
 Assantcheffsky, Michael. See Asant- 
 
 CHEVSKI. 
 
 Asz'mayer, Ignaz, b. Salzburg, Feb. 11, 
 1790 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 31, 1862. Pupil of 
 Michael Haydn and Brunmayr ; 1808, org. at 
 Salzburg; 1815, St. with Eybler, Vienna; 1824, 
 Kapellm. at the " Schottenstift " ; 1825, Imperial 
 organist ; 1838, vice-, 1846 second Kapellm. to 
 the court, succeeding Weigh — Publ. 2 oratorios, 
 Saul und David, and Sauls Tod ; a 3rd, Das 
 Gelubde, is in MS. ; also i mass (he wrote 15), 
 and a few of his other sacred works (requiems, a 
 Te Deum, graduals, offertories, hymns, etc.) ; 
 most of his secular works (symphonies, over- 
 tures, pastorales, etc.), some 60 in all, have been 
 printed. 
 
 Astarit'ta, Gennaro, opera-composer ; b. 
 Naples, abt. 1749 ; d. 1803. Wrote over 20 
 operas, given in Naples, Rome, Venice, Dres- 
 den, Berlin, etc. Fra i due litiganti il terzo 
 gode (Naples, 1766) was probably the first ; 
 Circe ed Ulisse (iTTj), the best. 
 
 Astor'ga, Emmanuele, Baron d', composer 
 of sacred music ; b. Palermo, Dec. 11, 168 1 ; d. 
 Prague, Aug. 21, 1736. A pupil of Scarlatti, 
 and later at the convent of Astorga, Spain 
 (whence his name) ; he was a favorite at the 
 Court of Parma, spent many years in travel, and 
 abt. 1720 retired to Schloss Kaudnitz, Bohemia. 
 —Works : A pastoral opera, Dafne (Vienna, 
 1705) ; over 100 cantatas ; a celebrated Stabat 
 Mater f. 4 voices (Oxford, 1713) ; etc. 
 
 Attaignant, Pierre (also Attaingnant, At- 
 teignant), music-printer in the first half of the 
 i6th cent., and the first, in Paris, to employ 
 movable types. The 20 books of motets printed 
 by him (1525-50), and other compositions, 
 chiefly by French musicians, are very rare. 
 
 At'tenhofer, Karl, b, Wettingen, Switzer- 
 land, May 5, 1837. Pupil of D. Elster (Wet- 
 tingen), Kurz (Neuenberg), and Richter, Pap- 
 peritz, Dreyschock, Rontgen, and Schleinitz 
 (Leipzig Cons., 1857-8). 1859, teacher of music 
 at Muri (Aargau) ; 1863, conductor of Rappers- 
 wyl Men's Choral Union, and in i856 took 
 charge of 3 Unions at Zurich, where he settled 
 in 1867. He has also held various positions as 
 organist, teacher, etc. A well-known and emi- 
 nent composer of choral-songs for men's voices 
 (e.g., the cantata Hegelingenfahrt, 1890, and 
 Friihlingsfeier , op. 51); also masses, children's 
 songs, songs w. pf. , pf.-pcs., violin-etudes, etc. 
 
 At'trup, Karl, b. Copenhagen, Mar. 4, 1848. 
 Pupil (1867) of Gade, whom he succeeded, in 
 1869, as organ-teacher at the Copenhagen Cons. ; 
 organist at several churches. His studies for 
 organ, and songs, are of value. 
 
 Attwood, Thomas, b. London, Nov. 23, 
 1765 ; d. Chelsea, Mar. 24, 1838. Chorister in 
 the Chapel Royal, and a pupil of Nares and 
 Ayrton, from 1776-81 ; sent- by the Prince of 
 
 as 
 
AUBER— AUDRAN 
 
 Wales (afterwards George IV.) to Naples, where 
 he studied, 1783-5, with Filippo Cinque and 
 Gaetano Latilla ; then with Mozart in "Vienna 
 until 1787. He was, successively, organist of 
 St. George the Martyr, London, and a member 
 of the Prince's private band ; teacher of the 
 Duchess of York (1791), of the Princess of 
 Wales (1795) ; org. of St. Paul's (1795) ; com- 
 poser to the King's Chapel Royal, succeeding 
 Dupuis (1796) ; org. of the King's private chapel 
 at Brighton (1821), and org. of the Chapel Royal 
 (1836). — Works : 19 operas ; anthems, services, 
 glees, songs, pf. -sonatas, etc. He occupies a 
 high place among English composers. 
 
 Auber, Daniel-Fran^ois-E sprit, a prolific 
 composer of French operas, was born at Caen in 
 Normandy, Jan. 29, 
 1782 ; d. Paris, May 
 14, 1871. His fa- 
 ther, an art-dealer 
 and print-seller in 
 Paris, wished his son 
 to devote himself to 
 business, and sent 
 him to London to 
 acquire a knowledge 
 of the trade. Auber's 
 irresistible inclina- 
 tion for music, how- 
 ever, manifested it- 
 self, and in 1804 he 
 returned to Paris, 
 following thenceforward his natural bent. His 
 first opera, Julie, a resetting of an old libretto, 
 was produced by amateurs at Paris in 1812, with 
 an orchestra of six stringed instruments. Cheru- 
 bini happened to be among the auditors ; he, 
 recognizing Auber's talent, supervised his further 
 instruction, and while with him, A. wrote a mass 
 for four voices. Auber's first public productions, 
 Le Sifjour miliiaire ([813), and Le Testament ei 
 les Billets-doux (1819), were indifferently re- 
 ceived ; but his next opera. La Bergere chdte- 
 laine (1820), was a success. From that date un- 
 til 1869, scarcely a year passed without the pro- 
 duction of one or several operas, in all over forty. 
 One of these, Masaniello, ou la Muette de Por- 
 tici, produced in 1828, was considered a master- 
 piece by Wagner, and with Meyerbeer's Robert le 
 Diable and Rossini's Guillaume Tell, laid the 
 foundations of French grand opera. Its por- 
 trayal of popular fury is so graphic, that the 
 Brussels riots followed its performance in that 
 city on August 25, 1830. It seems to have been 
 inspired by the revolutionary spirit prevalent at 
 that time in Paris ; it differs wholly from Auber's 
 other operas, which are comic, the best of them 
 composed to libretti by Scribe. In this genre 
 Auber is foremost among French composers ; 
 and although it has been written of him, that 
 " in early essays, he displayed an original style, 
 but afterwards became an imitator of Rossini, 
 and disfigured his melodies with false decorations 
 and strivings for effect," his music is sparkling 
 
 and has the true Parisian chic and polish. . La 
 Muette de Portici, Le Mafon, J''rn Diavolo, Les 
 Diamants de la couronne, and a few of his other 
 operas, are still stock-pieces in France and Ger- 
 many. In 1835, A. succeeded to Gossec's chair 
 in the Academy ; in 1842, he was appointed Di- 
 rector of the Conservatory of Music in Paris, as 
 Cherubini's successor ; in 1857, Napoleon III. 
 made him imperial maitre de chapelle. The 
 virility of his personality was evinced by his last 
 opera, Lieves d'avwur, a title suggestive of 
 youthful feeling, produced when he was 87 years 
 of age. Auber was a thorough Parisian, and 
 during the latter years of his life was said not to 
 have set foot outside the city boundaries. He 
 remained there even during its siege by the Ger- 
 mans. 
 
 Opekas : Julie (1812), Le Sejour miliiaire (1813), Le 
 Testament et les Billets-doujc (i8iq), La Bergere ckdU- 
 laine (1820), Emma, ou la Promesse imprudente (1821), 
 Leicester (1822), La Neige, ou le nouvel Eginhardiii,^-^, 
 Vendovie en Espagne (1823, with Harold), Les Trots 
 Genres (1824, with Boieldieu),Z-^ Concert a laCour{\iz^, 
 Leocadie (1824), Le Matron (1825), Z^ Timide (182^, 
 Fiorella (1826), La Muette de Portici (1828), La Fiancie 
 (1829), Fra Diavolo (1830). Le Dieu et la Bayadere 
 C1830), La Marquise de Brinvilliers C1831, together 
 with eight other composers), Le Philtre 0831), Le Ser- 
 ment, ou les Faux Monnayeurs C1832), Gustavo III {Le 
 Bat masque, 1833), Lestocq (1834), Le Cheval de bronze 
 (i8j5 ; extended into a grand ballet in 1857), Actilon, 
 Les Chaperons btancs, L^Ambassadrice (1836), I^e 
 Domino noir (1837), Le Lac des Fdes (1839), Zanetta 
 (1840), 'iffj Diamante de la couronne (1841), Le Due 
 d^Olonne C1842), La Part du Diable (1843), La Sir^ne 
 (1844), La Barcarolle (1845), Haydee (1847), V Enfant 
 prodigue (1850), Zirr/zw*?, ou la corbeille d^ oranges (1851), ^ 
 Marco-Spada (1852, extended to a grand ballet in 1857), ' 
 Jenny Bell C1855), Manon Lescaut C1856), Magenta 
 (1859), La Circassienne (1861), La Fiancde du Roi de 
 Garbe (1864), Le premier Jour de bonheur {1868), Reves 
 d^ amour {1869). 
 
 Aubert, Jacques (called " le vieux"), emi- 
 nent French violinist ; b. 1668 ; d. Belleville, 
 May 19, 1753. Violinist in the royal band 
 (1727); leader in orch. of the Gr. Opera and the 
 Concerts Spirituels (1728); also leader in the 
 band, and Director of music, of the Due de 
 Bourbon. — Works: An opera; several ballets; 
 and much chamber-music, etc., for violin, dis- 
 tinguished for elegance. 
 
 Aub^ry du BouUey, Prudent-Louis, b. 
 
 Verneuil, Eure, Dec. 9, 1796 ; d. there Feb., 
 1870. Prolific comp. of chamber-music in 
 which the guitar, flute, and pf. are much em- 
 ployed ; author of a Method f. guitar (op. 42), 
 and a text-book, " Grammaire musicale " (Paris, 
 1830). He studied in the Paris Cons, till 1815, 
 under Momigny, Mehul, and Cherubini ; was 
 at first an amateur musician, but later a teacher 
 who did much to cultivate a taste for music in 
 his province. 
 
 Audran, Marius-Pierre, operatic tenor and 
 song-composer ; b. Aix, Provence, Sept. 26, 
 1816 ; d. Marseilles, Jan. g, 1887. Pupil of 
 E. Arnaud. After successful appearances at 
 Marseilles, Brussels, Bordeaux, and Lyons, he 
 became ist tenor at the Opera-Comique, Paris, 
 
 26 
 
AUDRAN— AZVEDO 
 
 soloist at the Cons. Concerts, and member of 
 the Cons. Jury. After travelling (1852-61), he 
 settled in Marseilles, becoming (1863) Director 
 of the Cons, there, and prof, of singing. 
 
 Audran, Edmond, son of Marius ; b. Lyons, 
 Apr. II, 1842 ; pupil of the ficole Niedermeyer, 
 Paris ; i86r, inaitre de ch. at church of St.- 
 Joseph de Marseille. His debut as a composer 
 was at Marseilles, 1862, with the opera L'Ours 
 et la Pacha ; up to 1 897 he has successfully 
 prod. 36 other operas, operettas, etc., chiefly of 
 a light character, in minor Parisian theatres ; 
 has also written a mass, a funeral march f. 
 Meyerbeer's death, etc. Now living in Paris. 
 He has produced the operetta La Fiancle des 
 yeris-Poteaux {Psiris, 1887 ; v. succ.) ; operetta 
 Olivette (given Berlin, 1895, as Capitain Ca- 
 ricciolo ; succ.) ; opera Sainte-Freya (Paris, 
 1892; succ); operetta La Mascotte (1880; 
 given 1700 times up to Aug. 2g, '97) ; operetta 
 Miss Helyett (Paris, iSgo ; succ.) ; operetta 
 Madame Suzette (Paris, 1893 ; succ.) ; operetta 
 Mon Prhue ! (Paris, 1893 ; succ.) ; 3-act lyric 
 comedy Photis (Geneva, 1896 ; succ.) ; 3-act 
 com. opera La Duchesse de Ferrare (Paris, '95 ; 
 mod. succ.) ; 4-act com. opera La Poup/e 
 (Paris, '96 ; mod. succ.) ; comic operetta Mon- 
 sieur Lohengrin. (Paris, 1896 ; v. succ.) ; Les 
 petites femmes (1897) ; and others. 
 
 Au'er, Leopold, distinguished violinist ; b.. 
 Veszprim, Hungary, May 28, 1845. Pupil of 
 the Conservatories at Pesth (Ridley Kohnetol) 
 and Vienna (Dont, 1857-8); finally, of Joachim. 
 1863-5, leader in Dusseldorf, and 1866 in Ham- 
 burg ; since 1868, soloist to the Tsar, and of the 
 Imp. orch. at St. Petersburg, and violin-prof, 
 at the Cons. He is one of the finest among 
 contemporary performers. 
 
 Au'er, Carl. See Frotzler. 
 
 Au'gener & Co., London firm of music-sell- 
 ers and publishers, founded 1853 by George A. 
 
 Au'gustine (Augusti'nus), Aure'lius, bet- 
 ter known as St. Augustine ; b. Tagaste, Nu- 
 midia, 354 ; d. Hippo, Algeria, 430. Re- 
 nowned father of the Latin Church, educated at 
 Madaura and Carthage. His writings contain 
 valuable information concerning Ambrosian 
 song; that entitled " De Musica" treats only 
 of metre. 
 
 Aulet'ta, Domenico, produced the opera La 
 Locandiera di spirito at Naples in 1760. 
 
 Aulet'ta, Pietro, m. di c. to the Duke of 
 Belvedere ; between 1728-52 he produced 7 
 operas at Rome, Venice, Naples, and Paris. 
 
 Aurelia'nus Reomen'sis, monk at Re'ome 
 in thegth century; wrote a treatise, " Musica 
 disciplina," publ. by Gerbert in " Scriptores," 
 vol. i. 
 
 Aus der Ohe, Adele. See Appendix. 
 
 Au'spitz-Kolar, Auguste, b. Prague abt. 
 1843 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 23, 1878 ; daughter of 
 J. G. Kolar, actor and dramatic poet. Excel- 
 
 27 
 
 lent pianist, pupil of Smetana, then of J. 
 Proksch, and of Mme. Clauss-Szarvady in 
 Paris ; married H. Auspitz in 1865. Publ. a 
 few pf.-pcs. 
 
 Aute'ri-Manzoc'chi, Salvatore, composer 
 of operas and songs; b. Palermo, Dec. 25, 1845; 
 pupil of Platania at Palermo, and Mabellini at 
 Florence. — Operas : Dolores (Florence, 1875 ; 
 very succ.) ; // Megriero (Barcelona, 1878) ; 
 Stella (Piacenza, 1880 ; v. succ.) ; // Conte di 
 Gleichen (Milan, 1887) ; and the 3-act opera 
 seria Graziella (Milan, '94 ; mod. succ). Re- 
 sides in Trieste, as a singing-teacher. His 
 first opera, Marcellina, was never performed. 
 
 Auvergne, Antonio d', b. Clermont-Fer- 
 rand, Oct. 4, 1713 ; d. Lyons, Feb. 12, 1797. 
 Violinist, pupil of his father. He went to Paris 
 in 1739, played next year in the Concerts Spiritu- 
 els, joined the King's band in 1741, and the Op- 
 era orch. in 1742. He cond. the latter 1751-5 ; 
 was Director until 1790, and retired at the out- 
 break of the Revolution to Lyons. His first 
 stage-work was a ballet, Les amours de Temp^ 
 (1752) ; in 1753 he made a sensation with Les 
 iroqueurs, the first genuine opera comique ; it 
 resembled the Italian intermezzi with spoken 
 dialogue instead of recitative, and soon super- 
 seded the comMie h ariette (vaudeville with inci- 
 dental music). He produced 9 other stage- 
 pieces, and left 3 more in MS. 
 
 Aventi'nus, Johannes (real name Thurn- 
 mayer or Turmair), b. Abensberg (whence 
 Aventinus), July 4, 1477; d. Jan. 9, 1534. Au- 
 thor of " Annales Boiorum " (1554), containing 
 considerable information, not wholly trust- 
 worthy, about mus. matters ; editor of Nicolaus 
 Faber's " Musicae rudimenta admodum brevia, 
 etc." 
 
 Av'ison, Charles, Engl, comp., org., and 
 writer ; b. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1710 ; d. there 
 May 9, 1770. St. in Italy ; then under Ge- 
 miniani in London. Organist in Newcastle. — 
 Works : Concertos f. organ or harpsichord ; do. 
 f. strings and harpsichord ; violin-sonatas ; 
 songs ; also " An Essay on Mus. Expression" 
 (London, 1752, '53, '75) ; also publ., with J. 
 Garth, Marcello's " Psalm-Paraphrases" (1757), 
 with English words. 
 
 Ayrton, Edmund, Engl. comp. and org. ; b. 
 Ripon, Yorkshire, 1734 ; d. Westminster, May 
 22, 1808. Pupil of Nares. From 1780-1805, 
 Master of Children of the Chapel Royal. Wrote 
 2 full services, also anthems, 
 
 Ayrton, William, son of preceding; b. Lon- 
 don, Feb. 24, 1777 ; d. there May 8, 1858. 
 Writer on music; 1813-26, critic of "Morning 
 Chronicle"; 1837-51, of " Examiner " ; 1823- 
 33, editor of the " Harmonicon." Also edited 
 " Knight's Musical Library" (1834), and " Sa- 
 cred Minstrelsy " (1S35). 
 
 Azve'do, Alexis-Jacob, French writer and 
 critic ; b. Bordeaux, Mar. 18, 1813 ; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 21, 1875. Author of several valuable 
 
BABBI— BACH 
 
 monographs, particularly " G. Rossini, sa vie et 
 ses oeuvres " (Paris, 1865) ; contributor to " La 
 France musicale," " Le Siecle," "La Presse," 
 " Le Menestrel," and (1859-70) feuilletoniste 
 to " L'Opinion nationale." He was a zealous 
 partisan of the Italian school, and many of his 
 criticisms are biassed. 
 
 B 
 
 Bab'bi, Christoph (Cristoforo), violinist ; 
 b. Cesena, 1748; d. Dresden, 1814. From 1780, 
 leader in the Electoral orch. — Works : Sym- 
 phonies, vln. -concertos, and quartets and duets 
 f. flute. 
 
 Babi'ni, Matteo, celebrated tenor ; b. Bo- 
 logna, Feb. 19, 1754 ; d. there Sept. 22, 1816. 
 Pupil of Cortoni ; debut 1780. His great suc- 
 cess brought him engagements in London, St. 
 Petersburg, Vienna (1785), and Berlin. Settled 
 in Paris, a court favorite, till the Revolution 
 drove him back to Italy ; in 1792 he was again 
 in Berlin ; 1796, in Trieste. He died wealthy. 
 
 Bac'chius (Senior), Greek theorist (abt. 150 
 A.D.), two treatises by whom are still extant, 
 publ. in Greek, Latin, and French by Mersenne, 
 Meibom, Morel, and Bellermann. 
 
 Bacfart (or Bacfarre), Valentin, a cele- 
 brated lutenist whose real name was Graew ; 
 b. Transylvania, 1515 ; d. Padua, Aug. 13, 1576. 
 He lived alternately at the court of Vienna, and 
 at that of Sigisraund Augustus of Poland. 
 Publ. 2 works on lute-tablature (1564, '65). 
 
 Bach is the name of the illustrious family 
 which, during two centuries, supplied the world 
 with a number of musicians and composers of 
 distinction. History pos.sesses few records of 
 such remarkable examples of hereditary art, 
 which culminated in Johann Seba.stian. 
 
 The genealogy of the family is traced to Hans 
 Bach, born about 1561 at Wechmar, a little 
 town near Gotha. Veit Bach, d. i6ig, the pre- 
 sumed son of this Hans, and Caspar Bach, are 
 the first of the family concerning whose musical 
 tendencies we have any information. Veit was 
 by trade a baker, and emigrated to Hungary; 
 returning to Wechmar, he settled there as a 
 miller and baker. His chief relaxation consisted 
 in playing on the zither. His son, Hans, b. abt. 
 1580, d. 1626, was known as " der Spielmann," 
 (i. c, "the player"), although he followed the 
 supplementary occupation of carpet-weaver. 
 He received instruction from the town-musician 
 of Gotha, the above-mentioned Caspar Bach, 
 supposed to be his uncle. As a travelling 
 violinist, to be found at all the principal festi- 
 vals, he was popular throughout Thuringia, and 
 his three sons, Johann, Christoph, and Hein- 
 rich, inherited his ability. The Bach genealogy 
 mentions a second son of Veit, presumably 
 Lips Bach (d. Oct. 10, 1620), who also had 
 three sons, who were sent to Italy, to study 
 music, by the Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt. 
 From Hans and Lips, the two sons of Veit, 
 sprang the main branches of the Bach family, 
 
 whose male members filled so many positions as 
 organists, cantors, and Kapellmeister throughout 
 Thuringia, that, in some instances, even after 
 there had ceased to be any member of the family 
 among them, the town-musicians were known as 
 "the Bachs." When the families became nu- 
 merous and widely dispersed, they agreed to as- 
 semble on a fixed date each year. Erfurt, Am- 
 stadt, Steinach, and Meiningen were the places 
 chosen for these meetings, which continued un- 
 til the middle of the i8th century, as many as 
 120 persons of the name of Bach then assem- 
 bling. The hours, interspersed with music, 
 were devoted to the narration of their experi- 
 ences, mutual criticism, encouragement and ad- 
 vice, and the examination of the compositions 
 of each member, which eventually formed a col- 
 lection known as the Bach Archives. A part of 
 this interesting collection was in the possession 
 of Karl Ph. E. Bach at the end of the 18th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 The principal members of the Bach family are 
 enumerated below, in alphabetical order, with 
 their chronological list-numbers. 
 
 2. BACH, Christoph 
 
 5. " Georg Christoph 
 
 3. " Heinrich 
 I. " Johann 
 
 8. " " Ambrosius 
 
 10. " " Bernhard 
 
 19. " " Christian 
 
 6. '* " Christoph 
 
 9. " " " 
 14- 
 
 18. " Friedrich 
 
 4. " " Egidius 
 13. " " Ernst 
 12. " " Ludwig 
 
 7. " " Michael 
 
 11. " " Nikolaus 
 
 15. '* " Sebastian 
 
 17. " Karl Philipp Emanuel 
 
 16. " Wilhelm Friedemann 
 
 20. " Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst 
 
 1. Bach, Johann (eldest son of Hans), b. 
 1604 ; d. 1673. Org. at Schweinfurt, then at 
 Suhl. In 1635, dir. of the " Raths-Musikanten "; 
 1647, org. of the church at Erfurt. Left MS. 
 comp.s of considerable merit. 
 
 2. Bach, Christoph (2nd son of Hans, and 
 grandfather of Johann Sebastian), b. 1613 ; d. 
 1661. Court and town-musician of Eisenach. 
 Distinguished organist ; left several organ-pcs. 
 (in the B. Archives). 
 
 3. Bach, Heinrich (3rd son of Hans), b. 
 Wechmar, Sept. 16, 1615 ; d. Arnstadt, July 16, ' 
 1692. From 1641, org. of Arnstadt ch. for 51 
 years. Left MS. organ-pcs., and hymn-tunes. 
 
 4. Bach, Johann Egidius (2nd son of Jo- 
 hann [i]), b. 1645 ; d. 1717. Succ. his father 
 as municipal mus.-dir., and org. of the ch. at 
 Erfurt. Left church-comp.s, among others the 
 motet n 9 f. double choir, Unser Leben ist ein 
 Schatten (1696). 
 
 5. Bach, Georg Christoph (eldest son of 
 Christoph [2]), b. Eisenach, 1641; d. 1697. 
 Cantor and comp. at Schweinfurt. His motet, 
 Siehe, wie fein und lieblich, i. two tenors and 
 
 38 
 
BACH— BACH 
 
 bass, with ace. of vln., 3 'celli, and bass, is in 
 thi B. Archives. 
 
 6. Bach, Johann Christoph (eldest son of 
 Heinrich [3]), org. and composer (instr. and 
 vocal) of the highest rank among the earlier 
 Bachs ; b. Arnstadt, Dec. 6, 1642 ; d. Eisenach, 
 Mar. 31, 1703. From 1665 to 1703, court and 
 town-organist of Eisenach. Works in the B. 
 Archives : Wedding-hymn f. 12 voices, Eserhub 
 sich ein Streit, a comp. of great beauty ; motet f. 
 22 voices, for the festival of St. Michael ; alto 
 solo, w. accomp. of vln., 'cello, and bass ; and 2 
 motets a 4. In MS. in the Berlin Royal Li- 
 brary: Motet fl 8 f. double choir, Lieber Herr 
 Gott, wecke uns an/ (1672) ; motet a 4, Ich lasse 
 dic/i nicht; motet a 8, Unsres Herzens Freude 
 hat ein B.nde ; motet a 8, Herr^ 7iun lassest du 
 deinen Diener; Sarabande f . clavecin w. 1 2 vari- 
 ations ; etc. 
 
 7. Bach, Johann Michael, brother of pre- 
 ceding, and as org. and composer almost his 
 equal in merit ; b. Arnstadt, ty\%. 9, 1648 ; d, 
 Gehren, May, 1694. Org. and town-clerk of 
 Gehren from 1673 ; also maker of harpsichords, 
 vlns., etc. Comp. motets, preludes, and fugues. 
 
 8. Bach, Johann Ambrosius (2nd son of 
 Christoph [2] ), distinguished org. ; b. Erfurt, 
 I'"eb. 22, 1645 ; d. Eisenach, 1695 He was the 
 father of J. Sebastian. His twin-brother, 
 
 9. Bach, Johann Christoph, d. Arnstadt, 
 1694, was court violinist and Stadtpfeifer at 
 Arnstadt from 1671. There was such a remark- 
 able resemblance between the brothers, in every 
 particular, voice, gestures, moods, and style of 
 music, that even their respective wives could 
 distinguish them only by the color of their 
 clothes. — Church-comp. 04, " Nun ist alles 
 iiberwunden." 
 
 10. Bach, Johann Bernhard (son of Johann 
 Egidius [4] ), org. and comp. f. organ, one of 
 the best of his generation ; b. Erfurt, Nov. 
 23, 1676; d. Eisenach, June 11, 1749. Org. at 
 Erfurt, Magdeburg, and the successor of Johann 
 Christoph [6], at Eisenach, in 1703. Also cem- 
 balist in the Duke of Saxe-Eisenach's orch. — 
 Works : Harpsich.-pcs., several chorale-arrange- 
 ments f. org., and 4 orchestral suites, these lat- 
 ter now in the Berlin Royal Library. 
 
 11. Bach, Johann Nikolaus (eldest son of 
 Johann Christoph [6]), b. Eisenach, Oct. 10, 
 i66g ; d. there 1753. In 1695, app. org. at 
 Jena, where he estab. a harpsichord-factory, 
 made many improvements in the instr.s, and 
 directed his efforts to establishing equal tem- 
 perament in pf. and org -tuning. — Works: Suites 
 f. org. and harpsich.; motets, and other sacred 
 comp.s; also a comic operetta, Der Jenaische 
 Wein- und Bier-Kufer, a scene from Jena col- 
 lege-life. 
 
 12. Bach, Johann Ludwig (son of Johann 
 Michael [7J ), b. Arate-Gehren, 1677; d. 1730. 
 Co-axX. Kapellm. at Saxe-Meiningen, MS. Re- 
 
 quiem f. 2 choirs, w. instr. 1 accomp., in Berlin 
 Royal Library. 
 
 13. Bach, Johann Ernst (only son of Johann 
 Bernhard [10]), b Eisenach, Sept. i (June 28?), 
 1722; d. there Jan. 28, 1777 (1781?). St. law 
 at Leipzig for 6 years, returning to Eisenach and 
 practising as advocate. In 1748 was app. asst. 
 to his father, org. of St. George's ch. ; 1756, app. 
 hon. Kapellm. at Weiraar, w. pension. Publ. 
 comp.s: Sonatas f. clavecin w. vln., etc.; many 
 others in MS. 
 
 14. Bach, Johann Christoph (brother of 
 Johann Sebastian, and eldest son of Johann 
 Ambrosius [8]), b. Erfurt, June 16, 1671; d. 
 Ohrdruff, Feb. 22, 1721. He was organist at 
 Ohrdruil, and his distinguished brother's teacher 
 on the clavichord. 
 
 15. Bach, Johann Sebastian, the most 
 famous of the family, and one of the great 
 masters of music ; 
 b. Eisenach, Mar. 
 21 (bapt. Mar. 23), 
 1685 ; d. Leipzig, 
 July 28, 1750. He 
 first learned the 
 vln. from his father 
 (Joh. Ambrosius 
 [8]). His mother, 
 Elizabeth, nie 
 Lammerhirt, was a 
 native of Erfurt. 
 Both his parents 
 dying in his tenth 
 year, he went to 
 live with his 
 brother, Johann Christoph [:4], at Ohrdruff, who 
 taught him the clavichord ; but the boy's genius 
 soon outstripped the brother's skill, and led to 
 somewhat harsh treatment by the latter. Unable 
 to obtain the loan of a MS. vol. of works by com- 
 posers of the day, Sebastian secretly obtained 
 possession of the work, and, by the light of the 
 moon, painfully and laboriously copied the whole, 
 within six months, only to have it taken from him, 
 when his brother accidentally found hini practis- 
 ing from it. He recovered it when his brother's 
 death occurred shortly after. Left to his own re- 
 sources, J. S. went to Luneburg with a fellow- 
 student named Erdmann, and both were admitted 
 as choristers at St. Michael's ch., also receiving 
 gratuitous scholastic education. The fame of the 
 family had preceded Sebastian, for in the choice 
 collection of printed and MS. music of the ch; 
 were to be found the comp.s of Heinrich and J. 
 Christoph B. [6]. A fellow-Thuringian', George 
 B6hm, was the org. of St. John's ch. , and Bach a,t- 
 tentively studied his compositions. He also often 
 went on foot to Hamburg, to hear the famous 
 old Dutch organist Reinken, and to Celle, where 
 French music was exclusively used in the services 
 of the Royal Chapel. With indefatigable indus- 
 try he developed his technical skill on the violin, 
 clavichord, and organ, and perfected himself in 
 the art of composition ; often working and study- 
 
 29 
 
BACH 
 
 ing the whole night through. In 1703 he became 
 violinist in the Weimar court orch., but the fol- 
 lowing year quitted this post for the more con- 
 genial one of org. of the new church at Arnstadt. 
 Some of his comp.s of this early period, f. clav. 
 and org., are of importance. In 1705 he ob- 
 tained leave of absence, and walked to Lubeck, 
 to make the acquaintance of the famous organist 
 Dietrich Buxtehude. He was so impressed with 
 this master's style, that he trebled his leave of 
 absence, and returned only after a peremptory 
 summons from the church-consistory of Arn- 
 stadt. He received favorable otifers from different 
 places, and on June 29, 1707, accepted the app. 
 as org. at Muhlhausen. On Oct. 17 he married 
 his cousin, Maria Barbara Bach, daughter of Jo- 
 hann Michael [7]. The following year, he went 
 to Weimar, played before the reigning duke, and 
 was at once offered the post of court organist. 
 In 1714 he was made Concertmcistcr. All this 
 time he was writing much church- and organ- 
 music. In his autumn vacations he made pro- 
 fessional clavichord- and org.-tours. In 1713 he 
 visited Kassel and Halle, Leipzig in 1714 (where 
 he furnished all the organ-music for a service 
 cond. in the Thomaskirche, and prod, a cantata), 
 Halle again in 1716, and Dresden in 1717. In 
 this town his challenge to Marchand, a French 
 organist of high reputation, was evaded by the 
 latter's failure to appear. In 1717 B. was app. 
 Kapellm. and dir. of chamber-music to Prince 
 Leopold of Anhalt, at Kothen, and this period 
 is especially rich in the production of orchestral 
 and chamber-music. In 1719 he revisited Halle, 
 hoping to meet Handel ; but the latter had just 
 left for England. In 1720, during his absence 
 at Carlsbad, his wife died suddenly. In the 
 autumn of the same year he applied, though 
 (owing to bribery) without success, for the 
 organistship of the Jacobikirche, Hamburg. 
 Here he again met the aged Reinken, whose 
 admiration he excited by his brilliant playing. 
 In 1721 he married his second wife, Anna Mag- 
 dalene Wiilken, a daughter of the court-trum- 
 peter at Weissenfels. Thirteen children were 
 born to them. Of highly-cultured musical taste, 
 she participated in his labors, and wrote out the 
 parts of many of his cantatas. B. prepared 2 
 books of music especially for her. In May, 
 1723, he succ. Johann Kuhnau as cantor at the 
 Thomasschule, Leipzig, becoming also org. and 
 dir. of mus. at the two principal churches, the 
 Thomaskirche and the Nicolaikirche, and con- 
 tinuing in the service of Prince Leopold of 
 Anhalt as K'apelliu. von Hans aus. He further 
 received the app. of hon. Kapellm. to the Duke 
 of Weissenfels, and, in 1736, that of court com- 
 poser to the King of Poland, Elector of Saxony. 
 He remained in his post at Leipzig for 27 years, 
 and there composed most of his religious music. 
 He often visited Dresden, where his eldest son, 
 Wilhelm Friedemann, was app. in 1733 org. of 
 the Sophienkirche. On these occasions he fre- 
 quently attended the ItaHan opera, then cond. 
 by Hasse. His 2nd son, Karl Philipp Emanuel, 
 
 was app. in 1740 chamber-musician to Frederick 
 II. of Prussia. He communicated to his father 
 the king's oft-expressed wish to see and hear 
 him; and on May 7, 1747, with his son Wilhelm 
 Friedemann, B. arrived at Potsdam. Here, at 
 the king's request, he tried, and improvised 
 upon, the various Silbermann pianos in the dif- 
 ferent rooms of the palace, to the admiration of 
 his royal host, and of the musicians who followed 
 them from room to room. The next day B. tried, 
 in a similar manner, the principal organs in 
 Potsdam, finally improvising a 6-part fugue on 
 a theme proposed by the king. On his return 
 to Leipzig he wrote a 3-part fugue on this 
 theme, a Ricercare in 6 parts, several canons 
 inscribed " Thematis regii elaborationes canoni- 
 cae," and a Trio for flute, violin, and bass; 
 dedicating the whole to P'rederick as a " Musi- 
 kalisches Opfer." — Bach was nearsighted from 
 childhood, and later his eyes showed syntptoms 
 of weakness, probably due tp the strain of his 
 youthful night-labors; in 1749 ^" unsuccessful 
 operation resulted in total blindness, and his 
 hitherto robust health also declined. His sight 
 was suddenly restored on July 10, 1750 ; but 10 
 days later, stricken by apoplexy, he died. He 
 worked to the end, dictating the choral " Vor 
 deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit," his last compo- 
 sition, a few days before his death. - 
 
 Clearness and acuteness of intellect, strength 
 of will, irresistible persistency, a love of order, 
 and a high sense of duty were his leading 
 characteristics. His home-life was of the happi- 
 est description. Among the long list of his dis- 
 tinguished pupils were Johann Ludwig Krebs, 
 Gottfried August Homilius, Johann Friedrich 
 Agricola, Philipp Kirnberger, Johann Theo- 
 philus Goldberg, Marpurg, Joh. Kaspar Vog- 
 ler ; also his own sons Wilhelm Friedemann, 
 Karl Philipp Emanuel, and Johann Christoph 
 Friedrich, for whose instruction he wrote the 
 "Clavierbuchlein" and the " Kun.st der Fuge." 
 He engraved several of his own works on cop- 
 per; invented the "viola pomposa " (an instr. 
 between viola and 'cello), and a " l.auten-Clavi- 
 cembalum" (a clavichord with catgut strings) ;-he 
 promoted the adoption of the tempered system 
 of tuning keyboard stringed instr. s; and intro-.- 
 duced the style of fingering which, with com- 
 paratively few modifications, is still in use. 
 
 Bach's compositions mark an epoch. They 
 are a fusion of two eras: — the polyphonic con- 
 trapuntal (thematic development by strict and 
 free imitation) and the harmonic tonal (chord- 
 combinations founded on the modern system of 
 major and minor keys). His originality and fe- 
 cundity of thematic invention are astounding ; 
 moulded with his consummate contrapuntal art, 
 and the freedom born of full mastery, poly- 
 phonic structures were reared which will be tlie 
 admiration of ages. His style is elevated, and 
 of sustained individuality in melody, rhythm, 
 and harmony; the momentum of his grand 
 fugues is inexorable as the march of Fate. As 
 an inexhaustible mine for study, the complete 
 
 30 
 
BACH— BACH 
 
 critical edition publishing (since 185 1) by the 
 " Bach-Gesellschaft," a society founded in 1850 
 by Schumann, Otto Jahri, Hauptmann, K. F. 
 Becker, and the publisher Hartel, demands 
 special recognition. The Peters' edition of B.'s 
 works is also valuable. Few of them were publ. 
 during his lifetime; Mizler's " Musikalische 
 Bibliothek" (1754) contains an almost complete 
 catalogue. Bach's importance was but meagrely 
 appreciated by his contemporaries, and for half a 
 century after his death he was practically ignored. 
 Some few works were^ then occasionally per- 
 formed, or even published; but Mendelssohn, 
 by a performance of the St. Matthew Passion at 
 Berlin, in 1829, first drew general attention to 
 the great value of Bach'j comp.s. The centenary 
 of his death (1850) was marked by the formation, 
 at Leipzig, of the Bach- Gesellsehaft. Bach- Ver- 
 eine, societies for the cultivation and prod, of 
 B.'s music, exist at Leipzig, Berlin, London, and 
 in many other European cities. 
 
 Works : Vocal : The 5 sets of sacred Cantatas 
 for every Sunday and feast-day, already men- 
 tioned, besides several special ones, e. g. , Goi- 
 tes Zeit ist die beste Zeit, and the Trauerode 
 on the death of the Electress of Saxony ; 5 
 Passions, including the gigantic St. Matthew, 
 the St. John, and the doubtful St. Luke ; a 
 Christmas Oratorio, in 5 parts ; Grand Mass in 
 B min., and 4 smaller do.; motets; 2 Magnifi- 
 cats; 5 Sanctus ; many secular cantatas, includ- 
 ing two comic ones. — Instrumental : Very nu- 
 merous pieces f. pf. (i. e., clavichord): — In- 
 ventions in 2 and 3 parts; 6 "small" French 
 suites; 6 " large" English suites; Preludes and 
 Fugues, includ. the " Wohltemperirtes Klavier" 
 in 2 parts vv. its 48 Preludes and Fugues in all 
 keys {cf. art. BusoNi) ; pf.-sonatas w. one or 
 more instr.s, among them the 6 famous sonatas 
 f. pf. and vln. ; solo sonatas f . vln. and 'cello ; 
 solos, trios, etc., for different instr.s in various 
 combinations ; concertos for i to 4 pf.s ; vln. and 
 other instr.l concertos w. orch.l overtures and 
 suites ; and many organ comp.s (fantasias, tocca- 
 tas, preludes, fugues, and chorale-arrangements). 
 
 Several biographies of B. have appeared ; the 
 best and most exhaustive , is " Johann Sebastian 
 Bach," by Philipp Spitta (Leipzig, 1873-80, 2 
 vol.s; Eng. transl. by Clara Bell and Fuller 
 Maitland, London, 1884-5). Also may be 
 mentioned, " tJber J. S. Bach's Leben, Kunst 
 und Kunstwerke," by Forkel (1802) ; Hilgen- 
 feldt, " B.'s Leben, Wirken and Werke " (1850); 
 Bitter, "J. S. B." (4 vol.s; 2nd ed., 1881) ; 
 Poole, "Sebastian Bach" (London, 1882). His 
 earliest biographers were his son, K. Ph. E. , 
 and J. Fr. Agricola (in Mizler's " Musikalische 
 Bibliothek," vol. iv, I [1754]). 
 
 16. Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann {Bach of 
 Halle), eldest son of J. Sebastian ; b. Weimar, 
 Nov. 22, 1710 ; d. BerUn, July I, 1784. Pupil 
 of his father (pf.), and, at 15 yrs. of age, of 
 Graun at Merseburg (vln.). Also st. at the 
 Thomasschule, and at the Univ. of Leipzig, 
 
 where he distinguished himself in mathematics. 
 Org. of the Sophienkirche, Dresden, 1733-47 \ 
 of the Marienkirche, Halle, 1747-64. Of su- 
 perior gifts, grand organist, dexterous fugue- 
 player, and, after his father, the most clever 
 musician in Germany, he unfortunately gave 
 way to dissipation, was removed from his offices, 
 and died in misery. MS. works in the Berlin 
 Royal Library ; many have been printed. 
 
 17. Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel (the Ber- 
 lin or Hamburg Bach), 3rd [and and surviving] 
 son of J. Sebastian ; 
 b. Weimar, Mar. 
 (8?) 14, 1714; d. 
 Hamburg, (Sept. ?) 
 Dec. 14, 1788. He 
 studied philosophy 
 and law at Leipzig 
 and Frankfort-on- 
 Oder ; but the in- 
 herited passion for 
 music, and com- 
 pleteness of musical 
 study under his 
 father, decided his 
 profession. He con- 
 ducted a singing- 
 society at Frankfort, for which he also com- 
 posed. In 1737 (1738 ?) he went to Berlin. 
 App. chamber-musician and clavecinist to Fred- 
 erick the Great, 1746-57 [Ffens and Riemann : 
 1740-67]. At the outbreak of the 7 years' war 
 he went to Hamburg, where he was church 
 mus. dir., and in 1767 succ. Telemann as 
 Musikdirector of the principal church there, 
 a position he held until death. He was one of 
 the most brilliant performers of his time, and 
 his compositional style was light, pleasing, and 
 elegant, rather than of great profundity. He 
 may be looked upon as the father of the modern 
 school of pf. -playing, originator of the sonata- 
 and symphony-forms, later perfected by Haydn, 
 Mozart, and Beethoven, and a promoter of 
 orchestral development. His important theo- 
 retical work, " Versuch uber die wahre Art, das 
 Clavier zu spielen " (2 parts, 1753-62), clumsily 
 reedited by Schelling in 1857, contains detailed 
 explanations concerning the embellishments in 
 clavichord-playing. His compositions are also 
 voluminous ; for clavier they number 210 solo 
 pes. ; 52 concertos w. orch. ; quartets, trios, 
 duets, sonatas (v. Billow edited 6 for the Peters' 
 Ed. ; C. F. Baumgart edited the entire " So- 
 natensammlung fiir Kenner und Liebhaber," in 
 6 books, for Leuckart), sonatinas, minuets, polo- 
 naises, solfeggi, fugues, marches, etc. Also 18 
 orch.l symph.s; 34 miscellaneous pes. f. wind-in- 
 str.s ; trios f. fl., vln., and bass ; do. f. vln. and 
 bass; flute-, 'cello-, and oboe-concertos ; soli f. fl., 
 viola di gamba, oboe, 'cello, and harp; duets f. fl. 
 and vln.; f. 2 vln.s; f. 2 clarinets. — Vocal: 2 ora- 
 torios. Die Israeliien in der Wiiste, and Die 
 Auferstehung und Himmel/ahrt Jesu ; 22 Pas- 
 sions ; cantatas ; etc. — K. H. Bitter publ. (2 
 
 31 
 
BACH— BACHMANN 
 
 vol.s, 1868; 2nd ed. 1880) " K. Ph. E. Bach 
 und W. Friedemann Bach und deren Briider." 
 , 18. Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich 
 (the Buckeburg Bach), gth son of J. Sebastian ; 
 b. Leipzig, June 29, 1732 ; d, Buckeburg, Jan. 
 26, 1795. Also St. law at Leipzig, but adopted 
 the profession of music, and was app. Kapellm. 
 at Buckeburg, with a salary of 1,000 thalers. 
 MS. works in the Berlin Royal Library : Sacred 
 cantatas w. instr.I accomp. ; oratorio, the Resur- 
 rection of Lazarus, i. 4 voices and orch.; instr.I 
 symph.s ; concertos, quartets, trios, vln. -quar- 
 tets, sonatas, and miscellaneous pes. Theatrical 
 cantata, Pygmalion. Opera, Die Amerikanerin. 
 
 19. Bach, Johann Christian {the Milan or 
 English Bach), nth and youngest surviving son 
 of J. Sebastian ; b. Leipzig [bapt. Sept. 7], 
 1735 ; d. London, Jan. i, 1782. In his 14th 
 year, on the death of his father, he went to Ber- 
 lin, to study with his brother K. Ph. Emanuel. 
 In 1754 he became org. of Milan cath. His 
 technical talents and vocal comp.s in popular 
 style, won him great favor. In 1759 he ac- 
 cepted an app. as concert-director in London, 
 and was also app. mus. -master to the Queen 
 and Royal Family. In 1763 he prod, his opera 
 Orione, ossia Diana vendicata ; followed by 
 several others, with brilliant temporary success. 
 
 20. Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst (son 
 of Johann Christoph Friedrich [18], and grand- 
 son and last male descendant of J. Sebastian), 
 b. Buckeburg, May 27, 1759 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 
 25, 1845. St. with his father, and with his 
 uncle Johann Christian, in London, and there 
 became esteemed as a teacher, pianist and organ- 
 ist. On his uncle's death, he went to Paris 
 and gave concerts. In 1789, prod, a cantata at 
 Minden before Friedrich Wilhelm II., who app. 
 him Kapellm. ; he was afterwards app. pianist 
 to Queen Louise, and music-master to the royal 
 princes. On the Queen's death, he was pen- 
 sioned. — Comp.s ; Cantatas, songs, pf.-music 
 and instr.I works ; a few have been publ. 
 
 Bach, August Wilhelm, b. Berlin, Oct. 4, 
 1796 ; d. there Apr. 15, 1869. Organ-virtuoso ; 
 1822, teacher at the R. Inst, for Church-music ; 
 1832, followed Zelter as Director ; in 1858, 
 "Professor." Member of the Berlin Acad. 
 Composed the oratorio Bonifacius, and the ' ' sa- 
 cred drama " Jphigenia i7i Delphi. Mendelssohn 
 was his pupil in organ-playing. 
 
 Bach [Bak], Alberto, b. Gyula, Hungary, 
 1844 ; teacher and critic ; author of " Musical 
 Education and Vocal Culture" (Edinburgh, 
 18S0; .5th ed. London, 1898); "The Art of 
 Singing " (Edinburgh, 1886) ; " The Art-Ballad: 
 Loewe and Schubert" (London, 3d ed., 1897) ; 
 " Principles of Singing " (London, 2d ed., 1897). 
 
 Bach, Leonhard Emil, pianist and com- 
 poser ; b. Posen, Mar. 11, 1849. Pupil of Th. 
 KuUak (pf.) and of Wiierst and Kiel (theory). 
 i86g, teacher in KuUak's Academy, Berlin ; 
 1874, court pianist to Prince George of Prussia. 
 
 Went to London abt. i8go (?).— Works : A i-act 
 opera, Irmengard (London, 1892 ; v. succ); 
 i-act opera. The Lady of Longford (London, 
 1894 ; succ.) ; 2-act comic opera, Des Konigs 
 Garde (Cologne, 1895 ; succ.) ; and many salon- 
 pes. for pf . 
 
 Bach, (Dr.) Otto, b. Vienna, Feb. g, 1833; 
 d. Unter-Waltersdorf, July 3, 1893. Pupil ot 
 Sechter, then of Marx (Berlin) and Hauptmann 
 (Leipzig). ICapellm. at several German theatres ; 
 1868, artistic director of the Mozarteura, Salz- 
 burg, and Kapellm. at the cathedral ; since Apr. 
 I, 1880, Kapellm. at the new Votivkirche at 
 Vienna. — Works: 5 operas, Sardanapal (libol); 
 Die Liebesprobe [Der Lowe von Salamanka\ 
 (Augsburg, 1867) ; Die Argonauien (1870) ; Le- 
 nore (Gotha, 1874) ; Medea (?) ; Der Blumen 
 If ache, ballad f. ch. and .orch. ; 4 symphonies ; 
 overture, "Elektra"; Requiem, masses, cho- 
 ruses, and chamber-music. 
 
 Bache [bach], Francis Edward, b. Bir- 
 mingham, Sept. 14, 1833 ; d. there of consump- 
 tion, Aug. 24, 1858. Pupil of Mellon (vln.) 
 and Bennett (theory) ; 1853-5 at Leipzig Cons 
 (Plaidy and Hauptmann). A gifted composer. 
 — Works: 2 operas. Which is whicli ? {\%tji), 
 and Rubezahl {\'o'^2i) \ concerto f. pf. and orch., 
 in E ; a pf.-trio; solo pes. f. pf. ; songs, etc. 
 
 Bache, Walter, excellent pianist, brother of 
 preceding ; b. Birmingham, June 19, 1842 ; d. 
 London, Mar. 26, 1S88. Pupil of J. Stimpson 
 (org. of Birm. Town Hall), and (1858-61) of 
 Plaidy, Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Richter at 
 Leipzig. 1S62-5, St. with Liszt at Rome; also 
 began his career as a concert-giver and teacher. 
 1865, returned to London. He was an ardent 
 disciple of Liszt, and did much to introduce 
 his works to the British public. For some years 
 he was prof, of pf. at the R. A. M. 
 
 Bach'mann, Anton, court-musician and in- 
 strument-maker at Berlin, inventor of the ma- 
 chine-head method of tuning 'celli and double- 
 basses ; b. 1716 ; d. Mar. 8, 1800. — Karl Lud- 
 ■wig B., his son and successor, b. 1743, d. 1809, 
 was a good viola-player, belonging to the royal 
 orch. ; his wife, Charlotte Karoline Wilhel- 
 mine B., n^e Stowe, b. Berlin, Nov. 2, 1757; d. 
 Aug. 19, 1817, was a pianist and excellentsinger, 
 being a member of the Berlin Singakademie un- 
 der Fasch. 
 
 Bach'mann, Pater Sixtus, b. Kettershausen, 
 Bavaria, July 18, 1754 ; d. Marchthal, n. Vienna, 
 1818. Brilliant organist and pianist of remark- 
 able precocity , and wonderfully retentive memory. 
 At 9 he is said to have played by heart over 
 200 pieces ; in 1766 he held his own in an 
 organ-competition with Mozart, then 10 years 
 old, at Biberach. He became a Premonstrant 
 monk at Marchthal. — Works : Numerous masses, 
 highly esteemed ; cantatas, symphonies, sona- 
 tas, violin-quartets, organ- fugues. Publ. worh: 
 4 pf. -sonatas ; Diversi Pezzetti ; organ-fugue 
 " alia zoppa," 
 
 33 
 
BACHMANN— BAILEY 
 
 Bach'mann, Georg Christian, clarinettist ; 
 b. Paderborn, Jan. 7, 1804 ; d. Brussels, Aug. 
 28, 1842, as soloist in the royal orch. , and Cons, 
 teacher. Also celebrated as a clarinet-maker. 
 
 Bach'mann, Georges, b. abt. 1848; d. Paris, 
 Dec. (?), i8g4. Prolific pf. -composer. 
 
 Bach'mann, Gottlob, organist and comp. ; 
 b. Bornitz, Saxony, March 28, 1763 ; d. Zeitz, 
 Apr. 10, 1840. Pupil of Freeh at Zeitz, also st. 
 (1785) in Leipzig, and (1790) in Dresden with 
 Naumann. 1791, organist at Zeitz. — Works: 
 3 operas, a cantata, many ballads and songs, 
 3 symphonies, much chamber-music, numerous 
 pf.-pieces. 
 
 Bach'ofen, Johann Kaspar, b. Zurich, 
 1692 ; d. there 1755. Singing-master, organist, 
 director, and composer of sacred compositions 
 once very popular in Switzerland. 
 
 Bach'rich, Sigismund, violinist and dra- 
 matic composer ; b. Zsambokreth, Hungary, 
 Jan. 23, 1841. St. in Vienna Con.s. , 1851-7, 
 under Bohm (violin) ; was for a short time con- 
 ductor at a small Viennese theatre ; went to 
 Paris in 1861, but returned after a few years to 
 Vienna ; was for 12 years a member of the 
 Hellmesberger Quartet, and is now teacher at 
 the Cons., and a member of the Philh. and 
 Opera orchestras and the Rose Quartet. — 
 Works: Comic opera. Muzzedin (Vienna., 1883); 
 do. Heinivon Steier (1884); operetta Der Fuc Its- 
 Major (Prague, 1889 ; succ); ballet Sakuntala; 
 and 2 operettas (Vienna, 1866). 
 
 Back'er-Grdn'dahl, Agathe, pianist ; b. 
 Holmestrand, Norway, Dec. i, 1847. Pupil 
 (i860) of Kjerulf and Lindemann ; 18O3, of 
 KuUak's Acad., Berlin; 1871, of Biilow in 
 Florence ; later of Liszt at Weimar. Married 
 1875, in Christiania, to the singing-teacher Gron- 
 dahl. — Works : 6 fitudes de concert, op. 11 ; 3 
 morceaux, op. 15 ; 4 Sketches, op. 19 ; pf. -suite 
 in 5 movem., op. 20 ; songs, etc. 
 
 Back'ers, Americus. See Broadwood. 
 
 Back'ofen, Johann G. Heinrich, b. Dur- 
 lach, Baden, 1768 ; d. Darmstadt, 1839. Vir- 
 tuoso on the harp, clarinet, flute, and English 
 horn ; made long tours through Southern Europe 
 and Germany ; 1806, chamber-musician at Go- 
 tha ; in 1815, founded a wind-instr. factory at 
 Darmstadt. Wrote methods f. harp (1803), 
 clarinet, and Engl, horn ; publ. pieces for the 
 above in various combinations ; many com- 
 positions in MS. 
 
 Bacon, Richard Mackenzie, teacher, 
 writer, and critic; b. Norwich, Engl., May i, 
 1776 ; d. there Nov. 2, 1844. Author of 
 "Science and Practice of Vocal Ornament"; 
 " Elements of Vocal Science " (London, 1824); 
 "Art of Improving the Voice and Ear" (Lon- 
 don, 1825); editor of the "Quarterly Mus. 
 Mag. and Review " from 1818-28 ; founded the 
 triennial Mus. Festivals at Norwich. 
 
 Badarczev'ska, Thekla, pf.-composer ; b. 
 
 Warsaw, 1838 ; d. there 1862. Her best piece 
 is "La pri^re d'une vierge"; the otliers are 
 practically unknown. 
 
 Ba'der, Karl Adam, opera-tenor ; b. Bam- 
 berg, Jan. 10, 1789 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 14, 1870. 
 Succeeded his father as cathedral-org. at Bam- 
 berg (1807) ; began stage-career 181 1 ; 1820-45, 
 first tenor at Berlin Court Opera, then stage- 
 manager till 1849 i afterwards music-director at 
 the Catholic Hedwigskirche. The heroic tenor- 
 roles in Spontini's operas were his forte; he was 
 also a fine actor. 
 
 Badi'a, Carlo Agostino, b. Venice, 1672 ; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 23, 1738, as court composer. 
 Wrote 16 operas ; 15 oratorios ; 12 cantatas for 
 solo voice and harpsich. (publ. as " Tributi ar- 
 monici ") ; and 33 cantatas a 1-3 (MS.). 
 
 Badi'a, Luigi, b. Tirano, Naples, 1822 ; 
 wrote 4 operas and numerous successful songs. 
 
 Baer'mann, Karl, See BArmakn. 
 
 Bag'ge, Selmar, b. Koburg, June 30, 1823; 
 d. Basel, July 17, 1896. St. at Prague Cons, 
 with Dionys Weber, and in Vienna with Sech- 
 ter ; 1851-55, comp. -teacher at V. Cons. Jour- 
 nalist and critic ; editor (in Leipzig, 1863-6) of 
 " Allgem. Musikzeitung " ; 1868, app. Director 
 of the Basel Music-School ; edited, for some 
 years, the " Schweizerische Sangerzeitung." — 
 Works : A symphony, chamber-music, sonata 
 f. pf. and 'cello, pf.-pcs., songs, and " Lehrbuch 
 derTonkunst" (1873). 
 
 Bahn, Martin. See Trautwein. 
 
 Bahr (or Bar, Beer), Johann, leader of the 
 Duke of Weissenfels' orch.; b. GeorgTa.-d.- 
 Enns (Austria), 1652 ; d. 1770. Known by nu- 
 merous satirico-polemical musical pamphlets 
 (signed "' Ursusmurmurat," " Ursus triumphat," 
 etc.) against Hartnoth of Gotha (1697, etc.) ; 
 also wrote " Bellum musicum " (1701), and " Mu- 
 sikalische Disburse " (1719). 
 
 Ba'i [bah'-e] (or Baj), Tommaso, b. Creval- 
 cuore, n. Bologna, abt. 1660 ; d. Rome, Dec. 
 22,1714. Tenor singer at the Vatican ; m.dic. 
 in 1 713. A disciple of Palestrina, his posthu- 
 mous fame rests on his Miserere, sung during 
 Holy Week, alternately with those by AUegri 
 and Baini, in the Papal Chapel. This work is 
 publ. (Choron, Burney, Peters) in various coU.s 
 of music of the Papal Chapel. 
 
 Baif, Jean-Antoine de, b. Venice, 1532; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 19, 1589. Gave concerts at Paris, 
 and publ. 2 works in lute-tablature, 12 sacred 
 songs, and 2 books of 4-p. chansons. 
 
 Bailey, Marie Louise, concert-pianist, b. 
 Nashville, Oct. 24, 1876 ; st. from 1889 in Leip- 
 zig Cons, with C. Reinecke, winning a scholar- 
 ship, and later with Leschetizky, Vienna. De- 
 but Feb. 28, 1893, at Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 
 after which she played by request before King 
 Albert of Saxony, and received the title of " Kgl. 
 Sachs. Kammervirtuosin." Returning to Amer- 
 ica, she first appeared in Carnegie Hall, N, Y., 
 
 33 
 
BAILLOT— BALAKIREV 
 
 with the Damrosch orch. ; then made a long and 
 successful tour of the U. S. and Canada. Miss 
 B. has publ. a " Menuet de concert " f. pf., and 
 a Fantaisie on Amer. national airs. Her pres- 
 ent home is Vienna. 
 
 Baillot, Pierre-Marie-Fran^ois de Sales, 
 one of the most celebrated of French violinists ; 
 b. Passy, Oct. I, 
 1771 ; d. Paris, 
 Sept. 15, 1842. 
 His first teachers 
 were Polidori of 
 Florence, at 
 Passy, and (1780) 
 Sainte-Marie, at 
 Paris. From 
 1783-91 he 
 studied under 
 Pollani, at Rome; 
 then returned to 
 Paris, where 
 Viotti procured 
 him the position 
 of leader in the 
 Th. Feydeau. 
 Still doubtful, apparently, as to earning a living 
 as a musician, he obtained a minor appointment 
 in the Ministry of Finance, and held it until 
 1795, when, on the strength of his continually 
 growing reputation as a concert-violinist, he was 
 app. prof, of vin. at the Cons. He made up 
 for lost time by diligent study under Cherubini, 
 Reicha, and Catel. His first foreign tour, to 
 Russia, was undertaken 1805-8, and followed 
 by others through Belgium, Holland and Eng- 
 land (1815-16), Switzerland and Italy (1833), 
 etc. In 1821 he was made leader at the Grand 
 Opera, and in 1825 solo violinist in the royal 
 orch. — His chief work is the admirable text- 
 book, "L' Art du Violon" (1834). With Rode 
 and Kreutzer he wrote " Methode du Violon," 
 adopted by the Paris Cons., and republ. in 
 countless editions and many languages ; he also 
 edited the " Methode de Violoncelle" by Levas- 
 seur, Catel, and Baudiot, and wrote essays : 
 " Notice sur Gretry " (1814) ; " Notice sur Vi- 
 otti " (1825) ; and others. — ^His principal com- 
 positions are 10 vln. -concertos, 3 string-quar- 
 tets, 15 trios f. 2 vlns. and bass, 6 duos f. 
 2 vlns., 30 sets of airs variis^ 24 preludes in 
 all keys, a symphonie conccrtante f. 2 vlns. w. 
 orch., a sonata f. pf. and vln., etc.; mostly dif- 
 ficult, and not much played now-a-days. He 
 had several distinguished pupils — Habeneck 
 atn^, Mazas, the 2 Danclas, etc. 
 
 Baillot, Ren6-Paul, son of preceding ; b. 
 Paris, Oct. 23, 1813 ; d. there Mar. 28, 1889 ; 
 prof, of ensemble-playing at Paris Cons. 
 
 Bai'ni, Abbate Giuseppe, a composer, writer, 
 and critic of ultra-conservative tendency ; b. 
 Rome, Oct. 21, 1775 ; d. there May 21, 1844. 
 Pupil of his uncle, Lorenzo B.; later of Janna- 
 coni, the maestro of St. Peter's, who had him 
 app. singer in the Pontifical choir, and whom he 
 
 succeeded in 1817. B.'s life-work and magnum 
 opus was the monograph: " Memorie storico- 
 critiche della vita e delle opere di Giovanni 
 Pierluigi da Palestrina " (Rome, 1828 ; German 
 transl. by iCandler, w. notes by Kiesewetter, 
 1834). He likewi.se wrote a " Saggio sopta 
 I'identiti de' ritmi musicali e poetici." His 
 most celebrated comp. is a Miserere (1821), 
 given alternately, during his lifetime, with those 
 of Allegri and Bai at the Sistine Chapel, during 
 Holy Week. Others are Psalms and Hymns a 
 4 ; Hymns a 8 ; masses, motets, church-concer- 
 tos, a Te Deum, etc. 
 
 Baj, Tommaso. See Bai. 
 
 Bajet'ti, Giovanni, stage-composer ; b. 
 Brescia, Italy, abt. 1815 ; d. Milan, April 28, 
 1876. For many years leader of orch. in La 
 Scala, Milan, where he produced Gonzalvo (opera, 
 1841), L'Assedio di Brescia (1844), Caterina h la 
 Jiglia del bandito (1847), Faust (ballet, 1848), 
 Uberto da Brescia (1866), and // genio d^ Italia 
 (Piacenza, 1843); all with success. 
 
 Baker, Benjamin Franklin, b. Wenham, 
 Mass., July 10, 1811 ; sang inchurches in Salem, 
 Boston, and Portland ; in 1837, took charge of 
 the music in Dr. Channing'sch. at Boston, and 
 in 1841 succeeded Lowell Mason as teacher of 
 music in the pubUc schools ; was also vice-pres. 
 of the Handel and Haydn Society for 6 years, 
 frequently singing solos at their concerts. Est. 
 the Boston Music School (1851-68). Editor of 
 the Boston " Musical Journal." Retired in 
 1868.- — Works : 3 cantatas. The Storm-King, 
 The Burning Ship, and Camillus, the Roman 
 Conqueror ; various vocal quartets, songs, etc. 
 Author of a text-book : " Thorough-bass and 
 Harmony " ; has compiled several volumes of 
 glees and anthems. 
 
 Baker, George, b. Exeter, Engl., in 1773 ; 
 d. Rugeley, Feb. 19, 1847. Organ-pupil of 
 Hugh Bond and William Jackson (Exeter); st. 
 the violin with Ward, and pf. with Dussek and 
 Cramer at London. Org. at Stafford (1795), 
 Derby (1810), Rugeley (1824); Mus. Bac. Oxon., 
 1797. — Works : The Caffres, " musical enter- 
 tainment" (London, 1802 ; unsucc); 4-, 5-, and 
 6-p. anthems ; glees f. 3 and 4 voices ; songs ; 
 organ-voluntaries ; pf.-sonatas. 
 
 Baker-Grdndahl, A. See Backer-Gr6n- 
 
 DAHL. 
 
 Balaki'rev, Mily Alexejevitch, b. Nishnij 
 Novgorod, Russia, 1836. St. at Kasan Univ.; 
 self-taught, as a musician. Pianistic debut at 
 St. Petersburg, 1855, was very successful. With 
 Lamakin, in 1862, he founded the " Free Music 
 School." 1866, app. opera-conductor at Prague; 
 1867-70, conducted concerts of the Imp. Music 
 Society at St. Petersburg, and introduced com- 
 positions of Berlioz and Liszt to the Russian 
 public. Retired to private life in 1872. His 
 own works are a symph. poem "Taraara"; 
 music to King Lear ; overtures with Russian, 
 Czechish, and Spanish themes ; an Oriental 
 
 34 
 
BALART— BALFE 
 
 Fantasia, " Islamei," f. pf. ; pes. and arrange- 
 ments f. pf. ; etc. He has publ. (1866) a fine 
 coll. of Russian Folk-songs. 
 
 Balart', Gabriel, comp. of " zarzuelas " 
 (Spanish operettas) ; b. Barcelona, June 8, 1824; 
 d. there July 5, 1893. He finished his mus. 
 studies in Paris, returned to Spain in 1852, was 
 opera-conductor in various Spanish theatres, 
 and, finally, Director of the Barcelona Cons. 
 
 Balat'ka, Hans, b. Hoffnungsthal, Moravia, 
 Mar. 5, 1S27; d. Chicago, Apr. 17, 1899. Choir- 
 boy in Olmtltz cathedral; 1846-8, pupil of Proch, 
 Sechter, and Gentiluomo at Vienna, and con- 
 ducted the Academical Singing Societies there. 
 Went to America, 1849 ; founded the Milwaukee 
 Musikverein in 185 1, and was its conductor till 
 i860, when he became cond. of the Chicago 
 Philh. Soc, and in 1862, of the Musical Union. 
 In 1S67, he gave independent symphony-con- 
 certs ; was cond. of the Germania Mannerchor 
 (1867), made concert-tours w. Mme. Pappen- 
 heim (1870), was again cond. at Milwaukee, and 
 from 1873 had lived in Chicago, where he organ- 
 ized the Liederkranz and the Mozart Club, 
 and for several years cond. the Symphony So- 
 ciety. — Works : The Power of Song, double ch. f. 
 men's voices (1856) ; Festival cantata f. soprano 
 and full orch. (l86g); choruses and .quartets f. 
 men's or mixed voices ; abt. 30 songs w. ace. of 
 orch. or pf. ; over 20 fantasias and transcriptions 
 f. orch. 
 
 Bal'bi, Ludovico ; abt. 1600, m. di capp. at 
 8. Antonio, Padua ; abt. 1606, ditto at the 
 Franciscan monastery, Venice. Publ. masses, 
 motets, canzoni, madrigals, sacred songs, etc. ; 
 edited (with J. Gabrielli and Vecchi) a coll. of 
 graduals and antiphones, by celebrated Italian 
 masters, publ. by Gardano (Venice, 1591). 
 
 Bal'bi, Melchiore (Cav.), theorist and 
 comp. ; b. Venice, June 4, 1796 ; d. Padua, June 
 21, 1879. Pupil, at Padua, of Nini, Valeri, and 
 Calegari ; from 1818-53, leader at both the 
 Paduan theatres ; 1854, m. di capp. in the basi- 
 lica S. Antonio. — Works : The operas La Notte 
 perigliosa (1820), VAbitator del bosco (1821), 
 L'Alloggio militare (1825), all produced in 
 Padua ; masses, psalms, a Miserere, a 
 Requiem (for Rossini, 1868) ; also edited 
 Calegari's ' ' Trattata del sistema armonico " 
 (Milan, 1829), and wrote a " Grammatica 
 ragionata della musica sotto I'aspetto della 
 lingua" (1845), and " Nuova scuola basata sul 
 sistema semitonato equabile " (1872). 
 
 Bal'dewin [-veen]. See Bauldewijn. 
 
 Balfe [half], Michael William, very popu- 
 lar British composer ; b. Dublin, May 15, 1S08; 
 d. Rowney Abbey, Hertfordshire, Oct. 20, 
 1870. Taught in Ireland by O'Rourke, and in 
 London by C. F. Horn ; in 1824 he was a violin- 
 ist in the Drury Lane orch., and also sang in 
 London and the provinces. His patron. Count 
 
 Mazzara, took him to Italy in 1825 ; he studied 
 comp. with Frederici at Rome, and singing with 
 F. Galli at Milan, where his first dramatic piece, 
 the ballet La P^rouse, was prod. (1826). After 
 brief instruction by Bordogni, he sang as first 
 baritone at the Ital. Opera, Paris (1828), and in 
 Italian theatres until 1835, also producing sev- 
 eral Italian operas ; 
 and married Lina 
 Roser, an Hungarian 
 vocalist [d. London, 
 June 8, 1888, aged 
 80]. Returning to 
 Englarid in 1835, his 
 brilliant career as a 
 composer of English 
 operas began with 
 The Siege of Rochelle 
 (Drury Lane). Fail- 
 ing as manager of 
 an opera-troupe, B. 
 went to Paris for a 
 few years, but re- 
 turned in 1843 with 
 The Bohemian Girl, 
 his most popular opera, which made the round of 
 the chief Continental stages, and was produced, 
 extended to 5 acts, as La Bohimienne at Paris in 
 1856, with overwhelming applause. Excepting 
 visits to Vienna (1846), Berlin (1848), and St. 
 Petersburg and Trieste (1852-6), he stayed in 
 England ; and retired to hiscountry-seat, Rowney 
 Abbey, in 1864. In 1857, his daughter, Victoire, 
 made her debut at the Lyceum Theatre in Italian 
 opera. — Operas : / Rivali di se stessi (Palermo, 
 1829); UnAvveriimentoaigelosi{VQy\a., 1830) ; 
 Enrico IV al Basso della Mama (Milan, 1831) ; 
 The Siege of Rochelle (London, Drury Lane, 
 1835); The MaidofArtois{Sh.,l'i'i(i)\ Catherine 
 Grey; Joanof Arc {ih.,i%'ii); Diadeste(\h.,i?:'iS); 
 FalstaffCa. M. Th., 1838); Keolanthe {l,yceum, 
 1840) ; Le Puits d^amour (Paris, Op.-Com., 
 1843) ; Les quaire fls d'Aymon(ih., 1844) ; The 
 Bohemian &?-/ (London, Drury Lane, 1843) ; 
 Daughter of St. Mark (ib., 1844) ; The En- 
 chantress (fi>., 1845); l'£ioile de Seville (Paris, 
 1845) ; The Bondman (London, Drury Lane, 
 1846) ; The Maid of Honour (ib., 1847) ; The 
 Sicilian Bride (ib. , 1852); The Devil's in it 
 (Surrey Th., 1852) ; Pittore e Duca (Trieste, 
 1856 ; revived as The Painter of Antwerp, I^on- 
 don, 1881) ; The Rose of Castile (Lyceum, 1857) ; 
 La Zingara [The Bohemian Girl in Italian] (H. 
 M.Th., 1858); Satanella (hyc&um, iS s8) ; Bianca 
 (i860) ; The Puritan's Daughter (1861) ; The 
 Armourer of Nantes; Blanche de Nevers 
 (1863) ; The Sleeping Queen [operetta] (Lon- 
 don, 1863) ; The Knight of the Leopard, given 
 in Italian as It Talismano (Drury Lane, June 
 II, 1874). — Also, Mazeppa, a cantata, and two 
 other cantatas ; ballads, glees, part-songs, etc. 
 Biographical: "A Memoir of M. W. B.," by 
 Charles Lamb Kenney (London, 1875) ; " Balfe : 
 His Life and Work," by W. A. Barrett (Lon- 
 don, 1882). 
 
 35 
 
BALLARD— BANTOCK 
 
 Ballard, a family of French music-printers 
 using movable types ; founded by Robert B., 
 whose patent of 1552, from Henri II, made him 
 " Seul imprimeur de la musique de la chambre, 
 chapelle, et menus plaisirs du roy." This pat- 
 ent was renewed to various members of the 
 family until 1776, when it (and also the firm) 
 expired. 
 
 Balthasar (called Balthasar - Florence), 
 Henri Mathias, b. Arlon, Belgium, Oct. 21, 
 1844 ; pupil of Fetis, Brussels Cons. ; married 
 (1863) a daughter of Florence, the instrument- 
 maker. — Works : Operas, symphonies, a Missa 
 solemnis, cantatas, a vln. -concerto, a pf.-con- 
 certo, etc. 
 
 Banchie'ri, Don Adriano, born Bologna, 
 I567(?); d. 1634. Poet, theorist, church-com- 
 poser ; organist at Imola and Bologna. Wrote 
 masses, psalms, motets, madrigals, church-«K- 
 certi, etc.; and the treatises " Cartella musicale 
 del canto figurato, fermo econtrappunto" (1610; 
 Venice, 1614) ; "Direttorio monastico di canto 
 fermo" (Bologna, 1615); " Lettere armoniche " 
 (Bologna, 1628); and " Organo suonarino." 
 He.named the 7th scale-degree ba, being an op- 
 ponent of the hexachordal system. 
 
 Banck, Karl, eminent critic; b. Magdeburg, 
 May 27, 1809 ; d. Dresden, Dec. 28, 1889. 
 Pupil, from his sixth year, of his father ; from 
 1826-9 of B. Klein, L. Berger, and K. F. Zelter, 
 in Berlin ; lived in Magdeburg, Berlin, Leipzig 
 (where he knew Schumann, and wrote for his 
 " Zeitschrift "), Jena, etc., finally settling (1840) 
 in Dresden as mus. critic and vocal teacher. 
 — Works : Part-songs, pf.-pcs., and especially 
 Lieder; edited a series of ancient vocal and instr. 
 works (sonatas by Scarlatti and Martini, arias by 
 Gluck), etc. 
 
 Bandi'ni, Primo, b. Parma, Nov. 2g, 1857 ; 
 1869-75, pupil of the R. School of Music there; 
 has written the operas- Eufemio di Messina 
 (Parma, 1878), and Fausta (Milan, 1886), both 
 fairly successful ; his last is the 4-act opera 
 Janko (Turin, 1897), succ. 
 
 Ban&s, Antoine-Anatole, b. Paris, June 8, 
 1856. Pupil of E. Durand ; officer of public 
 instruction ; composer, for the minor Parisian 
 theatres, of a large number of operas, ballets, 
 operettas, etc. , the latest being the 3-act ope- 
 retta Toto (Paris, '92), succ. ; the i-act operetta 
 Madame Rose (Paris, 1893), succ. ; the 3-act 
 operetta Le Bonhomme de neige (Paris, 1894), 
 succ. ; the 3-act opera, Le Roi Frelon (Paris, 
 95), fiasco ; and a lyric fantasia, Nint d' amour ^ 
 3 acts (Paris, 1896), mod. succ. 
 
 Ban'ister, John, b. London, 1630 ; d. there 
 Oct. 3, 1679. Violinist, sent for study to France 
 by Charles II., and later a member of the lat- 
 ter's band, from which an outspoken preference 
 for English over the French musicians belong- 
 ing to it, caused his expulsion. Director of a 
 music-school, and concert-giver. He wrote 
 music for Davenant's Circe and Shakespeare's 
 
 36 
 
 Tempest (both 1676) ; " New Ayres and Dia- 
 logues for voices and viols of 2, 3, and 4 parts" 
 (London, 1678) ; songs. 
 
 Ban'ister, John (Jr.), d. 1735,; violinist, son 
 of preceding; member of the private band un- 
 der Charles II., James II., and Anne ; leader at 
 the Italian Opera, London. 
 
 Ban'ister, Henry Joshua, b. London, 1803; 
 d. there 1847. Excellent 'cellist, son of Chas. 
 Wm. B. [1768-1831 ; a composer who publ. a 
 "Coll. of Vocal Music"; London, 1803]; au- 
 thor of several good instruction-books f. 'cello. 
 His son, 
 
 Ban'ister, Henry Charles, b. London, June 
 13, 1831 ; d. Streatham, n. London, Nov. 20, 
 1897 ; pupil of preceding, and of C. Potter in 
 the R. A. M., at which he twice gained the 
 King's Scholarship (1846-48) ; 1851, assistant 
 prof., 1853, full prof, of harm. and comp. atR. A. 
 M. ; was also (since 1880) prof, of harm, at Guild- 
 hall School, and (since 1881), at the R. Norm. 
 College for the Blind. A fine concert-pianist; 
 composed 4 symphonies and 5 overtures f . orch. , 
 besides chamber-music, cantatas, pf.-music, 
 chants, songs, etc. Printed a " Text-book of 
 Music" (London, 1872, and 15 editions since); 
 " Some Musical Ethics and Analogies " (1884) ; 
 " Lectures on Musical Analysis " (1887) ; a life 
 of "George Alexander Macfarren" (1892); 
 "Musical Art and Study" (1888); "Helpful 
 Papers for Harmony Students " (1895). 
 
 Bannelier, Charles, b. Paris, March 15, 
 1840 ; pupil of the Conservatoire ; contributor to 
 and later (till 1880) editor of the " Revue et Ga- 
 zette Musicale." Translator, into French, of 
 Hanshck's " Vom Musikalisch-SchOnen " (1877), 
 and the text of Bach's " St. Matthew's Pas- 
 sion " ; arranged Berlioz's Symphonie fantas- 
 tique as a pf.-duet. 
 
 Ban'ti-Gior'gi, Brigida, b. Crema, Lom- 
 bardy, in 1759 ; d. Bologna, t'eb. 18, 1806 ; a 
 celebrated dramatic soprano, "discovered" as 
 a chanteuse in a Paris cafe by de Vismes, Direc- 
 tor of the Academic ; she was engaged at the 
 Grand Opera, and her career in Paris, London, 
 and Milan, and other Italian cities, was a series 
 of triumphs due solely to her beautiful voice 
 (which was of extraordinary range and perfectly 
 even throughout) and wonderful natural talents ; 
 for she was the despair of successive teachers, 
 and never learned even to read music well at 
 sight, but trusted wholly to memory and inspi- 
 ration. — Her husband was the dancer Zaccaria 
 Banti. 
 
 Bantock, Granville, b. London, Aug. 7, 
 1868. Ent. R. A. M., i88g ; st. 3 years, took 
 ist Macfarren Prize for comp. ; public perform- 
 ance of his 1st work, " The Fire- Worshippers," • 
 1889, very successful. In 1892 his i-act roman- 
 tic opera Cadviar was produced in London with 
 success, followed by B.'s engagement by the 
 Gaiety Th. as cond. for a tour through England, > 
 later through America (1895) and Australia,-^- 
 
BAPTIE— BARDI 
 
 Works: Dram. Cantata, "The Fire- Worship- 
 pers " (i88g) ; " Thorvenda's Dream," poem 
 for recitation w. accomp. ; " Wulstan," scene 
 for baritone solo; symph. overture, "Saul"; 
 dramatic symphony in 24 parts, "The Curse of 
 Kehama"; Pf.-Album (Rhapsodie, Meditation, 
 Phantasie) ; 2 pf.-pcs. (Barcarole and Reverie). 
 — Operas : Rameses II. , 5 acts ; Cadmar, i act 
 (London, 1892) ; The Pearl of Iran, i-act com, 
 opera. He vyrites the books for his operas. 
 
 Baptie, David, Scotch composer and au- 
 thor; b. Edinburgh, Nov. 30, 1822 ; living in 
 Glasgow. Has composed many anthems, glees, 
 part-songs, etc. ; compiled a number of song- 
 books (among them " Moody & Sankey's Hymn- 
 Book," 1881), and publ. "A Hand-Book of 
 Mus. Biography " (2d ed. London, 1887, pp. 
 260), and " Musicians of all Times" (London, 
 1889), containing 12,000 "skeleton" biographi- 
 cal sketches. 
 
 Baptiste (properly Baptiste Anet), violin- 
 ist, a pupil of Corelli ; came abt. 1700 to 
 Paris, where he made a profound and lasting 
 impression by introducing his master's works 
 and style of playing ; went later to Poland, 
 where he died as conductor of a nobleman's pri- 
 vate music. He publ. 3 sets of vln. -sonatas ; 2 
 states de pQces f . 2 musettes (op, 2) ; and 6 duos 
 f. 2 musettes (op. 3). 
 
 Barbaco'la (or Barbarieu, Barberau). See 
 
 Barbikeau. 
 
 Barbadette, Henri, b. 1825 (?). Author of 
 works on Beethoven, Chopin, Weber, Schubert, 
 Mendelssohn, and Stephen Heller (this last is 
 publ. in English also). Contributor of biogr. 
 articles to the Paris " Menestrel." Has publ. 
 pf.-pcs. and ensemble works. 
 
 Barbari'ni, Manfredo Lupi, church-comp. 
 of the l6th cent. ; some motets of his were publ. 
 under the name of "Lupi" (no uncommon 
 pseudonym at the time). See LuPl. 
 
 Barbereau, Maturin-Auguste-Balthasar, 
 b. Paris, Nov. 14, 1799 ; d. there July 18, 
 1879. Pupil of the Cons. (Reicha) ; took Grand 
 prix de Rome (1824) with the cantata "Agnes 
 Sorel " ; leader at Th. des Nouveautes ; con- 
 ductor at Th. Fran9ais. In 1872, prof, of 
 comp. at Cons. ; then prof, of mus. history, a 
 post soon resigned to E. Gautier. Publ. 2 in- 
 complete works : " Traite theorique et pra- 
 tique de comp. musicale " (1845), and " Etudes 
 sur I'origine du systeme musical " (1852). 
 
 Barbier, Frfid^ric-Etienne, b. Metz, Nov. 
 15, 1829 ; d. Paris, Feb. 12, 1889. Teacher, 
 and leader at the Th. International, Paris. 
 Composer of operas ; debut at Bourges with Le 
 mariage de Colombine (1852), after which he 
 brought out over 30 operas, mostly in one act, 
 and light. 
 
 Barbier, Jules-Paul, a man of letters and 
 dramatist ; b. Paris, Mar. 8, 1825 ; joint au- 
 thor (with Carre) of numerous celebrated opera- 
 
 libretti ; Galath^e, music by V. Masse ; Les 
 noces de Jeannette, music by V. Masse ; Les 
 Papillotes de M. Benoist (Reber) ; Les Sabots 
 de la Marquise (Boulanger) ; Le Roman de la 
 Rose (Pascal) ; Miss Fauvette (V. Masse) ; 
 V Anneau d' argent (Defies) ; Deucalion et Pyr- 
 rha (Montfort) ; Le Pardon de Plocrmel (Meyer- 
 beer) ; Faust (Gounod) ; PhiUmon et Baucis 
 (Gounod) ; Roni^o et Juliette (Gounod) ; Ham- 
 let (Ambr. Thomas) ; Polyeucte (Gounod) ; 
 Fran(oise de Rimini (Ambr. Thomas). His 
 son, Pierre B., b. Paris, 1854, is likewise a 
 dramatist and librettist [Le Baiser de Suzon 
 (Bemberg) ; Jehan de Saintr/ (Erlanger)]. 
 
 Barbie'ri, Carlo Emmanuele di, b. Genoa, 
 Oct. 22, 1822 ; d. Pesth, Sept. 28, 1867. Pupil 
 of Mercadante and Crescentini ; orch. -conduc- 
 tor in numerous Ital. theatres, later in Vienna 
 (1845), Berlin (1847), Hamburg (1851), Rio de 
 Janeiro (1853), 1856-62 in Vienna again, then 
 settling in Pesth as director of the National 
 Theatre. — Works : The operas Cristoforo Co- 
 lombo (Berlin, 1848), Arabella (Pesth, 1862), 
 Nisida, la Per la di Procida (1 851), Carlo und 
 Carlin (1859), Perdita, ein Wintermdrchen 
 (Leipzig, 1865, and in many other German 
 theatres) ; also church-music, pf.-pcs., and Ger- 
 man and Italian songs. 
 
 Barbie'ri, Francisco Asenjo, b. Madrid, 
 Aug. 3, 1823 ; d. there Feb., 1894. Famous zar- 
 zuelero (composer of Spanish operettas), a pupil 
 of the Madrid Cons.; 1847, secretary of the 
 " Zarzuela Society"; his first zarzuela, Gloria y 
 peluca {iS so), and especially the second, yM^a?- 
 con fuego, gave him a popularity which increased 
 for the next 30 years, during which he produced 
 over 60 operettas. In 1868 he was app, prof, of 
 harm, and history at the Cons. Also comp. 
 many orchestral works, motets, hymns, songs, 
 etc., and wrote musical essays. 
 
 Barbireau (or Barbiriau, Barbarieu, Bar- 
 byrianus, Barberau, Barbingaut, Barba- 
 cola), from 1448 choirmaster of Notre-Dame, 
 Antwerp, until his death on Aug. 8, 1491. Cor- 
 responded with Rud. Agricola, is quoted by 
 Tinctoris, and was considered a high authority. 
 — Works : a 5-part Mass, " Virgo parens Chris- 
 ti " ; a 4-p. Mass, " Faulx perverse"; a 4-p. 
 Kyrie, etc. (in MS., Imp. Library, Vienna). 
 
 Barbot, Joseph-Th6odore-D6sir6, tenor 
 singer; b. Toulouse, Apr. 12, 1824 ; d. Paris, Jan. 
 I, 1897. Pupil of Paris Cons. (Elwart, Garcia) ; 
 eng. 1848 at the Grand Opera, but soon left it 
 for Italy, where he sang with great success for 
 many years. Created role of "Faust" at Th.- 
 Lyrique, March 19, 1859. I" 1875, prof, of 
 singing in Cons., succeeding Mme. Viardot. 
 
 Bar'di, Giovanni, conte del Vernio, a 
 
 wealthy and cultivated Florentine nobleman at 
 the end of the i6th century. At his house the 
 leading men of letters and musicians assembled, 
 and to his influence was due, in great measure, 
 the quasi revival of the ancient lyric drama 
 
 37 
 
BARGE— BARNEY 
 
 (comp. Peri, Jacopo), bearing the germs of mod- 
 ern opera. 
 
 Bar'ge [-gSli], Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, 
 
 b. Wulfsalil, Hanover, Nov. 23, 1836. A self- 
 taught flute-player ; 1853-60 in a Hanoverian 
 regimental band, then 1st flute of Detmold court 
 orch., and from 1867-95, 1st flute of the Leipzig 
 Gewandhaus Orch., retiring on pension (suc- 
 cessor, 2nd flute Schwedler, who was succeeded 
 as 2nd flute by Fischer, Barge's pupil). B. still 
 (1899) retains his position as teacher in the Leip- 
 zig Cons. — AVorks : " Method for Flute "; 4 sets 
 of orchestral flute-studies ; arrangements for flute 
 of classic and modern compositions (" Samm- 
 lung beliebter StUcke f. Fl. u. Pf."), etc. 
 
 Bargheer, Karl Louis, violinist ; b. Bucke- 
 burg, Dec. 31, 1833 ; pupil of Spohr (1848-50), 
 when he became leader in the Detmold court 
 orch.; st later with David and Joachim. 1863, 
 court Kapellm. at Detmold, making numerous 
 brilliant concert-tours ; 1876-89, leader of the 
 Hamburg Philh. Soc. , and teacher in the Cons. ; 
 then leader in the Billow orch. 
 
 Bargheer, Adolf, brother of Karl L. ; Spohr's 
 last pupil, and finished by Joachim ; b. Bucke- 
 burg, Oct. 21, 1840. Court musician at Det- 
 mold ; since 1866, leader and first violin-prof, at 
 the Basel School of Music. 
 
 Bar'giel [bar'ghe-el], Woldemar, b. Berlin, 
 Oct. 3, 1828 ; d. there Feb. 23, 1897. Pupil 
 (1846) of Hauptmann, Moscheles, Gadeand Uietz 
 at Leipzig Cons. ; for some years a private teacher 
 at Berhn, then prof, in Cologne Cons.; 1865, 
 Director of the Music School of the " Society for 
 the Promotion of Music "at Amsterdam, and 
 conductor of their concerts ; from 1874, prof, at 
 the R. Hochschule at Berlin ; 1875, member of 
 the senate of the Acad, of Arts ; 1882, Presi- 
 dent of the " Meisterschule f . musikalische Kom- 
 position." He occupied a high place among 
 modern German instrumental composers. — 
 Works: 3 overtures (" Zu einem Trauerspiel " 
 [Romeo and Juliet], op. 18 ; " Prometheus," op. 
 i5 ; " Medea," op. 22) ; symphony in C, op. 30; 
 
 3 Danses brillantes f. orch., op. 24 ; Intermezzo 
 f. orch., op. 46 ; Psalm 96, f. double ch. a cap- 
 pella^ op. 33 ; 2 Psalms, f. ch. and orch., op. 
 25, 26 ; octet f, 4 vlns., 2 vlas., 2 'celli, op. 15a ; 
 
 4 string-quartets (op. 47 is No. 4) ; 3 pf.-trios, 
 op. 6, 20, 37 ; Suite f. pf. and vln., op. 17 ; 
 Adagio f . 'cello and pf . , op. 38 ; Sonata f. pf. 
 and vln., op. 10; many pf. -pes., part-songs. 
 
 Barker, Chas. Spackmann, noted English 
 organ-builder ; b. Bath, Oct. 10, 1806 ; d. Maid- 
 stone, Nov. 26, 1879. Est. himself at Bath, and 
 invented the pneumatic lever, an invention of- 
 fered unsuccessfully to several English builders, 
 but adopted in 1837 by Cavaille-Col of Paris. 
 Here B. took charge of Daublaine and Callinet's 
 factory until i860, when he est. the firm of Bar- 
 ker and Verschneider, which built several cele- 
 brated organs. He returned to London in 1870. 
 B. also invented the electric action. 
 
 Bar'mann, Heinrich Joseph, famed clari- 
 nettist ; b. Potsdam, Feb. 17, 1784 ; d. Munich, 
 June II, 1847. He made brilliant professional 
 tours, and settled in Munich as court musician— 
 1st clar. in court orch. He was an intimate 
 friend of Weber and Mendelssohn, who both 
 wrote various clarinet-pieces for him. — He com- 
 posed about 90 works, 38 of which are publ. 
 (concertos, fantasias, quintets, quartets, varia- 
 tions, sonatas, duets, etc.), and are still special 
 favorites with clarinet-players. His brother 
 Karl (1782-1842) was a famous bassoon-player. 
 
 Bar^mann, Karl (Sen.), son of Heinr. Jos. 
 B. ; b. Munich, 1820 ; d. there May 24, 1885 ; 
 pupil of his father, whom he accompanied on 
 his tours, and whose fame he shared ; he suc- 
 ceeded him in the Munich court orch. Wrote 
 an admirable " Method for Clarinet," with a 
 supplement, " Materialien zur weiteren techni- 
 schen Ausbildung " (Andre, Offenbach). His 
 compositions are well liked. 
 
 Bar'mann [Baermann], Karl (Jr.), son of 
 the preceding ; b. Munich, July 9, 1839 ; pf.- 
 pupil of Wanner and Wohlmuth, later of Liszt ; 
 St. comp. with Fr. Lachner. He was app. 
 teacher in the Munich Cons., but went in 1881 
 to Boston, Mass., where he enjoys a high repu- 
 tation as pianist and pedagogue. Has written 
 pf.-pcs. (publ. by Andre, at Offenbach). 
 
 Barnard, Mrs. Charles {n^e Alington), an 
 Engl, song-writer (pen-name " Claribel ") ; b. 
 Dec. 23, 1830 ; d. Dover, Jan. 30, 1869. Her 
 numerous songs are in the popular vein, and are 
 not unpleasing. She has also publ. vocal quar- 
 tets, trios, and duets, and pf.-pcs. 
 
 Barnby, Sir Joseph, conductor of marked 
 abiHty, fine org. and comp. ; b. York, Engl., 
 Aug. 12, 1S38 ; d. 
 London, Jan. 28, 
 1896. Of musical 
 family ; entered 
 York Minster choir 
 at 7, at 10 taught 
 the other boys, at 
 12 was app. or- 
 ganist, at 15 music- 
 master at a school. 
 In 1854 he entered 
 theR. A. M., Lon- 
 don ; studied under 
 Ch. Lucas and 
 Cipriani Potter ; 
 held in succession 
 post of organist at St. Michael's, St. James 
 the Less, to the Sacred Harmonic Soc, and 
 (1862) of org. and choirmaster at St. An- 
 drew's. Organized (1864) Barnby's Choir (choral 
 society), with five annual series of oratorio-con- 
 certs. Organist of St. Anne's, 1871 ; then suc- 
 ceeded Gounod as conductor of R. Albert Hall 
 Choral Soc. , raising its standard of performance 
 to a very high level. Conductor of the Car- 
 diff Festival, 1892 and 1895 ; also of S. Wales 
 
 38 
 
BARNEY— BARRY 
 
 Festival. In 1874 -he inaugurated a series of 
 daily concerts in Albert Hall, which were not a 
 success. Cond. the London Mus. Soc, 1878- 
 86. In 1875 he was app. precentor and dir. of 
 mus. at Eton, a highly important and influential 
 position. Elected, Mar. 31, 1892, Principal of 
 Guildhall Sch. of Music. Knighted July, i8y2. 
 Works : Rebekah, a sacred idyll (1870) ; Psalm 
 97 (1883); Service (morn., noon, eve.) in E; 
 Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in E[j, f. ch., 
 org., and orch. (1881) ; Services, Pieces, Offer- 
 tory Sentence; Motet "King all-glorious," f. 
 soli. 5-part ch., org. and orch. ; 45 Anthems; 
 250 Hymn-tunes (compl. coll., 1897) ; 5 Trios 
 f. female voices ; 32 4-part songs ; 13 carols ; 
 19 songs ; organ-pcs. ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Barnby, Robert, alto singer ; b. York, Eng- 
 land, in 1821 ; d. London, June i, 1875. Lay- 
 vicar of Westminster Abbey abt. 1845 ; Gentle- 
 man of the Chapel Royal, 1847. 
 
 Bar'nett, John, b. Bedford, England, July i, 
 1802 ; d. Cheltenham, Apr. 17, 1890. Pupil of 
 C. E. Horn, Price, and Ries. Brought out 
 his first optretta. Before Breakfast, at the 
 Lyceum, in 182;, followed by many small pes., 
 and (1834) by the more -a.mbitious opera The 
 Mountain Sylph. After studying in Paris and 
 Frankfort, he brought out Fair Rosatnond CLon- 
 don, 1837), and Farinelli (London, 1^38) ; he 
 settled in Cheltenham in 1841 as a singing- 
 teacher. 3 of his operas have never been per- 
 formed. Besides 2 unfinished oratorios and a 
 symphony, he composed 2 string-quartets, and 
 many part-songs and duets ; he publ. about 
 4,000 detached songs. 
 
 Bar^nett, John Francis, nephew of the pre- 
 ceding ; b. London, Oct. 16, 1837. Pf.-pupil 
 of Dr. Wylde (1849) ; won Queen's Scholarship 
 at R. A. M. in 1850, and again in 1852 ; made 
 his pianistic debut at the New Philh. Concerts 
 in 1853. St. 1856-g at Leipzig Cons. (Mo- 
 scheles, Plaidy, Hauptmann), and played in the 
 Gewandhaus in i860. Lived at home as teacher, 
 concert-giver, and conductor; 1883, app. Prof, 
 at R. Coll. of Mus. — Principal works : An orato- 
 rio. The Raising of Lazarus (1876) ; several 
 cantatas, — The Ancient Mariner, and Paradise 
 and The /"^W (Birmingham Fest., 1867 and '70) ; 
 The Good Shepherd (Brighton, 1876) ; The 
 Building of the Ship (Leeds, 1880) ; The Har- 
 vest Festival (Norwich, 1881) ; The Wishing- 
 bell, etc. ; — an orchestral piece. The Lay of the 
 Last Minstrel (Liverpool, 1874) ; symphony in 
 A min. ; " Ouverture symphonique" (1868); 
 overture to Winter's Tale (1873) ; pf.-concerto 
 in D min. ; string-quintet,-quartet,-trio ; pf.- 
 pcs., part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Bar'nett, Joseph Alfred, tenor vocalist ; b. 
 London, June 15, 1810 ; d. there (?), Apr. 29, 
 1898. A composer of songs, duets, and some 
 good sacred music (" Exaudi Deus," f. ten. 
 solo ; " Ave Maria," f. quartet ; " Domine sal- 
 
 vum fac," f. ch. and soli) ; also gave singing- 
 lessons. He was a brother of John Barnett 
 
 Baron' [-ron], Ernst Gottlieb, b. Breslau, 
 Feb. 27, i6g6 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 12, i76o[FfeTis]. 
 Famous lutenist ; court-player at Gotha, in 1727, 
 and theorbist to the Prussian Crown Prince 
 (later Friedrich II.) in 1734. Wrote " Histo- 
 risch-theoretische u. praktische Untersuchung 
 des Instruments der Laute, etc." (1727) ; 
 an Appendix (on the lute) to Marpurg's " His- 
 torisch-kritische Beitrage," vol. ii ; an " Ab- 
 handlung von dem Notensystem der Laute und 
 der Theorbe " ; and some minor pamphlets. 
 His compositions (concertos, trios, duets, sona- 
 tas, etc.) are unpublished. 
 
 Barr6 (or Barra), Leonard, contrapuntist; 
 b. Limoges ; a pupil of Willaert, became a 
 singer in the Papal Chapel (1537), and special 
 envoy in the Papal musical commission sent to 
 the Council of Trent (1545). Madrigals and 
 motets by him are still extant. 
 
 Barr6, Antoine, madrigal-composer, and 
 from 1555-70 a printer at Rome, later going to 
 Milan. 
 
 Barret, Apollon-Marie-Rose, French obo- 
 ist ; b. 1804 ; d. Paris, Mar. 8, 1879 ; pupil of 
 Vogt in Paris Cons. His "Complete Method 
 for the Oboe," with supplementary studies and 
 sonatas, is a standard work. 
 
 Barrett, John, b. 1674 ! ^- London, 1735 
 (8?); a pupil of Dr. Blow; 1710, org. at St. 
 Mary-at-Hill, and teacher at Christ's Hospital, 
 Londoii. Wrote scenic music, entr'actes, over- 
 tures, popular songs, etc. 
 
 Barrett, William Alexander, English 
 writer and lecturer on music; b. Hackney, Mid- 
 dlesex, Oct. 15, 1836 ; d. London (?), Oct. 17, 
 1891. Mus. Bac. Oxon. , 1870. Mus. Ed. of 
 the "Morning Post" (1869), of the "Globe" 
 (1874-5); editor of " Montlily Mus. Record" 
 (1877 and 1885), and of the " Orchestra and the 
 Choir" (i88i) ; also of the " Musical Times." 
 Co-editor, w. Sir John Stainer, of a " Diet, of 
 Mus. Terms" (1875; 3d ed., 1888). Wrote 
 monographs on "English Glee and Madrigal 
 Writers" (1877), " Balfe : His Life and Work " 
 (1882) ; etc. — Composed an oratorio, Christ be- 
 fore Pilate (MS.), madrigals, and anthems. 
 
 Barrington, Daines, English lawyer ; b. 
 London, 1727 ; d. there Mar. 11, 1800. Wrote 
 numerous minor essays on music and musicians 
 — Crotch, Mornington, the Wesleys (father and 
 son), Mozart ; — " Experiments and Observa- 
 tions on the .Singing of Birds" (London, 1773) ; 
 and a description of the ancient Welsh Crwth 
 and Pib-corn. 
 
 Barry, Charles Ainslie, org., comp., and a 
 writer of radical tendency ; b. London, June 10, 
 1830. Pupil of Walmisley ; of the Cologne 
 Cons. ; and (1856-7) of Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, 
 Plaidy, Richter). Editor of " Monthly Mus. 
 Record" (1875-9); contributor to the " Guar- 
 
 39 
 
BARSANTI— BARTLETT 
 
 dian," " Athenjeum," " Mus. World," etc. ; 1886, 
 Sec. of the Liszt Scholarship. Has composed 
 numerous pf.-pcs., hymns, songs, etc.; also (in 
 MS.) a symphony, two overtures, and a march, 
 f. orch. ; a string-quartet ; and cantatas. 
 
 Barsan'ti, Francesco, b. Lucca, abt. 1690 ; 
 d. abt. 1760. Flutist, later oboist, at Ital. 
 Opera, London ; lived in Scotland for a time 
 and was eng. (1750) as viola-player in London, 
 Publ. " A Coll. of old Scots Tunes, w. the Bass 
 f. Violoncello or Harpsichord " (Edinburgh, 
 1742); 12 vln. -concertos, 6 flute-solos w. bass, 6 
 sonatas f. 2 vlns. w. bass, 6 antiphones in Pale- 
 strina style, etc. 
 
 Barsot'ti, Tommaso Gasparo Fortunate, 
 
 b. Florence, Sept. 4, 1786 ; d. Apr., 1868, at 
 Marseilles, where he founded, in 1821, the Free 
 School of Music, of which he was the Director 
 down to 1852. Publ. a Domine salvum fac 
 regent ; a " Methode de Musique" (1828) ; pf.- 
 variations ; and nocturnes f. 2 voices. 
 
 Bartay, Andreas, Hungarian composer; b. 
 Szeplak, 1798 ; d. Mayence, Oct. 4, 1856. In 
 1838, Director of the National Th. at Pesth ; 
 gave concerts in Paris (1848) ; afterwards settled 
 in Hamburg. — Wrote the Hungarian operas 
 Aurelia^ Csel^ and The Hungarians in Naples; 
 the oratorio The Storming of Of en ; also masses, 
 ballets, etc. 
 
 Bar'tay, Ede, son of Andreas B. ; b. Oct. 6, 
 1825 ; Director of the National Music Academy, 
 Pesth, and founder of the Hungarian pension- 
 fund for musicians. Has written an overture, 
 " Pericles," and other works. 
 
 Barth [bart]. Christian Samuel, famous 
 player on and composer for the oboe ; b. 
 Glauchau, Saxony, 1735 ; d. Copenhagen, July 
 8, 1809. He was a pupil of J. S. Bach in the 
 Leipzig Thomasschule, and oboist successively 
 in orchestras at Rudolstadt, Weimar, Hanover, 
 Kassel, and Copenhagen. — Works : Brilliant 
 concertos and other pes. f. oboe. 
 
 Barth, F. Philipp Karl Anton, son of pre- 
 ceding; b. Kassel, about 1773 ; succeeded his 
 father at Copenhagen ; publ. collections of Dan- 
 ish and German songs, and a flute-concerto ; 
 other works in MS. 
 
 Barth, Joseph Johann August, b. Gross- 
 lippen, Bohemia, Dec. 29, 1781. From abt. 
 1810-30, tenor concert-singer in Vienna, and 
 member of the Imp. choir. 
 
 Barth, Gustav, son of Joseph B. ; b. Vienna, 
 Sept. 2, 1811 ; d. Frankfort, May 12, 1897. 
 Pianist, conductor, and vocal composer. In 
 1840, he married Wilhelmine Hasselt ; 1843, 
 conductor of the Vienna Male Choral Union ; 
 1858, court Kapellm. at Wiesbaden ; retired to 
 Frankfort as teacher and critic. Wrote songs, 
 male choruses, etc. 
 
 Barth, Karl Heinrich, b. Pillau, Prussia, 
 July 12, 1847 ; taught (1856-62), by L. Stein- 
 mann in Potsdam, and by v. Billow (1862-4) at 
 
 Berlin ; also by Bronsart and Tausig. 1868, app. 
 teacher at Stern Cons., Berlin; 1871, at R. 
 Hochschule f. Musik. Is an able pianist, 
 whose concerts in Germany and England have 
 met with great success. The trio B., de Ahna, 
 and Hausmann, have won golden opinions 
 wherever they appeared. B. succeeded v. Bil- 
 low as cond. of the Philh. concerts at Hamburg. 
 
 Barth, Richard, violin-virtuoso (left-handed). 
 Prof. (Univ. Music-Director) at Marburg, till 
 1894 ; then app. Director of Hamburg Philh. 
 Concerts, succeeding v. Bernuth. 
 
 Bar'the, Grat-Norbert, dramatic composer ; 
 born Bayonne, France, June 7, 1828 ; pupil of 
 Leborne at Paris Cons.; won the Grand pri.t 
 de Rome (1854) with the cantata Francesca 
 da Rimini. — Works : The operas Don Carlos 
 and La Fiancee 4' A fydos {186s}; an oratorio, 
 Judith; etc. 
 
 Bar'thel [-tel], Johann Christian, b. Plau- 
 en, Saxony, Apr. 19, 1776 ; d. Altenburg, June 
 10, 1831, as court organist (succeeding Krebs). 
 Composer of church-works (an Easter cantata, 
 a coll. of 104 psalms f. 4 parts, many organ-pcs., 
 all MS.), and pf.-pcs. (" Musikalische Flora," 
 18 dances ; and 12 waltzes — publ.). 
 
 Barth^Iemon (anglic^ Bartleman), Fran- 
 9ois-Hippolyte, talented violinist and dramatic 
 comp. ; b. Bordeaux, July 27, 1741 ; d. London, 
 July 20 (23?), 1808. In 1765, leader in the 
 opera-orch. at London ; in 1770, do. at Vaux- 
 hall Gardens; eng. in Dublin, 1784. — Operas: 
 Pilopidas (London, 1766) ; Le Fleuve Sea- 
 mandre (Paris, 1768) ; Le Jugement de Pdris 
 (London, 1768) ; Le Ceinture enchants (ib. ?) ; 
 The Maid of the Oaks (ib., 1774) ; Belphegor 
 (ib., 1778). — Also wrote concertos f. vln. ; 2 sets 
 of duos f. 2 vlns. ; 6 string-quartets ; studies f. 
 pf. and f. org.; etc. 
 
 Barthol'omew, William, Engl, violinist, 
 writer and painter; b. London, 1793; d. there 
 Aug. 18, 1867. Intimate friend of Mendelssohn, 
 and the translator into English of the libretti to 
 Antigone, Athalie, CEdipiis, Chris tus, Elijah, 
 Lauda Sion, Loreley, Walpurgisnacht ; also of 
 Spohr's/«j-(7«(/a, and Costa's Eli and Naatnan, 
 etc. 
 
 Bartlett, Homer Newton, b. Olive, N. Y., 
 Dec. 28, 1845. 
 Pianist, organist, 
 and composer, 
 precociously de- 
 veloped ; pupil 
 (1861) of S. B. 
 Mills, Max Braun, 
 Jacobsen, and 
 others. Organist 
 in various New 
 York churches ; 
 now at Madison 
 Av. Baptist Ch. 
 His publ. works 
 include a sextet 
 
 40 
 
BARTfJANSKY— BASTON 
 
 f. strings and flute ; a cantata, The Last Chief- 
 tain ; quartets, anthems, carols, and glees, f. 
 men's and women's voices ; and about 30 songs, 
 and 60 pf.-pcs. In MS. he has the 3-act opera 
 La Valliire ; an oratorio, Samuel; a caprice, 
 "Ignis fatuus," and 2 marches f. orch.; a 
 quartet for harp, org,, vln., and 'cello ; etc. 
 
 Bartfian'sky. See Bortniansky. 
 
 Bar'toli, Padre Erasmo, b. Gaeta, 1606 ; 
 lived as "Padre Raimo " at Naples, where he 
 died July 14, 1656 — MS. works (in the Ora- 
 torian Library) : Masses, psalms, and motets. 
 
 Bar'tolo, Padre Daniele, learned Jesuit ; b. 
 Ferrara, 1608 ; d. Rome, Jan. 13, 1685 ; wrote 
 treatise " Del suono, de' tremori armonici e del- 
 I'udito" (Rome, 1679-81 ; Bologna, 1680). 
 
 Ba'selt, Fritz (Friedrich Gustav Otto), 
 prolific comp ; b. Oels, Silesia, May 26, 1863. 
 Pupil of Concertm. Emil Kohler, Breslau, and 
 L. Bussler, Berlin. Has lived in turn as mu- 
 sician, music-dealer, composer, teacher, and 
 cond. in Breslau, Essen, and Nuremberg ; 
 since 1894, in Frankfort-on-M. asdirectorof the 
 Philh. Verein (professional concerts w. full 
 orch.), and the Frankf. " Sangervereinigung " 
 (abt. 1,200 voices). — Dramatic works: 3-act 
 operetta Der Furst von Sevilla (Nuremberg, 
 18SS) ; 3-act operetta Don Alvaro, oder der 
 Hauptmann von Zalamea (Ansbach, 1892) ; i-act 
 opera Albrecht Durer (Nuremberg, 1892) ; 3-act 
 operetta Reni und Gaston (Lilbeck, 1893) ; l-act 
 operetta Der Sohn des Peliden (Kassel, 1893) ; 
 3-act " Spieloper" Die Annaliesei^a.'s&A^ 1896) ; 
 operetta Die Musketiere im Damenstift (Kas- 
 sel, 1896) ; l-act operetta Die Circusfee (Berlin, 
 1897). — Besides these, he has written nearly 100 
 male choruses, mostly a cappella, many of which 
 are popular ; numerous terzets, duets, songs ; 
 several original pes. f. orch., strings, vln. and 
 pf., etc. ; also a number of arrangements, tran- 
 scriptions, and the like. 
 
 Base'vi, Abramo, writer and composer ; b. 
 Leghorn, Dec. 29, l8i8 ; d. Florence, Nov., 
 1885. His 2 operas, Romilda ed Ezzelino 
 (1840), and Enrico Howard (1847), being coolly 
 received, he founded (1848 ?) the mus. jour- 
 nal "Armonia" (ceased to appear in 1859); 
 became a contributor to the " Boccherini " ; also 
 founded (1859) the " Beethoven Matinees " (now 
 " Societa del Quartetto "). He published a 
 "Studio suUe opere di Giuseppe Verdi " (1859) ; 
 " Introduzione ad un nuovo sistema d' armonia" 
 (1862); " Studi sul armonia" (1865); " Com- 
 pendio della storia della musica" (1865-6). 
 
 Basil (Saint) the Great, b. 329 at Caesarea, 
 Cappadocia, where he died as bishop in 379. 
 Reputed to have introduced congregational 
 (antiphonal) singing into the Eastern Church, 
 thus being the forerunner of St. Ambrose in the 
 Western. 
 
 Basi'li, Francesco, dramatic and sacred 
 comp.; b. Loreto, Feb., 1766; d. Rome, Mar. 
 25, 1850. Pupil of his father [Andrea B., 
 
 1720-75], later of Jannaconi at Rome. M. di 
 capp. at Foligno, Macerata, and Loreto, and up 
 to 1824 brought out 11 operas and several 
 " dramatic oratorios " in Rome, Naples, Flor- 
 ence, Milan, and Venice. App. 1827 Censor of 
 Milan Cons.; in 1837, ?«. di capp. at St. Pe- 
 ter's, Rome. — Wrote psalms, motets, litanies, a 
 Miserere, a Magnificat, a Requiem (for Janna- 
 coni, 1816) ; symphonies, pf.-sonatas, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Bassa'ni, Giovanni, m. di capp. at St. 
 Mark's, Venice, abt. 1600. 2 vol.s of " Con- 
 certi ecclesiastici " (1598, '99), and i of 4-p. 
 " Canzonette " (1587), are extant. 
 
 Bassa'ni (or Bassiani), Giovanni Bat- 
 tista, excellent violinist and comp. ; b. Padua 
 abt. 1657 ; d. Ferrara, 1716. M. di capp. at 
 Bologna and Ferrara, where he was elected 
 m. di c, in 1703, of the " Accademia della 
 Morte." — Works : 6 operas ; masses, motets, 
 psalms, etc. ; sonatas f. vln. — Corelli was his 
 pupil. 
 
 Bassa'ni, Geronimo, b. Padua, late in the 
 17th century. Pupil of Lotti ; a fine contra- 
 puntist, singer, singing-teacher ; produced 2 
 operas at Venice, Bertoldo (1718), and Amor per 
 forza (1721) ; also wrote masses, motets, and 
 vespers. 
 
 Basse'vi, Giacomo. See Cervetto. 
 
 Bassford, William Kipp, pianist and organ- 
 ist ; b. New York, April 23, 1839. Pupil of 
 Samuel Jackson. After concert-tours as a pian- 
 ist through the U. S., he settled in N. Y.; has 
 been organist in several churches (at present of 
 Calvary Ch., East Orange, N. J.), also teaches 
 pf. and composition. — Works ; Cassilda, 2-act 
 opera ; mass in E^; pf.-pcs.; songs. 
 
 Bas'si, Luigi, dramatic baritone ; b. Pesaro, 
 1766 ;d. Dresden, 1825. Sang in several Ital- 
 ian theatres ; from 1784 to 1806 in Prague ; lived 
 in Vienna, again (1814) in Prague, and became 
 director of the Dresden Opera. Mozart wrote 
 the part of Don Giovanni for B. 
 
 Bassiron, Philippe, Netherland contrapunt- 
 ist of the 15th century, some of whose masses 
 are given by O. Petrucci in his " Missae diverso- 
 rum auctorum" (Venice, 1508). 
 
 Bastardel'la. See Agujari. 
 
 Bastiaans'[bas-te-ahns'], J. G., Dutch comp. 
 and org.; b. Wilp, 1812 ; d. Haarlem, Feb. 16, 
 1875. Pupil of Schneider at Dessau, and Men- 
 delssohn at Leipzig ; organist at the " Zuider- 
 kerk," Amsterdam ; and teacher at Blind Inst. 
 App. in 1868 org. of the great organ at St. 
 Bavo's, Haarlem (succ. by his son, Johann ; b. 
 1854, d. 1885). Eminent teacher. Publ. abook 
 of chorals, some songs, etc. 
 
 Baston, Josquin, Netherland contrapuntist, 
 living in 1556. Motets and chansons by him are 
 found in many coll.s publ. at Antwerp, Louvain, 
 and Augsburg from 1542-61. 
 
 41 
 
BATCHELDER— BATTON 
 
 Batch'elder, John C, pianist and org.; b. 
 Topsham, Vt., 1852. Pupil for 4 years of 
 Haupt, Ehrlich, and Loeschhorn, at Berlin. 
 Teacher of org. and piano in Detroit Cons. ; org. 
 of St. Paul's Episc. Ch. Has given many pub- 
 lic organ-recitals. 
 
 Bates, Joah, British conductor ; b. Halifax, 
 Mar. 19, 1741 ; d. London, June 8, 1799. Pro- 
 moter and conductor of the famous " Handel 
 Commemoration " festivals at London (1784,-5,- 
 6,-7, 'gi) ; founder, with "other amateurs," of 
 the "Concerts of Ancient Music" [not Pe- 
 pusch's]. — No compositions of his appear to be 
 extant. 
 
 Bates, William, English comp. of the i8th 
 cent. (1720-1790?), connected with the Maryle- 
 bone and Vauxhall Gardens, London. — Works : 
 Comic opera The Jovial Crew (1760), altered to 
 The Ladies' Frolic (1770) ; opera Fharnaces 
 (1765) ; a " Mus. prelude," The Theatrical Can- 
 didates (1775) ; and Flora^ or Hob in the Well 
 (1768) ; also canons, glees, catches ; vln. -sonatas ; 
 etc. 
 
 Bateson, Thomas, b. England abt. 1575 ; d. 
 (?). 1599-1611, org. of Chester cathedral, later 
 of Christ Ch. cathedral, Dublin. — Mus. Bac. 
 (Dublin). Wrote " A Set of Madrigals in praise 
 of Queen Elizabeth" (1601) ; "First Set of 
 Madrigals " (1604 ; reprinted 1846) ; " 2nd set " 
 (1618). 
 
 Batiste, Antoine-^douard, organist ; b. 
 Paris, Mar. 28, 1820 ; d. there Nov. 9, 1876. 
 Pupil (1828) and prof. (1836) at Paris Cons, (har- 
 mony, accomp., and choral classes). Organist 
 of St -Nicolas-des-Champs (1842-54), then of St.- 
 Eustache. He composed much excellent organ- 
 music, also pf.-pcs. and songs. Edited the 
 official " Solfeges du Conservatoire" (12 vol.s), 
 and publ. a " Petit Solfege harmonique." 
 
 Batistin. See Struck, Joh. Bapt. 
 
 BlLton, Henri, musette-player ; his brother 
 Charles (" Baton le jeune "), a performer on the 
 vielle, wrote pieces for vielle and musette, and a 
 " Memoire sur la vielle en D la re " (" Mercure," 
 1757)- 
 
 Bat'ta, Pierre, b. Maastricht, Holland, Aug. 
 8, 1795 ; d. Brussels, Nov. 20, 1876, as solfeggio- 
 teacher at the Cons. He also gave 'cello-lessons. 
 He had 3 sons : 
 
 Bat'ta, Alexandre, b. Maastricht, July 9, 
 181 6 ; brilliant 'cellist, pupil of Platel in Brussels 
 Cons. ; settled ^835 in Paris. Made very suc- 
 cessful concert-tours on the Continent. — Works : 
 Many melodious pes. and transcriptions f. 'cello 
 w. pf.-acc. 
 
 Bat'ta, Jean-Laurent, b. Maastricht, Dec. 
 30, 1817; d. Nancy, Jan. (?), 1880. Piano-pupil 
 of Brussels Cons., taking ist prize in 1836. 
 Lived in Paris, and from 1848 in Nancy as a 
 music-teacher. 
 
 Bat'ta, Joseph, b. Maastricht, Apr. 24, 1824. 
 'Cellist and comp.; pupil of Brussels Cons. (2nd 
 
 grand frix for comp. in 1845); since 1846 in 
 Paris, as an orchestra-player at the Opera- 
 Comique. Has comp. symphonies, overtures, 
 cantatas, etc. 
 
 Battaille, Charles-Aimable, dramatic bass; 
 b. Nantes, Sept. 30, 1822 ; d. Paris, May 2, 1872. 
 At first a medical student ; sang at the Opera- 
 Comique, Paris, from 1848-57, when a throat- 
 disorder closed his public career. 1851, prof, of 
 singing at the Cons. Publ. an extensive Method 
 of Singing. 
 
 Battanchon, F61ix, eminent 'cellist and com- 
 poser; b. Paris, Apr. 9, 1814 ; d. there July, 1893. 
 Pupil of Vaslin and Norblin at the Paris Cons.; 
 from 1840, member of Grand Opera orch. In- 
 vented (1846), and vainly tried to popularize, a 
 small style of 'cello, called " Baryton." 
 
 Batten, Adrian, English comp. and org.; b. 
 abt. 1585 ; d. abt. 1637. Vicar-choral of West- 
 minster Abbey in 1614, and of St. Paul's in 1624, 
 where he was also organist. Wrote church- 
 services, many anthems, and other sacred music 
 of rather mediocre quality ; some pes. are publ. 
 in " Boyce's Cathedral Music," also by Novello. 
 
 Battishill, Jonathan, b. London, May, 1738; 
 d. Islington, Dec. 10, 1801. A chorister (1747) 
 in St. Paul's, and later articled to W. Savage, 
 he became deputy-org. (under Boyce) at the 
 Chapel Royal, and afterwards conductor (cem- 
 balist) at Covent Garden, at the same time hold- 
 ing the post of organist in several London 
 parishes. With Arne he wrote an opera, Almena, 
 for Drury Lane (1764) ; he also composed a pan- 
 tomime, The Files of Hecate, in that year. His 
 many anthems, glees, catches, and songs were 
 deservedly popular. 
 
 Battis'ta, Vincenzo, dramatic composer ; b. 
 Naples, Oct. 5, 1823 ; d. there Nov. 14, 1873. 
 Pupil of the Naples Cons. He wrote 13 operas, 
 II of which were produced at Naples, between 
 1844-69, with good temporary success, but now 
 forgotten. 
 
 Battisti'ni, Mattia, b. Rome (?), Nov. 27, 
 1857. Renowned dram, baritone. Debut in 
 Donizetti's La Favorita at Rome, Teatro Argen- 
 tina, 1878 ; immediately engaged for the Ital. 
 opera in Buenos Ayres. Has sung since then in 
 Italian on all principal stages in Italy, Spain, 
 Portugal, London ; also (1893) in Berlin, St. 
 Petersburg, etc. 
 
 Battmann, Jacques-Louis, b.Maasmtinster, 
 Alsatia, Aug. 25, 1818 ; d. Dijon, July 5, i885. 
 Organist at Belfort (1840), later at Vesoul. 
 Wrote pieces and etudes f. pf. and f. org.; 
 masses, motets, choral works ; an Harmonium 
 Method, and many pieces f. harmonium ; a 
 Piano Method ; and a treatise on harmony, 
 teaching the accomp. of Plain Song. 
 
 Batton, D6sir6- Alexandre, b. Paris, Jan. 2, 
 1797; d. Versailles, Oct. 15, 1855. Pupil of the 
 Cons. (Cherubini) ; Grand prix de Rome, 1816, 
 for his cantata. La ?nort d' Adonis. His operas 
 
 42 
 
BATTU— BAYER 
 
 La fenitre secrete (l8l8), Ethelvina (1827), Le 
 frisonnier d'l'tat (1S28), Le champ dtt drap d'or 
 (1828), had poor success ; but La Marquise de 
 Brinvilliers (1832, written jointly with Auber, 
 Herold, and others) was better received. In 
 1842 he wasapp. Inspector of the branch-schools 
 of the Cons. , and teacher of a vocal class in 1849. 
 
 Battu, Pantaloon, b. Paris, 1799; d. there 
 Jan. 17, 1870. Violinist, pupil of the Cons. (R. 
 Kreutzer) ; belonged to the orchestra of the 
 Opera and the court until 1830; in 1846, 2nd 
 chef d'orchestre at the Opera ; retired 1859. — 
 Works : 2 vln. -concertos ; 3 duos concertants f. 
 2 vlns. ; " th^me varie" f. vln. w. orch. ; ro- 
 mances f. vln. w. pf. 
 
 Baudiot, Charles-Nicolas, b. Nancy, Mar. 
 29, 1773 ; d. Paris, Sept. 26, 1849. 'Cellist, pu- 
 pil of Janson l'alne\ whom he succeeded, in 1802, 
 as 'cello-prof, at the Cons. In 1816, ist 'cellist 
 in the royal orch. ; pensioned in 1832. Publ. a 
 great variety of chamber-music f. 'cello, and 2 
 concertos, 2 concertinos, etc., f. ditto; likewise 
 many arrangements. Wrote " Methode com- 
 plete de Violoncelle " (op. 25), and " Instruction 
 pour les compositeurs," a guide to writers for 
 'cello. With Levasseur and Baillot he wrote the 
 'cello method used at the Cons. 
 
 Baudoin (or Baudouyn). See Bauldewijn. 
 
 Bau'er, Chrysostomus, organ-builder in 
 Wurttemberg early in the i8th century. In- 
 vented the single large bellows, replacing the 
 set of small ones formerly in use. 
 
 Bauldewijn (or Baulduin, Balde'win, Bal- 
 duin, Baudoin, Baudouyn), Noel (Natalis), 
 from 1513-18 maitre de chapelle sX. Notre-Dame, 
 Antwerp, where he died in 1529. Two of his 
 motets are in Petrucci's " Mottetti della Corona" 
 (Venice, 15 19) ; others in other collections ; also 
 masses in MS. at Rome and Munich. 
 
 Bau'mann, Konrad. See Paumann. 
 
 Baum'bach, Friedrich August, composer 
 and writer ; b. 1753 ; d. Leipzig, Nov. 30, 1813. 
 From 1778-89, Kapellm. at Hamburg opera ; 
 then settled in Leipzig as a composer. — Works : 
 Songs, instr.-pcs. (for harpsichord, piano, 'cello, 
 violin, guitar, etc.) ; also wrote the mus. articles 
 for the " Kurz gefasstes Handw6rterbuch iiber 
 die schOnen Kilnste " (Leipzig, 1794). 
 
 Baum'bach,' Adolph, b. Germany, 1830 (?) ; 
 d. Chicago, 1880. Coming to America, he set- 
 tled in Boston (1855) ; taught piano and organ, 
 and publ. instructive pes. f. pf . ; also a collection 
 of solo-quartets f. church-choirs. 
 
 Baum'felder, Friedrich, b. Dresden, May 
 28, 1836 ; pianist, and comp. of brilliant salon- 
 music ; pupil of Julius Otto, later of the Leip- 
 zig Cons. (Moscheles, Wenzel, Hauptmann). 
 Has also publ. etudes (" Tirocinium musicae," 
 op. 300) ; a pf.-suite (op. loi) ; a pf.-sonata (op. 
 60) ; favorites are Confidence (op. 48), Rondo 
 mignon (op. 49), and Rococo (op. 367). 
 
 Baum'gart, E. Friedrich, b. Grossglogau, 
 Jan 13, 1817 ; d. Warmbrunn, Sept. 14, 1871. 
 University Music-Director at Breslau, and 
 teacher in the R. Inst. f. Church-music. Edited 
 K. Ph. E. Bach's " Clavier-Sonaten." 
 
 Baum'garten, Gotthilf von, b. Berlin, Jan. 
 12, 1741 ; d. Gross-Strehlitz, Silesia, in 1813. — 
 Operas : Zemire und Azov (Breslau, 1775) ; 
 A ndromeda [a monodrama] (ib. , 1 776) ; Das 
 Grab des Mufti (ib. , 1778; publ. in piano- 
 score). 
 
 Baum'garten, Karl Friedrich, b. Germany. 
 1754 ; d. London, 1824 ; from 1780-94 he was 
 leader of the Covent Garden opera-orch. — 
 Works : Operas and pantomimes, the best- 
 known being Robin Hood (London, 1786) and 
 Blue JBeard {ilqi). 
 
 Baum'gartner, Wilhelm [Guillaume], b. 
 
 1820 ; d. Zurich, March, 1867. Vocal composer 
 and Music-director at St. Gallen. 
 
 Baum'gartner, August, b. Munich, Nov. 
 9, 1814 ; d. there Sept. 29, 1862. Choirmaster 
 at Ch. of St. Anna, Munich. He publ. papers 
 on " mus. shorthand " in the " Stenographische 
 Zeitschrift " (1852); a " Kurz gefasste Anleitung 
 zur musikalischen Stenographic oder Tonzei- 
 chenkunst " (1853) ; and a " Kurz gefasste Ge- 
 schichte der musikal. Notation " (1856). Com- 
 posed an instr. Mass ; a Requiem ; Psalms ; 
 also pf.-pcs., choruses, etc. 
 
 Baum'ker, Wilhelm, b. Elberfeld, Oct. 25, 
 1842 ; chaplain and school-inspector at Nie- 
 derkriichten ; a contributor to the " AUgem. 
 deutsche Biographic," the " Monatshefte fiir 
 Musikgeschichte," etc.; author of " Palastrina, 
 ein Beitrag, etc." (1877), " Orlandus di Lassus, 
 ein historisches Bildniss" (1878), "Zur Ge- 
 schichte d. Tonkunst in Deutschland " (18S1), 
 "Der Todtentanz" (1881), and "Das 
 katholische deutsche Kirchenlied in seinen 
 Singweisen von den friihesten Zeiten bis gegen 
 Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts" (1883-1891, being 
 vol.s 2 and 3 of the work begun [1862 ; in re- 
 vised edition, l886] by K. S. Meister) ; also 
 " Niederlandische geistliche Lieder nebst ihren 
 Singweisen aus Handschriften des 15. Jahrh." 
 (1888), and " Ein deutsches geistUches Lieder- 
 buch " (melodies from the 15th century; Leipzig, 
 1896). 
 
 Bausch, Ludwig Christian August, b. 
 
 Naumburg, Jan. 15, 1805 ; d. Leipzig, May 26, 
 1871. Celebrated maker and repairer of vio- 
 lins and bows ; est. first (1826) in Dresden, then 
 Dessau (1828), Leipzig (1839), Wiesbaden (1862), 
 Leipzig (1863). His son Ludwig (b. 1829, d. 
 Leipzig, Apr. 7, 1871) lived long in New York, 
 afterwards setting up for himself at Leipzig. 
 Otto, a younger son (1841-1874), inherited the 
 business, which is now run by A. Paulus at 
 Markneukirchen. 
 
 Bay'er, Josef, Austrian violinist and com- 
 poser ; b. about 1851. In 1871, 2nd violin in 
 
 43 
 
BAZIN— BEAUCHAMPS 
 
 Court Opera, Vienna ; in 1882 he succeeded 
 Doppler as Ballet-Director. A prolific writer 
 of light stage-music. — Works ; Operetta Der 
 sc/ione Kaspar (Munich, 1889) ; i-act ballet 
 Sonne und Erde (Vienna, i88g) ; ballet Jiozige 
 et noir (ibid., i8gi) ; i-act pantomime Der 
 Kinder Weihnachistraum (Munich, iSgl) ; 
 " Oesterreichische Marsche" (Brilnn, i8gi ; as 
 " Deutsche Marsche " at Hanover, i8gi) ; ballet 
 Die Welt in Bild und Tanz (Berlin, i8g2) ; do. 
 Die Donaunixe (Vienna, l8g2) ; do. Columbia 
 (Berlin, 1893) ; do. Iiu7id um Wien (Vienna, 
 i8g4) ; do. Olga (Vienna, i8g6) ; operetta Meister 
 Menelaus (yie.Tin9i, 1896); n-acthaWeX Die Braut 
 von Korea (ibid., l8g7) ; and others. 
 
 Bazin, Fran5ois-6inanuel-Joseph, b. Mar- 
 seilles, Sept. 4, 1816 ; d. Paris, July 4, 1878. 
 St. at Paris Cons.; prix de Rome, 1840; prof, 
 of singing, 1844, later of harmony ; prof, of 
 comp., 1871, succeeding Ambr. Thomas; mem- 
 ber of the Academie, 1872, succeeding Carafa. 
 — Works : 9 operas, no longer performed ; also 
 a " Cours d'harmonie theorique et pratique," 
 adopted at the Cons. 
 
 Bazzi'ni, Antonio, b. Brescia, Mar. 11, 
 1818 ; d. Milan, Feb. 10, 1897. Violin-pupil of 
 Faustino Camisani ; at 17, m. di capp. of the 
 Ch. of S. Filippo, for which he wrote masses and 
 vespers, besides bringing out 6 oratorios w. full 
 orch. Played 1836 before Paganini, and, follow- 
 ing his advice to travel, went in 1837 to Milan, 
 and gave successful concerts. 1840-46 his tours 
 extended to Venice, Trieste, Dresden, Berlin, 
 Copenhagen, Warsaw, and finally l.eipzig, where 
 he stayed some time, an enthusiastic student of 
 Bach and Beethoven. Travelled through Italy, 
 then (1848) Spain and (1852) France, giving some 
 20 concerts in Paris ; he also went to England, 
 but 1864 returned to Brescia, and devoted him- 
 self to composition. 1873, app. prof, of comp. 
 in, and in 1882 Director of, Milan Cons. In his 
 numerous comp.s the exuberance of Italian 
 melody is wedded to a harmony of German depth 
 and richness, giving him a unique place in the 
 annals of Italian music. — Works : Opera Tu- 
 randa (Milan, 1867, unsucc.) ; symphonic poem 
 Francesca da Kiiuini (1890) ; overtures to Al- 
 fieri's Saiil and Shakespeare's Lear; symphonic 
 cantata Senacheribbo; cantata La Risurrezione 
 di Crista; Psalms LI and LVI ; concertos f. 
 vln. w. orch.; 5 string-quartets and I string- 
 quintet (considered his finest work) ; many arr. 
 and orig. pes. f. vln. and pf. ; songs, etc. 
 
 Bazzi'no, Francesco Maria, b. Lovere 
 (Bergamo), in 1593 ; d. Bergamo, Apr. 15, 1660. 
 Virtuoso on the theorbo, for which he wrote 
 pieces ; also comp. an oratorio, canzoiictte, etc. 
 
 Bazzi'no, Natale, b (?), d. 1639. Publ. 
 masses, motets, psalms, etc. 
 
 B6, GuiUaume le. See Le Bje. 
 
 Beach, Mrs. H. H. A. (maiden-name Amy 
 Marcy Cheney), b. ITenniker, N. H., Sept. 
 
 5, 1867. Gifted composer, residing (iSgg) in 
 Boston, Mass. St. with E. Perabo and K. Baer- 
 mann (pf.), and Junius W. Hill (harmony); 
 wholly self-taught in cpt., comp., and orchestra- 
 tion. Mrs. Beach is a concert-pianist ; Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Councillors of the N. E. 
 Cons. ; and Honorary Corr. Sec. of the N, Y. 
 Manuscript Soc. — 
 Works ; Op. i, 4 
 songs , 2, 3 songs ; 
 3, Cadenza to Beet- 
 hoven's C minor 
 Concerto f. pf . ; 4, 
 Valse Caprice f. pf. ; 
 
 5, Mass in £[7 f. 
 soli, ch. , and orch.; 
 
 6, Ballade in D^ 
 f. pf.; 7, " O praise 
 the Lord," f. mixed 
 chorus ; 8, 3 sacred 
 choruses (mixed 
 voices) ; g, " Little 
 brown bee," female 
 quartet ; 10, 3 " Songs of the Sea" ; 11, 3 songs 
 (Burns) [in Song-Album] ; 12, " My luve is like 
 a red, red rose "; 13, " Hymn of trust"; 14, 4 
 songs [in Song-Album] ; 15, 4 Sketches f. pf.; 
 l5, " The Minstrel and the King," f. ten. and 
 bar. soli, male ch., and orch.; 17, Festival Jubi- 
 late, f. mixed ch.; 18, "Wandering clouds," 
 scena and aria ; ig, 3 songs ; 20, " Across the 
 world," song; 21, 3 songs; 22, " Bal masque" 
 f . pf . ; 23, Romance f . pf . and vln. ; 24, " Bethle- 
 hem," Xmas anthem ; 25, " Children's Carnival," 
 6 pes. f. pf. ; 26, 4 songs ; 27, "Alleluia ! Christ 
 is risen," anthem ; 28, 3 pes. f. pf. ; 29, 4 songs ; 
 30, " The Rose of Avontown," ballad f, sopr 
 solo and female ch.; 31, 3 Flower-songs, f. 
 female ch.; 32, " GaeHc" symphony in E min., 
 f. full orch. ; 33, " Teach me thy way," anthem ; 
 34, Sonata f .pf. and vln. in A min. (MS.) ; 35, 4 
 German songs ; 36, Children's Album, No. I (5 
 pes. f. pf.) ; 37, 3 Shakespeare songs ; 38, 
 Christmas anthem ; 39, 3 part-songs f. female 
 ch. ; 40, 3 pes. f. vln. and pf . 
 
 Beale, William, b. Landrake, Cornwall, Jan. 
 I, 1784 ; d. London, May 3, 1854. Famous glee- 
 and madrigal-composer ; pupil of Dr. Arnold 
 and R. Cooke ; from 1813-54, music-teacher in 
 London. — Collection of 3-, 4-, and 5-part madri- 
 gals (1815) ; of Glees and Madrigals (1820); 
 prize madrigal " Awake, sweet Muse "(1813); 
 and many other detached numbers. 
 
 Beale, Thos. Willert, b. London, 1828. A 
 lawyer by profession, but st. music under Roeckel, 
 Flowers, and Pugni, and was co-founder of the 
 New Philh. Soc. — Operettas: An Easter Egg; 
 Matrimonial News. Also part-songs, songs, 
 and pf. -music. 
 
 Beauchamps, Pierre- Fran^ois-Godard de, 
 
 b. Paris abt. 1689 ; d. there 1761. Wrote 
 " Recherches sur les theatres de France, depuis 
 1161 jusqu'a present" (3V0I.S; Paris, 1735) ; and 
 " Biblioth^que des theatres" (1746), describing 
 
 44 
 
BEAULIEU— BECK 
 
 the operas and other stage-pieces which had been 
 produced, with notes on the authors, musicians, 
 and actors. 
 
 Beaulieu [properly Martin], Marie-D^sir6, 
 French composer and author ; b. Paris, Apr. ii, 
 1791 ; d. Niort, Dec, 1863. Promoter of the 
 grand "Association musicale de I'Ouest," to 
 which he bequeathed 100,000 francs ; founder of 
 the Paris society for classical music. Volumin- 
 ous comp. : Operas Anacrion, Philadelphie; lyric 
 scsn&s Jeanne d' Arc, Psyche ei I 'Amour; ora- 
 torios / ' Hymne die matin, VHymne de la unit, 
 I 'Immortality de I 'dnie; masses, hymns, songs, 
 pes. for orch., violin-fantasias, etc. He also 
 wrote: " Du Rythme, des effets qu'il produit 
 et de leurs causes" (1852) ; " Memoire sur ce 
 qui- reste de la musique de I'ancienne Grece dans 
 les premiers chants de I'Eglise " ; " Memoire sur 
 le caract^re que doit avoir la musique d'Eglise 
 ." (1858); "Memoire sur quelques airs 
 nationaux qui sont dans la tonalite gregorienne " 
 (1858) ; " Memoire sur I'origine de la musique " 
 (1859)- 
 
 Beaumarchais, Pierre - Augustin - Caron 
 de, b. Paris, Jan. 24, 1732; d. there May 19, 
 1799. A brilliant dramatist and poet, from 
 whose comedies, Le Barbier de Seville and Le 
 Mariage de Figaro, were drawn the libretti of 
 Rossini's and Mozart's famous operas. 
 
 Beauquier, Charles, French writer, b. abt. 
 1830. Wrote " Philosophic de musique" (1865), 
 and the libretto of Lalo's Fiesque. Long a con- 
 tributor to the " Revue et Gazette Musicale." 
 
 Beccatel'li, Giovanni Francesco, Floren- 
 tine writer; d. 1734. He was m. di capp. at 
 Prato ; publ., in the " Giornale dei letterati 
 d'ltalia" (33rd year, 3rd Supplement), a number 
 of papers on music ; others (praised by Padre 
 Martini) are in MS. 
 
 Bech'er, Alfred Julius, b. Manchester, 
 England, Apr. 27, 1803; d. Vienna, Nov. 23, 
 1848. St at Heidelberg, Berlin, etc.; 1840, 
 teacher of harm, at R. A. M., London, but re- 
 moved to Vienna, where he edited the revolu- 
 tionary paper, " Der Radikale," and where he 
 was shot, after trial by court-martial, for sedi- 
 tion. — Works : A symphony ; string-quartets ; 
 pf.-pcs. ; and songs (many printed); miscella- 
 neous writings ; and 2 pamphlets, " Das 
 niederrheinische Musikfest, aesthetisch u. his- 
 torisch betrachtet " (1836), and " Jenny Lind ; 
 eine Skizze ihres Lebens " (1S47). 
 
 Bech'er, Joseph, b. Neukirchen, Bavaria, 
 Aug. I, 1821. Composer of over 60 masses, 
 and much other sacred music. 
 
 Bech'stein, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, 
 
 pianoforte - maker ; b. Gotha, June i, 1826. 
 Worked in German factories, also with Pape and 
 Krligelstein, London ; set up for himself in 
 Berlin in 1856, and has now one of the largest 
 and best-known factories on the Continent, em- 
 
 ploying over 500 workmen, and turning out 
 2,600 pianos yearly (in l8go). 
 
 Beck, David, organ-builder at Halberstadt, 
 Germany, abt. 1590. The organs at Griiningen 
 (i5g2-6),and in St. Martin's ch., Halberstadt, 
 are his work. 
 
 Beck, Reichardt Karl, living in Strassburg 
 abt. 1650, publ. (1654) a book of sarabands, 
 courants, allemandes, ballets, etc. , f . 2 vlns. and 
 harp. 
 
 Beck, Johann Philipp, edited a book of 
 dance-music f. viola da gamba (1677). 
 
 Beck, Michael, b. Jan. 24, 1653, at Ulm, 
 and prof, there of theology, etc.; publ. a treatise 
 " Uber die musikalische Bedeutung der hebrai- 
 schen Accente " (1678, 1701). 
 
 Beck, Gottfried Joseph, b. Podiebrad, 
 Bohemia, Nov. 15, 1723; d. Prague, Apr. 8, 
 1787 ; organist, Dominican friar (later Pro- 
 vincial), and prof, of philos. at Prague. Wrote 
 church-music and instr. comp.s. 
 
 Beck, Christian Friedrich, b. abt. 1755 ; 
 lived in Kirchheim. Publ. (1789-94) concertos, 
 sonatas, variations, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Beck, Franz, b. Mannheim, 1730; d. Bor- 
 deaux, Dec. 31, 1809. Violinist, and a favorite 
 of the Prince Palatine ; a fatal duel caused his 
 flight to Paris, whence he went to Bordeaux in 
 1777, and became concert-director in 1780. — 
 Works : 24 symphonies ; violin - quartets ; 
 pf.-sonatas ; church-music. 
 
 Beck, Friedrich Adolph, publ. (Berlin, 
 1825) "Dr. M. Luther's Gedanken tlber die 
 Musik." 
 
 Beck, Karl, the "creator" of the role of 
 Lohengrin at Weimar, Aug. 28, 1850; b. 1814; 
 d. Vienna, Mar. 3, 1879. 
 
 Beck, Johann Nepomuk, b. Pesth, May 5, 
 1828; d. Vienna (?), July (?), 1893. Dramatic 
 baritone, and fine actor of great versatility ; 
 voice "discovered" at Pesth, where he first 
 sang ; debut at Vienna procured eng. at Frank- 
 fort ; he also sang in Hamburg, Bremen, 
 Cologne, Dilsseldorf, Mayence, Wiirzburg ; re- 
 visited Vienna, 1853, and sang in Court Opera 
 till retirement on pension (1885). He died in- 
 sane. — Roles : Tell, Don Giovanni, Alfonso, 
 Hans Sachs, Alberich, etc. 
 
 Beck, Joseph, son of preceding ; b. June 11, 
 1850 ; fine baritone, singing in Austria, Berlin 
 (1876), and Frankfort (1880). 
 
 Beck, Johann Heinrich, b. Cleveland, 
 Ohio, Sept. 12, 1856. Violinist ; pupil (1879- 
 82) of Leipzig Cons. (Reinecife, Jadassohn, 
 Hermann, etc.). Settled in Cleveland ; founder 
 of the "Schubert Quartet." — Works: Over- 
 tures to Byron's Lara, and to Rottieo and Juliet; 
 string-sextet (D min.) ; string-quartet (C min.) ; 
 cantata Deukalion [Bayard Taylor] ; violin- 
 music, songs. 
 
 45 
 
BECKE— BECKMANN 
 
 Beck6, Johann Baptist, b. Nuremberg, 
 Aug. 24, 1743 ; court-musician at Munich in 
 1766. Excellent flutist ; publ. concertos for 
 flute. 
 
 Beck'el, James Cox, b. Philadelphia^ Dec. 
 20, 1811. From 1824-32, org. of St. James' P. 
 E. ch., Lancaster, Pa. Occupied several simi- 
 lar positions in Phila., the last being the Clin- 
 ton St. ch. (1875-gi). Pupil, in Phila. "Amer- 
 ican Cons, of Music," of Filippo Trajetta 
 (Traettd), Now music-publisher in Phila., 
 and Managing Editor of "The Musical Clip- 
 per." — Works : Cantatas {The Nativity, The 
 Pilgrim's Progress, etc.); many small pf.-pcs. ; 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Beck'er, Dietrich, author of " Sonaten f ilr 
 eine Violine, eine Viola di Gamba, und Gene- 
 ralbass ilber Chorallieder " (Hamburg, 1668), 
 and " Musikalische Friihlingsfrtichte" (3- to 5-p. 
 instr. pes. w. continuo). 
 
 Beck'er, Johann, b. Helsa, n. Kassel, 
 Sept. I, 1726; d. 1803. Court org. at Kassel. 
 Publ. a book of chorals. 
 
 Beck'er, Karl Ferdinand, b. Leipzig, July 
 17, 1804 ; d. there Oct. 26, 1877. Organist at 
 St. Peter's. Leipzig (1825), of St. Nicholas' 
 (1837) ; organ-teacher at Cons. (1843) ; retired 
 1856. He revised Forkel's " Systematisch- 
 chronologische Darstellung d. Musiklitteratur " 
 (1836; Suppl., 1839); and wrote "Die Haus- 
 musik in Deutschland im 16., 17. u. 18. Jahrh." 
 (1840), " Die Tonwerke des 16. u. 17. Jahrh.," 
 etc. Publ. pes. f. pf . and org. ; also choral- 
 books. He gave his library, containing valu- 
 able theoretical works, to the city of Leipzig 
 (" Beckers Stiftung "). 
 
 Beck'er, Konstantin Julius, b. Freiberg, 
 Saxony, Feb. 3, i8li; d. Oberlossnitz, Feb. 
 26, 1859. Pupil of Anacker (singing) and of 
 Karl Ferd. Becker (comp.). 1837-46, editor 
 of the " Neue Zeitschrift f. Musik"; 1843-6, 
 also teacher in Dresden. — Works : Opera Die 
 jErstiirmung von Belgrad (Leipzig, 1848); r 
 symphony ; a rhapsody. Das Zigeunerleben ; 
 duets, songs, etc.; also a " Mannergesang- 
 schule " (1845), and a " Harmonielehre fiir 
 Dilettanten " (1844). 
 
 Beck'er, Valentin Eduard, b. Wilrzburg, 
 Nov. 20, 1814; d. Vienna, Jan. 25, i8go. Com- 
 poser of popular male choruses ; 2 operas. Die 
 Bergknappen and Der Deserteur , masses ; a 
 quintet f. clar. and strings ; and other instr. 
 works. 
 
 Beck'er, Georg, b. Frankenthal, Palatinate, 
 June 24, 1S24 ; pianist, composer and writer ; 
 a pupil of Kuhn and Prudent. He resides at 
 Geneva, and has publ. " La Musiqueen SuLsse" 
 (1874), " Aper9u sur la_ chanson fran9aise" 
 [from the iith-i7th century], " Pygmalion de 
 J. J. Rousseau," " Les projets de notation musi- 
 cale du XIX° siecle," "La Musique a Geneve 
 depuis 50 ans," " Eusforg de Beaulieu," " Guil- 
 
 laume de Gueroult," etc. Edits the " Ques- 
 tionnaire de, 1' Association Internationale des 
 Musiciens - Ecrivains"; contributor to the 
 " Monatshefte f. Musikgeschichte," etc. Has 
 publ. pf.-pcs., and songs. 
 
 Beck'er, Albert Ernst Anton, highly 
 gifted composer ; b. Quedlinburg, June 13, 
 1834; d. Berlin, Jan. 10, 1S99. St. at Qued- 
 linburg under Bonicke, and at Berlin under 
 Dehn (1853-6) ; 1881, teacher of comp. at 
 Scharwenka's Cons. ; also conductor of Berlin 
 cathedral choir. His symphony in G min., a 
 grand mass in Bj^ min. (1878), and the oratorio 
 Selig aus Gnade (op. 61), have attracted general 
 notice ; other works of importance are : Op.-4, 
 songs ; op. 13, 5 songs from Wolff's " Ratten- 
 fanger"; op. 14, 5 songs from Wolff's " Wilder 
 Jager"; op. 15, songs; op. 32, No. I, 147th 
 Psalm f. double ch. a cappella; op. 47, Ballade 
 (A min.) and Scherzo (B min.) f. pf. ; op. 48, 5 
 songs ; op. 49, pf.-quintet. ; op. 50, Cantata t, 
 soli, ch., and orch. ; op. 51, Sacred songs, w. pf.- 
 accomp. ; op. 52, Fantasy and fugue f. organ; 
 op. 66, Concertstlick f. vln. and orch.; op. 70, 
 Adagio in E,f. vln. and orch.; op. 73, Cantata 
 Herr, wie lange, f. soH, ch., orch., and org. ; op. 
 81, Adagio f. 'cello and org.; op. 85, Psalm 
 104, f. mixed ch. and orch.; op. 86, Adagio 
 (No. 6) in A min., f. vln. and orch.; opera 
 Loreley (MS., 1897). 
 
 Beck'er, Jean, distinguished violinist ; b. 
 Mannheim, May 11, 1833; d. there Oct. 10, 
 1884. Pupil of Kettenus, and Vincenz Lach- 
 ner ; leader in Mannheim orch., but resigned in 
 1858, and, after brilliant concert-tours, settled 
 (1866) in Florence, and established the renowned 
 "Florentine Quartet" (2nd vIn.,Masi; viola, 
 Chiostri ; 'cello, Hilpert, replaced 1875 by 
 Spitzer-Hegyesi), dissolved in 1880. After 
 this he made successful tours with his children : 
 (i) his daughter Jeanne (b. Mannheim, June 
 9, 1859), a gifted pianist, pupil of Keinecke 
 and Bargiel : (2) Hans (b. Strassburg, May 12, 
 i860), fine viola-player, pupil of Singer ; and 
 (3) Hug-o, accomplished 'cellist, pupil of Fr. 
 Grlitzmacher, and since 1894 prof, of 'cello at 
 theHoch Cons., p'rankfort. — B. has also publ. 
 various comp.s (op. 10, 'cello-concerto in A). 
 
 Beck'er, Reinhold, b. Adorf, Saxony, 1842 ; 
 originally a violinist, now living in Dresden as 
 a composer. — Works ; The successful operas 
 Fraueiilob (Dresden, '92), and Ratbold (May- 
 ence, 1896 ; i act) ; the symphonic poem Der 
 Prinz von Homburg ; work for male ch., Wald- 
 morgen ; a violin-concerto ; songs. 
 
 Beck'er, Karl, b. Kirrweiler, n. Trier, June 
 5. 1853 ; 1881, music-teacher at Ottweiler Sem- 
 inary; since 1885 ditto at Neuwied. Has publ. 
 the "RheinischerVolksliederborn " (1892); also 
 school song-books. 
 
 Beck'raann, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb, 
 
 b. 1737 ; d. Apr. 25, 1792, at Celle, where he was 
 organist and pianist (harpsichordist). One ot 
 
 46 
 
BECKWITH— BEETHOVEN 
 
 the finest players and improvisers of the time. — 
 Works: 12 pf.-sonatas, 6 concertos, and solo 
 pes. ; also an opera, Lukas unci Hannchen 
 (Hamburg, 1782). 
 
 Beckwith, John Christmas, distinguished 
 organist, b. Norwich, Engl., Dec. 25, 1750; d. 
 there June 3, 1809. A pupil of Philip Hayes, 
 he became org. of Norwich cathedral (succeed- 
 ing Garland), and of St. Peter's, Mancroft. In 
 1803, Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc, Oxon. — Works : 
 " The First Verse of Every Psalm of David, 
 with an Ancient or Modern Chant in Score, 
 adapted as much as possible to the Sentiment of 
 each Psalm" (London, 1808, with a valuable 
 preface: "A short history of chanting"). 
 Also publ. anthems ; glees ; songs ; pf .-pes. ; 
 and concertos, etc. , f . org. 
 
 Becqui^, Jean-Marie (?), b. Toulouse, abt. 
 1800; d. Paris, Nov. 10, 1825, as ist flute at 
 the Opera-Comique. Pupil of Tulou and Guil- 
 loii at Paris Cons. A valued comp. — Works : 
 Grande fantaisie et variations, f . flute w. orch. ; 
 " Les Regrets," f. fl. and pf. ; fantasias, rondos, 
 airs, etc., f. fl. 
 
 Becquifi (" de Peyreville "), Jean-Marie, 
 brother of above, b. Toulouse, 1797; d. Paris, 
 Jan., 1876. Eminent vioHnist, pupil of R. and 
 A. Kreutzer at Paris Cons., and long a member 
 of the Theatre Italien orch. — Works : Fan- 
 taisie f. vln. and pf. ; Air varie, f. vln., via., and 
 bass.; ditto with quartet ; etc. 
 
 Becvarov'sky, Anton Felix, b. Jungbunz- 
 lau, Bohemia, Apr. 9, 1754; d. Berlin, May 15, 
 1823. Organist at Prague, and (1779-96) Bruns- 
 wick ; lived in Bamberg till 1800, thereafter at 
 Berlin. — Works : 3 pf.-concertos, 3 pf.-sonatas, 
 and many songs for solo voice w. pf. 
 
 Bedford, Mrs. Herbert. See Lehmann, 
 Liza. 
 
 Bedos de Celles, Dom Fran5ois, Benedic- 
 tine monk at Toulouse, b. Caux, n. Bezieres, 
 1706 ; d. St.-Maur, Nov. 25, 1779. Wrote 
 " L'art du facteur d'orgues " (3 vol.s, Paris, 
 1766-78), a valuable work on which many later 
 treatises are based ; a fourth part, containing 
 historical notes on the organ, has appeared in 
 German (1793). Also an account of the new 
 organ at St.-Martin de Tours (" Mercure de 
 France " for Jan. , 1762 ; German transl. in Ade- 
 lung's " Musica mechanica organoedi"). 
 
 Beech'gard (or Beehgard), Julius, com- 
 poser, b. Copenhagen, Dec. 19, 1843 ; pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons., and of Gade at Copenhagen ; 
 has Hved in Germany, Italy, and Paris, and is 
 now settled at Copejihagen. — Works : 3-act op- 
 era Frode (Prague, '94), 3-act opera Frau Inge 
 (Prague, '94); concert-overture f. orch.; 2 
 "cycles" f. baritone .solo w. pf ; pf.-pcs., 4- 
 .part songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Bee'cke, Ignaz von, b. abt. 1730, d. Waller- 
 stein, Jan., 1803. Captain of dragoons, later 
 " Musikintendant " to the Prince of Otting-Wal- 
 
 lerstein. Highly accomplished harpsichordist, a 
 friend of Jommelli, Gluck and Mozart. Wrote 
 7 operas; an oratorio. Die Auferstehung-^fesu; a 
 cantata, symphonies, quartets, 4 harpsd. -trios, 6 
 harpsd. -sonatas, many songs, etc. 
 
 Beellaerts, Jean. See BellI;re. 
 
 Beer [bar], Jacob Liebmann. Original 
 name of Giacomo Meyerbeer. 
 
 Beer, Josef, b. Grilnwald, Bohemia, April 18, 
 1744; d. Potsdam, 1811, as Royal Prussian 
 chamber-musician. Skilful clarinettist, who in- 
 vented the improvement of a fifth key, and wrote 
 concertos, duets, variations, etc., f. clar. 
 
 Beer, Jules, Meyerbeer's nephew (son of 
 Michael Beer, 1800-33), l"- abt. 1833, lives in 
 Paris as an amateur dramatic comp. (5 comic 
 operas, and other works). 
 
 Beer, Max Josef, b. Vienna, 1851 ; pupil of 
 Dessoff ; pianist and composer, now (1899) liv- 
 ing in Vienna. — Works : The operas Otto dcr 
 Schiitz and Der PfeiferkSnig (both not perf.), 
 Friedel mit der leeren Tasche (Prague, 1892), 
 Der Streikder Schmiede (i act, Augsburg, 1897 ; 
 succ.) ; operetta Z)aj Stelldichein auf der Pfahl- 
 bruckej cantata Der wildejager, f. soli, ch., and 
 orch.; several lyrical pf.-pcs. (Abendfeier, Ei- 
 chendorffiana^ Haidebilder^ Spielmannsweisen^ 
 Was sich dcr Wald erzdhlt, etc.); a pf. -suite ; 
 various books of songs, etc. 
 
 Beeth [bat], Lola, b. Cracow, 1862 ; dram, 
 soprano, pupil of Frau Dustman, and later of 
 Mme. Viardot-Garcia and Desiree Artot. Debut 
 1882 at Berlin Court Opera as " Elsa" {Lohen- 
 grin) ; eng. there 1882-8 ; then eng. at Vienna 
 Court Th. 1888-95. Then sang 3 mos. at Grand 
 Opera, Paris (" Elsa," " Elisabeth," etc.); later 
 at New York, Monte Carlo and Pesth. Reen- 
 gaged, 1897, at Vienna for 5 years. 
 
 Beet'hoven [bat'ho-vn], Ludwig van, the 
 
 composer who represents the fullest maturity (in 
 emotional, scope, in 
 formal CQastruction, 
 and in in strum ental 
 treatment) of the 
 allied classic forms 
 of the pf.-soflgta, 
 pf.-concarto, string- 
 quartet, and ore hes- 
 tral sympbony, was 
 born at Bonn-on- 
 Rhine, Dec. 16 (bap- 
 tized Dec. 17), 1770 
 (Beethoven himself 
 said Dec. 16, 1772) ; 
 he died in Vienna, 
 Mar. 26, 1827. His 
 grandfather, Lud- 
 
 wig van B., a native of Maestricht, was bass 
 singer, opera-composer, and Kapellin. at Bonn 
 to the Elector Clemens August. B.'s father, 
 Johann van B., was a tenor singer in the Elec- 
 toral choir ; he married Maria Magdalena Laym 
 
 47 
 
BEETHOVEN 
 
 (nee Keverich), the widow of the chief cook at 
 Ehrenbreitstein ; and Ludwig was the second 
 child born to them. — B. attended the public 
 schools at Bonn till his 14th year. His musical 
 education was taken in hand in his fourth year 
 by his father, a strict and stern master, who 
 taught him till 1779. At eight he played the 
 violin well ; at eleven he could play Bach's 
 " Wohltemperirtes Clavier" fluently and skil- 
 fully. His next instructors were Pfeiffer, a 
 music-director and oboist; Van der Eeden, the 
 court organist ; and the latter's successor, Neefe. 
 He was already a notable improviser on the 
 piano ; and in 1781 ('82 ?) appeared his first pub- 
 lished composition, 3 pf. -sonatas. In 1782, dur- 
 ing Neefe's absence, B. was formally installed 
 as his deputy at the organ ; in 1783, he was app. 
 cembalist for the rehearsals of the opera-orch.— 
 for the present, to be sure, without emolument. 
 In 1784 the new Elector, Max Franz, app. B. 
 asst. -organist at a salary of 150 florins (about 
 $63) ; this place he held till 1792 ; from 1788 
 he also played 2nd viola in the orch. of the 
 theatre and church, Reicha being the conductor. 
 On a visit of a few months to Vienna, in 1787, 
 B. awakened great interest by his extraordinary 
 ability as an extempore pianist ; eliciting from 
 Mozart the exclamation: "He will give the 
 world something worth listening to." In July 
 his mother died ; his father gave way to intem- 
 perance, gradually losing his voice ; and B.'s 
 home-life became wretched. He found consola- 
 tion in the family of Frau von Breuning, the 
 widow of a court councillor, to whose daughter 
 and youngest son B. gave music-lessons. In 
 their refined society his taste for German and 
 English literature was quickened. About this 
 time he made the acquaintance of the young 
 Count Waldstein, his life-long friend, admirer, 
 and benefactor. In his leisure hours he gave 
 other lessons, took long walks, and occupied 
 himself with composition. Despite his remark- 
 able faculty for improvisation, the display of 
 known works for the first ten years (1782-92) is 
 comparatively meagre : half a dozen songs ; a 
 rondo, a minuet, and 3 preludes f. pf. ; 3 pf.- 
 quartets ; a pf.-trio ; a string-trio, op. 3 ; 4 sets 
 of pf. -variations ; a rondino f. wind ; the " Rit- 
 ter-Ballet " with orch. [publ. 1872] ; the Baga- 
 telles, op. 33 ; 2 violin-rondos, op. 51 ; the 
 " Serenade Trio," op. 8 ; — to which add the lost 
 cantata praised by Haydn, a lost trio f. pf., flute, 
 and bassoon, and an Allegro and Minuet f. 2 
 flutes (all unpubl.). And, in point of fact, B. 
 never possessed the fatal facility of invention 
 which rejoices in rapidity rather than solidity of 
 production. His way of working is exhibited 
 in the "sketch-books" of this early period, 
 which contain rough draughts, as it were, of 
 motives, themes, ideas ; fragments jotted down 
 in moods of inspiration, frequently reappearing 
 in modified forms, and in many cases recogniz- 
 able as the germs of later compositions. This 
 method of tentative notation and careful and oft- 
 repeated working-over, was his through life. 
 
 The year 1792 marks a turning-point. Haydn, 
 passing through Bonn, warmly praised a cantata 
 of B.'s composition ; the Elector, probably in- 
 fluenced by the master's opinion and the repre- 
 sentations of the friendly Waldstein, made up, 
 his mind to send B. to Vienna, then the centre 
 of musical Europe. Here, a member of the 
 highest circles of artists and art-lovers, to which 
 his native genius and letters from the Elector 
 procured speedy admission, B. found himself in 
 a most congenial atmosphere. Besides his sal- 
 ary from the Elector (discontinued in 1794), and 
 an annual stipend of 600 florins from Prince 
 Lichnowsky, one of his truest friends and warm- 
 est admirers, his income was derived from the 
 increasing sale of his works. He applied to 
 Haydn for further instruction ; but, dissatisfied 
 with his loose methods of teaching, and angered 
 at his lack of appreciation of compositions sub- 
 mitted to him for approval, B. surreptitiously 
 took lessons of Schenk, carrying his exercises, 
 after correction by Schenk, to Haydn. This 
 peculiar arrangement continued for a little more 
 than a year, terminating at Haydn's departure 
 (Jan., 1794) for England. [Nottebohm publ. 
 B.'s exercises in vol. i of his " Beethovens Stu- 
 dien " (1S73).] During 1794 he had quite reg- 
 ular lessons in counterpoint with Albrechts- 
 berger, whose verdict : " Ble has learned noth- 
 ing, and will never do anything properly," can 
 hardly be called prophetic ; Salieri gave him 
 many valuable hints on vocal style ; and Aloys 
 P'orster contributed good counsel on the art of 
 quartet-writing. B.'s contrapuntal exercises 
 under Albrechtsberger (publ. Paris, 1832 ; re- 
 vised ed. by Nottebohm, 1873) curiously, exhibit 
 the irrepressible conflict between B.'s imagina- 
 tion and the dry course of study prescribed. 
 
 Welcome at all soirees and private musicales 
 of the aristocracy, B. did not play in public at 
 Vienna until Mar. 29, 1795, when he performed 
 his C major pf. -concerto at a concert in the 
 Eurgtheater. In 1796 he visited Nuremberg, 
 Prague and Berlin, and played before King 
 Friedrich Wilhelm II. The publication of the 
 Eb pf.-sonata (op. 7) in 1797, a work of strongly 
 individual type, is noteworthy. Two public con- 
 certs given at Prague in 1798 are chronicled, 
 as making a profound impression. In the same 
 year he met two famed piano-virtuosi : Steibelt, 
 whose challenge to B. as an extemporizer and 
 composer resulted in his own overwhelming dis- 
 comfiture ; and Wolffl, a worthier opponent, 
 with whom B. associated and made music on a 
 friendly footing (W. inscribed 3 sonatas to him). 
 To i_799 belong the 3 sonatas for pf . and violin 
 (op. 12), the Grande sottate faihMque (op. 13), 
 the second pf.-concerto(in B(7), and several lesser 
 publications. With 1800 closes what is called 
 (after the generally-accepted classification by W. 
 von Lenz in his " Beethoven et ses trois styles" ^ 
 [St. Petersburg, 1852] ) Beethoven's " first 
 period "of composition; the " second period" 
 extends to 1815 ; the "third," to the master's 
 decease in 1827. The works of this first period 
 
 48 
 
BEETHOVEN 
 
 .include op. 1-18 (6 pf. -trios, 4 stringf-trios, the 
 first 3 string-quartets, g pf. -sonatas and various 
 sets of variations, the grand aria " Ah perfido," 
 etc., etc.) [For a detailed discussion of this 
 point, cf. V. Lenz, Grove, Thayer, el o/.] At 
 this time, too (l8oo-l8oi), a malady, which 
 later resulted in total deafness, began to make 
 alarming progress, and caused B. acute mental 
 suffering. From his entrance into Viennese 
 society he was known as an "origipal"; even 
 his genuine, sturdy independence and self-suffi- 
 ciency, due at bottom to a native love of freedom 
 and honesty, a detestation of shams, and just 
 self -appreciation, appeared highly eccentric when 
 contrasted with the courtier-like subservience of 
 great musicians like Haydn and Mozart ; and 
 there is no doubt that he purposely exaggerated 
 this eccentricity (he himself remarked that " it is 
 good to mingle with aristocrats, but one must 
 know how to impress them "). His genius and 
 geniality as an artist, and his noble generosity, 
 won the hearts of music-lovers, and caused them 
 to' condone his freaks. With increasing deaf- 
 ness, however, his chajacter altered ; he gradu- 
 ally grew taciturn, morose, and suspicious (traits 
 aggravated by the sordid meanness of his broth- 
 ers Karl and Johann, who had also settled in Vi- 
 enna), and treated his best friends outrageous- 
 ly. From 1822, deafness was total, or nearly 
 so ; as early as 1816 he had to use an ear-trum- 
 pet. Besides this, when his brother Karl died, 
 in 1815, leaving a son to B.'s guardianship, the 
 latter undertook the boy's bringing-up as a sacred 
 trust ; the ingratitude of this graceless scamp of 
 a nephew forms one of the saddest chapters in 
 the great man's life, and still further darkened 
 his declining years. 
 
 B.'s freest and most joyous creative period 
 was his second. It was the period of the fullest 
 flow of ideas {cf. "sketch-books"), not as yet 
 overcast by the gloom of his keenest anguish. — 
 It should be noted, that von Lenz's classifica- 
 tion is not chronological, either in dates of com- 
 position, final completion, or publication ; but 
 is, in part, a somewhat arbitrary arrangement 
 according to the " style" of the several works. 
 E.g., he classes the second symphony (written 
 1802, performed 1803, published 1804, as op. 
 36) among works of the "first period."— The 
 chief works comprised in the "second period" 
 are the six symphonies from III to VIII inclu- 
 sive ; his one opera, Fidelia ; the music to Eg- 
 monl ; the ballet Prometheus ; the mass in C, 
 op. 86 ; the oratorio Christus am Oelberg (i&oi) 
 the Coriolanus overture ; the pf.-concertos in G 
 and E|7 ; his violin-concerto ; the quartets in 
 K min., E^, and those inscribed to Rasumov^ 
 sky ; 4 pf.-trios (op. 38 ; op. 70, Nos. i and 2 ;> 
 op. 97) ; and 14 pf.-sonatas (among them the! 
 two "quasi fantasia," op. 27; the "pastorale,"! 
 op. 28 ; op. 31, No. 2 in D minor ; the " Wald- 
 stein," op. 53; the " appassionata," op. 57; 
 and " Les adieux, I'absence, et le retour," op. 
 81) ; also the Liederlfreis, etc. 
 
 The "third period" includes the five pf.-so- 
 
 natas, op. loi, 106, 109, no, III ; also (ace. to 
 date of publ.) op. 102, Nos. i and 2 ; the Missa 
 solemnis in D, op. 123 ; the Ninth Symphony, 
 op. 125 ; the " Ruins of Athens " overture, op. 
 113, and march with chorus, op. 114; the or- 
 chestral overtures op. 115 and 124 ; the grand 
 fugue for string-quartet, op. 133 ; and the great 
 string-quartets op. 127 (E(j), op. l3o(B|7),op. 131 
 (Cfl minor), op. 132 (A minor), and op. 135 (P"). 
 
 Fidelia probably cost B. more pains and exas- 
 peration than any other one work. As early as 
 1803 he arranged with Schikaneder, manager of 
 the Theater an der Wien, to write an opera ; it 
 was produced Nov. 20, 1805, amid the commo- 
 tion and gloom incident to the entrance, just a 
 week before, of the French army into Vienna. 
 Originally in 3 acts, it was withdrawn after 
 three consecutive performances ; pruned, rear- 
 ranged, and revised time and again, and brought 
 out March 29, 1806, with better success, but 
 withdrawn by the author after only two perform- 
 ances. Once more sweepingly revised, it was 
 revived in 18 14, and was this time very success- 
 ful. The opera was at first named Leonore^ 
 after the heroine ; and its overture, twice re- 
 written, forms an interesting study in evolution ; 
 the present Fidelia overture is quite differ- 
 ent. B.'s sketch-book for this opera contains 
 300 large pages of 16 staves each, crammed 
 with heterogeneous notes. — The Eroica sym- 
 phony (No. 3) also has a history. At first en- 
 titled the " Sinfonia grande Napoleon Bona- 
 parte," in honor of the supposed champion of 
 " liberty, equality and fraternity," B. tore up 
 the dedication in a transport of rage on hearing 
 of Napoleon's proclamation as emperor (May 18, 
 1804) ; the title was altered to " Sinfonia eroica 
 composta per festeggiare il sovvenire d'un grand' 
 uomo" [Heroic symphony, composed to cele- 
 brate the memory of a great man]. — With the 
 Ninth Symphony B. touches the limit of expres- 
 sion in symphonic form ; the chofal finale, where 
 orchestral and vocal music blend in an outburst 
 of ecstasy (the words are from Schiller's ' ' Hymn 
 to Joy "), is the apotheosis of musical art. Yet 
 what said Fetis, the French critic and historiog- 
 rapher, to this finale? "Nevertheless, this 
 melody [the theme of the Hymn] which caused 
 him [B. J these transports of joy, is quite vulgar ; 
 but he regarded it less from a musical point of 
 view than from that of the sentiment which he 
 wished to express [! !]. In his pre-occupation 
 in this respect there was more of German dreami- 
 ness than of Eesthetic conception." Such a 
 critique reminds one of what von Lenz said con- 
 cerning the Parisian conception of Liszt : " They 
 called him ' Litz ' — that was as far as they ever 
 got with Liszt in Paris ! " 
 
 Up to 1815, B.'s material welfare had in- 
 creased, though hardly in proportion to his social 
 and artistic triumphs. An honored and frequent 
 guest at the houses of art-lovers like the princes 
 Lichnowsky, Lobkowitz and Kinsky, the counts 
 Moritz Lichnowsky, Rasumovsky and Franz 
 von Brunswick, and Baron von Gleichenstein, hi^ 
 
 49 
 
BEETHOVEN 
 
 bearing towards his hosts was that of an equal to 
 equals ; at the time of the Vienna Congress, as a 
 guest of Archduke Rudolf, he met the various 
 reigning monarchs as their peer, and even (as he 
 said himself) let them pay court to him. A cu- 
 rious incident is the invitation extended to B. in 
 l8og, by the de facto " King of Westphalia," 
 Jerome Bonaparte, to assume the post of maitre 
 de chapelle at Kassel at a salary of 600 ducats 
 (about $1,500). There is no proof that B. seri- 
 ously entertained the proposition ; he really 
 wanted to become Imperial Kapellmeister at 
 Vienna ; but the bare possibility of losing the 
 great composer so dismayed his Viennese ad- 
 mirers, that Archduke Rudolf, and Princes Lob- 
 kowitz and Kinsky, settled on B. an annuity of 
 4,000 florins (nominally $2,000, but in depreci- 
 ated paper of fluctuating value). After 1815, 
 his growing deafness, and the sore trials inci- 
 dental to the care of his nephew, caused him so 
 much mental distress that he often thought him- 
 self on the verge of ruin, though he never really 
 suffered want. — In December, 1826, he caught 
 a violent cold, which resulted in an attack of 
 pneumonia ; dropsy then supervened, and after 
 several unsuccessful operations he succumbed to 
 the disease on March 26, 1827. His funeral was 
 attended by 20,000 persons, and titled person- 
 ages vied with each other in the expression of 
 homage and regret. 
 
 While Beethoven, in choosing a recognized 
 (rnnvpTvH npal) fnrm^thp sonata- form — as a ve- 
 hicle for the pxprps sii^n nf h is thought (in 81 
 works, i.e., about one-third of all), still belongs 
 to the school called " classic," his methods of 
 moulding this form were emin_ently jinconven- 
 tional ; so much so, indeed, that even at the be- 
 ginning of his "second period " the progressive 
 " AUgemeine musikalische Zeitung " of Leip- 
 zig, though not belittling his importance, repre- 
 hends his "daring harmonies and venturesome 
 rhythms." As for his last period, no general ap- 
 preciation of the latest string-quartets and pf.- 
 sonatas was found, even among musicians, until 
 half a century after his death. His innovations 
 on the formal key-scheme of his predecessors ; 
 his ""g-i'nu.' rlnbnrntion of rnnnrfting linl-i both 
 in thematic development and between separate 
 movements ; his fertility in incidental modula- 
 tion, and the inexhaustible freshness of his 
 rhyJiHHS, render the structure of his compositions 
 thoroughly characteristic — typical. But his lof- 
 tiest originalitv . and that whence the differences 
 in formal construction naturally flowed, is the 
 intensit y and fervor of subjective ejuotion which 
 pervqdea_his works. It is this mood of profound 
 svt biectivity,j pfSnjli«idual, powerful soul-expres- 
 sion, which most of all differentiates B.'s music 
 from that of Bach, or Haydn, or Mozart, and 
 which opens the era of " romantic " composition. 
 Technically, his art of orchestration reaches a 
 perfection in detail, and a grandeur of effect, be- 
 fore unknown ; and his diversified development 
 of the motive (melodic, harmonic, rhythmic) 
 surpasses anything in music previous to Wag- 
 
 ner. As specimens of what can be done in 
 thematic treatment, his pf. -variations on given 
 themes are a ne plus ultra of musical ingenuity. 
 It is noteworthy that, according to contemporary 
 accounts, his "free improvisations" at the pi- 
 ano, which held his auditors spellbound, were 
 developments of a kindred nature ; not mere 
 rhapsodies, but the spontaneous elaborations of 
 a teeming invention. He is still reverenced as 
 the greatest instrumental composer of all time ■ 
 and even in vocal music, his Fidelia and the 
 Missa solemnis are creations of unique power. 
 
 Monuments have been erected to B. in 1845 
 at Bonn (by Hahnel), and in 1880 at Vienna (by 
 Zum.busch). 
 
 B.'s works comprise 138 opus-numbers, and 
 about 70 unnumbered compositions. His pub- 
 lished works are noted below. 
 
 Instrumental Works. 
 
 Nine Symphonies : No. i, op. 21, in C; 2, op. 
 36, in D ; 3, op. 55, in EJj (tlie " Eroica") ; 4, 
 op. 60, in B|7 ; 5, op. 67, in C min. ; 6, op. 68, in 
 F (" Pastoral ") ; 7, op. g2, in A ; 8, op. 93, in 
 F ; g, op. 125, in D min. (" Choral"). 
 
 "The Battle of Vittoria" (op. 91); music to 
 the ballet Prometheus (op. 43), and to Goethe's 
 Egmont (op. 84), both with overtures. 
 
 Nine further overtures : Coriolanus ; Leonore 
 (Nos. I, 2 and 3); Fidelia; King Stephen; 
 Ruins of Athens; " Namensfeier," op. 115; 
 " Weihe des Hauses " (op. 124). 
 
 Other comp.s f. orch.: Allegretto in E[j ; 
 March from Tarpeia, in C ; Military March, in 
 D ; " Ritter-Ballet " ; 12 Minuets ; 12 " deutsche 
 Tanze " ; 12 Contretanze. 
 
 Violin-concerto, op. 61, in D. 
 
 Five Pf. -concertos ; No. i, op. 15, in C ; 2, 
 op. ig, in B^) ; 3, op. 37, in C min.; 4, op. 58, 
 in G ; 5, op. 73, in E[j (" Emperor") ; also a 
 pf. -concerto arranged from the violin-concerto. 
 A triple-concerto, op. 56, f. pf., vln., 'cello and 
 orch.; a "Choral Fantasia" f. pf., chorus and 
 orch.; a Rondo in B[7, f. pf. and orch. — Ca- 
 dences to the pf.-concertos. 
 
 Two Octets for wind, both in £[7. 
 
 One Septet f. strings and wind, op. 20, in E|j. 
 
 One Sextet f. strings and 2 horns, op. %\bis, in 
 Eb. 
 
 One Sextet f. wind, op. 71, in Efj. 
 
 Two Quintets f. strings ; Op. 4, in E min., 
 and op. 2g, in C ; Fugue for string-quintet, op. 
 137 ; also Quintet arr. from pf.-trio in C min. 
 
 Sixteen String-quartets : Op. 18, Nos. 1-6, in 
 F, G, D, C min., A and Bb (first period).— Op. 
 5g, Nos. 1-3, in F, E min., and C ; op. 74, in 
 Eb (the " Harfenquartett ") ; op. g5, in F min. 
 (second period). — Op. 127, in Eb ; op. 130, in 
 Bb ; op. 131, in CJ( min.; op. 132, in Fmin.; 
 op. 135, in F ; also a Grand Fugue f. string- 
 quartet, op. 133, in Bb (third period). — One pf.- 
 quartet (arr. of the pf. -quintet) ; 3 juvenile pf.- 
 quartets, in Eb, D and C. 
 
 Five String-trios : In Eb, G, D, C min., and 
 
 50 
 
BEETHOVEN— BEFFARA 
 
 D (Serenade).— Eight Pf. -trios : Op. i, Nos. 
 1-3, in EJ7, G, anicl C min.; op. 70, Nos. i and 
 2, in D and E[j ; op^ g7, in 6(7 ; in Bjj (i 
 movem.) ; in £(? (juvenile) ; also an arr. of the 
 " Eroica" symphony. — Grand trioittBjj, f. pf. , 
 clar. and 'cello, op. n ; ditto f. ditto, in E|j, op. 
 38 (arr. from septet, op. 20) ; trio f. 2 oboes 
 and cor anglais, in C, op. 87. 
 
 Ten Sonatas f. pf. and violin : In D, A, EI7 ; 
 in A min.; in F ; in A, C min., G ; in A, op. 
 47 (" Kreutzer") ; in G. — Rondo f. pf. and vln., 
 in G ; 12 Variations, in F, f. do. 
 
 Five Sonatas f. pf. and 'cello : In F, G rain.; 
 in A ; in C, D. — 12 Variations f. do., in C ; 12 
 do. in F ; 7 do. in 'E\). 
 
 Sonata f. pf. and horn, in F, op. 17. 
 
 Sonata f. pf. 4 hands, in D, op. 6. 
 
 Thirty-eight Sonatas f. pf. solo : Op. 2, Nos. 
 1-3, in F min., A and C (ded. to Haydn) ; op. 
 7, in E\) ; op. 10, Nos. 1-3, in C min., F and 
 D ; op. 12, Nos. 1-3, in D, A and £[? (ded. to 
 Salieri) ; op. 13 ("pathetic"), in C min. (ded. 
 to prince Lichnowsky) ; op. 14, Nos. I, 2, in E 
 and G ; op. 22, in B|j ; op. 26, in A min. (to 
 prince Lichnowsky) ; op. 27, Nos. i and 2 
 ("quasi fanta.sia"), in E[j and CJ min. (to 
 princess Lichtenstein) ; op. 28 ("pastorale"), 
 in IJ ; op. 31, Nos. 1—3, in G, D min., and 
 E[j (to countess Browne) ; op. 49, 2 easy 
 sonatas in G min. and D ; op. 53, in C (to 
 count Waldstein) ; op. 54, in F ; op. 57 (" ap- 
 passionata "), in F min. (to count Brunswick) ; 
 op. 78, in F ; op. 79, little son. in G ; op. 81 
 (" caracteristique "), in £[7 (" Les adieux, I'ab- 
 sence, le retour," to archduke Rudolf) ; op. go, 
 in Efj (to count Lichnowsky) ; op. loi, 102, 106, 
 log, no, III (see above). Also 3 easy sonatas 
 comp. at age of 10, in E[7, F min. and D ; 3 
 more, in C (easy), G and F (easy). 
 
 Variations f . pf . : Twenty-one sets : —6 in F ; 
 15 in E\} ("Eroica"); 6 in U (" Turkish 
 March"); 32 in C min. ; 33 in. C ; 15 in G 
 (easy) ; the remaining sets comprise 144 varia- 
 tions. — Also 8 Var. in C, and 6 in D, f. pf. 4 
 hands. 
 
 Other pf . music : Three sets of Bagatelles ; 
 4 Rondos, in C, G, A, and G (" a capriccio") ; 
 Fantasia in G min. ; 3 Preludes ; Polonaise ; 
 Andante in F (" favori ") ; Minuet in E|7, and 6 
 others ; 13 Landler. — Also, i. pf. 4 hands : 3 
 Marches ; 8 Variations in C ; 6 do. in D. 
 
 Vocal Music. 
 
 Opera Fidelia, in 2 acts, op. 72. 
 
 Two Masses, in C and D (" solemnis "). 
 
 Oratorio Christus am Oelberg, op. 85. 
 
 Cantata Der glorreiche Augenblick, op. 136 
 (18 14) ; also arr. as Preis der Tonkunst. 
 
 Meeresstille und glUckliche Fahrt, op. 112 
 (poem by Goethe). 
 
 Scena and aria f. soprano," Ah perfido," w. 
 orch., op 65. 
 
 Trio f. soprano, tenor and bass, " Tremate, 
 empi, tremate," op. 116, 
 
 " Opferlied " f. soprano solo, chorus, and 
 orch., op. \2\bis. 
 
 " Bundeslied" f. 2 solo 'voices, 3-part chorus, 
 and wind, op. 122. 
 
 " Elegischer Gesang" f. 4 voice-parts and 
 strings. 
 
 Sixty-six songs w. pf.-accomp. ; one duet. 
 
 "Gesang der Monche " ; 3 voice-parts a 
 cafif^la. 
 
 Eighteen vocal Canons. 
 
 Seven books of English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh 
 and Italian SoDgs, f. voice, pf., violin, and 
 'cello. 
 
 Breitkopf und Hartel were the first to publ. a 
 "complete edition " (1864-67, edited by Rietz, 
 Nottebohm, David, Hauptmann, Reinecke, and 
 others). — A. W. Thayer's " Chronologisches 
 Verzeichniss '■ of B.'s compositions is a valuable 
 giiide. A " Thematisches Verzeichniss," by 
 Nottebohm (2nd ed. 1868), is also of great 
 utility. 
 
 Biographical : F. G. Wegeler and Ferdinand 
 Ries, " Biographische Notizen iiber L. van B." 
 (Koblenz, 1838 ; 2nded., w. Supplement, 1845) ; 
 A. Schindler, " Biographic von L. van B." (3rd 
 ed. Munster, i860 ; Engl, transl. by Moscheles, 
 1841) ; W. von Lenz, " B. et ses trois styles" 
 (St. Petersburg, 1852; Paris, 1S55), and "B., 
 eine Kunststudie" (6 vol.s, 1855-60; vol. i — 
 biography — republ. separately in 1869) ; Lud- 
 wig Nohl, "B.'s Leben" (3 vol.s, 1864-7), 
 and " B. nach den Schilderungen seiner Zeit- 
 genossen " (1877); Ulibischeff, " B., ses cri- 
 tiques et ses glossateurs " (1857 ; Ger. transl. by 
 Bischoff, 1859);. A. B. Marx, " L. van B.'s 
 Leben und Schaffen" (2 vol.s ; 3rd ed., 1875) ; 
 Alex. W. Thayer, " L. van Beethovens Leben " 
 (the most careful and complete of all ; 3 vol.s in 
 German, transl. from the English MS. by H. 
 Deiters ; Berlin, 1866, '72, '77 ; fourth and final 
 vol. in preparation) ; very numerous minor 
 sketches and articles. 
 
 Beethoven's letters have never been publ. in a 
 collected edition. The several partial collec- 
 tions are by Nohl, " Briefe Beethovens " (1865, 
 411 letters), and " Neue Briefe Beethovens" 
 (1S67, 322 letters) ; Kochel, " 83 neu aufgefun- 
 dene Originalbriefe Beethovens an den Erzher- 
 zog Rudolf " (1865) ; Schone, " Briefe von Bee- 
 thoven an Grafin ErdSdy und Mag. Brauchle " 
 (1867); Hadden's "Geo. Thomson, the friend 
 of Burns" (London, 1898), contains interesting 
 business letters from Beethoven ; other letters are 
 scattered through various essays, biographies, etc. 
 
 Essays relating to B.'s musical exercises, 
 sketch-books, etc., are Ignaz von Seyfried's 
 " Ludwig van Beethovens Studien im General- 
 bass, Kontrapunkt und in der Kompositions- 
 lehre " (1832 ; rev. ed. by Nottebohm, 1873) ; 
 Nottebohm's " Beethoveniana " (1872), and 
 "Neue Beethoveniana" (1878, etc., in the 
 " Musikalisches Wochenblatt "). 
 
 Beffara', Louis-Franyois, b, Nonancourt, 
 
 51 
 
BEFFROY— BELLERMANN 
 
 Eure, Aug. 23, 1751 ; d. Paris, Feb. 2, 1838. 
 Commissaire de Police 1792-1816, at Paris. An- 
 tiquary and writer. — Works ; " Diet, de I'Acade- 
 mie royale de Musique" (7 vol.s), and 7 vol.s 
 of rules and regulations of the Academic (Grand 
 Opera) ; " Diet, alphab. des acteurs, etc." (3 
 vol.s) ; " Tableau chronologique des representa- 
 tions journalieres, etc." (from 1671) ; " Diet, 
 alphab. des tragedies lyriques . . . non 
 representes a I'Academie, etc." (5 vol.s) ; " Dra- 
 maturgic lyrique etrangere " (17 vol.s). He left 
 his rare coll. of books and M.SS. to the city of 
 Paris ; all were burned during the Commune, in 
 1871. 
 
 Beffroy de Reigny, Louis-Abel (better 
 known as Cousin-Jacques), b. Laon, Nov. 6, 
 1757I d. Paris, Dec. 18, iSii. The author of 
 several whimsical stage-pcs. for which he wrote 
 both text and music, and all of which are forgot- 
 ten. Fetis says that he had neither literary nor 
 musical talent ; but Nicodhne dans la lune (1790, 
 given igi times in 13 mos.) and Les deux Nico- 
 dimes (1791, prohibited after 7 representations, 
 on acct. of exciting the democrats), were certainly 
 successful in their way. 
 
 Behn'ke [ban'-k^h], Emil, b. Stettin, r836 ; 
 d. Ostende, Sept. 17, 1S92. Lived chiefly in 
 London as an authority on voice-training, and 
 teacher of voice-production to singers and speak- 
 ers. Lecturer on physiology of voice. Wrote 
 " The Mechanism of the Human Voice" (Lon-. 
 don, 1880) ; " Voice, Song and Speech " [in coop, 
 with Lennox Browne] (1883) ; "Voice-training 
 Exercises" (1884), and "The Child's Voice" 
 (1885), the last twoincodp. w. Dr. C. W. Pearce. 
 
 Behr, Franz, comp. f. pf., b. Liibtheen, 
 Mecklenburg, July 22, 1837. Has publ. a great 
 number of light and popular salon-pcs. , some 
 under the pseudonyms of "William Cooper," 
 " Charles Morley" and " Francesco d'Orso." 
 
 Bei'er, (Dr.) Franz. In 1S88, Kapellm. 
 (Musikdirektor ?) in the Royal Theatre at Kas- 
 sel — Opera-parody Der Posaunist von Scher- 
 kingen (Kassel, 1889 ; succ); comic operetta 
 Der Gauner/cdnig iK.a.ssel, 1890 ; succ). 
 
 Bel'cke, Friedrich August, b. Lucka, Al- 
 tenburg, May 27, 1795 ; d. there Dec. 10, 1874. 
 Celebrated trombone-player ; 181 5, in Gewand- 
 haus Orch., Leipzig ; chamber-musician at Ber- 
 lin, 1816-58. He was the first concert-virtuoso 
 on the trombone, for which he wrote concertos 
 and etudes. His brother, 
 
 Bel'cke, Christian Gottlieb, b. Lucka, 
 July 17, 1796 ; d. there July 8, 1875 ; a brilliant 
 flutist, iSig— 32 in Gewandhaus Orch., Leipzig, 
 1834-41 at Altenburg. Wrote concertos, fan- 
 tasias, etc., f. flute. 
 
 Beldoman'dis (or Beldemandis, Belde- 
 mando), Prosdocimus de, b. towards end of 
 14th cent, at Padua, where he was prof, of 
 philosophy abt. 1422. Wrote theoretical and 
 controversial treatises on Mensural Music (one 
 
 is republ. in vol.'iii of Coussemaker's "Scrip- 
 tores ") ; he was a strenuous opponent of the 
 theories of Marchettus of Padua. 
 
 Be'liczay, Julius von, b. Komorn, Hun- 
 gary, Aug. 10, 1835 ; d. Pesth, May i, 1893. 
 Pupil of Joachim, Hoffmann and Franz Krenn ; 
 1888, prof, of theory at the Natl. Acad, of Mus., 
 Pesth. — Works : Mass in F, often perf. ; sym- 
 phony in D min. (1888) ; Ave Maria, {. sopr. 
 solo, ch., and orch. (op. 9) ; serenade f. strings 
 (op. 36) ; Andante i. string-orch. (op. 25) ; trio 
 in Ep (op. 30) ; string-quartet in G rain. (op. 
 21) ; pf.-pcs., etudes, songs, etc. In 1891 he 
 publ. Part I of a " Method of Comp." (in Hun- 
 garian). 
 
 Belin (or Bellin), Guillaume, abt. 1547 
 tenor singer in the Chapelle Royale, Paris ; 
 comp. Cantiques in 4 parts (1560) and Chansons 
 (some are in Attaignant's coll. of 1543-4). 
 
 Belin, Julien, b. Le Mans, abt. 1530; one 
 of the most skilful lutenists of his time. Publ. 
 (Paris, 1556) a book of motets, chansons, and 
 fantasias in lute-tablature. 
 
 BeKla, Domenico della, famous 'cellist and 
 comp. f. 'cello ; publ. 12 sonatas w. 'cello ob- 
 bligato and cembalo (Venice, 1704), and a 'cello- 
 concerto (1705). 
 
 Bel'la, Johann Leopold, b. St. Nicolan, 
 Upper Hungary, 1843 ; priest and canon at 
 Neusohl ; comp. of much church-music in se- 
 vere style ; also orch. works, national choruses 
 f. men's voices and mixed chorus, pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 Bella'sio, Paolo, comp. of the Venetian 
 school in the i6th cent. ; publ. a vol. of Madri- 
 gals (1579), one of Villanelle alia Romana 
 (1595), and various other madrigals in the coll. 
 " Dolci affetti" (1568). 
 
 Bell'Ave're (or Bell'HaverO, Vincenzo, b. 
 
 Venice, i53o(?); d. there 1588 (?); pupil of A. 
 Gabrieli, whom he succeeded as 2nd org. of 
 San Marco (1586). Publ. several books of mad- 
 rigals (1567-75), and single ones in various col- 
 lections. 
 
 Bellaz'zi, Francesco, Venetian comp., 
 pupil of Giovanni Gabrieli ; publ. (1618-28) a 
 mass, psalms, motets, litanies, canzoni, etc. 
 
 Bellere (or Bellerus, properly Beellaerts), 
 Jean, bookseller and music-publisher at Ant- 
 werp, where he died abt. 1595. A partner of 
 Pierre Phal^se (yf/r). His son, Balthasar, 
 transferred the business to Douai, and printed 
 much music up to abt. 1625. His printed cata- 
 logue of compositions publ. by him (1603-5), 
 was found by Coussemaker in the Douai library. 
 
 Bel'lermann, Johann Friedrich, b. Erfurt, 
 Mar. 8, 1795 ; d. Berlin, Feb. 4, 1874. From 
 1847-68, Director of the gymnasium " Zutn 
 grauen Kloster" at Berlin. Distinguished 
 writer on Greek music. His chief work is 
 " Die Tonleitern u. Musiknoten der Griechen" 
 (Berlin, 1847; explanatory of the Greek system 
 
 52 
 
BELLERMANN— BELLINI 
 
 of notation); " Die Hymnendes Dionysios und 
 Mesomedes " (Berlin, 1840), and " Anonymi 
 scriptio de musica et Bacchii senioris introduc- 
 tio, etc." (1841), are smaller treatises on Greek 
 music as practised. 
 
 Bel'Iermann, Johann Gottfried Heinrich, 
 
 son of preceding; b. Berlin, Mar. 10, 1832; 
 pupil of the R. Inst. f. Ch. -music, also of E. A. 
 Grell. 1853, teacher of singing at the " Graues 
 Kloster"; 1861, R. Musikdirector ; 1866, prof. 
 of mus. at Berlin Univ., succeeding Marx. He 
 has composed many vocal works. His book, 
 " Die Mensuralnoten und Taktzeichen im 15. 
 u. 16. Jahrh." (Berlin, 1858), gives an excellent 
 exposition of the theory of mensural music; his 
 treatise " Der Kontrapunkt " (1862; 2d ed. 
 1877) revives the theories of J. J. Fux's " Gradus 
 ad Parnassura," his adherence to which B. at- 
 tempted to justify in a pamphlet " Die Grbsse 
 d. mus. Intervalle als Grundlage d. Harmonic " 
 (1873). He has also contributed interesting 
 articles to the " Allg. musikal. Zeitung." 
 
 Bellet'ti, Giovanni Battista, baritone 
 stage-singer, b. Sarzana, 1815, was a pupil of 
 Pilotti at the Bologna Liceo. Debut 1838, at 
 Stockholm, in the Barbiere; he then sang with 
 Jenny Lind in Denmark and in London (1848), 
 Paris and the United States (1850-2). Retired 
 in 1862. 
 
 Belleville-Oury, Emilie, brilliant pianist, 
 b. Munich, 1808; d. there July 23 (22?), 1880. 
 Pupil of Karl Czerny; made long concert-tours, 
 and lived for many years in London, where she 
 married the violinist Oury. Her popular pf.- 
 comp.s are, properly speaking, arrangements. 
 
 Bell'Haver, Vincenzo. See Bell'Avere. 
 
 Bel'li, Girolamo, composer of the Venetian 
 school, chapel-singer to the Duke of Mantua. 
 Publ. I book of 6-p. motets (1586), one of 8-p. 
 motets (1589). one of 6-p. madrigals (1589), one 
 of lo-p, motets and magnificats (1594); and 
 some 5-p. madrigals in the collection "De' floridi 
 virtuosi d'ltalia " (1586). 
 
 Bel'li, Giulio, b. Longiano, abt. 1560 ; choir- 
 master at S. Antonio, Padua, abt. 1600, and m. 
 di capp. at Imola cathedral abt. 1620. Publ. 
 4-p. masses (1599); 5-p. masses (1597) ; 8-p. 
 masses and madrigals (new ed. , with continuo, 
 1607); 4-p. canzonette (1586 ; 2nd ed. 1595); 
 4- and 8-p. masses (1608) ; 8-p. psalms (1600, 
 1604, 1615, the last with continuo); motets, 
 litanies, etc., f. double choir (1605, 1607), "Con- 
 certi ecclesiastici a 2 e 3 voci con basso d'or- 
 gano" (1613, 1621). 
 
 Bel'li, Domenico, musician at the court of 
 Parma ; publ. " Ariea I e 2 voci personarecon 
 il chitarrone " (1616), and " Orfeo dolente"(5 
 Intermezzi to Tasso's Aminta ; 1616). 
 
 Bellin, Guill. and Julien. See Belin. 
 
 Belli'ni, Vincenzo, famous opera-composer ; 
 b. Catania, Sicily, Nov. 3, 1802; d. Puteaux, 11. 
 
 Paris, Sept. 23, 1835. Taught at first by his 
 father, an organist, he was sent in i8ig, at the 
 expense of a nobleman impressed by the boy's 
 talent, to the Conservatorio di San Sebastiano at 
 Naples. Here his instruction from the masters 
 Furno, Tritto and Zingarelli was carried on 
 until 1827 with the slovenly lack of method then 
 prevailing in the institution; B. probably profited 
 far more by his private and zealous study of 
 Haydn and Mozart, Jommelli and Paisiello, and, 
 above all, Pergolesi. His student-compositions 
 were a romance, an aria, a. symphony for full 
 orch. , two masses, several psalms, and a cantata, 
 Ismene; finally his first opera, Adelson e 
 Salvini, was perf. by Cons, pupils on Jan. 12, 
 1825, and its success encouraged him to further 
 dramatic effort. Barbaja, manager of the San 
 Carlo Th., Naples, and La Scala, Milan, com- 
 missioned B. to write an opera, and Bianca e 
 Fernando was enthusiastically received at the 
 former theatre in 1826 ; followed in 1827 by // 
 Pirata, and in 1829 by La Straniera, both in 
 Milan. It is interesting to note that the 
 librettist of // Pi- 
 rata, Felice Ro- 
 mani, wrote the 
 books of all the suc- 
 ceeding operas ex- 
 cept / Purilani. 
 B. met his first re- 
 verse at Parma, for 
 the inauguration of 
 the Teatro Nuovo 
 in which town he 
 wrote to order the 
 opera Zaira (1829), 
 which was a flat fail- 
 ure. Undismayed, 
 he accepted a fresh 
 order from La Fen- 
 ice Theatre at Venice, for which he composed 
 in forty days the opera / Capuleti e Montecchi 
 (1830), which was hailed as a masterwork. 
 After a severe illness, he brought out La Son- 
 nambula at the Teatro Carcano, Milan (1831); 
 with this work, and Norma, which was given 
 at La Scala on Dec. 26, 1831, B. rose to the 
 height of his powers and the zenith of his 
 fame — yet Norma, which B. himself considered 
 his greatest work, and in which the Malibran 
 created the title-role, was coldly received that 
 first evening ! But in brief space its beauties 
 were recognized, and the warmth of its recep- 
 tion in other cities, notably in Paris (1835), 
 amply justified its author's verdict. His Be- 
 atrice di Tenda (Venice, 1833) shows a dis- 
 tinct falling-off, and failed of popular apprecia- 
 tion. In 1834 he was invited to write an opera 
 for the Theatre Italien at Paris ; this was / Puri- 
 tani, libretto by Count Pepoli ; its triumphant 
 production was the composer's last great success, 
 for, although commissioned immediately to write 
 two more operas for the San Carlo Th., he died 
 at the village of Puteaux, whither he had retired 
 to work on the new scores. Forty years later, 
 
 53 
 
BELLMAN— BENDA 
 
 his remains were removed to Catania, where a 
 monument was erected to his memory ; another 
 monument, due to the exertions of his bosom- 
 friend, Francesco Florimo, was dedicated at 
 Naples in i8S6. 
 
 Bellini's genius is exhibited in the grace, 
 tenderness, pathos and fervor of his melodies, 
 fashioned with a consummate knowledge of vocal 
 resource and effect. On the other hand, his 
 scores show the worst defects of the old Italian 
 school — monotony in harmony, and amateurish 
 instrumentation ; for these his imperfect training 
 is doubtless largely responsible. In his best 
 moments he surpasses his brilliant contemporary, 
 Rossini, in the grace and sensuous warmth and 
 charm of his melodies ; in other respects he is 
 the latter's inferior. — Biographies by Florimo 
 (in vol. iii of the " Scuola musicale di Napoli "); 
 F. Cicconetti, "Vita di V. B." (Prato, 1859); 
 Michele Scherillo, " Belliniana " (Milan, 1885; 
 new notes) ; L. Salvioli, "Bellini, Lettere ine- 
 dite" (Milan, 1885); Arthur Pougin, "Bellini, 
 sa vie, ses ceuvres " (Paris, 1868). 
 
 Bell'raan, Carl Mikael, b. Stockholm, Feb. 
 
 4, 1740; d. there Feb. if, 1795. This famous 
 Swedish poet set to music his lyric or burlesque 
 "popular scenes," " Bacchanaliska ordens- 
 kapitlets handHngar" (1783), " Fredmans epist- 
 lar" (1790), " Fredmans Sanger " (1791), etc. 
 
 Bell'raann, Karl Gottfried, b. Schellen- 
 berg, Saxony, Aug. 11, 1760; d. Dresden, 1816. 
 Celebrated pf .-maker ; also bassoon-player. 
 
 Bell'mann, Karl Gottlieb, b. Muskau, 
 1772 ; d. Jan. 10, 1862, in Schleswig, where he 
 had been organist since 1813. Composer of thei 
 German national song: " Schleswig-Holstein 
 meerumschlungen . " 
 
 Belloc, Teresa [Georgi - Trorabetta- 
 Belloc], famous dramatic mezzo-soprano ; b. 
 
 5. Begnino, Canavese, Aug. 13, 1784; d. S. 
 Giorgio, May 13, 1855. F'rom 1804—24 she 
 sang at La Scala, Milan, and made triumphal 
 tours throughout Italy, also to Paris, and (1817) 
 London. She left the stage in 1827, after a 
 season in Trieste. She sang leading roles in 
 over 80 operas, Rossini's being the favorites. — 
 Biogr. sketch, " La cantante Teresa Belloc," by 
 C. Boggio (Milan, 1895). 
 
 Bello'li, Luigi, b. Castelfranco, Bologna, 
 Feb. 2, 1770 ; d. Milan, Nov. 17, 1817. For 
 years he was horn-player at La Scala, and from 
 1812 prof, of horn at M. Cons. Wrote several 
 operas and ballets (La Scala, 1803-6); also con- 
 certos and a Method f. horn. 
 
 Bello'li, Agostino, b. Bologna; 1819-29 first 
 horn at La Scala, Milan, for which he wrote 6 
 ballets (1821-23), and several operas. Publ. 
 pieces and studies f. horn. 
 
 Bemberg, Henri, b. Paris, Mar. 29, i86i-, 
 pupil of Paris Cons. (Dubois, Franck and Mas- 
 senet). Dramatic composer. — Works: i-act op- 
 
 era Le baiser de Suzon (Paris, Op.-Com., 1888), 
 mod. succ. ; 4-act opera-legende .£/«««« (London, 
 Covent Garden, 1892 ; New York, 1894). Has 
 also publ. numerous songs. 
 
 Be'metzrieder, T., b. Alsatia, 1743, d. (?). A 
 mus. theorist, at first Benedictine monk; on leav- 
 ing the order he became Diderot's pupil and pro- 
 tege at Paris, and lived 1782-1816 (or longer) in 
 London. He wrote " Lefons de clavecin et 
 principes d'harmonie " (Paris, 1771 ; London 
 [English], 1778); and half a score of other text- 
 books of doubtful value. 
 
 Ben'da, Franz, b. Alt-Benatek, Bohemia, 
 Nov. 25, 1709 ; d. Potsdam, Mar. 7, 1786. 
 Famous violinist, pupil of L6bel, Konicek and 
 (1732) of J. S. Graun at Ruppin. Leader of the 
 orch. of the Crown Prince (afterwards Frederick 
 II.), whom he accomp. in some 50,000 concertos 
 during 40 years' service. Excellent teacher. — 
 Publ. works: 12 violin solos; i flute solo; 3 
 violin-etudes. Symphonies, concertos, etc., in 
 MS. 
 
 Ben'da, Johann, brother of Franz ; b. Alt-, 
 Benatek, 1713; d. Potsdam, 1752, as chamber- 
 musician. Violinist; left 3 MS. violin-concertos. 
 
 Ben'da, Georg, brother of Franz ; b. Jung- 
 bunzlau, 13ohemia, 1722; d. Kostritz, Nov. 6, 
 1795. Third son, and pupil, of Hans Georg 
 Benda. Chamber-mus. (1742-8) at Berlin, then 
 at Gotha, where he became court Kapellm. in 
 1748, and in 1764 went to Italy, returning 1766. 
 He remained in Gotha till 1788, producing abt. 
 10 operas, operettas, melodramas (his best works: 
 Ariadne aufNaxos, Medea,Almansor, A^adine),; 
 then resigned, lived in Hamburg, Vienna, and 
 other towns, finally settling in Kostritz. Most 
 of his other works (church-music, symphonies, 
 concertos, sonatas, etc.) are in MS. in the Ber- 
 lin library. — He conceived the original idea of 
 the music-drama with spoken words, the music 
 being carried out by the orchestra only — i.e., 
 pure melodrama. [But cf. Rousseau, J. J.] 
 
 Ben'da, Joseph, violinist, pupil and young- 
 est brother of Franz; b. Mar. 7, 1724; d. Ber- 
 lin, Feb. 22, 1804. His brother's successor as 
 leader; pensioned 1797. 
 
 Ben'da, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich, vio- 
 linist; b. Potsdam, July 15, 1745; d. there June 
 19, 1814. Eldest son, and pupil, of F'ranz B.; 
 1765-1810, royal chamber-mus.; excellent pian- 
 ist and composer. — Works : 2 operas, Alceste 
 (1786) and Orpheus (1789); an operetta. Das 
 Blumenmddchen ; 2 oratorios, and a cantata, 
 Pygmalion; concertos f. violin; do. f. flute; 
 much chamber-music ; etc. 
 
 Ben'da, Friedrich Ludwig, son of Georg ; 
 
 b. Gotha, 1746; d. Konigsberg, Mar. 27, 1793. 
 1782, o^era-Kafiellm. at Hamburg, later cham- 
 ber-virtuoso at Schwerin, finally concert-director 
 in Konigsberg. — Works : i opera and 3 ope- 
 rettas; also cantatas, 3 viohn-concertos, etc. ■ 
 
 54 
 
BENDA— BENEDICTUS 
 
 Ben'da, Karl Hermann Heinrich, youngest 
 sonof Georg; b. Potsdam, May 2, 1748; d. Mar. 
 15, 1836. Fine violinist, leader of the royal 
 opera-orch., teacher of King Friedrich Wilhelm 
 III. and Rungenhagen. Comp. chamber-music. 
 
 Ben'dall, Wilfred Ellington, composer; b. 
 London, Apr. 22, 1850; pupil of Ch. Lucas and 
 E. Silas, also of Leipzig Cons. (1872-4). — Works: 
 Operettas, cantatas, part-songs, trios, duets , songs , 
 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Ben'del, Franz, b. Schonlinde, northern Bo- 
 hemia, Mar. 23, 1833; d. Berlin, July 3, 1874. 
 Accomplished pianist, pupil of Proksch (Prague) 
 and Liszt (Weimar); from 1862 in Berlin as 
 teacher in KuUak's Academy. — Works: Salon- 
 pieces f. pf., of real merit; pf.-concerto, pf.-trio, 
 sonata f. pf, and vln., etudes ("On the Lake of 
 Geneva," op. 109; Study in Sixths, B\) min.), 
 nocturnes, romances, etc.; also symphonies, 4 
 masses, several books of songs. 
 
 Ben'deler, Johann Philipp, b. Riethnord- 
 hausen, n. Erfurt, 1660; d. 1708 as cantor in 
 Quedlinburg (Harz). Clavecinist, organist and 
 writer (his " Organopoeia," publ. 1690, was re- 
 publ. 1739 as " Orgelbaukunst "). 
 
 Ben'der, Jean Valentin, b. Bechtheim, u. 
 Worms, Sept. 19,1801; d. Brussels, Apr. 14,1873. 
 Clarinet- virtuoso and bandmaster; music-direc- 
 tor to the (Belgian) Royal House. Composed 
 military music and clarinet-pcs. 
 
 Ben'der, Jakob, brother of Valentin; b. 
 Bechtheim, 1798; d. Antwerp, Aug. 9, 1844, as 
 director of the Antwerp wind-band, having suc- 
 ceeded his brother in this position. Also clari- 
 nettist; composed military music. 
 
 Ben'dix, Victor E., b. Copenhagen, 1851; 
 violin-virtuoso, pianist, composer ; pupil and 
 protege of Gade. Living in Copenhagen as a 
 pf .-teacher and conductor of a choral society. 
 Besides pf. -compositions of great merit, he has 
 written 3 symphonies: — Symphony "ZurHohe," 
 in C (i8gi) [also named " Felsensteigung "] ; 
 Symphony in D, " Sommerklange aus SUdruss- 
 land " ; Symphony in A min. ('95?). 
 
 Ben'dix, Otto, b. Copenhagen, 1850 ; pu- 
 pil of A. Ree and Gade, also of KuUak (Berlin) 
 and Liszt (Weimar). Pf.-teacher in Copenh. 
 Cons., and oboist in theatre-orch. Settled in 
 Boston, Mass., 1880, as teacher of pf. in the 
 New England Cons. Has given very suc- 
 cessful concerts in Europe and America, and 
 has publ. some pes. f. pf., etc. 
 
 Ben'dl, Karl, b. Prague, April 16^ 1838 ; 
 d. there Sept. 20, 1897. Pupil of Blazok and 
 Pitsch at the Organists' School, Prague, till 
 1S58. For a time he was chorusmaster of the 
 German Opera, Amsterdam (1864). Returned 
 1865 to Prague ; after 1866, conductor of the 
 male choral society " HIahol." — Works : Czech 
 national operas LejVa (1868), Bretislav and Jit ka 
 (1869), Cernahora (1881), Xarel Skreia (comic. 
 
 1883), DM Tdbora [Child of the Camp] (i892', 
 3 acts) ; all at the Natl. Th., Prague, and on its 
 standing repertory. Also 3 masses, several 
 cantatas f. soli, ch. and orch. ; an overture, a 
 " Dithyramb," a " Concert Polonaise," a " Sla7 
 vonic Rhapsody," etc., f. orch.; a string-quar- 
 tet; 200 Czech songs and choruses ; pf. -music. — 
 Bendl, jointly with Smetana and Dvorak, en- 
 joys the distinction of winning general recog- 
 nition for Czech musical art. 
 
 Benedict, Sir Julius, b. Stuttgart, Nov. 27, 
 1804 ; d. London, June 5, 1885. He was the 
 son of a Jewish banker ; pupil of Abeille, Hum- 
 mel (1819, Weimar), and Weber (1820, Dres- 
 den). In 1823, Kapellm. at the Karnthnerthor 
 Th., Vienna, and 1825 at the San Carlo Th., 
 Naples, where his first opera, Giacinta ed Er- 
 nesto (1829), was performed, which, like I Por- 
 toghesi in Goa (Stuttgart, 1830), was not a 
 marked success. After 2 visits to Paris (1830 
 and 1835) Jie settled in London, where he be 
 came a fashionable pf.-teacher and concert- 
 giver, and also 
 thoroughly angli- 
 cized. 1836, con- 
 ductor of opera 
 buffa at the Ly- 
 ceum, 1837 at 
 Drury Lane, where 
 his first English 
 opera. The Gypsy's 
 Warnings was pro- 
 duced (1838). In 
 1850 and '51 he ac- 
 companied Jenny 
 Lind on her Ameri- 
 can tours ; then be- 
 came Col. Mapleson's conductor at Her Majes- 
 ty's Th. and Drury Lane, and in 1859 at Covent 
 Garden ; also of the ' ' Monday Popular Con- 
 certs." He also conducted several Norwich 
 Festivals, and (1876-80) the Liverpool Philhar- 
 monic. He was knighted in 1871. — Works: 
 The operas above mentioned, and also The 
 Brides of Venice (1844), The Crusaders <i846), 
 The Lake of Glenaston (1862), The Lily of Kil- 
 larney (1862 ; on the Continent as The Rose of 
 Erin), The Pride of Song (1864) ; 4 cantatas. 
 Undine (i860), Richard Cceur-de-Lion (1863), I 
 on the Prince of Wales' return from India (1876), 
 and Graziella (1882) ; 2 oratorios, St. Cecilia 
 (1866), and St. Peter (1870) ; 2 symphonies, 2 
 pf.-concertos, => variety of pf.-music, etc. He 
 also wrote a biogr. sketch of Weber (in Hueffer's 
 " Great Musicians"). 
 
 Benedict, Mile Ellsworth, b. Cornwall, 
 Vt., June 9, 1866. Pf.-pupil of C. Petersilea, 
 in theory of J. K. Paine ; in Europe 1883-4, 
 spending 3 mos. at Weimar with Liszt. Living 
 as pf.-teacher in Boston. Has publ. " 6 Corn- 
 wall Dances," op. I ; other pf.-works in MS. 
 
 Benedic'tus Ap'penzelders {B. of Appen- 
 zell), b. Appenzell, Switzerland ; master of the 
 
 55, 
 
BENELLI— BENNETT 
 
 boys' choir at Brussels, 1539-55. — Works : I 
 book of 4-part motets, "Liber primus eccl. 
 cantionum, etc." (Antwerp, 1553). Not the 
 same as Benedictus D-ucis [see Duels], wliose 
 comp.s are frequently confounded with the Ap- 
 penzeller's. 
 
 Benel'li, Alemanno. Pen-name of Ercole 
 
 BOTTRIGARI. 
 
 Benel'li, Antonio Peregrino, b. Forli, 
 Romagna, Sept. 5, 1771 ; d. Bbrnichau, Saxony, 
 Aug. 16, 1830. In 1790, first tenor at San 
 Carlo Th., Naples ; in London, 1798 ; at Dres- 
 den, 1801-22, when his voice failed ; then teacher 
 of singing at the R. Theatre School, Berlin ; 
 dismissed 1829 on account of a bitter and un- 
 just attack on his benefactor Spontini. Publ. 
 a Vocal Method (Dresden, 1819) ; considerable 
 vocal music, and Solfeggi ; and a few pf.-pcs. 
 
 Be'neS [ba'nesh] (Ger. Benesch), Josef, 
 b. Batelov, Moravia, Jan. II, 1793 ; d. (?). 
 Violinist ; member of the theatre-orchestras at 
 Baden and Pressburg. In i8ig, began an artis- 
 tic tour in Italy ; leader of the orch. at Laibach, 
 Carniola, in 1823 ; in Vienna 1828 ; and mem- 
 ber of the Imp. orch. in 1832. Publ. a number 
 of violin-comp.s ; also German songs. 
 
 Bene'voli, Orazio, b. Rome, 1602, as the 
 natural son of Duke Albert of Lorraine ; d. 
 there June 17, 1672. Pupil of V. Ugolini ; m. 
 di capp. al several Roman churches, and finally 
 at the Vatican (1646). Of the highest personal 
 character, and a contrapuntist oif lofty genius, 
 he lived and died in poverty. His polyphonic 
 vocal works (masses in 12, 16, 24, and even 48 
 parts^the mass performed at Sta. Maria sopra 
 Minerva, Rome, in 1650, is for 12 choirs, i.e., 
 48 real parts — motets, psalms and offertories up 
 to 30 parts) are the consummating point of the 
 polychoric a cappella style ; he was likewise a 
 pioneer in choral comp. with obbligato instru- 
 mental accomp. (his mass for the consecration 
 of Salzburg cathedral, 1628, is written on 54 
 Staves). Few of his works were publ. ; most are 
 in MS. in the Vatican library. 
 
 Benfe/ [-fl], Theodor, b. Norten, n. Got- 
 tingen, Jan. 28, 1809 ; d. there June 26, 1881. 
 Orientalist and philologist ; also contributed 
 mus. articles to the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir 
 Musik." 
 
 Beninco'ri, Angelo Maria, b. Brescia, 
 Mar. 28, 1779 ; d. Paris, Dec. 30, 1821. Lived 
 in Spain, Italy and Vienna till 1803, when he 
 went to Paris, and brought out several unsuc- 
 cessful operas ; the only successful one, Aladin 
 (left unfinished by Isouard, for which 15. wrote 
 the last 3 acts, and a march for the first act), 
 was prod. 6 weeks after his death. 
 
 Bennet, Theodore. See Theodore Ritter. 
 
 Ben'nett, Sir William Sterndale, distin- 
 guished English comp. ; b. Sheffield, Apr. 13, 
 1816 ; d. London, Feb. i, 1875. His father, an 
 
 56 
 
 organist, died when B. was but 3 years old, and 
 he was educated by his grandfather, John B., 
 a lay-clerk at Cambridge. At 8 he entered the 
 choir of King's College Chapel, and at 10 the 
 R.A.M. (pupil of Ch. Lucas, Dr. Crotch, C. 
 Potter and W. H. Holmes), where he played, 
 in 1833, an original pf.-concerto in D min., 
 publ. later by the Academy. In 1837 the Broad- 
 woods sent him to Leipzig for one year, a visit 
 repeated 1841-2 ; he was intimate with Schu- 
 mann and Mendelssohn, and the influence of 
 both, particularly the latter, is reflected in some 
 of his compositions. From 1843-56, he gave a 
 series of chamber-concerts in England ; married 
 Mary Anne Wood in 1844 ; founded the Bach 
 Society in 1849 ! conducted the concerts of the 
 Philharmonic Society 1856-66, and the Leeds 
 Mus. Festival in' 1858. In 1856, too, he re- 
 ceived the title of Mus. Doc. from Cambridge, 
 after his election to the chair of Musical Profes- 
 sor there. In 1866 he was chosen Principal of 
 the R.A.M., then resigning the conductorship of 
 the Philharmonic. 
 The additional de- 
 gree of M.A. was 
 conferred on him 
 by Cambridge in 
 1867 ; that of D.C. 
 L., by Oxford, in ! , 
 1870 ; and in 1871 ''(^ 
 he was knighted. 
 The subscription- 
 fund of the Bennett 
 testimonial pre- 
 sented him at St. 
 James' Hall, 1872, 
 was converted by 
 the recipient into a 
 scholarship at the R.A.M. 
 Westminster Abbey. — Sterndale Bennett ranks 
 high among English composers of genuine 
 originality. Himself a pianist of rare ability, 
 he favors the piano above all, and his finest 
 productions are, so to speak, inspired by its 
 peculiarities. The tale of his works is scanty, 
 but in polish, refinement and careful elabora- 
 tion they vie with the best in musical art.— 
 Works : Op. i, ist pf.-concerto, in D min., 
 1832 ; op. 2, Capriccio f. pf., in D ; op. 3, 
 overture " Parisina," f. orch., 1834-5 I op- 4. 
 2nd pf.-concerto, Efc); op. 8, sestet f. pf. and 
 strings ; op. 9, 3rd pf.-concerto, in C min., 
 1834 ; op. 10, 3 Mus. Sketches f. pf. ; op. 11, 
 6 Studies f. pf. ; op. 12, 3 Impromptus f. pf.; 
 op. 13, Sonata f. pf . ; op. 14, 3 Romances f. 
 pf.; op. 15, overture "The Naiads," f. orch.; 
 op. 16, Fantasia f. pf., 1842 ; op. 17, 3 Diver- 
 sions f . pf. 4 hands ; op. i8. Allegro grazioso; 
 f. pf.; op. 19, 4th pf.-concerto, in F min., 
 1836-49 ; op. 20, overture " The Wood-nymph," 
 f. orch.; op. 22, Caprice in E, f. pf. and orch.; 
 op. 23, 6 songs w. pf. ; op. 24, Suite de pieces 
 f. pf., 1843; op. 25, Rondo piacevole f. pf.; 
 op. 26, pf.-trio, 1844; op. 27, Scherzo f. pf.; 
 op. 28, Rondino f. pf . ; op. 29, 2 Studies f. pf. ; 
 
 He is buried in 
 
BENNETT— BENSON 
 
 op. 30, 4 sacred duets ; op. 31, Tema e varia- 
 zioni f. pf. ; op. 32, Sonata f. pf. and 'cello, 
 1852 ; op. 33, 60 Preludes and lessons f. pf, ; 
 op. 34, Rondo f. pf. ; op. 35, 6 songs w. pf. ; 
 op. 36, " Flowers of the month "; op. 37, Rondo 
 a la polonaise, f. pf. ; op. 38, Toccata f. pf. ; 
 op. 39, " The May Queen, a Pastoral " (cantata 
 by Chorley), f. soli, ch. and orch. (Leeds, 1858) ; 
 op. 40, Ode (by Tennyson) ; op. 41, Cambridge 
 Installation Ode, 1862 ; op. 42, Fantaisie- 
 Overture, " Paradise and the Peri," f. orch., 
 1863 ; op. 43, symphony in G minor ; op. 44, 
 oratorio The Woman of Samaria, Birmingham, 
 1867 ; op. 45, music to Sophocles' Ajax ; op. 
 46, pf.-sonata " The Maid of Orleans." Also, 
 overtures " The Merry Wives of Windsor" and 
 " Marie du Bois "; a pf. -quintet, w. wind ; pf.- 
 music, part-songs, songs, and coll.s of chants. 
 
 Bennett, Joseph, prominent English mus. 
 critic and writer ; b. Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 
 Nov. 29, 1831. He learned to play several in- 
 str.s ; was precentor at the Weigh House 
 Chapel, and organist of Westminster Chapel ; 
 then mus. critic for the "Sunday Times," 
 " Pall Mall Gazette," and " Graphic," also con- 
 tributing to the "Mus. World" and "Mus. 
 Standard"; at present on the staff of the " Mu- 
 sical Times" and "Daily Telegraph." He 
 edited the "Concordia" 1875-6, and "The 
 Lute" 1883-6. Since 1885 he has annotated the 
 programs of the Philharm. Soc. ; he also suc- 
 ceeded J. W. Davison as writer of the analyti- 
 cal programs for the Saturday and Monday Pop- 
 ular Concerts. B. has furnished several Eng- 
 lish composers with some of their best libretti. 
 — Publ. " Letters from Bayreuth " (1877) ; " The 
 Musical Year" (1S83) ; " History of the Leeds 
 Mus. Festivals, 1S58-89" (1892; with F. R. 
 Spark) ; and Primers of mus. biography. 
 
 Ben'ne'witz, Wilhelm, b. Berlin, Apr. 19, 
 1832 ; d. there Jan., 1871. Pupil of Fr. Kiel ; 
 player in the royal orch. — Opera, Die Rose von 
 Woodstock (1876), and pes. f. pf. and 'cello. 
 
 Ben'newitz, Anton, b. Privat, Bohemia, 
 Mar. 26, 1833. Violinist ; since 1882, Director 
 of Prague Cons. 
 
 Benois, Marie, pianist ; b. St. Petersburg, 
 Jan. I, 1861. Pupil of LeschetizkyatSt. Peters- 
 burg Cons., where she won gold medal (1876). 
 P"or two years she made brilliant tours, then 
 (1878) married Wassily Benois, her cousin. 
 
 Benoist, Frangois, b. Nantes, Sept. 10, 
 1794; d. Paris, Apr., 1878. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons., 1811-15, and Grand Prix de Rome ; re- 
 turning from Italy in 1819, he became organist 
 of the Chapel Royal, and org.-prof. at the Cons.; 
 in 1840, chef du chant at the Opera ; pensioned 
 in 1872. — Works : 2 operas, L^onore et F/lix 
 (1821) and r Apparition (1848) ; 4 ballets, La 
 Gipsy (1839), Le Diable amotireux{i?>no), Nisida 
 on les Amazons des Azores (1848), and Pdquerette 
 (1851) ; a Requiem mass f. 3 men's voices and 
 
 a child's voice, w. org. ad lib. ; and 12 books of 
 organ-works, " BibHothique de I'organiste." 
 
 Benoit, Pierre-L6onard-L6opold, eminent 
 Flemish composer and man of letters ; b. Har- 
 lebecke, Belgium, Aug. 17, 1834. While study- 
 ing in the Brussels Cons., 1851-55, he prod, a 
 small opera in the Parktheater, and wrote the 
 music to a number of Flemish melodramas ; he 
 became cond. of the above theatre in 1856, and 
 won the Prix de Rome in 1857 with his cantata 
 Le Meurtre d'A bel. He now studied in Leipzig, 
 Dresden, Munich and Berlin, and sent an essay 
 to the Brussels Academy on " L'ecole de mu- 
 sique flamande et son avenir." In 1861 the 
 Theatre-Lyrique of Paris accepted his opera Le 
 roi des aulnes ; while awaiting its performance, 
 B. acted as cond. at the Bouffes-Parisiens ; but 
 the opera was not given. Since 1S67, B. has 
 been Director of the Antwerp Cons. The ten- 
 dency of his compositions is strongly influenced 
 by modern German music. — Works : Messe 
 solennelle (1862) ; Te Deum (1863) ; Requiem 
 (1863) ; the Flemish oratorio Lucifer (1866) ; 
 the 2 Flemish operas Het dorp int gebergte 
 and Isa ; oratorio, De Schelde ; Drama Christi, 
 a sacred drama f. soli, ch., org., 'celH, double- 
 basses, trumpets and trombones ; De Oorlog 
 {War; a cantata f. double ch., soli, and en- 
 larged orch.); a " Children's Oratorio"; a cho- 
 ral ^symphony, " De Maaiers " [The Mowers] ; 
 music to Charlotte Coi-day, and to van Goe- 
 them's drama Willemde Zwijger {i^-jb); the "Ru- 
 bens Q.a.n'i&\.&" Flanderens kunsiroem.i. mixed 
 ch., children's ch., and orch. (1877); "Antwer- 
 pen," f. triple male ch. (1877); " Joncfrou Kathe- 
 lijne," scenaf. alto soloand orch. (1879) ■ " Muse 
 der Geschiedenis," f. ch. and orch. (1880) ; 
 " Hucbald," f. double ch., baritone solo, and 
 orch. w. harp (1880) ; " Triomfmarsch " (1880) ; 
 grand cantata De Rhyn, f. soli, ch. and orch. 
 (1889) ; a mass; motets w. org. ; " Liefde int 
 leven" and " Liefdedrama," songs ; " Sagen en 
 Balladen " i. pf. ; a pf .-concerto ; a flute-con- 
 certo, etc. — Writings : " De vlaamsche Musiek- 
 school van Antwerpen " (1873) ; " Considerations 
 4 propos d'un projet pour I'institution de Festi- 
 vals en Belgique " (1874) ; " Verhandelung over 
 de nationale Toonkunde " (2 vol.s, 1877-9) ! "^^ 
 musikale Opvoeding en Opieiding in Belgie " 
 (no date) ; " Het droombeeld eener musikale 
 Wereldkunst " (n. d.) ; " De oorsprong van het 
 Cosmopolitisme in de Musiek " (1876) ; " Over- 
 . schijn en blijk- in onze musikale vlaamsche 
 beweging " (n. d.) ; "Onze musikale beweging 
 op dramatisch gebied " (n. d.) ; "Onze neder- 
 landsche musikale eenheid " (n. d.) : " Brieven 
 over Noord-Nederland " (n. d.) ; " Een konink- 
 lijk vlaamsch Conservatorium te Antwerpen " 
 (n. d.) ; and many contributions to musical and 
 other journals. In 1880 B. became correspond- 
 ing member, and in 1882 fi^U member, of the 
 Royal Academy, Berlin. 
 
 Benson, Harry, b. Birmingham, England, 
 Dec. 14, 1848; pupil of A. Deakin there, of 
 Geo. A. Browning in Bath, and of G. A. Whit- 
 
 57 
 
BENVENUTI— BERGER 
 
 ing and St. A. Emery at New England Cons., 
 Boston, Mass. For some years instructor in 
 N. E. Cons.; since 1891, head of vocal dept. 
 in Boston Training School of Music. B. is 
 teacher and examiner for the Tonic Sol-fa Col- 
 leges of London and America, and an active 
 promoter of Tonic Sol-fa in the U. S. Has 
 also been organist, etc., at various Boston 
 churches; l8g4, Mus. Dir. of Walnut Av. 
 Congr. Ch., Roxbury (Boston). He is -widely 
 and favorably known as a conductor and founder 
 of choral societies and conventions. 
 
 Benvenu'ti, Tommaso, dramatic comp.; 
 b. Venice, 1832, and still lives there. Operas: 
 Vulenzia Candiano (Mantua, 1856), Adriana 
 Lecouvreur (Milan, 1857), Guglielmo Shake- 
 speare i^axrasL, 1S61), La Stella di Toledo (^Wzxv, 
 1864), Jl Falconiere (yemce, 1878), and the op. 
 buffa Le haruffe Chiozzotte (Florence, 1895; mod. 
 succ). 
 
 BeraKdi, Angelo, b. Sant'Agata, Bologna ; 
 1681, prof, of comp. and m. di capp. at Spoleto; 
 1687, canon at Viterbo; 1693, m. di capp. at the 
 Basilica of S. Maria in Trastevere. An emi- 
 nent theorist; works publ. 1683-1706 at Bologna. 
 He composed a Requiem Mass (1663), z- and 
 4-p. motets (1665), psalms (1675), offertories 
 (1680); etc. 
 
 B^rat, Fr^d^ric, b. Rouen, 1800 ; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 2, 1855. Vocal comp., intimate with'Be- 
 ranger, many of whose poems he set to music. 
 His romances and chansonettes are still popular : 
 A la fronti^re, Bibi, La Lisette de Biranger, Le 
 depart., Ma Normandie, etc. 
 
 Berbiguier, Benoit-Tranquille, b. Cade- 
 rousse, Vaucluse, Dec. 21, 1782 ; d. Pont-Le- 
 voy, n. Blois, Jan. 29, 1838. Flute-virtuoso ; 
 pupil of Wunderlich at Paris Cons. His works 
 f. flute, which are classics, include 15 books of 
 duos f . 2 flutes ; 2 do. do. f . flute and vln. ; 6 
 gr. solos or etudes ; 10 concertos ; 7 books of 
 sonatas, w. ace. of 'cello or via. ; S variations, 
 w. pf. or orch,; 6 airs and var.s ; 6 books of 
 trios f. 3 fl.; I do. f. 2 fl. and via.; I do. f. fl., 
 vln., and via.; several suites of easy duos; 
 grand duo concertant f. fl. and pf. ; fantasias, 
 romances, arrangements, etc. 
 
 Berchem (or Berghem), Jachet de (also 
 Jaquet, Jacquet, and Giachetto di Mantova), 
 b. Berchem (?), n. Antwerp, abt. 1500; d. 1580; 
 famous contrapuntist, maestro to the Duke of 
 Mantua abt. 1535-65. Publ. many masses, mo- 
 tets, madrigals, etc. 
 
 Be'rens, Hermann, b. Hamburg, Apr. 7, 
 1825 (?); d. Stockholm, May 9, 1880. Excellent 
 pianist, pupil of his father, Karl B. [1801-57], 
 of Reissiger (Dresden) and Czerny. Went to 
 Stockholm in 1847, and founded celebrated 
 Quartet Soirees ; 1849, royal mus. director at 
 Orebro ; i860, conductor at the " Mindre " Th., 
 Stockholm ; later court-conductor, teacher of 
 comp. at the Academy, and prof, and member 
 of ditto. — Works : The Greek drama Kodros ; 
 
 I opera, Violetta, and 3 operettas, Ein Som- 
 mernachtstrauin, Ltilly und Quinault, Riccardo ; 
 overtures f. orch., quartets, trios, pf.-pcs., songs 
 and part-songs, and a successful " Neueste 
 Schule der Gelaufigkeit " f. pf. 
 
 Beret'ta, Giovanni Battista, b. Verona, 
 Feb. 24, 1819 ; d. Milan, Apr. 28, 1876. For 
 several years director of Bologna Cons.; then 
 devoted himself to completing the great " Di- 
 zionarioartistico-scientifico-storico-technologico- 
 musicale " begun by A. Barbieri (publ. Milan, 
 Luigi di Giacomo Pirola), but reached only the 
 letter G. He also wrote a treatise on harmony, 
 and another on instrumentation and orchestra- 
 tion ; he comp. instrumental and sacred music. 
 
 Berg, Adam, music-printer at Munich 1540- 
 99; publ. the " Patrocinium musicum " in 10 
 vol.s, 5 being devoted to Orlandus Lassus. 
 
 Berg, Johann von, music-printer of Ghent ; 
 settled in Nuremberg, and became (1550) Ul- 
 rich Neuber's partner. 
 
 Berg, Konrad Mathias, b. Kolmar, Alsa- 
 tia, Apr. 27, 1785 ; d. Strassburg, Dec. 13, 
 1852. Violinist and pianist, pupil of Paris 
 Cons. 1806-7, settled as pf.-teacher in Strass- 
 burg, 1808. — Works : 4 string-quartets ; 10 pf.- 
 trios ; 3 concertos ; sonatas, variations and effec- 
 tive 4-hand pes. f. pf. His essay " Ideen zu 
 einer rationellen l;ehrmethode der Musik mit 
 Anwendung auf das Klavierspiel " (" Cacilia," 
 vol. xvii, 1835), created a sensation; also an 
 " Aper9u historique sur I'etat de la musique 4 
 Strasbourg pendant les 50 derni^res annees" 
 (1840). 
 
 Ber''ger, Ludwig, b. Berlin, Apr. 18, 1777; 
 d. there Feb. 16, 1839. Studied harm, and cpt. 
 under J. A. Gurrlich (Berlin, 1799) and pf. un- 
 der Clementi (St. Petersburg, 1804), being also 
 strongly influenced by Field's playing. Went 
 to Stockholm in 1812, and thence to London, 
 rejoining Clementi and meeting Cramer. From 
 1S15, settled at Berlin as a pf.-teacher ; among 
 his pupils were Mendelssohn, Henselt, Taubert, 
 and Fanny Hensel. With Klein, Reichart, and 
 Rellstab he founded the junior ' ' Liedertafel " 
 (i8ig). His pf.-works, especially the Studies, 
 a Toccata, and a Rondo, are highly esteemed; 
 he also composed the opera Oreste (not per- 
 formed), cantatas, male quartets, songs, etc. 
 A full and sympathetic account of his career 
 was publ. by L. Rellstab in the " Berlinische 
 Zeitung" of Feb. 12, 1839. 
 
 Ber'ger, Francesco, b. London, June 10, 
 1834; pupil of Luigi Ricci (Trieste) for harmony, 
 and of Karl Lickl (Vienna) f . pf . ; later private 
 pupil of Hauptmann and Plaidy (Leipzig). 
 Prof, of pf. at R. A. M. and Guildhall Sch. of 
 Mus.; for some years director, now hon. secre- 
 tary, of the Philharmonic. — Works: An opera 
 and a mass (prod, in Italy) ; songs ; many part- 
 songs and pf.-pcs. Wrote " First Steps at the 
 Pianoforte." 
 
 58 
 
BERGER— BERIOT 
 
 Ber'ger, Wilhelm, composer ; b. Boston, 
 Mass., U.S. A., Aug. g, l86l ; taken by parents 
 next year to Bremen. Stud, in the Konigl. 
 Hochschule f. Musik, at Berlin, 1878-81 (Fr. 
 Kiel). Lives (1898) in Berlin, as a composer 
 and well-known piano-teacher ; has written (op. 
 55) " Gesang der Geister liber den Wassern," f. 
 4-p. mixed ch. and full orch.; a Dram. Fantasy 
 in overture-form ; also pf.-pcs., part-songs, abt. 
 80 songs, etc. Pf.-nnisic : Op. 2, 5 pes.; op. 
 4 and 7, 2 pes. f. vln. and pf.; op. 6, Im- 
 promptus ; op. 9, 2 Klavierstiicke ; op. 14, 3 
 Klavierstiicke; op. 17, 5 Klavierstiicke in Tanz- 
 form ; op. 18, 4 Intermezzi ; op. 20, Fantasie- 
 stiick ; op. 21, pf.-quartet in A ; op. 23, 12 
 "Aquarellen"; op. 53, 6 Klavierstiicke. In 
 1898 he won a prize of 2,000 marks, offered by 
 Dr. Simon of Konigsberg, with his setting of 
 Goethe's " Meine Gottin " (op. 72). 
 
 Ber'ger, Siegfried. Pseudonym for Che- 
 Lius, Freiherr vON. 
 
 Ber'ger, Otto, b. Machau, Bohemia, 1873 (?); 
 d. there June 30, 1897. Talented violoncellist ; 
 founded, with Suk, Hofmann and Nedbal, the 
 " Smetana" Quartet, later called the "Bohe- 
 mian." 
 
 Berg'green [-gran], Andreas Peter, b. 
 Copenhagen, Mar. 2, 1801; d. there Nov. 9, 
 1880. Originally a law-student, he turned to 
 music ; 1838, organist of Trinity Church ; 
 1843, prof, of vocal music at the Metropolitan 
 School ; and 1859, inspector of singing in all 
 public schools. — Works : Comic opera Billedet 
 og buslan [Portrait and Bust] (1832); many col- 
 lections of songs, etc. — He was one of Gade's 
 teachers. 
 
 Berghem, Jachet de. See Berchem. 
 
 Berg^mann, Karl, b. Ebersbach, Saxony, 
 1821; d. New York, Aug. 16, 1876; st. under 
 Zimmermann in Zittau, and Hesse in Breslau. 
 Went to America 1850 with the travelling " Ger- 
 mania " Orch., and was later its cond. till its dis- 
 solution (1854). Also cond. Handel and Haydn, 
 1852-4. In 1855, entered Philh. orch., N. Y., 
 cond. the concerts alternately with Th. Eisfeld 
 till 1862, then sole cond. until his death. Also 
 conducted the Germ, male chorus "Arion" for 
 several years. B. was an eminent cond., a good 
 pianist and 'cellist ; he was an ardent admirer of 
 Wagner, Liszt, etc., and rendered important 
 services to the cause of music in America by in- 
 troducing their works. 
 
 Berg'ner, Wilhelm, b. Riga, Nov. 4, 1837; 
 1861, organist of the English church at Riga, in 
 1868 of Riga cathedral. He founded a Bach 
 Society, and a cathedral-choir, and is a zealous 
 promoter of music in Riga ; he brought about 
 the first production of Rubinstein's sacred opera 
 Moses (Feb. 20, 1894), and procured the build- 
 ing of the great organ in the cathedral by 
 "Walcker (1882-3). 
 
 Bergon'zi, Carlo, 1716-55, violin-maker at 
 Cremona, Stradivari's best pupil. His son, 
 Michelangelo, and his 2 nephews, Niccolo and 
 Carlo Bergonzi, were of minor importance. 
 
 Berg'son, Michael, b. Warsaw, May, 1820. 
 Pianist and comp. : pupil of Schneider (Dessau), 
 and Rungenhagen and Taubert (Berlin). Went 
 to Paris (1840), and to Italy in 1846, where his 
 opera Louisa di Montfort was successfully 
 prod. (Florence, 1847). After living in Vienna 
 (1850-3), Berlin and Leipzig, he revisited Paris, 
 and brought out a l-act operetta Qui va h, la 
 chasse, perd sa place {li^q). In 1863, ist pf.- 
 teacher in, and in a short time director of, 
 Geneva Cons.; went to London in a few years, 
 and lives there as a private teacher. — Works : 
 For pf., 12 Grandes Etudes, op. 62; Ecole du 
 mecanisme, op. 65.; Concerto symphonique in 
 E minor ; Trio, op. 5 ; Polonaise heroique, op. 
 72; Sonata with flute ; Duo dramatique f. pf. 
 and flute ; duos f. pf. and vln.; Mazurkas, 
 Fantasias, etc. • 
 
 Bergt, Christian Gottlob August, cele- 
 brated teacher, composer and organist ; b. 
 Oderan, Saxony, June 17, 1772 ; d. Bautzen, 
 Feb. 10, 1837, where he was organist from 1802, 
 also music-teacher at the Seminary and conduc- 
 tor of the singing society. — His sacred music 
 (a Passion-OrsAOTio, op. 10; the hymns "So 
 weit der Sonne Strahlen."op. 17, and "Christus 
 ist erstanden," op. 18, f. 4 voices and orch.; a 
 Te Deum ; the canticle " Herr Gott, dich 
 loben wir," reset ; etc.), is well known through- 
 out Germany ; he also wrote 6 operas, several 
 symphonies, sonatas f. pf. and vln., etc.; a set 
 of Lieder, " Conge," also became very popular. 
 
 Be'ringer, Oscar, b. FUrtwangen, July 14, 
 1844. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. (Plaidy, Mo- 
 scheles, Reinecke) 1864-6 ; later, at Berlin, of 
 Tausig, Ehrlich, and Weitzmann. He became 
 prof, in the " Schule des hoheren Klavierspiels " 
 at B. in 1869 ; went to London in 1871, and in 
 1873 established a similar institution there : — 
 "Acad. f. the Higher Development of Pf.-play- 
 ing." Since 1894, pf.-prof. in R. A. M. He 
 is a pianist of great perfection of method, and 
 his book of Technical Exercises is valuable; he 
 has publ. 2 sonatinas and other pf.-pcs. ; also 
 songs. 
 
 Be'ringer, Robert, brother of preceding, b. 
 FUrtwangen, June 14, 1841. Has given many 
 concerts in London, and the provinces ; from 
 1861, pianist at the Crystal Palace ; cond. of 
 choral societies, and lecturer on music. Has 
 written pf. -music, orchestral pes., songs; etc. 
 
 B^riot, Charles (-Auguste) de, famous vio- 
 linist ; b. Louvain, Feb. 20, 1802 ; d. Brussels, 
 Apr. 8, 1870. Though sometimes called the 
 pupil of Viotti and Baillot, he owed his techni- 
 cal foundation to the careful instruction of his 
 guardian, Tiby, a provincial teacher. At 9 he 
 played a concerto by Viotti in public ;, and his 
 
 59 
 
BERIOT— BERLIOZ 
 
 later wonderful development was due to his native 
 musical talent and individuality. He went to 
 Paris in 1821 ; made a triumphant debut there ; 
 became chamber-violinist to the King of France; 
 played successfully 
 in many concerts in 
 England ; was app. 
 solo violinist to the 
 King of the Neth- 
 erlands (1826-30); 
 lost position and 
 salary through the 
 Revolution, and 
 from 1830-5 made 
 concert- tour s 
 through Europe, 
 many with Mme. 
 Garcia - Malibran, 
 whom he married 
 in 1836. After her 
 death in Sept. ,de B. did not appear in public 
 until 1840, on a tour in Germany. From 1843- 
 52 he was prof, of vln. at Brussels Cons. ; failure 
 of eyesight, and paralysis of left arm, necessi- 
 tated his retirement. — He publ. 7 vln. -concertos; 
 4 pf. -trios ; several duos brillants f. pf. and vln.; 
 II Sets of variations f. vln,; also " Premier 
 guide des vioUnistes "; " Methode de Violon " (3 
 parts ; Paris, 1858 ; his best work); many studies 
 f. vln'. ; etc. 
 
 B6riot, Charles-Vilfride de, son of preced- 
 ing, b. Paris, Feb. 12, 1835. Pianist, pupil of 
 Thalberg (1855). Now prof, of pf. at Paris 
 Cons. — Works: Symph. poem " Fernand Cor- 
 tez"; overtures; 3 pf. -concertos ; " Operas sans 
 paroles" f. pf. and vln.; a Fantaisie- Ballet {. 
 vln.; a septet; 2 pf. -quartets ; a pf.-trio ; So- 
 nata f. pf. and flute; abt. 5o comp.s f. pf. ; 
 songs, etc. With his father he wrote a " Me- 
 thode d'accompagnemeht." 
 
 Berlijn' (or Berlyn), Anton (or Aron Wolf 
 [?]), b. Amsterdam, May 2, 1817; d. there Jan. 
 16, 1870. Pupil of Ij. Erk and B. Koch ; also 
 of G. W. Fink at Leipzig. For years he was 
 conductor at the Royal Th., Amsterdam. He 
 wrote g operas ; 7 ballets ; an oratorio Moses auf 
 Nebo; a symph. cantata ; a mass ; symphonies, 
 overtures, chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Berlin' [-leen], Johann Daniel, organist ; b. 
 Memel, 1710 ; d. Drontheim, Norway, 1737.' 
 Publ. " Elements of Music," and a " Guide for 
 Calculations in Temperament." 
 
 Berlioz, Hector (-Louis), a composer of such 
 marked and powerful individuaUty and wide- 
 spread influence that he has been called the 
 "father of [ultra-] modern orchestration," was 
 born at Cote-Saint-Andre, near Grenoble, 
 France, Dec. 11, 1S03 ; d. Paris, Mar. g, i86g. 
 His father, a physician, sent him to Paris to 
 study medicine under Amussat ; carried away 
 by his passion for music, however (although the 
 flageolet and guitar were the only instr.s he could 
 play), he forsook his medical studies in defiance 
 of parental authority and a cutting-off of his 
 
 allowance. Entering the Conservatory, he man- 
 aged to subsist by joining the chorus of the 
 Gymnase dramatique ; impatient of Reicha's for- 
 mal system of instruction, he soon left the Cons, 
 determined to follow his own bent. J'ired by 
 the revolt of the new ' ' romantic " school against 
 the sway of the "classics," B. devoted himself 
 heart and soul to the former cause. His first 
 essay in composition, an orchestral Mass given 
 at St.-Roch in 1825, was unintelligible both to 
 executants and hearers, and made him an object 
 of ridicule ; still, nothing daunted, he persevered 
 in his chosen path, which led straight to the 
 realm of the most outspoken and elaborate pro- 
 gram-music. His next works (1828) were two 
 overtures, "Waverley" and " I.es Francs- 
 Juges," and a symphome phantasiique ^ " Episode 
 de la vie d'un artiste." To these, and other less- 
 known pieces, he added, at a concert in 1829, a 
 composition entitled " Concerts des Sylphes," 
 with the following printed program : " Mephis- 
 topheles, to excite in Faust's soul the love of 
 pleasure, convokes the spirits of the air, and bids 
 them sing ; after preluding on their magic instr.s, 
 they describe an enchanted land, whose happy 
 inhabitants are intoxicated with ever-renewed 
 voluptuous delights ; little by little the charm 
 takes effect, the voices of the sylphs die away, 
 and Faust falls asleep to dream delicious 
 dreams." It shows how far B. had already 
 travelled, at the age of 25, in this direction. In 
 1826, to obtain " protection " in his efforts to 
 compete for the great prizes, he had reentered 
 the Cons., taking a course in free composition 
 with Lesueur. Cherubini long opposed his ad- 
 mission to the annual competitions ; at length, 
 in 1830, he bore off the Grand prix de Rome 
 with a cantata, Sardanapale. From his sojourn 
 of 18 months in Rome and Naples, he brought 
 back the overture 
 to King Lear^ and 
 a sequel to the 
 sympJionie phan- 
 tastigue — " Lelio, 
 ou le retour a la 
 vie." By brilliant 
 journalistic work 
 in the ' ' Journal 
 des Debats," the 
 ' ' Gazette musi- 
 cale," etc., he in- 
 creased in promi- 
 nence, and be- 
 came a power in 
 musical Paris. 
 And now his sym- 
 phony "Harold 
 en Italic ■ (1834), the Messe des marts (1837), 
 the dramatic symphony " Romeo et Juliette," 
 with vocal soli and chorus (i83g), and the 
 overture " Carnaval romain," were received 
 with pasans of praise in the press ; though , the 
 attitude of the public was more reserved. But 
 his first dramatic attempt, the 2-act opera 
 semi-seria Benvenuio Cellini (Grand Op^ra, 
 
 60 
 
BERLIOZ— BERNARD 
 
 Sept. 3, 1838), was rejected in ioio by the gen- 
 eral public at Paris, and also a fortnight later 
 at London ; though the chosen few at Weimar 
 lauded it to the skies. For Liszt was in active 
 sympathy with B., adopting and transmuting the 
 latter's ideas in his own irresistibly genial and 
 original fashion. In 1839 B. was made Conser- 
 vator of the Conservatory, and, in 1852, librarian, 
 an appointment held until death ; the coveted 
 professorship was, nevertheless, jealously denied 
 him. In 1843 his first concert-giving tour in 
 Germany, etc., met with great success, which he 
 recorded in his ' ' Voyage musicale en AUemagne 
 et en Italie " (1844 ; two vol.s). Similar excur- 
 sions throjigh Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and 
 Silesia (1845), and Russia (1847), were equally 
 fortunate. In London (1852) he conducted the 
 first series of the " New Philharm. Concerts " ; 
 in 1853 his Benvenuto Cellini was performed at 
 Covent Garden under his baton. Bifatrice et 
 BinMct, a comic opera, was likewise brought 
 out by himself at Baden-Baden (1862). He was 
 appointed a member of the juries at the exhibi- 
 tions' in London and Paris, 1855 and 1861 ; 
 elected member of the Academic in 1856 ; and 
 decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. 
 His last foreign trip was to St. Petersburg, by 
 invitation of the Grand Duchess Hel^ne, to bring 
 out his Damnation lie Faust. The evening of 
 his life was overcast by the failure of his opera, 
 Les Troyens ct Carthage (1863), and the death of 
 his son Louis (1867). During his lifetime he 
 met with little real appreciation in his native 
 country, though posthumous honors are now 
 showered upon him ; but the somewhat artificial 
 " Berlioz cult" in France in no way rivals the 
 German Wagner movement. Indeed, Germany 
 has most generously honored B.'s memory by the 
 first complete production, under Mottl's direc- 
 tion, of the opera Les Troyens (in two parts : La 
 prise de Troie, 3 acts, and Les Troyens a 
 Carthage, in 5 acts) at Karlsruhe in 1897. His 
 bizarre yet very popular " oratorio," La Llamna- 
 tionde Faust (1846), perhaps marks the culmina- 
 tion of B.'s striving after the purely fantastic ; 
 but his passion for unprecedented orchestral 
 combinations and gigantic mass-effects was un- 
 sated, and he certainly carried the science of 
 orchestration to wonderful perfection. His 
 '■ Traite d'instrumentation " (Engl, transl., Lon- 
 don ; German transl., Leipzig, 1864) long held 
 first place among works of its class (Gevaert's 
 great treatise is more modern and complete). 
 Besides the "Voyage musicale" he publ. 
 " .Soirees d'orchestre " (1853), " Grotesques de la 
 musique " (1859), "A travers chants" (1862), 
 and his " Memoires " (1870 ; Engl, transl., Lon- 
 don, 1884), containing an autobiography from 
 1803-1865. His prose style is both forceful and 
 polished ; in verse he penned the words to his 
 I' Enfance du Christ (see below), also to the 
 operas Beatrice et Be'ntfdict and Les l^royens. — 
 Other large compositions, besides works already 
 mentioned, are the sacred trilogy V Enfance du 
 Christ (Part I, Le songe d'H&ode; II, La fuite 
 
 en ^gypte; III, I'Arriv^e & Sais) ; a Te Deum 
 f. 3 choirs, orch. and organ ; a " Grande sym- 
 phonie funibre et triomphale" f. full military 
 band, with strings and chorus ad lib.-; overture 
 to Le Corsaire; Le cinq Mai, f. bass solo, ch. 
 and orch. (for the anniversary of Napoleon's 
 death) ; also other instrumental and choral 
 works, songs, transcriptions. 
 Berlyn, Anton. See Berlijn. 
 
 Berniu'do, Juan, b. abt. 1510, near Astorga, 
 Spain ; wrote a description of mus. instr.s, — 
 " Declaracion de Instrumentos," and publ. i 
 volume (1545). — MS. in Natl. Library, Madrid. 
 
 Bernabe'i, Giuseppe Ercole, b. Caprarola, 
 Papal States, abt. 1620 ; d. Munich, 1687. A 
 pupil of Orazio Benevoli, whom he succeeded in 
 1672 as m. di capp. at the Vatican ; 1674, court 
 Kapellm. at Munich. He wrote three operas 
 (prod, in Munich) ; publ. 2 books of madrigals 
 (1669) and one of motets (1690) ; other works 
 (masses, offertories, psalms) are in MS. in the 
 Vatican Library. 
 
 Bernabe'i, Giuseppe Antonio, son of pre- 
 ceding; b. Rome, 1659; ^- Munich, Mar. g, 
 1732, where, in 1688, he succeeded his father 
 as court Kapellm, — Works: 15 operas; masses, 
 etc. 
 
 Bernac'chi, Antonio, celebrated sopranist 
 {musicd) ; b. Bologna, abt. 1690; d. there March, 
 1756. Pupil of Pistocchi. Specially engaged by 
 Handel for the Italian Opera, London, in 1729, 
 as the finest living dram, singer. In 1736 he 
 founded a singing-school at Bologna. He re- 
 vived the style of vocal embellishment which the 
 French term "roulades." 
 
 Bernard, Emery, b. Orleans, France, early 
 in the l6th century. His Method of Singing 
 passed through 3 ed.s (1541, '61, '70). 
 
 Ber'nard, Moritz, b. Kurland, 1794; d. St. 
 Petersburg, May 9, 1871. Pupil of John Field 
 (Moscow, 1811), and Hassler. He at first 
 travelled, then (1816) was Kapellm. to Count 
 Potocki, and in 1822 teacher of music in St. P., 
 where he opened a music-store in 1829. Wrote 
 minor pf.-pcs., and an opera, Olga (St. P., 1845). 
 
 Bernard, Paul, b. Poitiers, France, Oct. 4, 
 1827; d. Paris, Feb. 24, 1879. ^ pupil of Ha- 
 levy, Thalberg and others, in Paris Cons. ; suc- 
 cessful concert-pianist and teacher, composed 
 many small pf.-pcs., and wrote criticisms for the 
 " Menestrel," and the " Revue et Gazette Musi- 
 cale. " 
 
 Bernard, Daniel, b. 1841, d. Paris, June, 
 1883; a distinguished contributor to the "Me- 
 nestrel." 
 
 Bernard, Emile, b. Marseilles, Aug. 6, 1845. 
 Pupil, in Paris Cons , of Reber (comn.), Benoist 
 (org.), and Marmontel (pf.). Organist of Notre- 
 Dame-des-Champs, Paris, and a distinguished 
 composer of the new school. — Works : Vln.- 
 concerto ; ConcertstUck f. pf. w. orch. ; Fan- 
 taisie f. do., op. 31; 2 Suites f. orch. ; " Bea- 
 
 ei 
 
BERNARDI— BERTELMANN 
 
 trice " overture ; a pf . - quartet ; a pf . - trio ; 
 sonata f. p£. and 'cello ; sonata f. pf. and vln. ; 
 much other chamber- and pf.-music ; 2 cantatas, 
 Guillaume le conquirant, and La CaptiviU de 
 Babylone. 
 
 Bernar'di, Steffano, canon at Salzburg abt. 
 1634. Publ. madrigals, masses, motets and 
 psalms (1611-37), also a " Lehre vom Contra- 
 punct " (1634). 
 
 Bernar'di, Francesco. See Senesino. 
 
 Bernar'di, Enrico, b. Milan, Mar. 11, 1838. 
 A travelling conductor and leader, now director 
 and proprietor of an orchestra at Milan. Has 
 written several fairly succ. operas and ballets 
 (1854-79), ^'^d much very popular dance-music; 
 also marches, and the like. 
 
 Bernardi'ni, Marcello (" Marcello di 
 Capua "), b. Capua, abt. 7:762. Wrote over 20 
 stage-works, both text and music, most per- 
 formed 1784-99 at Venetian theatres, with good 
 success. 
 
 Bernasco'ni, Andrea, b. Marseilles, 1712; 
 d. Munich, Jan. 24, 1784, where he was court 
 Kapellm. from 1755. He wrote much sacred 
 music, and 18 operas. 14 of them for Munich. 
 
 Bernasco'ni, Pietro, famous Italian organ- 
 builder; b. (?), d. Varese, May 27, 1895. Built 
 the organs in Como cathedral, and in Church of 
 San Lorenzo at Milan. 
 
 Berneli'nus, supposedly a Benedictine monk 
 at Paris (1000), where he wrote on music. Ger- 
 bert publ. his treatise, on the division of the 
 monochord, in " Scriptores," vol. i. 
 
 Ber'ner, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Breslau, 
 May 16, 1780; d. there May 9, 1827. Fine 
 organist, music-teacher at the Br. Seminary, 
 and later Director of the R. Academic Inst, for 
 Church-music. Wrote much ch. -music (MS.). 
 
 Bernhard (St.), of Clairvaux, b. Fontaines, 
 Burgundy, 1091; d. as abbot of Clairvaux, Aug. 
 20, 1 1 53. Theoretical writer. 
 
 Bern'hard der Deutsche, organist of S. 
 Marco, Venice, 1445-59, ^^ year of his death, 
 and known there as " Bernardo di Stefifanino 
 Murer," was the reputed inventor of organ- 
 pedals, and at least introduced them into Italy. 
 
 Bern'hard, Christoph, b. Danzig, 1612; d. 
 Nov. 14, 1692, Dresden, where he studied under 
 H. Schiitz. The Elector sent him to study 
 singing in Italy; he afterwards became 2nd, 
 and then ist Kapellm. at Dresden, succeeding 
 Schiitz. He was a remarkable contrapuntist. 
 Publ. "Geistliche Harmonica" (1665), and "Pru- 
 dentia prudentiana " (1669, hymns). A treatise 
 on composition, and a second on counterpoint, 
 are in MS. 
 
 Bernicat, Firmin, b. 1841, d. Paris, March, 
 1883. Wrote 13 operettas for minor Paris 
 theatres, 
 
 Ber'no, " Augien'sis," abbot of Reichenau 
 monastery 1008 to his death on June 7, 1048. 
 Wrote learned treatises on music, to be found 
 in Gerbert's " Scriptores," vol. ii. A monograph 
 on his system of music was publ. by W. Bram- 
 bach (1881). 
 
 Bernouilli, Johann, b. Basel, July 27, 1667; 
 d. there Jan. 2, 1747, as Prof, of Sciences; suc- 
 ceeded by his son Daniel [b. Groningen, Feb. g, 
 1700; d. Basel, Mar. 17, 1782]. Their writings 
 on acoustics are valuable. 
 
 Berns'dorf, Eduard, b. Dessau, Mar. 25, 
 1825. Pupil of Schneider and A. B. Marx 
 (Berlin). Writer, critic (for the Leipzig ' ' Sig- 
 nale "), and composer. He completed Schlade- 
 bach's " Universal-Lexikon der Tonkunst " 
 (1855-6, 3 vol.s and Appendix); also publ. pf.. 
 pes., and songs. 
 
 Ber'nuth, Julius von, b. Rees, Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Aug. 8, 1830. Originally destined for 
 the law, he also studied music at Berlin under 
 Taubert and Dehn ; from 1852-4, barrister at 
 Wesel ; then gave up law and studied music at 
 Leipzig Cons, till 1857, when he founded the 
 chamber-music society " Aufschwung," and in 
 1859 the "Dilettantes' Orchestral Society"; 
 also conducted the " Euterpe," the " Singaka- 
 demie," and the Male Choral Society. During 
 the summer of 1863 he studied singing with 
 Manuel Garcia at London ; returning to Leip- 
 zig, he conducted one season of the " Euterpe" 
 concerts, then becoming conductor of the Ham- 
 burg Philharmonic, in 1867 of the H. " Singa- 
 kademie," and in 1873 director of a conservatory 
 there. In 1878, " Royal Prussian Professor." 
 
 Berr, Friedrich, famous clarinettist and 
 bassoonist; b. Mannheim, Apr. 17, 1794; d. 
 Paris, Sept. 24, 1838. Bandmaster in various 
 French regiments, 1823 1st clarinet at Th. des 
 Italiens, 1831 prof, of clar. at Paris Cons., 1836 
 Director of the new School of Military Music. — 
 Works: " Traite complet de la clarinette a 14 
 clefs" (1836). Prolific composer f. clar., bas- 
 soon, etc. ; 500 pes. of military music alone ; 
 suite, trios, duos, etc. 
 
 Berr6, Ferdinand, b. Ganshoren, n. Brus- 
 sels, Feb. 5, 1843. Opera-composer ; first 
 work VOrage au moulin (1867) ; then Le 
 Couteau de Castille iiit'j) ; others in MS. Has 
 publ. over 50 songs (" romances "). 
 
 Berta'li, Antonio, b. Verona, 1605; d. Vi- 
 enna, Apr. I, 1669. Viennese court musician 
 from 1637 ; 1649, till death, court Kapellm., 
 succeeding Valentini. Produced several can- 
 tatas (1641-46), and, from 1653-67, 8 operas 
 and 3 oratorios, all at Vienna. 
 
 Ber'telmann, Jan Georg, b. Amsterdam, 
 Jan. 21, 1782; d. there Jan. 25, 1854. Pupil of 
 D. Brachthuijzer ; prof, at the R. School of 
 Music, where he formed many eminent pupils 
 (Stumpff, Hoi, Van Bree, et al.). Publ. works: 
 Mass, requiem, string-quartet, pes. f, vln. and 
 pf. ; many others in MS, 
 
 63 
 
BERTELSMANN— BERTONI 
 
 Ber'telsmann, Karl Augfust, b. Gtiters- 
 loh, Westphalia, 1811 ; d. Amsterdam, Nov. 
 20, 1S61. Pupil of Rinck. Director (1839) of 
 the "Eutonia" society, Amsterdam. — Works: 
 Choruses f. men's voices ; 12 4-p. songs f. 
 mixed chorus ; songs w. pf. ; pes. f. org. ; pf.- 
 music. 
 
 Berthaume, Isidore, b. Paris, 1752, d. St. 
 Petersburg,^ Mar. 20, 1802. First violin at 
 Grand Opera, 1774; cond. of the "Concerts 
 Spirituels," 1783 ; finally solo-violinist in the 
 Imp. orchestra at St. Petersburg. — Works : 
 Sonatas, solos, duos, and a concerto f. vin. ; 
 symphonic concertante f. 2 vlns. ; sonata and 
 sonatinas f. pf. 
 
 Berthelier, Henri, solo violinist in orch. of 
 Paris Opera, and in Cons, concerts. 1894, suc- 
 ceeded Maurin as prof, of violin at Cons. 
 
 Bert'hold, Karl Friedrich Theodor, b. 
 
 Dresden, Dec. 18, 1815; d. there Apr. 28, 1882. 
 Pupil of J. Otto and Fr. Scheider ; in 1864 he 
 succeeded the latter as court org. at Dresden. 
 He wrote an oratorio Petrus, a Missa solemnis, 
 a symphony, overtures, church-music, etc. ; also 
 (with Fiirstenau) a pamphlet on " Die Fabrika- 
 tion musikalischer Instrumente im Vogtlande " 
 (1876). 
 
 Bertin, Louise- Ang^lique, b. at the Roches, 
 n. Paris, Feb. 15, 1805 ; d. Paris, Apr. 26, 
 1877. Pupil of Fetis ; dramatic composer, 
 singer, pianist. — Operas : Guy Mannering (pri- 
 vate perf.), Le Loupgarou (Paris, 1827), Faust 
 (1831), Notre-Dame de Paris \Esmeralda\ 
 (1836) ; many minor compositions, of which 
 " Six Ballades " were publ. 
 
 Berti'ni, Abbate Giuseppe, b. Palermo, 
 1756 ; d. there 1849 (?). M. di capp. to the Si- 
 cilian court ; publ. a ' ' Dizionario storico-cri- 
 tico degli scrittori di musica" (Palermo, 1814). 
 
 Berti'ni, Benoit-Auguste, b. Lyons, June 
 5, 1780. Pupil of dementi in London (1793), 
 later pf. -teacher there. Wrote an ii-page 
 pamphlet, " Stigmatographie, ou I'art d'ecrire 
 avec des points, suivie de la melographie, nou- 
 velle art de noter la musique " (Paris, 1812), 
 and ' ' Phonological .System for acquiring ex- 
 traordinary facility on all musical instruments as 
 well as in singing " (London, 1830). 
 
 Berti'ni, Henri-J6rome, pianist and com- 
 poser ; b. London, Oct. 28, 1798 ; d. Meylau, 
 near Grenoble, Oct. I, 1876. When six months 
 old he was taken to Paris, where he was taught 
 by his father and his elder brother, Benott- 
 Auguste ; played early in public, and at 12 
 made a concert-tour through the Netherlands 
 and Germany. He returned to Paris for study ; 
 spent some time in Great Britain ; and from 
 1821-59 resided in Paris, whence he made many 
 brilliant artistic tours. In 1859 he retired to 
 his estate at Meylau. Both as pianist and 
 composer, he was a musician of the highest tal- 
 ent and lofty ideals, unalterably opposed to the 
 
 flashy virtuosity then so much in vogue. His 
 technical studies are still of value ; an excellent 
 selection of 50 has 
 been edited by G. 
 Buonamici ; an arr. 
 of Bach's "48 Pre- 
 ludes and Fugues " 
 f. 4 hands, is also 
 useful. He also 
 wrote much cham- 
 ber-music, and pes. 
 f. pf.-solo — over 200 
 works in all. 
 
 Berti'ni, Dome- 
 nico, bom Lucca, 
 June 26, 1829 ; d. 
 Florence, Sept. 7, 
 i8go. Pupil of 
 
 Michele Puccini. 1857, Director of the mus. 
 inst. at Massa di Carrara, also m. di capp.; 
 went to Florence in 1862, as singing-teacher 
 and critic, and became director of the "Cheru- 
 bini " Society. Contributor to the " Boccherini " 
 of Florence, " La Scena" of Venice, and other 
 periodicals. He comp. 2 operas, masses, mag- 
 nificats, and chamber-music ; also wrote " Com- 
 pendio di principi di musica, secondo un nuovo 
 sistema" (1866). 
 
 Berton, Pierre-Montan, b. Paris, 1727; d. 
 there May 14, 1780, as conductor of the royal 
 orch. and of the Grand Opera. A contemporary 
 of Gluck and of Piccinni, his great talent for con- 
 ducting aided efficiently in the improvement of 
 French opera. He wrote several operas, and 
 rearranged others by Lully, etc. 
 
 Berton, Henri-Montan, son of preceding, 
 b. Paris, Sept. 17, 1767; d. there Apr. 22, 1844. 
 Opera-composer, pupil of Rey and Sacchini. 
 In 1782, violinist in Opera-orch.; 1795, prof, of 
 harm, in Paris Cons.; 1807, cond. of the Opera 
 buffa;. 1815, member of the Academy; 1816, 
 prof, of comp. at Cons. Of his 47 operas, the 
 best are Montana et Stephanie (1799), Le Dilire 
 (1799), and Aline, reine de Golconde {lioj,) ; he 
 also wrote 5 oratorios, 5 cantatas, and many 
 " romances." His theoretical works are curi- 
 ous rather than valuable. — Biogr. by Raoul- 
 Rochette : " Notice hist, sur la vie et les ou- 
 vrages de M. Berton " (Paris, 1844), and by H. 
 Blanchard: "Henri-Montan Berton" (Paris, 
 1839). 
 
 Berton, Fran9ois, natural son of the pre- 
 ceding, b. Paris, May 3, 1784; d. July 15, 1832. 
 Pupil of Cons. 1796-1804; prof, of singing 
 there 1821-7. He composed several operas, 
 and some vocal music. 
 
 Berto'ni, Ferdinando Giuseppe, b. Island 
 of Salo, n. Venice, Aug. 15, 1725; d. Desen- 
 zano, Dec. i, 1813. Pupil of Padre Martini; 
 1752, organist at San Marco; 1784, Galuppi's 
 successor as m. di capp.; choirmaster at the Cons, 
 de' Mendicanti from 1757-97. — Works : 5 ora- 
 torios, and much other church-music ; 34 operas ; 
 chamber-music ; 6 harpsichord-sonatas, etc. 
 
 63 
 
BERTRAND— BETZ 
 
 Bertrand, Jean-Gustave, b. Vaugirard, n. 
 Paris, Dec. 24, 1834; d. Paris, 1880. Writer 
 and critic. — Works : ' ' Histoire ecclesiastique 
 de I'orgue " (1859) ; " Essai sur la musique dans 
 I'antiquite " ; " Les origines de I'harmonie" 
 (1866); " De la reforme des etudes du chant au 
 Conserv." (1871); "Les nationalites musicales 
 etudiees dans le drame lyrique" (1872). Con- 
 tributor to Pougin's Supplement to Fetis. 
 
 Ber'wald, Johann Friedrich, b. Stockholm, 
 July 23, 1788; d. there Sept., 1861. Violinist, 
 pupil of Abbe Vogler, and of remarkable pre- 
 cocity, playing in public at 5, and writing a 
 symphony at 9 ; after concert-tours, he became 
 (1816) chamber-musician to the King, and from 
 1819 was conductor of the royal orch. His com- 
 positions are mostly forgotten. 
 
 Ber''wald, Franz, nephew of preceding, b. 
 Stockholm, July 23, 1796; d. there Apr. 30, 
 1868, as Director of the Cons. — Works: i opera, 
 Esirella di Soria (Stockholm, 1862) ; sympho- 
 nies; chamber-music. 
 
 Ber'-win, Adolf, b. Schwersenz, n. Posen, 
 Mar. 30, 1847. Pupil of Lechner (pf.) and 
 Frohlich (vln.), also of Rust at Berlin (cpt.) and 
 Dessofi at Vienna (comp.). In 1882, Director 
 of the Royal Library and Cecilia Academy at 
 Rome. Edited an Ital. transl. of Lebert and 
 Stark's Piano School; is writing a " History of 
 dram. mus. in Italy during the l8th century." 
 
 Besard, Jean-Baptiste, b. Besan9on, abt. 
 1576. Learned lutenist; he wrote "Thesaurus 
 harmonicus" (Cologne, 1603, containing many 
 contemporary comp.s, arr. f. lute); " Isagoge in 
 artem testudinarium, das ist: Unterricht uber 
 das kunstliche Saitenspiel der Lauten " (Augs- 
 burg, 1617; being a 2nd ed. of his " Traite du 
 luth "); and " Novus Partus, etc." (1617, a coll. 
 of 24 pes. f. I or 2 lutes). 
 
 Beschnitt', Johannes, b. Bockau, Silesia, 
 Apr. 30, 1825; d. Stettin, July 14, 1880. From 
 1848, teacher and cantor at the Catholic School, 
 Stettin ; he also conducted a male choral society, 
 for which he wrote many easy choruses. 
 
 Besekir'sky, Vasil Vasilevitch, violinist 
 in Moscow, where he was b. 1836; he has made 
 highly successful tours to Brussels and Paris 
 (1858), Madrid (1866), Prague (1869), and publ. 
 much violin-music. 
 
 Bes'ler, Samuel, b. Brieg, Silesia, Dec. 15, 
 1574; d. Breslau, July 19, 1625, where he was 
 rector of the Gymnasium zum Heiligen Geist 
 from 1605. His church-comp.s are preserved 
 in great part at the library of St. Bernhardinus, 
 Breslau. 
 
 Bes'ler, Simon, cantor at St. Maria Magda- 
 len, Breslau, from 1615-28. A few of his 4-p. 
 songs, printed in score, are extant. 
 
 Besoz'zi, Louis-D6sir£, b. Versailles, Apr. 
 3, 1814; d. Paris, Nov. 11, 1879. Of » musical 
 family, he entered the Cons, in 1825, and took 
 
 64 
 
 the first Grand prix de Rome in 1837. He lived 
 in Paris as a music-teacher, and composed pf.. 
 pes., etc. 
 
 Bes'sems, Antoine, violinist ; b. Antwerp, 
 Apr. 6, 1809 ; d. there Oct. 19, 1868. Pupil of 
 Baillot at Paris Cons. (1826) ; member of the 
 Ital. Opera orch.; then made long concert- 
 tours, and from 1847-52 conducted the orch. of 
 the " Societe royale d'harmonie," Antwerp. 
 Works: Masses, motets, psalms, graduals, etc.; 
 a violin-concerto ; Fantasias f. vln.; 12 grandes 
 Etudes f. vln. w. pf. ; 12 grands Duos de con- 
 cert f. do. do.; other vln. -pes. ; duos, trios and 
 quartets f . strings, etc. 
 
 Besson, Gustave-Auguste, b. Paris, 1820, 
 d. there 1875, is noted for his improvements in 
 the valves of wind-instruments. 
 
 Best, William Thomas, distinguished or- 
 gan-virtuoso; b. Carlisle, England, Aug. 13, 
 1826; d. Liverpool, May 10, 1897. Taught by 
 the cathedral organist Young; first appointment, 
 organ of Pembroke chapel, Liverpool ; 1847, at 
 the Church of the Blind; 1848, of the Philh. 
 Society. In 1852, organist of the Panopticon, 
 London, and also at St. Martin's ; 1854, of Lin- 
 coln's Inn chapel ; 1855-94, of St. George's 
 Hall, Liverpool, and 
 also resumed (1872) 
 the post of organist 
 of the Philh. Society. 
 In 1880 he was 
 offered the option of 
 knighthood or a 
 Civil-List pension of 
 ;^ioo per annum; he 
 accepted the latter, 
 having a confirmed 
 dislike to all titles. 
 He retired in 1894. 
 Best's extraordinary 
 virtuosity made him 
 much in request for 
 very numerous public functions ; in 1890 he went 
 to Sydney, Australia, to inaugurate the organ in 
 the new Town Hall. His recitals were a fea- 
 ture in Liverpool musical life; he played con- 
 certos at many successive Handel Festivals. 
 His works, popular in type though classical in 
 form, include church-services and anthems; 
 sonatas, preludes and fugues, concert-fantasias, 
 studies, etc., for organ ; also 2 overtures and a 
 march f. orchestra, and several pf.-pcs. His 
 chief text-books are " The Art of Organ-play- 
 ing" (London, 1870), in 4 parts, and " Modern 
 School for the Organ" (London, 1855); he also 
 publ. " Handel Album " (20 vol.s) ; " Arrange- 
 ments from the Scores of the (Jreat Masters " 
 (5 vol.s) ; and a large variety of transcriptions; 
 B. likewise edited many other of Handel's works. 
 An excellent sketch of Best is to be found in 
 " Musical Times," June i, 1897, p. 382-3. 
 
 Betz, Franz, distinguished dramatic bari- 
 tone ; b, Mayence, March 19, 1835 ; sang from 
 
BEVIGNANI— BIANCHINI 
 
 1856-9 at Hanover, Altenburg, Gera, Bernburg, 
 Kothen, and Rostock ; after his debut as Don 
 Carlos in Ernani at Berlin (1859), he was per- 
 manently eng. at the Royal Opera House until 
 his retirement in 1897, when the Emperor 
 named him " hon. member" of the opera-com- 
 pany. An eminent singer of Wagnerian rSles, 
 he created the Wotan at Bayreuth in 1876. 
 
 Bevlgna'ni, Enrico (Cavaliere), b. Naples, 
 Sept. 29, 1841 ; studied comp. under Albanese, 
 Lillo, and others ; his first opera, Caterina 
 Bloom (Naples, 1863), was very successful ; but 
 he preferring the career of conductor, was eng. 
 by Col. Mapleson from 1864-70 at H. M.'s Th., 
 London, then in Covent Garden till the present 
 time. Engagements in the Italian operas at 
 St. Petersburg and Moscow alternated with the 
 London seasons, until B.'s engagement for the 
 Metropolitan Opera, New York. — By the Czar 
 he was made Knight of the Order of St. Stanis- 
 las, which carries with it nobility and a life- 
 pension. 
 
 Bev'in, Elway, Welsh comp. and organist ; 
 b. between 1560-70, d. 1640 (?); he was a pupil 
 of Tallis ; (1589) org. of Bristol cathedral, 
 and (1605) Gentleman Extraordinary of the 
 Chapel Royal, but lost both places because he 
 became a Roman Catholic. — Works : "A Briefe 
 and Short Introd. to the Art of Musicke " 
 (1631); a Short Service inDmin.; an anthem 
 "Praise the Lord" (in Barnard's Coll.); other 
 anthems MS. 
 
 Bexfield, William Richard, b. Norwich, 
 England, Apr. 27, 1824 ; d. London, Oct. 29, 
 1853. Pupil of Dr. Z. Buck ; org. of Boston 
 church, Lincolnshire ; from 1848, at St. Helen's, 
 London. Took degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford, 
 1846 ; Mus. Doc. at Cambridge, 1849. — Works : 
 An oratorio, Israel Bestored (1852); a cantata. 
 Hector's Death ; anthems, organ-fugues, part- 
 songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Bey'er [by-], Johann Samuel, b. Gotha, 
 1669; d. Karlsbad, May 9, 1744. In 1697, 
 cantor at Freiberg, Saxony ; 1722, at Weissen- 
 fels ; 1728, Musikdirector at Freiberg. Publ. 
 " Primae lineae musicae vocalis " (1703); " Musi- 
 kal. Vorrath neu variirter Festchoralgesange " 
 (1716); and " Geistlich-musikalische Seelen- 
 freude" (1724 ; 72 concert-arias, etc.). 
 
 Bey'er, Rudolf, b. Wilther, n. Bautzen, 
 Feb. 14, 1828; d. Dresden, Jan. 22, 1853. Music- 
 teacher, and composer of songs, chamber- 
 music, music to O. Ludwig's Maccabder, etc. 
 
 Bey'er, Ferdinand, b. Querfurt, July 25, 
 1805 ; d. Mayence, May 14, 1863. Salon-com- 
 poser of pf. -pes., generally pleasing and facile, 
 but of little depth. 
 
 Biag'gi, Girolamo Alessandro, writer and 
 composer; b. Milan, 1815 ; d. Florence, Mar. 
 21, 1897. Pupil of Milan Cons. 1829-39 (vio- 
 lin ; composition) ; after a visit to France, he 
 returned to Milan, was for a short time m. di 
 capf . ,iNXoXs. an opera, Martina delta Scala, 
 
 5 65 
 
 was for some years (abt. 1847) editor of " I'ltalia 
 musicale " (Milan ; Lucca), wrote an essay 
 "Delia musica religiosa e delle questioni 
 inerenti " (Milan : Ricordi, 1857); then settled 
 in Florence as prof, of mus. hist, and aesthetics 
 at the newly established R. Istituto Musicale, 
 writing articles for "La Nazione," and the re- 
 view "La Nuova Antologia "; later for the 
 " Gazzetta d'ltalia," under the pen-name 
 " Ippolito d'Albano." He left an unfinished 
 "Vita di Rossini." The tendency of his 
 writings is conservative. — Other works : " Con- 
 ferenze su la riforma melodrammatica Fioren- 
 tina," and " Sugli istrumenti a pizzico." 
 
 Bi'al [bee-], Rudolf, b. Habelschwerdt, Sile- 
 sia, Aug. 26, 1834; d. New York, Nov. 13, 1881. 
 Violinist in Breslau orch.; then made a tour in 
 Africa and Australia with his brother Karl ; 
 settled in Berlin as conductor of the KroUorch., 
 and (i?ib^ Kapellm. of the Wallner Th., where 
 his numerous farces, operettas, etc., have been 
 performed ; later, cond. of Italian opera in Ber- 
 lin, and concert-agent in New York. 
 
 Bi'al, Karl, brother of Rudolf ; b. Habel- 
 schwerdt, July 14, 1833; d. Steglitz, n. Berlin, 
 Dec. 21, 1892. Pianist and music-teacher; he 
 composed interesting pf. -music and songs. 
 
 Bian'chi, Francesco, b. Cremona, 1752; d. 
 Bologna, Sept. 24, 1811 (ace. to some at Ham- 
 mersmith, Nov. 27, 1810). From 1775-8, ni. al 
 cembalo at Ital. Opera, Paris, where his first 
 opera. La rMuction de Paris, was prod. (1775); 
 up to iSoo he wrote 47 operas, of pleasing, but 
 ephemeral quality; went to Florence, 1780 ; to 
 Venice, 1785, as org. at San Marco ; and to 
 London, 1793, as cond. at the King's Th. — His 
 treatise " Dell' attrazione armonica" was never 
 publ. He was the teacher of H. R. Bishop. 
 
 Bian'chi, Valentine, soprano stage-singer; 
 b. Wilna, 1839 ; d. Candau, Kurland, P'eb. 28, 
 1884. Studied at Paris Cons. ; debut Frankfort, 
 1855 ; eng. at Schwerin (1855-61), Stettin, St. 
 Petersburg (1862-5), ^.nd Moscow (until 1867) ; 
 retired 1870. 
 
 Bian'chi, Bianca {rectius Schiwarz), high 
 soprano opera-singer; b. in a village on the 
 Neckar, June 27, 185S ; pupil of Wilczek (Hei- 
 delberg) and Mme. Viardot-Garcia (Paris), Pol- 
 lini paying her expenses and then engaging her 
 for 10 years. Debut at Karlsruhe, 1873, as 
 Barberina in Figaro. Sang at London, Mann- 
 heim, Karlsruhe, and was eng. at Vienna in 
 1880. 
 
 Bian'chi, Eliodoro, contemporary opera- 
 composer. — Works : Garad'amore (Bari, 1873) ; 
 Sarah ; A Imanzor. 
 
 Bianchi'ni, Pietro, b. Venice, Oct. 18, 1828. 
 Began as violinist in the P'enice Th. orch. ; 1869 
 m. di capp. at Feltre ; 1871, Conegliano ; 1874, 
 Parenzo d'Istria ; 1878-87 at Trieste as teacher 
 of vln., cpt. and comp.; now Director of the Mu- 
 sic School of the Padri Armeni, Venice. — 
 
BIBER— BILLINGTON 
 
 Works : Symphonies, string-quartets and -trios, 
 masses, songs, and pf. -music. 
 
 Bi'ber, Heinrich Johann Franz von, b. 
 
 Wartenberg, Bohemia, 1644 ; d. Salzburg, May 
 3, 1704. Noteworthy violinist and composer, 
 one of the founders of the German school of 
 violin-playing. He was successively in the ser- 
 vice of the Emperor Leopold I. (who ennobled 
 him), the Bavarian court, and the Archbishop of 
 Salzburg. He publ. a number of vln. -sonatas 
 (one is in David's " Hohe Schule"), and other 
 pieces. 
 
 Bi'ber, Aloys, distinguished Bavarian piano- 
 maker; b. Ellingen, 1804 ; d. Munich, Dec. 13, 
 1S58. 
 
 Bie'dermann [bee-], tax-receiver at Beich- 
 lingen, Thuringia, abt. 1786, is noteworthy as a 
 real virtuoso on the hurdy-gurdy, which he con- 
 siderably improved. 
 
 Bie'dermann, Edward Julius, b. Milwau- 
 kee, Wis., Nov. 8, 1849. !>on and pupil of 
 A. Julius B.; also studied pf., org., and theory 
 in Germany, 1858-64. Organist in turn at the 
 following New York churches : St. Augustine's 
 (R. €.), St. Gabriel's (R. C), Dutch Reformed, 
 and (since 1888) at St. Mary's (R. C.). Has 
 lived for 30 years in N. Y. as a teacher. — 
 Works: 2 grand masses f. soli, ch., org. and 
 orch. ; a number of anthems ; vocal duets and 
 solos (sacred and secular). 
 
 Biehl, Albert, pianist and teacher; b. Rudol- 
 stadt, Germany, Aug. 16, 1833. Publ. trios, 
 songs, and many valuable instructive pf. -works 
 fully abreast of modern technic: " Vorschule 
 zur Fingertechnik," op. 139 ; op. 164, Etudes 
 f. vln. w. accomp. of a 2nd vln.; op. 170, 20 
 melod. Vortrags- u. Gelaufigkeits-Studien f. pf.; 
 op. 179, Fingerfertigkeits-Etuden furdie Mittel- 
 stufe ; etc., etc. 
 
 Bier'ey, Gottlob Benedikt, b. Dresden, 
 July 25, 1772 ; d. Breslau, May 5, 1840. Pupil 
 of C. E. Weinlig, Dresden ; was director of a 
 travelling opera-troupe until the success of his 
 opera Wladimir (Vienna, 1807) caused his app. 
 as Kapellm. at Breslau, succeeding Weber ; he 
 was theatre-director there 1824-8, when he re- 
 tired. — Works : 26 operas and operettas ; 10 
 cantatas, masses, orchestral and chamber-music, 
 etc. 
 
 Bie'se, Wilhelm, b. Rathenow, Apr. 20, 
 1822, piano-maker (chiefly uprights) ; est. since 
 1853 in Berlin. 
 
 Biga'glia, Padre Diogenio, Benedictine 
 monk of Venice, publ. in 1725 twelve sonatas f. 
 solo violin or flute. Other works in MS. 
 
 Bigna'mi, Carlo, called by Paganini " il 
 primo vioHnista d'ltalia"; b. Cremona, Dec. 6, 
 1808 ; d. Voghera, Aug. 2, 1848. Was in turn 
 opera-conductor at Cremona (1827), Milan, and 
 (1833) Verona ; returning to Cremona 1837, he 
 became director and first violin of the orchestra, 
 and made it one of the best in Lombardy. — 
 
 Works : A violin-concerto ; CapriccI o StudJper 
 violino ; Fantasias ; Grande Adagio ; Polacca ; 
 Variations, etc. 
 
 Bigna'mi, Enrico, b. 1842 (?), d. Genoa, 
 Feb., 1894. Violinist and composer. — Operas; 
 Anna Rosa (Genoa, '92 ; succ.) ; Gian Luigi 
 Feschi (never produced). 
 
 Bi'gnio, Louis von, lyric baritone stage- 
 singer; b. Pesth, 1839 1 trained at Pesth Cons., 
 and by Rossi and Gentiluomo. Debut Pesth 
 (German Th., 1858); eng. 1858-63- at the Hun- 
 garian National Th.; then, till 1883, at the 
 Vienna Court Opera, when he was pensioned, 
 and returned to Pesth (Nat. Th.). Was also well 
 received as a concert-singer (in London, etc.). 
 
 Bigot, Marie {n^e Kiene), b. Kolmar, Up- 
 per Alsatia, Mar. 3, 1786 ; d. Paris, Sept. i5, 
 1820. A distinguished pianist, she lived for 
 years in Vienna, where she was known and es- 
 teemed by Beethoven ; went to Paris in 1808, 
 and gave piano-lessons from 1812 on. 
 
 Bilhon (or Billon), Jean de, singer in the 
 Papal Chapel, first half of i6th century. Masses, 
 magnificats, and motets by him are in collec- 
 tions (1534-44). 
 
 Bille'ma, Carlo (b. Naples, abt. 1822), and 
 Raffaele (b. Naples, 1820 ; d. Saintes, Dec. 
 25, 1874), two brothers, both pianists, and com- 
 posers of salon-music. Raffaele lived for a time 
 in Tunis, and from 1855 as a music-teacher in 
 Saintes. 
 
 Bil'lert, Karl Friedrich August, b. Alt- 
 stettin, Sept. 14, 1821 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 22, 1875. 
 Musician (contributor to the Mendel-Reiss- 
 mann " Musiklexikon "), and painter. 
 
 Billet, Alexandre-Philippe, b. St. Peters- 
 burg, March 14, 1817 ; pupil of Paris Cons.; 
 pianist and composer at London. 
 
 Bil'leter, Agathon, b. Mannedorf, Lake 
 of Zurich, Nov. 21, 1S34. Studied at Leipzig 
 Cons., and became organist and conductor at 
 Burgdorf, Switzerland. Very popular composer 
 of part-songs f. men's voices. 
 
 Billings, William, b. Boston, Mass., Oct. 7, 
 1746 ; d. there Sept. 29, 1800. Writer of hymn- 
 tunes, anthems, etc., of which he publ. several col- 
 lections : — "The New England Psalm-Singer" 
 (1770), "The Singing Master's Assistant" 
 (1776), "Music in Miniature" (1779), "The 
 Psalm Singer's Amusement" (1781), " 'The Suf- 
 folk Harmony ; Containing Tunes, Fugues and 
 Anthems" (1786), " The Continental Harmony" 
 (1794). Billings was, in his rough way, a pio- 
 neer of good church-music in America ; he first 
 used the pitch-pipe, introduced the 'cello into 
 church-choirs, and is said to have originated 
 concerts in New England. 
 
 Bil'Iington, Elizabeth {n<>e Weichsel), b. 
 London, abt. 1768; d. near Venice, Aug. 25, 
 i8i8. Her father and first teacher was a.Ger- 
 
 66 
 
BILLROTH— BIRNBACH 
 
 man clarinettist ; Joh. Chr. Bach taught her 
 later. She was a soprano stage-singer of great 
 beauty, yet a poor actress ; her voice is said to 
 have been marvellous, and of wide range (3 oc- 
 taves) : 
 
 Sva 
 
 In 1784, she married James Billington, a 
 double-bass player ; they went to Dublin, where 
 she made her debut in opera in Orpheus et Eury- 
 dice ; at London she first appeared as Rosetta 
 in Love in a Village (Covent Garden, 1786), and 
 her success led to an engagement. She remained 
 in London till 1794; sang in Naples, 1794 (in 
 which year her husband died), and at Venice, 
 1796; married a M. Felissent, 1798, but soon 
 left him, returned to London, and sang at Drury 
 Lane, Covent Garden, and the Ancient and 
 Vocal Concerts (1801-17). In 1817, she was 
 reconciled to M. Felissent, and retired to her 
 estate of St. Artien, near Venice, in 1818. 
 
 Bill'roth [-rot], Johann Gustav Friedrich, 
 b. Hall, n. Liibeck, Feb. 17, 180S ; d. Halle, 
 Mar. 28, 1836, as prof, of philos. With Karl 
 Ferd. Becker he publ. a coll. of Chorales of the 
 l6th and 17th centuries ; also contributed to 
 mus. papers. 
 
 BilKroth, Theodor, eminent surgeon ; b. 
 Bergen, Isle of Riigen, Apr. 26, 1829 ; d. Ab- 
 bazia, Feb. 6, 1894. Intimate friend of Brahms 
 and Hanslick ; the latter wrote about him in his 
 autobiography. — Writings on music : " Let- 
 ters " (Hanover, 1896) ; " Wer ist musikalisch ? " 
 (Berlin, 1896 ; posthumous, edited by Hans- 
 lick). 
 
 Bil'se, Benjamin, b. Liegnitz, Aug. 17, 
 1816. He was " Stadtmusikus " at Liegnitz, 
 and brought his orchestra to a remarkable de- 
 gree of perfection, so that his concerts and con- 
 cert-tours were social events. From 1868-84 
 he was est. at the " Concerthaus " in Berlin, 
 and gave very popular concerts. He retired 
 1894 with the title of " Hofmusikus." 
 
 Binchois (Gilles de Binche, called Bin- 
 chois), b. Binche (or Bins), in (Belgian) Hai- 
 naut, abt. 1400 ; d. Lille, 1460 ; was one of the 
 earliest composers of the first Netherland School; 
 A few compositions (a mass in 3 parts, several 
 3-part chansons, etc., and 6 rondeaux) are ex- 
 tant in MS. 
 
 Bin'der, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, cele- 
 brated harp-maker at Weimar abt. 1797, was b. 
 Dresden, 1764. 
 
 Bin'der, Karl, b. Vienna, Nov. 29, 1816 ; d. 
 there Nov. 5, i860. 1st Kafellm. at Josef- 
 stadter Th., 1839-47 ; went to Hamburg, thence 
 to Pressburg, and then returned to Vienna. — 
 Works : Der Wiener Schuster hut (melodr. , 
 
 1840); Die J IVitt/rauen (opera., 1841) ; Purzel 
 (vaudev., 1843) ; overture and choruses toElmar, 
 a drama ; psalms w. orch. ; songs w. pf. 
 
 Bio'ni, Antonio, dramatic comp. ; b. Venice, 
 1698, d. (?). He wrote 26 operas, a few for 
 Italy, but most for Breslau, where he was mus. 
 director and manager of an Italian opera-troupe 
 1726-33. 
 
 Birch'all, Robert, London music-publisher ; 
 d. 1819. His circulating mus. library was one 
 of the first ever established. His successors 
 were Lonsdale and Mills. 
 
 Bir'ckenstock [ber'ken-], Johann Adam, 
 violinist ; b. Alsfeld, Hesse-Darmstadt, Feb. 19, 
 1687 ; d. Eisenach, Feb. 26, 1733 ; in 1721 
 leader, 1725 Kapellm., at Kassel ; 1730-33, 
 Kapellm. at Eisenach. — Works : 12 vln.-sonatas 
 w. basso continuo (Amsterdam, 1722) ; 12 do. 
 (1730) ; 12 concertos f. 4 vlns. obbl., via., 'cello, 
 and basso cont. (1730). 
 
 Bird, Arthur, b. Cambridge, Mass., July 23, 
 1856. St. in Berlin, 1875-7, under Haupt,Loesch- 
 horn, and Rohde. Returning to America, he 
 became organist at the Kirk, Halifax, N. S. ; 
 also teaching at the Young Ladies' Acad, and 
 the St. Vincent Acad. He founded the first male • 
 chorus in Nova Scotia. In 1881, at Berlin, he 
 studied comp. and orchestration with H. Urban; 
 the summer of 1885-6 was spent with Liszt at 
 Weimar. His first concert (1886), at Berlin, 
 was successful ; the same year, B. paid his last 
 visit to America, and has since lived in Berlin 
 (Grunewald). — Works : A symphony in A, and 
 3 suites f . orch. ; serenade f . wind-instr.s ; for pf. : 
 " Puppentanze " (4 pes.), op. 10; 3 character- 
 istic marches, op. 11 ; 3 waltzes, op. 12 ; Zwei 
 Poesien f. 4 hands ; Introd. and Fugue ; Varia- 
 tions and Fugue ; 3 Suites ; Sketches ; Ballet- 
 music ; 2 pes. f. pf. and vln., etc.; the comic 
 opera Daphne (New York, 1897), and a ballet, 
 Riibezahl. 
 
 Bird, William. See Byrd. 
 
 Bir'kler, Georg Wilhelm, b. Buchau, Wurt- 
 temberg, May 23, 1820 ; d. June 10, 1877, as 
 prof, at Ehingen (WUrtt.) gymnasium. — Comp. 
 masses, vesper psalms, etc., f. mixed and men's 
 voices; wrote about old church-music in Catholic 
 mus. papers. 
 
 Birn'bach, Karl Joseph, b. Kopernick, Si- 
 lesia, 1751; d. Warsaw, May 29, i8o5,as Aa/rf/wz. 
 of the German Theatre. — Works: 2 operas; ora- 
 torios, cantatas, masses ; 10 orchestral sym- 
 phonies, 16 pf.-concertos, 10 vln-concertos ; 
 many quartets and quintets; pf.-music ; etc. 
 
 Birn'bach, Joseph Benjamin Heinrich, son 
 of preceding, b. Breslau, Jan. 8, 1795; d. Berlin, 
 Aug. 24, 1879. Pianist, pupil of his father; 
 teacher in Breslau, 1814-21, then in Berlin, 
 where he founded a musical institute; Nicolai, 
 Kticken, and Dehn were some of his pupils. — 
 Works: 2 symphonies, and 2 overtures, f. orch.; 
 concertos f. pf., and f. oboe, clar. , and guitar; 
 quintet ; duos ; fantasias and sonatas f . pf . ; etc. 
 
 67 
 
BISACCIA— BITTER 
 
 Bisac'cia, Giovanni, b. 1815; d. Naples, Dec. 
 20, 1897. Pupil, in Cons, of S. Pietro a Majella, 
 of Crescentini (singing) and Raimondi and Doni- 
 zetti (comp.). A singer in the Nuovo and San 
 Carlo theatres; later singing-teacher, also m. di 
 capp. in the church of San Fernando, for which 
 he wrote some music. In 1838 he brought out 
 2 mus. i-act farces, / tre scioperati and // figlio 
 adottivo (Cons, theatre); and in 1858 an opera 
 buffa Dom Taddeo, ovvero la Solachianello di 
 Casoria .(teatro Nuovo). 
 
 Biscaccian'ti, Eliza {nife Ostinelli), b. Bos- 
 ton, Mass., i824(7?);d. July (?), i8g6. St. in 
 Italy under Vaccai, Lamperti, etc. Returned 
 to New York in 1847; married Marquis B.; 
 brilliant debut ; sang in opera and concert in 
 Boston and Philadelphia; soon went back to 
 Europe, and sang in various cities. In Boston 
 again 1858; travelled to San Francisco and S. 
 America, and again to Europe. Earned a liveli- 
 hood by teaching (in Italy — Rome — and else- 
 where). 
 
 Bisch'off, Georg Friedrich, the founder of 
 the German mus. festivals; b. Ellrich, Harz 
 Mts., Sept. 21, 1780; d. Hildesheim, Sept. 7, 
 1841, where he had been musical director since 
 1816. He arranged the first Thuringian Festival 
 at Frankenhausen (July 20 and 21, 1810), at which 
 Spohr acted both as conductor and soloist. 
 
 Bisch'off, Ludwig Friedrich Christian, b. 
 
 Dessau (where his father, Karl, was court-mu- 
 sician), Nov. 27, 1794; d. Cologne, Feb. 24, 
 1867. 1823-49, director of gymnasium at We- 
 sel; founder (1850) and editor of the " Rhei- 
 nische Musikzeitung " at Cologne, superseded 
 (1853) by the " Niederrheinische Musikzei- 
 tung" ; he translated UHbischeff's " Beethoven" 
 (1859) into German. 
 
 Bisch'off, Kasper Jakob, b. Ansbach, Apr. 
 7, 1823; d. Munich, Oct. 26, 1893, where he 
 studied (1842) under Ett, Stuntz, and Franz 
 Lachner, and 1848-9 in Leipzig. Founded 
 (1850) an " Evangelical Sacred Choral Society " 
 at Frankfort, where he lived as a singing-teacher. 
 — Works: An opera, Maske und Mantilla (Frank- 
 fort, 1852); 3 symphonies; overture to Hamlet; 
 chamber and church-music, etc. ; also a " Manual 
 of Harmony" (1890). 
 
 Bisch'off, Hans, accomplished pianist and 
 teacher; b. Berlin, p"eb. 17, 1852; d. Nieder- 
 schonhausen, n. Berlin, June 12, i88g. Pupil 
 of Th. KuUak and K. Wiierst, and also student 
 at Berlin Univ. {Dr. phil., 1873); 1873, teacher 
 of pf. at Kullak's Acad.; 1879, ^Iso of peda- 
 ■ gogics; also taught at Stern Cons, fcir a short 
 time, and conducted (with Hellmich) the Monday 
 Concerts of the Berlin " Singakademie." He 
 edited' the 2nd and 3rd editions of Dr. Ad. Kul- 
 lak's ".iEsthetik des Klavierspiels" (Berlin, 1876 
 and 1889; Engl, transl. New York, 1895); publ. 
 an " Auswahl Handel'scher Klavierwerke," a 
 " Kritische Ausgabe von J. S. Bach's Klavier- 
 werken," etc. 
 
 Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, noted English 
 composer; b. London, Nov. 18, 1786; d. there 
 Apr. 30, 1855. Pu- 
 pil of Francesco 
 Bianchi ; attracted 
 attention by his first 
 opera, The Circas- 
 sian Bride (Drury 
 Lane, 1809); 1810- 
 II comp. and cond. 
 at Covent Garden, 
 I 8 I 3 alternate 
 cond. of the Phil- 
 harmonic, i8i9ora- 
 torio-cond. at Cov- 
 ent Garden, 1825 
 cond. at Drury Lane 
 Th., 1S30 Musical 
 Director at Vauxhall; took degree of Mus. Bac. 
 at Oxford, 1839; 1840-1 mus. dir. at Covent 
 Garden; 1841-3, Prof, of Mus. at Edinburgh; 
 knighted in 1842; cond. of Ancient Concerts, 
 1840—8; in 1848 was app. prof, of mus. at Ox- 
 ford, where he received the degree of Mus. Doc. 
 in 1853. He was a remarkably prolific dramatic 
 composer, having produced over 80 operas, 
 farces, ballets, etc. His operas are generally 
 in the style of English ballad-opera; some of 
 the best are Coriez, The Fall oj Algiers, The 
 Knight of Snowdoun, and Oberon. He also 
 wrote The Fallen Angel {oratorio). The Seventh 
 Day (cantata), etc. ; his glees and other lyric 
 vocal productions are deservedly esteemed. He 
 publ. vol. i of "Melodies of Various Nations"; 
 also 3 vol.s of national melodies, to which 
 Moore's poems are set. 
 
 Bisp'ham [bisp'-hara], David, dramatic bari- 
 tone; b. Philadelphia, about i860. At first, 
 singer in church and oratorio; 1885-7 st. in Italy 
 (Vannuccini); then in London (\Vm. Shake- 
 speare), and again in Italy. From 1891 he has 
 sung in opera at Covent Garden, with growing 
 success. In America, seasons of 1896-7 and 
 1898-g. A favorite concert-singer. Roles (over 
 40 prepared; favorites in sm. caps.): Pizzarro; 
 Caspar and Ottokar {Freischutz); Mephistoph- 
 eles and Valentin ; Escamillo {Carmen); De 
 Nevers ; Figaro {Nozze) ; Tonio and Silvio 
 {Pagliacct); Alfio (Caval. rust); Vulcan {Phil: 
 et Baucis), Mefisto (Boito, M ejislofells) ; 
 Philippo {Don Carlos); lago. — Falstaff; 
 Kurwenal; Hans Sachs; Beckmesser; Wol- 
 fram; Alberich; Wotan; Handing. 
 
 Bit'ter, Karl Hermann, b. Schwedt-on- 
 Oder, Feb. 27, 1813 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 12, 1885. 
 From 1879-82, Prussian Minister of Finance. 
 Wrote " Joh. Seb. Bach" (ist ed. 1865, 2 
 vol.s ; 2nd, i88i, 4 vol.s) ; " Mozart's Don 
 Juan und Gluck's Iphigenia in Tauris ; ein 
 Versuch neuer Cfbersetzungen " (1866) ; " K. Ph. 
 E. und W. Friedemann Bach und deren Brlider" 
 (1868, 2 vol.s) ; " Uber Gervinus' ' Handel u. , 
 Shakespeare'" (1869); " Beitrage zur Gesch. 
 des Oratoriums " (1872); " Studie zum Stabat 
 
 68 
 
BITTONI— BLANC 
 
 Mater" (1883^; "Die Reform der Oper durch 
 Gluck und Wagner" (18S4) ; editor of Karl 
 Lowe's Autobiography (1870). 
 
 Bitto'ni, Bernardo, organist, and comp. of 
 admirable sacred music (in MS.) ; b. Fabriano, 
 1755 ; d. there May 18, 1829. — Biogr. by Alfieri. 
 
 Bizet, Georges [baptismal names, Alex- 
 andre-Cfoar-L6opoId], b. Paris, Oct. 25, 
 1838 ; d. Bougival, June 3, 1875. He entered 
 the Paris Cons, at 
 nine, his teachers 
 being Marmontel 
 (pf.), Benoist 
 (org.), Zimmerman 
 (harm.), and Ha- 
 levy, his future 
 father-in-law 
 (comp.). In 1857 
 he took, among 78 
 competitors, the 
 prize offered by Of- 
 fenbach for the 
 composition of an 
 opera buffa, Le doc- 
 teur Miracle, and 
 also won the Grand 
 prix de Rome. Instead of the prescribed mass, he 
 sent from Rome, during his first year, a 2-act Ital. 
 opera buffa, Don Procopio ; later he sent 2 move- 
 ments of a symphony, an overture {La Chasse 
 d'Ossian), and a comic opera (La Guzla de 
 V&mir). Returning, he prod, a grand opera, 
 Les phheurs de perles (Th.-Lyrique, 1863) ; 
 but this work, and also La jolie Jille de Perth 
 (1867), failed of popular approval. A i-act 
 opera, Djamileh (1872), fared no better ; in all 
 his music B. revealed a strong leaning towards 
 Wagner, then so unpopular in France ; — but 
 Pasdeloup brought out his overture Patrie, and 
 the 2 symphonic movements, with success. The 
 incidental music to Daudet's I' Arlhienne 
 (1872), however, turned the tide of popular fa- 
 vor ; and the striking success of Carmen (Opera- 
 Com., Mar. 3, 1875), showed what B. might 
 have done had he been spared ; he died just 
 three months after his hardly won triumph. Be- 
 sides the above-mentioned works, B. comp. two 
 operas, Numa (1871), Ivan le Terrible (not 
 perf.); abt. 150 pf.-pcs. of all kinds (he was a 
 brilliant pianist), and songs, etc. — Ch. Pigot 
 wrote " Bizet et son oeuvre " (1886). 
 
 Blaes [blahs], Arnold Joseph, b. Brussels, 
 Dec. I, 1814 ; d. there Jan. (?), 1892. Clarinet- 
 tist, pupil of Bachmann, whom he succeeded in 
 1842 as solo clarinet and teacher at the Brussels 
 Cons. 
 
 Blagrove, Henry Gamble, violinist ; b. 
 Nottingham, Oct. 20, 181 1 ; d. London, Dec. 
 15, 1872. Pupil of his father, R. M. Blagrove, 
 and played in public at 5 ; was the first pupil of 
 the R. A. M. (opened 1823), where he took the 
 silver medal iii 1824. Studied under Spohr at 
 Kassel, 1833-4 > ^.fter which he played at the 
 
 69 
 
 leading London concerts and provincial festi- 
 vals. 
 
 Blagrove, Richard Manning (brother of M. 
 G.), b. Nottingham, 1827 (?) ; d. London, Oct. 
 21, 1S95. Ent. R. A. M. 1837 ; st. viola under 
 PI. Hill, for 4 years ; some years later, app. 1st 
 prof, of viola in R. A. M. He succeeded Hill 
 as 1st viola in the orch. of the Philh. Soc. in 
 1856 ; and played at the Three Choir Festivals. 
 
 Bla'hag (or Blahak), Josef, b. Raggendorf, 
 Hungary, 1779; d. Vienna, Dec. 15, 1846 ; from 
 1S02-23, tenor at the Leopoldstadter Th., Vi- 
 enna ; 1824, Kapellm. of St. Peter's, Vienna, 
 succeeding Preindl. — Works : 14 masses ; 25 
 graduals ; 29 offertories ; 10 Tantum ergos ; 2 
 Te Deums. 
 
 Blahet'ka (or Plahetka), Marie-L6opol- 
 dine, pianist and composer ; b. Guntramsdorf, 
 n. Vienna, Nov. 15, 1811 ; d. Boulogne, Jan. 
 17, 1887. St. pf.-playing under Josef Czerny, 
 Kalkbrenner, and Moscheles ; comp. under 
 Sechter. A brilliant pianist, she made success- 
 ful tours, and composed effective pf.-pcs. (con- 
 certos, polonaises, rondos, sonatas, variations, 
 pf.-trios, etc.), and songs ; also wrote an opera. 
 Die Rduher und die Sanger (Vienna, 1830). She 
 resided from 1840 in Boulogne. 
 
 Blainville, Charles-Henri, b. in a village n. 
 Tours, 1711; d. Paris, 1769. He was a 'cellist, 
 music-teacher and composer, his most noted 
 work being a symphony (1751) in the "mode 
 hellenique " [e-f-g-a-b-c-d-e], which excited 
 Rousseau's admiration and Sarre's pungent 
 criticism. — Writings : L'harmonie theorico- 
 pratique" (1751) ; " L'esprit de I'art musical" 
 (1754; German transl. in Killer's "Nachrich- 
 ten"); and " Histoire generale, critique et 
 philologique de la musique" (1767). 
 
 Blake, Charles Dupee, b. Walpole, Mass., 
 Sept. 13, 1847. Pupil of J. C. D. Parker, Da- 
 vid Paine, T. P. Ryder, J. K. Paine, and H. 
 Pond. Organist, in turn, at Wrentham and 
 HoUiston, Mass. ; of the ]3romfield St. M. E. 
 Ch., Boston, and the Union Ch., Boston. — 
 Works : Many easy pf.-pcs. ; Christmas carols, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Blamont, Frangois-Colin de, b. Versailles, 
 Nov. 22, 1690; d. there, Feb. 14, 1760. A pu- 
 pil of Lalande, he became superintendent of 
 the King's music, and comp. many court bal- 
 lets, " fetes," operas, etc. ; also 3 books of can- 
 tatas, 2 of motets, and numerous songs. Wrote 
 " Essai sur les goilts anciens et modernes de la 
 musique franyaise " (1754). 
 
 Blanc, Adolphe, b. Manosque, Basses- 
 Alpes, June 24, 1828. Pupil of Paris Cons. 
 (1841), and private pupil of Halevy. The 
 Prix Chartier was awarded him in 1862 for 
 chamber-music. For a short time he was con- 
 ductor at the Theatre-Lyrique. — Works : A i- 
 act comic opera, Une aventure sous la Ligue ; 
 2 operettas, Les deux billets (1868), and Les 
 
BLANCHARD— BLAZE 
 
 reves de Marguerite; a burlesque symphony ; an 
 overture ; trios, quartets, quintets and septets f . 
 strings, with and without pf. ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Blanchard, Henri - Louis, b. Bordeaux, 
 Feb. 7, 1778; d. Paris, Dec. 18, 1858. Violin- 
 ist and composer ; conductor (1818—29) ^' '^^ 
 Theatre des Varietes, Paris; 1830— 3 manager of 
 the Theatre Moli^re. Later he became a dis- 
 tinguished mus. critic. — Works: 2 operas; con- 
 certini, and airs varies, f. vln. ; quartets f . vlns. ; 
 do. f. violas ; duos f. vlns.; etc. Some of his 
 chamber-music is valuable. 
 
 Blangi'ni, Giuseppe Marco Maria Felice, 
 
 b. Turin, Nov. 18, 1781; d. Paris, Dec. 18, 
 1841. In 1789, choir-boy at Turin cathedral ; 
 at 12 he played the cathedral organ, composed 
 sacred music, and was a skilful 'cellist. In 1797 
 the family moved to the south of France, and 
 in 1799 to Paris ; B. gave concerts, wrote fash- 
 ionable romances, and came into vogue as an 
 opera-composer in 1802, when he completed 
 Delia-Maria's La fausse duhgne ; as a singing- 
 teacher he was also in request. After producing 
 an opera in Munich (1805), he was app. court 
 Kapellm. (1806), and Princess Borghese made 
 him her Director of Music. King Jerome app. 
 him General Music-Director at Kassel, 1809 ; 
 he returned to Paris in 1814, and was made 
 superintendent of the King's music and com- 
 poser to the Court, and also prof, of singing at 
 the Cons.; but in 1830 he lost all his places at 
 Court, and passed the remainder of his days 
 in comparative obscurity. He wrote 30 operas, 
 A masses w. orch., 170 notturnos f. 2 voices, 
 and 174 romances f. one voice. M. de Ville- 
 marest edited his autobiography: "Souvenirs 
 de F". Blangini " (Paris, 1834). 
 
 Blan'kenburg, Quirin van, b. Gouda, Hol- 
 land, 1C54 ; d. The Hague, 1749, as org. of 
 the Reformed Church. Rewrote " Elementa 
 musica " (1739), ^"d " Clavicembel en Orgelboek 
 der Psalmen en kerkgezangen " [of the Ref . 
 Ch.] (1732 ; 3rd ed., 1772). 
 
 Blan'kenburg, Christian Friedrich von, b. 
 
 Kolberg, Pomerania, Jan. 24, 1744; d. Leipzig, 
 May 4, 1796. Prussian officer, retired on pen- 
 sion in 1777. Publ. a musical supplem. to 
 Sulzer's " Theorie der schonen KUnste " (in the 
 2nd ed., 1792-4). 
 
 BIa''ramberg, Paul I., b. Orenburg, Russia, 
 Sept. 26, 1841. Pupil of Balakirev. Law- 
 student, government statistician, and journalist, 
 since 1870 editor of the Moscow " Russian 
 Gazette"; has composed the operas Maria 
 7"«afc?- (St. Petersburg, 1882); The first Russian 
 Comedian (ibid.); Tuschinsky (Moscow, 1895; v. 
 succ); also music to Ostrovski's Voiz/ade y. and a 
 cantata, T/ie Demon (after Lermontov). 
 
 Bla'sius, Mathieu-Fr6d6ric, b. Lauter- 
 burg, Alsatia, Apr. 23, 1758; d. Versailles, 
 1829. Violinist, clarinettist, flutist, and bas- 
 soonist ; 1791-1816, conductor at the Opera- 
 Comique, Paris, and 1795-1802 prof, of wind- 
 
 instr.s at the Cons. — He wrote 3 operas ; 3 melo. 
 dramas ; string-quartets ; 3 violin-concertos, 
 etc.; but his most popular comp.s were for the 
 above wind-instr. s in various combinations. 
 
 Blass'mann, Adolf Joseph Maria, b. Dres- 
 den, Oct. 27, 1823; d. Bautzen, June 30, 1891, 
 Pianist, pupil of Ch. Mayer and Liszt ; at first 
 teacher at Dresden Cons.; then (1862-4) cond. 
 of the "Euterpe," Leipzig; 1867, court 
 Kapellm. at Sondershausen, whence he returned 
 to Dresden. — Works : Minor pf.-pcs. 
 
 Blatt, Franz Thaddaus, b. Prague, 1793, 
 d. (?). Clarinettist, pupil of Farnick and Dionys 
 Weber (comp.) at Prague Cons., where he was 
 app. asst.-teacher (1818), and regular teacher in 
 1820.— Works : " Complete Method f. Clari- 
 net"; 12 caprices in e'tiide-form, f. clar.; trios 
 f. clar., op. 3 ; 3 duos concertants f. clar., op, 
 29 ; variations, caprices, etudes, etc., f. clar. 
 
 Blau'waert, Emiel, bass-baritone concert- 
 singer ; b. St. Nicholas, Belgium, June 13, 
 1845 ; d. Brussels, Feb. 3 (2 ?), 1891. Pupil of 
 Brussels Cons. (Goossens and Warnots); debut 
 1865 in Benoit's Lucifer as the " Spotgeest " 
 (mocking spirit); also sang the role of Gurne- 
 manz in Parsifal at Baireuth. 
 
 Blaze [called Castil-Blaze], Frangois- 
 Henri-Joseph, the father of modern French 
 musical criticism ; b. Cavaillon, Vaucluse, Dec. 
 I, 1784; d. Paris, Dec. II, 1857. Taught by 
 his father, Henri-Sebastien Blaze [1763-1833], in 
 early youth ; he went to Paris tb study law, but 
 kept up his musical studies, and finally (1820) 
 devoted himself wholly to music. His work 
 " L'Opera en France " (1820), a telling arraign- 
 ment of contemporary French opera-production, 
 won him first of all the post of critic on the 
 "Journal des Debats"; his articles, signed 
 " XXX," made him a power among musicians. 
 During 40 years of uninterrupted literary activ- 
 ity, he publ. many works on music : " Diction- 
 naire demusique moderne " (1821, 2 vol.s ; 2nd 
 ed.,' 1825 ; 3rd ed., edited by J. H. Mees, with 
 historical preface, and a supplement of Neth- 
 erland musicians, 1828, i vol.) ; " Chapelle 
 musique des Rois de France" (1832); "La 
 Danse et les Ballets depuis Bacchus jusqu'a 
 Mademoiselle Taglioni" (1832); " Memorial du 
 grand Opera " (from Cambert, 1669, down to 
 and incl. the Restauration) ; " Le Piano ; hist. 
 de son invention, etc." (in the " Revue de 
 Paris, "_^ 1839-40); " Moliere musicien " (185?); 
 "Theatres lyriques de Paris " (2 vol.s on the 
 Grand Opera [1855], and on the Italian opera 
 1548-1856 [1856]). His translations of German 
 and Italian opera-libretti {Der Freischiitz. Dm 
 Giovanni, Figaro, II Barbiere, Fidelia, Lagmm 
 ladra, and many others) gave a great and needed 
 impetus to the production of these operas in 
 France. He composed 3 operas, and several 
 skilfully contrived "pastiches"; a collection 
 of "Chants de la .Provence"; chamber-music, 
 romances, etc. 
 
 70 
 
BLAZE— BLUM 
 
 Blaze, Henri, Baron de Bury, son of pre- 
 ceding; b. Avignon, 1813; d. Paris, March 15, 
 1888. His title was bestowed on him while the 
 ~^' attache of an embassy; before and after which 
 ( time he devoted himself to literary work. He 
 ; wrote "Etudes litteraires sur Beethoven"; 
 " Musique des drames de Shakespeare"; 
 " Pontes et Musiciens de I'AUemagne"; and 
 many other essays, historical, Eesthetical, and 
 biographical, for the " Revue des deux Mon- 
 des." 
 
 Bleu'er, Ludwig, violinist ; b. Buda-Pesth, 
 
 J Aug. 21, 1863; d. Berlin, Sept. 15, 1897. St. 
 
 I with Prof. Griln (Vienna) and in the Berlin 
 
 " Hochschule "; 1883-93, leader of Philh. Orch., 
 
 Berlin; 1894, of Detroit Philh. Club. 
 
 Bletz'acher, Joseph, b. Schwoich, Tyrol, 
 Aug. 14, 1835; d. Hanover, June 16, 1895 ; for 
 25 years principal bass at the Royal Theatre, 
 Hanover. 
 
 Blew'itt, Jonathan, b. London, 1782; d. 
 there Sept. 4, 1853; pupil of his father, Jonas 
 B., and Battishill. Org. in several London and 
 provincial churches, finally at St. Andrew's, 
 Dublin (1811), and comp. and cond. at the Th. 
 Royal there; also grand organist to the Masonic 
 Soc. of Ireland. Returning to London in 1826, 
 he became mus. director at Sadler's Wells Th., 
 and brought out several stage-pieces with inci- 
 dental music, pantomimes, etc., at Drury Lane 
 and elsewhere. He wrote many popular songs ; 
 also a treatise on singing, "The Vocal Assist- 
 ant." 
 
 Blied, Jacob, b. Bruhl-on-Rhine, Mar. 16, 
 1844; d. there Jan. 14, 1884. Music-teacher 
 (1874) at the Teachers' Seminary in Brilhl. 
 Wrote didactic works for pf., vln., and voice; 
 also masses, motets, etc. 
 
 Bloch, Georg, b. Breslau, Nov. 2, 1847. 
 Pupil of Hainsch and J. Schubert ; later, at 
 Berlin, of Taubert and K. Geyer. Teacher in 
 Breslaur's Cons., Berlin ; founder (1879) ^"<^ 
 director of the Opera Society. Has written 
 vocal music. 
 
 Blockx, Jan, b. Antwerp, Jan. 25, 1851; 
 pianist and composer ; pupil, in the Flemish 
 Music School, of Callaerts (pf.) and Benoit 
 (comp.) ; also studied with L. Brassin. Since 
 1886, teacher of harm, at Antwerp Cons., and 
 mus. dir. of the " Cercle artistique " and other 
 societies. — Works: The operas Mattre Martin 
 (Brussels, 1892 ; mod. succ.) ; Rita (MS., 1895) ; 
 De Herbergprinses [" Tavern- Princess "] (Ant- 
 werp, 1895 ; V. succ.) ; lets vergeten (i-act, 
 1890?); the pantomime St. Nicholas (Brussels, 
 1894) ; the ballet Milenka (Brussels, 1887) ; 2 
 works f. double ch., soli and orch., Vredezang 
 and Op den spoorn; 8-p. madrigal De Landvest- 
 rizers; orchestral overture "Rubens"; etc. 
 
 Blodek, Pierre-Auguste-Loiiis, b. Paris, 
 Aug. 15, 1784 ; d. there 1856. Pupil of Bail- 
 lot, Gossec, and Mehul at P. Cons.; Prix de 
 Rome, 1808, with cantata Maria Stuart ; till 
 
 1842, viola-player in Grand Opera orch. — Works: 
 I opera. A/la fontana (1893); i ballet, 3 over- 
 tures, I mass, 2 Te Deums, chamber-music, pf.- 
 pcs., songs. 
 
 Blo'dek, Wilhelm, b. Prague, Oct. 3, 1834; 
 d. there May i, 1874. St. at Prague Cons., 
 where, after teaching 3 years at Lubycz, Po- 
 land, he became prof. (i860). He died insane. 
 Works: V Studni [In the well], i-act comic 
 Czech opera (Prague, 1867), very succ; given 
 in German as Im Brunnen (Leipzig, 1893); 
 opera Zidek (unfinished); a mass, an overture, 
 quartets f. men's voices, pf.-music, and songs. 
 
 Bloomfield-Zeis'ler [-tsis-], Fanny, re- 
 markable pianist ; b. Bielitz, Austrian Silesia, 
 July 16, 1866; in 1868 her parents went to 
 America and settled in Chicago, where she still 
 (1899) resides. Her first teachers were Bern- 
 hard Ziehn and Carl Wolf sohn ; in 1876 she al- 
 ready played in public; in 1878 (on Mme. Essi- 
 poff's recommendation) she went to Leschetizky, 
 at Vienna, with whom she studied 5 years; sev- 
 eral concerts given in 1883 were highly success- 
 ful. From 1883-93 she appeared on the Ameri- 
 can concert-stage every season, playing with all 
 the prominent orchestras in the U. S.; in 1893 
 she made a pianistic tour to Berlin, Vienna, 
 Leipzig, Dresden, etc., her success being so 
 great that she was eng. for a longer tour in 
 1894-5, winning triumphs upon triumphs. In 
 1895-6 she gave 50 concerts in the U. S. , and 
 in the autumn of 1S97 made a tour of the Pacific 
 coast with brilliant success. In the spring of 
 1898, a tournh in Great Britain and France 
 served to confirm the unanimous verdict of the 
 American and European press, that she is one 
 of the greatest among contemporary pianists. 
 
 Blow, (Dr.) John, b. N. Collingham, Notting- 
 hamshire, 1648; d. Westminster (London), Oct. 
 I, 170S. In 1660, chorister at the Chapel 
 Royal, under Henry Cooke; on leaving the 
 choir, he studied under John Hingeston and 
 Dr. Chr. Gibbons, becoming a skilful organist. 
 App. org. of Westminster Abbey, 1669, but had 
 to make way for Purcell in 1680; on Purcell's 
 death, he was reappointed (1695-1708). Gen- 
 tleman of the Chapel Royal, March, 1674, and, 
 in June, succeeded Humphreys as Master of the 
 Children; later he became organist of, and (1699) 
 composer to, the Chapel Royal. Oxford Univ. 
 conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Blow 
 began to compose when a boy in the Ch. R., 
 and wrote a vast amount of church-music (ser- 
 vices, anthems, odes for St. Cecilia's day and 
 New Year's); many anthems are printed. Also 
 organ-music, pieces for harpsichord, and songs. 
 
 Blum [bloom], Karl Ludwig, b. Berlin, 
 1786; d. there July 2, 1844. A most versatile 
 musician: dramatic composer, organist, 'cellist, 
 conductor, actor, singer, and poet. Pupil of 
 H. Grossi (Berlin), Fr. A. Hiller (KSnigsberg), 
 and Salieri (Vienna); in 1820, app. chamber- 
 musician to the Prussian court; in 1822, stage- 
 manager of the Berlin Opera, He produced 
 
 71 
 
BLUMENFELD— BOCKH 
 
 nearly 30 operas, ballets, vaudevilles, etc., and 
 was the first to bring the vaudeville on the Ger- 
 man stage. His vocal and instrumental music 
 is forgotten. 
 
 Blu'menfeld, Felix, b. Kovalevska, Govt, of 
 Cherson, Russia, Apr. 7, 1863; from 1S81-5, 
 pf. -pupil of Th. Stein at St. Petersburg Cons.; 
 took gold medal. Since 1885, prof, at Cons. 
 Works f. pf. : Allegro de concert, w. orch., op. 
 7; Variations caracter. , op. 8; 24 Preludes, op. 
 17; etc. 
 
 Blu'menthal, Joseph von, b. Brussels, Nov. 
 I, 1782; d. Vienna, May q, 1850. Violinist and 
 composer; pupil of Abbe Vogler in Prague and 
 (1803) Vienna, where he became choirmaster in 
 the Church of the Piarists, — Works: An opera, 
 Don Sylvio de Rosalba (1805); music to several 
 other stage-pcs. ; a ballet; symphonies, string- 
 quartets, duos and other violin-music, also a 
 Method for violin. 
 
 Blu'menthal, Jacob [Jacques], pianist, b. 
 Hamburg, Oct. 4, 1826; pupil of Grund (Ham- 
 burg), of Bocklet and Sechter (Vienna), and of 
 Herz and Halevy (Paris Cons., 1846). Settled 
 in London, 1848; pianist to the Queen, and suc- 
 cessful teacher. B. has written many melodious 
 and effective salon-pcs. f. pf . ; also music f . 'cello 
 and vln. , and numerous songs. 
 
 Blu'menthal, Paul, b. Steinau-on-Oder, Si- 
 lesia, Aug. 13, 1843; pupil of the R. Acad., 
 Berlin. Since 1870, organist in Frankfort-on- 
 Oder ; 1876, created " R. Music-director." — 
 Works : Masses, motets, orchestral music. 
 
 Blum'ner, (Dr.) Martin, b. Fiirstenberg, 
 Mecklenburg, Nov. 21, 1827. Pupil of S. W. 
 Dehn in Berlin (1847); 1853, vice-conductor, 
 1S76, regular cond. of the Berlin Singakademie. 
 He is a vocal composer in the strict style. The 
 titles of "R. Music-director" and " Prof." have 
 been conferred on him. — Works: 2 oratorios, 
 Abraham (i860), and Der Fall Jerusalenis 
 (1881); cantata Columbus (1853); Te Deum in 
 8 parts; motets, psalms, Lieder, etc. 
 
 Bliith'ner [bliit-], Julius Ferdinand, b. Fal- 
 kenhain, n. Merseburg, March 11, 1824. Cele- 
 brated piano-maker. Founded his establishment 
 at Leipzig, 1853, with 3 workmen; has now 
 (1897) over 500, and turns out some 3000 pianos 
 yearly. Has taken many first medals. 
 
 Boccheri'ni, Luigi, b. Lucca, Italy, Feb. 19, 
 1743; d. Madrid, May 28, 1805. Pupil of Abbate 
 Vannucci, and studied later in Rome. Being a 
 fine 'cellist, he undertook a long concert-tour 
 with the violinist Manfredi; in 1768 they were 
 in Paris, and B. publ. his op. i (6 string-quar- 
 tets), also 2 books of trios f. 2 vlns. and 'cello. 
 These charming works established his fame as a 
 chamber-composer. In 1769 he settled in Ma- 
 drid as chamber-virtuoso to the Infante Luis, 
 and later to the King. In 1787 he dedicated a 
 work to Friedrich Wilhelm II. of Prussia, who 
 thereupon conferred on him the title of chamber- 
 composer, with a salary which ceased at the King's 
 
 death ini797. After this, excepting a brief period 
 under the munificent patronage of Lucien Bona- 
 parte, B.'s affairs went from bad to worse, and 
 he died in extreme poverty. He was a prolific 
 chamber-composer (2 octets, 16 sextets, 125 
 string-quintets, 12 pf. -quintets, 18 quintets f. 
 strings and flute [or oboe], gl string-quartets, 
 54 string-trios, 42 trios, sonatas and duets f. 
 vln., etc. Also 20 symphonies, an opera, an 
 orchestral suite, a 'cello-concerto, sacred music, 
 etc.). Monograph on Boccherini's life and works 
 by L. Picquot (1851); also by H. M. Schletterer 
 (Leipzig, Br. und H.) 
 
 Boch, Franz de, b. Potenstein, Bohemia, 
 Feb. 14, 1808. 'Cellist, pupil of Prague Cons.; 
 he joined the court orch. at Stuttgart in 1835, 
 and taught in the Cons, from 1856. 
 
 Boch'koltz-Falconi, Anna (properly Bock- 
 holtz), b. Frankfort, 1820 ; d. Paris, Dec. 24, 
 1870. Vocalist, pupil of Brussels Cons. Settled 
 in Paris, as a teacher, in 1856. She publ. songs 
 and vocal studies. 
 
 Bo^h'sa, Karl, b. Bohemia ; d. Paris, 1821, 
 as a music-seller. He was previously oboist in 
 Lyons and Bordeaux theatres. — Works: 9 quar- 
 tets f. clar. and strings; g quartets f. oboe and 
 strings; 6 duos concertants f. 2 oboes; a clar.- 
 concerto; 2 quintets; a Method f. Flute; do. f. 
 Clarinet. 
 
 Boch'sa, Robert-Nicolas-Charles, son of 
 Karl B. ; b. Montmedy, Meuse, Aug. 9, 1789; d. 
 Sydney, Australia, Jan. 6, 1856. At first his 
 father's pupil, he played in public at 7, wrote a 
 symphony at g, and an opera at 16. He studied 
 under Fr. Beck (Bordeaux), and Mehul and Ca- 
 telat Paris Cons. (1806); Nadermann and Marin 
 were his harp-teachers, but he devised novel 
 methods; he became harpist to Napoleon, and 
 also to Louis XVIII. Detected in forgeries, he 
 fled to London (181 7); Parish-Alvarsand Chatter- 
 ton were his pupils here. With Smart he inaugu- 
 rated the Lenten oratorios in 1822, conducting 
 them alone from 1823. He was harp-prof, at the 
 Acad, of Music from 1822-7, when he was dis- 
 missed; from 1826-32 he conducted Ital. opera 
 at the King's Th.; in i83g he eloped with Sir 
 Henry Bishop's wife, made long concert-tours 
 with her in Europe and America, and finally 
 went to Australia. — Works : g French operas, 
 one prod, in Lyons (1804), the rest in Paris, 
 (1813-16); 4 ballets; an oratorio; orchestral 
 music, etc. ; very many compositions of all kinds 
 f. harp; and a Method f. Harp (a standard work). 
 
 Bock'eler, Heinrich, b. Cologne, July 11, 
 1836; in 1862 vicar-choral and conductor of 
 cathedral -choir at Aix-la-Chapelle; since 1876, 
 editor of the " Gregorius-Blatt." — Works: 
 Church-music; choruses f. men's voices. 
 
 Bockh, August, b. Karlsruhe, Nov. 24, 1785; 
 d. Berlin, Aug. 3, 1867. Philologist and anti- 
 quarian; prof, at Berlin Univ. Wrote a scholarly 
 treatise, " De metris Pindari " (introd. to his 
 ed. of Pindar, 1821). 
 
 72 
 
BOCKLET— BOHM 
 
 Bock'let, Karl Maria von, brilliant pianist; 
 b. Prague, 1801 ; d. Vienna, July 15, 1S81. 
 Pupil of Zawora (Prague) and Hummel (Wei- 
 mar) for pf. ; of Dionys Weber (Prague) f. 
 comp.; and of Pixis f. vln. In 1S20, violinist 
 at the Vienna " Th. an der Wien " ; later he 
 embraced the career of a concert-pianist and pf.- 
 teacher ; Louis Kohler and Jacob Blumenthal 
 were his pupils. 
 
 Bock'miihl, Robert Emil, b. Frankfort, 
 1S20 ; d. there Nov. .3, 1881. 'Cellist and com- 
 poser f. 'cello. 
 
 Bocks'horn (" Capricornus"), Samuel, b. 
 Germany, 1629; d. Stuttgart, 1669 (?). Musical 
 director at Trinity Ch., Pressburg, and (1657) 
 Kapellm. to the Duke of Wiirttemberg. He publ. 
 masses, motets, etc., and secular songs and 
 piano-pieces. 
 
 Bocquillon-Wilhem, G. L. See Wilhem. 
 
 Bo'de, Johann Joachim Christoph, born 
 Barum, Brunswick, Jan. 16, 1730 ; d. Weimar, 
 Dec. 13, 1793. Oboist in Cette, 1755 ; from 
 1762-3, music-teacher and editor at Hamburg, 
 and later became Lessing's partner as printer 
 and publisher. Settled in Weimar 1778. Publ. 
 concertos f. 'cello, bassoon, and vln. ; sym- 
 phonies, etc. 
 
 Bo'denschatz, Erhard, b. Lichtenberg, Sax- 
 ony, 1570 ; d. as pastor at Gross-Osterhausen, 
 n. Querfurt, in 1638. He publ. valuable collec- 
 tions : " Florilegium Portense" (Leipzig, 1603 
 and 1618), containing 115 motets ; ditto (2nd 
 part, Leipzig, 1621) containing 150 motets, all 
 by contemporaries; also " Florilegium sanctissi- 
 morum hymnorum " for schools (1606 ; last ed., 
 1721). His own compositions are less interesting. 
 
 Boe'decker, Louis, pianist; b. Hamburg, 
 1845, lives there as music-teacher and critic. 
 Pupil of E. Marxsen. Publ. works, abt. 30 
 pf.-pcs. ; songs ; in MS., orchestral, choral, 
 and chamber-music. 
 
 Boehm ; Boehme. See BOhm, BShme. 
 
 Boe'kelman, Bernardus, pianist; b. Utrecht, 
 Holland, June 9, 1838. Pupil of his father, 
 musical director A. J. B. ; st. 1857-60, under 
 Moscheles, Richter and Hauptmann, at Ixip- 
 zig Cons. ; 1862-4, private pupil of Biilow, 
 Kiel and Weitzmann at Berlin, also teaching at 
 Stern's Cons. Since 1866 in New York, where 
 he founded and directed (till 1888) the N. Y. 
 Trio Club for chamber-concerts. From 1883- 
 97, Mus. Dir. at the Ladies' School in Farrn- 
 ington. Conn.; now (1899) private instructor in 
 New York. B. is a well-known teacher and 
 player. Has composed for orch., and has publ. 
 special etudes f . pf . ; solo pes. f . pf . , 4 and 8 
 hands; pes. f. vln. and pf., and songs. His 
 analytical edition of Bach's "Well-tempered 
 Clavichord," in colors, is unique. 
 
 Boellmann, L6on, comp., organist, and pian- 
 ist; b. Ensisheim, Alsatia, Sept. 25, 1862; d. 
 Paris, Oct. 11, 1897. A pupil of the Nieder- 
 meyer School, Paris, his teacher being the cele- 
 
 brated organist Gigout, in whose Organ School 
 B. taught later. A succes.sful composer in 
 almost all styles, he left 68 published works ; 
 among his noteworthy orchestral comp.s are a 
 symphony. Variations symphoniques, and a 
 Fantaisie t/ialogu/e, w. organ (all produced by 
 Lamoureux). 
 
 Boely, Alexandre-Pierre-Frangois, b. Ver- 
 sailles, Apr. ig, 1785; d. Paris, Dec. 27, 1S58. 
 Pianist ; also vln. -pupil of Ladurner at Paris 
 Cons., and organist (for some years at St.- 
 Germain I'Auxerrois). He wrote a mass for 
 Christmas, 4 offertoires and many other pes. f. 
 org., much pf.-music, and 3 string-trios, etc. 
 
 Boers, Joseph Karel, b. Nyrawegen, Hol- 
 land, 1812 ; d. Delft, Oct. I, 1896. Pupil of 
 Lubeck at R. Cons, at The Hague ; 1831 cond. 
 at R. Th. there. Held similar posts at Paris 
 and Metz ; 1841, app. prof, at the Normal 
 School, Nymwegen, and cond. of Choral Soci- 
 ety; 1853, app. music-director at Delft. He wrote 
 an interesting " History of Musical Instr.s in 
 the Middle Ages"; also a complete bibliogra- 
 phy of ancient and modern mus. works produced 
 in the Netherlands. Composed a symphony, 
 overtures, cantatas, songs, etc. 
 
 Boesset, Antoine, Sieur de Villedieu, In- 
 tendant of Music to Louis XIII ; b. abt. 1585; 
 d. 1643. Celebrated as the composer of many 
 " Airs de cour" in 4 or 5 parts, and of numer- 
 ous ballets. 
 
 Boe'tius [bo-a'-te-fis] (or Boethius), Anicius 
 Manlius Torquatus Severinus, b. Rome abt. 
 475 A. D., executed 524 (6?), on suspicion of 
 treason, by Theodoric, whose counsellor he had 
 been for years. Philosopher and mathemati- 
 cian ; author of " De Musica," a Latin trea- 
 tise (in 5 books) on Greek music, which was 
 the chief source for the theorizing monks of the 
 middle ages. Besides MSS. in many libraries, 
 " De Musica " has been publ. at Venice (1491- 
 2 and '99), Basel (1570), and Leipzig (1867) ; 
 and in a German transl. by Oscar Paul, with in- 
 teresting introduction, at Leipzig (1872). 
 
 Bohl'mann, Theodor Heinrich Friedrich, 
 pianist ; b. Osterwieck am Harz, Germany, June 
 23, 1865 ; St. with Dr. Stade (Leipzig), Barth, 
 Klindworth, Tiersch, d'Albert, and Moszkowski 
 (Berlin). Debut Berlin, March 3, i8go, marked 
 success ; concert-tour in Germany. From Sept. , 
 i8go, prof, of pf. at Cincinnati Cons. Has 
 given many successful concerts. 
 
 Bohm, Karl, b. Berlin, Sept. 11, 1844, pupil 
 of Loschhorn, Reissmann, and Geyer. Pianist 
 and jfl/o»-composer ; lives in Berlin. — Works : 
 Trios, pf.-pcs., vln. -music, songs. 
 
 Bohm, Georg, organist and clavichordist; b. 
 Goldbach, Thuringia, 1661; d: Luneburg, 1734. 
 His organ-preludes and suites rank high among 
 works of the time. 
 
 Bohm, Theobald, inventor of the "Bohm 
 flute"; b. Munich, Apr. 9, 1794; d. there Nov. 
 25, 1881. Flutist, comp. f. fl., " Hofmusikus," 
 
 73 
 
BOHM— BOIELDIEU 
 
 and member of the royal orch. — His system of 
 construction marks a new departure in tlie make 
 of wood-wind instr.s. To render the flute 
 acoustically perfect, he fixed the position and 
 size of the holes so as to obtain, not convenience 
 in fingering, but purity and fullness of tone ; 
 all holes are covered by keys, whereby prompt 
 and accurate "speaking" is assured ; and the 
 bore is modified, altering the tone not inconsid- 
 erably. 
 
 Bohm, Joseph, b. Pesth, Mar. 4, 1795 ; d. 
 Vienna, Mar. 28, 1876. Violinist, pupil of his 
 father; at 8 years of age he made a concert-tour 
 to Poland and St. Petersburg, where he studied 
 for some years under P. Rode. His first con- 
 cert at Vienna (1815) was very successful ; after 
 a trip to Italy, he was app. (1819) vln.-prof, at 
 Vienna Cons., and (1821) entered the Imp. 
 orch. He formed distinguished pupils — Joa- 
 chim, Ernst, Auer, Hellmesberger (Sr.), Singer, 
 Ludwig, Strauss, Rappoldi, Hauser, etc. Re- 
 tired from Cons. 1S48, from orch. 1868. — Wrote 
 concert-pcs. and quartets ; also duets, songs, etc. 
 
 Bohm, Joseph, b. Kiihnitz, Moravia, Feb. 9, 
 1841 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 6, 1893. Pupil of Bocklet 
 and Krenn, Vienna ; 1865 organist, 1867 choir- 
 master, 1877 Kapellm. at the Hofpfarrkirche, 
 Vienna ; also director of the school of church- 
 music of the Ambrosius-Verein. 
 
 Boh'me, Johann August, founded a busi- 
 ness for publishing and selling music at Ham- 
 burg, 1794. His son, Justus Eduard E., suc- 
 ceeded him in 1839, and his grandson, August 
 Eduard B., in 1885. 
 
 Boh'me, August Julius Ferdinand, b. 
 
 Ganderheim, Brunswick, Feb. 4, 181 5 ; d. there 
 May 30, 1883. Pupil of Spohr ; Kapellm. of 
 theatres at Berne and Geneva ; 1846, cond. of 
 the " Euterpe " at Dordrecht. Has composed 
 orchestral and chamber-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Boh'me, Franz Magnus, b. Willerstedt, n. 
 Weimar, Mar. II, 1827 ; d. Dresden, Oct. 18, 
 1898. Pupil of J. G. Topfer (Weimar), and 
 Hauptmann and Rietz (Leipzig). For 20 years 
 music-teacher in Dresden ; received the title of 
 " Prof." from the King; 1878, teacher of cpt. 
 and hist, of music at Hoch Cons., Frankfort ; 
 retired 1885 to Dresden. — Literary works : " Alt- 
 deutsches Liederbuch " (Leipzig, 1B77; a coll. 
 of Germ, folk-songs — words and melodies — of 
 the I2th-I7th centuries); " Aufgabenbuch zum 
 Studium der Harmonic " (1880) ; " Kursus der 
 Harmonie " (Mayence, 1882) ; " Geschichte des 
 Tanzes in Deutschland" (Leipzig, 1895). He 
 is the editor of Erk's " Deutscher Liederhort " 
 (MS.) ; and has publ. several books of sacred 
 part-songs and male choruses. 
 
 Boh'mer, Karl (Hermann Ehrfried), violin- 
 ist and composer ; b. The Hague, Nov. 6, 1799 ; 
 d. Berlin, July 20, 1884. Pupil of Polledro ; 
 1835, member of the royal orch., Berlin. — Works: 
 Operas {A/eerkdni^ und sein Liebchen^ etc.), or- 
 chestral music, much valuable violin-music, etc. 
 
 Bohn, Emil, b. Bielau, n. Neisse, Jan. 14, 
 1839. Student of philol. at Breslau ; but later 
 devoted himself to music. 1S68, org. of the 
 " Kreuzkirche," Breslau ; also founded the Bohn 
 Choral Society, noted for its historical concerts. 
 1884, Dr. phil. Iwn. causa (Breslau), director of 
 the University Choral Society, and lecturer at the 
 Univ.; also mus. critic of the " Breslauer Zei- 
 tung." 1895, " R. Prof, of Music." — Works: 
 " Bibliographie d. Musikdruckwerke bis 1700, 
 welche auf der Universitatsbibliothek, etc., zu 
 Breslau aufbewahrt werden " (1883) ; " Die mus. 
 Handschriften des 16. und 17. Jahrh. in der 
 Stadtbibl. zu Breslau ",(1890). He has com- 
 posed part-songs and songs ; and edited the pf.- 
 works of Mendelssohn and Chopin. 
 
 Boh'ner, Johann Ludwig, b. Tottelstedt, n. 
 Gotha, Jan. 8, 1787 ; d. near Gotha, Mar. 28, 
 i860. A composer of great talent but weak 
 character- — the reputed original of E. A. T. 
 Hoffmann's "Kreisler. " Excepting a year 
 (1810) as Kapellm. at Nuremberg, he led a rov- 
 ing life, and finally became addicted to drink. 
 — Works: Kx\ cr^^x^^ Der Dreiherrnstein j over- 
 tures, marches, dances, etc., f. orch.; concertos 
 and sonatas f . pf. ; much left in MS. 
 
 Boh'rer, Anton, b. Munich, 1783 ; d. Han- 
 over, 1852. Violinist, pupil of R. Kreutzer in 
 Paris. Composed chamber-music, also con- 
 certos and solo-pcs. f. vln. With his brother 
 Max, the 'cellist, he was a member of the Bava- 
 rian court orch.; from 1810-14 the two made 
 tours through Austria, Poland, Russia, Scan- 
 dinavia and England; 1815 in France, 1820 in 
 Italy. In 1834, Anton became leader of orch. 
 at Hanover. 
 
 Boh'rer, Max, 'cello-virtuoso, b. Munich, 
 1785; d. Stuttgart, Feb. 28, 1867. After long 
 concert-tours with Anton, he settled (1832) in 
 Stuttgart as first 'cellist in the orch. Tour in 
 the United States, 1842-43. Compositions of 
 minor importance. 
 
 Boieldieu, Fran^ois-Adrien, French dra- 
 matic comp.; b. Rouen, Dec. 16, 1775; d. Jarcy, 
 n. Grosbois, Oct. 8, 
 1834. Son of Arch- 
 bishop Larochefou- 
 cauld'ssecretary; his 
 mother was a mil- 
 liner. Through con- 
 jugal differences, the 
 pair were divorced, 
 and the boy was ap- 
 prenticed to Broche, 
 the cathedral organ- 
 ist, a pupil of Padre 
 Martini. Broche, of 
 intemperate habits, 
 was brutal ; the boy, 
 at 1 2 years of age , ran 
 away ; he went on 
 foot to Paris, and was with difficulty found and 
 brought back. Broche appears to have been his 
 only teacher, natural talent supplying the lack of 
 
 74 
 
BOIELDIEU— BOISSELOT 
 
 serious study. At i8 yrs. of age, he prod, with 
 success an opera to his father's libretto, La fille 
 coupable (Rouen, I7g3), followed, in 1795, by 
 Rosalie et Myrza. His local reputation en- 
 couraged him to extend his sphere, and again 
 he walked to Paris, but his reception was chill- 
 ing, and he was glad to earn a living by teaching 
 and piano-tuning, Erard employing him. He 
 made the acquaintance of Mehul, Rode, Cheru- 
 bini, and Garat the tenor, who sang the young 
 man's songs in public, and thus procured him 
 recognition and a publisher. " Le Minesirel" 
 " S'il est vrai que d'etre deux" " toi que 
 j'aime" are still found on concert-programs. 
 Fievee the novelist wrote him a libretto, and La 
 Dot de Stizette, in one act, was prod, with suc- 
 cess (Opera-Com., 1796), followed in 1797 by Zo 
 Famille Suisse (Th.-Feydeau). 1798 saw the 
 production of pf.-sonatas, pf.- and harp-duets, 
 and a pf. -concerto ; their success obtained for 
 him, 2 years later, the appointment of professor 
 of piano at the Paris Conservatory. Zoraime et 
 Zulnare (1798), Beniowski, and Le Calif e de 
 Bagdad (1800), added to his reputation. Cheru- 
 bini good-naturedly twitted him on his " un- 
 deserved success," and B. took a strict course 
 of contrapuntal study, benefiting much by the 
 advice of Cherubini and Mehul. Three years 
 elapsed, and Ma tante Aurore (Th.-Feydeau, 
 1803), showed marked improvement, and was 
 greeted with great applause. In 1802 he had 
 married Clotilde-Auguste Mafleuroy, a ballet- 
 dancer, and the conjugal misery that resulted 
 caused his self-expatriation in 1803. He went 
 to St. Petersburg, and was app. cond. of the 
 Imperial Opera, with a handsome salary. He 
 stayed in Russia 8 yrs. ; his contract included 
 3 operas per annum, and a number of military 
 marches, but of this period little was worthy of 
 preservation. Trouble between Russia and 
 France brought B. back to Paris in 181 1. A 
 revival of Ma tante Aurore, the production of a 
 revised version of Rien de trap (comp. in Russia), 
 followed in 1812 by Jean de Paris, created the 
 wildest enthusiasm, opera having been at a low 
 ebb for some time. In 1817 he succeeded Mehul 
 as prof, of comp. at the Cons. , and was elected 
 a Member of the Institul. In 1818 Le petit 
 chaperon rouge was another triumph. In 1821 
 he was created Chevalier of the Legion of 
 Honor. Precarious health caused a silence of 
 7 yrs., but in 1825 La Dame blanche met with 
 unparalleled success, and remains his chef 
 d'auvre. He was well remunerated for his 
 last opera, Les deux nuits (1829), but it was a 
 failure. In delicate health, with pulmonary 
 trouble contracted in Russia, mortification and 
 disappointment aggravated the complaint. His 
 first wife had died in 1825, and in 1827 he mar- 
 ried Mile. Phillis, a singer, and the mother of 
 his only son Adrien V. (below). This union was 
 most happy, and in his last days of illness and 
 pecuniary difficulties, he was much consoled by 
 her kindly care and unswerving fidelity. He had 
 retired from the Conservatory in 1829, with a 
 
 pension, but in 1830 the new government re- 
 voked the pension. He applied for reinstate- 
 ment at the Cons., was reappointed, but did not 
 teach again ; for Thiers, minister of Louis Phi- 
 lippe, recognized the master's work, and re- 
 lieved his anxieties by an annual grant of 6000 
 francs. A journey to Pisa in search of health was 
 of no benefit; he returned to Paris, but again 
 had to seek the mild Southern climate, and died 
 at his country-house at Jarcy. Among his 
 pupils were Zimmerman, Fetis, Adam, and 
 Labarre. — Boieldieu ranks as the foremost com- 
 poser of his generation, of French op&a-cotiiique. 
 Despite the carelessness of his early education, 
 his masterpieces exhibit evidences of painstaking 
 and conscientious labor, resulting in a high de- 
 gree of finish and perfection. Besides the operas 
 mentioned, he collaborated with Cherubini in 
 La Prisonniere (1799) ; with Mehul, Kreutzer, 
 et al. in Le Baiser et la Quittance (1802) ; w. 
 Cherubini, Catel, and Niccol6 Isouard — his 
 former rivals — in Bayard h M/zikres ; w. 
 Kreutzer in Henri IV en Voyage (1S14) ; w. 
 Mme. Gail, pupil of Fetis, in Angela, ou 
 V Atelier de Jean Cousin (1814) ; w. Herold in 
 Charles de Prance; w. Cherubini, Berton et al. 
 in La Cour des F/es (1821) ; w. Auber in Les 
 trots Genres; w. Cherubini, Berton, et al., in 
 Pharamond; w. Berton etal. in La Marquise de 
 Brinvilliers. — Biographical: "B., sa vie et ses 
 oeuvres " (1875), by A. Pougin. 
 
 Boieldieu, Adrien-L.-V., son of the preced- 
 ing; b. Paris, Nov. 3, 1816; d. n. Paris, July, 
 1883. Wrote several attractive operas and oper- 
 ettas; also masses, cantatas, etc. 
 
 Boisdeffre, Charles-Henri-Ren6, b. Vesoul 
 
 (Haute-Savoie), 1838. Composer of numerous 
 songs, church-music, chamber-music, etc. Chev. 
 of the Legion of Honor, 1894. 
 
 Boise, Otis Bardwell, b. Oberlin, Ohio, 
 Aug. 13, 1845. Organist at 14. In 1861 stud- 
 ied under Hauptmann, Richter, Moscheles, etc., 
 at Leipzig; 1864 under KuUak at Berlin. 1864- 
 70, organist and teacher in Cleveland; 1870-76, 
 in New York; 1876-78, spent in Europe. Now 
 (1899) living in Berlin as a teacher. — Works : 
 Symphonies and overtures for orch.; pf.-con- 
 certos, and minor pieces. 
 
 Boisselot, Jean-Louis, b. Montpellier about 
 1785; d. Marseilles, 1847. A maker of stringed 
 in.str.s at Montpellier, he removed to Marseilles, 
 and soon set up a successful piano-factory, of 
 which his eldest son, Louis (1809-50), was the 
 manager ; Francois, the present proprietor, is 
 the founder's grandson. 
 
 Boisselot, Xavier, second son of J.-L. B. ; 
 dramatic composer ; b. Montpellier, Dec. 3, 
 1811 ; d. Marseilles, Apr. 10, 1893. — Works: 
 The operas Ne touchez pas a la reine (Paris, 
 1847) ; Mosquita la sorcikre (Paris, 1851) ; 
 I'Ange dichu (Marseilles, 1869) ; and a cantata, 
 Velleda (1836). 
 
 75 
 
BOITO— BONONCINI 
 
 % 
 
 Boi'to, Arrigo, poet and opera-composer; b. 
 Padua, Feb. 24, 1842. From 1853-62, pupil of 
 Milan Cons. (IVTazzucato and Ronclietti-Mon- 
 teviti). His first important ventures were two 
 cantatas, // 4 di giugno (i860) and Le Sorelle 
 d' Italia (1862); a long sojourn in Germany and 
 Poland gave him an opportunity to hear Wag- 
 ner's music, of which he became a passionate 
 admirer and advocate. In 1868 he produced 
 the opera Mefistofele at Milan; though he had 
 worked on it several years, it was almost a total 
 failure, but friendly comments induced him to 
 remodel it, and in 
 its new form it 
 met with immense 
 success at Bologna 
 (1875), Hamburg 
 (1880), Milan (La 
 C9' '-^^ -JiM / ^cala, 1881), etc. 
 '^"^N ^^SSB^^^ ^" spite of this 
 success, his earlier 
 /Lrifc /\ ^^^^^^^!^^^P opera Jiro e Lean- 
 3Bpfc^^\ W^^^m^^S '^''"i ^n<i 2 later 
 ^'/f^^i^^^^^^aBS^ ones, Nerone and 
 I-- '^S^^^BmH^^ Oreste (?), are yet 
 " * '^^^lm%S'^^ awaiting produc- 
 V? J^^^^ *-'°"' ^' '""'°te the 
 
 ^•^ libretto for Mefi- 
 
 slofele ; also for Ponchielli's Gioconda, Bottesi- 
 ni's Ero e Leandro, Verdi's Otello and Fahtaff, 
 'Fa.ccio's Am/eia, Coronaro's Un Tramonto ; his 
 poetry is highly esteemed in Italy. A fre- 
 quently assumed pen-name is the anagrammatic 
 " Tobio Gorria." From the King he has the 
 titles of " Cavaliere " and " Commendatore "; 
 in 1892 he was app. Inspector-General of Tech- 
 nical Instruction in the Italian Conservatories 
 and Lyceums; in 1895 he was made Chevalier 
 of the Legion of Plonor. He lives in Milan. 
 
 Bolck, Oskar, b. Hohenstein, East Prussia, 
 Mar. 4, 1837; d. Bremen, May 2, 1888. Pupil 
 (1857) of Leipzig Cons. (Rietz and Moscheles). 
 After teaching in Leipzig, Wiborg (Finland), 
 and Liverpool, he became (1S68) Kapellm. at 
 the Wlirzburg Th., and 1869 at Aachen. 1875, 
 teacher at Riga, where his opera Pierre und 
 Robin (1876) was produced. Since then he was 
 chorusmaster, in turn, at Leipzig, Hamburg, and 
 Bremen. He wrote 2 other operas, Gudrun and 
 Der Schniied von Gretna Green (both not perf.), 
 pf.-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Boli'cius. See Wallick. 
 Bol'te, Johannes, contemporary German 
 writer; author of " Die Singspiele der englischen 
 Comodianten lind ihrer Nachfolger in Deutsch- 
 land, Holland, und Skandinavien " (Leipzig, 
 1893). 
 
 Bomtem'po, Joao Domingos, fine pianist; 
 b. Lisbon, 1775; d. there Aug. 13, 1842. He 
 went in 1806 to Paris for study, and lived there 
 and in London till 1S20. In 1833, Director of 
 Lisbon Cons. — Works; 2 pf. -concertos, sonatas 
 and variations f. pf. , an opera, several masses, 
 a requiem; and a Method f. pf. (London, 1816). 
 
 76 
 
 Bo'na, Giovanni, cardinal; b. Mondovi, Oct. 
 12, 1609; d. Rome, Oct. 25, 1674. ~ Wrote " De 
 divina Psalmodia, . . . tractatus historicus 
 symbolicus, asceticus " (Rome, 1653), contain- 
 ing valuable information on ancient church, 
 music, 
 
 Bo'navritz (or Bonewitz), Johann Hein- 
 rich, b. Durkheim-on-Rhine, Dec. 4, 1830. 
 Pupil of the Li^ge Cons, till 1852, when his 
 parents took him to America. Lived 1861-6 in 
 Wiesbaden, Paris, and London, giving concerts 
 and teaching. From 1872-3 he conducted the 
 "Popular Symphony Concerts " in New York, 
 an enterprise which failed, owing to lack of 
 popular appreciation; after a successful pianistic 
 tour in the U. S. (1873), he produced 2 operas 
 in Philadelphia, The Bride of Messina (1874), 
 and Ostrolenka (1875). Returned to Europe, 
 1876, and has since lived in Vienna and Lon- 
 don. He has composed 2 other operas, and a 
 variety of pf.-music. 
 
 Bo'nicke, Hermann, b. Endorf, Nov. 26, 
 1821; d. Hermannstadt, Transylvania, Dec. 12, 
 .1879, as conductor of the Musical Society there. 
 — Works : An opera, Der Liebesring ; part- 
 songs for men's voices ; an excellent Method of 
 Choral Singing ; and " Kunst des freien Orgel- 
 spiels " (a valuable work). 
 
 Boniven'ti (or Boneventi), Giuseppe, dra- 
 matic comp., b. Venice abt. 1660; d. (?). He 
 was m. di cafp. to the Duke of Mantua, later to 
 the court of Baden. Wrote 11 operas for Venice, 
 and one for Turin. 
 
 Bonnet, Jacques, b. Paris, 1644 ; d. there 
 1724. Publ. " Histoire de la musique et de ses 
 effets, depuis son origine jusqu'i present" 
 (1715), and " Histoire de la danse sacree et pro- 
 fane " (1723). 
 
 Bonnet, Jean-Baptiste, violinist and com- 
 poser; b. Montauban, Apr. 23, 1763; organist 
 there from 1802; d. (?) Wrote violin-music (2 
 concertos, 1 symphonies concertantes f. 2 vlns., 
 and many duos). 
 
 Bon'no (or Bono), Joseph, b. Vienna, 
 1710; d. there Apr. 15, 1788. In 1739, imperial 
 court comp. ; i-]"]^; conrt Kapellm. ; from 1732- 
 62 he wrote 20 operas and serenades, also 3 ora- 
 torios, 4-p. Psalms, and a Magnificat, in MS. 
 
 Bononci'ni, Giovanni Maria, b. Modena, 
 1640 ; d. there Nov. 19, 1678. Entered very 
 young into the service of Duke Francesco II ; 
 became later m. di capp. in the churches of S. 
 Giovanni in Monte, and of S. Petronio, at 
 Bologna. — Publ. 12 vol.s (1666-78) containing 
 Sinfonie, Gighe, and Sonate da camera in 1-3 
 or more parts, w. instr.s ; 6-p. Madrigals ; 
 Allemandes f. 3-4 instr.s ; etc. ; also a work, 
 " Musico-pratico . . . ," on song-composition 
 and the art of counterpoint. 
 
 Bononci'ni [he usually wrote his name 
 Buononcini], Giovanni Battista, celebrated 
 dramatic composer, son of the preceding ; b, 
 Modena, 1660; d. Venice (?), 1 750 (or later). He 
 
BONONCINI— BOOM 
 
 was taught at first by his father ; then by 
 G. P. Colonna and Don Giorgio Buoni ('cello), 
 at Bologna, where he brought out some masses 
 and instrumental music (7 vol.s, publ. 1685-gl). 
 In 1690 he was called to Vienna as court 'cellist ; 
 went to Rome in 1694, there producing his first 
 opera, Tullo Ostilio, and a second, Serse (both 
 1694). Returning to Vienna in 1699, he brought 
 out La Fede pubblica (1699), and Gli Affetti pik 
 grandi vinti dal piii giusto (1701) ; then, under 
 the patronage of Queen Sophie Charlotte, he 
 spent two years (1703-5) at Berlin as court com- 
 poser, and wrote Polifcmo (1703) ; on the sup- 
 pression of the opera-company after the Queen's 
 death (Feb. i, 1705), B. again betook himself to 
 Vienna, where several new operas were ■^^x- 
 iormQii^Endimione^ 1706; Turno Aricino^ 1707 ; 
 Mario fuggiiivo, 1708; II Sacrijicio di Roinolo^ 
 1708 ; Abdolonimo, 1709 ; Muzio Scevola, 1710 ; 
 etc.). He also resided and wrote, at intervals, 
 in various Italian cities ; while at Rome, in 
 1716, he was invited to London as conductor 
 and dramatic composer for the new King's 
 Theatre, and more particularly, under the Duke 
 of Marlborough's protection, as the rival of 
 Handel. This operatic (almost political) war- 
 fare was waged with varying success ; B. prod. 
 Astarto (1720) ; 3 more, Ciro, Crispo, and Cri- 
 selda, in 1722 ; Farnace (1723) ; Er7ninia{i']2'i) ; 
 Calpurnia (1724) ; and Astianatte \Astianax\ 
 (1727). In 1731, however, it was discovered 
 that he had given out, four years previously, a 
 madrigal by A. Lotti as of his own composition. 
 Disgraced by this act of plagiarism, and crushed 
 by Handel's dramatic supremacy, B. lost posi- 
 tion and friends ; in 1733 he fell into the hands 
 of an alchemist, who swindled him out of the re- 
 mains of the fortune amassed in his days of tri- 
 umph. He now wandered from place to place ; 
 turned up in Paris, a few years later, when he 
 comp. a motet for the " Chapelle royale," play- 
 ing himself the 'cello-accomp. before the King ; 
 in 1737 his opera Alessandro in Sidone, and an 
 oratorio, Ezechia, were given in Vienna ; and 
 after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the Emperor 
 summoned him to Vienna to compose the festi- 
 val music celebrating the event (1748). Soon 
 after this he went to Venice, where he was em- 
 ployed as theatre-composer, and was still in that 
 position at the age of 90 ; after which all traces 
 of him are lost. — In London B. publ. Suites 
 f. harpsichord (n. d.) ; Cantate e Duetti, dedi- 
 cated to George I. (1721) ; Divertimenti f. 
 harpsichord (1722) ; and " 12 sonatas or cham- 
 ber airs for 2 violins and a bass" (1732). 
 
 Bononci'ni, Marco Antonio, brother of the 
 preceding ; b. Modena, 1675 (?); d. there July 
 8, 1726. Also a dramatic comp. of distinction ; 
 from 1721 he was maestro to the Duke of Mo- 
 dena. Before this, he travelled in Italy and 
 Germany, bringing out a number of operas, 
 praised by Padre Martini fortheir " lofty style," 
 and thought by him superior to those of most 
 contemporaries. — Works : The operas Camilla, 
 
 regina de' Volsci (Vienna, 1692) ; Griselda 
 (1700?); Andromeda; Arminio ; Sesostri ; II 
 Ttirno Aricino (Florence, 1704) ; Etearco 
 (Vienna, 1707) ; La liegitta creduta re (Venice, 
 1707); Tigrane, re d' Armenia ; Cajo Gracco 
 (Venice, 1710) ; Asiiniatte (Venice, 1718) ; and 
 an oratorio. La Decollazione di S. Giovanni 
 Battista (Vienna, 1709). 
 
 Bontem'pi (surnamed Angeli'ni), Giovanni 
 Andrea, b. Perugia, abt. 1624 ; d. Bruso, n. 
 Perugia, July i, 1705. Maestro at Rome and 
 Venice, later in Berlin and Dresden ; returned to 
 Italy in 1694, and was in Paris in 1697. — Works : 
 3 operas, Paride (1662), Apollo e Dafne (1671), 
 Jjipiter ed lo (1673) ; the oratorio Martirio di 
 S. Emiliano ; and the treatises ' ' Nova quatuor 
 vocibus componendi methodus . . ." (1660), 
 " Tract, in quo demonstrantur occultae conveni- 
 entiae sonorum systematis participati " (i6go), 
 and an " Istoria musica, nella quale si ha 
 plena cognizione della teoria e della pratica an- 
 tica della musica armonica" (1695). 
 
 Bonvin, Ludwig, b. Siders, Switzerland, 
 Feb. 17, 1850. His mus. training in early 
 youth was irregular ; as a musician he is chiefly 
 self-taught. After a course of medical study in 
 Vienna, and a journey to Italy, he entered the 
 Jesuit novitiate in Holland, becoming org. and* 
 choirmaster, and studying harmony and cpt. ; 
 further study of early church-music at Feldkirch, 
 Austria, and of Wagner scores in England, gave 
 him insight into the mysteries of composition, 
 and awakened his talent for composing. Since 
 1887 Father Bonvin has been director of chorus 
 and orchestra at Canisius College, Buffalo, 
 N. Y., devoting all his spare moments to theo- 
 retical study and to composing. — His publ. works 
 include 3 masses, and much other sacred music 
 (Litany, Vesper, Ave Maria, Ecce sacerdos, 
 Orane die die Mariae, antiphones, chants, sacred 
 songs, hymns, etc.) ; " Wittekind," f. soli, male 
 ch., and orch. (Ger. text) ; " Du sonnige, won- 
 nige Welt," f. sopr. and bar. soli, mixed ch., 
 and orch.; " In the summer night," f. bar. solo, 
 ch., and orch.; Drei Tonbilder, a Ballade, and a 
 Festzug, f. full orch.; " Xmas Night's Dream," 
 f. string-orch. ; organ-pieces, songs, etc. (44 opus- 
 numbers). 
 
 Boom [bom], Jan E. G. van (Senior), b. 
 Rotterdam, Apr. 17, 1783. Flutist and com- 
 poser f. flute; lived in Utrecht. 
 
 Boom, Jan [Johannes] van, son of preced- 
 ing ; b. Utrecht, Oct. 15, 1807; d. Stockholm, 
 April, 1872. Accomplished pianist ; on a con- 
 cert-tour through Scandinavia in 1825 he was 
 induced to settle in Stockholm, where he was 
 prof, at the Royal Acad. 1849-65. — Works : 
 Operas, symphonies, overtures, string-quartet, 
 trios, a pf .-concerto, and much pf. -music (studies, 
 duets, etc.). 
 
 Boom, Hermann M. van, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Utrecht, Feb. 9, 1809 ; d. there Jan. 6, 
 1883 ; fine flutist, pupil of his father, and of 
 
 77 
 
BOORN— BORONI 
 
 Tulou (Paris) ; from 1830 he resided in Amster- 
 dam for many years. 
 
 Boom, Eduard van den, Belgian pianist 
 and critic ; d. Li^ge, Aug. 16, 1898, aged 67. 
 Fine concert-pianist. Mus. critic on staff of 
 Liege " Meuse " ; wrote interesting articles for 
 other papers. For his essay; " De I'influence 
 reciproque de I'industrie sur les beaux-arts et des 
 beaux-arts sur I'industrie," he won a gold medal. 
 
 Boosey, Thomas, founder (1825) of the 
 London music-publishing house of Boosey & 
 Co. ; formerly copyright publishers of Italian 
 operas ; now of cheap editions of standard 
 works and popular English music. 
 
 Boott, Francis (pen-name " Telford "), b. 
 Boston, Mass., June 24, 1813 ; composer, pupil 
 of L. Picchianti in Florence, where he settled. 
 — Works : Grand Mass ; Te Deum, and " Song 
 of Zechariah," f. soli, ch., andorch.; Miserere 
 {a capp.)\ songs, duets ; string-quartets. 
 
 Borde, de la. See Laborde. 
 
 Borde'se [-da'-sa], Luigi, b. Naples, 1815 ; 
 d. Paris, Feb. 17, 1886. Pupil of Naples Cons.; 
 after the unsuccessful production (Turin, 1834) 
 of his opera Z^linio e Zoraide^ he went to Paris, 
 where, finding no success as a dramatic com- 
 poser, he settled as a singing-teacher and com- 
 poser. Besides 8 operas, he wrote 3 masses, a 
 requiem, motets, and hundreds of sacred and 
 secular songs ; also two Vocal Methods, and 
 many vocalises, etc., which are famous. 
 
 Bordier, Jules, b. 1846 ( 5?) ; d. Paris, Jan. 
 29, i8g6. Distinguished composer ; founded 
 concerts of the Association Artistique d' Angers ; 
 went to Paris (1893) as partner in a mus.'-publ. 
 house. Early champion of Wagner's music in 
 French provinces. — Works: Several symph. 
 poems; " Meditation " on Bach's 7th prelude; 
 Hungarian Dance, and other instr. pes. , incl. a 
 Danse macabre f. violin ; music to A. de 'Vign)''s 
 " Chatterton "; 2 operas, A'aa'/a (Paris), and X« 
 Fianc^ de la Mer (Rouen) ; 4-part male chorus 
 " Patrie" (1893). 
 
 Bordier, Louis-Charles, b. Paris, 1700; d. 
 there 1764. Abbe, " mail re de mus." at the 
 Ch. of the Innocents. Publ. " I.Jcthode dc rau- 
 sique pratique"' for vocal music (1760-78), and 
 a " Traite de composition " (1770). 
 
 Bordo'gni, Giu- 
 lio Marco, distm- 
 guished tenor and 
 singing-teacher ; b 
 Gazzaniga, n, Ber- 
 gamo, 1788; d 
 Paris, July 31, 
 1856. A pupil of 
 S. Mayr, his debut 
 (La Scala, Milan, 
 1813) as "Tan- 
 credi " was brilliant 
 From lSig-33 he 
 was eng. at the Th. 
 des Italiens, Paris ; 
 
 after this he devoted himself to teaching. From 
 1820 (with an interval of some years) he was prof, 
 at the Paris Cons. ; Sontag was one of his pupils. 
 His "36 Vocalises," in 2 suites, have run through 
 many editions ; he also publ. several other sets. 
 
 Bordo'ni, Faustina. See Hasse, Faustina. 
 
 Bor'ghi, Luigi, skilful violinist and compo- 
 ser, was a pupil of Pugnani, and settled in Lon- 
 don abt. 1780. He was leader of the 2nd vio- 
 lins at the Handel Commemoration in 1784. 
 Publ. a great variety of excellent instr.l music, 
 chiefly for violin. 
 
 Bor'ghi-Mamo, Adelaide, celebrated dra- 
 matic mezzo-soprano ; b. Bologna, 1829.- Acting 
 on the Pasta's advice, she trained herself for the 
 stage ; debut, 1846, in // Giuramento, by Merca- 
 dante, at Urbino, where she was eng. She next 
 sang in Italian cities, in Vienna and Paris 
 (1854-6), and 1856-9 was eng. at the Grand 
 Opera. In i860 she appeared with great suc- 
 cess in London ; then returned to Italy, and is 
 now (1899) living in Florence. — Her daughter, 
 Erminia, endowed with a grand soprano voice, 
 made ber debut at Bologna (1875) in Boito's 
 Mefistofele , has sung on important Italian 
 stages, also at the Italian Opera, Paris. 
 
 Bo'rodin [-deen], Alexander Porphyrje- 
 vitch, b. St. Petersburg, Nov. 12, 1834 ; d. there 
 Feb. 27 (28?), 1887. 
 Student of medicine 
 and chemistry; 
 army-surgeon; prof, 
 at the St. Peters- 
 burg medico - surg. 
 Institute ; Counsel- 
 lor of State; Knight; 
 president of the mus. 
 Soc. of Amateurs. 
 Intimate with liszt 
 (in Weimar), and 
 I3alakireff, at whose 
 suggestion he stud- 
 ied music, of 
 which he was pas- 
 sionately fond. He became a foremost expo- 
 nent of the neo-Russian musical cult. Biography 
 by A. Habets ; Engl. ed. London, 1895. — 
 Works ; A 4-act opera. Prince Igor [posthu- 
 mously finished by Rimsky-Korsakov], (Kiev, 
 1891, very successful) ; 3 symphonies (£[;, D, 
 A min. [unfinished]) ; symphonic poem " Dans 
 les steppes de I'Asie Centrale"; scherzo f. orch. 
 (A|7); 2 string-quartets; suite f. pf. ; pf.-pcs.; 
 songs, etc. 
 
 BorD'Hi (or Buroni), Antonio, b. Rome, 
 173S ; d. there 1:797. A pupil of Padre Martini 
 and Girolamo Abos, he Hved in Venice (1760-4);" 
 Prague (1765), and Dresden (1769), producing 
 at these towns 4, i, and 3 operas respectively; 
 was court Knpellm. at Stuttgart, where he wrote 
 8 operas (1770-80); finally in. di capp. at St. 
 Peter's, Rome. 
 
 78 
 
BORTNIANSKI— BOTTESINl 
 
 Bortnian'ski [BartHansky], Dimitri Ste- 
 fanovitch, b. Gluchov, Ukraine, 1752 ; d. St. 
 Petersburg (Sept. 28), Oct. 9, 1825. Pupil of 
 Galuppi at St. Petersburg, and later at Venice ; 
 also studied in Bologna, Rome, and Naples. 
 After producing the opera Quinto Fabio at 
 Modena (1778), he returned (1799) to St. Peters- 
 burg, and was app. director of the Imperial 
 Choir (called, after his installation, the Imperial 
 Chapel Choir), which he brought to a high state 
 of efficiency by radical reforms. He wrote a 
 2-p. Greek mass ; 35 4-p., and 10 8-p. psalms ; 
 10 concertos f . double choir ; etc. 
 
 Borwick, Leonard, b. Walthamstow, Essex 
 (Engl.), Feb. 26, 1S68. Concert-pianist, pupil 
 of H. R. Bird, then (1884-90) of Frankfort 
 Cons. (Clara Schumann, B. Scholtz, Ivan Knorr). 
 Debut at concert of London Philharmonic 
 Soc, May 8, i8go ; has played with marked 
 success at the Popular Concerts and Crystal Pal- 
 ace ; successful tour in Gei-many 1895-6. 
 
 Bo'sendorfer. Firm of pf. -makers at Vienna, 
 est. by Ignaz Bosendorfer (b. Vienna, 1795 ; d. 
 there l8i;g) in 1828, now managed by his son 
 Ludwig (b. Vienna, Apr. 10, 1835). Its specialty 
 is concert-grands. 
 
 Bos'si, Marco Enrico, b. Salo, Brescia, 
 Italy, Apr. 25, 1861 ; son and pupil of the 
 organist Pietro B., of 
 Morbegno [b. 1834, 
 d. Dec 30, 1896]. 
 He studied (1871-3) 
 in the Liceo Rossini, 
 Bologna, and 1873- 
 81 at Milan under 
 Sangalli (pf.), Fuma- 
 galli (org.), Campa- 
 nari (vln.), Bbniforti 
 (cpt.), and Ponchielli 
 and Do mi nice ti 
 (corap-. ). From 
 1 881-91, m. di capp. 
 and org. at Como 
 cath. ; then, until 
 1895, prof, of org. 
 
 and harm, in the R. Cons. San Pietro a Majella 
 at Naples; and since Jan. I, l8g6, Director 
 of, and prof, of advanced comp. and org. in, 
 the Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice. He is 
 also conductor of the " Benedetto Marcello " 
 Soc. of Concerts in Venice ; member of the 
 permanent government commission for mus. 
 art ; Chevalier of the Ital. Crown, and Chev. of 
 the order of Isabella la Catolica (Span.). — 
 • Works : Paqilita, l-act opera, op. 10 (R. Cons., 
 Milan, 1881); // Veggente, l-act op. seria, op. 
 69 (Dal Verme Th., Milan, 1890); V Angela 
 delta notte, 4-act melodrama, op. 52 (Como) ; 
 " Mossa d'Averno," cantata f. 4 voices, pf., and 
 harmonium, op. 87 ; " Tota pulchra," f. iiiixed 
 ch. and org. , op. 96; "Marinaresca," f. soli, 
 ch., and orch., op. 108 ; symphonic poem " II 
 Cieco" (1897), f. ten. solo, ch., and orch., op. 
 112; Messa {a S. Marco) I. 3 equal voices and 
 
 org., op. 61; "Westminster Abbey," Inno di 
 Gloria f. ch. and org., op. 76 (perf. twice by 
 Riedelverein, Leipzig) ; Requiem Masses, op. 
 83, op. go ; a great quantity of other church- 
 music (e.g., op. 12-48, written for Como cathe- 
 dral, all MS.) ; overture f. orch., op. I ; Im- 
 promptu f. orch., op. 55; organ-conterto, op. 
 100 ; much fine organ-music (op. 3, overture; op. 
 49, 2 scherzi and an impromptu ; op. 53, Inno 
 Trionfale ; op. 54, Suite " Res severa magnum 
 gaudium"; op. 59, 4 pes.; op. 60, Sonata i, in 
 D min. ; op. 62, " Fede a Bach," a fugue; 
 op. 64, Fantasia ; op. 68, Processional March ; 
 op. 70, 6 pes.; op. 71, Sonata No. 2 ; op. 72, 
 Marche heroique ; op. 74, 3 pes.; op. 78, 
 Etude symphonique ; op. 92, 3 pes. ; op. 94, 2 
 pes. ; op. 100, concerto w. orch. ; op. 104, 5 pes. ; 
 op. 113, 5 pes.); a string-trio in D min., 
 op. 107, and other chamber-music (f. vln. and 
 pf., 'cello and pf., etc.); pf.-music (15 opus- 
 numbers); vocal ronianze, etc.; up to op. 114 
 (1898). His great " Metodo di Studio per 
 rOrgano moderno," written in collaboration 
 with G. Tebaldini (Milan, 1893), is op. 105. 
 
 Bo'te und Bock. Berlin firm of music- 
 publishers, est. 1838 by Eduard Bote and Gus- 
 tav Bock (successors of Frohlich und Westphal). 
 Present head is Hugo Bock. 
 
 Bo'tel, Heinrich, tenor ; b. Hamburg, May 
 6, 1858; "discovered" by PoUini (he was a 
 cab-driver) ; now leading lyric tenor in Ham- 
 burg City Theatre. 
 
 Botgor'schek, Franz, b. Vienna, May 23, 
 1812 ; d. The Hague, May, 1882, as teacher in 
 the Cons. Flutist, pupil of Vienna Cons. Publ. 
 flute-music. 
 
 Bott, Jean Joseph, eminent violinist ; b. 
 Kassel, Mar. 9, 1826 ; d. New York, Apr. 30, 
 1895. His father, the court musician A. Bott, 
 was his first teacher ; M. Hauptmann and L. 
 Spohr completed his training. Winner of the 
 Mozart scholarship (1841), solo violinist in Elec- 
 toral orch. (1846), iai' Kapellm. (1852), court 
 Kapellm. at Meiningen (1857) and Hanover 
 (1865), pensioned 1878. Taught in Magdeburg 
 and Hamburg, and came to New York in 1885. 
 — Works : 2 operas, Der Unbekannle (Kassel, 
 1854), and A/i/da, das Mddchen ,von Korintk 
 (Berlin, 1862) ; symphonies, overtures, vln. -con- 
 certos, solos f. vln. w..pf., pf.-music, songs. 
 
 Bottle de Toulmon, Auguste, b. Paris, 
 May 15, 1797 ; d. there Mar. 22, 1850. A law- 
 yer by profession, he turned his attention to 
 music, becoming a good amateur 'cellist ; he was 
 librarian (gratis) of the Cons. 1831-48, and 
 wrote : " De la Chanson en France au moyen 
 age " (1836) ; " Notice biographique sur les tra- 
 vaux de Guido d'Arezzo " (1837); " Desinstr.sde 
 musique en usage au moyen age " (1838) ; etc. 
 
 Bottesi'ni, Giovanni, double-bass virtuoso 
 and composer ; b. Crema, Lombardy, Dec. 24, 
 1823 ; d. Parma, July 7, 1889. Studied at Milan 
 Cons. 1835-9 under Rossi (double-bass), and 
 
 79 
 
BOTTRIGARI— BOWMAN 
 
 Basili, Vaccai, Piantanida, and Ray. His first 
 concert at Crema, 1840, was eminently success- 
 ful ; until 1846, he made tours in Italy; then 
 went to Havana, visited the United States, etc., 
 and was from 1855-7 conductor of the Th. des 
 Italiens, Paris. Thence he made concert-tours 
 throughout Europe, became m. di capp. at 
 Palermo (Bellini Th.) in 1861, at Barcelona in 
 1863 ; founded the Societa del Quartette at 
 Florence, conducted the opera at Cairo, Egypt, 
 and at the Lyceum, London (1871), and became 
 dir. of Parma Cons. — Operas : Cristoforo Co- 
 lombo (Havana, 1847), L'Assedio di Firenze 
 (Paris, 1856), // Diavolo della notte (Milan, 
 1859), Marion Delorme (Palermo, 1862), Vin- 
 ciguerra (Paris, 1870), AH Baba (London, 
 1871), Ero e Leandro (Turin, 1880) ; the oratorio 
 The Garden of Olivet (Norwich Festival, 1887) ; 
 symphonies, overtures, quartets ; unpubl. pes. 
 f . double-bass ; songs. 
 
 Bottriga'ri, Ercole, b. Bologna, Aug., 
 1 531 ; d. S. Alberto, Sept. 30, 1612. A man of 
 profound learning, he wrote " II Patrizio, 
 ovvero de' tetracordi armonici di Aristosseno " 
 (Bologna, 1593) ; "II Desiderio, ovvero de' con- 
 certi di varl stromenti musicali, dialogo di mu- 
 sica" (1594, under the assumed name " Ale- 
 manno Benelli ") ; "II Melone, discorso armo- 
 nico " (Ferrara, 1602). [Patrizio, Desiderio, and 
 Melone were names of friends.] He left a 
 transl. of Boetius, and other works, in MS. 
 
 Boucher, Alexandre-Jean, b. Paris, Apr. 
 II, 1778; d. there Dec. 29, 1861. Remarkable 
 and original violin-virtuoso, self-styled "I'Alex- 
 andre des violons." Played at the Concerts 
 Spirituels when but six ; 1787-1805, soloist to 
 Charles IV. of Spain. Travelled in Holland, 
 Germany, England, etc. Wrote 2 vln. -concertos. 
 
 Bouich^re, Emile, b. i860 (?), d. Paris, 
 Sept. 4, 1895. Brilliant pupil of Gust. Le- 
 fevre's Acad. ; early known by important sacred 
 comp.s (masses, motets) ; also chamber-music. 
 In 1892 he est. a successful vocal acad. He was 
 mus. director of La Trinite. 
 
 Bourgault - Ducoudray, Louis - Albert, b. 
 
 Nantes, Feb. 2,1840. Pupil of Ambroise Thomas 
 at Paris Cons. , taking Grand prix de Rome in 
 1865. He founded an amateur choral society in 
 Paris (1S68) ; spent some time in researches in 
 Greece, after which he wrdte " Souvenirs d'une 
 mission musicale en Grece," " 30 Melodies 
 populaires de Grece et d'Orient," and " Etudes 
 sur la mus. ecclesiastique grecque." App. 
 prof, of mus. hist, at Paris Cons. (1878). He 
 has comp. 2 operas ; Tham-ara (Paris, 1891), 
 and Bretagne (not perf.) ; for orch., a fantaisie 
 in C min., a Gavotte, a Marche athenienne, 
 I'Enterrement d'Ophelie, and a Rapsodie cam- 
 bodgienne ; a symphonic f. female chorus and 
 soli, " I^a Conjuration des Fleurs"; numerous 
 songs w. pf. — Has also publ. " 30 Melodies 
 populaires de la Basse-Bretagne," with F'rench 
 translations. 
 
 Bourgeois, Loys [Louis], b. Paris, abt.1510; 
 d. (?) ; a follower of Calvin, with whom he lived 
 1545-57 at Geneva. He is renowned as one of 
 the first to harmonize the melodies to the French 
 version of the Psalms, 3 collections in 4-6 parts 
 having been publ. by him at Lyons (1547) and 
 Paris(i56i) ; some of these melodies are his own. 
 His treatise, " Le droict chemin de musique," 
 etc. (Geneva and Lyons, 1550), proposed a re- 
 form in the nomenclature of the tones ace. to the 
 solmisation-syllables, which was generally adopt- 
 ed in France. 
 
 Bourges, Jean-Maurice, b. Bordeaux, Dec. 
 2, 1812 ; d. Paris, March, 1881. Composer (pu- 
 pil of Barbereau) and mus. critic, co-editor of the 
 " Revue et Gazette musicale." — Works ; An op- 
 era, Sultana (Paris, Op. -Com., 1846); a Stabat 
 Mater ; 2 pf. -trios, 2 pf.-sonatas, many solo pf.- 
 pcs. , vocal romances, etc. 
 
 Bousquet, Georges, b. Perpignan, March 12, 
 1818 ; d. St. -Cloud, June 15, 1854. St. in Paris 
 Cons., took Grand prix de Rome in 1838 ; was 
 chef d' orch. at the Opera (1847), and (1849-51) 
 at the Th. Italien, and critic for " Le Com- 
 merce," " L'lUustration," and the " Gazette mu- 
 sicale." — Works: 3 operas, V HStesse de Lyon 
 (Cons., 1844), Le Mousquetaire (Op.-Cora., 1844), 
 and Tabarin (Th.-Lyrique, 1852) ; 2 masses, a 
 cantata, a Miserere, considerable chamber-music, 
 etc. 
 
 Bov^ry, Jules (properly Bovy, Antoine- 
 Nicolas-Joseph), b. Liege, Oct. 21, 1808; d. 
 Paris, July 17, 1868. Self-taught violinist and 
 composer ; conducted theatre-orchestras at Lille, 
 Douai, Lyons, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Rouen, 
 Ghent (1845), and Paris (Th. Cluny). Wrote 
 about a dozen operas, operettas, ballets, etc. 
 
 Bovy, Charles-Samuel (known under the 
 nom de plume of Lysberg), pianist and salon- 
 comp. ; b. Lysberg, n. Geneva, March I, 1821 ; 
 d. Geneva, Feb. 15, 1873. Educated in Geneva 
 and Paris (Chopin, pf., and Delaire, harm.); 
 teacher of pf. at Geneva Cons. — Works : The 
 l-act comic opera La fille du carillonneur (Ge- 
 neva, 1854) ; and, for piano, a romantic sonata, 
 " L'absence," much brilliant salon-rassic (" La 
 NapoHtaine," op. 26 ; Deux Nocturnes, op. 29; 
 Menuet, op. 60 ; " Le chant du rouet "; Idylle, 
 op. 64 ; " Sur I'onde," op. 94 ; etc.), paraphrases 
 of opera-themes, etc. 
 
 Bowman, Edward Morris, b. Barnard, Ver- 
 mont, July 18, 1848. Pupil of William Mason 
 (pf.) and J. P. Morgan (org. and theory) at New 
 York, 1866; from 1867-70 was organist in St. 
 Louis, Mo., of the Union Meth. Ch., then for 
 2 years of the Second Presb. Ch.; studied in 
 Berlin, 1872-73, with Fr. Bendel (pf.), Ed. 
 Rohde and Aug. Haupt (org.), and Weitzmann 
 (comp. and orchestration) ; spent summer of 
 1873 at Paris as Ed. Batiste's pupil in organ- 
 playing, and another year in Berlin. In 1874 he 
 resumed his last position in St. Louis ; 1877-S7, 
 music-director and organist of the Second Bap- 
 
 80 
 
BOYCE— BRAHMS 
 
 list Ch. in that city, witli an interval of Euro- 
 pean study under Bridge, Macfarren, Turpin, 
 and Guilmant in 1881, during which B. passed 
 the examination of the London R. Coll. of Or- 
 ganists, being the first American to do so. In 
 1882, president of the Music Teachers' Nat. 
 Assoc, (has been thrice reelected) ; in 1884, with 
 150 others, he founded the Amer. Coll. of Mu- 
 sicians ; was its first president, and served 8 
 terms, being now Hon. Pres., 1st Vice-Pres., 
 and Trustee. 1887, organist of the 1st Baptist 
 Ch., Brooklyn, N.Y.; 1891-95, Ritter's suc- 
 cessor as prof, of music at Vassar College. In 
 1895 he organized the fine "Temple Choir," 
 Brooklyn (200 voices), which he still conducts. 
 Has also cond. the Newark, N. J., Harmonic 
 Soc, and the Cecilian Choir. One of the fore- 
 most organists and theorists in the United 
 States, he is a very successful teacher. Has 
 publ. " Bowman's -Weitzmann's Manual of Mu- 
 sical Thtory" (1877; revised ed. in prepara- 
 tion ; an Engl, compilation, from oral communi- 
 cations, of W.'s principles and rules of harmony ; 
 approved by W., and later translated into Ger- 
 man) ; and other works. At present (1899) 
 organist and mus. director at the Baptist Tem- 
 ple, Brooklyn. 
 
 Boyce, William, organist and composer ; b. 
 London, 1710 ; d. Kensington, Feb. 7, 1779. 
 Chorister in St. Paul's under Ch. King ; articled 
 pupil to Maurice Greene, org. there, and studied 
 later with Pepusch. Became (1736) org. at St. 
 Michael's, Cornhill ; also composer to the Chapel 
 Royal and the King ; conducted the festivals of 
 the Three Choirs (Gloucester, Worcester, Here- 
 ford) in 1737 ; org. of Church of AUhallows in 
 1749 ; Master of the Royal Band, 1775 ; and as- 
 sociate organist to the Chapel Royal, 1758, then 
 resigning his posii;ions at St. Michael's and AU- 
 hallows to devote himself to issuing Greene's coll. 
 of " Cathedral Music "(1760-78) in 3 vol.s, com- 
 prising morning and evening services, the an- 
 thems, and settings of the Sanctus, by Aldrich, 
 Batten, Bevin, Blow, Bull, Byrd, Child, Jer. 
 Clarke, Creyghton, Croft, Farrant, Gibbons, 
 Goldwin, Henry VIII., Humphrey, Lawes, 
 Locke, iVIorley, Purcell, Rogers, Tallis, Turner, 
 Tye, Weldon, and Wise. — Compositions ; "Lyra 
 Britannica" (several books of songs, cantatas, 
 and duets) ; " 15 Anthems, Te Deum, and Jubi- 
 late " (1780); "12 Anthems and a Service" 
 (1790) ; an oratorio, Noah; masque, Peleus and 
 Thetis ; a masque for The Tempest ; dirges for 
 Cymbeline and Romeo and Juliet ; several odes, 
 symphonies, a vln. -concerto, 12 vln. -sonatas, etc. 
 
 Boyer, (Louis-Joseph- Victor-) Georges, b. 
 
 Paris, July 21, 1850 ; won the Prix Rossini, 
 over 169 competitors, with the libretto of Hdrode 
 (set to music by Chaumet ; Bordeaux, 1892). 
 Also wrote libretti for Le portrait de Manon 
 (Massenet), Mirka l' enchanter esse, Doloris, and 
 several other lyric pieces. Writes for the " Fi- 
 garo," " L'i^venement," and the " Petit Jour- 
 nal." 
 
 Bradbury, William Batchelder, b. York, 
 Me., Oct. 6, 1816 ; d. Montclair, N. J., Jan. 7, 
 1868. Studied under Sumner Hill and Lowell 
 Mason ; 1847-9 ^t Leipzig under Hauptmann, 
 Moscheles, and Bohme. Till 1854 he taught, 
 wrote, and conducted mus. conventions ; 1854- 
 67, was in business as a piano-maker. Edited 
 more than 50 collections of music, some of which 
 had an immense sale (e.g., "Fresh Laurels," 
 1867, 1,200,000 copies). — Comp. 2 cantatas, 
 Daniel (w. G. F. Root, 1853), a.nA Esther {liit). 
 
 Brad'sky, Wenzel Theodor, b. Rakovnik, 
 Bohemia, Jan. 17, 1833 ; d. there Aug. 10, 18S1. 
 Taught by Caboun and Pischek at Prague ; 
 joined the cath. -choir at Berlin, where he gave 
 singing-lessons and composed. Prince George 
 of Prussia, whose opera lolanthe he set to music 
 in 1872, app. him his court-composer in 1874. — 
 Operas: Der Heirathszwang i^'a., 1859) ; i?i;ij- 
 witha (Dessau, i860) ; Die Braut des Waffen- 
 schmieds (MS. , 1861); Das Krokodil (MS. , 1862) ; 
 Jarmila (Prague, 1879) ; Der Rattenfdnger von 
 Hatneln CBerWn, 1881) ; many popular part-songs 
 and songs. 
 
 Bra'ga, Gaetano, b. Giulianova, Abruzzi, 
 June 9, 1829. Eminent 'cellist, pupil of C. Gae- 
 tano at Naples Cons. (1841-52). A great trav- 
 eller, he has lived at Florence, Vienna, Paris, 
 and London (between which last two cities he 
 now divides his time), besides making concert- 
 tours of Europe. — Works : Several operas, vocal 
 chamber-music, pes. f. 'cello, and a " Metodo di 
 Violoncello." 
 
 Braham (properly Abraham), John, re- 
 nowned tenor ; b. London, 1774 ; d. there Feb. 
 17, 1856. Pupil of Leoni (London), Rauzzini 
 (Bath), and Isola (Genoa). Sang at Covent Gar- 
 den when very young ; appeared as tenor at 
 Drury Lane in 1796 (opera Mahmoud), and was 
 engaged for the Ital. Opera. After study in 
 Italy, and singing in several cities there, he re- 
 appeared at Covent Garden in 1801 ; endowed 
 with a powerful voice of 3-octave compass, his 
 career was now an unbroken series of triumphs. 
 He created the role of Hiion inV^ eh&r' s Oberon 
 (London, 1826). As a ballad-writer he was very 
 popular ; also wrote much of the music for the 
 operatic roles which he assumed, and the inci- 
 dental music to twelve or more dramas. 
 
 Brah'mig, Julius Bernhard, b. Hirschfeld, 
 n. Liebenwerda (Merseburg), Nov. 10, 1822 ; d. 
 Detmold, Oct. 23, 1872, as mus. -teacher at the 
 Seminary. — Publ. "Choralbuch" (1862); "Rath- 
 geber fur Musiker bei der Auswahl geeigneter 
 Musikalien" (1865) ; Methods f. pf., vln., and 
 via.; school song-books, , pes. f. pf., organ- 
 music, etc. 
 
 Brahms, Johannes, composer, was born in 
 Hamburg, May 7, 1833 ; he died in Vienna, 
 Apr. 3, 1897. His father, a double-bass player 
 in the Hamburg City Theatre, was his first 
 teacher ; but his chief instructor was Marxsen 
 of Altona. At 14 he made his pianistic debut 
 
BRAHMS 
 
 at Hamburg, playing variations of his own on a 
 folk-song. In 1853 he made a concert-tour with 
 Remenyi. At Got- 
 tingen he was heard 
 by Joachim, who 
 sent him to Schu- 
 mann. On himB.'s 
 talent made so pro- 
 found an impression 
 that he published an 
 enthusiastic article 
 " Neue Bahnen " 
 [New Paths], in the 
 "Neue Zeitschrift 
 fur Musik,"" hailing 
 B. as the coming 
 hero among com- 
 posers. However, 
 a number of compositions, among them the three 
 pf.-sonatas and three books of songs, publ. at 
 Schumann's instigation, failed of popular appre- 
 ciation. B. now served for a time as conductor of 
 the Prince of Lippe-Detmold's orchestra ; the 
 years 185S-62 he spent in diligent study at Ham- 
 burg. — Although B., from the outset, confronted 
 the public (to employ Schumann's dictum) " fully 
 equipped, as Minerva sprang from the brain of 
 Jupiter," his earlier compositions show a prepon- 
 derance of technical learning ; they follow classic 
 models, and do not bear the stamp of individual- 
 ity. But in the Serenades for orchestra (i 860-1) 
 he already relegates theoretical science to its 
 proper position as a means to an end. In 1 862 he 
 went to Vienna, and acted as conductor of the 
 Singakademie in 1863-4 ; from 1864-9 h^ lived 
 in various towns (Hamburg, Zurich, Baden- 
 Baden, etc.), and also made concert-tours, re- 
 warded by ever-growing artistic and pecuniary 
 success, with his friend Stockhausen ; in 1869 
 he returned to Vienna. From 1871— 4 he con- 
 ducted the grand orchestral concerts of the 
 " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde"; when Her- 
 beck assumed this function, B. again left 
 Vienna, and lived for a time near Heidelberg, 
 but came back in 1878, and thenceforward made 
 Vienna his home. In 1877 Cambridge Univer- 
 sity tendered him the degree of iMus. Doc. ; but 
 he ignored the offer, accepting, however, the 
 degree of Dr. pJiil. from Breslau in 1881, ex- 
 pressing his acknowledgment of the honor in 
 the "Akademische Festouverture." In 1886 he 
 was created a knight of the Prussian Ordre pour 
 le m&ite, with voting privilege, and elected a 
 member of the Berlin Acad, of Arts. In 1889 
 he was presented with the freedom of his native 
 city. His compositions during the first few 
 years in Vienna were chiefly in the genre of 
 chamber-music, which no other latter-day com- 
 poser has so enriched ; the string-sextet, piano- 
 quintet, and the first three piano-quartets, were 
 written at this time. He also composed several 
 sacred works, among them the "German Re- 
 quiem," op. 45, the first 3 choruses of which 
 were given in Vienna in 1867, and the entire 
 work produced in the Bremen cathedral in April, 
 
 1868. He left his mark on every branch of com- 
 position except opera ; he frankly admitted that 
 he " knew nothing about the theatre." Never- 
 theless, the idea of writing an opera was not 
 wholly strange to his mind {cf. Widmann, "J, 
 B. in Erinnerungen "). B. was put forward by 
 Hanslick, and other critics and musicians op- 
 posed to Wagnerian tendencies, as the modern 
 champion of absolute music. There is, how- 
 ever, reason to believe that B. himself was not 
 hostile to Wagner ; he was a close student of 
 Wagner's scores, and highly valued several 
 Wagner autographs in his possession ; he even 
 (on Hanslick's authority) defended Wagner 
 against hostile criticism. Apparently, the con- 
 troversy was neither of his nor of Wagner's 
 seeking ; but it led to the latter's sarcastic re- 
 mark : " Brahms is a composer whose impor- 
 tance lies in not wishing to create any striking 
 effect." However, though a conservator of 
 established forms, B. was a thoroughly' modern 
 musician — a master, not a slave, of form, who 
 did not hesitate to deviate from conventional 
 lines when it suited his artistic purpose. Since 
 Robert Schumann penned his fervent greeting 
 to the twenty-year-old Brahms, the musical 
 world had naturally watched the growth of the 
 composer with the liveliest interest and, like- 
 wise, with the keenest critical scrutiny. The 
 very manner of his introduction to the public 
 was like a challenge calculated to arouse latent 
 opposition and to whet active criticism. And 
 hardly any modern musician, save Wagner, has 
 been the object of so much hostility and animad- 
 version as Brahms. Did he, in fact, fulfil the 
 confident and impassioned predictions of his 
 earliest champion ? Yes : — and no ! His life- 
 work proved a disappointment to many once 
 ardent admirers. Liszt, hearing B. play his 
 scherzo in E [7 minor, mistakenly welcomed him 
 as an apostle of extreme romanticism. And the 
 young Brahms — Brahms the pianist, the youth 
 full of " fire and flame," might well have been 
 expected boldly to explore untravelled paths 
 leading to a new Olympus. Instead of this he 
 chose, unmoved by praise or blame, to be a 
 standard-bearer of the traditions of a glorious 
 past. The new paths which he trod were hardly 
 those which Schumann so fondly anticipated. 
 Austerely resisting the blandishments of the. 
 Muse of Programs, he stepped aside the throng 
 to worship at the shrine of Absolute Music. B. 
 is an idealist of the highest and purest type. 
 The fine fibre of his musicianly feeling vibrates 
 in his humblest song as in his proudest sym- 
 phonic movement. In the case of his larger 
 tone-pictures the ear is .sometimes wearied, it is 
 true, while seeking to follow the clue to his 
 meaning through mazes of labyrinthine intri- 
 cacy ; and the difficulty is increased, it must be 
 confessed, by the peculiarities of an instrumen- 
 tation to which the undignified epithet " muddy" 
 has been applied, and which, contrasted with the 
 glowing, scintillating, flashing, kaleidoscopic 
 orchestral color of many of his contemporaries. 
 
 82 
 
BRAHMS 
 
 shows dull and monotonous. But this is the 
 worst that, can be urged against Brahms the 
 composer ; and, given a conductor like Billow, 
 wholly in sympathy with the work and of an ana- 
 lytic turn of mind, passages which under other 
 hands seemed like interminable, dreary wastes, 
 are made to "blossom like the rose." In his 
 treatment of thematic rhythms, B. is a lineal 
 successor of Beethoven ; in many of his songs 
 one would say that Schubert lives again, but a 
 Schubert whose intense spontaneity is controlled 
 by a subtler feeling for formal finish. Schubert, 
 Schumann, Franz, and Brahms are the four 
 great figures in the history of the Lied. Brahms' 
 powerful individuality reaches the very heart of 
 t^e poem, the mood in which the poet conceived 
 it, and reflects it in the vocal melody ; this vocal 
 melody is so closely interknit with the piano- 
 accompaniment, that both flow on. together in 
 one broad, deep current of song. The most 
 important of his song-groups is the setting of 
 the romances from Tieck's "Magelone"; but 
 his best-known, and, in many ways, most beau- 
 tiful song is "Wie bist du, meine Konigin," op. 
 .32. His songs, part-songs, and chamber-music, 
 much of the piano-music, and several of the 
 choral works (notably the " German Requiem," 
 the " Triumphlied," and the " Schicksalslied "), 
 ekjoy real and undisputed popularity ; his four 
 symphonies, especially Nos. i and 4, and the 
 two piano-concertos, are not so unreservedly ad- 
 mired. The tale of his published works reaches 
 nearly 130. He was a model of unremitting, 
 patient industry ; he labored, for example, over 
 ten years, off and on, upon his first symphony, 
 which created a profound sensation when pro- 
 duced in 1876 ; his fame had already been 
 established, however, by his "German Re- 
 I quiem " (1868). 
 
 I Brahms the pianist was, in his youth , a bril- 
 1 liant and versatile player, of peculiar note in 
 Bach and other classics. At the age of zo, hav- 
 ing to play the Kreutzer Sonata at a concert 
 with Remenyi, the piano was discovered to be a 
 semitone below concert-pitch ; there being no 
 time to retune it, B., playing without notes, 
 transposed his part a semitone higher throughout 
 (from A to B[j) fas Beethoven transposed his 
 own concerto in C to Cfl, at a rehearsal]. But, 
 ,in the early '70's, his playing had lost its former 
 , charm ; though still masterly in feeling and in- 
 'tent, it was too insecure in technique and weak 
 in climax to afford full pleasure. It is by his 
 compositions that posterity will judge him ; and 
 its verdict will probably be, that he was the 
 ■ grandest, most virile, and most original sym- 
 phonist and master of the lesser forms, in the 
 latter half of the 19th century. 
 
 Biographical. H. Reimann. "J. B. "(Ber- 
 lin) ; H. Deiters : " y. B.: eine Charakteristik " 
 i!(Leipzig, 1880; Part II, 1S98 ; Engl, transl., 
 w. Supplement, London, 1888); B. Vogel : 
 '"Johannes Brahms" (Leipzig); Widmann : 
 ■' ]. B. in Erinnerungen " (Berlin, l8g8) ; A. 
 -Dietrich: "Erinnerungen an J. B." (Leipzig, 
 
 1898) ; there is an interesting g5-page sketch of 
 B., by J. A. Fuller Maitland, in " Masters of 
 German Music " (New York, i8g6). 
 
 Compositions (exclusive of Songs for one 
 voice with pf.) ; — Op. I, sonata for pf. in C; 
 2, sonata for pf . in F fl min. ; 4, scherzo for pf. . 
 in E|7 min.; 5, sonata for pf. in J' min.; 8, trio 
 in B, f. pf., vln., and 'cello ; 9, variations for pf. , 
 on a theme by Schumann ; 10, 4 ballads for pf. ; , 
 II, serenade for full orch., in D ; 12, Ave Maria 
 for female ch. and orch. (or organ) ; 13, funeral 
 hymn for chorus and wind ; 15, pf. -concerto in 
 D min.; 16, serenade for small orch., in A ; 17, 
 4 songs for female ch. , 2 horns and harp ; 18, 
 sextet No. i, in Bjj, for strings ; 20, 3 duets 
 for S. and A. with pf. ; 21, variations for pf. in 
 D : (i) on original theme ; (2) on a Hungarian 
 melody ; 22, 7 Marienlieder , for mixed ch., in 2 
 parts ; 23, variations for pf. , 4 hands, on theme 
 by Schumann ; 24, variations and fugue for pf. , 
 on theme by Handel ; 25, pf.-quartet No. I, in 
 G min.; 26, pf.-quartet No. 2, in A ; 27, Psalm 
 xxiii for women's voices, with org. (or pf.) ; 
 28, 4 duets for alto and bar., w. pf. ; 29, 2 
 motets for 5 voices ; 30, Sacred Song (Paul 
 Flemming) f. 4 voices, mixed ch. , and org.; 31, 
 3 quartets for S. , A., T., and B., w. pf. ; 34, pf.- 
 quintet in F min.; 34a, sonata for pf. , 4 hands 
 (arr. from op. 34) ; 35, 28,variations (Studien) for . 
 pf. ; 36, sextet No. 2, in G, for strings ; 37, 3 
 sacred choruses for female voices ; 38, sonata in 
 E min., for pf. and 'cello ; 39, 16 waltzes for 
 pf., 4 hands; 40, trio in Ej^, for pf., vln., and 
 horn (or 'cello) ; 41, 5 part-songs for 4 men's 
 voices ; 42, 3 songs for 6-p. ch. a cappella; 44, 
 12 songs and romances for female chorus a 
 cappella ; 45, German Requiem, soli, chorus, and 
 orchestra ; 50, " Rinaldo," cantata (Goethe), f. 
 ten. solo, malech., and orch.; 51, 2 string-quar-- 
 tets (C min. and A min.) ; 52, Liebeslieder, 
 waltzes for pf. and 4 voices ; 53, Rhapsodic 
 (from Goethe's '^ Harzreise"), for alto solo,' 
 malech., and orch.; 54, Schicksalslied [Songoi' 
 Destiny] (F. Holderlin), f. ch. and orch.; 55, 
 Triumphlied (Revelations, chap, xix), f. 8-p. 
 ch. and orch.; 56, variations f. orch. on a theme 
 by Haydn ; 60, pf.-quartet No. 3, in C min. ; 
 61, 4 duets for S. -and A. ; 62, 7 songs for mixed 
 ch. ; 64, 3 vocal quartets with pf . ; 65, Neue 
 Liebeslieder, waltzes for 4 vcs. and pf. ; 66, 5 . 
 duets, S. and A.; 67, string-quartet No. 3, in 
 Bjj; 68, symphony No. i, C min.; 73, sym- 
 phony No. 2, in D ; 74, 2 motets f . mixed ch. ; 
 75, 4 ballads and romances f. 2 vcs. w. pf. ; 76, 
 8 piano-pieces ; 77, violin-concerto in D ; 78,. 
 sonata for pf. and vln., in G; 79, 2 Rhapsodies 
 for pf. (B min. and G min.); 80, Akademische 
 Festouvertilre, f . orch. ; 81, Tragische Ouvertiire, 
 f. orch.; 82, Ndnie (Schiller), f. ch. and orch.; 
 83, pf.-concerto No. 2, in Bfc); 84, 5 romances 
 and songs, f. I or 2 voices ; 87, pf.-trio in C ; 
 88, string-quintet in Y ; 89, Gesang der Parzen: 
 (Goethe), for 6-part ch. and orch.; 90, sym- 
 phony No. 3, in F; 91, 2 songs for alto, w. 
 viola and pf.; 92, 4 vocal quartets with pf. ; 
 
 83 
 
BRAII-MULLER— BRANDEIS 
 
 93a, songs and romances, f. 4-part mixed ch.; 
 93b, " Tafellied," for 4-part mixed ch.; 98, 
 symphony No. 4, in E min.; 99, sonata No. 2 
 in F. f. 'cello and pf.; 100, sonata No. 2, in A, 
 f. vln. and pf.; 101, pf.-trio in C min.; 102, 
 concerto in C, f. vln. and 'cello; 103, 8 " Zi- 
 geunerlieder " for 4 voices, w. pf . ; 104, 5 songs 
 f. mixed ch.; 108, sonata No. 3, in D min., f. 
 vln. and pf. ; 109, Deutsche Fest- und Ge- 
 denkspruche, f . double ch. ; 110,3 motets f . 4 
 and 8 voices; iii, string-quintet No. 2, in G ; 
 
 112, "Zigeunerlieder" f. 4 voices, w. pf.-accomp.; 
 
 113, 13 canons f. female voices, w. pf.-accomp.; 
 
 114, trio in A min., for pf. , clar., and 'cello ; 115, 
 quintet in D min., for clar. and strings ; 116, 
 Fantasien f. pf.; 117, 3 Intermezzi f. pf.; 118, 
 6 Clavierstiicke (Intermezzi in A min.. A, F 
 min., and Et> min.; Ballades, Romanze) ; 119, 4 
 Clavierstiicke (Intermezzi in B min., E min., 
 and C ; Rhapsodie) ; 120, 2 sonatas f. clar. (or 
 via.) and pf. ; op. 121, " Vier ernste Gesange " f. 
 bass w. pf. 
 
 Brahms' songs for one voice, with piano-ac- 
 companiment, are published in sets, varying in 
 number, as op. 3, 6, 7, 14, ig, 32, 33 (from 
 Tieck's " Magelone "), 43, ,46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 
 58, 59, 63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84', 85, 86, 91, 94, 95, 
 96, 97, 105, 106, 107, 121 ("Ernste Gesange," 
 his last published work). 
 
 Without Opus-numbers: Hungarian 
 Dances for orchestra. — Gluck's Gavotte for pf. 
 solo. — Studies forpf. solo : (l) Etude after Cho- 
 pin ; (2) Rondo after Weber. — 15 Volkskinder- 
 liedchen. — Mondnacht, song for i voice w. pf. — 
 Prelude and fugue in A min., and fugue in A[j 
 min., f. organ. 
 
 Brah - Miiller (real name Miiller), Karl 
 Friedrich Gustav, b. Kritschen, Silesia, Oct. 
 7, 1839 ; d. Berlin, Nov. I, 1878. Teacher at 
 Pleschen, then at Berlin, where he st. under 
 Geyer and Wilerst ; since 1867, teacher at Wan- 
 delt's Inst., Berlin. — Works : " Singspiel " Ein 
 Matrose von der Nymphe (Berlin, 1864) ; ope- 
 retta Deutschland im Urwald ; Te Deum f. ch. 
 andorch.; vln. -quartets ; organ- and pf.-mus., 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Bram'bach, Kaspar Joseph, b. Bonn, July 
 14, 1833. His first teacher in comp. was A. 
 zur Nieden ; he then st. 1S51-4 in Cologne 
 Cons.; won IVIozart scholarship, and St. at 
 Frankfort under Ferd. Hiller. Teacher in Co- 
 logne Cons. 1858-61 ; 1S61-9, musical director 
 at Bonn, where he has since lived as a teacher 
 and composer. His secular cantatas are espe- 
 cially noteworthy ; the larger works are " Trost 
 in Tonen," " Das eleusische Fest," " Friihlings- 
 hymnus," "Die Macht des Gesanges," " Vel- 
 leda," " Alcestis," " Prometheus," and " Colum- 
 bus" (1S86) ; lesser works are " Germanischer 
 Siegesgesang " (1874), " Das Lied vom Rhein," 
 " Lenzerwachen," and " Rheinfahrt." — Other 
 works : An opera Ariadne ; concert-overture 
 Tttsso ; pf. -concerto, a pf. -sextet, a string-sex- 
 tet, 2 pf.-quartets, vocal music. 
 
 Bram'bach, Wilhelra, b. Bonn, Dec. 17, 
 1841 ; philologist ; in 1S66 prof, extraordinary, 
 1868 ordinary prof., at Freiburg; since 1872I 
 head-librarian at Karlsruhe. — "Works: "Das 
 Tonsystem und die Tonarten des christlichen 
 Abendlands im Mittelalter," etc. (1881); "Die 
 Musiklitteratar des Mittelalters bis zur Bluthe 
 der Reichenauer Sangerschule " (1883) ; " Her- 
 manni Contract! musica" (1884) ; and "Die Rei- 
 chenauer Sangerschule " (l888). 
 
 Brambil'la, Paolo, b. Milan, 1786 ; d. (?). 
 Comp. 4 operas for Milan and Turin (1816-19), 
 and 6 ballets for I,a Scala, Milan (1819-33). 
 
 Brambil'la, Marietta, b. Casano d'Adda, 
 1807 ; d. Milan, Nov. 6, 1875. Fanious singer 
 and singing - teacher ; pupil of Milan Cons.; 
 debut London, 1827, in Rossini's Seviiramide, 
 and sang for years in the principal theatres of 
 Italy, London, Vienna, and Paris. — Publ. songs, 
 vocalises, etc. 
 
 Brambil'la, Teresa (sister of Marietta), b. 
 Cassano d'Adda, 1813 ; d. Milan, July (?), 1895, 
 St. singing in Milan Cons. Began dram, career 
 1831 in small theatres ; 1833, sang with great 
 success in Milan, then in Odessa ("Norma"); 
 recalled 1837 to Milan, sang 1840, at La Scala, 
 in Due illustri rivali by Mercadante, and / 
 Corsari by Mazzucato, and became famous. 
 After passing two years in Spain, she sang (1S46) 
 in Paris in Nalntcco with great success ; then 
 eng. at La Fenice Th., Venice, where on March 
 II, 1 85 1, she created the role of "Gilda"in 
 Rigoletto. 
 
 Bran'ca, Guglielmo, b. Bologna, Apr. 13, 
 1849. Pupil of A. Busi in Bologna Cons.; has 
 written the successful operas La Catalana (Flor- 
 ence, 1876), Hermosa (Florence, 18B3), and La 
 Figlia di Jorio (Cremona, 1897). 
 
 Brancac'cio, Antonio, b. Naples, 1813 ; d. 
 there Feb. 12, 1846. Pupil of Naples Cons.; 
 wrote the operas Rosmunda (Venice, 1830); / 
 duje Vastasi di Porto (Naples, 1830?) ; Le Sarti 
 calabresi (Naples, 1832?); / Randuri CNiiiks, 
 1843) ; Jl Morio ed il Vivo (ib., 1843) ; L'asseiw 
 di Consiantina (Venice, 1844) ; Francesca da 
 Rimini (Venice, 1844) ; V Incognita, ossia Bopo 
 ij anni (Venice, 1846) ; // Puntiglio (Naples, 
 1845) ; Lilla (Venice, 1848). 
 
 Bran'deis, Frederic [Friedrich], b. Vienna, 
 July 5, 1835. Pupil of J. Fischhof and Karl 
 Czerny (pf.) and Rufinatscha (comp.), also ol 
 Wilhelm Meyerhofer in New York. Went to the 
 United States in 1849 ; debut as pianist in N. V., 
 1851. He toured the country with various 
 troupes, notably Vincent Wallace's concert-com- 
 pany, as solo pianist and conductor. Organist 
 of several N. Y. churches ; since 1886, of St. 
 Peter and St. Paul's R. C. Ch. at Brooklyn.- 
 Works (for orch.) : Introd. and Capriccio; 
 Grand March ; prelude to Schiller's Mam 
 Stuart ; Danse heroi'que ; a Suite f. string- 
 orch. ; Romanza f. oboe and orch, (for mill- 
 
 84 
 
BRANDENBURG— BREITKOPF UND HARTEL 
 
 tary band) ; Funeral March of Humpty Dumpty, 
 and Polish Dance ; a ballade, " The Bards," 
 duet f. ten. and bar. w. orch.; ballade, "The 
 Ring," f. soli, ch. and orch.; ballade, "The 
 Sunken Cloister," f. ch. and orch.; pf.-trio in 
 G ; several sextets f. flute and strings. The 
 above are unpubl. , though performed. — Publ. 
 works incl. a great variety of pf.-pcs., songs, 
 vocal music (sacred and secular), etc. 
 
 Bran'denburg, Ferdinand, born Erfurt, 
 (date ?) ; d. as court music-teacher at Rudolstadt, 
 May 31, 1S50. Violinist and composer; living 
 in Leipzig, 1838, where he produced an opera 
 in 1847 with temporary success. 
 
 Bran'des [-dess], Emma, pianist ; b. n. 
 
 Schwerin, Jan. 20, 1854. Pupil of Aloys 
 
 Schmitt and court pianist Goltermann. Mar- 
 ried Prof. Engelmann, of Utrecht. 
 
 Bran'dl, Johann, b. at Kloster Rohr, n. 
 Ratisbon, Nov. 14, 1760 ; d. Karlsruhe, May 
 26, 1837, as musical director to the Archduke of 
 Baden. — Works : 2 operas, Germania and Her- 
 mann (both 1800) ; melodrama .^^ro y oratorios, 
 masses, a symphony, much chamber-music, and 
 minor pieces. 
 
 Bran'dl, Johann, contemporary operetta- 
 comp. in Vienna ; has produced 15 or 20 works 
 since 1869, all of short-lived popularity {Die 
 Kosakin; Ischl, 1892). 
 
 Brand'stetter. See Garbrecht. 
 
 Brandt, Marianne (true name Marie Bi- 
 schof ), b. Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. Brilliant con- 
 tralto stage-singer, pupil of Frau Marschner 
 at Vienna Cons., and 1869-70 of Viardot-Gar- 
 cia, Paris ; eng. 1867 in Graz, 1868-86 at Ber- 
 lin Court Opera. Sang the role of Kundry in 
 Parsifal at Bayreuth, 1882, alternating with 
 Frau Materna, who created it. In 1886 she 
 sang in German opera at New York. 
 
 Brandus, Dufour et Cie., Paris firm of mu- 
 sic-publishers, founded by M. Schlesinger (1834), 
 and taken over in 1846 by the brothers Louis 
 Brandus (d. 1887) and Gemmy B. (d. 1873). 
 
 Brant, Jobst (or Jodocus) vom (Junior); 
 captain at Waldsachsen, and governor of Lieben- 
 stein, in the i6th cent. 54 German part-songs, 
 and a 6-p. motet, show that he was a musicianly 
 contrapuntist. (Cf. Eitner's "Bibliographie der 
 Musiksammelwerke,"etc., 1877.) 
 
 Brassin, Louis, pianist, b. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 June 24, 1840 ; d. St. Petersburg, May 17, 1884. 
 Pupil of Moscheles at Leipzig Cons. , and made 
 concert - tours with his brothers Leopold and 
 Gerhard ; became teacher in the Stern Cons., 
 then at St. Petersburg Cons. — Works : 2 oper- 
 ettas ; the valuable " Ecole moderne du piano, 
 12 etudes de concert"; salon-pcs. f. pf. ; songs. 
 
 Brassin, Leopold, brother and pupil of 
 Louis ; b. Strassburg, May 28, 1843 ; d. Con- 
 stantinople, 1890. Court pianist at Koburg ; 
 
 teacher at the Bern Music-School, later at St. 
 Petersburg and Constantinople. He comp. con- 
 certos f. I and 2 pf.s ; also many solo pieces f. 
 pf. 
 
 Brassin, Gerhard, vioUnist, brother of Louis; 
 b. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 10, 1844 ; teacher at 
 the Bern Music-School in 1863 ; leader at Goth- 
 enburg, Sweden ; teacher at Stern Cons., Ber- 
 lin, in 1874 ; cond. of Tonkiinstlerverein in 
 Breslau, 1875-80 ; since then in St. Petersburg. 
 Publ. valuable solo pes. f. vln. 
 
 Brau'er, Max, b. Mannheim, May 9, 1855. 
 From 1875-6, pupil of Vincenz Lachner, 
 Karlsruhe ; then, until 1880, of Hiller, Jensen 
 and de Lange at Cologne Cons. From 1880-8, 
 Musikdirektor at K aiserslautern ; since 1888 till 
 now ('99), musical director at the court church, 
 Karlsruhe. — Publ. works (16 opus-numbers) : 
 Pf.-pcs. f. 2 and 4 hds. ; Sonata f. pf. and vln.; 
 pieces f. vln., 'cello, organ ("Funerale"; 2 
 Fugues) ; Suite f. string-orch. (no opus-num- 
 ber). Also Der Lotse, i-act opera, prod. succ. 
 at Karlsruhe, 1885 ; and the 3-act opera 
 Morgiane (not perf., 1899). 
 
 Brebos, Gilles. See Gilles. 
 
 Bree, [Johannes Bernardus] Jean Bernard 
 van, b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29, i8oi ; d. there 
 Feb. 14, 1857. Violinist and composer ; pupil 
 of Bertelmann ; 1819, orch. -player in the Th. 
 Franfais, Amsterdam ; 1829, director of the 
 Felix Meritis Society; founded the "Cecilia" 
 in 1840 ; director of the Music-School of the 
 Soc. for the Promotion of Music. — Works : 
 Dutch opera &//io(i834); German opera A7ot/« 
 dich in Acht (1845 ?) ; opera Le Bandit (The 
 Hague, 1840) ; 2 melodramas ; several masses, 
 cantatas, overtures, chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Brei'denstein, Heinrich Karl, b. Steinau, 
 Hesse, Feb. 28, 1796; d. Bonn, July 13, 1876. 
 From 1823, Music-Director at Bonn Univ. — 
 Works : A cantata ; chorals, etc. ; and a Method 
 of Singing. 
 
 Breit'kopf und Har'tel, firm of music-pub- 
 lishers at Leipzig, founded (as a printing-office) 
 in 1719 by Bernard Christoph Breitkopf (b. 
 Klausthal, Harz, Mar. 2, 1695 ; d. Mar. 26, 
 1777). His son and successor, J. G. Immanuel 
 Breitkopf (b. Nov. 23, 1719 ; d. Jan. 29, 1794), 
 entered the business in 1745 ; in 1754, his in- 
 vention (or revival of Petrucci's invention) of 
 movable types rendered it possible for him to 
 add music-priming to the firm's resources, thus 
 laying the foundation for future expansion. His 
 son, Chr. Gottlob B., relinquished the business 
 in 1795 in favor of his friend Gottfr. Chr. Hartel 
 (b. Schneeberg, Jan. 27, 1763 ; d. July 25, 1827), 
 in whose hands its prosperity was assured ; he 
 added a piano-manufactory, founded the " Allg. 
 musikalischeZeitung" (1798), introduced pewter 
 plates, and also lithographed titles. Successive 
 heads of the business were Florenz Hartel 
 
 85 
 
BRENDEL— BRICCIALDI 
 
 (1827-35); Dr. Hermann Hartel (d. 1882), and 
 his brother Raimund Hartel (retired 1880 ; d. 
 1888) ; and finally the sons of two sisters of 
 Hermann and Raimund — Wilhelm Volkmann 
 (b. 1837, d. 1893?), and Dr. Oskar von Hase 
 (b. 1846). Among representative enterprises 
 must be mentioned the complete editions of 
 Palestrina, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and 
 Mendelssohn ; the monumental edition of the 
 Each Society is also prepared and publ. in their 
 establishment. 
 
 Bren'del, Karl Franz, b. Stolberg, Nov. 
 26, 1811 ; d. Leipzig, Nov. 25, 1868. Writer 
 and critic of neo-German tendency; pf. -pupil 
 of Fr. Wieck; editor from 1844 of Schumann's 
 " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik," and 1850-60 of 
 the monthly " Anregungen fur Kunst, Leben 
 und Wissenschaft." He was later app. prof, of 
 mus. hist, at Leipzig Cons. ; was also one of 
 the founders (1861), and for years the president, 
 of the " Allgemeiner deutscher Musikverein." — 
 Works ; " Grundzuge der Geschichte d. Musik " 
 (1848 ; ,5th, ed. 1861); "Gesch. d. Musik in 
 italien, Deutschland u. Frankreich von den 
 ersten christlichen Zeiten an," etc. (1852 ; 6th 
 ed., edited by Dr. F. Stade, 1879) ; " Die Musik 
 der Gegenwart 11. die Gesammtkunst der Zu- 
 kunft " (1S54) ; " Franz Liszt als Symphoniker " 
 (1859) ; " Geist u. Technik im Klavierunter- 
 richt " (1867) ; also many newspaper articles. 
 
 Brenet, Michel, contemporary French mu- 
 sicograph. — Works : " Histoire de la symphonic 
 a orchestre depuis ses origines " (prize-essay; 
 1882) ; sketch of Gretry (1884) ; valuable mono- 
 graph on Okeghem (1893) ; etc. 
 
 Bren'ner, Ludwig, Ritter von, b. Leipzig, 
 Sept. 19, 1833, and pupil of the Cons.; after 
 tours on the Continent, he settled in St. Peters- 
 burg for 15 years as a member of the Imp. orch. ; 
 1872-6, cond. of the Berlin Symphony Orch.; 
 in 1876, est. an orch. of his own (" Neue Ber- 
 liner Symphoniekapelle "). Now living at Bres- 
 lau, where since 1897 he has cond. Meyder's 
 Concert Orch., succeeding Meyder. — Works : 4 
 "grand masses ; 2 Te Deums ; symphonic poems, 
 overtures and other orchestral music, 
 
 Bres'laur, Emil (Prof.), b. Kottbus, May 
 2g, 1836; studied 1863-7 at the Stern Cons., 
 Berlin ; from 1868-79, teacher at KuUak's Acad. ; 
 and since 1883 choirmaster at the Reformed Syn- 
 agogue. A Music-Teachers' Society founded 
 by him in 1879 developed in 1886 into the 
 " Deutscher Musiklehrer-Verband." He is alsp 
 the founder and director of a Piano-Teachers' 
 Seminary; editor of the " Klavierlehrer " ; and 
 the author of several important works on piano- 
 playing : "Die technische Grundlage des 
 Klavierspiels " (1874, earned him the title of 
 "Prof."); " Fuhrer durch die Klayierunter- 
 richts-Litteratur " ; "Zur methodischen Ubung 
 Ides Klavierspiels " ; " Der entwickelnde Unter- 
 richt in der Harmonielehre " ';' " Uber die schad- 
 
 lichen Folgen des unrichtigen Ubens "; also a 
 " Klavierschule " ; a compilation, " Methodik 
 des KlavierunterrichtiB in Einzelaufsatzen " 
 (1887) ; and a " Melodiebildungslehre auf 
 Grundlage des harmon. u. rhythm. Elements" 
 (1896). 
 
 , Breu'ning, Ferdinand, b. Brotterode, Thu- 
 ringia. Mar. 2, 1830 ; d. Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 
 22, 1883. Pupil (1844) of Mendelssohn and 
 Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons. ; 1855, pf.-prol. 
 at Cologne Cons., succeeding Reinecke ; 1865, 
 mus. director at Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Br6val, Jean-Baptiste, b. Dept. of I'Aisne, 
 France, 1765 ; d. Chamomile, 1825. 'Cellist, 
 pupil of Cupis ; 1st 'cellist at Grand Opera 
 (1781-1806), and 'cello-prof, at Cons. (1796- 
 i8o2).^Works : 2 operas, 8 symphonies, 7 'cel- 
 lo-concertos, much chamber - music; and a 
 Method f . 'cello. 
 
 Brevier, John Hyatt, org. and composer; 
 b. Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. rS, 1856. For 7 years 
 he was boy-soprano in various churches ; was 
 a vocal pupil of Walter, Cutler, and Wilder, 
 learned pf. and harm, of R. Navarro, and orgaiir 
 playing of Diller, Caulfield, Whitely, and Dud- 
 ley Buck (pupil of the latter, for 5 years, in 
 org., cpt., and composition). In 1871, B. begail 
 his career as org. at the City Park Chapel; 
 passing to the Ch. of the Messiah (4 yrs.), Clin^ 
 ton Av. Congr. Ch. (4 yrs.), and finally (i88i)to 
 the Lafayette Av. Presby. Ch. as org. and dir, 
 which office he holds at this date (1899). Active 
 member of the N. Y. MS. Soc, the N. Y. State' 
 M. T. A., the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
 Sciences (Sec. of mus. dept.),- Brooklyn Apollo 
 Club (charter member and accompanist) ; co- 
 founder of the A. G. O. Has cond. the Brook- 
 lyn Hill, Orpheus, Damrosch, and EoylstonGlee 
 Clubs, the Caecilia Ladies' Vocal Soc, and the 
 Hoadley Amateur Orch. ; and is a busy in- 
 structor in voice, pf. , org., and theory. — Works; 
 Over 100, inch some 30 songs (sacred and 
 secular), -duets, quartets, anthems, glees, cho- 
 ruses and cantatas ; also pes. f . org. , pf . and 
 Strings ; duos f . org. and pf , ; and a Suite (MS.) 
 f. orch. 
 
 Briard, Etienne, type-founder at Avignon; 
 1st half of l6th century. His types had round 
 note-heads instead of the ordinary angular 
 ones, and separate notes instead of ligatures. 
 Carpentras' works were printed (Avignon, 1532) 
 with them. 
 
 Briccial'di, GiuHo, renowned ilutist ; b, 
 Terni, Papal States, Mar. 2, 1818 ; d. Florence, 
 Dec. 17, 1881. At 15 he was elected a member 
 pf the St. Cecilia Acad, at Rome ; 1834, maestro 
 to the Prince of Syracuse. Made concert-touts ; 
 in England, America, etc. After 1842, lived ^ 
 chiefly in London. — Works: O^era Leonora dt' 
 ■Medici (Milan, 1855) I excellent works f. flute; 
 ;also a Method f. do. • .. 
 
 86 
 
BRIDGK— BROCKWAY 
 
 Bridge, Sir John Frederick, b. Oldbury, 
 Worcestershire, England, Dec. 5, 1844. He 
 became a chorister in Rochester cathedral in 
 1850, and was taught for a time by his father 
 [John Bridge, lay-clerk in the cathedral], was 
 then articled to J. Hopkins, and studied later 
 under Sir John Goss. Organist (1865) of 
 Trinity Ch., Windsor, 1869 of Manchester 
 cathedral ; 1875 deputy, and 1882 principal, 
 organist at Westminster Abbey. In 1868 he 
 took the degree of Mus. Bac. (Oxford), with the 
 oratorio Mount Moriah, Now professor of 
 harmony and counterpoint at the R. A. M., 
 Examiner at the University of London, and 
 condiictor of the Western and the Madrigal 
 societies. Knighted in 1897. — Works : Can- 
 tatas Boadicea (1880), Rock of Ages (1885), and 
 Ca/A>/i»if (Birmingham, 1888); The Repetiiance 
 of Nineveh, dramatic oratorio (Worcester, 1890); 
 The Lord's Prayer [after Dante] (i8g2) ; The 
 Cradle of Christ (" Stabat Mater speciosa," 
 1894) ; 2 choral ballades. The Festival, and 
 The Inchcape Bell; concert-overture, " Morte 
 d' Arthur " ; Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, in D ; 
 anthems, part-songs, and songs. Has written 
 primers on Counterpoint, Double-counterpoint, 
 Canon, and on the Organ-accompaniment of the 
 Choral Service. 
 
 Bridge, Joseph Cox, brother of preceding ; 
 b. Rochester, England, Aug. 16, 1853. Pupil 
 of his brother, and Hopkins ; since 1S77, org. 
 of Chester cathedral. Mus. Bac. Oxon., 1876; 
 Mus. Doc, 1884. At the revival of the Chester 
 triennial festival in 1879, he produced a Seryice 
 f. voices and orch. — Works : Oratorios Daniel 
 (1885), Rudel (1891) ; string-quartet, G min.; 
 sonata f . 'cello and pf . ; part-songs ; etc. 
 
 Brie'gel, Wolfgang Karl, b. Germany, May 
 21, 1626 ; d. Darmstadt, Nov. 19, 1712. Org. in 
 Stettin ; 1650, court cantor in Gotha ; 1670, 
 Kapellm. at Darmstadt. His numerous church- 
 comp.s and instrumental pes. (publ. 1652-1709) 
 were highly esteemed. 
 
 Brink, Jules ten, b. Amsterdam, Nov. (?), 
 1838 ; d. Paris, Feb. g, 1889. Pupil of Heinze 
 (Amsterdam), Dupont (Brussels), and E. F. 
 Richter (Leipzig) ; i85o-8, mus. director at 
 Lyons ; then settled in Paris. — Works : 2 operas, 
 Calonice (1S70, i-act, comic), and a grand 
 opera (?) (MS.); suite f. orch.; symphony, sym- 
 phonic poem, violin-concerto, etc. 
 
 Brinsmead, John, b. Wear Gifford, North 
 Devon, Oct. 13, 1814. Founded his celebrated 
 piano-factory in London, 1835. In 1863 his 
 sons, Thomas and Edgar, were admitted to 
 partnership (" John B. and Sons"). His " Per- 
 -fect Check Repeater Action" (pat. 1868) is 
 well spoken of. — Edgar B. wrote a " History 
 of the Pianoforte " (1868 ; revised and republ., 
 1879). 
 
 Briss'ler, Friedrich Ferdinand, b. Inster- 
 burg, July 13, 1818 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 6, 1893. 
 Pupil (1836) of the Berlin Academy; gave piano- 
 
 recitals and concerts 1838-45 ; and became 
 teacher at the Stern Cons. — His 2- and 4-hand 
 arrangements of classical works are noteworthy. 
 He comp. an opera, a symphony, and other 
 music. 
 
 Brisson, Fr6d6ric, pianist ; b. Angouleme, 
 Charente, Dec. 25, 1821. Teacher in Paris. — 
 Works ; Many salon-pcs. f. pf. (Valse de concert 
 is op. 5g) ; an operetta, Les ruses villageoises 
 (1863); an " Ecole d'Orgue "; etc. 
 
 Bristow, George Frederick, b. Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Dec. 19, 1825 ; d. New York, Dec. 13, 
 1898. Violinist (1836) in Olympic Th., N. Y.; 
 from 1842, in the N. Y. Philh. Soc; also from 
 1851-62 cond. of the Harmonic Soc, after- 
 wards of the Mendelssohn Union, and organist 
 at several churches. — Works : Opera, Rip Van 
 Winkle (N. Y., 1855); opera Columbus (unfin.); 
 2 oratorios. Praise to God (i860) and Daniel 
 (1867) ; cantata. The Great Republic, w. orch. 
 (1880) ; 5 symphonies ; 2 overtures ; 2 string- 
 quartets ; anthems, songs, pes. f. org., pf. , and 
 vln. — His father, W. R. Bristow (b. England, 
 1803 ; d. 1867), was well known as a conductor 
 in New York. 
 
 Bri'xi, Franz Xaver, church-composer ; b. 
 Prague, 1732 ; d. there Oct. 14, 1771. Taught 
 by Segert at Prague ; organist of St. Gallus ; 
 1756, Kapellm. at Prague cathedral. — Works : 
 52 grand masses, 24 minor ones, several ora- 
 torios, a Requiem, etc. 
 
 Broadwood & Sons, London firm of pf.- 
 makers ; est 1730 by the Swiss Burkhard 
 Tschudi (Shudi), a renowned harpsichord- 
 maker. John Broadwood (1732-1812), a 
 Scotch joiner, was Shudi's son-in-law and suc- 
 cessor, and was in turn succeeded by his sons 
 James Shudi and Thomas. Henry Fowler 
 Broadwood was the head of the firm at the 
 time of his death (London, July 8, 1893). Up 
 to 1885 the firm had turned out nearly 180,000 
 instruments. They use the " English action," 
 based on the Cristofori-Silbermann model, suc- 
 cessively improved by Americus Backers and the 
 Broadwoods. 
 
 Brockway, Howard A., b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Nov., 22, 1870. St. pf. 18 mos. with H. O, C. 
 Kortheuer, and went to Berlin in 1890, study- 
 ing there for 5 years under Barth (pf.) and O. B. 
 Boise (composition). Since 1895 in N. Y., 
 teaching pf. and comp., and concertizing. — 
 Publ. works : Variations on an original theme, 
 f . pf . ; 6 Clavier-Stucke ; Sonata f. pf. and vln. 
 (G min.) ; Ballade f. pf. ; a Cavatina and a Ro- 
 manze f. vln. and orch. (both publ. w. pf.- 
 accomp.) ; Nocturne f. pf. ; CharakterstUcke, 
 " Paganini," f. pf. ; " Moment musical" f. vln. 
 and pf . ; PhantasiestUcke f . pf . (publ. in Berlin) ; 
 " Dance of the Sylphs" f. pf. (arr. from " Syl- 
 van Suite " f. orch.; publ. in New York). — MS. 
 ■works: Cantata f. soli, ch., and orch.; Ballade 
 f. orch., in G min,; Symphony in D; Scherzo 
 f. orch. ; minor vocal pes. ; etc. 
 
 87 
 
BROD— BROWN 
 
 Brod, Henry, oboist, and prof, at Paris 
 Cons.; b. Paris, Aug. 4, 1801 ; d. tfiere Apr. 6, 
 1839. 
 
 Brod'sky, Adolf, distinguished violinist ; 
 b. Taganrog, Russia, Mar. 21, 1851. Pupil 
 of J. Hellmesberger and the Vienna Cons. 
 (1862-3). Member of the Hellmesberger Quar- 
 tet ; 1868-70, of the Imp. opera-orch. ; studied 
 with Laub at Moscow (1873-5), and was app. 
 prof, at the Cons. Leaving Moscow in 1879, 
 he cond. the symphony concerts at Kiev, made 
 long and successful concert-tours in 1881 (Paris, 
 Vienna, London), and in 1883 succeeded 
 Schradieck as vln.-prof. at Leipzig Cons. From 
 1891-4, in N. Y. ; 1S94 in Berlin; 1895 prof, 
 of vln. -playing at, and later Director of, tlie Man- 
 chester (Engl.) R. C. of Music. 
 
 Broek'hoven, John A., b. Beek, Holland, 
 1852. Prof, of harm, and comp., Cincinnati 
 Coll. of Mus. — Works: Suite crMe f. orch.; 
 grand overture Columbia f. orch. 
 
 Broer, Ernst, b. Ohlau, Silesia, Apr. 11, 
 1809 ; d. Tarnopol, Mar. 25, 1886. 'Cellist ; 
 abt. 1840, organist at Breslau, and 1843-84 sing- 
 ing-teacher at the Matthias Gymnasium. Comp. 
 sacred music. 
 
 Bron'sart von Schel'lendorf, Hans [Hans 
 von Bronsart], b. Berlin, Feb. 11, 1830; student 
 at Berlin Univ. 1849-52, also taking lessons in 
 theory from Dehn, and on the piano from Kul- 
 lak ; St. with Liszt at Weimar for some years, 
 gave pf. -concerts in German capitals, Paris, 
 and St. Petersburg; cond. the "Euterpe" in 
 Leipzig (1860-2), and the " Gesellschaft d. 
 Musikfreunde " in Berhn (1865-6, succeeding 
 V. Billow) ; in 1867 was app. intendant of the 
 R. Th. at Hanover, and 1887 " Hofmusikin- 
 tendant" at Berlin. — Works; Opera, Der Cor- 
 sar (MS.) ; Cantata Christnachi; symphony In 
 den Alpen ; " Friihlingsphantasie " f. orch.; a 
 string-sextet ; a pf. -concerto in FJ min.; a pf.- 
 trio in G min. ; a Fantasia, and other solo pes. 
 f. pf. 
 
 Bron'sart, Ingeborg von (n^e Starck), wife 
 (since 1862) of preceding ; b. St. Petersburg, 
 Aug. 24, 1840 ; pianist, pupil of Liszt, and a 
 talented composer ; 3 operas. Die Gbttin zu 
 Sais , Konig Hjarne (Berlin, i8gi) ; Jery und 
 Bilteli (Weimar, 1873) ; also interesting pf.- 
 music (concertos, sonatas, fugues, etudes, salon- 
 pcs. , vln. -music, songs, etc.). 
 
 Bros, Juan, b. Tortosa, Spain, 1776 ; d. 
 Oviedo, Mar. 12, 1852. Pupil of Querault at 
 Barcelona ; m. di capp. at Barcelona, Malaga, 
 Leon, and Oviedo (1834). Famous church-com- 
 poser ; Masses, 3 Misereres, a Requiem, a Te 
 Deum, psalms, etc. 
 
 Bros'chi, Carlo. See Farinelli. 
 
 Brosig, Moritz, prolific church-composer ; 
 b. Fuchswinkel, Upper Silesia, Oct. 15, 1815 ; d. 
 Breslau, Jan. 24, 18S7. Pupil of Franz Wolf, 
 
 the musical director and cath. org. at Breslau, 
 and succeeded him in 1842 ; in 1853, cath. 
 Kapellm., and received the honorary degree of 
 Dr. phil.; became asst. -director of the R. Inst, 
 f. Catholic Ch. -Music, and University lecturer. 
 — Works : 4 grand and 3 short instrumental 
 masses ; 7 books of graduals and offertories ; 20 
 books of organ-pcs.; an "Orgelbuch," a "Cho- 
 ralbuch," a " Modulationstheorie," and a " Plar- 
 monielehre " (1874). 
 
 Brossard, S6bastien de, b. 1660 ; d. Meaux, 
 France, Aug. 10, 1730. In 1689, Kapellm. at 
 Strassburg cathedral ; 1 700-30, grand chapelain 
 and mattre de tnusique at Meaux cathedral. 
 Famous as the author of the earliest dictionary 
 of musical terms (except Tinctor's " Defini- 
 tiorum " [abt. 1475], and Janowka's " Clavis ad 
 thesaurum magnae artis musicae," etc. [1703], 
 to neither of which he had access, however). 
 Its title reads " Diet, de musique, contenant una 
 explication des termes grecs, latins, italiens et 
 franyais les plus asites dans la musique," etc. 
 (Paris, 1703; 2nd ed., 1705; 3rd and last, no 
 date). He also publ. a considerable variety of 
 church-music. 
 
 Brossard, Noel-Matthieu, b. Chalon-sur- 
 Saone, Dec. 25, 1789; d. there (after 1853) as 
 magistrate. Wrote " Theorie des sons musi- 
 caux" (Paris, 1847), a treatise on the variability 
 of tones according to modulation (he reckons 48 
 distinct tone-degrees within the octave) ; also 
 minor works. 
 
 Brouck, Jakob de (or de Prugg), a native 
 of Holland ; publ. (Antwerp, 1579) a coll. of 
 motets and chansons. 
 
 Brouillon-Lacombe, See Lacombe. 
 
 Broustet, Edouard, pianist ; b. Toulouse, 
 Apr. 29, 1836 ; pupil of Stamaty, Litolff and 
 Ravina. After tours to St. Petersburg, and to 
 Spain and Portugal, he settled in Toulouse. — 
 Works ; Symphonie concertante f . pf, and orch. ; 
 pf.-concerto; 3 pf.-trios ; i pf.-quintet ; solo pes. 
 f . pf . ; etc. 
 
 Brown, (Dr.) John, b. Rothbury, Northum- 
 berland, 1715 ; d. by his own hand (insane), 
 Sept. 23, 1766. He studied at Cambridge, and 
 became vicar of Great Horkesley, Essex, in 
 1754, and of St. Nicholas', Newcastle, in 1758. 
 Author of an interesting and original ' ' Disserta- 
 tion on the Rise, Union and Power, the Pro- 
 gressions, Separations and Corruptions of Poetry 
 and Music, to which is prefixed The Cure of 
 Saul, a Sacred Ode " (London, 1763 ; German 
 transl. Leipzig, 1769 ; Italian transl. 1772). It 
 was followed by " Remarks on some observa- 
 tions on Dr. Brown's ' Dissertation,' etc." (Lon- 
 don, 1764). 
 
 Brown, Obadiah Bruen, b. Washington, 
 D. C, July 2, 1829. Pupil in Boston (1856) of 
 Zerrahn, Parker, Kreissmann, Hause, and Da- 
 vid Paine ; in Leipzig (1869) of Lobe and Plaidy. 
 
BRUCH— BRUCKNER 
 
 Teacher of music in State Normal Schools at 
 Salem, Bridgewater, and Framingham, Mass., 
 also in numerous public schools (last in Mai- 
 den), and organist in Boston (Dr. Hale's ch.) and 
 Maiden First New Jerusalem Ch. — B. has publ. 
 several popular coU.s of school-songs ("Song 
 .Reader," "Morning Hour"); a book of re- 
 sponsive psalms, " The Carmina Alterna"; also a 
 " Tuner's Manual " (for pf., with Sumner Hill). 
 — Compositions : Choruses f. male, female, and 
 mixed voices ; vocal quartets and trios ; about 20 
 detached songs ; many anthems ; etc. 
 
 Bruch, Max, dramatic, choral and instru- 
 mental composer, and pianist ; born at Cologne, 
 Jan. 6, 1838. His 
 mother (k/i? Almen- 
 rader), a singer, 
 was his first in- 
 structor. He after- 
 wards studied with 
 Breidenstein at 
 Bonn. In 1853 he 
 gained the four- 
 year scholarship of 
 the Mozart Foun- 
 dation, at Frank- 
 fort, and became a 
 pupil of Ferdinand 
 Hiller, Reinecke 
 and Breuning. 
 
 At fourteen years of age he brought out a 
 symphony at Cologne, and in 1858, in the same 
 city, produced his first dramatic work, Goethe's 
 "Singspiel" Scherz, List und Rache (op. l). 
 In 1861 he visited Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna, 
 Dresden, Munich and Mannheim, where he re- 
 mained until 1864, producing an opera, Loreley, 
 composed to the libretto Geibel had written for 
 Mendelssohn. Here he also composed his 
 choral work for men's voices, Frithjof, which, 
 on a tour in 1864-65, was given with genuine 
 artistic and popular success at Aix, Leipzig and 
 Vienna. At Koblenz (1865-67) he wrote his 
 first violin-concerto (G minor), a favorite with 
 all violinists. In Berlin, where he resided 
 1871-73, he produced in 1872, with but scanty 
 success, his opera Hermione, based on Shake- 
 speare's Winter's Tale. From 1873-78, with 
 the exception of two artistic journeys to Eng- 
 land, he remained at Bonn, devoting himself to 
 composition, and producing the choral works 
 Arminius and Lied von der Glocke, and the 
 second violin-concerto in D minor. In 1883 
 Bruch visited the United States, and brought 
 out his Arminius at Boston. Bruch's chief claim 
 to distinction lies in his development of the epic 
 cantata, a branch of composition to which com- 
 paratively little attention had been paid. Among 
 his works in this line for soh, mixed chorus and 
 orchestra, are Odysseus, Arminius, Lied von 
 der Glocke, Achilleus ; and, for male chorus, 
 Frithjof, Salamis, Normannenzug and Leoni- 
 das (op. 66). Beautiful sound-effects and clear 
 melodious invention are prominent character- 
 
 istics of his style. Among his smaller works, 
 Kol Nidrei, a Hebrew melody for violoncello, 
 has become popular. He has also written the 
 cantata Das Feuerkrcuz (op. 52, 1888), the 
 oratorio Moses (1895), a third violin-concerto in 
 D minor (op. 61), and three symphonies. 
 
 Bruch practised as a music-teacher at Co- 
 logne 1858-61, was musical director at Koblenz 
 1865-67, and court Kapellm. at Sondershausen 
 1867-70. In 1878 he succeeded Stockhausen 
 as conductor of the Stern Choral Union, Berlin ; 
 in 1 880, Benedict as conductor of the Philhar- 
 monic Society, Liverpool ; and in 1883, Bernard 
 Scholz in the direction of the Orchestral Society 
 at Breslau. He remained in Breslau until 1890, 
 and in 1892 he succeeded von Herzogenberg as 
 director in the branch of composition at the 
 Royal Hochschule in Berlin. 
 
 In 1881 B. married the singer FrSulein Tuc- 
 zek of Berlin. 
 
 Brack (or Brouck), Arnold von, conject- 
 urally a German Swiss ; d. 1545. In 1534, 
 Kapellm. to Kaiser Ferdinand I. Eminent comp. , 
 many of whose motets, hymns, German part- 
 songs, etc., are preserved in collections of the 
 l6th century. 
 
 Briick'ler, Hugo, b. Dresden, Feb. 18, 1845; 
 d. there Oct 4, 1871. Gifted song - composer. 
 — Works : Op. i and 2, songs from Scheffel's 
 Trompeter von Sdkkingen (i, five songs of 
 Young Werner by the Rhine ; 2, Margaret's 
 Songs) ; also " Sieben Gesange" and a ballad, 
 " Der Vogt von Tenneberg. " 
 
 Bruck'ner, Anton, b. Ansfelden, Upper Aus- 
 tria, Sept. 4, 1824 ; d. Vienna, Oct. n, l8q6. 
 Organist, compos- 
 er, and teacher. 
 Son of a village 
 schoolmaster, early 
 orphaned, and 
 chiefly self-taught, 
 he beca^rae by dili- 
 gent study and 
 practice so remark- 
 able an organist 
 and contrapuntist 
 as to obtain, in 
 1855, the appoint- 
 ment as cathedral 
 organist at Linz- 
 on-Danube, in com- 
 petition with many 
 rivals. As opportunity offered, he studied comp. 
 with O. Kitzler, and cpt. with Sechter; in 1867 
 he succeeded Sechter as court - organist at 
 Vienna, also as prof, of org., harm., and cpt. at 
 Vienna Cons.; in 1875 he was also app. " Lek- 
 tor" of music at Vienna Univ.; in 1891 the 
 Univ. gave him the title of Dr. hon. causa. 
 Journeys to France (1869) and England (1871) 
 establ. his' fame as one of the greatest of con. 
 temporary organ-virtuosi. His comp.s, in which 
 Wagner's influence is strongly felt, include 9 
 
 89 
 
BRUCKNER— BRUYCK 
 
 symphonies : 1st, C min. ; 2nd, C min. ; 3rd, D 
 min.; 4th (" Romantic") in E[7; 5th, B [j; Gth, 
 A maj.; 7th (with lovely adagio), in E; 8th, 
 C min.; gth (unfinished) ; a fine Te Deum(i886, 
 Vienna) ; Grand Masses in D min., E min., and 
 F min.; a Requiem, Graduals, Offertories, 
 Psalms; " Germanenzug-, " f. male chorus; 
 several other works for ditto ; chamber-music ; 
 string-quintet in F ; etc. His music seems, in 
 general, lacking in inspiration and individuality. 
 — Biogr. sketch of B. by P'ranz Brunner (Linz- 
 on-Danube, 1895 ; pp. 43). 
 
 Briickner, Oscar, excellent 'cellist ; b. Erfurt, 
 Jan. 2, 1857. Pupil, at Dresden, of Fr. Griitz- 
 macher, Sen., and Draeseke (theory). After 
 tours in Germany, Russia, Poland and Holland, 
 he was app. ducal chamber-virtuoso at Strelitz ; 
 since i88g, ist 'cello at the R. Th., Wiesbaden, 
 and teacher in the Cons. — Soli f. 'cello ; pf.- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 Bruhns, Nikolaus, b. Schwabstadt, Schles- 
 wig, 1665 ; d. Husum, 1697. Organist, pupil of 
 Buxtehude at Lubeck, on whose recommenda- 
 tion he was app. organist at Copenhagen. He 
 was also a violinist, and composed f. org. and 
 pf. 
 
 Briill, Ignaz, b. Prossnitz, Moravia, Nov. 7, 
 1846. Pupil, at Vienna, of Epstein (pf.), Ru- 
 finatscha (comp.), 
 and Dessoff (instru- 
 mentation). After 
 giving pf. -recitals 
 and concerts of his 
 own compositions, 
 he made extended 
 pianistic tournees, 
 and then settled in 
 Vienna, where from 
 1872-8 he was pf.- 
 prof. at the Horak 
 Institute. His first 
 opera. Die Bettler 
 von Saniar kaiid 
 (1864), was not specially successful ; but the 
 second. Das goldene Kreuz (Berlin, 1875), 
 speedily attained great popularity both in Ger- 
 many and abroad ; it has been followed by Der 
 Landfriede (Vienna, 1877), Bianca (Dresden, 
 1879), Konigin Mariette (Munich, 1883), Das 
 steinerne Herz (Vienna, 1888), Gringoire (i act, 
 Munich, 1892), Schach dem Konig (Munich, 
 1893), and a 2-act comic opera Der Husar 
 (Vienna, Mar. 2, 1898 ; v. succ. ). B. plays now 
 only occasionally in concerts (twice at Vienna, in 
 . 1895). — Other works ; " Im'ViaXAe," Jagdouver- 
 tiire i. orch. ; 3 serenades f. do. ; overture to 
 Macbeth; Tanz- Suite i. oxc\i.\ 2 pf. -concertos ; 
 I vln. -concerto ; suite f. pf. and vln.; Trio ; so- 
 nata f. 'cello and pf. ; do. f. 2 pfs., 4 hands:; 
 do. f. vln. and pf. ; pf.-pcs. ; part-songs, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Brumel, Anton, Flemish contrapuntist ; b. 
 abt. 1480; d. abt. 1520. Lived at the court of 
 
 Sigismund Cantelmus, Duke of Sora ; in 1505 
 he took service with Alfonso I., Duke of Fer- 
 rara. Many of his masses are found in old col- 
 lections ; others are in MS. at Munich. 
 
 Bruneau, (Louis-Charles- Bonaventure-) 
 Alfred, b. Paris, March 3, 1857 ; ent. Cons. 
 1873, pupil of Franchomme ; ist 'cello prize 
 1876 ; also St. harm. ('76-9) with Savard, and 
 comp. w. Massenet ; ist prize, i88i, w. can- 
 tata " Sainte Genevieve." — Opera IC&im at 
 Opera-Populaire (1887) ; opera Le Rive (Paris 
 1892); 4-act "drame lyrique " V Attaque du 
 moulin (Opera-Comique, Paris, 1893 ; very suc- 
 cessful); "drame lyrique" Messidor in 4 acts, 
 libretto by Emile Zola [very weak] (Paris, Gr. 
 Opera, Feb. 19, 1897 ; unsucc). Critic 1893-5 
 for the Paris " Gil Bias "; 1895 succeeded Ch. 
 Rety as critic of " Le P'igaro," also made Chev, 
 of Legion of Honor. — Other compositions: 
 Heroic overture f. orch. ; legende " Penthesilee, 
 Reine des Amazones "; Leda ; quatuor f. clari- 
 nets ; songs w. pf.-accomp. (" Miracle," "Le 
 Nouveau-Ne," "Soiree," etc.); " Lieds de 
 France," settings of C. Mend^s' "Lieds en 
 prose." 
 
 Brunel'li, Antonio, m. di capp. to the Duke 
 of Florence, publ. (1605-21) motets, canzonette, 
 madrigals, etc.; also a treatise: " Regole e di- 
 chiarazioni di alcuni contrapunti doppi, .... 
 con diversi canoni sopra un sol canto fermo" 
 (Florence, 1610); a curious work. 
 
 Brunet'ti, Gaetano, b. Pisa, 1753 ; d. Mad- 
 rid, 1808. Pupil of Nardini, and protege of 
 Boccherini, whom he rewarded with ingratitude. 
 Court musician to Charles IV. of Spain. — Works: 
 32 symphonies, 5 concerted symphonies f. vari- 
 ous instr.s, 6 sextets, 32 quintets, etc., mostlyin 
 MS. 
 
 Bru'ni, Antonio Bartolomnieo, violinist and 
 dram, comp.; b. Coni, Piedmont, Feb. 2, 1759; 
 d. there 1823. Pupil of ^^Pugnani (vln.) and 
 Spezzani (comp.); 1781, ist violin at the Co- 
 medie Italienne ; 1789, conductor at the Th. de 
 Monsieur, later at the Opera-Comique. He 
 wrote 18 operas, a quantity of violin-music, and 
 Methods f. vln. and via. 
 
 Brun'ner, Christian Traugott, b.'Briinlos 
 (Erzgebirg), Dec. 12, 1792 ; d. Chemnitz, Apr. 
 14, 1874, as organist and conductor of choral 
 societies. Wrote instructive pf.-pcs., also pot- 
 pourris, etc. 
 
 Bruyck [broik], Karl Debrois van, com- 
 poser and author ; b. Briinn, Mar. 14, 1828 ; 
 living at Waldhofen on the Ybbs. A law-student 
 at Vienna, he turned to music in 1850, studied 
 theory with Rufinatscha, and wrote for mus. 
 papers. His comp.s are mostly in MS.; his 
 chief literary productions are a " Technischeu. 
 asthetische Analyse des Wohltemp. Claviers 
 (1867; i88g) ; "Robert Schumann" (1868, in 
 Kolatschek's " Stimmen der Zeit"); and "Die 
 Entwickelung der Klaviermusik von J. S. Bach 
 bis R, Schumann " (1880). 
 
 90 
 
BRYENNIUS— BULL 
 
 Bryen'nius, Manuel, the'last Greek writer on 
 music (about 1320). He is not an original 
 theorist, however, his "Harmonica" being a 
 compilation and summary from earlier Greek 
 authorities. Publ. in Johann Wallis's "Opera 
 I matheraatica " (vol. iii, 1699). 
 
 Buch'&dlz, Johann Simeon, b. Schlosswip- 
 •pach.'n. Erfurt, Sept. 27, 1758 ; d. Berlin, Feb. 
 24, 1825 ;, founder of the celebrated firm of organ- 
 builders. He was succeeded by his. son, Karl 
 August (1796-1884), whose son, Karl Fried- 
 rich, last of the name, d. Feb. 17, 1885. 
 
 Biich'ner, Emil, b. Osterfeld, n. Naumburg, 
 Dec. 25, 1826. Pupil (1843-6) of Leipzig 
 Cons. ; 1865, court Kapellm. at Meiningen. — 2 
 operas, Dame Kobold (i860?) and Lannceloi ; 
 cantata, Konig HarahC s Brautfahrt ; " Wallen- 
 stein " overture ; other overtures, symphonies, 
 chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Buck, Zechariah, b. Norwich, Engl., Sept. 
 9, 1798 ; d. Newport, Essex, Aug. 5, 1879. Mus. 
 I)oc., Lambeth, 1853 ; for many years org. of 
 Norwich cathedral. An excellent teacher and 
 •player ; a composer of mediocre ability. 
 
 Buck, Dudley, noted organist, composer, and 
 teacher; b. Hartford, Conn., Mar. 10, 1839. 
 Pupil of W. J. Bab- 
 cock (p£.) ; later, at 
 Leipzig Con s. 
 (1858-9), of Plaidy 
 and Moschales (pf.), 
 Hauptraann (comp.), 
 and J. Rietz (instru- 
 mentation) ; also 
 studied under Rietz 
 and Johann Schnei- 
 der (oi-gan) at Dres- 
 den, and thereafter 
 spent a year (i 86 1-2) 
 for study in Paris. Returning to America, he 
 became (1862) organist of the Park Ch., Plart- 
 ford ; later of St. James', Chicago; in 1872 of 
 St. Paul's, Boston, where he was also organist to 
 the Music Hall Association. In 1875 he was 
 the organist of the Cincinnati May Festival ; then, 
 at New York, asst. -conductor of Th. Thomas' 
 Central Park Garden Concerts, and org. of St. 
 Anne's, Brooklyn ; in the same year becoming 
 the org. of Holy Triiiity Ch., Brooklyn, and 
 director of the Apollo Club. He was one of the 
 first American composers to achieve general rec- 
 ognition ; his church-music and numerous can- 
 tatas, sacred and secular, are deservedly popular. 
 '■ — Works : The comic opera Dcseret (18B0) ; 
 symphonic overture " Marmion " (1880); a Can- 
 zonetta and Bolero f. vln. and orch. ; — Organ- 
 MUSIC : Grand Sonata in E[j, op. 22; Sonata 
 No. 2, in G min., op. 77 ; Triumphal March, 
 op. 26 ; Impromptu arid Pastorale, op. 27 ; Rondo- 
 Caprice, op. 35 ; Idylle " At Evening," op. 52 ; 
 '"Four Tone-pictures ";■ ^various transcriptions 
 and sets of variations ; also "18 Pedal-phrasing 
 iStudies," op. -^ (2 boo^s) ; and " Illustrations in 
 
 Choir-accompaniment, with Hints on Registra- 
 tion," a valuable handbook for organists and 
 students ; — Pf. -music : " Midsummer Fancies," 
 "Winter Pictures," Rondo-Caprice, Scherzo- 
 Caprice ; — Cantatas, (a) for male chorus : 
 Chorus of Spirits and Hours, from Proiuetlieus 
 Unbound ; King Olaf's Christinas ; The Nun 
 of Nida7'os ; Voyage of Columbus ; Paul Jievere s 
 Ride ; (b) for mixed chorus ; Centennial Afedita- 
 tion of Columbia ; Hymn to Music j Legend of 
 Don Munio; The Golden Legend ; The Light of 
 Asia; Raster Morning; The ^bth Psalm; "The 
 Christian Year," a series of 5 cantatas (i. The 
 Triumph of David ; 2, The Coming of the I\ing ; 
 3, The Sovg of the Night; 4, The Story of the 
 Cross; 5, Christ, the Victor); etc. Furthermore, 
 a great variety of excellent church-music (hymns, 
 anthems, 3 Latin offertories, Glorias, Jubilates, 
 Te Deums, 3 " Benedic anima," 4 " Benedictus," 
 3 " Bonum est," 3 " Cantate Domino," etc.) — 
 B. has also publ. "The Organist's Repertoire" 
 (with A. P. Warren); "The Influence of the 
 Organ in History " (1882) ; and a "Dictionary 
 of Musical Terms." 
 
 Biih'ler, Franz Peter Gregorius, born in 
 Schneidheim, n. Nordlingen, Apr. 12, 1760 ; d. 
 Augsburg, Feb. 4, 1824. A Benedictine monk 
 at Donauworth ; Kapellm. at Botzen, 1794 ; at 
 Augsburg cathedral, i8oi. — Works : Opera, Die 
 falschen Verdachte ; masses, psalms, hymns, and 
 the like ; several coll.s of German songs w. pf. ; 
 sonatas and preludes f. org. ; theoretical pam- 
 phlets; etc. 
 
 Bull, John, famous organist and contrapuntal 
 comp.; b. Somersetshire, England, 1563; d. 
 Antwerp, Mar. 12, 1628. Pupil of William 
 Blitheman in the Chapel Royal ; org. of Hereford 
 cath., 1582, later also Master of the Children. 
 1586 Mus. Bac, 1592 Mus. Doc, Oxon. In 
 1596 he was app. , on Queen Elizabeth's recom- 
 mendation, prof, of mus. at Gresham Coll.; a 
 post resigned on his marriage, 1607. In 1617 
 he became organist of the cathedral of Notre 
 Dame at Antwerp. 200 comp.s are attributed to 
 him; list in Ward's "Lives of the Gresham 
 Professors " ; several were printed in contem- 
 porary collections (exercises and variations for 
 the virginals, some canons, and an anthem), and 
 a few are reprinted in Pauer's " Old Engl. Com- 
 posers." 
 
 Bull, Die Bornemann, famous violinist; b. 
 Bergen, Norway, Feb. 5, 1810; d. at his country- 
 seat, Lysoen, n. Bergen, Aug. 17, 1880. At first 
 a pupil of Paulsen, he rapidly outgrew that 
 teacher's method, and formed a style peculiarly 
 his own, preferring an almost level bridge and 
 fiat fingerboard. A student of theology, he failed 
 topass the examinations; directed the Philh. and 
 Dram. Soc.s at. Bergen (1828)'; went to Spohr 
 at Kassel in 1829, found him uncongenial, and 
 proceeded to Paris (1831), where he was strongly 
 influenced by Paganini, and made his debut in 
 1832. Now, technically c6nside;-ed a finished 
 
 91 
 
BULOW 
 
 *tAlLil. 
 
 Virtuoso, he began his long travels throughout 
 Europe, and 5 times to North America (1843-79). 
 A leading trait of B.'s character was his pas- 
 sionate love for his native land ; he founded a 
 national theatre at Bergen, but became involved 
 in troublesome dis- 
 putes, left the town, 
 and in 1852 bought 
 a tract of 125,000 
 acres in Pennsyl- 
 vania to est. a Nor- 
 wegian colony ; but 
 the scheme failed, 
 and he was swin- 
 dled out of an im- 
 mense sum. His 
 loss was soon made 
 good, however, by 
 renewed artistic 
 tours. Ole B. did 
 not rank high as a 
 cultivated musician, but he was a past-master of 
 all resources and tricks of technique, and played 
 his own pieces (he rarely attempted others) with 
 wonderful skill and expression. He wrote 2 
 concertos (A maj. and E min.), and a variety of 
 characteristic solo pieces. — Eiogr. "Ole Bull: a 
 Memoir" (Boston, 1883), by Sara C. Bull, his 
 second wife (German ed. Stuttgart, 1886); O. 
 Vik is his Norwegian biographer (Bergen, 1890). 
 Billow [bil'lo], Hans Guide von, a pianist, 
 conductor, and critic of wonderful versatility and 
 the highest attain- 
 ments ; born Dres- 
 den, Jan. 8, 1830 ; 
 died Feb. 12, 
 1894, at Cairo, 
 Egypt, whither he 
 had gone in the 
 vain hope of re- 
 storing his under- 
 mined health. At 
 the age of 9 his 
 teachers were 
 Friedrich Wieck 
 (pf.) and Eber- 
 wein ( harmony) ; 
 when, in 1848, he 
 matriculated at Leipzig Univ. as a law-student, 
 he continued contrapuntal study under Haupt- 
 mann. Next year, however, found him at Ber- 
 lin, where he adopted Wagner's radical ten- 
 dencies (see W.'s "Die Kunst und die Revo- 
 lution," then just publ.) ; was confirmed in his 
 views by hearing Lohengrin given at Weimar 
 under LLszt's direction, and joined Wagner in 
 his exile at Zurich. During 1850-1 the master 
 initiated him into the art of conducting ; B. 
 then acted as conductor in the theatres at 
 Zurich and St. Gallen, and finally became 
 Liszt's pupil at Weimar. His first pianistic 
 tour (1853), through Germany and Austria; met 
 with fair success ; his second, in 1855, secured 
 him the succession to Kullak as first pf. -teacher 
 in the Stern Cons., Berlin, a post held until 
 
 1864. He married Cosima Liszt in 1857 ; in 
 1858 he was app. court pianist ; in 1863 the 
 Univ. of Jena made him Dr. phil. Jion. causa. 
 Wagner, having been recalled from banishment 
 by Ludwig IL of Bavaria, influenced his royal 
 patron to invite B. to Munich in 1864, as court 
 pianist ; from 1867-9 he was also court 
 Kapellm., and Director of the School of Music. 
 From 1869, after separation from his wife, B. 
 lived in Florence as a teacher, pianist, and con- 
 cert-giver till 1872 ; here he was also a power in 
 musical circles, and did much to introduce 
 German music. After an interval filled chiefly 
 by concert-tours, he succeeded Fischer, in 1878, 
 as court Kapellm. at Hanover ; but frequent 
 embroilments with the theatre Intendant led to 
 B.'s resignation in 1S80, and from Oct. i of 
 that year until 1885 he acted as Hofmusik- 
 Intendant at Saxe-Meiningen. In 1882 he took 
 his second wife, Marie Schanzer, an actress at 
 Meiningen. From 1885-8 B. devoted much 
 time to teaching at the Raff Cons. , Frankfort, 
 and Klindworth's Cons., Berlin ; he likewise 
 directed the Philharm. Concerts at St. Peters- 
 burg and Berlin. In 1888 he founded, at Ham- 
 burg, the " Subscription Concerts," which were 
 a great success from the start. 
 
 Billow's characteristics, both as a player and 
 conductor, were complete identification with the 
 spirit of the interpreted compositions ; careful 
 attention to the minutest details of phrasing, 
 shading, and technique, resulting in reproduc- 
 tions of flawless accuracy ; tireless energy ; and 
 an almost unexampled memory, enabling him 
 not only to play his entire and unmatchable 
 repertory by heart, but also to conduct the most 
 intricate orchestral works without score — a hiod- 
 ern fashion in which he was the pioneer. His 
 training of the Meiningen orchestra, with which 
 he made world-renowned concert-tours, will, in 
 particular, ever be quoted as an astounding ex- 
 ample of the subordination of the instrumental 
 factors to lofty artistic intelligence and will- 
 power. No pianist except d'Albert has success- 
 fully followed his lead in giving programs filled 
 solely with the most difficult of Beethoven's 
 sonatas ; he was, indeed, a classical player par 
 excellence, though having at his fingers' ends all 
 the best productions of modern piano-literature. 
 His pianistic tournees in Europe and America 
 (where he gave 139 concerts in 1875-6) were 
 the triumphal progresses of a genuine apostle of 
 high art. — His published comp.s include the 
 music to Shakespeare's Julius Ccesar (op. 10), a 
 Ballade f. orch., " Des Sangers Fluch " (op. 16), 
 a symphonic Stimmungsbild, "Nirwana" (op. 
 20), 4 CharakterstUcke I. orch. (op. 23), and a 
 few pf. -pieces and songs ; also masterly tran- 
 scriptions of the prelude to Wagner's Meister- j 
 singer and the whole of Tristan und Isolde, and 
 of Berlioz's overtures to Le Corsaire and Ben- 
 venuto Cellini. His critical editions of Beetho- I 
 ven's sonatas, and of Cramer's etudes, attest j 
 his eminent editorial ability. — Biographical; 
 " Briefe und Schriften Hans von Billows," by 
 
 92 
 
BULSS— BURGMCLLER 
 
 Marie v. B., contains letters from 1841-55 (2 
 vol.s ; Leipzig, 1895). 
 
 Bulss, Paul, baritone stage-singer; b. Birk- 
 holz Manor, Priegnitz, Dec. 19, 1847. Pupil of 
 G. Engel; eng. in theatres at Lubecli, Cologne, 
 Kassel, Dresden (1876-89), and now at the Berlin 
 Court Opera. 
 
 Bult'haupt, Heinrich, poet and dramatist ; b. 
 Bremen, Oct. 26, 1849; wrote a "Dramaturgic 
 der Oper " (Leipzig, 1887, 2 vol.s); a valuable 
 work. 
 
 Bung'ert, August, b. Millheim-on-Ruhr, 
 March 14, 1846 ; taught by H. F. Knfferath 
 (pf.), then at Co- 
 logne Cons. ; there- 
 after, for 4 years, 
 at Paris Cons. ; he 
 also studied with 
 Mathias, Kapellm. 
 at Kreuznach 
 (1869), and after- 
 wards at Karlsruhe; 
 he lived (1873-81) in 
 
 Berlin, pursu- 
 
 ing contrapuntal '^^B^ N.._.^7^HBI^li 
 studies under Kiel, 
 and since 1882 at 
 Pegli, near Genoa. 
 — Compositions: 
 Since 1871, B. has worked on 2 great opera-cy- 
 cles : I. Die Ilias, comprising (ij Achilles ; (2) 
 Klytemnestra ; — 11. Die Odyssee, comprising (i) 
 Kirke, (2) Nausikaa, (3) Odysseus Heimkehr 
 (Berlin, Mar 31, i8g8 ; mod. succ), (4) Odysseus' 
 Tod. — Each of these 6 " Abende " is also pro- 
 vided with a " Vorspiel " ; the entire work (2 
 cycles) is entitled " Homerische Welt." — Die 
 Odyssee was finished in i8g6 ; Die Ilias is 
 partly completed.— Comic opera, Die Studenten 
 von Salamanca (Leipzig, 1884) ; symph. poem, 
 Auf der Wariburg ; Hohes Lied der Liebe^ w. 
 orch. ; "Tasso" overture; pf.-quartet, op. 18 
 (won prize offered by Florentine Quartet, 1878); 
 pieces (e.g., " Italienische Reisebilder ") and 
 variations (op. 13) f . pf . ; quartets f . men's 
 voices ; songs (many to Carmen Sylva's 
 " Lieder einer Konigin "). 
 
 Bunning, Herbert, b. London, May 2, 1863. 
 St. comp. at Milan from 1886 to i8gi under 
 V. Ferroni, then returning to London. First 
 succ. work, an Ital. scena, Ludovieo il Mora 
 (1892). Has written 2 symphonic poems, a 
 rhapsody, overtures, and suites (" Village Suite," 
 1896) for orchestra ; scenas, part-songs, and 
 songs ; opera. The last days of Pompeii (MS.). 
 
 Bunting, Edvirard, historiographer of Irish 
 music; b. Armagh, Feb., 1773 ; d. Belfast, Dec. 
 21, 1843. His collections iill 3 volumes (Lon- 
 don, 1796; London, 1809; Dublin, 1840) and 
 are based on diligent research, and oral commu- 
 nication from contemporary harpers of note. 
 
 Buonami'ci, Giuseppe, distinguished pianist; 
 b. p"lorence, Feb. 12, 1846. His uncle, Giu- 
 
 seppe Ceccherini, was his first teacher ; from 
 1868-70, pupil oif Billow and Rheinberger at 
 Munich Cons.; then, for 3 years, teacher there 
 of advanced pf.-classes. 1873, cond. of the 
 Florentine Choral Society "Cherubini"; later 
 founded the Flor. "Trio Society." He has 
 publ. a compilation of the technical, figures found 
 in Beethoven's pf.-music, in the form of Daily 
 Studies; also 50 Etudes from Bertini (preparatory 
 to Billow's "Cramer"); has edited Bach's les- 
 ser Preludes and Fugues, and the " Biblioteca 
 del Pianista" publ. by Ricordi. Also publ. pf.- 
 pcs., a concert-overture, a string-quartet, and 
 songs. 
 
 Buononci'ni. See Bononcini. 
 
 Buranel'lo. See Galuppi. 
 
 Burbure de Wesembeck, L6on-Philippe- 
 Marie, Chevalier de, b. Termonde, East Flan- 
 ders, Aug 16, 1812 ; d. Antwerp, Dec. 8, 1889. 
 Nobleman and musical comtoisseur ; wrote valu- 
 able monographs on the ancient Antwerp music- 
 guilds of St. Jacob and Sta. Maria Magdalena ; 
 on clavichord- and lute-makers in Antwerp (from 
 the l6th cent.) ; on the Belgian Cecilian Society; 
 and on Haussens, Bosselet, and Okeghem. Publ. 
 comp.s f. orch., chamber-music, church-music, 
 etc. 
 
 Bur'ci. See Burtius. 
 
 Burck. See Burgk. 
 
 Biir'de-Ney, Jenny, dramatic soprano ; b. 
 Graz, Dec. 21, 1826 ; d. Dresden, May 17, 
 18S6. Debut at Olmiitz, 1847 ; sang at Prague, 
 Lemberg, Vienna (1850), Dresden (1853), Lon- 
 don (1855-6), Berlin, Hanover, etc. Married 
 (1855) the actor E. BUrde ; retired 1867. 
 
 Burette, Piefre-Jean, b. Paris, Nov. 21, 
 1665 ; d. there May 19, 1747, as prof, of medi- 
 cine at Paris Univ., member of the Acad., etc. 
 His scholarly notes on (Jreek music, in which 
 he combats the idea that the Greeks cultivated 
 polyphony, are printed in vol.s i-xvii of the 
 memoirs of the " Acad, des Inscriptions." 
 
 Biir'gel, Konstantin, b. Liebau, Silesia, 
 June 24, 1837 ; pupil of Brosig (Breslau) and 
 Kiel (Berlin) ; from 1869-70 pf. -teacher in Kul- 
 lak's Academy ; now private teacher. Has 
 written overtures, chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Burgk (properly Joachim MoUer for Miil- 
 ler]), called Joachim a Burgk (or Burg, or 
 Burck), b. Burg, n. Magdeburg, abt. 1541 ; d. 
 May 24, 1610, Miilhausen, Thuringia, where he 
 had been org. since 1566 (?). Very eminent 
 (Protestant) church-composer, whose works were 
 publ. 1550-1626. 
 
 Burg'mein, J., is the pen-name of Giulio 
 Ricordi, the Milan music-publisher. 
 
 Burg'miiller, Johann Friedrich Franz, b. 
 Ratisbon, 1806 ; d. Beaulieu, France, Feb. 13, 
 1874. Wrote light salon-music ; some of his 
 studies (op. 100, 105) are useful. 
 
 Burg'miiller, Norbert, brother of preceding; 
 b. Dusseldorf, Feb. 8, 1810 ; d. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 
 93 
 
BURKHARD— BUSNOIS 
 
 May 7, 1836. Highly gifted pianist and com- 
 poser ; pupil of Spohr and Haiiptmann at Kas- 
 sel. — Publ. a pf. -concerto in F J min. (op. i) ; a 
 sonata in F min. (op. 8) ; Rhapsodic (op. 13) ; a 
 Polonaise (op. 16) ; other sonatas, etc. ; also 
 quartets. 
 
 Burk'hard, Johann Andreas Christian, 
 
 pastor and school-inspector at Leipheim, Swabia ; 
 publ. a small Diet, of Music (Ulm, 1832), and a 
 '■ Generalbasslehre " (1827). 
 
 Bur'raeister, Richard, composer and concert 
 pianist ; b. Hamburg, Germany, Dec. 7, 1S60. 
 St. w. Liszt at Weimar, Rome, and Pesth 
 (1880-3), accompanying him on his travels. 
 Teacher in Hamburg Cons.; then for 12 years 
 director of pf.-dept. in Peabody Inst., Balti- 
 more ; at present (i8gg) residing in New York. 
 B. makes extensive pianistic tours through 
 Europe and America. — Works : Op. i, pf.-con-. 
 certo in D min.; op. 2, " The Chase after For- 
 tune " {^Die Jagd nach dem Gluck), symphonic 
 Fantasy in 3 movements ; op. 3, Cadenza to 
 Chopin's F min. concerto ; op. 4, 3 songs ; op. 
 5, Capriccio f. pf . ; op. 6, " Wanderer's Night 
 Song"; pf. -transcriptions of songs. He has 
 rescored Chopin's F minor concerto, and arr. 
 for Liszt's "Pathetic" concerto a.n orchestral 
 accompaniment. 
 
 Burney, Charles, b. Shrewsbury, Engl., Apr. 
 7, I726;d. Chelsea, Apr. 12, 1814. Pupil of Baker 
 (org. of Chester cath.), and of Arne in London 
 (1744-7). In 1749 he became org. of St. Dionis 
 Back-church, and harpsichord-player at the sub- 
 scription-concerts in the King's Arms, Corn- 
 hiU. He was org. at I^ynn-Regis, Norfolk, 
 1 75 1 ; Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc, Oxon.,in 1769 ; 
 travelled in France and Italy (1770), and in Ger- 
 many, the Netherlands, etc. (1772) ; was elected 
 F.R.S. on his return in 1773. During these 
 journeys, and while living at Lynn-Regis, he 
 collected notes for his historical works : "The 
 Present State of Music in France and Italy," 
 etc. (1771, in diary-form) ; " The Present State 
 of Music in Germany, the Netherlands," etc. 
 (1773) ; and his " General History of Music " (4 
 vol.s, 1776-S9). Other writings : "A Plan for 
 a Music-School" (1774); "La musica che si 
 canta annualmente nelle funzioni della setti- 
 mana santa nella Cappella Pontificia, coraposta 
 da Palestrina, AUegri e Bai " (1784); the articles 
 on music for Ree's Encyclopaedia ; and minor 
 works. He composed, for Drury Lane, music 
 to the dramas Alfred, Robin Hood, and Queen 
 Mah (1750), and The Cunning Man (1760, text 
 and music adapted from " Le Devin du Village " 
 by Rousseau) ; also sonatas f . pf. and f . vln. ; 
 vln. -concertos, cantatas, flute-duets, etc. — His 
 daughter. Miss Burney (Mme. d'Arblay), wrote 
 the novel " Evelina." 
 
 Buroni. See Boroni. 
 
 Burr, Willard, b. Ravenna, Ohio, Jan. 17, 
 1852. Graduate of Oberlin Cons., 1877; pupil 
 of August Haupt at Berlin, 1879-80. Composer 
 
 and writer in Boston, Mass. — Works : String- 
 quartets, pf. -trios. Grand Sonata f. pf. and vln.; 
 sonatas, nocturnes, fantasias, fugues, etudes, 
 etc., f. pf. (" From Shore to Shore," op. ig, 
 contains a series of 7 pes.) ; anthems and other 
 church-music ; songs. 
 
 Burrcwes, John Freckleton, composer and 
 writer ; b. London, April 23, 1787 ; d. there 
 Mar. 31, 1852. Pupil of W. Horsley ; member 
 of the Philh, Soc, and org. of St. James', Picca- 
 dilly. He Was a good pianist and successful 
 teacher; his "Thorough-bass Primer " (Lon- 
 don, 1818) has passed through many editions. — 
 Comp. s' :' Overture f. full orch. ;. sonatas 'f. pf. 
 and flute, pf. and 'cello, and pf! -and vln. ; 6 
 Divertissements f. pf. ; 6 Engl. Ballads; many 
 arrangements, etc.; he also wrote a " Pianoforte 
 Primer." - 
 
 Bur'tius (or Bur'ci, Bur'zio), Nicolaus, 
 
 b. Parma, 1450 ; d. there abt. 1520. Author of 
 "Musicesopusculum" (Bologna, 1487), specially 
 noteworthy as the earliest specimen of printed 
 mensural music (cut on. wooden blocks). 
 
 Busby, Thomas, b, Westminster, Engl., 
 Dec, 1755 ; d. London, May 28, 1838. An 
 articled pupil of Battishill (1769-74), he became 
 org. of St. Mary's, Newington, Surrey, and 
 (1798) of St. Mary, Woolnoth, Lombard St.; 
 lie took the degree of Mus. Doc at Cambridge, 
 1800. His writings include a " General History 
 of Music" (London, i8ig, 2 vol.s, much ma- 
 terial being taken from Burney and Hawkins); 
 " Grammar of Music " (London, 1818) ; " Con- 
 cert-Room and Orchestra Anecdotes,'' etc. 
 (1825, 3 vol.s) ; " Musical Manual, or Techni- 
 cal Directory " (1828). His music comprises an 
 oratorio, The Prophecy (1799), several odes, 
 much incidental music to plays ; also songs, etc. ; 
 and is not of marked originality. 
 
 Bu'si, Giuseppe, b. Bologna, 180S; d. there 
 Mar. 14, 1871. His teachers were Palmerini 
 (harm.) and T. Marchesi (cpt.) ; from 1830 he 
 was prof, of cpt. at the Bologna Liceo. His 
 church-music is valuable. 
 
 Bu'si, Alessandro, son of preceding ; b. 
 Bologna, Sept. 28, 1833 ; d. there, July S, 1895;' 
 violoncellist, composer, contrapuntist ; player in 
 orch., then conductor, of Comunale Th.; 1865, 
 teacher of harmony in Bol. Liceo; 1871, suc- 
 ceeded his father as prof, of counterpoint ; 1884, 
 also app. Dir. of School of Singing. Biogr. 
 sketch by L. Torchi : " Commemorazione di A. 
 Busi" (Bologna, 1896). — Best works : Requiem 
 mass f. tenors, basses, and gr. orch.; Mass f. 
 ditto ; symphony " Excelsior " f. ch. and orch.; 
 " Elegia funebre " (for Rossini) ; capriccio " In 
 alto mare," f. ch. and orch.; many Romanzei. 
 voice and pf. ; several pf.-pcs. '' 
 
 Busnois, Antoine (properly de Busne), con- 
 trapuntist of the First Netherland School ; 1467, 
 chapel-singer to Charles the Bold of Burgundy ; 
 d. 1481. Only 3 chansons in Petrucci's " Canti. 
 
 94 
 
BUSONI— BUTHS 
 
 CL" (1503), and a few MS. masses, magnificats, 
 motets, and chansons, are still extant. 
 
 Buso'ni, Ferruccio Benvenuto, b. Empoli, 
 near Florence, April i, 1866. His father (Fer- 
 dinando), a fine clarinettist, and mother {n^e 
 Weiss), an excellent pianist, were his first teach- 
 ers. At 8 he made 
 ' his debut as a pian- 
 ' ist, at Vienna ; then 
 ' St. in Graz, under 
 I W. A. Remy (Dr. 
 I W.Mayer). Ini8Si, 
 ■ after a successful 
 I concert-tourin Italy, 
 " elected a member of 
 ' the Reale Accade- 
 ' mia Filarmonica, 
 Bologna. .In 1886 
 he came to Leipzig ; 
 ,. comp. a phantastic 
 opera, string-quartet 
 [^ (D min.), symphonic 
 suite, etc. 1888-g, 
 teacher of pf.-play- 
 % ing in Helsingfors Cons.; 1890, took Rubin- 
 : Stein prizes for composition and pf. -playing (for 
 » Concertstiick f. pf. and orch. , op. 31a ; Sonata f. 
 I pf. and vln. ; pf.-arr. of J. S. Bach's E|7 Prelude 
 1 and Fugue for Organ ; and various pf.-pcs., 
 « among them 2 Cadenzas to Beethoven's Con- 
 s: certo in G). i8go, prof, in the Imp. Cons, at 
 3 Moscow. i8gi, prof, of pf.-playing in the New 
 I Engl. Cons, at Boston, Mass. ; 1893, returned 
 !! to Europe ; made a very succ. concert-tour in 
 
 I 1895 (Belgium, Denmark, and Italy), and is now 
 a (1899) living in Berlin. A piano - virtuoso of 
 
 II high rank, and a composer of promise. A very 
 i original work is his ed. of Bach's "Well-t. Clavi- 
 ;-; chord," with critical notes and etudes. — Works 
 
 (about 40 publ. opus-numbers) : 12 songs ; 4 Bal- 
 letscenen, 7 etudes, and 24 preludes f. pf. ; 
 '': Vars. and Fugue on Chopin's C min. Prelude f. 
 "pf.; 2 string-quartets; 2 vln. -sonatas ; a vln.- 
 ?' concerto ; 2 suites f. orch.; a " Symphonisches 
 - Tongedicht " f. orch. ; a Concertstiick f. pf . ; a 
 " Lustspiel-Ouvertilre " f. orch. ; 4 choruses w. 
 ,,, orch. ; many transcriptions of Bach's works ; 
 ij, Finnish Folk-songs f. pf., 4 hands ; Suite, Sere- 
 _,nade, and Variations, f. 'cello ; pf. -sonata, op. 8 ; 
 ^6 char. pes. f. pf., op. g ; 3 Pezzi nellostilo antico 
 ' f. pf., op. 10 ; Danze antiche f. pf., op. II ; etc. 
 
 ;* BUsser, Henri-Paul, excellent organist ; b. 
 
 ((Toulouse, Jan. 16, 1872. Studied in the mat- 
 
 •.iirise of Toulouse cath., then in Paris at the 
 
 jjtNiedermeyer School, later at the Cons. (Gui- 
 
 (sraud, Gounod). Took ist Grand prix de Rome 
 
 min 1893 with his cantata Antigone. Since i8g2, 
 
 ("organist at St. -Cloud. — Works : i-act pastorale 
 
 fiDaphnis et Chlo^ {Va.ns, Op. -Com., i8g7 ; mod. 
 
 succ.) ; cantata Amadis de Gaule (i8g2, 2nd 
 
 Grand prix de Rome) ; orchestral suite A la 
 
 '■'\villa Midicis ; he has in preparation a lyric 
 
 drama Colombo, and a 3-act opera, Le miracle 
 
 f des perks. 
 
 Busshop, Jules - Auguste - Guillaume, b. 
 
 Paris, Sept. 10, i8io; d. Bruges, Belgium, Feb. 
 10, i8g6. A self-taught, successful composer 
 of motets, cantatas, etc., with and witljout 
 orch. accomp. ; prize-cantata, Le drapeau beige, 
 1834; Te Deum (Brussels, i860); several over- 
 tures ; Symphony in F ; opera Le toison d'or 
 in MS. ; Solemn Mass ; considerable military 
 music. 
 
 Buss'ler, Ludwig, distinguished musical 
 theorist ; b. Berlin, Nov. 26, 1838. His father 
 was the painter, author, and privy councillor 
 Robert Bussler ; his maternal grandfather was 
 the famous tenor singer, Karl Bader. He studied 
 at first as a choir-boy under von Hertzberg ; in 
 theory he was taught later by Dehn and Grell, 
 and learned instrumentation with Wieprecht. In 
 1865 he became teacher of theory in the Ganz 
 School of Music, BerUn ; since l87g, at the 
 Stern Cons. ; also acted as cond. at the Memel 
 Theatre in 1869, etc. In 1883 he became mu- 
 sical critic for the "National Zeitung." His 
 eminently practical writings are a ' ' Musikalische 
 Elementarlehre " (1867, 3rded. 1882; English 
 transl. N. Y., 1895); " Praktische Harmonie- 
 lehre in Aufgaben" (1875; 1885; English transl. 
 N. Y., 1895); "Der strenge Satz " (1877); 
 " Harm. Ubungenam Klavier" (no date ; Engl, 
 transl. N. Y., 1890) ; " Kontrapunkt und Fuge 
 im freien Tonsatz " (1878); " Mus. Formen- 
 lehre" (1878; Engl. ed. N. Y., 1883; 1896); 
 "Praktische mus. Kompositionslehre " : Part 
 I, "Lehre vom Tonsatz" (187S) ; Part II, 
 " Freie Komposition " (1879) ; " Instrumenta- 
 tion und Orchestersatz " (i87g) ; " Elementar- 
 melodik" (i87g) ; " Geschichte der Musik " 
 (1882, six lectures) ; " Partiturstudium " [Modu- 
 lationslehre] (1882). 
 
 Buss'meyer, Hugo, pianist ; b. Brunswick, 
 Feb. 26, 1842. Pupil of Karl Richter and H. 
 Litolff (pf.), and Methfessel (comp.) ; 1S60, con- 
 cert-tour in South America (Rio, Montevideo, 
 Buenos Ayres, Chili, and Peru), returning to 
 Paris via New York. In i860 he went to Mex- 
 ico, and then settled in N. Y. He has publ. a 
 few pf.-pcs., and a pamphlet, "Das Heiden- 
 thum in der Musik" (1871). 
 
 Buss'meyer, Hans, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Brunswick, Mar. 2g, 1853 ; pupil of the Royal 
 School of Music at Munich, where he has been 
 teacher since 1874. He studied with Liszt, and 
 made pianistic tours in S. America (1872-4) ; 
 founder (i87g) and cond. of the Munich Choral 
 Society. Has written pf.-pcs. 
 
 Buths [boots], Julius, brilliant pianist ; b. 
 Wiesbaden, May 7, 1851 ; pupil of his father 
 (an oboist) and Gernsheim ; later of Hiller 
 (Cologne) and Kiel (Berlin). 1871-2, cond. the 
 " Cecilia " at Wiesbaden; won the Meyerbeer 
 Scholarship in 1873, and lived in Milan and 
 Paris 1873-4 ; cond. in Breslau, 1875-9 \ ™ 
 Elberfeld, 1879-90 ; since then, cond. of the 
 Mus. Soc. at Elberfeld. — Works : Pf.-pcs. (con- 
 
 95 
 
BUTTSTEDT— CACCINI 
 
 certo, quintet, suite, Sarabande, Gavotte, Novel- 
 letten, etc.) 
 
 Butt'stedt, Johann Heinrich, fine organ- 
 ist ; b. Bindersleben, n. Erfurt, Apr. 25, 1666; d. 
 Erfurt, Uec. i, 1727, as cathedral organist. A 
 pupil of Pachelbel. Wrote the famous pamph- 
 let (a defence of sol-mi-sation, attacking Mat- 
 theson's " Neu eroffnetes Orchester"), " Ut, re, 
 mi, fa, sol, la, tota musica et harmonia aeterna," 
 Oder " Neu eroffnetes altes, wahres, einziges u. 
 ewiges Fundamentum musices" (abt. 1716) ; re- 
 futed by Mattheson's " Beschutztes Orchester" 
 (1717). Publ. (Leipzig, 1716) a volume of clavi- 
 chord-music, " Musikalische Clavierkunst und 
 Vorrathskammer " (4 preludes and fugues, an 
 aria w. 18 var.s, and 2 " Parthien " [suites]). He 
 also comp. church-music. 
 
 Buus, Jachet [Jacques] de, Flemish con- 
 trapuntist ; probably b. at Bruges, 1510 (?) ; d. 
 (?). In 1541 he was elected asst.-org. at San 
 Marco, Venice; 1553-64, org. of the court- 
 chapel, Vienna. 2 books of Ricercari, 2 of Can- 
 zoni franccsi, and I of Mottetti, were publ. 
 (1547-50). 
 
 Buxtehu'de, Dietrich, b. Helsingor (Elsi- 
 nore), Denmark, 1639 ; d. Lubeck, May g, 1707, 
 as organist at the Marienkirche, a post he had 
 held since 1668. He was famed far and wide as 
 an organist ; in 1673 he established the " Abend- 
 musiken," celebrated musical services made up 
 of organ-music and concerted pieces f . ch. and 
 orch. , held on Sunday afternoons from 4 to 5 ; 
 to hear them, J. S. Bach walked 50 miles, from 
 Arnstadt. As a composer he was greatest in 
 the instrumental fugue and suite. A complete 
 ed. of his organ-works has been publ. by Ph. 
 Spitta. Other instr.l and vocal works are extant 
 in MS. or in rare printed editions. 
 
 Buz'zola, Antonio, dramatic composer ; b. 
 Adria, 1815 ; d. Venice, Mar. 20, 1871. Pupil 
 of his father, a musical director, and of Doni- 
 zetti at Naples. After bringing out at Venice 
 the operas I-'erraniondo (1836), Mastino I delta 
 Scala (1841), and Gli Avventnrieri (1842), he 
 travelled, for the purpose of study, in Germany 
 and France, returning (1847) to Venice, where he 
 produced ^ m/^fe (1848), and Elisabetta di Valois 
 (1850). In 1855 he was app. m. di capp. at San 
 Marco, and wrote much good church-music, etc. 
 An opera in Venetian dialect. La Puta onorata, 
 remains unfinished. 
 
 Byrd (or Byrde, Bird, Byred), William, 
 
 b. London, abt. 1538 ; d. there July 4, 1623. 
 Pupil of Tallis, and (1554) senior chorister at 
 St. Paul's; 1563, organist of Lincoln cath.; 
 1569, Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. In 
 1575 a lucrative patent for the exclusive privi- 
 lege of printing music and selling music-paper 
 was granted to Byrd and Tallis, passing wholly 
 into Byrd's possession on Tallis' death (1585). 
 B. was an excellent org. and skilful contrapunt- 
 ist — one of the foremost composers of the 
 
 period. — Publ. Works : " Cantiones . . . ^f^^ 
 ..." a 5-6; "Psalms, Sonets and Songs 
 of Sadnes and Pietie ..." 05; "Songs of 
 Sundrie Natures ..." a 3-6 ; " Liber Primus 
 Sacrarum Cantionum " a 5 ; " Liber Secundus" 
 (do.); " Gradualia ac cantiones sacra; ..." 
 a 5-6 ; "Psalms, Songs and Sonets ..." ^ 
 3-6 ; separate numbers in various coU.s (" Mu- 
 sica Transalpina" [1588]; Watson's "Italian 
 Madrigales" [1590]; " Parthenia " [1600] • 
 " Leighton's Teares and Lamentacions " [1614' 
 part-songs] ; Barnard's " Selected Church 
 Music" [1641 ; services and anthems] ; Boyce's 
 "Cathedral Music" [do.]); music for "virgin- 
 als" and organ in "Virginal Book of Queen 
 Elizabeth " and " Lady Nevill's Virginal Book." 
 — Newly republ. : A Mass in D min. ; Book i 
 of the " Cantiones Sacrse " ; and several pieces 
 in Pauer's " Old English Composers." 
 
 Caballe'ro, Manuel Fernandez, b. Murcia, 
 March 14, 1835. Pupil at Madrid Cons, of 
 Fuertes (harm.) and Eslava (comp.) ; then de- 
 voted himself wholly to composition, and be- 
 came very popular as a writer of zarzuelas ; his 
 latest are Los Dineros del Sacristan and Los 
 Africanistas (Barcelona, 1894) ; El caho pri- 
 mcro (Barcelona, 1895) ; La Rueda de la For- 
 tuna (Madrid, '96 ; succ). He has also writ- 
 ten sacred music. 
 
 Ca'bo, Francisco Javier, b. Naguera, u. 
 Valencia, 1832. Successively chapel-singer, 
 org. , and maestro at Valencia cath. Composed 
 masses, vespers, etc. , in modern style. 
 
 Cacci'ni, Giulio, called " Roma'no," be- 
 cause born at Rome, abt. 1546 ; d. Florence, abt 
 1615, where he had resided since 1565 as singer 
 to the Tuscan court. A pupil of Scipione della 
 Palla in singing and lute-playing. His first 
 essays in composition were madrigals in the 
 ancient polyphonic style ; but the example of 
 Vincenzo Galilei, and his own surpassing skill as 
 a singer (aided, no doubt, by the discussions ol 
 the artists and literati frequenting the houses ol 
 Bardi and Corsi at Florence), inspired him to 
 write vocal soli in recitative-form (then termed 
 mtisica in istile rappresentativo), which he sang 
 with great applause to his own accomp. on the 
 theorbo. These first essays in dramatic music ^ 
 were followed by his settings of detached scenes 
 written by Bardi, and finally by the opera // 
 conibatiiniento d'Apottine col serpejtte^ poem by i 
 Bardi ; then appeared La Dafne (1594), in col- 1 
 laboration with Peri, poem by Rinucinni ; Eury- 
 dice (1600), poem by Rinuccini ; and // rafimento 
 di Cefalo (Oct. 9, 1600, the first opera ever pro- 
 duced in a public theatre), poem by Chiabrera. 
 Another " epoch-making " work was " Le nuove 
 musiche," a series of madrigals for solo voice, w. 
 bass (1601; 1607 ; 1615). He also publ. "Nove 
 
 96 
 
CADAUX— CALDICOTT 
 
 Arie " (Venice, 1608), and "Fuggilotio musicale " 
 (Venice, 1614 ; madrigals, sonnets, arias, etc.) 
 Caccini was called, by abbate Angelo Grillo, the 
 " father of a new style of music " ; Bardi said of 
 him that he had ' ' attained the goal of perfect 
 music." 
 
 Cadaux, Justin, b. Albi (Tarn), France, 
 Apr. 13, 1813 ; d. Paris, Nov. 8, 1874. Pupil 
 of Zimmerman (pf.) and Dourlen (harm.), at 
 Paris Cons. ; composed 6 comic operas. 
 
 Cadeac, Pierre, choirmaster at Auch, France, 
 in the i6th century ; he composed and publ. many 
 masses and motets (1543-1558). 
 
 Cscilia. See Cecilia. 
 
 Cafa'ro, Pasquale (called Caffariel'lo), 
 noted composer; b. San Pietro in Galatina, prov- 
 ince of Lecce, Italy, Feb. 8, 1706 : d. Naples, 
 Oct. 23, 1797. Pupil of L. Leo in Naples Cons, 
 delta Pieti d. T. 1724-36, and was Leo's succes- 
 sor in 1745. Wrote operas, oratorios, cantatas, 
 etc. ; a Stabat Mater in 2 p., w. org., is specially 
 noteworthy. 
 
 Caffarel'li (real name Gaetano Majora'no), 
 brilliant soprano {musico) ; b. Bari, April 16, 
 1703 ; d. on his estate Santo-Dorato, n. Naples, 
 Nov. 30, 17S3. A poor peasant-boy, endowed 
 with a beautiful voice, he was discovered by a 
 musician named Caffaro {not Pasquale Cafaro), 
 who taught him, and sent him to Porpora at 
 Naples. In gratitude to his patron he assumed 
 the name of Caffarelli. After 5 years' hard study 
 Porpora dismissed him with the words : "Go, 
 my son, I have nothing more to teach you ; you 
 are the greatest singer in Italy and in the world." 
 He was indeed a master of pathetic song, and 
 excelled in coloratura as well ; he read the most 
 difficult music at sight, and was an accomplished 
 harpsichord-player. His debut at the Teatro 
 Valle (Rome, 1724) in a female role (such was 
 the custom for artificial soprani) was attended by 
 a perfect ovation ; his renown increased from 
 year to year. In 1738 he sang in London, and 
 apparently made little impression ; but in Italy, 
 Spain, Paris, and Vienna, he was triumphantly 
 successful. He amassed a fortune, bought the 
 dukedom of Santo-Dorato, and assumed the title 
 of duke. 
 
 Caf fi, Francesco, b. Venice, 1786 ; d. Padua, 
 1874. Wrote a " Storia della musica sacra nella 
 gia Cappella Ducale di S. Marco in Venezia dal 
 1318 al 1797" (2 vol.s; Venice, 1854, 1855), an 
 important and trustworthy work ; also mono- 
 graphs on Bonaventura Furlanetto (1820) ; Zar- 
 lino (1836) ; Lotti, and Benedetto Marcello (in 
 Cicognia's " Venetiani Iscritioni "); and Giam- 
 mateo Asola (Padua, 1862). 
 
 Caffiaux, Dom Phillippe-Joseph, b. Valen- 
 ciennes, 1712 ; d. abbey of St. -Germain des Pres, 
 Paris, Dec. 26, 1777. Benedictine monk ; his 
 MS. " Histoire de la musique" (in the Paris 
 I-ibrary) is praised by Fetis. 
 
 Cagniard de la Tour, Charles, Baron de, 
 
 b. Paris, May 31, 1777 ; d. there July 5, 1B59. 
 Improver of the "Syren" used to record the 
 vibration-numbers of tones. 
 
 Cagno'ni, Antonio, b. Godiasco, n.Voghera, 
 Feb. 8, 1828 ; d. Bergamo, Apr. 30, 1896. 
 Studied at Milan Cons. (1842-7) under Ray and 
 Frasi ; as a student, 3 of his operas were prod, 
 in the Cons. Th.; Rosalia di S. Miniato (semi- 
 seria, 1845) ; / due Savojardi (do., 1846) ; and 
 Don Bucefalo [his masterwork] (buffa, 1847). 
 P'rom 1852-73 he was m. di capp. in the cathe- 
 dral of Vigevano; 1873, succeeded Coccia as m. 
 di capp. in the cathedral of Novarra ; 1887, m. di 
 capp. in S. Maria Maggiore, Bergamo. From 
 1848-74 he brought out some 15 more operas at 
 Rome, Genoa, Turin, Milan, etc. He left 3 
 operas ; Gli antori di Cleopatra (buffa, comp. abt. 
 1870), Re Lear (finished 1893, 5 acts), and // 
 Carabiniere (bozzetto). 
 
 Cahen, Albert, composer; b. Paris (?), Jan, 
 8, 1846. Pupil of Mme. Szarvady (pf.) and 
 Cesar Franck (comp.). — Works ; Jean le Pricur- 
 seur, biblical poem (1874) ; Le Bois, comic opera 
 (1880, Opera-Com.) ; Endymion, mythological 
 poem (1883) ; La belle au bois dormant, fairy 
 opera (Geneva, 1886) ; Le V/nitien, 4-act opera 
 (Rouen, 1890) ; Fleur des neiges, ballet (Brussels, 
 1891) ; La fenime de Claude, 3-act lyric drama 
 (Paris, 1896, Opera-Com. ; unsuccessful). 
 
 Cahen, Ernest, b. Paris, Aug. 18, 1828 ; d. 
 there Nov. 8, 1893. Pupil of the Cons., taking 
 ist prize for harm, and accomp. in 1847, and 
 the 2d Grand Prix for comp. in 1849. Pianist 
 and teacher ; also " professeur adjoint" at the 
 Cons. — Works : 2 operettas, Le Calfat (1853), 
 and I^e souper de Mezaetin (1859), both prod, at 
 the Folies-Nouvelles. 
 
 Caillot, Joseph, tenor-baritone stage-singer 
 and actor ; b. Paris, 1732; d. there Sept. 30, 
 1816. Engaged at the Comedie Italienne. 
 
 Ca'imo, Joseffo, b. Milan, abt. 1540, d. (?). 
 Publ. 4 bks. of 5-p. madrigals, i of 5-, 7-, and 
 8-p. madrigals (1571), i of 4-p. madrigals (1581), 
 and I of 4-p. canzonets (15S4). 
 
 Calda'ra, Antonio, b. Venice, 1678 ; d. 
 Vienna, Dec. 28, 1763. Prolific composer of 
 operas and sacred dramas (70), oratorios, masses, 
 and other ch. -music, chamber-music, etc. He 
 lived in Bologna and Mantua ; in 1 714 was app. 
 Imp. chamber-composer at Vienna, and from 
 Jan. I, 1716, was asst. Kapellm. to J. J. P"ux. 
 
 Caldicott, Alfred James, born Worcester, 
 Eng., 1842; d. near Gloucester, Oct. 24, 1897. 
 Chorister in Worcester cathedral, 1851, and arti- 
 cled to the organist, Done, in 1856. He St. at 
 Leipzig Cons. under Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc. ; 
 and in 1864 became org. of St. Stephen's Ch., 
 Worcester, and Corporation org. Took degree 
 of Mus. Bac, Cantab., 1878; was app. prof, at 
 R., Coll. of Mus., London, in 1883; from 1885 
 was cond. at the Albert Palace, Battersea (now 
 
 97 
 
CALEGARI— CALVISIUS 
 
 closed). — Works : Several cantatas, The Widow 
 of Nain {1881), A Rhine Legend (f. women's 
 voices, 1883), Queen 
 of the May (do.); 13 
 operettas, numerous 
 successful glees, a 
 score of songs, etc. 
 His humorous part- 
 song "Humpty 
 Dumpty " (special 
 prize at Manchester, 
 1878) is exceedingly 
 popular. 
 
 Calega'ri(or Cal- 
 legari), Francesco 
 ■ Antonio, b. Padua, 
 before i 700 ; d. 
 there 1742. He was 
 a Franciscan monk, 1702-24 m. di cafp. in the 
 Minorite monastery at Venice, and then in Padua, 
 at the Ch. of San Antonio, until 1728. He wrote 
 a theoretical treatise " Ampia dimostrazione 
 degli armoniali musicali tuoni " (MS. at Ber- 
 gamo); also sacred music and chamber-music. 
 
 Calega'ri, Antonio, b. Padua, Oct. 18, 1758 ; 
 d. there July 22, 1828. Dramatic composer, 
 who brought out 3 operas in Venice : Le sorelle 
 rivali (1784), L'Amor soldato (1786), and // ma- 
 trimonio scoperto {ii%f:j)\ living in Padua, 1800; 
 publ. (Venice, 1801) a curious treatise on com- 
 position : " Gioco pittagorico musicale," republ. 
 in Paris, where he lived for several years, as 
 " L'art de composer la musique sans en connai- 
 tre les elements " (1802). Returning to Padua, 
 he was org. at the Ch. of San Antonio till his 
 decease. Subsequently, 2 more works were publ. : 
 " Sistema armonico " (1829), and a vocal method, 
 " Modi generali del canto " (1836). 
 
 Calet'ti-Bru'ni. See Cavalli. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Calkin, John Baptiste, b. London, 
 16, 1827. Pianist, 
 organist, and com- 
 poser ; pupil of his 
 father, James Calkin, 
 and has been organ- 
 ist, precentor, and 
 choirmaster at sev- 
 eral churches ; is now 
 (1899) prof, at Guild- 
 hall School of Mus. 
 Besides several ser- 
 vices, and many an- 
 thems, glees, part- 
 songs, and songs, he 
 has publ. a string- 
 quartet, a pf.-trio, a 
 sonata f. pf. and 'cello, various pes. for pf., 
 and organ-music. 
 
 Cal'laerts, Joseph, born Antwerp, Aug. 22, 
 1838; pupil of Lemmens in Brussels Cons. Org. 
 (1851-6) of the Jesuit college, later of the cathe- 
 dral at Antwerp, and organ-teacher at the Music- 
 
 School since 1867.— Works : Comic opera Li 
 Retottr impre'vuiPintvietp, 1889); a prize symph. 
 (1879) and a prize pf.-trio (1882); organ and pf.. 
 music ; cantatas, masses, litanies, etc. 
 
 Callcott, John Wall, b. Kensington, Nov. 
 20, 1766 ; d. there May 15, 1821. He received 
 some instruction from Henry Whitney, organ- 
 ist of Kensington Parish Church, but was 
 chiefly self-taught in early youth ; he attracted 
 the attention of Dr. Arnold, Dr. Cooke, and 
 John Sale, who aided him. From- 1783-5 he 
 was deputy organist to Reinhold, at St. George 
 the Martyr ; in the latter year he won 3 prize- 
 medals for a catch, " O beauteous fair "; a canon, 
 "Blessed is he"; and a glee, " Dull repining 
 sons of care"; he joined the orchestra of the 
 Academy of Ancient Music, and also took the 
 degree of Mus. Bac. (Oxon.). He was a co- 
 founder of the Glee Club (1787) ; joint-org. of 
 St. Paul's, Covent Garden (1788) ; in 1789 he 
 won all the prizes offered by the " Catch Club "; 
 and became organist of the Asylum for Female 
 Orphans (1792-1S02). He studied instrumental 
 comp. w. Haydn in 1790 ; in 1800 he was made 
 Mus. Doc. (Oxon.). App. lecturer on music at 
 the Royal Institute, succeeding Dr. Crotch 
 (i8o5), his mind gave way under the strain in- 
 cident to this position and overwork on his pet 
 scheme, a dictionary of music, which was never 
 completed. His " Grammar of Music" (1806) 
 is a standard elementary text-book. Many of his 
 numerous glees, catches, and canons are real 
 works of art. A memoir of C. was prefixed to 
 a " Collection of Glees, Canons, and Catches," 
 by W. Horsley (London, 1824 ; 2 vol.s). 
 
 Callcott, William Hutchins, son of pre- 
 ceding ; b. Kensington, 1807 ; d. London, Aug. 
 4, 1882. Organist, pianist, and composer ; he 
 wrote a good deal of popular vocal music (songs, . 
 anthems), and pf.-rausic (chiefly instructive pes. 
 and arrangements). 
 
 Callinet. See Daublaine et Cie. 
 
 Calvi'sius, Sethus (real name Seth Kall'- 
 witz), son of a poor peasant at Gorschlebenj 
 Thuringia ; b. Feb. 21, 1556; d. Leipzig, Nov. 
 24, 1615. By his own efforts (at first as a street- 
 singer for alms, afterwards as a teacher) he sup- 
 ported himself while studying in the Gymnasia 
 of Frankenhausen and Magdeburg, and the Uni- 
 versities at Helmstadt and Leipzig. In Leipzig 
 he became (1581) mus. director at the Pauliner- 
 kirche ; from 1582-92 he was cantor at Schul- 
 pforta, then cantor of the Thomasschule at Leip- 
 zig, and (1594) musical dir. of the Thomaskirche 
 and Nicolaikirche there. C. was not only a 
 musician but a scholar of high and varied at- 
 tainments. His writings are valuable sources : 
 " Melopoeia sen melodiae condendae ratio" 
 (1582); " Compendium musicae practicae pro 
 incipientibus " (1594 ; 3rd ed. as " Musicae artis 
 praecepta nova et facillima," 1612) ; " Exercita- 
 
 qS 
 
CALVOR— CAMPANINI 
 
 tiones musicae duae " {1600); " Exercitatio mu- 
 sicae tertia" (i6ii). — Publ. compositions: "Au- 
 serlesene teutsche Lieder " (1603); " Biciniorum 
 libri duo " (1612); the 150th Psalm (12 parts); a 
 coll., " Harmoniae cantionum ecclesiasticarum 
 a M. Luthero et aliis viris piis Germaniae com- 
 positarum 4 voc." (1596); and a 4-p. arr. of C. 
 Becker's psalm-tunes (1602, '16, '18, '21). MS. 
 motets, hymns, etc., in the Thomasschule Li- 
 brary, Leipzig. 
 
 Cal'vbr, Caspar, b. Hildesheim, 1650 ; d. 
 Clausthal, 1725. Wrote " De musica ac singil- 
 latim de ecclesiastica eoque spectantibus or- 
 ganis" (Leipzig, 1702), and a preface to Sinn's 
 " Temperatura practica" (1717). 
 
 Cambert, Robert (the first French opera- 
 composer, preceding Lully), b. Paris, abt. 1628 ; 
 d. London, 1677, Pupil of Chambonnieres ; 
 org. at St.-Honore ; intendant of music (1666) 
 to the queen-dowager Anne of Austria. His 
 first venture on the lyric stage was La Pasto- 
 rale, written by Perrin and successfully produced 
 at the Chiteau d'Issy in 1659 ; it was followed 
 by Ariane, on le manage de Bacchus (rehearsed 
 in 1661), and Adonis (1662 ; not performed ; 
 MS. lost). Perrin having received, in i66g, 
 letters patent for estabUshing the "Academic 
 royale de musique " (the national operatic thea- 
 tre, now the Grand Opera), brought out, in col- 
 laboration with C, the first real opera, Pomone 
 (1671) ; a second, Les peines et les plaisirs de 
 I'amour, was written, but never produced, 
 Lully having meantime (1672) had the patent 
 transferred to himself. [These last two operas 
 have been publ. in "Chefs d'oeuvre classiques 
 de I'opera fran9ais" (Leipzig, Br. und H.)]. 
 C.'s disappointment drove him to London ; he 
 became a bandmaster, and died as Master of the 
 Music to Charles II. 
 
 Cambi'ni, Giovanni Giuseppe, b. Leghorn, 
 Feb. 13, 1746 ; d. Bicetre, Dec. 29, 1S25 (?). A 
 pupil of Padre Martini, and a most prolific 
 composer of mediocre instrumental works, 
 writing over 60 symphonies within a few years. 
 He lived chiefly in Paris as a ballet-composer 
 and conductor ; he died in the almshouse. — 
 Other comps. : 144 string-quartets ; several bal- 
 lets, operas, oratorios, etc. 
 
 Camera'na, Luigi, b. in Piedmont, 1846. 
 M. di capp. at the theatre in Savona — Works : 
 Operetta Patatrich e Patatrach (1872) ; opera 
 buffa Don Fabiano dei corbelli (Turin, 1874) ; 
 op. seria Gabriella Chiabrera (Savona, 1876) ; 
 melodrama Alberto di Prussia (1875) ; opera 
 II conte di Mirabello (Cosato, '92 ; succ.) ; com. 
 opera Peterkin (London, 1893 ; mod. succ). 
 
 Camidge, John, b. about 1735 ; d. York, 
 Eng. , Apr. 25, 1803. He was organist at 
 York cath. for 47 years. — Publ. " Six Easy Les- 
 sons for the Harpsichord " ; other music f. 
 harpsich. ; church-music, glees, songs. 
 
 Camidge, Matthew, b. York, 1758 ; d. 
 there Oct. 23, 1844 ; son of preceding, whom 
 he succeeded at York cath. (1803-44). Publ. 
 "Cathedral Music"; 24 Original Psalm- and 
 Hymn-tunes"; sonatas and marches f. pf. ; a 
 " Method of Instruction in Music by Questions 
 and Answers"; etc. 
 
 Camidge, John (son of Matthew), b. York, 
 1790 ; d. there Sept. 29, 1859. Org. of York 
 cath. 1844-59 ; Mus Doc. (Lambeth), 1855. 
 Publ. a Service, anthems, 5 double-chants ; 6 
 glees f . 3 and 4 voices ; etc. 
 
 Campagno'li, Bartolommeo, b. Cento, 
 Sept. 10, 1751 ; d. Neustrelitz, Nov. 6, 1827. 
 Renowned violinist, pupil of Dall'Ocha and 
 Guastarobba at Modena, and later of Nardini at 
 Florence. After several years of concert-giv- 
 ing in Italy, he became leader (1776) of the 
 Abbot of Freising's orch.; was later mus. dir. 
 to the Duke of Kurland in Dresden (whence he 
 made successful concert-tours) ; 1797-1818, he 
 was leader at Leipzig ; finally he became court 
 Kapelliii. at Neustrelitz. — Works : Chamber- 
 music ; concerti f. flute ; I violin-concerto ; 7 
 celebrated Divertissements (studies f. vln.) ; 41 
 Caprices pour I'alta-viola (op. 22) ; a " Methode 
 de la mecanique progressive du jeu du violon " 
 (Leipzig, 1824); etc. 
 
 Campa'na, Fabio, b. Leghorn, Jan. 14, 
 1819 ; d. London, Feb. 2, 1882. From the 
 beginning of his career he lived in London, 
 popular as a singing-teacher and composer. 
 Besides hundreds of songs w. pf.-acc, he 
 wrote the operas Caterina di Guisa (Leghorn, 
 1838), Giulio d'Este (Venice, 1841), Vannina 
 d'Ornano (Florence, 1842), Luisa di Francia 
 (Rome, 1844), Almina (London, H. M.'s Th., 
 i860), and Esmeralda, Nostra Donna di 
 Parigi (St. Petersburg, 1869). 
 
 Campana'ri, Leandro, violinist ; b. Rovigo, 
 Italy, Oct. 20, 1857 ; st. Milan Cons., graduat- 
 ing 1877. European tours, 2 years ; in Amer- 
 ica 1S79, debut at Boston (Symph. Orch.) very 
 successful. Settled in Boston, and organized 
 Campanari String-quartet. 1883, mus. dir. of 
 choir, Jesuit Ch., and 1st prof, of violin in 
 N. E. Cons. ; 1887-90, in Europe ; 1890, ist 
 prof, of violin, and head of orch.l dept. , in 
 Cincinnati Cons. Since 1897, director and con- 
 ductor of the grand orchestral concerts in La 
 Scaia Th., Milan. — Works ; Text-books f. vio- 
 linists ; numerous songs. — His brother Giu- 
 seppe is a fine dramatic baritone. 
 
 Campani'ni, Italo, brilliant operatic tenor; 
 b. Parma, 1845 ; d. Vigatto, n. Parma, Nov. 22, 
 1896. St. 3 years in G. Griffini's School of 
 Music. Debut 1869, at Odessa, in Trovalore ; 
 sang for some years without marked success, 
 then studied with Lamperti, and reappeared at 
 Florence, 1871, in Lohengrin, with great ap- 
 plause. London debut 1872, as Gennaro in 
 Lucrezia Borgia. Tours in U. S. A., 1873 and 
 
 99 
 
CAMPENHOUT— CANNABICH 
 
 1879-80 (with Nilsson), i8g2 (w. Patti), and 
 1S94. Since 1883. lived principally in New 
 York. Sang leading roles in Lohengrin, Mefi- 
 stofele, jFaztsl, Carmen, Don Jtmn, Lucia di 
 Lammermoor, Huguenots, Ruy Bias, etc. 
 
 Cam'penhout, Francois van, b. Brussels, 
 Feb. 5, 1779 ; d. there Apr. 24, 1848. Begin- 
 ning as violinist in the Th. de la Monnaie, he 
 studied singing under Plantade,and became a 
 fine stage-tenor, appearing in Belgium, Hol- 
 land, and France. Retired 1827, and wrote 6 
 operas, several other stage-pieces, 9 cantatas w. 
 orch., choruses, masses. Te Deums, songs, etc. 
 
 Campion, Thomas, Engl, physician, also 
 poet, composer, and dramatist ; d. London, 
 Feb., 1619. — Publ. " Two Books of Ayres, 
 etc." (1610), followed by 2 more (1612) ; 
 "Ayres for the Masque of Flowers" (1613) ; 
 "Songs of Mourning" [for Prince Henry] 
 (1613) ; "A New Way of Making Foure Parts 
 in Counterpoint" (1618 ; also in Playford's 
 " Introd. to the Skill of Musick," 1655). 
 
 Campion, Francois, theorbist (1703-19) at 
 Grand Opera, Paris. — Publ. " Nouvelles de- 
 couvertes sur la Guitare, etc." (1705) ; " Traite 
 d'accompagnemeut pour le theorbe " (1710) ; 
 " Traite de composition, etc." (1716) ; and a 
 supplement (" Addition ") to the last two (1739). 
 
 Campio'ni, Carlo Antonio, b. Leghorn, 
 abt. 1720 ; d. Florence, 1793, as in. di capp. to 
 the Tuscan court. Comp. church-music (a fine 
 Te Deum) ; also publ. 7 vol.s of violin-duets. 
 
 Campore'se, Violante, soprano stage- 
 singer ; b. Rome, 1785 ; d. there (?). Before 
 1814, engaged for Napoleon's private music ; 
 stage-debut in * London, 1817 (Haymarket). 
 Engaged until l8i8, and again from 1821-3 ; 
 sang at the Ancient and Philh. Concerts, 
 1824-5. Retired 1829. 
 
 Cam'pos, Joao Ribeiro de Almeida de, b. 
 
 Vizen, Portugal, abt. 1770; d. (?) ; m. di capp., 
 also professor and examiner for church-singing, 
 at Lamego in 1800. Publ. " Elementos de 
 musica" (1786), and " Elem. de cantochao" 
 [Plain Song] (1800, and many later editions). 
 
 Cara'pra, Andr^, French opera-comp. ; b. 
 Aix (Provence), Dec. 4, 1660 ; d. Versailles, 
 July 29, 1744. A pupil of Guillaume Poitevin, 
 he was app. maitre de mus. at Toulon cathedral 
 at the age of 20; in 1681, m. de chap, at Aries, 
 and from 1683-94 at Toulouse cath. Going 
 thence to Paris, he was at first m. de chap, at the 
 Jesuit collegiate ch., and shortly after at Notre- 
 Dame, an appointment held until the successful 
 production of two operas (under his brother 
 Joseph's name) induced him to embrace a secu- 
 lar career. In 1722 he was made conductor of 
 the Royal Orch. His operas were performed 
 after Lully until eclipsed by the genius of 
 Rameau. — Operas : V Europe galante (1697) ; 
 I,e Carnaval de Vcnise (1699) ; Hhione (1700) ; 
 
 Arithuse, ou la vengeance de I'amour (1701); 
 Tancrede (1702); Les Muses (1703); IphigMie 
 en Tatiride (1704); T^Umaque (1704); Alcine 
 (1705); Le Triomphe de l' amour (1705); Hip. 
 podamie (1708) ; Les Fltes v^nitiennes (1710); 
 Ldomen^e (1712); Les Amours de Mars et Vinus 
 {XTLI) ; Tdephe (1713) ; Camille (1717) ; La 
 Ages, ballet-opera (1718); Achille et Ddidamie 
 (1735); and several divertissements, etc., for the 
 Versailles court. Also 3 books of cantatas 
 (1708, et seq.), and 5 books of motets (1706, 
 1710, 1713, etc.). 
 
 Camps y Soler, Oscar, Spanish pianist, 
 comp., and writer; b. Alexandria, Egypt, Nov. 
 21, 1837. Pupil of Dohler at Florence, and 
 played in public as early as 1850 ; st. w. Mer- 
 cadante, at Naples ; made concert-tours in Eu- 
 rope, and settled in Madrid. — Works : Grand 
 cantata; songs; pf.-pcs. — Also a " Teoria 
 musical ilustrada," a " Metodo de Solfeo," 
 " Estudios filosoficos sobre la musica," and a 
 Span, transl. of Berlioz's "Instrumentation." 
 He teaches, and is a contributor to several 
 musical periodicals. 
 
 Candeille, Pierre- Joseph, opera-comp. ; b. 
 Estaires (dept. du Nord), Dec. 8, 1744 ; d. 
 Chantilly, Apr. 24, 1827. He wrote some 20 
 operas, divertissements, etc., the best being 
 Castor et Pollux (1791) ; most of them were 
 never produced. — His daughter, 
 
 Candeille [Simons- Candeille], Am^lie- 
 Julie, b. Paris, July 31, 1767 ; d. there Feb. 4, 
 1834 ; was a dramatic soprano, an actress, and 
 a composer. Debut 1782 as Iphigenie in Gluck's 
 Lphig^nie en Aulide; from 1783-96, actress in 
 the Th. Francais. In 1798 she married Simons, 
 a Brussels carriage-builder, was separated from 
 him in 1802, lived in Paris as a music-teacher till 
 1821, when she married the painter Pierie [d. 
 1833]. She wrote libretto and music of the very 
 succ. operetta La belle Fermiere (1792), in which 
 she played the leading part, singing to her own 
 accomp. on piano and harp ; and produced an 
 unsuccessful opera, Ida, I'orplieline de Berlin 
 (1807). Publ. also 3 pf.-trios, 4 pf.-sonatas, a 
 sonata f. 2 pfs. , pf. -fantasias, some romances, 
 and the songs from the Belle Fermiere. 
 
 Cange, Charles - Dufresne, sieur du, b. 
 Amiens, Dec. 18, 1610 ; d. Paris, Oct. 23, 1688. 
 A learned lawyer, interested in musical research. 
 Publ. " Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et in; 
 fimai latinitatis " (1678, 3 vol.s ; 1733-36, in 6 
 vol.s ; 1840-50, in 7 vol.s), explaining the mus. 
 instr.s and terminology of the middle ages. 
 
 Can'nabich, Christian, b. Mannheim, 1731; 
 d. Frankfort, 1798. An accomplished violinist 
 (pupil of Jommelli) and composer, he excelled 
 particularly as a conductor of the Electoral orch. 
 at Mannheim, a post to which he was app. in 
 1775, having been leader since 1765. C. rendered 
 this orch. famous by the (then unique) perfection 
 to which he carried the dynamic nuances, more 
 especially the crescendo and decrescendo. His 
 
CANNABICH— CARISSIMI 
 
 compositions (operas, ballets, 3 symphonies, 3 
 violin-concertos, much chamber-music) were pop- 
 ular. — His father, Matthias C, was a flutist in 
 the Electoral orch. 
 
 Can'nabich, Karl, violinist and comp. , son 
 of Christian ; b. Mannheim, 1769 ; d. Munich 
 (whither the orch. followed the Elector's court 
 in 1778), 1805. Kapelim.^ from 1800, of the 
 orch. 
 
 Cannicia'ri, Don Pompeo, b. Rome, 1670 ; 
 d. there Dec. 29, 1744, as ni. di capp. of S. 
 Maria Maggiore, a position held by him since 
 1709. A disciple of the Roman school, he comp. 
 masses, magnificats, motets, etc. 
 
 Canthal, August, b. Liibeck (?) ; flutist in 
 the Hamburg Theatre (1832), gave succ. concerts 
 in Copenhagen (1847), became bandmaster in 
 Leipzig (1848). Publ. flute-pcs. , and dances 
 f. pf. 
 
 Cantor, Otto. See Appendix. 
 
 Capel'la, Martianus Minucius (Mineus) 
 Felix, Latin scholar at Carthage early in the 
 5th cent., A.D. Book ix of his " Satyricon " 
 treats of music ; printed by Meibom in " Antiq. 
 mus. auct. vii," with notes. 
 
 Capel'li. Pen-name of Johann David von 
 Apell. 
 
 Capoc'ci, Gaetano, b. Rome, Oct. 16, 1811; 
 d. there Jan. 11, 1898. Organ-pupil of Sante 
 Pascoli ; st. later under Fioravanti and Ciancia- 
 relli (comp.), and in 1833 brought out his first 
 oratorio, Battista. He became org. at the Ch. 
 of S. Maria di Vallicella, and (1839) at S. M. 
 Maggiore ; elected, in 1855, maestro direttore of 
 the " Capella Pia" at the Lateran, succeeding 
 Meluzzi. He wrote and publ. a vast amount 
 of sacred music (another oratorio, Assalonne ; 
 masses, motets, litanies, offertories, psalms, 
 introits, etc.), and formed numerous distinguished 
 pupils. — His son, 
 
 Capoc'ci, Filippo, b. Rome, May 11, 1840; 
 is reputed to be the finest contemporary Italian 
 organist. Since 1875, organist of San Giovanni 
 in Laterano. His compositions f . org. have some 
 vogue. 
 
 Capoul, Joseph - Am6d6e -Victor, brilliant 
 stage-tenor ; b. Toulouse, Feb. 27, 1839 I P"pil 
 (1859) of Revial and Mocker at Paris Cons.; eng. 
 at the Opera-Com. 1861-72, and has since then 
 sung in London (with Nilsson), New York, and 
 other cities. Since 1892, prof, of operatic sing- 
 ing in National Conservatory, New York. 
 
 Carac'cio (or Caravac'cio), Giovanni, b. 
 
 IJergamo, abt. 1550 ; d. Rome, 1626. For some 
 years in the court choir, Munich ; then m. di 
 capp. at Bergamo cath., and finally at S. Maria 
 Maggiore, Rome. — Publ. 2 vol.s of magnificats ; 
 5 of madrigals ; psalms (Venice, 1620) ; a re- 
 quiem mass, canzoni, etc. 
 
 Caraccio'li, Luigi, comp. and excellent sing- 
 ing-teacher ; b. Adria (Bari), Aug. 10, 1849 ; 
 
 d. London, July 22, 1887. Pupil of Cesi, Conti, 
 and Mercadante in Naples (1863-9). Called to 
 Dublin (1878) as Dir. of the School of Sing- 
 ing in the R. Irish Academy of Mus.; removed, 
 in 1881, to London. Wrote a succ. opera, Maso 
 il Montanaro (Bari, 1874), and innumerable 
 songs, many being very popular (" Danza delle 
 memorie," " Un sogno fu ! " " Rime popolare," 
 etc.). 
 
 Cara'fa de Colobra'no, Michele Enrico, b. 
 
 Naples, Nov. 17, 1787 ; d. Paris, July 26, 1872. 
 A son of Prince Colobrano, Duke of Alvito, he 
 began mus. study early ; and while very young 
 wrote an opera, 2 cantatas, etc. Though he be- 
 came an officer in the army of Naples, and 
 fought in Napoleon's Russian campaign, he de- 
 voted his leisure to music, and after Waterloo 
 adopted it as a profession. Up to l8ig he pro- 
 duced 9 operas on Italian stages ; from 1821-33, 
 about 20 in Paris, most successful among which 
 were Le Solitaire (1822), Masaniello (1827, his 
 best), and La Violette (1828); also a few others 
 in Italy and Vienna. Settled in Paris, 1827 ; 
 member of the Academy (Lesueur's successor), 
 1837 ; in 1840, prof, of comp. at Cons. Besides 
 operas, he wrote ballets, cantatas, and consider- 
 able good church-music. 
 
 Caramuel de Lob'kowitz, Juan, b. Ma- 
 drid, May 23, 1606 ; d. Vigevano, Italy, Sept. 
 8, 1682, as Bishop of V. He publ. "Arte 
 nueva de musica, inventada anno de 600 por S. 
 Gregorio, desconcertada anno da 1026 por Gui- 
 don Aretino, restituida a su primera perfeccion 
 por Fr. Pedro de Urena, reducida a este breve 
 compendio anno 1644 por J.-C, etc." (Rome, 
 1669). 
 
 Caresti'ni, Giovanni (stage-name Cusanino, 
 from the family of Cusani in Milan, his pro- 
 tectors); b. Mente Filatrano (Ancona), abt. 1705; 
 d. there 1760. Soprano singer (musico) at Rome, 
 Prague, Mantua, London (1733-5, under Han- 
 del, in rivalry with Farinelli), then at Venice, 
 Berlin, and St. Petersburg (1755-8). 
 
 Carey, Henry, b. 1685 (?) ; d. London, Oct. 
 4, 1743. A reputed natural son of George Sa- 
 vile. Marquis of Halifax. His teachers were 
 Linnert, Roseingrave, and Geminiani, but he 
 was chiefly self-taught. He lived as a music- 
 teacher, and writer for the theatres. His claim 
 to authorship of ' ' God save the King " is dis- 
 puted, despite the attempts of his son, Gerome 
 Savile Carey (1743-1807), to substantiate it {v. 
 articles by Cummings, " Mus. Times," 1878). 
 His song " Sally in our Alley " still enjoys popu- 
 larity. His musical dramas (ballad - operas), 
 nine in number, had considerable success ; in 
 1737 he publ. 100 ballads, "The Musical Cen- 
 tury." 
 
 Caris'simi, Giacomo, b. Marino, near Rome, 
 about 1604 ; d. Rome, Jan. 12, 1674. Towards 
 1624 he was m. di capp. in Assisi ; from 1628 to 
 his death he filled a similar position in the Ch. 
 of S. Apollinare, Rome. A prolific and original 
 
CARL— CARRODUS 
 
 church-composer, he broke with the Palestrina 
 tradition, devoting himself to perfecting the 
 monodic style, as is evidenced by his highly 
 developed recitative and more pleasing and 
 varied instrumental accompaniments. His mus. 
 MSS. were dispersed at the sale of the library of 
 the German College, and many are lost ; but 
 few printed works are still extant. There were 
 publ. the 5 oratorios Jephte (his magnum opus). 
 Judicium Salomonis^ Jonas, Jonah, Balthazar; 
 2 coll.s of motets a 2, 3 and 4 (Rome, 1664, '67); 
 masses a 5 and 9 (Cologne, 1663, '67) ; Arie da 
 camera (1667) ; and detached pieces in several 
 collections. The finest coll. of his works is 
 that made by Dr. Aldrich at Christ-Church Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He also wrote a treatise, publ. 
 only in German: " Ars cantandi, etc." (Augs- 
 burg ; and ed. 1692 ; 3rd, i6g6). 
 
 Carl, William Crane, concert-organist ; b. 
 Bloorafield, N. J., March 2, 1865. Pupil for 
 several years in New York of S. P. Warren (org. 
 and theory) and Mme. Mad. Schiller (pf.) ; also, 
 for nearly 2 years, of Alex. Guilmant. Paris (org. 
 and theory^. From 1882-go, org. of First Presby. 
 Ch. , Newark, N. J.; since 1892, org. and choir- 
 master of the Old First Presby. Ch. , 5th Av. and 
 I2th St., New York; also cond. of N. Y. 
 " Baton Club " (mixed ch. of 75 voices ; merged, 
 since 1898, in the " Gamut Club "). As a con- 
 cert-org. with an enormous repertory, C. has 
 played in most large cities between N. Y. and San 
 Francisco, and has inaugurated many organs, 
 etc. Founder, and member of Council, of Amer. 
 Guild of Organists. 
 
 Carmichael, Mary Grant, contemporary 
 British pianist and comp.; b. Birkenhead. Pupil 
 of O. Beringer, W. Bache, and F. Hartvigson 
 (pf.), and E. Prout (comp.). She is an accom- 
 plished accompanist. — Works: Operetta, 7"he 
 Snow Queen; a Suite f. pf. 4 hands, and minor 
 pf.-pieces ; many songs, incl. "The Stream," 
 a song-cycle. — Transl. H. Ehrlich's "Cele- 
 brated Pianists of the Past and Present " (Lon- 
 don, 1894). 
 
 Carnicer, Ramon, b. Taregge, Catalonia, 
 Oct. 24, 1789 ; d. Madrid, Mar. 17, 1855. From 
 1818-20, conductor of the Ital. Op., Barcelona ; 
 1828-30 of the Royal Opera, Madrid ; 1830-54, 
 prof, of comp. at Madrid Cons. One of the 
 creators of Spanish national opera (the zarzuela), 
 he composed 9 operas, wrote much church- 
 music, many symphonies, Spanish songs, na- 
 tional hymns, etc. 
 
 Caron, Firmin, famous (Netherland ?) con- 
 trapuntist of the 15th century, a pupil of Bin- 
 chois and Dufay ; his only extant works are a 
 few masses in the Papal Chapel, and a MS. 
 3-part chanson in the Paris Library. 
 
 Carpa'ni, Giuseppe Antonio, writer and 
 poet; b. Vilalbese (Como), Jan. 28, 1752; d. 
 Vienna, Jan. 21/22, 1825, as court poet. Chief 
 works : " 1-e Haydine, ovvero lettere sulla vita e 
 
 le opere del celebre maestro Giuseppe Haydn" 
 (Milan,' 1812) ; and " Le Rossiniane, ossia let- 
 tere musico-teatrali " (Padua, 1824). He was 
 the author of several opera-libretti, and transl. 
 others from the French and German. 
 
 Carpentras' (H Carpentras'so in Italian- 
 real name Eleazar Genet) ; b. Carpentras (Vau- 
 cluse), abt. 1475 ; d. Avignon (?), abt. 1532. In 
 1515, leading singer in, and soon after m, di capp. 
 of, the Pontifical chapel ; in 1521 he was sent to 
 Avignon on negotiations connected with the 
 Holy See. 4' volumes of his works (Masses, 
 1532 ; Lamentations, 1532 ; Hymns, 1533 ; Mag. 
 nificats [?]) were printed at Avignon, by Jean de 
 Chaunay, in round notes and without ligatures. 
 A few motets are printed in Petrucci s " Mot- 
 tetti della Corona" (vol. i, 1514, and vol. iii, 
 1519)- 
 
 Carr, Frank Osmond, English composer; 
 b. Yorkshire, abt. 1857; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1882; 
 Mus. Doc, 1891. — Works, several farces, bur- 
 lesques, and comic operas ; Joan of Arc {li^i). 
 Blue-eyed Susan (London, 1892), In Town ('92), 
 Morocco Bound ('93), Go Bang ('94), His Ex- 
 cellency ('94, book by Gilbert), Biarritz ('96), 
 Lord Tom Noddy ('96), The Clergyman s Daugh- 
 ter (Birmingham, '96 ; London, Gaiety Th., 
 later, as My Girl). 
 
 Carr^, Albert, nephew of the librettist 
 Michel Carre ; b. June 22, 1852, at Strassburg, 
 where he st. in the Lycee. At first an actor in 
 the Vaudeville Th. , Paris, he assumed the direc- 
 tion of the theatre at Nancy in 1884 ; in 1885, 
 that of the Vaudeville (with Deslandes till 1890); 
 and 1894-98, of the V. and the Gymnase to- 
 gether (with Porel). Also, 1885-90, director of 
 the Cercle at Aix-les-Bains. In 1898, he was 
 app. director of the Opera-Comique, succeeding 
 Leon Carvalho. Carre has written a number of 
 light stage-pieces, set to music by various com- 
 posers. 
 
 Carr6, Louis, mathematician, member of the 
 Acad.; b. Clofontaine (Brie), 1663; d. Paris, 
 Apr. II, 1711. Publ. 3 essays on acoustics. 
 
 Carre'no, Teresa, b. Caracas, Venezuela, 
 Dec. 22, 1853. A pupil of L. M. Gottschalk, 
 afterwards of Georges Mathias in Paris, she has 
 become one of the foremost lady pianists. She 
 played in public 1865-6 ; her reputation was well 
 estabHshed in 1875, when she made a tour of the 
 United States. For several years she resided in 
 London, and then travelled 1889-90 throughout 
 Germany, everywhere winning applause and 
 greatly enhancing an already brilliant reputa- 
 tion. In 1893 she received the title of Court 
 Pianist to the King of Saxony. She has played 
 in all the chief European and American towns. 
 Mme. Carreno has composed a string-quartet 
 (in B), and j-a&»-pieces for pianoforte. 
 
 Carro'dus, John Tiplady, eminent violinist; 
 b. Keighley (Yorks.), Jan. 20, 1836 ; d. Hamp- 
 stead, London, July 13 {not 12), 1895. A pupil 
 
CARTER— CASELLA 
 
 of Molique at London and Stuttgart, he returned 
 to England in 1853 ; had played since then in 
 the best Engl, orchestras, succeeding Sainton 
 (1869) as leader of the Covent Garden Orch.; 
 later he was also leader at the Philharmonic, and 
 at the chief provincial festivals ; made his debut 
 as soloist in 1S63. He was an excellent teacher, 
 and publ. several pes. f. solo violin. 
 
 Carter, Thomas, b. Ireland, abt. 1735 ; d. 
 London, Oct. 12, 1804. Organist of St. Wer- 
 burgh's Ch., Dublin, 1751-69; st. in Italy (1770- 
 i); from 1771-2, cond. of theatre in Bengal; 
 settled in llondon, 1773, as composer to thea- 
 tres. He comp. incidental music to several 
 plays ; also concerto f . bassoon and pf . ; 6 pf .- 
 sonatas ; songs ; " Lessons for the Guitar." 
 
 Carter, Henry, distinguished organist ; b. 
 London, March 6, 1837. Pupil of Aug. Haupt 
 (org.), Ernst Pauer (pf.), Fr. Kiel and Ferd. 
 Hiller (conip.). Church-org. at g ; went to Can- 
 ada abt. 1854, and became org. of Engl, cath. 
 at Quebec. Org. at Boston, Providence, and 
 New York (Trinity Ch., 1873-80); in 1880, prof, 
 in Coll. of Music, Cincinnati ; 1883, org. of 
 Plymouth Ch., Brooklyn, later of the 48th St. 
 Collegiate Ch., N. Y. — Works: 2 string-quar- 
 tets; anthem f. orch., ch., quartet, and soH ; 
 Psalm cxxii (anthem) ; Nunc dimittis ; 4-part 
 songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Cartier, Jean-Baptiste, b. Avignon, May 
 28, 1765 ; d. Paris, 1841. Pupil of Viotti ; vio- 
 Unist at Gr. Opera (1791-1821), 1804 member of 
 the Imp. Orch., 1815 of the Royal Orch., pen- 
 sioned 1830. — Works : 2 operas ; sonatas, varia- 
 tions, duets, and etudes f. vln. ; and " L'art du 
 violon " (Paris, 1798, 1801), containing selec- 
 tions from eminent French, Ital., and Ger. mas- 
 ters of the 17th and i8th centuries. 
 
 Carul'li, Ferdinando, b. Naples, Feb. 10, 
 1770 ; d. Paris, Feb., 1841. Brilliant self- 
 taught guitar-player, whose original method is 
 the basis of modern guitar-playing. He lived 
 in Paris, from 1808, as an eminently successful 
 and popular concert-giver and teacher. His 
 compositions are nearly 400 in num.ber (con- 
 certos, quartets, trios, and duos ; fantasias, varia- 
 tions, and solos of all descriptions). Pie wrote 
 a Method, and a treatise " L'harmonie ap- 
 pliquee a la guitare" (Paris, 1825). 
 
 Carul'li, Gustavo, son of preceding ; b. 
 Leghorn, June 20, 1800 ; d. Boulogne, Apr., 
 1877. Vocal composer, and excellent singing- 
 teacher ; wrote a " Methode de Chant," many 
 vocal exercises, songs w. pf. , trios (his best 
 works), etc. ; also an opera, / ire mariti. 
 
 Caru'so, Luigi, b. Naples, Sept. 25, 1754; 
 d. Perugia, 1821. Tl/. di capp. at Perugia cath., 
 and a remarkably prolific dramatic composer 
 (6g operas) ; he also wrote 5 oratorios and much 
 other church-music. 
 
 Carval'ho (really Carvaille). L6on, distin- 
 guished opera-manager ; b, 1825 in a French 
 colony; d. Paris, Dec. 29, 1897. Himself a 
 
 good singer, he met Mile. Miolan, the cele- 
 brated soprano, at the Opera-Comique, and 
 married her in 1853. From 1872-4, manager of 
 the Theatre du Vaudeville ; for i year, stage- 
 manager at the Grand Opera ; from 1875, Di- 
 rector of the Opera-Comique, succeeding du 
 Lock. After the terrible fire of 1887, in which 
 131 persons perished, he was arrested and sen- 
 tenced to 6 months' imprisonment, and a fine of 
 200 frs. ; but was acquitted on appeal, and 
 finally reinstated in 1891. (His successor is M. 
 Albert Carre, hitherto manager of the theatres 
 ' ' du Gymnase " and ' ' du Vaudeville " ). He not 
 only produced acknowledged masterworks, but 
 encouraged many young artists by bringing out 
 new operas. 
 
 Carvalho-Miolan, Caroline-Marie-F61ix, 
 
 b. Marseilles, Dec. 31, 1827 ; d. Puys, near 
 Dieppe, July 10, 1895. Famous dram, soprano. 
 Ent. Paris Cons, at 12 ; St. under Duprez ; 
 took first prize after 4 years. Trial de'but 1849, 
 in Lucia, at Opera ; actual debut 1850, in the 
 Atnbassadrice, at Op.-Comique. 1853, married 
 Leon C. Favorite par excellence in Op.-Com- 
 ique, Th. Lyr., and (1868) Grand Opera. 
 Leading roles : Juliette, Marguerite, Mireille, 
 Dinorah, Ophelie, Valentine, Pamina, Cheru- 
 bin, Zerlina. 
 
 Gary, Annie Louise, distinguished contralto 
 singer in opera and concert ; b. Wayne (Ken- 
 nebec County, Me.), Oct. 22, 1842. Studied in 
 Boston and Milan ; debut at Copenhagen ; St. 
 under Mme. Viardot-Garcia at Baden-Baden ; 
 eng. at Hamburg (1868), later at Stockholm. 
 Has sung since then in theatres at Brussels, 
 London, New York (1870), St. Petersburg (1875). 
 Married C. M. Raymond in 1882 at Cincinnati. 
 Has appeared in concert or oratorio in all leading 
 cities of America. 
 
 Casa'li, Giovanni Battista, composer of 
 sacred and dramatic music ; d. 1792 as maestro 
 (since 1759) ^' 'he Lateran. 
 
 Casamora'ta, Luigi Fernando, b. Wilrz- 
 burg, May 15, 1807 ; d. Florence, Sept. 24, 
 1881. Student of law and music at F'lorence ; 
 co-editor of the Florentine " Gazz. Mus." from 
 the start (1842). Failing as a comp. of ballet 
 and opera, he devoted himself to vocal .church- 
 music and instrumental composition. He wrote 
 " Origine, storia e ordinamento del R. Istituto 
 musicale fiorentino," of which Inst, he was a pro- 
 moter and co-founder ; also many critical and 
 historical essays. His comp.s embrace numer- 
 ous vocal and instr.l works; he publ. (1876) a 
 " Manuale d'armonia." 
 
 Casel'la, Pietro, b. Pieve (Umbria), 1769 ; 
 d. Naples, Dec. 12, 1S43. Wrote numerous 
 operas for Naples and Rome ; was maestro at 
 several Naples churches and (1817-43) prof, at 
 the R. Cons., Naples. His numerous masses, 
 vespers, psalms, motets, etc., are said to lack 
 originality. 
 
 103 
 
CASERTA— CATELANI 
 
 Caser'ta, Philipp de, Neapolitan writer on 
 mensural music, of the 15th cent.; one treatise 
 is publ. b)' Coussemaker (" Scriptores," vol. iii). 
 
 Cassiodo'rus, Magnus Aurelius, b. abt. 
 470 at Syllaceum (Lucania). Of his work, 
 " De artibus ac disciplinis liberalium litte- 
 rarum," the section treating of music, " Institu- 
 tiones musicale," is printed in Gerbert's " Scrip- 
 tores," vol. i. 
 
 Castel, Louis-Bertrand, Jesuit ; b. Mont- 
 pellier, Nov. 11, 1688 ; d. Paris, Jan. 11, 1757. 
 Struck by Newton's observation on the corres- 
 pondence, in proportionate breadth, of the 7 
 prismatic rays with the string-lengths required 
 for the scale re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, he at- 
 tempted the construction of a " Clavecin ocu- 
 laire," to produce color-harmonies for the eye as 
 the ordinary harpsichord produces tone-harmo- 
 nies for the ear. These expensive experiments 
 led to no practical result. His "Clavecin" is 
 explained in an essay, " Nouvelles experiences 
 d'optique et d'acoustique " (1735 ; Engl, transl., 
 London, 1757 ; Germ, transl., Hamburg, 1739). 
 His other treatises are of no special interest. 
 
 Castel'li, Ignaz Franz, b. Vienna, Mar. 6, 
 1781 ; d. there Feb. 5, 1862. He was " Court 
 Theatre - Poet " at the Karntnerthortheater ; 
 founder, and (1829-40) editor, of the "Allgem. 
 musik. Anzeiger." He wrote the libretto of 
 Weigl's Schweizerfamilie, and other popular 
 opera-books, and translated many foreign operas 
 for the German stage. His " Memoirs " were 
 publ. in iB5i. 
 
 Castelma'ry (stage-name of [comte] Ar- 
 mand de Castan), dramatic baritone ; b. Tou- 
 louse, Aug. 16, 1834; d. New York, Feb. g, 1897, 
 on the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House, 
 just after the 1st act of Martha. Debut at Gr. 
 Opera, Paris, in 1864 ; he remained there till 
 1870 ; then went over to Italian opera, in which 
 he had much success, particularly at Drury Lane, 
 London, 1B73, as Mephistopheles in "Faust; 
 Covent Garden, London, and New York. His 
 repertory of bass and baritone roles was im- 
 mense. 
 
 Castil-BIaze. See Blaze, F. H. J. 
 
 Castruc'ci, Pietro, violinist; b. Rome, 1689 ; 
 d. London, 1769. A pupil of Corelli, he came 
 to London (1715) as leader of Handel's opera- 
 orch. He was a fine player on the violetta ma- 
 rina, a stringed instrument invented by himself, 
 and resembling the uiol d'amore in tone. In 
 Orlando, Handel wrote an air accomp. on 2 
 " violette marine'' " per gli Signori Castrucci " 
 — Pietro, and Prospero, his brother. — Publ. vln.- 
 concertos, and 2 books of vln. -sonatas. — Pro- 
 spero C, who died in London, 1760, and was a 
 violinist in the Italian Opera-orch., publ. 6 soli 
 f. vln. and bass. 
 
 Catala'ni, Alfredo, gifted dram. comp. ; b. 
 Lucca, July ig, 1854 ; d. Milan, Aug. 7, 1893. 
 Taught by his father, a fine musician, and by F. 
 
 Magi ; wrote (1868) a Mass f. 4-parts and orch., 
 by which he gained admission without examina- 
 tion to the Paris Cons. Returned to Italy 1873 ; 
 St. in Milan Cons. 2 years ; then devoted him.self 
 to dramatic composition ; he was the successor 
 of Ponchielli as prof, of comp. in Milan Cons, 
 (1886). — Works : Operas : La Fake (i act, 
 Milan, 1875) ; L'Elda (Turin, '80) ; Dejanice 
 (Milan, '83) ; Ero e Leandro (Milan, 1885) ; 
 Edmea (Milan, '86) ; Loreley [a new version of 
 L'Elda\ (Turin, '90) ; La Wally (La Scala, 
 Milan, '92 ; v. succ.) ; of his operas Dejanice, 
 Loreley, and La Wally met with brilliant success. 
 — Also various orch. -pes. (e. g., Silenzio e con- 
 templazione) ; symph. poem Ero e Leandro; 
 chamber-music (also vocal), and pf.-pcs. 
 
 Catala'ni, Angelica, b. Sinigaglia, Oct., 
 1779 ; d. Paris, June 12, 1849. Renowned so- 
 prano stage-singer of fine and commanding pres- 
 ence; endowed with a voice of wide range (to^*) 
 and wonderful flexibility, she excelled in bravura 
 singing. Taught at the convent of S. Lucia di 
 Gubbio (Rome), she made her debut in 1795 at 
 the Fenice Th., Venice, passing to La Pergola, 
 Florence (1799), and La Scala, Milan (1801). 
 Engaged in 1801 at the Ital. Op., Lisbon, she 
 married M. Valabregue, an attache of the 
 French embassy ; proceeded to Paris, where she 
 gave only concert-performances, and (1806) to 
 London (debut King's Th., Dec. 15), where 
 brilliant engagements brought in ;£'i6, 700 within 
 a year. After a sojourn in Great Britain of 7 
 years, she returned to Paris (1814), and under- 
 took the manageinent of the Theatre Italien, 
 without much success ; so that she gave it up in 
 1817, travelled for 10 years, singing for the last 
 time at Berlin in 1827, and at the York Festival 
 in 1828. She retired to her country-seat near 
 Florence. 
 
 Catel, Charles-Simon, b. L'Aigle, Orne, 
 June 10, 1773 ; d. Paris, Nov. 29, 1B30. Pupil 
 of Gossec and Gobert at the Paris Acole R. de 
 Chaiit (later merged in the Cons.), where he was 
 app. (1787) accompanist and " professeur ad- 
 joint"; in 1790, accomp. at the Opera, and 
 asst.-cond. (to Gossec) of the band of the Garde 
 Nationale. I'gS, on the establishment of the 
 Conservatoire, he was app. prof, of harmony, 
 and commissioned to write a " Traite d'Harmo- 
 nie" (publ. 1802, and the standard at the Cons, 
 for 20 years). With Gossec, Mehul, and Cheru- 
 bini, he was made inspector of the Cons., re- 
 signing 1814. Member of the Acad., 1815. — 
 Works: 11 operas {Simiramis, i.io2 ;• Les Ba- 
 yadires, 1810 ; Les Aubergistes de quality, 1812 ; 
 etc.) ; national festival cantatas, chamber-music ; 
 none of special originality. 
 
 Catela'ni, Angelo, b. Guastalla, Mar. 30, 
 1811 ; d. S. Martino di Mugnano, Sept. 5, 1866. 
 Pupil of Asioli (pf.) and M. Fusco (harm.) ; 
 entered Naples Cons, in 1S31 (Zingarelli), also 
 private pupil of Donizetti and Crescentini. 1834, 
 cond. of Messina opera ; 1837, town maestro at 
 
 104 
 
CATENHAUSEN— CECILIA 
 
 Correggio ; 1838, m. di capp. at cath. and court 
 of Modena ; 1859, asst.-librarian of the Estense 
 Library. Having composed 3 operas (2 not 
 prod. ; I succ), he now devoted himself to mus. 
 history ; wrote " Notizie su padre Aaron e su 
 Nicola Vicentino" (" Gazz. Mus." di Milano, 
 1851) ; ' ' Epistolario di autori celebri in musica " 
 (1852-4) ; " Bibliografia di due stampe ignote di 
 Ottaviano Petrucci da Fossombrone " [discovered 
 by Gaspari at Bologna] (1858) ; "Delia vita e 
 delle opere di Orazio Vecchi " (1858) ; ditto " di 
 Claudio Merulo da Correggio" (i860); and 
 " Delle opere di Aless. Stradella, etc." (1866). 
 
 Ca'tenhausen, Ernst, b. Ratzeburg, 1841 ; 
 conductor and composer. 
 
 Catru'fo, Giuseppe, dramatic comp. ; b. Na- 
 ples, Apr. ig, 1771; d. London, Aug. ig, 1851. 
 Fupil of the Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini. Of- 
 ficer in the French army till 1804 ; then settled 
 in Geneva, where he wrote and produced 4 
 operas ; went to Paris (1810), prod. 10 more 
 operas, and to London (1835). He publ. a 
 " Methode de Vocalisation " ; solfeggi, church- 
 music ; cantatas ; pf . -pes. ; songs. 
 
 Caurroy, Frangois-Eustache du, sieur de 
 St.-Fremin ; b. Gerberoy, near Beauvais, Feb., 
 1549 ; d. Paris, Aug. 7, i6og. Singer, conduc- 
 tor, and from isgg superintendent " du musique 
 du roi." His works, mostly for church, were 
 much valued by contemporaries. 
 
 Cavaille-Coll, Aristide, celebrated organ- 
 builder; b. Montpellier, Feb. 2, 1811 ; d. Paris, 
 Oct. 13, 1899. Hisfather, Dom. HyacintheC.-C. 
 [1771-1862], was also an organ-builder. Aris- 
 tide went to Paris in 1833 ; built the organ at 
 St. -Denis, and thereafter many famous organs 
 in Paris (St.-Sulpice, Madeleine, etc.), the 
 French provinces, Belgium, Holland, and else- 
 where. He invented the system of separate 
 wind-chests with different pressures for the low, 
 medium, and high tones ; also the Jliites octavi- 
 antes. — Writings : " Etudes experimentales sur 
 les tuyaux d'orgue " (Report for the Academic 
 des Sciences, 1849); " De I'orgue et de son 
 architecture" ("Revue generale de I'architec- 
 ture des Travaux Publics," 1S56), and " Projet 
 d'Orgue monumental pour la Basilique de Saint- 
 Pierre de Rome " (1875). 
 
 Cavalie'ri, Emilio del, a Roman nobleman; 
 b. abt. 1550, is supposed to have died in 1599, 
 in Florence, where he was " Inspector-General 
 of Art and Artists " to the Tuscan court. In 
 Florence he was one of the "inventors" and 
 most zealous promoters of the (then) new stilo 
 rappresentaiivo — i. e., the homophonic style, 
 melody with accompanying harmonies. His 
 chief work, Rappresentazione di anima e di corpo 
 (Rome, l6oo), is regarded as the first oratorio ; 
 in his // Satiro (1590), Disperazione di Filene 
 (1590), and Giuoco della cieca (1595), are the 
 germs of modern opera, despite the crudities of 
 their harmonies and melodic monotony. In the 
 Rappresentazione, too, occurs a ' ' basso continu- 
 
 ato " with thorough-bass figuring ; and the mel- 
 ody shows attempts at figuration ; the work was 
 publ. by Aless. Guidotti in 1600, with an ex- 
 planatory preface. 
 
 Cavalie'ri, Katherina, b. Wahring, Vienna, 
 1761 ; d. 1801 ; known to fame from a passage 
 in a letter of Mozart, calling her "a singer of 
 whom Germany might well be proud." For her 
 he wrote the role of Constanze (Entfiihrting), 
 and the aria " Mi tradi " in Don Giovanni at its 
 Vienna production. 
 
 Caval'li, Francesco, b. Crema, abt. 1600 ; d. 
 Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. His real name was Pier 
 Francesco Caletti-Bruni, his father, Giambatt. 
 Caletti, called Bruni, being maestro at Crema; 
 his protector was a Venetian nobleman, Fede- 
 rigo Cavalli, and, according to the prevailing 
 fashion, he took the latter's name. Trained in 
 Venice, he was a singer at S. Marco as " Bruni " 
 in 1617, as " Caletti" in 1628, and in 1640 sec- 
 ond organist, as " Caletto detto Cavalli." App. 
 first org. in 1665, he became m. di capp. at S. 
 Marco in 1668. A pupil of Monteverde, his 
 chief works were dramatic (41 operas), which 
 show a marked advance, both in breadth of 
 form and power of expression, rhythmic and 
 melodic, over his master. His Giasone (Venice, 
 1649) was applauded on all the chief stages of 
 Italy ; his Serse (Venice, 1654) was the opera 
 chosen for the marriage festivities of Louis XIV 
 in 1660, and his Ercole amante was written for 
 the inauguration of the hall of the Tuileries 
 (1662). C. was also a fine organist, and com- 
 posed a noble Requiem, and much good church- 
 music. 
 
 Caval'lo, Peter, organist and composer ; b. 
 Munich, Dec. 23, 1819 ; d. Paris, April 19, 
 1892 ; for some 30 years, org. at the Paris 
 churches St.-Mery, St. -Vincent de Paul, and St.- 
 Germain des Pres. 
 
 Cavos, Catterino, b. Venice, 1775 ; d. St. 
 Petersburg, Apr. 28, 1840. A pupil of Fr. Bian- 
 chi, he first produced two patriotic cantatas 
 in Venice, and in 1798 went to St. Petersburg, 
 where the success of his Russian opera Ivan 
 Sussanina (I7g9) procured his app. as court 
 conductor. He wrote in all 13 Russian operas ; 
 I in French, and i in Italian ; besides 6 ballets, 
 and vaudevilles, choruses, etc. 
 
 Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubi- 
 eres, comte de, b. Paris, Oct. 31, 1692; d. there 
 Sept. 5, 1765. He treated of ancient music 
 in his " Recueil d'Antiquites egyptiennes, 
 etrusques, grecques, romaines et gauloises " 
 (Paris, 1752 et se^.), also in his dissertation 
 printed in the " Memoires de I'Acad. d'inscr.," 
 vol. xxi, p. 174. 
 
 Cecilia (Saint), a Christian martyr, who died 
 for the faith at Rome, A.D. 230. On the Chris- 
 tian calendar, her feast-day is Nov. 22. She 
 is the patron saint of music, more especially of 
 church-music, and legend ascribes to her the 
 invention of the organ. 
 
 105 
 
CELESTINO— CESTI 
 
 Celesti'no, Eligio, violinist ; b. Rome, 1739 ! 
 d. Ludwigslust, Jan. 24, 1812. Ducal cond. at 
 Ludwigslust from 1781. Lived in London abt. 
 lyyo as a teacher, and publ. there 6 sonatas f. 
 vln. and bass, and 3 duos f. vln. and 'cello. 
 
 Celler, Ludovic (pen-name of Louis Le- 
 clerq), b. Paris, Feb. S, 1828. Publ. "La 
 semaine sainte au Vatican" (1867), " Mohere- 
 LuUy : Le mariage force (Le ballet du roi) " 
 (1867), " Les origines de I'opera et le ' Ballet de 
 la reine ' " (1868). 
 
 Cellier, Alfred, b. Hackney, London, Dec. i, 
 1844 ; d. there Dec. 28, i8gi. Chorister at 
 St. James' Chapel Royal ; pupil of Thos. Hel- 
 more ; 1866, cond. at Belfast of the Ulster Hall 
 concerts and the Philharmonic. From 1871-5, 
 cond. at the Prince's Th., Manchester ; 1877-g 
 at the London Opera Comique, and (with Sulli- 
 van) of the Promenade Concerts in Covent Gar- 
 den. He then spent some years in America and 
 Australia, and returned to London in 1887. — 
 Works : The Masque of Pandora (Boston, 
 U. S. A,,i88i); the operettas Charity begins at 
 home (1870); The Sultan of Mocha (1876) ; The 
 Tower of London ; Nell Gwynne; Bella Donnaj 
 The Foster-BrotJters j Dora^s Dream ; The Spec- 
 tre K'night (1S78) ; After all (1878) ; In the 
 sulks (1880) ; Dorothy (1886) ; The Carp (i886) ; 
 Mrs. Jarramie^ s Genie (1887) ; and The Mounte- 
 banks (London, i8g2) ; also a setting of Gray's 
 Elegy (Leed's p'est., 1883), a symphonic suite, 
 and some popular songs and part-songs. 
 
 Cernohor'sky (Czernohorsky), Bohuslav, 
 
 b. Nimburg, Bohemia, 2nd half of 17th cent.; 
 d. Italy, 1740. A Minorite monk, he was choir- 
 master at S. Antonio, Padua, and abt. 1715 or- 
 ganist at Assisi (Tartini was one of his pupils). 
 Returning to Bohemia, he was Kapellm, at the 
 Teinkirche, Prague, and (1735) at St. James'. 
 His comp.s are sung in all Bohemian churches. 
 Many MSS. were lost at the burning of the 
 Minorite monastery (1754). 
 
 Cero'ne, Domenico Pietro, b. Bergamo, 
 about 1566 ; d. (?). In 1592 he went to Spain, 
 and became a singer in the court choir ; in 1608 
 he joined the royal choir at Naples. Publ. 
 " Regole per il canto fermo " (Naples, 1609), 
 and " El Melopeo y Maestro, tractado de musica 
 teorica y pratica " (Naples, 1613, pp. 1200 ; a 
 compendium of early mus. theory). 
 
 Cerre'to, Scipione, composer, lutist, and 
 theorist; b. Naples, 1551; d. there abt. 1632. 
 Publ. 2 valuable works : "Delia prattica musica 
 vocale e strumentale, etc." (Naples, i5oi), and 
 "Arbore musicale " (Naples, 1608); a third, in 
 MS., is " Dialogo harmonico " (two copies, 
 1628, 1631). 
 
 Certon, Pierre, a leading contrapuntist of 
 the 16th century, was choirmaster of the Sainte 
 Chapelle at Paris. His works (masses, motets, 
 psalms, magnificats, and chansons) were printed 
 in the collections of Ballard, Attaignant, Susato, 
 Phalese, etc., between 1527-60. 
 
 Cern, Domenico Agostino, b. Lucca, Aug, 
 28, 1817 ; an engineer and musical dilettant, 
 he publ. a biography of L. Boccherini (1864)' 
 a letter to his friend Andrea Bernadini, con- 
 trasting German with Italian music (1870) ; and 
 the interesting " Cenni storici dell'insegna- 
 mento della musica in Lucca, etc." (Lucca 
 18J1). 
 
 Cerveny, V. F. [Wenzel Franz], cele- 
 brated inventor and improver of brass wind- 
 instr.s ; b. Dube2, Bohemia, iSig ; d. Jan. 10, 
 1896, at Koniggratz. In his 12th year he 
 was a good performer on most brass instr.s. 
 Learned his trade with Bauer, a mus.-instr. ma- 
 ker in Prague. Worked, later, in Brlinn, Press- 
 burg, Vienna, and Pesth. Est. himself (1842) 
 at KSniggratz. Invented the following instr.s ; 
 Cornon ('44), Contrabass ('45), Phonikon ('48), 
 Baroxiton ('53), Contrafagotto in metal ('56), 
 Althorn obbligato ('59), Turnerhorn, Jagerhorn, 
 army Trombones ('67), Primhorn ('73), and after 
 this last proved successful, the complete Wald- 
 horn quartet (Primhorn, E [7 Alto, Waldhorn in 
 F, Tenor in B|7, Basso 1° in F, Basso 11° in 
 D[7), which he considers his highest achieve- 
 ment. Then followed the Subcontrabass and 
 the Subcontrafagotto. He also made an entire 
 family of improved Cornets (" Kaiserkornette"), 
 also the "Triumph" Cornet. His "roller" 
 cylinder-mechanism is an invention of the high- 
 est importance. He improved the Euphonion, 
 the Russian Signal-horns, the Screw-drum, and 
 the church kettledrums. His instr.s have taken 
 first prizes in all exhibitions in Europe and 
 America ; they are supplied to the Russian, 
 German, and Austrian military bands. His fac- 
 tory employs over 100 workmen. Since 1876, 
 the firm has been "V. F. C. & SBhne." 
 
 Cerve'ra, Francisco, Spanish theorist ; b. 
 Valencia (15-?) ; author of several works on 
 music, among them being the " Declaracion de 
 lo canto llano " (Alcala, 1593). 
 
 Cervet'ti. See Gelinek. 
 
 Cervet'to, Giacomo (real name Bassevi), 
 distinguished 'cellist ; b. Italy, abt. 1682 ; d. Jan. 
 14, 1783, London, where he had lived since 
 1728, at first as a player, then manager at Drury 
 Lane. — His son Giacomo (James), who d. Feb. 
 5, 1837, was a fine 'cellist and concert-player; 
 publ. soli for violin, and duets and trios f. vln. 
 and 'cello. 
 
 Ce'si, Beniamino, distinguished pianist; b. 
 Naples, Nov. 6, 1845. Pupil of Naples Cons., 
 studying comp. under Mercadante and Pappa- 
 lardo, and taking private pf. -lessons of Thal- 
 berg. Since 1866, pf.-prof. at Naples Cons. 
 He has given very successful concerts in Italy, 
 also at Paris, Cairo, Alexandria, etc. Has publ. 
 some sixty pf.-pcs. and songs ; also a Method f. 
 pf. (Milan, 1895-6-7). An opera, Vittor Pisani, 
 has not been produced. 
 
 Ces'ti, Marc' Antonio, a Franciscan monk 
 and renowned dramatic composer; b. Arezzo, 
 
 106 
 
CHABRIER— CHAMINADE 
 
 1620 ; d. Venice, i66g. Pupil of Carissimi at 
 Rome ; in 1646 in. di capp. to Ferd. II. de' 
 Medici, at Florence ; 1660, tenor singer in tlie 
 Papal choir ; 1666-9, ssst.-K'apellm. to tiie Em- 
 peror Leopold I., at Vienna ; then returned to 
 Venice. His first opera, Orontea (Venice, 1649), 
 was much applauded, and his other dramatic 
 ventures were also successful : Cesare amante 
 (Venice, 1651), La Dori (Venice, 1663) [publ. 
 in vol. xii of the "Publ. d. Gesellschaft fur 
 Musikforschung "], II principe generoso (Vienna, 
 1665), // porno d'oro (Vienna, 1666 ; the score is 
 in the Imp. Library at Vienna) ; Tito (Venice, 
 1666), Nettuno e Flora festeggianti (Venice, 
 1666), Semiramide (Vienna, 1667), Le disgrazie 
 d' Amove (Vienna, 1667), Argetie (Venice, 1668), 
 Genserico, and Argia (Venice, 1669). AH of 
 these, except the 2 noted above, are now known 
 by name only. Many of his cantatas are pre- 
 served in various European libraries ; he trans- 
 ferred to the stage the cantata, which had been 
 perfected for the church by his master, Carissimi. 
 He also wrote madrigals, songs, etc. 
 
 Chabrier, Alexis-Emmanuel, b. Auvergne, 
 Jan. 18, 1842 ; d. Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. St. law 
 in Paris ; later harmony, etc., under Semet and 
 Hignard, and pf. under £douard Wolfl. First 
 operette, V&toile, 1877, Paris; then V Educa- 
 tion manque'e (Paris, 1879); 1881, chorusmaster 
 under Lamoureux. In 1885 was prod. La Siila- 
 mite (scene f. soprano, female ch., and orch.); 
 
 1886, Gwendoline, grand op. in 3 acts (Brussels) ; 
 
 1887, the opera Le Roi malgri lui (Paris, Opera- 
 Com.). He left an unfinished opera Brise'is. 
 He published pf.-music (e.g., ^the coll. "Pieces 
 pittoresques"); a chorus, "A la Musique" ; a 
 " Marche de fete " f. orch. ; etc. 
 
 Chadwick, George Whitfield, b. Lowell, 
 Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. After some years' study 
 of organ, etc. , under 
 Eugene Thayer at 
 Boston, in 1876 he 
 took charge of the 
 mus. dept. of Olivet 
 Coll., Mich. Dur- 
 ing 1877-8 he stud- 
 ied in the Leipzig 
 Cons. (Reinecke, 
 Jadassohn), and his 
 graduation-piece 
 (overture to Jiip van 
 Winkle") was repeat- 
 ed at a Handel and 
 Haydn concert at 
 Boston in 18S0. In 
 1879 he studied composition and organ-playing 
 at Munich under Rheinberger ; in 1880 he settled 
 in Boston, becoming org. of the South Congreg. 
 Ch. , and teacher of harmony, comp. , and instrum. 
 at the New England Cons, of Music, of which he 
 was app. Dir. in 1897, succeeding Faelten. He 
 has received the hon. degree of A.M. from Yale ; 
 and is conductor of the Worcester Mus. Festival. 
 — C. is one of the leading American composers ; 
 
 a list of his chief works follows : Comic opera 
 Tabasco (New York, May 14, 1894); 3 sym- 
 phonies: I, in C (MS); II, in V,\); 111, in V ; 
 Overtures : " Rip van Winkle " (1879), " Thalia" 
 (1883), "Melpomene" (1887), "The Miller's 
 Daughter" (188S); 3 symphonic sketches f. orch., 
 "Jubilee," "Noel," and "A vagrom Ballad." 
 Also much church-music, music f. pf. and org., 
 and some 50 songs (among these a set of 12. from 
 Arlo Bates's " Told in the Gate"); Chamber- 
 music: Pf.-quintet in Efci; 5 string-quartets, in 
 G min., C, D, (?), and E min.; I string-trio in 
 C min. ; Choral works : The Viking's Last 
 Voyage (f. bar. solo, male ch., and orch., 1886); 
 The Lovely Rosabelle (f. soli, mixed ch., and 
 orch., 1890) ; Thcenix expirans (1892); The Lily 
 JVymph {iSgs) '• "The Pilgrim's Hymn" (ode), 
 and "The Columbian Ode" (Chicago, 1893); 
 "Lochinvar," ballade f. solo bar. and orch, — 
 Also a text-book on " Harmony " (Boston, 1898). 
 Challier, Ernst, b. Berlin, July 9, 1843, 
 music-publisher there. His monographic cata- 
 logues of songs, duets, and trios, etc., are of in- 
 terest. 
 
 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, contem- 
 porary writer ; author of " Das Drama Richard 
 Wagners" (Leipzig, 1892), and "Richard 
 Wagner" (Munich, 1896, in German; London, 
 1897, in English, transl. by G. A. Hight). In 
 this latter work the author aims at presenting the 
 true individuality of Wagner ; the book is psy- 
 chologic rather than historical. 
 
 Chambonni^res, Jacques Champion (called 
 " Champion de Chamb."), a cembalist of the 
 17th century (d. abt. 1670), first chamber-cem- 
 balist to Louis XIV., and the teacher of the elder 
 Couperins, d'Anglebert, Le Begue, Hardelle, 
 and'others. Two books of his clavecin-pcs. are 
 extant. 
 
 Chaminade, C^cile (- Louise - Stephanie), 
 
 composer and pf.-virtuoso; b. Paris, Aug. 8, 
 1861, where she re- 
 sides. A pupil of 
 Lecouppey, Savard, 
 and Marsick ; finally 
 (in comp.) of Benj. 
 Godard. — Works: 
 The "ballet-sym- 
 phonie" Callirhoe 
 (Marseilles, 1888, 
 V. succ); the "sym- 
 phonic lyrique" Les 
 Amazones (Anvers, 
 1888); 2 Suites for 
 orch.; "Concert- 
 stuck "f. pf . w. orch. ; 
 she has publ. over 60 
 pf.-pcs., chiefly romantic in style (six Concert- 
 studies, op. 35 ; Etude symphonique ; Valse 
 caprice; "La Lisonjera"; Arabesque, op. 6i ; 
 Impromptu ; Six Airs de ballet), and a great 
 number of fascinating songs. As a song-writer 
 she ranks high among contemporaries. 
 
 107 
 
CHAMPEIN— CHARPENTIER 
 
 Champein, Stanislas, b. Marseilles, Nov. 
 19: 1753 I d, Paris, Sept. 19, 1830. He studied 
 under Peccieo and Chavet in Paris ; at 13 he be- 
 came in. de musique at the Collegiate Ch. at Pi- 
 gnon, for which he wrote a magniiicat, a mass, 
 and psalms; in 1770 he went to Paris, where some 
 sacred works, and 2 operettas, made his name 
 known. Up to 1792 he produced 22 operas, the 
 best of which were La AHloiiianie ^ Lcs Dettes^ and 
 Le iiotrjeau Don Quichotte. From 1793-1804 he 
 filled a government position ; yet also wrote 15 
 operas, none of which was prod. After this he 
 gradually lapsed into neglect and deep poverty, 
 from which he was rescued by friends not two 
 years before his death. Though one of the 
 best-known stage-composers of his time, Chara- 
 pein's works are wholly forgotten. 
 
 Champion, Jacques. See CHAMEONNifeRES. 
 
 Channay, Jean de, music - printer at Avi- 
 gnon, 1st half of i6th century ; printed works by 
 Genet (Carpentras), with peculiar types cut and 
 founded by Briard. 
 
 Chanot, Francois, b. Mirecourt, 1787 ; d. 
 Brest, 1823 ; son of an instrument-maker ; be- 
 came a naval engineer, was retired on half-pay, 
 and during his forced inactivity invented a vio- 
 lin, made on the principle that the vibratory 
 power would be increased by preserving the longi- 
 tudinal wood-fibres intact as far as possible. 
 Thus his violin had no bouts, but slight incur- 
 vations like a guitar ; the sound-holes were 
 almost straight, and the belly nearly flat ; the 
 strings were attached to the edge of the belly, 
 instead of to a tail-piece. The violin was sub- 
 mitted to the Academy, whose report after test- 
 ing it put it on an equality with those of Stradi- 
 vari and Guarneri ( ! I). His brother, a luthier 
 at Paris, manufactured a number of violins after 
 this model ; but gave it up when a few years 
 had demonstrated its unpractical character. 
 
 Chapman, William Rogers, b. Hanover, 
 Mass., Aug. 4, 1855. Chorus-leader and conduc- 
 tor, residing in New York. Has written church- 
 music, choral works, pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 Chappell & Co., London music-publishers, 
 founded in 1812 by Samuel Chappell, J. B. 
 Cramer (the pianist), and F. T. Latour. Cramer 
 retired in 1819, Latour in 1826, and S. Chappell 
 died in 1834, when his son William (1809-188S) 
 became the head of the firm. In 1840 he estab. 
 the "Antiquarian Society"; he published "A 
 Coll. of National Engl. Airs" (2 vols, 1838-g), 
 Dowland's songs, and "Popular Music of the 
 Olden Time " (2 vol.s, 1845-g) ; he left an un- 
 finished "History of Music " (vol. i., London, 
 1874). His brothers, Thomas and Arthur, 
 were respectively the founder and conductor of 
 the Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts. 
 
 Chappie, Samuel, b. Crediton (Devon), 
 England, in 1775-; d. Ashburton, Oct. 3, 1833; 
 organist and pianist, blind from infancy. 
 Org. at Ashburton 1795-1833. — Publ. 3 pf.- 
 
 sonatas w. vln.-accomp.; 3 sets of six anthems 
 in score ; 12 psalm-tunes ; 5 songs and a glee ■ 
 6 songs w. pf . ; etc. 
 
 Chapuis, Auguste-Paul-Jean-Baptiste, b. 
 
 Dampierre-sur- Salon (Haute-Saone), France 
 April 20, 1862. Pupil of Dubois (harm.), 
 Massenet (cpt. and fugue), and Cesar Franck 
 (org., improv., and comp.), at Paris Cons., tak- 
 ing 1st prize in harmony (1877), ist prize for 
 org., etc. (1880), and the Rossini prize in 1885, 
 From 1882-7, org. at Notre Dame des Champs, 
 since then at Saint-Roch. Since 1894, prof, of 
 harm, at the Cons.; since 1895, Inspector-Gen- 
 eral of musical instruction in the Paris Schools. 
 — Works : The 4-act lyric drama Enguerrande 
 (Op. -Com., 1892 ; fiasco); Les AticHres, dram, 
 legend f. soli, ch., and orch. ; Les jardins 
 d'Armide, dram, cantata ; incid. music to Elen 
 (1894) ; Tancred, 3-act lyric drama (Op. -Com., 
 1898 ?) ; an oratorio, Les 7 paroles du Christ ; 
 Solemn Mass, f. soli, ch. , and orch. ; several short 
 masses w. org. ; motets ; Fantaisie f. orch, ; 
 Sonata f. vln. and orch.; a string-quartet; a 
 pf.-trio ; " Pulchinelli," pf. -suite ; a pf.-suite 
 "on the oriental scale" ; pes. f. 'cello and pf., 
 vln. and pf., and pf. solo; 2 fantaisies f.horn 
 w. pf . ; organ-music ; numerous songs ; choruses 
 for children's, women's, men's, and mixed 
 voices. — Has also publ. a " Traite d'Harmonie 
 theorique et pratique." 
 
 Char, Friedrich Ernst ["Fritz"], born 
 Cleve-on-Rhein, May 3, 1865. Pupil of C. 
 Kistler at Sondershausen Cons., and of Wiill- 
 ner and Neitzel at Cologne (18S3-6). At pres- 
 ent (1899) opera-conductor at Ulm, having held 
 similar positions in Zwickau, Stettin, and St, 
 Gallen. C. wrote text and music of the very 
 successful 3-act romantic opera Der Schelvi von 
 Bergen (Zwickau, 1895). Other works : Can- 
 tata " Spielmann," f. soli, ch., and orch.; 
 Hymne f. 8-part ch. w. orch.; a pf. -concerto; 
 pf. pes. (sonata, op. 5, in F"j minor ; Tanzi- 
 dylle ; Gavotte; Elegie ; scherzo " Waldes- 
 lust") ; — f. vln. and pf.. Lied der Sehnsucht; 
 Albumblatt ; — Fantaisie f . org. ; Lieder; etc. 
 
 Charpentier, Gustave, b. Dieuze, Lorraine, 
 June 25, i860 ; st. Paris Cons. 1881-7, pupil of 
 Massart (vln.), Pessard (harm.), Massenet 
 (comp.), and took Gr. prix de Rome in 1887, 
 First works, orch. suite " Impressions d'ltalie," 
 and the " sc^ne lyrique " Didon (both at the 
 Colonne Concerts) ; then the songs " Les fleurs 
 du mal " and ' ' Quinze poemes " (some of the 
 latter w. ch. and orch.); symphonic drema (or 
 concert-opera) La vie du poite (Grand Opera, 
 1892) ; symph. poem Napoli (1891) ; 4 operas 
 (Louise, Marie, Orph^e, Tile rouge) not yet 
 prod.; "Serenade i Watteau " (1896). 
 
 Charpentier, Marc-Antoine, born Paris, 
 1634; d. there March, 1702. A student of 
 painting, he went to Italy, where Carissimi's 
 music won him over to the subtler art. He 
 studied with Carissimi, returned to Paris, and 
 
 108 
 
CHAUMET— CHERUBINI 
 
 was app. >n. de chap, to the Dauphin, but lost 
 the post through LuUy's influence, which so 
 embittered him against the latter that he totally- 
 eschewed his style, although to his own preju- 
 dice. He became m. de chap, and music- 
 teacher to Mademoiselle de Guise ; then intend- 
 ant to the Duke of Orleans, then m. de chap, of 
 the Jesuit coUegial church and monastery ; and 
 finally m. de chap., till his decease, of the Sainte- 
 Chapelle. He composed i6 operas, and kindred 
 scenic works, for the public stage, besides several 
 "tragedies spirituelles " for the Jesuits; also 
 masses and motets, pastorales, drinking-songs, 
 etc. Fetis considers that C. was LuUy's supe- 
 rior in learning, though of inferior inventive 
 power. 
 
 Chaumet, William, b. Bordeaux, Apr. 26, 
 1842. Took the " prix Cressent," and the 
 " prix Rossini " for composition. — Works : The 
 comic opera Le p/ch^ de M. G^ronte (1873), 
 dram, poem Id^a (Bordeaux, 1873), com. opera 
 Bathyle (1877), dram, poem Hifrode (Paris 
 Cons., 1885), Mamzelle Pioupioti (i88g) ; lyric 
 drama Mauprat (MS.) ; orch.-pcs., pf.-mus., 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Chauvet, Charles-Alexis, b. Marnes, June 
 7, 1837 ; d. Argentan, Jan. 28, 1871. Pupil 
 (1850-60) at Paris Cons, of Benoist (org.) and 
 Ambr. Thomas (comp.) ; took first prize in 
 organ-class in i860. He was organist in some 
 minor churches, and then (1869) at the new 
 £glise de la Ste.-Trinite. He was a wonderful 
 improviser, and a highly gifted composer ; his 
 publ. works are chiefly organ-music. 
 
 Chavanne, Irene von, dramatic alto ; b. 
 Gratz, abt. 1867. St. at Vienna Cons. 1882-5 
 under Joh. Resz ; eng. since 1885 at the Dres- 
 den Court Opera. 
 
 Chelard, Hippolyte - Andre - Jean - Bap- 
 tiste, b. Paris, Feb. i, 1789; d. Weimar, Feb. 
 12, i86i ; son of a clarinettist at the Grand 
 Opera. Pupil of Fetis, then (1803) of Gossec 
 and Dourlen at the Cons., taking the Grand 
 prix de Rome in 1811. He prosecuted his fur- 
 ther studies under Baini, Zingarelli, and Pai- 
 siello ; in 1815 his first opera. La casa a vendere, 
 was brought out at Naples. Returning to Paris, 
 he entered the Opera-orch. as a violinist, and 
 gave music-lessons ; after long waiting (1827), 
 Ifcs opera Macbeth (text by Rouget de Lisle) was 
 prod., but was a flat failure. Discouraged, he 
 withdrew to Munich, where Macbeth, rewritten 
 in great part, was so successful as to earn him 
 the app. as court Kapellm. (1828). He went 
 back to Paris in 1829 ; made a second failure 
 with La table ei le logement ; opened a. music- 
 shop, which was ruined in the revolution of the 
 next year. He now produced 2 more succ. 
 operas, Der Student and Mitternacht, in 
 Munich ; conducted the German Opera in 
 London (1832-3), which also failed ; and again 
 revisited Munich, where his best opera. Die 
 L/ermannsschlacht, appeared in 1835. From 
 
 1836-50 he was court Kapellm, at Weimar, 
 bringing out 2 comic operas, Der Scheibentoni 
 (1842) and Der Seekadett (1844). He lived in 
 Paris 1852-4. A posthumous opera, L'aquila 
 romana, was given at Milan in 1864. 
 
 Chel'leri, Fortunato (real family name Kel'- 
 ler), b. Parma, 1686 ; d. Kassel, 1757. His 
 teacher viras his uncle, F. M. Bassani (?«. di capp. 
 at Piacenza cath.). His first opera, Griselda 
 (Piacenza, 1707), was followed by 15 more, 
 written for various Italian stages. He settled in 
 Kassel in 1725, and was app. court JCapellni., 
 remaining there till his death, excepting a short 
 sojourn in Stockholm. He wrote no more 
 operas, but composed oratorios, masses, psalms, 
 and chamber-music ; he publ. a vol. of cantatas 
 and arias (London, 1726), and another of sonatas 
 and fugues f. pf. and f. org. (Kassel, 1829). 
 
 Chiri, Victor (real name Cizos), b. Auxerre, 
 Mar. 14, 1830; comm. suicide Paris, Nov. 11, 
 1882. Pupil of Paris Cons. (Massart, A. Adam) ; 
 excellent conductor, in turn at the Varietes, the 
 Chatelet, and the Gymnase. — Works : Comic 
 opera line aventure sous la Ligue (Bordeaux, 
 1857) ; the music to several ballets and fairy- 
 spectacles ; a violin-concerto (MS.) ; etc. 
 
 Cherubi'ni, (Maria) Luigi (Carlo Zenobio 
 Salvatore), b. Florence, Sept. 14, 1760 ; d. 
 Paris, Mar. 15, 
 1842. To the age 
 of 9, his father, 
 cembalist at the 
 Pergola Th., in- 
 structed him in 
 music ; his subse- 
 quent teachers were 
 Bart, and Ales. 
 Felici, then Bizarri 
 and Castrucci, and 
 finally he was sent 
 by Duke Leopold 
 II. of Tuscany (the 
 future Emperor L. 
 III.) to Milan, in 
 1779, toperfect him- 
 self in counterpoint 
 under Sarti. At 13 he had already written 
 a mass, and a stage-intermezzo for a society 
 theatre ; at 15 he comp. another intermezzo, // 
 Ciuocatore ; during his 2 (4?) years with Sarti 
 he confined himself to contrapuntal work and 
 church-music ; in 1780, Quinto Fabio (perf. at 
 Alessandria della Paglia) opened the series of 
 his dramatic works ; its cool reception spurred 
 him to renewed study, and Armida (Florence, 
 1782), Adriano in Siria (Leghorn, 1782), Mes- 
 senzio (Florence, 1782), Quinto Fabio (revised ; 
 Rome, 1783), Lo Sposo di tre e inarito di nessu- 
 720 (Venice, 1783), Idalide (Florence, 1784), and 
 Alessandro nelle Indie (Mantua, 1784) received 
 public approbation. Invited to London in the 
 autumn of 1784, he brought out 2 operas. La 
 finta principessa (1785), an opera buffa which 
 had fair success, and Giulio Sabino(\l%b), which 
 
 109 
 
CHEVE— CHIAROMONTE 
 
 was less fortunate ; C. held the position of Com- 
 poser to the King for one year, and in July, 
 1786, went to Paris, where he spent a year most 
 agreeably ; in 1788 he prod. Ifigenia in Aulide 
 at Turin ; and then settled in Paris. His first 
 French opera, D/mophon (Grand Opera, 1788), 
 was a failure, C. finding it impossible to adapt 
 his style of flowing melody to the ill-turned verses 
 of Marmontel, the librettist. Next year Leo- 
 nard, the Queen's hairdresser, obtained a license 
 to establish Italian opera in a little play-house 
 called the Th. de la foire de St. -Germain ; and 
 here C. conducted, until 1792, the best works of 
 Anfossi, Paisiello, and Cimarosa. During this 
 period he developed, inspired by the text of 
 his opera Lodoiska (Th. de Monsieur, 1791), a 
 new dramatic style destined to work a revolution 
 on the French stage ; the increased breadth and 
 force of the ensemble-numbers, the novel and 
 rich orchestral combinations, and the generally 
 heightened dramatic effect were imitated or ex- 
 panded by a host of composers of the French 
 school — Mehul, Barton, Lesueur, Gretry. C.'s 
 next dramas, Elisa, ou le voyage au mont 
 St. Bernm-d (1794), and Mdd^e (1797), were 
 weighted by poor hbretti. In 1795 C. was app. 
 one of the Inspectors of the new Conservatoire. 
 Composing steadily, he brought out I' H6lel- 
 lerie portugaise (1798), La Punition (1799), La 
 Prisormiire (1799 J pasticcio w. Boieldieu), and 
 in 1800, at the Th. Feydeau, Les deux journies 
 (prod, in London, 1801, as The Water-carrier ; 
 in Germany as Der Wassertrdger), his master- 
 work in opera. Cherubini had fallen into dis- 
 favor with Napoleon, whose opinion in matters 
 musical he had slighted ; but after the success of 
 Les deux journies, he was able to produce at the 
 Grand Opera Anacr^on^ ojc V amour fugitif 
 (1803), and the ballet Achille a Scyros (1804), 
 neither of which, however, had good fortune. 
 At this juncture C. was invited to write an opera 
 for Vienna — a most welcome diversion, as his 
 financial condition was the reverse of flourishing. 
 Faniska, brought out in 1806 at the Karnthner- 
 thor Theatre, was an overwhelming success ; a 
 Vienna critic who ventured the prophecy that 
 Beethoven's Fidelia would one day be equally ( !) 
 esteemed, was laughed at. Returning to Paris 
 after the French occupation of Vienna, he wrote 
 Pimmaglione for the Italian opera at the Tuileries 
 (1808), but did not win the Emperor's favor, and 
 now retired for a time to the chateau of the 
 Prince of Chimay, where he occupied his leisure 
 with botanizing. The request to write a mass 
 for the church of Chimay turned the current of 
 his thoughts ; he composed the celebrated 3- 
 part mass in F, the success of which was so 
 marked, that C. thenceforward devoted more 
 time to sacred than dramatic composition ; 
 though he still prod. Le Crescendo (1810), Les 
 Abencerages (Opera, 1813), Bayard a Mifzieres 
 (1814), Blanche de Provence, and some minor 
 pieces for the stage. On a visit to London, in 
 1815, he wrote for the Philharm. Soc. a sym- 
 phony, an overture, and a Hymn to Spring. In 
 
 this year he lost his place in the Cons, during 
 the troublous times of the Restoration, but was 
 recompensed by his appointment as superintend- 
 ent of the Royal Chapel, as Martini's suc- 
 cessor. In l8l6 he was made prof, of compo- 
 sition at the Cons., and its Director in 1821, 
 retiring in 1841 on account of advanced age. — 
 
 Cherubini was one of the crroat- Tnnr1>»rn mgctprc n ( 
 
 CQualfiipoint, and his scores, particularly in his 
 admi rable oaercd music, bear witness on every 
 page to his skill and erudition. As an opera- 
 coijipasejr, his main failing was the undue musi- 
 c al prolongation of "'"■""■^ ■'" whinh n iniftrr 
 dramati£..a£tiaDjs required. His own catalogue 
 of his works (publ. 1843) includes 15 Italian and 
 14 French operas (and many vocal numbers oc- 
 casionally introduced) ; l ballet ; 17 cantatas 
 and " occasional " vocal works w. orch. ; many 
 detached airs, romances, nocturnes, duets, etc.; 
 14 choruses ; 4 sets of solfeggi (over 160 num- 
 bers) ; II solemn masses, 2 requiems, many de- 
 tached Kyries, Glorias, Credos, etc. ; i Credo a 
 8 w. org.; I oratorio (op. 17 ; Florence, I'lTt); 
 motets, hymns, graduals, etc., w. orch.; I Mag- 
 nificat, I Miserere, i Te Deum (each w. orch.) ; 
 4 litanies, 2 Lamentations, 20 antiphones ; etc.; 
 — I symphony, i overture, II marches, II 
 dances, etc., f. orch. ; 6 string-quartets, I string- 
 quintet ; I sonata f. 2 organs ; 6 pf.-sonatas, i 
 grand fantasia, i minuet, i chaconne, and other 
 music f. pf. — Cherubini'-s life has been written 
 in French, Italian, German, and English; the 
 best biography is Bellasis' " Cherubini : Memo- 
 rials illustrative of his Life " (London, 1874). 
 
 Chev6, Emile-Joseph-Maurice, b. Douar- 
 nenez, Finist^re, in 1804 ; d. Aug. 26, 1864. 
 A physician of great merit, he became a zealous 
 advocate of Galin's method of mus. instruction ; 
 married Nanine Paris (d. 1868), and publ. with 
 her a ' ' Methode elementaire de musique vocale " 
 (Paris, 1844), in the long preface to which he 
 ' ' exposes " and attacks the ' ' defective " methods 
 of the Conservatoire. They also publ. a " Me- 
 thode elem. d'harmonie" (Paris, 1846); and 
 Mme. Cheve wrote a " Nouvelle theorie des 
 accords, servant de base A I'harmonie " (Paris, 
 1844). He is the author of, a long series of 
 essays and articles by which he vainly sought to 
 draw out the Cons, professors. 
 
 CheviUard, Camille, b. Paris, Oct. 1859. 
 Pf.-pupil of Georges Mathias ; took 2nd pri^ 
 at Cons, in 1800. Chiefly self-taught as a com- 
 poser. Till 1897, asst.-cond. of the Lamoureux 
 Concerts, when he succeeded L. as conductor- 
 in-chief. — Comp.s : A symph. ballade, " Le chene 
 et leroseau"; a symph. poem, and a symph. 
 fantaisie, f. orch.; theme and vans, and an 
 Etude chromatique, f. pf. ; a string-quintet, 
 quartet, trio ; sonata f. pf. and vln. 
 
 Chiaronio''nte, Francesco, b. Castrogiovan- 
 ni, Sicily, July 20, 1809 ; d. Brussels, Oct. I5i 
 1886. Pupil of Ragusa, of Raimondi at Pa- 
 lermo, and of Donizetti at Naples. At first a 
 tenor stage-singer, he made his composer's debut 
 
CHICKERING & SONS— CHOPIN 
 
 with the opera Fenicia (Naples, 1844) ; became 
 prof, of singing at the R. Cons. ; was imprisoned 
 1848-50 as a revolutionist, and banished in 1850 
 during the successful production of a new opera, 
 Caterina di Cleves. He was less succ. at Genoa 
 and Milan, and proceeded (1858) to Paris, where 
 he was app. chorusmaster at the Th. Italien. 
 Later he had a similar place in London (Ital. 
 Opera) ; then (1862) settled in Brussels, and 
 became prof, in the Cons. (1871). He wrote 5 
 other operas ; an oratorio, Hiob (1884) ; and a 
 good " Methode de Chant." 
 
 Chickering & Sons, a celebrated American 
 firm of pf.-makers, establ. at Boston, Mass., in 
 1823, by Jonas Chickering (b. New Ipswich, N. 
 I-L, April 5, 1798 ; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 1853), 
 who served his apprenticeship under John Os- 
 borne, at Boston, from 1818. His son and suc- 
 cessor. Col. Thomas E. Chickering (b. Boston, 
 Oct. 22, 1824 ; d. there Feb. 14, 1871), was 
 named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 
 addition to taking the first prize for pianofortes 
 at the Paris Exposition of 1867. His sons still 
 carry on the manufactory, which is famous both 
 for quality and quantity of its output. 
 
 Child, William, b. Bristol, i6o6 ; d. Wind- 
 sor, Mar. 23, 1697 ; org. and (1660) chanter of 
 the Chapel Royal, and a member of the King's 
 private band ; Mus. Bac. (163 1) and Mus. Doc. 
 (1633) Oxon. — Publ. psalms (1639; 2nd ed. 
 1650) ; services, anthems, " Court Ayres " (secu- 
 lar vocal music), canons, catches, etc. (see 
 coll.s of Arnold, Boyce, Hilton, Playford, and 
 others). 
 
 Chilesot'ti, Oscare, distinguished musician 
 and mus. historiographer ; b. Bassano, Italy, 
 July 12, 1848. Graduate in law of Padua Univ. 
 He is also a good flutist and 'cellist ; self-taught 
 in harmony. He lives at Milan, where he writes 
 regularly for the " Gazzetta Musicale," and con- 
 tributes to other periodicals. — Works : " Biblio- 
 teca di Rarita musical:" (1883, etc., 4 vol.s), 
 containing transcriptions from little-known works 
 early in the 17th century, and (vol. iv) Arianna 
 by Benedetto Marcello ; "I nostri maestri del 
 passato" (Milan, 1882), biogr. notes on the 
 greatest Ital. musicians, from Palestrina to 
 Bellini ; " Di G. B. Besardo e del suo Thesaurus 
 harmonicus" (Milan, 1S86) ; "Sulla lettera 
 critica di B. Marcello contro A. Lotti ..." 
 (Bassano, 1885); "Sulla melodia popolare nel 
 secolo xvi " (Milan); he publ. in modern notation 
 Roncalli's " Capricci armonici " on the Spanish 
 guitar (Milan, i88l) ; and transl. Schopenhauer's 
 "Aphorismen" and "Die Welt als Wille u. 
 Vorstellung " into Italian. 
 
 Chipp, Edmund Thomas, leading English 
 organist ; b. London, Dec. 25, 1823 ; d. Nice, 
 Dec. 17, 1886 ; Mus.'Bac. (1859) and Mus. Doc. 
 (l85o) Cantab. After holding many positions 
 as organist, he obtained the organ at St. Paul's, 
 Edinburgh, in May, 1866, and that at Ely cathe- 
 dral in Nov., 1866. — Works : Job, an oratorio ; 
 
 Naomi, a sacred idyll ; and numerous church- 
 comp.s f. voice and f. organ. 
 
 Chlad'ni, Ernst Florens Friedrich, b. Wit- 
 tenberg, Nov. 30, 1756; d. Breslau, Apr. 3, 1827. 
 At first a student and prof, of law at Wittenberg 
 and Leipzig, he turned to physics, and made 
 highly important researches in the domain of 
 acoustics. He discovered the " Tonfiguren " 
 (tone-figures ; i.e., the regular patterns assumed 
 by dry sand on a glass plate set in vibration by 
 a bow) ; and inv. the Euphonium (glass-rod har- 
 monica) and Clavicylinder (steel-rod keyboard 
 harmonica). To introduce his ideas and inven- 
 tions, he made long journeys and delivered 
 many scientific lectures. His earlier publican 
 tions, " Entdeckungen iiber die Theorie des 
 Klanges " (i787),"t)ber die Longitudinalschwin- 
 gungen der Saiten und Stabe," and a series of 
 minor articles in various periodicals, were fol- 
 lowed by the important works " Die Akustik " 
 (1802 ; P"rench, 1809) : " Neue Beitrage zur 
 Akustik " (1817) ; " Kurze Ubersicht der Schall- 
 und Klanglehre." • 
 
 Chopin, (Francois-) Fr6d6ric, pianist of 
 distinction and an incomparable composer for 
 piano ; was born at 
 Zelazowa Wola \Pol. 
 Jeliasovaya-Volia], a 
 village near Warsaw, 
 on Feb. 22, 1810 
 [this date is from 
 authoritative docu- 
 mentary evidence], 
 and died at Paris, 
 Oct. 17, 1849. His 
 father, Nicolas C, 
 teacher in the War- 
 saw gymnasium, was 
 a native of Nancy, 
 France ; his mother, 
 Justine (»/<? Kryzan- 
 owska), was a Pole. Frederic was brought up 
 in his father's private school, among sons of the 
 Polish nobility. His musical education was en- 
 trusted to the Bohemian pianist Albert Zwyny 
 (pf.), and to the Director of the Warsaw School 
 of Music, Joseph Eisner (harm. , etc.). When but 
 9, he played in public a pf. -concerto by Gyro- 
 wetz, and improvisations. His first attempts in 
 composition were dances (Polonaises, Mazurkas, 
 and Waltzes) ; but he publ. (1825) as op. i a 
 Rondo, and as op. 2 a Fantasie w. orch. While 
 a youth, he appeared at irregular intervals as a 
 pianist in several German towns — Berlin, Dan- 
 zig, Dresden, Leipzig, and Prague. In 1829, 
 already a composer of eminent individuality (his 
 2 pf. -concertos, several Mazurkas, Nocturnes, 
 Rondos, etc., were then written), and a finished 
 player, he set out for London, via Vienna, Mu- 
 nich, and Paris. His concert at Vienna, on 
 Sept. II, elicited the following criticism in the 
 Leipzig "Allgem. Musikzeitung " ; " From the 
 outset, Chopin took a place in the front rank of 
 masters. "The perfect delicacy of his touch, his 
 
CHOPIN 
 
 indescribable mechanical dexterity, the melan- 
 choly tints in his style of shading, and the rare 
 clearness of his delivery, are, in him, qualities 
 which bear the stamp of genius. He must be re- 
 garded as one of the most remarkable meteors 
 blazing on the musical horizon." His first con- 
 cert in Paris was given at Pleyel's house, before 
 an invited audience of musicians, in 1831. His 
 reception was so cordial that he gave up the idea 
 of going to London, and made Paris his home 
 for life. Despite ICalkbrenner's finding fault 
 with his fingering, and despite the dictum of 
 Field (of all men!) that C.'s talent was " of a 
 sick-chamber order," Chopin made a deep and 
 lasting impression, not merely on gay Parisian 
 society, of which he soon became the declared 
 favorite, but on men like Liszt, Berlioz, Meyer- 
 beer, Bellini, Adolphe Nourrit, Balzac, and 
 Heine, to whose intimacy he was admitted as a 
 cherished and equal companion. From the be- 
 ginning he taught the piano ; his instruction 
 was eagerly sought, chiefly by members of the 
 French and Polish aristocracy ; von Lenz (see 
 below) gives a charming glimpse of Chopin the 
 teacher. He also gave yearly concerts to the 
 musical Hile, and played frequently in certain 
 salons ; but had an unconquerable aversion to 
 miscellaneous concert-giving. His compositions 
 took precedence of all others in the pianistic 
 world. Schumann, in 1831, greeted his op. 2 
 (the Variations on " La ci darem la mano," from 
 Don Giovanni) with " Hats off, gentlemen! A 
 genius! " and wrote 8 years later, reviewing some 
 of C.'s Preludes (op. 28), Mazurkas (op, 33), and 
 Waltzes (op. 34) : " Er ist und bleibt derljahnste 
 und stolzeste Dichtergeist der Zeit " [H^ is in- 
 deed the boldest and proudest poetic spirit of the 
 time]. (" Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik," 1839; 
 Schumann's " Collected Works," 3rded., 1875 ; 
 vol. ii, p. 95.) His position, both in society and 
 the world of art, was assured ; the devotion of 
 his pupils and admirers bordered on fanaticism. 
 
 In 1836 Liszt introduced C. to George Sand 
 (Mme. Dudevant) ; their mutual attachment 
 formed an episode eventually most painful for 
 the refined and sensitive nature of the artist, 
 dominated by the coarse-fibred woman of the 
 world. A severe attack of bronchitis in the 
 autumn of 1838 overturned his usually normal 
 health, and led C. to spend the ensuing winter 
 in Majorca with Mme. Dudevant, who appears to 
 have nursed him quite tenderly ; but the Chopin 
 thinly disguised as Prince Karol in her unami- 
 able novel " Lucrezia Floriani " (published 
 shortly afterward) was not at all an engaging 
 personality, and afterC.'s malady had developed 
 into consumption, they parted (about 1844). 
 Disregarding his failing health, C. visited Great 
 Britain in 1848, and again in 1849, giving con- 
 certs and accepting invitations which exhausted 
 his remaining energies ; and finally returned to 
 Paris to die. He was buried at Pere la Chaise, 
 between Cherubini and Bellini. 
 
 A collection of Chopin's letters was publ. by 
 Ries (Dresden, 1877) ; a genial and fanciful es- 
 
 say was penned by Liszt : " Frederic Chopin, 
 par Franz Liszt" (Paris, 1845 ; Leipzig [in the 
 orig. French], 1879, and in German, i88o) ; 
 Schulz brought out a Polish biography (Posen, 
 1873) ; W. V. Lenz writes delightfully on C. in 
 " Great Piano-Virtuosos " (Engl. ed. New York, 
 1899) ; the fullest and most objective biography 
 is by M. Karasowski, " F. Chopin, sein Leben 
 . . . " (Ries, Dresden, 1877 ; 3rd ed. 1881 ; 
 Polish ed., with new letters, 1892) ; M. A. Aud- 
 ley publ. " F. C, sa vie et ses oeuvres" (Paris, 
 1880 ; closely follows Karasowski) ; Fr. Niecks 
 wrote " Frederick Chopin as a Man and Musi- 
 cian "(2 vol.s ; London, 1888 ; Germ. ed. Leip- 
 zig, 1889); another English biogr. isbyWilleby 
 ("F. C." ; London, 1892). Breitkopf & Hartel 
 publ. a " Thematic Catalogue " of his composi- 
 tions. Miss Nathalie Janotha has made an Eng- 
 lish transl. of J. Kleczynski's essay on " Chopin's 
 Greater Works" (London, 1895 ?). 
 
 Chopin represents the full liberation of the 
 pianoforte from traditionary orchestral and 
 choral influences, — its authoritative assumption 
 of a place as a solo instrument per se. By this 
 is intended no depreciation of Beethoven or 
 Weber, or even of the lesser Field ; it means 
 simply that C.'s music, as none before, breathes 
 the piano-spirit, incarnates the piano-soul, revels 
 in the pure piano-tone, and illustrates the in- 
 trinsic piano-style, without seeking or being 
 swerved by what are called (since Liszt) " or- 
 chestral " effects, tonal or technical. Not re- 
 quiring of the piano the sonority of an orchestra, 
 lie may have seemed "effeminate" beside the 
 Titan, Liszt ; yet his works, more especially the 
 scherzos, ballades, preludes, nocturnes, even 
 the concertos (pianistically considered), mark a 
 boundary in piano-effect which has never been 
 overpassed. In the small forms he chose, there 
 lies a world of originality in constructive inge- 
 nuity, in melody and melodic ornament, in har- 
 monic sequence and figuration, of national mel- 
 ancholy or proud reminiscence, of tender or 
 voluptuous sentiment and poetic reverie. 
 
 His playing was notable for flawless accuracy, 
 and remarkable brilliancy of technique, sensu- 
 ous charm in touch and tone, and a peculiar 
 yieldingness in the tempo (rubato) which was at 
 times almost exaggerated. He was a most ex- 
 quisite interpreter of his own works, but did not 
 much care to play other piano-music; all in all, 
 a remarkably self-centred "composer-pianist." 
 — The best edition of Chopin's compositions is 
 that by his pupil, Mikuli. 
 
 Works [74 with, and 12 without, opus-num- 
 ber] : (a) For pf. w. orch. . 2 concertos (E 
 min., op. II ; F min., op. 21) ; "Don Giovan- 
 ni" Fantasia, op. 2 ; " Krakoviak," rondo, op. 
 14 ; E [7 Polonaise, op. 22 ; and a Fantasia on 
 Polish airs ; — (b) /. pf. w. other instr.s : Duo 
 concertant on themes from Robert le Diahle, f. 
 pf. and 'cello ; Introd. et Polonaise, op. 3, f- pf- 
 and 'cello ; Sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 65 ; a 
 pf.-trio in G min., op. 8 ; and a Rondo f. 2 
 pf.s, in C, op. 73 ; — (c)/. //. solo : Allegro de 
 
CHORLEY— CHRISTIANI 
 
 concert, op. 46 ; 4 Ballades, op. 23, 38, 47, 52 ; 
 Barcarole, op. 60 ; Berceuse, op. 57 ; ISolero, 
 op. 19 ; 3 Ecossaises, op. 72 ; 12 Grandes 
 Etudes, op. 10 ; 12 Etudes, op. 25 ; 3 Etudes ; 
 4 Fantasies, op. 13, 49, 61, 66 ; 3 Impromptus, 
 op. 29, 36, 51 ; Marche fun^bre, op. 72 ; 52 
 Mazurkas, op. 6, 7, 17, 24, 30, 33, 41, 50, 56, 59, 
 63, 67, 68 ; " Morceau de concert sur la Marche 
 des Puritains de Bellini"; ig Nocturnes, op. 9, 
 15, 27, 32, 37, 48, 55, 62, 72 ; II Polonaises, op. 
 3, 26, 40, 44, 53, 61, 71 ; 24 Preludes, op. 28 ; 
 Prelude, op. 45 ; 3 Rondos, op. i, 5, 16 ; 4 
 Scherzos, op. 20, 31, 39, 54 ; 3 Sonatas, op. 4, 
 35, 58 ; Tarentelle, op. 43 ; 13 Valses, op. 18, 
 34, 42, 64, 69, 70, and in B min. ; Variations on 
 " Je vends des scapulaires," op. 12 ; "Variation 
 dans I'Hexameron "; — (d) vocal: 16 Polish 
 Songs, f. vocal solo w. pf., op. 74 (ed. with 
 Engl, text. New York). 
 
 Chorley, Henry Fothergill, a versatile 
 writer (dramatist, translator, art-critic, poet, 
 novelist, and journalist) ; b. Elackley Hurst, 
 Lancashire, Dec. 15, 180S ; d. London, Feb. 16, 
 1872. Being from 1833-71 mus. critic of the 
 London "Athenaeum," and a great traveller, he 
 heard all the best music of the day, and knew 
 many mus. celebrities ; but his literary and crit- 
 ical work shows that, although fair-minded, he 
 was of mediocre musical ability. — Works : 
 "Musical Manners in France and Northern 
 Germany" (London, 1841, 3 vol.s) ; "Modern 
 German Music "(1854, 2 vol.s) ; " Thirty Years' 
 Mus. Recoil. s " (1862, 2 vol.s) ; an interesting 
 "Autobiography, Memoir, and Letters" (1873, 
 2 vol.s, w. photograph ; edited by H. G. Hew- 
 lett) ; "Nat.l Music of the World" (1880, ed. 
 by Hewlett). We may also mention "Handel 
 Studies" (1859), and the mus. novel " Prodigy : 
 a Tale of Music" (1866, 3 vol.s); the libretti 
 to the Amber Witch and the May Queen ; and 
 his translations of Gounod's Faust ^ Herold's 
 Zampa, and Mendelssohn's Son and Stranger. 
 
 Choron, Alexandre-Etienne, b. Caen, Oct. 
 21, 1772 ; d. Paris, June 29, 1834. A student 
 of languages, and passionately fond of music, 
 he became interested in mus. theory (Rameau) 
 and through it in mathematics, which he studied 
 with ardor till the age of 25 ; then devoting him- 
 self wholly to the theory and practice of music. 
 By several years' serious application to the Italian 
 and German theorists, he accumulated ' ' more 
 information relative to the theory and practice 
 of music than any French musician had till then 
 possessed " [F'^Tls]. Becoming (1805) a partner 
 in a music-publishing firm, he devoted his entire 
 fortune to editing and publishing classic and 
 theoretical works and compositions, diligently 
 contributing new works of his own all the while. 
 In 18 1 1 he became corr. mem. of the Acad.; he 
 was entrusted with the reorganization of the 
 mailrises (training-schools for church-choirs), 
 and was app. cond. of religious festivals. In 
 1816, Director of the Grand Opera, and re- 
 
 opened the Conservatoire (closed 1815) as the 
 " Ecole royale de chant et de declamation." 
 Losing his Directorship (1817) through intrigue, 
 and on account of his favoring new works by 
 unknown authors, he established, at first with a 
 very moderate subsidy, the famous "Cons, de 
 mus. classique et religieuse," for forwarding 
 which, and promoting mus. instruction among 
 the masses, he labored indefatigably until the 
 July Revolution (1830), when his subsidy was so 
 reduced that he could no longer hope to carry 
 out his plans ; this was his death-blow. — ?Iis 
 chief publ.s are : " Principes d'accompagnement 
 des ecoles d'ltalie " (1804); " Principes de com- 
 position des ecoles d'ltalie ' (1808); "Diet, 
 hist, des musiciens " (1810-11, 2 vol.s, with 
 FayoUe) [in which he sank the remainder of his 
 patrimony]; "Me'thode elementaire de musique 
 et de plain-chant " (1811) ; Francceur's " Traite 
 general des voix et des instr.s d'orchestre" 
 (1813) ; transl.s of Albrechtsberger's " Griind- 
 liche Anweisung zur Composition" and " Ge- 
 neralbasschule " (1814, 1815 ; new ed. 1830), 
 and of Azopardi's " iMusico prattico " (1816) ; 
 "Methode concertante de musique i plusieurs 
 parties " (1818, written for his Conservatoire) ; 
 "Methode de plain-chant" (1818) ; "Manuel 
 complet de mus. vocale et instrumentale, ou 
 Encyclopedic musicale" (1836-8 ; 6 vol.s letter- 
 press and 2 vol.s plates ; with La Fage). 
 
 Choudens, Antony (son of the mus.-publ.r), 
 b. Paris, 1849. — Compositions : 2 operas, Gra- 
 ziella (Paris, 1877) and La jeunesse de Don Juan; 
 a coll., " Dix melodies" (1S70), increased in 
 1873 to "Vingt melodies " (" Uh dernier baiser"; 
 " A une etoile "); also " Essais symphoniques," 
 pf.-pcs. , etc. 
 
 Chouquet, Adolphe-Gustave, b. Havre, 
 Apr. 16, i8ig ; d. Paris, Jan. 30, 1886. He lived 
 in America as a music-teacher, 1840-60 ; since 
 then in Paris. He has twice won the " Prix 
 Bordin"; in 1864 for a Hist, of Mus., 14th to 
 i8th cent., and in 1868 for " Hist, de la musique 
 dramatique en France depuis ses origines jus- 
 qu' a nos jours" (publ. 1873). From 1871, cus- 
 todian of the coll. of instr.s in the Cons. ; in 1875 
 he publ. a catalogue of them. Has written 
 words of several cantatas (e. g., " Hymne de la 
 paix," prize-cantata for the Exposition of 1867). 
 
 Christia'ni, Adolf Friedrich, pianist ; b. 
 Kassel, Mar. 8, 1836; d. Elizabeth, N. J., Feb. 
 10, 1885. Went to London in 1855 ; then to 
 America, teaching in- Poughkeepsie, Pittsburg, 
 Cincinnati, and (1877) New York. From 1880, 
 director of a music-school at Elizabeth. Wrote 
 " The Principles of Mus. Expression in Pf.- 
 playing" (N. Y., 1886; Ger. ed., Leipzig, " Das 
 Verstandniss im Klavierspiel "). 
 
 Christia'ni, Elise, b. Paris, Dec. 24, 1827 ; 
 d. Tobolsk, 1853. 'Cello-player (sensational 
 debut at Paris, 1845), for whom Mendelssohn 
 wrote the Lied ohne Worte i. 'cello, 
 
CHRISTMANN— CIMAROSA 
 
 Christ'mann, Franz Xavier, a celebrated 
 Austrian organ-builder ; d. May 20, 1875, at 
 Rottenmann, Styria, while setting up an organ. 
 
 Christ'mann, Johann Friedrich, b. Lud- 
 wigsburg, Wurttemberg, Sept. 9, 1752; d. Heu- 
 tingsheim, May 21, 1817. Lutheran pastor, and 
 amateur-player on harpsichord and flute. Publ. 
 considerable good music f. voice, pf., vln., and 
 flute; a " Vollstandige Sammlung" of h)'mns 
 (with Knecht) containing many by himself ; and 
 an " Elementarbuch der Tonkunst" (Speyer, 
 1782 ; 2nd part 1790). 
 
 Chrysan'der, Friedrich, musical historian, 
 critic, and editor ; b. Lubtheen, Mecklenburg, 
 July 8, 1826. Dr. phil. (Rostock) ; now settled 
 in Bergedorf, n. Hamburg. From 1868-71, and 
 1875-82, editor of the" Allg. musikal. Zeitung," 
 contributing many articles (Sketch of Hist, of 
 Music-printing, 1879 ; papers on the Hamburg 
 opera under Keiser, Kusser, et al., 1878-9); 
 since 1885 he has edited (with Spitta and Adler) 
 a " Vierteljahrsschrift f. Musikwissenschaft." 
 He also edited two " Jahrbilcher f. musikalische 
 Wissenschaft " (1863, 1867), with important 
 papers by various writers. In 1853 he publ. two 
 pamphlets, "Uber die MoUtonart in Volks- 
 gesangen" and "Uber das Oratorium"; his 
 greatest work is the still incomplete biography 
 of Handel (1858-67), of which the period of 
 oratorio-production is not yet published. A co- 
 founder of the Leipzig " Handel-Gesellschaft," 
 he superintended the great Handel edition ; has 
 also edited "Bach's Klavierwerke " (1856), and 
 " Denkmaler der Tonkunst" (Carissimi's ora- 
 torios ; the sonatas by Corelli were ed. by 
 Joachim ; and Couperin's " Pieces de clavecin," 
 by Brahms). 
 
 Chrysan'thos of Madyton, Archbishop of 
 Durazzo in Albania, previously a teacher of 
 church-singing in Constantinople. In his works 
 " Introd. to the Theory and Practice of Church- 
 Music" (182 1) and "Great Theory of Music" 
 (1832), he has much simplified the liturgical 
 notation of the Byzantine Church. 
 
 Chviratal, Franz Xaver, b. Rumburg, Bo- 
 hemia, June 19, 1808 ; d. Elmen (Soolbad), 
 June 24, 1879. In 1832, mus.-teacher in Merse- 
 burg, 1835 in Magdeburg. Wrote 2 Methods f. 
 pf. (op. 93, op. 135) ; male quartets ; and over 
 200 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Chvvatal, Joseph, brother of the preceding ; 
 b. Rumburg, Jan. 12, 181 1. Organ-builder in 
 Merseburg; has invented several minor improve- 
 ments in the organ-action. 
 
 Ci'fra, Antonio, b. Rome, about 1575; d. 
 Loreto, abt. 1636. A prolific composer, and one 
 of the best of the Roman school ; a pupil of 
 Palestrina and B. Nanini. At first m. di capp. 
 at the German College, 1610—20 at Loreto, for 2 
 years at the Lateran ; and in 1822 in the service 
 of Archduke Carl of Austria, returning to Loreto 
 in 1827. — Publ. 5 books of motets ; 3 of psalms ; 
 5 of masses ; 10 sets of concerli ecclesiasHci (over 
 
 200 numbers); many more motets and psalms 
 (in 2-12 parts) ; antiphones, litanies ; madrigals; 
 ricercari; " Scherzi ed arie a I, 2, 3 e 4 voci, 
 per cantar nel clavicembalo, etc."; and other 
 works, from 1600 to 1638. 
 
 Cimaro'sa, Domenico, eminent dramatic 
 composer ; b. Aversa, near Naples, Dec' 17, 
 1749 ; d. Venice, 
 Jan. II, 1801. The 
 son of a poor mason, 
 and early orphaned, 
 he attended the 
 charity-school of the 
 Minorites, his first 
 music-teacher being 
 Polcano, organist of 
 the monastery. His 
 talent was so 
 marked that in 1761 
 he obtained a free 
 scholarship in the 
 Conservatorio di 8. 
 Maria di Loreto, where he was taught singing 
 by Manna and Sacchini, counterpoint by Fena- 
 roli, and composition by Piccinni. In 1770 his 
 oratorio Giudiita was perf. in Rome ; in 1772 he 
 celebrated his exit from the Cons, by producing 
 his first opera, Le Stravaganze del Conte, at 
 Naples, with mediocre results. But with La 
 finia parigina, ^vvexi next season with brilliant 
 success at the Teatro Nuovo, Naples, he was 
 fairly launched on a dramatic career singularly 
 free from artistic reverses. His ease and rapidity 
 of composition were phenomenal ; in 2g years he 
 wrote nearly 80 operas. His fame grew steadily ; 
 and even Paisiello had to look to his laurels. 
 In 1774 C. brought out L' lialiana in Londra in 
 Rome, and lived, until 1781, alternately in Rome 
 and Naples, writing in each, following the cus- 
 tom of the period, one opera after another for 
 the city in which it was to be performed. In 
 1781, as a tour de force, he brought out two 
 operas in Naples, one in Rome, and two in 
 Turin. His works became known far beyond 
 the bounds of Italy, being performed not only 
 by Italian opera-troupes in all European capitals, 
 but also as translated into various foreign 
 tongues. After Paisiello's return from St. 
 Petersburg, where he had sojourned frorti 1776- 
 85 as court composer, offers were made to C, 
 who finally accepted them, setting out for St. 
 Petersburg in July, 1789. His journey thither 
 was like a triumphal progress ; at the courts of 
 Florence, Vienna, and Warsaw he was over- 
 whelmed with attentions ; and arrived at his des- 
 tination Dec. I, wayworn and suffering from the 
 wintry weather, but confident of success. Here 
 he produced 3 operas, and during the three 
 years of his stay wrote 500 several pieces of 
 music for the court and nobility. Although 
 every effort was made to induce him to remain, 
 the rigorous climate obliged him to leave Russia 
 in 1792 ; towards the end of the year he arrived 
 in Vienna, where Emperor Leopold engaged him 
 
 114 
 
CIMAROSA— CLARI 
 
 at a salary of 12,000 florins as Kapellmeister. 
 At Vienna, at tiie age of 38, he brought out his 
 chef d'auvre, II Matrimonio segreio, the success 
 of which eclipsed not only that of his former 
 works but those of all rivals, not excepting 
 Mozart. It is probably the sole survivor, on 
 the present-day stage, of all C.'s dramatic works ; 
 though several of his other operas might well 
 replace certain modish puerilities of the hour. 
 C. remained long enough in Vienna to write two 
 more operas ; 1793 found him once more at home 
 in Naples, where his Matrimonio segreto aroused 
 unexampled enthusiasm, having 67 consecutive 
 performances, the illustrious composer himself 
 presiding at the cembalo for the first seven rep- 
 resentations. In 1794 he visited Venice to 
 bring out Gli Orazi e Curiazi; in 1796 and '98 
 he was in Rome, then returning to Naples, and 
 all the time actively engaged in operatic composi- 
 tion. In 1798, too, he was seriously ill at 
 Naples ; and the year after, having openly taken 
 part in the Neapolitan revolutionary demonstra- 
 tion on the entrance of the French army into the 
 city, he was imprisoned and condemned to death 
 by King Ferdinand, a sentence commuted to 
 banishment. Going to Venice, he was at work 
 on a new opera, Artemisia, when death suddenly 
 overtook him. It was bruited abroad that he 
 had been poisoned, by order of Queen Caroline 
 of Naples, as a dangerous revolutionist ; the 
 rumor was so persistent, and popular embitter- 
 ment so great, that the Pope's body-physician, 
 Piccioli, was 4ent to make an examination ; ac- 
 cording to his sworn statement, C. died of a 
 gangrenous abdominal tumor. [The date of this 
 statement, Apr. 5, 1801, was erroneously taken 
 by CiiAMPLiN as that of C.'s death.] 
 
 Comic opera was C.'s forte; in his happiest 
 moments he rivals Mozart ; even in opera seria 
 many of his efforts are still worthy of a place on 
 the repertory. The fluidity and fecundity of 
 his melodic vein, his supreme command of 
 form, and his masterly control of orchestral re- 
 sources, excite astonishment and admiration. 
 He was the peer of his great Italian contem- 
 porary, Paisiello. Of the 76 operas known as 
 his, some of the finest are mentioned below : 
 La finta parigina (Naples, 1773), L'ltaliana in 
 Lonilra{Rome, 1774), II Fanatico per gli antichi 
 Romani (Naples, 1777 ; a work noted for intro- 
 ducing, for the first time, vocal concerted music 
 — trios and quartets — into the dramatic action), 
 // Matrimonio per raggiro (Rome, 1779), ^V 
 Mario (Rome, 1780), Artaserse (Turin, 1781), 
 // Convito di pieira (Venice, 1782), La Balle- 
 rina amante (Naples, 1782), Le Trame deluse 
 (Naples, 1786), L' Impresario in angustie 
 (Naples, 1786), Giannina e Bernadone (Naples, 
 1788), La Vergine del sole (St. Petersburg, 
 1791), // Matrimonio segreto (Vienna, 1792), 
 Le Astuzie femminile (Naples, 1794). He also 
 produced 2 oratorios ; several cantatas ; masses 
 a 4, w. instr.s ; psalms, motets, requiems, arias, 
 cavatinas, solfeggi, and a great variety of other 
 vocal works ; 7 symphonies ; etc. 
 
 Cipolli'ni, Gaetano, dramatic composer ; b. 
 Tropea (Catanzaro), Italy, Feb. 8, 1857. Pupil 
 of Francesco Coppa. Now (1899) residing in 
 Milan. Besides a great quantity of vocal Ro- 
 manze, and pf.-pcs. , he has written Gennarello, 
 3-act melodr. (T. Manzoni, Milan, 1891) ; At 
 bagnidl mare, operetta (Naples, 1892); II piccolo 
 Haydn, i-act lyric comedy (T. Sociale, Corao, 
 1893) ; Ninon de Lenclos, 3-act lyr. com. (T. 
 Lirico Internationale, Milan, 1895) ; and (in 
 MS.) Simeta, 5-act opera. 
 
 CipoUo'ne, Alfonso, b. Fara S. Martino 
 
 (Chieti), Nov. 25, 1843. Pupil of M. Ruta at 
 Naples. At present living at Teramo as a teacher 
 of singing, harmony, and pf. — Has publ. a large 
 number of excellent pf.-pcs.; also a variety of 
 chamber-music, and songs. 
 
 Claas'sen, Arthur, b. Stargard, Prussia, 
 Feb. 19, 1859. After graduating from Danzig 
 Gymnasium, he entered the Music School at 
 Weimar in 1875, St. under Muller-Hartung, A. 
 W. Gottschalk, and B. Sulze. As early as 1878 
 his compositions excited Liszt's interest. From 
 18S0-84, conductor at theatre in Gottingen, of 
 the Feichtinger Opera Co., and at Nowak's Th., 
 Magdeburg. In 1S84 C. was chosen, on Dr. 
 Damrosch's recommendation, conductor of the 
 Brooklyn (N. Y.) " Arion," and other Societies; 
 since 1890, cond. of the United Singing Societies 
 of Brooklyn ; he also conducts the Br. Choral 
 Society, and established the " Claassen Mus. 
 Inst." (for classical music only). — Publ. works : 
 Festival Hymn f. soH, ch., and orch.; Waltz- 
 Idyll f. full string-orch. ; many songs and 
 choruses, among which latter " Der Kame- 
 rad" took the 1st "composition prize" at the 
 N. Y. Singing Festival. — In MS., many orches- 
 tral scores, incl. the symph. poem " Hohen- 
 friedberg"; a Suite f. orch.; "The Battle," f. 
 soli, ch., and orch. (perf. at Seidl's Mad. Sq. 
 Garden Concerts) ; etc. 
 
 Clagget, Charles, b. London, 1755 ; d. 
 there 1820. Violinist, leader in a Dublin thea- 
 tre ; inventor of instruments (an organ without 
 pipes, a chromatic trumpet, and a chromatic 
 French horn), described in his book " Musical 
 Phenomena" (London, 1793, 4to), and exhib- 
 ited in London, 1791. 
 
 Clapisson, Antoine - Louis, born Naples, 
 Sept. 15, "1808 ; died Paris, Mar. 19, 1866. A 
 violinist and composer, he became a member of 
 the Inst, of France (1854), prof, of harm, at 
 the Cons. (1861), and custodian of the Cons, 
 coll. of mus. instr.s, most of which he had col- 
 lected and sold to the state. — Works : 21 operas ; 
 over 200 songs ; etc. 
 
 Cla'ri, Giovanni Carlo Maria, b. Pisa, 
 1669 ; d. Pistoia, abt. 1745, as m. di capp. of 
 the cathedral. He studied under Colonna at 
 Bologna, where (1695) his opera // savio de- 
 lirante was prod. His best-known work is a 
 coll. of madrigals f. 2 and 3 voices (publ. 1720 ; 
 
 115 
 
CLARIBEL— CLARUS 
 
 reprinted by Carli, Paris, in 1825) ; he also 
 wrote masses, psalms, and a requiem ; etc. 
 
 Claribel. Pen-name of Mrs. Charles 
 Barnard. 
 
 Clark(e), Jeremiah, b. London, 1670 ; d. 
 there (?) abt. Nov. I, 1707. Chorister in the 
 Chapel Royal ; 1693, Almoner and Master of 
 the Children at St. Paul's, succeeding his 
 master, Dr. Blow ; 1704, joint-org. with Croft 
 of the Chapel Royal. A hopeless love-affair 
 caused him to take his own life. He was 
 joint-composer of the operas The Island Prin- 
 cess and The World in the Moon ; wrote inci- 
 dental music to several plays ; was the first who 
 set to music Dryden's "Alexander's Feast" (for 
 St. Cecilia's Day, Nov. 22, 1697) ; also wrote a 
 cantata, an ode, anthems, songs, etc. 
 
 Clark, Richard, b. Datchet (Bucks), Apr. 5, 
 1780; d. London, Oct. 5, 1856. Chorister and 
 lay-clerk (1802-11) at St. George's and Eton 
 College ; later lay-vicar of Westminster Abbey, 
 Vicar-choral at St. Paul's, and (1S20) Gent, of 
 the Chapel Royal. Composed glees, anthems, 
 etc.; publ. essays on Handel's Messiah and 
 " Harmonious Blacksmith," on " God save the 
 King," on mus. pitch, on the etymology of the 
 word " Madrigale"; also a coll. of the words of 
 favorite madrigals, glees, rounds, catches, etc., 
 perf. by the Glee Club (of which he was secre- 
 tar)-) and other societies (1814 ; 1824 ; 1833). 
 
 Clark, Rev. Frederick Scotson, b. Lon- 
 don, Nov. 16, 1840; d. there July 5, 1883. 
 Pupil of Sergent (in Paris) f. harm, and pf. ; of 
 E. J. Hopkins (org.) ; also, at the R. A. M., of 
 Bennett, Goss, Engel, Pettit, and Pinsuti. Stud- 
 ied for the ministry at Cambridge and Oxford ; 
 org. of Exeter Coll., Oxford ; studied music in 
 Leipzig and Stuttgart, and returned (1873) to 
 London, where he founded the London Organ 
 School. Was the representative English organist 
 at the Paris Expos, of 1878. His organ-pieces 
 (15 marches, 48 voluntaries, 6 communions, and 
 offertories, improvisations, impromptus, etc.) 
 are his best works ; he wrote much for harmo- 
 nium (on which he was a talented performer) ; 
 over 100 pf.-pcs. ; and sacred vocal music, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Clarke, James Peyton, b. Scotland, 1808 ; 
 d. Toronto, Canada, 1877. In 1829, leader of 
 psalmody in St. George's Ch., Edinburgh ; 1834, 
 org. of St. Mary's Episc. chapel, succeeding 
 Thos. Macfarlane ; emigrated to Canada, 1835, 
 settling as a farmer in Ellora, but went to To- 
 ronto abt. 1841 ; abt. 1845 was elected prof, of 
 music in Upper Canada University, and in 1848 
 took degree of Mus. Bac. at King's College 
 with the 8-p. anthem "Arise, O Lord God, for- 
 get not the poor"; Mus. Doc, 1856. For many 
 years org. of St. James' Cath. , Toronto, and 
 cond. several choral societies. 
 
 Clarke, Hugh Archibald, b. near Toronto, 
 Canada, Aug. 15, 1839. Pupil of his father 
 
 (J. P. Clarke). Was org. in several churches, 
 then (1875-97) of the I'resby. Ch., Phila. He 
 conducted a male chorus, ' ' The Abt, " for several 
 years, till 1876. In 1875 he was elected Prof, 
 of the Science of Music in the Univ. of Pennsylv., 
 which position he still (1899) holds, teaching 
 harmony, cpt., form, and orchestration. Mus. 
 Doc. (1886) of Univ. of Penn.a, when his music 
 to Aristophanes' Acharnians (overture and cho- 
 ruses) was produced. C. has also composed an 
 oratorio, Jerusalem (Phila., 1891), pf. -music, 
 and songs. Has publ. a treatise on Harmony 
 (and has in preparation a larger work on that 
 subject) ; also text-books f. org. and pf., a bit of 
 fiction called " The Scratch Club," a transl. in 
 blank verse of Wildenbruch's " Harold," etc. 
 
 Clarke, John [Whitfield-Clarke], bom 
 
 Gloucester, Eng., Dec. 13, 1770; died Holmer, 
 n. Hereford, Feb. 22, 1836. Org.-pupil of Dr. 
 Hayes at Oxford ; organist at Ludlow, Armagh, 
 Dublin ; 1798-1820, org. and choirmaster of 
 Trinity and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge ; 
 1820-33, ditto at Hereford. In 1799, Mus. Doc, 
 Cantab.; 1810, Mus. Doc, Oxon. ; 1821, prof, of 
 music at Cambridge. Published an oratorio, 
 The Crucifixion and the Resurrection (Hereford, 
 1822) ; 4 vol.s of cathedral services and anthems 
 (1805) ; 12 Glees (1805) ; 12 Songs ; a Selection 
 of Single and Double Chants; etc.; he edited 
 the "Vocal Works of Handel" (1809, 17 vol.s), 
 w. pf.-accomp. 
 
 Clarke, William Horatio, gifted organist ; 
 b. Newton, Mass., March 8, 1840. In 1856, 
 org. at Dedham, Mass.; in 1859, of the Berke- 
 ley St. Ch., Boston, also teaching for a time in 
 the Perkins Inst, for the Blind. Removed (1871) 
 to Dayton, Ohio, as supt. of public schools ; 
 later to Indianapolis, as org. of a leading church. 
 From 1878-87, org. at Tremont Temple, Bos- 
 ton, then retiring to his estate at Reading, Mass., 
 where he has built a chapel of music, Clarigold 
 Hall, containing a large 4-manual organ with 
 loo stops. Has had success as a concert-org., 
 teacher and author. Besides 15 instructive works 
 f. org., reed-org., pf., voice, etc., publ. 1865-86, 
 he has written " Outline of the Structure of the 
 Pipe-organ" (1877); "The Face of Jesus" 
 (London, 188:); "The Interwordian " (1884); 
 "The Organist's Retrospect" (1896); and 
 " Cheerful Philosophy for Thoughtful Invalids" 
 (1896). 
 
 Cla'rus, Max, b. Miihlberg-on-Elbe, March 
 31, 1852; pupil of his father. Municipal Mus.' 
 Director there, and (from 1870) of Haupt, 
 Schneider, and LOschhorn at the R. Acad, for 
 Church-music, Berlin. Up to 1882 he acted as 
 Kapellm. in various German, Austrian and Hun- 
 garian theatres, the last being KroU's and the 
 Victoria, Berlin. In 1882 he was eng. at the 
 Brunswick Court Th., becoming Court Mus. 
 Dir. in 1890. From 1884 he cond. the " Or- 
 pheus," and also from 1890 the " Chorgesang- 
 verein," and composed many choruses, — "Works ; 
 
 116 
 
CLASING— CLEMENTI 
 
 "Patriotic spectacular" opera Des grossen 
 Konigs Rekrut (Brunswiclf , 1889) ; 3-act roman- 
 tic opera Use (Brunswick, 1895 ; succ.) ; also 
 several ballets, the latest being Opium - Trdume. 
 Further, " Fiirstengruss," f. soli, male ch., and 
 full orch. ; " Die Wacht vor Samoa," grand 
 Tongemalde I. bar. solo, male ch., and orch.; 
 " Festgesang " ; numerous choruses. 
 
 Cla'sing, Johann Heinrich, b. Hamburg, 
 1779 ; d. there Feb. 8, 1829 [Feb. 22, 1836, 
 ace. to Kiemann]. A teacher at H., he wrote 
 the operas Micheli und sein Sohn (H. , 1806), 
 and Welcher ist der Hechte? (cormc, H., 181 1); 
 2 oratorios, Belsazar and Die Tochter Jephtha's; 
 chamber-music, pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 Claudin. See Sermisy. 
 
 Claudin le Jeune. See Lejeune. 
 
 Clau'dius, Otto, b. Kamenz, Saxony, Dec. 
 6, 1793; d. Naumburg, Aug. 3, 1877, as cantor 
 of the cathedral. — Works : Operas {Der Gang 
 nach dem Eisenhammer); church-mus., songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Clau'ssen, Wilhelm, b. Schwerin, 1843 ; d. 
 there Dec. 22, 1869. Gifted composer, pupil of 
 Stem Cons., Berlin, and Ary Schaffer ; he was 
 the first to win the Meyerbeer Scholarsliip (with 
 an overture). Posthumous pf.-pcs. and songs 
 were publ. 
 
 Clausz-Szarva'dy, Wilhelmine, fine pian- 
 ist ; b. Prague, Dec. 13, 1834. She studied in 
 the Prolisch Inst.; settled (1852) in Paris; mar- 
 ried Y. Szarvady [d. Paris, Mar. i, 1882] in 
 1857- 
 
 Clay, Fr6d6ric, composer ; b. (of English 
 parents) Paris, Aug. 3, 1840 ; d. Great Marlow, 
 n. London, Nov. 27, 1889. Pupil of Molique at 
 Paris, and of Hauptmann at Leipzig. His first 
 operettas. The Pirate s Isle (1859) and Out of 
 Sight (i860), were given privately at London ; 
 since then he brought out, at Covent Garden and 
 other London theatres, Court and Cottage (1862), 
 Constance (1865), Ages ago (1869), The Gentle- 
 man in Black (1870), Happy Arcadia (1872), 
 Babul and Bijou (1872), The Black Crook 
 (1873), Cattarina (1874), Princess Toto (1875), 
 Don Quixote (1875), Oriana, The Golden Ring 
 (1883), The Merry Duchess (lii'i) ; incid. mus. 
 to " Twelfth Night," and other plays ; 2 can- 
 tatas. The K flights of the Cross {1S66), andLalla 
 Rookh (1877) ; part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Clee'mann, Friedrich Joseph Christoph, 
 
 b. Kriwitz, Mecklenburg, Sept. 16, 1771 ; d. 
 Parchim, Dec. 25 (26 ?), 1827. Publ. a "Hand- 
 buch der Tonkunst " (1797), and a book of songs. 
 Cle'raens, Jacob (called " CI. non Papa," 
 to distinguish him from Pope Clement VII., 
 who was a good player on several instr.s, and 
 died 1534), eminent Netheriand contrapuntist 
 of the l6th cent., in the time between Josquin 
 and Palestrina. He was first Kapellm. to the 
 Emperor Charles V., at Vienna. — Works: 11 
 masses, many motets, chansons, etc., publ. by 
 
 P. Phalese (Louvain, 1555-80) ; 4 books of 
 " Sooter Liedekens," i.e , psalms set to popular 
 Netheriand tunes, publ. by T. Susato (Antwerp, 
 1556-7) ; and numerous miscellaneous pieces in 
 collections of the period. — He probably died 
 abt. 1557. 
 
 Cle'ment, Franz, b. Vienna, Nov. 19, 1784 ; 
 d. there Nov. 3, 1842. At the age of 12, his 
 father accomp. him on a 4-years' concert-tour 
 through Germany and England ; l3o2-ll, he 
 was Kapellm. at the Th. an der Wien, Vienna, 
 later leader at Prague, under C. M. v. Weber ; 
 1813-18, again at the Th. a. d. Wien, and then 
 travelled for several years with Mme. Catalan!. 
 — Works : 6 concertos and 25 concertinos f. 
 vln. ; also overtures, quartets, pf .-concertos, the 
 opera Le irotnpeur trompi, etc. 
 
 Clement, Charles-Frangois, b. in Provence 
 abt. 1720, settled in Paris as pf . -te«sliei:_— Ptrbir 
 " Essai sur I'accomp. du clavecin " (1758), and 
 a supplement, "Essai sur la basse fondaraentale, 
 etc." (1762); they appeared in a 2nd ed. united 
 under the former title. He also prod. 2 operet- 
 tas, a book of harpsich.-pcs. w. vln., and issued 
 a monthly " Journal de clavecin " (1762-65). 
 
 Clement, F61ix, b. Paris, Jan. 13, 1822 ; d. 
 there Jan. 23, 1885. He studied music secretly, 
 and at the age of 21 adopted it as Ills profession. 
 He devoted himself especially to historical 
 studies; filled several positions as organist and 
 teacher, and became finally org. and choirmas- 
 ter at the Ch. of the Sorbonne. In 1849 the 
 government chose him to direct the musical 
 solemnities at the Sainte Chapelle ; and the 
 comp.s then executed (music of the 13th cent.) 
 were publ. in score as " Chants de la Sainte 
 Chapelle," in the same year. He was active in 
 establishing the " Inst, for Church-music." — 
 Writings : " Methode complete du plain-chant " 
 (1854; 1872); "Methode de musique vocale et 
 concertante "; " Histoire generale de la musique 
 religieuse" (1861) ; " Les rausiciens celebres 
 depuis le XVI' siecle (1868 ; 1879) ; " Diet, 
 lyrique, ou histoire des operas" (1869, 4 supple- 
 ments up to 1881); " Methode d'harmonie et 
 d'acconjpagnement " (1874) ; etc. 
 
 Clemen'ti, Muzio, celebrated pianist and 
 composer ; was b. at Rome, 1752 ; and d. at his 
 country-seat at 
 Evesham, Eng- 
 land, Mar. 10, 1832. 
 His father, a gold- 
 smith (" orefice"), 
 was a devoted ama- 
 teur of music, and 
 had his son taught 
 carefully, from 
 tender years, by 
 Antonio Uuroni, 
 maestro, di cappella 
 in a Roman church. 
 From 1749 *e or- 
 ganist Condicelli 
 
 "7 
 
CLEMENT— COCCHI 
 
 ■; ^ 
 
 gave him lessons in organ-playing and harmony. 
 So rapid was their pupil's progress, that when 
 but 9 he obtained a position as organist, in com- 
 petition with other and maturer players. Until 
 14 years of age he pursued his studies in Italy, 
 G. Carpani (comp.) and Sartarelli (voice) being 
 his next instructors. At a piano-concert which 
 C. gave in 1766, an English gentleman named 
 Beclcford was so delighted with his talent that he 
 obtained the father's permission to educate the 
 boy in England. C. lived and studied till 1770 
 in his patron's house in Dorsetshire ; then, a 
 thoroughly equipped pianist and musician, he 
 took London by storm. In 1773 his op. 2 (3 
 pf. -sonatas dedicated to Haydn, and warmly 
 praised by K. Ph. E. Bach) was published ; they 
 may be considered as finally establishing the 
 form of the pf. -sonata. From 1777-80 he con- 
 ducted, as cembalist, the Italian Opera. In 
 1781 he began a pianistic tour, giving concerts 
 at Paris, Strassburg, Munich, and Vienna; here, 
 on Dec. 24, 1781, he met MozarJ; in "friendly" 
 rivalry (N.B. Mozart's letters make no pretence 
 of concealing his dislike of the " Italian " com- 
 poser and player) ; though the palm of final 
 victory was awarded to neither, yet C. tacitly 
 admitted, by changing from a mechanically bril- 
 liant to a more suave and melodious piano-style,, 
 the musicianly superiority of Mozart. In Vienna 
 his op. 7, 9, and 10 were publ. by Artaria. 
 Excepting a concert-season at Paris, in 1785, C. 
 now remained in London for 20 years (1782- 
 1802). He not only made his mark, and inciden- 
 tally amassed quite a fortune, as a teacher, 
 pianist, and composer, but also (after losses 
 through the failure of Longman and Broderip, 
 instrument-makers and music-sellers) established 
 a highly successful piano-factory and publishing- 
 house of his own (now Collard's). — With his 
 pupil Field, C. set out for St. Petersburg in 
 1802, passing through Paris and Vienna ; their 
 tour was attended by brilliant success, and Field 
 was so well received in St. Petersburg that he 
 accompanied his master no further. The latter 
 resided for several years alternately in Berlin, 
 Dresden, and St. Petersburg; then, after visiting 
 Vienna, Milan, Rome, and Naples, he again 
 settled in London. The business-man in C. now 
 gained the upper hand ; he no longer played in 
 public, but devoted himself to composition and 
 the management of his prosperous mercantile 
 ventures. He never again went far from Lon- 
 don, except during the winter of 1820-21, which 
 he spent in Leipzig. — As a teacher C. trained 
 many distinguished musicians ; Field, Cramer, 
 Moscheles, Kalkbrenner, Alex. Klengel, Ludwig 
 Berger, Zeuner, even Meyerbeer, all owed much 
 to his instructions. His compositions include 
 symphonies (which failed in competition with 
 Haydn's), and overtures for orchestra ; 106 pf.- 
 sonatas (46 w. vln., 'cello, or flute) ; a duo f. 2 
 pf.s ; 6 4-hand duets; fugues, preludes and exer- 
 cises in canon-form, toccatas, waltzes, variations, 
 caprices, " Points d'orgue . . " (op. ig) ; an 
 " Introduction a I'art de toucher le piano, avec 
 
 50 legons " ; etc. ; by far the greater part of which 
 are wholly forgotten. But his great book of 
 Etudes, the " Gradus ad Parnassum" (publ. 
 1817), is a living reminder that he was one of the 
 greatest of piano-teachers. Billow's excellent 
 selection of 50 of these etudes has been outdone 
 by Vogrich's unique "Complete Edition," ar- 
 ranged progressively (New York, l8g8). 
 
 Biographies of C. have been written by Giov. 
 Frojo : " M. C, la sua vita, le sue opere e sua 
 influenza sul progresso dell'arte " (Milan, 1878); 
 by O. Chilesotti in " I nostri maestri del pas- 
 sato]" (Milan, 1882); Clement has a sketch in his 
 " Musiciens celebres" (Paris, 1878). 
 
 Clement y Cavedo, b. Gandia, Spain, Jan. i, 
 1810. Org. atAlgamesi and Valencia; 1840-52, 
 teacher of music at Gueret, France ; settled in 
 Madrid, and publ. an elem. mus. text-book, 
 " Gramatica musical." In 1855, by order of 
 Espartero, he submitted a plan for reorganizing 
 the School of Music. — Comp.s ; A magic opera, 
 a zarzuela, ballads, songs, etc. 
 
 Clarice, Justin, b. Buenos Ayres, Oct. 16, 
 1863. Pupil of Paris Cons. (1S82, Delibes and 
 Pessard). Lives in Paris. — Comp.s ; Le Meunier 
 d'Alcala, comic opera (1887), Figarella, do.; 
 M. ffuchot, vaudev. (1889), grand haWetAupays 
 noir (Antwerp, 1891) ; 3-act comic opera Le ^e 
 Hussards (Paris, Gaite, 1894) ; Phrytiette, » •< •■ 
 operetta (1895); L/da, pantomime (1896). 
 
 Clicquot, Francois-Henri, b. Paris, 1728; 
 d. there 1791; " the most skilful French organ- 
 builder of the i8th century " (FiTis) ; from 1765 
 in partnership with Pierre Dallery. 
 
 Clifford, Rev. James, Engl, divine ; b. Ox- 
 ford, 1622 ; d. London, 1698, as Senior Cardinal 
 of St. Paul's. Publ. "A Coll. of Divine Services 
 and Anthems, usually sung in H. M.'s Chapel, 
 etc." (1664). 
 
 Clifton, John Charles, b. London, 1781 ; d. 
 Hammersmith, Nov. 18, 1841. A pupil of Bel- 
 lamy and Chas. Wesley, he lived in Bath as a 
 teacher and conductor, then in Dublin (1802-15), 
 and settled in London (1816) as an exponent 
 of Logier's system. Inv. the Eidomusicon (a 
 species of melograph). His opera Edwin was 
 given in Dublin (1815); he publ. glees, many 
 songs, and a " Theory of Harmony simpHfied" 
 (1816) ; also a " Selection of British Melodies" 
 (no date). 
 
 Clotz. See Klotz. 
 
 Cluer, John, English publisher and engraver 
 of music, believed to be the inventor of engrav- 
 ing on tin plates ; d. London, 1729. He en- 
 graved and published Handel's "Suites de pieces 
 de clavecin" (1720), and (1723-9) nine of his 
 Italian operas ; also an 8vo collection of opera- 
 songs. 
 
 Coc'chi, Gioacchino, dramatic composer ; b. 
 Padua, 1720 ; d. Venice, 1804. He was teacher 
 at the "Cons, degli Incurabili," Venice; lived 
 1757-63 in London, writing operas ; returned to 
 
 118 
 
COCCIA— COHEN 
 
 Venice in 1773. His first opera was Adelaide 
 (Rome, 1743) ; others were Elisa (1744), Baia- 
 zette (1746), Arininio (1749), La Gismonda 
 (1750), Siroe (1750), Semiramide riconosciuta 
 (1753)1 Demofoonte (1754), La Maestra (1754), 
 Zenobia (London, 1758), La clemenza di Tito 
 (London, 1760), and Tito Manlio (London, 
 1761). He excelled in opera buffa. 
 
 Coc'cia, Carlo, b. Naples, April 14, 1782 ; 
 d. Novara, April 13, 1873, as maestro at the 
 cathedral. Pupil of Valente, FenaroU, and Paisi- 
 ello at the Cons, at Naples, and became a prolific 
 opera-composer, travelling through Italy, and 
 tb Lisbon and London, to superintend the pro- 
 duction of his works, which number nearly 40. 
 Also wrote several masses, other sacred music, 
 duets, arias, etc. Maria Stuarda was given in 
 London, 1823. A " Biografia di C. Coccia" was 
 publ. 1873, Turin. 
 
 Coc'cius, Theodor, born Knauthain, near 
 Leipzig, Mar. 8, 1824; d. Leipzig, Oct. 24, 1897. 
 His teachers were G. W. Finck and Jul. Knorr. 
 He lived 1844-5 in Paris, and 1849-55 in Ham- 
 burg, thenceforward at Leipzig, where for 33 
 years he held the position of teacher of pf.- 
 playing at the Cons., succeeding Plaidy, and 
 was considered an excellent teacher. ' ' Profes- 
 sor" in 1893. 
 
 Coccon', Nicolo, pianist, org., and comp. ; b. 
 Venice, Aug. 10, 1826 ; pupil of E. Fabio. His 
 first publ. comp.s were motets (1841); in 1856 he 
 was first org., and 1873 maestro^ at San Marco. 
 His music (over 450 numbers) is held in high 
 estimation ; principal works are an oratorio, Saiil, 
 8 requiem masses, 30 " messe da gloria," and 
 much other ch. -music ; 2 operas, Zaira (1884) 
 and Uggero il Danese (not prod. ) ; the sacred 
 melodrama Manasse in Babilonia (1877) ; the 
 operetta / due orangotani (1879) ; etc. 
 
 Coch'laus, Johannes (real name Joh. Dob- 
 nek ; pseudonym " Wendelstein"), b. Wen- 
 delstein, n. Nuremberg, in 1479 ; d. Breslau, 
 Jan. 10, 1552, as canon. — Publ. " Tract, de 
 mus. definitione et inventione, etc." (1507, 
 " Wendelstein ") ; and " Tetrachordum musices 
 Joannis Coclei Norici, etc." (1512, 1513, 1526). 
 He was a strong opponent of Luther. 
 
 Cocks (Robert) & Co., London firm of 
 music-publ.s, founded 1827 by Robert C; his 
 .sons, Arthur Lincoln C. and Stroud Lincoln C, 
 became partners in 1868. Robert Macfarlane 
 Cocks is now the owner. 
 
 Co'clico [Coclicus], Adrian Petit, b. in the 
 
 Hennegau (Hainaut), abt. 1500. Pupil of Jos- 
 quin Depres, was a singer in the Papal Chapel, 
 and confessor to the Pope. He fell into evil 
 courses, was imprisoned, and thereafter (1545) 
 went to Wittenberg, and became a Protestant. 
 He probably died in Nuremberg. — Publ. "Com- 
 pendium musices" (N., 1552); and " Consola- 
 tiones " (psalms in 4 parts, 1552). 
 
 Coe'nen [koo-], Johannes Meinardus, b. 
 
 The Hague, Jan. 28, 1824 ; pupil, at the Cons, 
 there, of LUbeck. Bassoonist ; 1864, con- 
 ductor at the grand Dutch Th., Amsterdam ; 
 then at the Palais d'Industrie ; and municipal 
 music-director. — Works : Cantatas (one for the 
 600th anniv. of the founding of Amsterdam), 
 ballet-music, incid. music to Dutch plays ; 2 
 symphonies ; a clarinet-concerto ; a flute-con- 
 certo ; a quintet f. pf. and wind ; a sonata f . 
 bassoon (or 'cello), clar. , and pf . ; fantasias f . 
 orch. ; etc. 
 
 Coe'nen, Franz, b. Rotterdam, Dec. 26, 
 1826. A pupil of his father, an org. ; then of 
 Vieuxtemps and Molique. After tours as con- 
 cert-violinist with Henri Herz, and in S. Amer- 
 ica with E. Liibeck, he settled in Amsterdam ; 
 up to 1895 he was director of the Cons. , and 
 prof, of vln. and comp. ; his successor is David 
 de Lange. He is solo violinist to the Queen ; 
 the leader of a celebrated quartet ; and a distin- 
 guished composer (cantatas, a symphony, the 
 32nd Psalm, quartets, etc.). 
 
 Coe'nen, Willem, brother of Franz ; b. 
 Rotterdam, Nov. 17, 1837. Pianist ; travelled 
 in S. America and the West Indies ; now (since 
 1862) concert-giver and composer in London. — 
 Works: Oratorio, Lazarus (1878); has publ. 
 pf. -music and songs ; has cantatas, masses, etc., 
 in MS. 
 
 Coe'nen, Cornelius, b. The Hague, 1838. 
 Violinist and concert-giver ; has made extended 
 tours ; in 1859, conductor of the orch. at Am- 
 sterdam, and i860 bandmaster of the Garde 
 Nationale at Utrecht. — Overtures, pes. f. chorus 
 and orch., etc. 
 
 Cohen, Henri, born Amsterdam, 1808 ; d. 
 Brie-sur-Marne, May 17, 1880. Studied in 
 Paris under Reicha (theory) and Lays and 
 Pellegrini (singing) ; from 1832-9 he made 
 several unsuccessful attempts to produce operas 
 in Naples ; then settled in Paris as a teacher of 
 singing and harmony. Besides a few unfor- 
 tunate operas, he wrote 2 lyric poems. Mar- 
 guerite et Faust (1847) and I^e Moine (1851) ; a 
 " Traite d'harmonie pratique," solfeggi, etc. 
 
 Cohen, L^once, born Paris, Feb. 12, 1829. 
 Pupil of Cons. (Leborne) ; took Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1851, became violinist at the Th. 
 Italien. Wrote operettas ; publ. ' ' L'ecole du mu- 
 sicien." 
 
 Cohen, Jules-fimile-David, b. Marseilles, 
 Nov. 2, 1835. Studied in Paris Cons, under 
 Zimmerman, Marmontel, Benoist, and Halevy, 
 taking first prize for pf. , org., and cpt. and 
 fugue, but not competing for the Grand prix de 
 Rome, his parents being well-to-do. Asst.- 
 teacher and (1870) regular teacher of ensemble 
 singing at the Cons. ; chef de chant and 
 chorusmaster at the Gr. Opera since 1877. Has 
 produced 4 not very successful operas ; has also 
 
 119 
 
COLASSE— COMMER 
 
 composed the choruses for Athalie, Est/ier,. and 
 PsycM (given at the Comedie-Franfaise) ; 3 
 cantatas, several masses, symphonies, and ora- 
 torios ; 2 aubades ; 200 songs; 200 pf.-pcs.; 
 etc. 
 
 Colasse, Pascal, b. Rheims (or Paris), 1639 
 (?) ; d. Versailles, Dec, 1709. He was a pupil 
 of LuUy, who entrusted him with writing out 
 the choral and orchestral parts of his operas 
 from the figured bass and melody. Later C. 
 was accused of appropriating scores thrown 
 aside by his master as incomplete. In 1683 he 
 was app. Master of the Music ; in 1696, royal 
 chamber-musician. He was a favorite of Louis 
 XIV. , and obtained the privilege of producing 
 operas at Lille ; but the theatre was burned, his 
 opera Polyx^ne et Pyrrhus (1706) failed, and 
 his mind became disordered. Of 10 operas, Les 
 noccs de Thitys et PHie (1689) was his best. 
 He also composed songs, sacred and secular. 
 
 Coleridge -Taylor, Samuel, a rising British 
 comp. of African descent (his father is a native 
 of Sierra Leone ; his mother English) ; b. Lon- 
 don, Aug. 15, 1875. Pupil (f. vln.) of the 
 R.A.M., i8go ; won composition-scholarship in 
 1893, and studied under V. Stanford until i8g6. 
 First publ. work was an anthem (1892); chief 
 MS. works since are a nonet f. pf. , strings, and 
 wind (1894); a symphony in A min. (1S96); 
 a quintet f. clar. and strings (1897); a string- 
 quartet, and a Morning and Evening Service. — 
 Publ. a ballade f. via. and orch. ; 4 waltzes f. 
 orch. ; operetta Dream-Lmers, 3 Humoresques 
 f. pf . ; several songs ; etc. 
 
 Colin, Pierre-Gilbert [Colinus, Colinaus, 
 also called Chamault], eminent early French 
 contrapuntist, from 1532-6 chapel-singer at 
 Paris, later chorusmaster at Autun cath. Of 
 his works, a number of masses, motets, and 
 chansons are extant. 
 
 Collard, a family of pf.-makers in London. 
 M. Clementi, in partnership with Frederick W. 
 Collard (1772-1860), bought out Longman & 
 Broderip in 1798, afterwards surrendering his 
 share to Collard, whose patented inventions 
 have given the instrum.ents their distinctive 
 character. The firm-name is at present (1899) 
 Collard & Collard ; the head of the firm is 
 Charles Lukey Collard. 
 
 Collins, Isaac, distinguished violinist ; b. 
 1797 ; d. London, Nov. 24, 1871. Was for some 
 years leader of the 2nd violins in the Crystal 
 Palace Orch. ; also gave concerts with his 5 chil- 
 dren, of whom Viotti (violinist), and George 
 ('cellist ; d. i86g), were well known. 
 
 Colon'na, Giovanni Paolo, b. Bologna (or 
 Brescia), abt. 1640 ; d. Bologna, Nov. 28, 1695. 
 A pupil, in Rome, of Filipuzzi (organ), and of 
 Carissimi, Benevoli, Abbatini (comp.). Became 
 m. di capp. of San Petronio, Bologna, and was 
 several times president of the Accad. Filarmo- 
 
 nica. He was an eminent church-cotnposer, and 
 also prod, i opera, Amikare (Bologna, 1693). — 
 Publ. the ox3X.ono La profezia d'Eltseo (1688) ■ 
 3 books of short psalms a 8 (1681, '86, '94), with 
 organ ; " Mottetti sacri a voce sola con due 
 violini e bassetto di viola " (i6gi) ; " Mottetti a 
 2 e 3 voci " (1698) ; Litanies and Responses to 
 the Virgin, a 8 ; Mass a 8, w. org. (1684) ; 
 Mass, Psalms, and Responses for the Dead, a 8 
 (1685); Complines and Sequences o 8 (1687); 
 Lamentations for Holy Week, f. solo voice 
 (1689) ; " Messe e salmi concertati," w. instr.s, 
 a 3-5 (l6gi) ; Vesper Psalms a 4-5 (i6g4) ; very 
 many are also extant in MS. 
 
 Colonne, Edouard (recte Judas), a very 
 distinguished conductor ; b. Bordeaux, July 23, 
 1838 ; St. at Paris Cons, under Girard and Sau- 
 zay (vln.), Elwart and Ambr. Thomas (comp.). 
 In 1874 he founded the famous " Concerts du 
 Chatelet," at which he has brought out the 
 grandest works of Berlioz, and many by modem 
 German composers. In 1878 he conducted the 
 official Exposition concerts ; and was cond. at 
 the Grand Opera in i8g2. 
 
 Combs, Gilbert Raynolds, born Philadel- 
 phia, Jan. 5, 1863. His father, a distinguished 
 pianist, organist and composer, was his first 
 teacher ; and C, though originally intended for 
 the medical profession, made such rapid prog- 
 ress, both at home and in Europe, that he de- 
 cided to adopt music as his life-work. He was 
 for years organist and choirmaster in some of 
 the leading Philadelphia churches ; became a 
 capable orchestral conductor, and an excellent 
 performer on stringed instr.s. In 1885 he 
 founded the Broad St. Cons, of Music, Phila., 
 which has been successful from the outset, and 
 of which C. is still (i8gg) the Director. 
 
 Comettant, (Jean-Pierre-) Oscar, b. Bor- 
 deaux, Gironde, Apr. 18, 1819 ; d. Montvilliers, 
 n. Havre, Jan. 24, 1898. Pupil, 1839-44, at 
 Paris Cons. , of Elwart and Carafa. Lived in the 
 United States 1852-5 ; then returned to Paris, 
 and became an active and well-known writer, 
 especially on mus. subjects. He was the musical 
 feuilletoniste for " Le Siecle," and a contributor 
 to various mus. journals. He also publ. " His- 
 toire d'un inventeur au igme siecle. Adolphe 
 Sax, ses ouvrages et ses luttes " (Paris, i860) ; 
 " Portefeuille d'un musicien"; " Musique et 
 musiciens " (1862), "La musique, les musiciens 
 et les instruments de mus. chez les differents 
 peuples du monde" (1869), " Les musiciens, les 
 philosophes et les gattes de la musique en chif- 
 fres" (1870); " Fran9ois Plante " (1874); ex- 
 tended notices on Ambr. Thomas, Gounod, etc. 
 He also composed Fantasias, Caprices, and 
 Etudes f. pf. ; 3 "duos caracteristiques " f. pf. 
 and vln.; vocal choruses, songs, etc. For 20 
 years he directed a private musical institute. 
 
 Com'mer, Franz, b. Cologne, Jan. 23, 1813; 
 d. Berlin, Aug. 17, 1887. Pupil of Leibl and 
 Josef Klein at Cologne ; in 1828, org. of the 
 
COMPENIUS— CONRADI 
 
 Carmelite Ch., and chorister at the cathedral. 
 He went to Berlin in 1832, to study with A. W. 
 Bach (org.) and A. B. Marx and Rungenhagen 
 (comp.). Commissioned to arrange the library 
 of the R. Inst. f. Ch. -music, he pursued histori- 
 cal researches, and edited the following coU.s 
 of old music : " CoUectio operum musicorum 
 Batavorum saeculi XVI." (12 vol.s) ; " Musica 
 sacra XVI., XVII. saeculorum " (26V0I.S); " Coll. 
 de compositions pour I'orgue des XVI°, XVII=, 
 XVIII= siecles" (in 6 parts); and " Cantica 
 sacra " of the l6th-i8th cent. (2 vol.s). He was, 
 besides, regens chori at the Catholic Hedwigs- 
 kirche ; singing-teacher at the Elisabeth School, 
 at the Theatre School, at the French Gymna- 
 sium, etc.; the founder (1844, w. KUster and 
 KuUak) of the Berlin Tonkunstlerverein; Royal 
 Mudkdirektor, Professor, Member of the Berlin 
 Acad., Senator of the Acad., and Pres.t of the 
 " Gesellschaft fur Musikforschung." — His com- 
 positions are music to the "P'rogs" (Aristophanes) 
 and ' ' Elektra " (Sophocles) ; masses, cantatas, 
 and choruses. 
 
 Compe'nius, Heinrich, organ -builder; b. 
 Nordhausen, 1540; built the cathedral-organ at 
 Magdeburg (1604), and others. Comp. and 
 publ. " Christliche Harmonia" a 5 (1572). — His 
 brother (?) Esajas, a famous organ-builder in 
 Brunswick, invented the organ -pipe called 
 " Duiflote." 
 
 Compare, Louis (dimin. Loyset), b. Flan- 
 ders, abt. the middle of the 15th cent.; d. St.- 
 Quentin, Aug. 16, 1518 ; was in turn .chorister, 
 canon, and chancellor of St.-Quentin church. 
 He was probably a pupil of Okeghem, together 
 with Josquin Depres. But few of his motets 
 (21) are extant in collections (Petrucci, Venice, 
 1501, 1503 ; idem, Fossombrone, 1519 ; Petreius, 
 Nuremberg, 1541). He was famed, however, as 
 a contrapuntist. 
 
 Conco'ne, Giuseppe, b. Turin, abt. 1810 ; 
 d. there June, i85i, 
 as org. of the Court 
 Choir. Previously 
 he lived, 1832-1848, 
 in Paris as a singing- 
 teacher. — Works 2 
 operas, Un cpisodio 
 del San Michele 
 (Turin, 1836) ; Gra- 
 ziella (notprod.); 
 vocal scenes, duets, 
 songs, etc. ; and a 
 collection of famous 
 solfeggi in 5 vol.s 
 (50 Lezioni, 30 Es- 
 ercizt, 25 Lezioni, 
 15 Vocalizzi, and 40 Lezioni per Basso). 
 
 Coninck, Jacques-Felix de, b. Antwerp, 
 May 18, 1791 ; d. Schaerbeck-les-Bruxelles, 
 Apr. 25, 1866. Pianist ; pupil, in Antwerp, of de 
 Trazegnies and Hoefnagels, and in Pai'is Cons. 
 of Feme (harm.). After 1818 he went with 
 
 Malibran to the United States, lived for a time 
 in Paris, returned to Antwerp, and founded the 
 " Societed'Harmonie," which he also conducted. 
 — Publ. (in Paris) concertos, sonatas, airs varies, 
 etc., f. pf. 
 
 Coninck, Joseph Bernard de, son of the 
 preceding ; b. Ostend, Mar. 10, 1827. Pupil of 
 de Leun in Antwerp. In 1845 he was awarded 
 a prize, for his " Essai sur I'histoire des arts et 
 sciences en Belgique," by the " Society for the 
 Promotion of Mus. Art." He went to Paris in 
 1851, St. under Leborne at the Cons., and set- 
 tled in Paris as a composer, teacher, and critic. — 
 Comp.s : Comic opera Mattre Pathelin, and 
 the operetta Le rat de ville et le rat des champs 
 (both prod, in Paris) ; operetta La fMc de Figaro; 
 also choruses a capp., songs, p£,-music, etc. 
 
 Coninck, Francois de, born Lebbeke, Bel- 
 gium, Feb. 20, 1810 ; pianist, pupil of Pixis and 
 ICalkbrenner at Paris ; settled in Brussels, as a 
 teacher, in 1832. Publ. a Method f. pf., and 
 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Conra'di, August, opera-composer ; b. Ber- 
 lin, June 27, 1821 ; d. there May 26, 1B73. 
 Pupil of Rungenhagen (comp.). Organist of 
 the " Invalidenhaus " in 1843 ; went in 1846 to 
 Vienna, and brought out a symphony with 
 marked success ; was for years an intimate of 
 Liszt at Weimar ; occupied the post of Kapellm. 
 in the following theatres: Stettin 1849-51, 
 " KOnigstadtisches " (Berlin), Dusseldorf, Co- 
 logne, and from 1856 again in Berlin, at Kroll's, 
 the new Konigstadtisches, Wallner's, and Vic- 
 toria. — Operas (all in Berlin): Riibezahl (1847); 
 Musa, der letzte Matirenfurst {j.?iZ<); Die Braut 
 des JFlussgottes ; Die Sixtinische Madonna 
 (1864); Knecht Ruprecht (1865); So sind die 
 Frauen ; Im Weinberge des Herrn (^ii(>i); Das 
 schonste Madchen des Dorfes i^iiiX); also vaude- 
 villes, farces, 5 symphonies, overtures, string- 
 quartets, etc. Pie arranged many popular pot- 
 pourris. 
 
 Conra'di, Johann Georg, Kapellm. at Oet- 
 tingen, end of 17th cent.; one of the earHest 
 German opera-comp.s ; wrote for the Hamburg 
 Theatre. — Operas : Ariadne ; Diogenes; Numa 
 Pompilius (1691) ; Jerusalem (1692) ; Carolus 
 Magnus (xbqi) \ Sigismund {ittj'i); Pygmalion 
 (1693) ; Gensericus (1693). 
 
 Conra'di, Johan G., Norwegian composer; 
 b. abt. 1820 ; d. Christiania, Oct. i., 1896 (aged 
 76). Wrote historic notices of Norw. music and 
 musicians ; comp. incidental music to popular 
 Norwegian dramas ; also choruses and songs. 
 
 Conra'di, Jules, b. Liege, Belgium, Jan. 27, 
 1834 ; pupil of Decharneux (organ), and (1853- 
 7) of Daussoigne-Mehul at LiigeCons. (comp.). 
 For his cantata, Le meurtre d'Abel, he was 
 awarded the 2nd Gr. prix de Rome at Brussels, 
 in 1857. App. (in 1864) prof, of solfeggio at 
 the Cons. — Works : 5 one-act comic operas ; 
 considerable church-music ; romances ; dance- 
 music f. pf. 
 
CONSTANTIN— COOPER 
 
 Constantin, Titus-Charles, b. Marseilles, 
 Jan. 7, 1S35 ; pupil of Ambroise Thomas at 
 Paris Cons. ; cond. of the " Fantaisies Parisi- 
 ennes" (1866), Concerts du Casino (1871), 
 Athenee and Renaissance Th. (1872), Opera- 
 Comique (1875). — Works: A comic opera, 
 Dans la foret (1872); a ballet, Bek (Lyons, 
 1867) ; 2 cantatas, David Rhzio and Le salut; 
 overtures, etc. 
 
 Con'ti, Francesco Bartolommeo, b. Flor- 
 ence, Jan. 20, 1681; d. July 20, 1732, at Vienna, 
 where he became court theorbist in 1701, and 
 court comp. in 1713. He produced 16 grand 
 operas ; the first was Clotilda (Vienna, 1706 ; 
 London, 1710); his best was Don Chisciotie in 
 Sierra Morena (Vienna, 1719 ; Hamburg-, 1722). 
 Other works : 13 feste teatrali, or serenades ; 9 
 oratorios, and over 50 cantatas. 
 
 Con'ti [" Conti'ni "], Ignazio, b. Florence, 
 1699 ; d. Vienna, Mar. 28, 1759. The suc- 
 cessor, and perhaps the son, of Francesco ; 
 wrote oratorios, cantatas, masses, serenades, 
 etc., but was a mediocre talent. 
 
 Con'ti, Gioacchino, a celebrated soprano 
 (musico), surnamed Gizziello after his teacher, 
 Domenico Gizzi ; b. Arpino, Naples, Feb. 28, 
 1714 ; d. Rome, Oct. 25, 1761. His debut at 
 Rome (1729), after 7 years' study, was a bril- 
 liant success, and his fame spread over all Italy ; 
 he was no less fortunate on the stage at Naples, 
 and (1736) in London, where, in league with 
 Handel, he made head against the opposition to 
 the German master. He also sang in Madrid, 
 Lisbon, etc.; retired to Arpino in 1753. 
 
 Con'ti, Carlo, opera - composer ; b. Arpino, 
 Naples, Oct. 14, 1797 ; d. Naples, July 10, 1868. 
 Pupil of Tritto, Fenaroli, and Zingarelli at the 
 R. Coll. of S. Sebastiano, Naples, and later of 
 Simon Mayr. Prof, of counterpoint at Naples 
 Cons. (1846-58), and Vice-Director from 1862, 
 succeeding Mercadante ; he taught Bellini, Buo- 
 namici, Lillo, Florimo, Marchetti, Andreatini, 
 and others. Also life - secretary of the Acca- 
 demia, and corresponding member of the Inst, of 
 France. — Wrote 11 operas, L'Olimpia (Naples, 
 i8ig) being the most successful ; also much 
 church-music, songs w. pf . , etc. 
 
 Con'ti, Giacinto, b. Brescia, Jan. 31, 1815 ; 
 d. there in April, 1895. Violinist and composer; 
 pupil of his father, Defendente C; Dir. in th. 
 at Brescia, first of ballet, then of opera, the 
 latter for 42 years. Good violinist ; comp. vln.- 
 duets and symphonies for his pupils in the Isti- 
 tuto Filarmonico Venturi. 
 
 Conti'nuo, Giovanni, d. Mantua, 1556, as 
 maestro to the Gonzaga family (succeeded by 
 Giaches de Wert). A fine contrapuntist, and the 
 teacher of Luca Marenzio. 
 
 Con'verse, Charles Crozat (pen-name Karl 
 Redan), b. Warren, Mass., Oct. 7, 1832 ; pupil 
 of Leipzig Cons. (Richter, Plaidy). Settled in 
 Erie, Pa., as a lawyer. — Publ. works: "Amer. 
 
 Concert-overture" in D on " Hail Columbia," 
 for orch. (1869); Fest-Ouverture (1870); 6 Ger- 
 man Songs (Leipzig, 1856); vocal quartets- 
 Amer. Nat.l Hymn, " God for us " (1887) ; Can.! 
 tata (on the 126th Psalm) f. soli, ch. and orch. 
 (1888). — In MS., 2 symphonies, 2 oratorios, sev- 
 eral overtures, quartets and quintets f . strings, 
 chorals, etc. 
 
 Cooke, Benjamin, b. London, 1734; d. there 
 Sept.- 14, 1793. Composer and excellent org., 
 pupil of Pepusch, whom he succeeded in 1752 as 
 cond. at the Acad, of Ancient Music ; in 1757 
 he became choirmaster (after Gates), in 1758 lay- 
 vicar, and in 1762 organist, of Westminster 
 Abbey. Mus. Doc, Cantab., 1775 ; ditto Oxon., 
 1782; organist of St. Martin's-in-the-Field, 1782. 
 In 1789 he resigned the Academy conductorship 
 in favor of Arnold. His/or/^ as composer was 
 glees, canons and catches, for which he took 
 several Catch Club prizes ("Coll. of 20 Glees, 
 Catches, and Canons for 3-6 voices, in score"; 
 London, 1775; "9 Glees and 2 Duets," 1795), 
 He also wrote odes, instrumental concertos, 
 church-music, pes. f. org. and harpsichord, etc. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas Simpson, b. Dublin, 1782; 
 d. London, Feb. 26, 1848. A pupil of his fa- 
 ther and Giordani. Cond. the theatre-orch., 
 Dublin ; was then for years an opera-singer 
 (tenor) at Drury Lane, asst.-cond. at Drury Lane, 
 asst.-cond. of the Philharm., and (1846) leader 
 of the Concerts of Antient Music. Also prof, 
 at the R.A.M., an esteemed singing-teachei' 
 (Sims Reeves was his pupil), and the author of 
 two vocal treatises, "Singing exemplified in a 
 series of Solfeggt, etc.," and "Singing in Parts, 
 etc." (London, abt. 1842). Composed nearly 20 
 operas for Drury Lane. 
 
 Coombs, Charles Whitney, organist and 
 composer ; b. Bucksport, Maine, Dec. 25, 1859. 
 Studied for 5 years in Stuttgart (pf . with Speidel, 
 theory and comp. w. Max Seifriz), and 6 years in 
 Dresden (comp. w. Draeseke, orchestration w. 
 Hermann John, org. w P. Janssen, and voice w. 
 Lamperti) ; also a year in England studying 
 music and methods of the English Church. 
 Organist of Amer. Ch. in Dresden, 1887-gi, 
 when he returned to America, and took charge 
 of the music in the Church of the Ploly Com- 
 munion, New York, still holding the position 
 in 1899. — Publ. works: "The Vision of St. 
 John," cantata w. full orch. and org.; "Hymn 
 of Peace," with soh, ch., orch., and org.; 
 "Song of Judith," motet f. sopr. and bar soli 
 and ch. ; a number of sacred songs, anthems, 
 etc. ; and about 30 songs, many of which are 
 great favorites. 
 
 Cooper, Henry Christopher, violinist ; b. 
 Bath, England, 1819; d. Glasgow, Jan. 26, 
 1881. Pupil of Spagnoletti ; principal violinist 
 at R. Ital. Opera ; leader of the Philharm. ; cond. 
 at several th.s, finally at the Gaiety, Glasgow. 
 An excellent soloist. 
 
COOPER— CORELLI 
 
 Cooper, George, b. Lambeth, London, July 
 7, 1820; d. London', Oct. 2, 1876. Organist of 
 several churches, finally (1856) of the Chapel 
 Royal. Publ. "The Organist's Assistant," se- 
 lections from classical authors; "The Org.'s 
 Manual"; "Organ Arrangements" (3 vol.s) ; 
 "Classical Extracts for the Organ"; " Introd. 
 to the Organ"; also songs and part-songs. An 
 able performer, he did much to elevate the pub- 
 lic taste. 
 
 Coote, Charles, English bandmaster and 
 comp. of dance-music ; b. i8og ; d. London, 
 March 6, 1880. His numerous polkas, waltzes, 
 and galops are popular (" Rage of London," 
 " Break-neck," " Express," etc.). 
 
 Copera'rio [John Cooper, an Englishman 
 who Italianized his patronymic after study in 
 Italy], a famous lutenist and viola-da-gamba 
 player in the latter half of the i6th cent.; 
 teacher of the children of James I., and of 
 Henry and William Lawes. — Works : Music to 
 2 Masques ; a set of Fancies f . org. ; several 
 ditto f. viol; songs ("Funeral Tears," etc., 
 "Songs of Mourning," etc.). 
 
 Cop'pola, Pietro Antonio [Pierantonio], 
 dramatic composer ; b. Castrogiovanni, Sicily, 
 Dec. II, 1793 ; d. Catania, Nov. 13, 1877. A 
 pupil of the Naples Cons, for a short time, but 
 chiefly self-taught, he was a contemporary and a 
 not wholly fortunate rival of Rossini. He pro- 
 duced some 15 operas from 1816-1850, without 
 real success until the fifth, Nina pazza per 
 amore (Rome, 1835 ; thence to many chief cities 
 of Europe ; and at Paris as Eva); abt. 1839 C. 
 became cond. of the Lisbon Royal Opera. Be- 
 sides operas, he wrote masses, litanies, and other 
 church-music. 
 
 Coquard, Arthur, b. Paris, 1846. Private 
 pupil of Cesar Franck. Prof, of music at the 
 Nat. Inst, of the "Jeunes Aveugles"; music 
 critic for " Le Monde." — Comp.s : 2-act opera 
 I'&pie du rai (Angers, 1884); 3-act com. op., 
 Le mari d'un jour (Paris, 1886) ; 2-act (spec- 
 tacular) lyric drama I'Oiseau li/eu{Fa.ns, 1894) ; 
 4-act lyr. dr. La Jacquerie (Monte Carlo and 
 Paris, 1895); 4-act opera y(z,4(?/(not perf.) ; lyr. 
 dr. Philocikie (do.) ; an oratorio, Jeanne d'Arc'j 
 several secular cantatas. — He publ. (Paris, 1892) ; 
 " De la musique en France depuis Rameau," 
 which received a prize from the Acad, des beaux- 
 arts. 
 
 Corbett, William, Engl, violinist; b. 1669(7); 
 d. London (?), 1748. A member of the queen's 
 band, he lived in Rome from 1 7 11-40 ; he 
 gave occasional concerts, and was a collector 
 of musical books and instr.s, bequeathing the 
 latter to Gresham College. Publ. many sonatas, 
 and " concertos " f. .various instr.s ; wrote incid. 
 mus. to Henry IV. and Love Betrayed ; also 
 songs. 
 
 Cordans, Bartolommeo, composer ; b. Ven- 
 ice, 1700; d. Udine, May 14, 1757; entered 
 the order of the Franciscans at an early age. 
 
 but obtained Papal dispensation later to leave it. 
 From 1729-31 he brought out 3 mod. succ. 
 operas at Venice ; in 1735 he became inin'stro 
 at Udine cathedral, and composed an immense 
 amount of church-music, much of which was 
 purposely destroyed, yet in the cathedral ar- 
 chives 60 masses, over 100 psalms, many motets, 
 etc., are preserved in MS. 
 
 Cordel'la, Giacomo, b. Naples, July 25, 
 1786 ; d. there Aug. 8, 1846. Pupil of Fena- 
 roli and Paisiello, and a very prolific dramatic 
 composer, 19 of his operas having been pro- 
 duced, chiefly in Naples. He was prof, of sol- 
 feggio at Naples Cons., m. di capp. at several 
 convents in Naples, and long director of music 
 at the San Carlo Th. Also wrote masses, can- 
 tatas, etc. 
 
 Corder, Frederick, b. Hackney, London, 
 Jan. 26, 1852. Pupil of R. A. M., and in 1875 
 won the Mendelssohn Scholarship ; from 1875-8 
 studied with Ferd. Hiller at Cologne ; became 
 cond. of Brighton Aquarium Concerts in l88o, 
 and greatly improved their quality. Now resid- 
 ing at Brighton as a teacher and composer. 
 He is also a translator, writer, and critic of 
 good repute. — Works: Op. i, orch. suite, "In 
 the Black Forest"; op. i,. Idyll for orch., 
 "Evening on the Sea-shore"; op. 3, grand 
 opera Morte d' Arthur (1877) ; op. 4, opera 
 Philomel (i^iq) \ op. 5, cantata The Cyclops; 
 op. 6, 4 River Songs (trios f. female voices) ; 
 Ossian, concert-overture ; 3 operettas : A 
 Storm in a Teacup (1880) ; Tlie Nabob's Pickle 
 (1883); The Noble 5flm^^ (1885) ; "Dream- 
 land," ode f. ch. and orch. (1883) ; orch. scenes 
 for The Tempest (18S6) ; Roumanian dances f. 
 pf. and vln. ; overture f. orch., "Prospero"; 
 cantata The Bridal of Triermain ; 3-act opera 
 Nordisa (1887); Roumanian Suite f. orch.; 
 " The Minstrel's Curse," ballad f. declamation 
 w. orch. (1888) ; The Sword of Ar^atityr, 
 dram, cantata (1889). 
 
 Corel'li, Arcangelo, admirable violinist and 
 composer ; born Fusignano, n. Imola, Italy, in 
 Feb., 1653 ; d. Rome, Jan. 13, 1713. His violin 
 teacher was G. B. Bassani ; counterpoint he 
 learned with Matteo Simonelli. Little is known 
 of his life until 1681, when, after travelling in 
 Germany and holding a position in Munich, he 
 settled in Rome under the patronage of Cardinal 
 Pietro Ottoboni, in whose house he lived. His 
 talents, combined with a winning, personality, 
 made him a favorite in the highest social circles 
 of Rome ; his concerts in the cardinal's palace 
 were considered the chief musical events of the 
 day. In 1683 his op. I was published. As a 
 teacher his fame grew apace ; pupils flocked to 
 him from all sides, among them Battista Anet, 
 Geminiani, Locatelli, and G. and L. Somis. The 
 King of Naples made repeated overtures to C. to 
 enter his service : at length, yielding to his solici- 
 tations, C. went to Naples, and gave a very suc- 
 cessful concert before the court ; but his second 
 
 123 
 
CORNELIUS— CORONARO 
 
 attempt failed to please the king, he himself 
 made some awkward slips, and soon thereafter 
 returned to Rome 
 covered with mor- 
 tification. Here a 
 mediocre violinist, 
 Valentini, had been 
 well received by the 
 public meantime ; 
 and Corelli, imagin- 
 ing himself sup- 
 planted and neg- 
 lected, went into a 
 decline, and died 
 "aged 59 years, lo 
 months, and 20. 
 
 days." He was buried in the Church of Santa 
 Maria della Rotonda ; his statue is in the Vati- 
 can. — C.'s merit was twofold ; understanding the 
 character of his instrument, he laid the founda- 
 tion of good violin-technique : to him are attrib- 
 uted the systematization of the science of bow- 
 ing and the regulation of the shifts and the in- 
 troduction of chord-playing. His compositions 
 are still regarded as classics. His greatest effort 
 was the " Concerti grossi," which appeared only 
 six weeks before his death. Of the works publ. 
 under Corelli's name, all but the following six, 
 which are given under their original titles, are 
 probably spurious: " 12 Suonate a tre, due vio- 
 lini e violoncello, col basso per I'organo. Op. i, 
 Roma, 1683" ; " 12 Suonate da camera a tre, 
 due violini, violoncello, e violone o cembalo. 
 Op. 2, Roma, 1685"; "12 Suonate a tre, due 
 violini e arciliuto col basso per I'organo. Op. 
 3, Bologna, 1690"; "12 Suonate da camera 
 a tre, due violini e violone o cembalo. Op. 4, 
 Bologna, 1694" (in Amsterdam as "Ballettida 
 camera"); "12 Suonate a violono e violone o 
 cembalo. Op. 5, Roma, 1700" (later arr. by 
 Geminiani as "Concerti grossi"); "Concerti 
 grossi con due violini e violoncello di concer- 
 tino obbligato, e due altri violini, viola e basso 
 di concerto grosso ad arbitrio, che si possono 
 raddoppiare. Op. 6, Roma, 1712." All these 
 were variously reprinted at the time, more re- 
 cent editions are by Pepusch (Walsh : London ; 
 op. 1-4, and op. 6) ; by Joachim (in Chrysander's 
 " Denkmaler"; op. i and 2), and by Alard and 
 David (some numbers from op. 5). 
 
 Corne'lius, Peter, composer and writer ; b. 
 Mayence, Dec. 24, 1824; d. there Oct. 26, 1874. 
 A nephew of the painter Peter von Cornelius, 
 he at first embraced the profession of an actor ; 
 but after an unsuccessful debut he changed his 
 mind, studied cpt. with Dehn at BerHn (1845-52), 
 and then joined • Liszt's following in Weimar, 
 as a champion of Wagner, contributing frequent 
 articles to the " Neue Zeitschriftf. Musik." The 
 failure of C.'s opera, Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 (Weimar, 1858), through factious opposition, so 
 disgusted Liszt that he left Weimar ; the opera 
 later (1886—7) niet with deserved success in Dres- 
 den, Coburg, Hamburg, and other cities. C. 
 
 now (1859) went to Wagner at Vienna, and fol- 
 lowed>him to Munich (1865), where he was app. 
 reader to King Lud- 
 wig IL, and prof, of 
 harm, and rhetoric at 
 the R. Music School. 
 A second opera, Der 
 Cid, was prod, at 
 Weimar in 1865 ; a 
 third, GtinlSd (from 
 the Edda) remained 
 unfinished [complet- 
 ed by Lassen, and 
 prod, at Strassburg 
 in 1892]. He publ. 
 ' ' Lieder-Cyclus "(op. 
 3), Duets f. sopr. and bar. (op. 6), Weihnachts- 
 lieder (op. 8), Trauerchore f. male ch. (op. 
 9). Many of these enjoy considerable vogue,' 
 though the part-writing is not smooth and the 
 harmonies are sometimes forced. A vol. of 
 " Lyrische Poesien " was issued in i86l ; C. also 
 wrote the libretti of his operas, and was a fine 
 translator. Biographies of C. have been written 
 by Sandberger (" Leben u. Werke des Dichter- 
 Musikers P. C." Leipzig, 1887), and Hermann 
 Kretzschmar (Leipzig, Br. und Hartel). 
 
 Cornell', John Henry, b. New York, in May, 
 1828 ; d. there March i, 1894. Organist, com- 
 poser, writer ; st. in N. Y., Germany, and Eng- 
 land. Organist in several N. Y. churches (1848, 
 St John's Chapel ; 1868-77, St. Paul's Church ; 
 1877-82, Old Brick Ch,). His sacred composi- 
 tions are highly esteemed ; of his writings we 
 note "Primer of Modern Mus. Tonality," 
 " Practice of Sight-singing," " Theory and 
 Practice of Mus. Form " (after L. Bussler), 
 "Easy Method of Modulation," " Manual of 
 Roman Chant," and " Congregationar Tune 
 Book." " The Introit Psalms, as prescribed by 
 the First Prayer-book of Edward VI., set to 
 Original Chants" (N. V., 1871) ; a Te Deum ; 
 part-songs ; songs w. pf. ; etc. Also numerous 
 translations. 
 
 Cornet, Julius, b. 1792 at S. Candido in the 
 Tyrol ; d. Berlin, Oct. 29, i860. He was a 
 pupil of Salieri ; became a famous stage-tenor, 
 then director of the Hamburg Th. ; from 1854-S, 
 of Court Opera in Vienna, and finally of the 
 Victoria Th., Berlin. Author of " Die Oper in 
 Deutschland." — His wife, Franziska (1806- 
 1870), was a brilliant singer. 
 
 Corona'ro, Gaetano, violinist and composer ; 
 b. Vicenza, Italy, Dec. 18, 1852. Pupil of the 
 Milan Cons, till 1873 ; studied for some months 
 in Germany, and, on returning, successfully 
 prod, the opera -Un Tramonto (Milan, Cons. 
 Th., 1873). This was followed by the 3-act 
 opera seria La Creola (Bologna, 1878), and the 
 3-act op. seria // Malacarne (Brescia, 1894). C. 
 was for several years prof, of harmony in the 
 Milan Cons., and, since A. Catalani's death- in 
 1894, prof, of comp, there. 
 
 124 
 
CORONARO— COTTRAU 
 
 Corona'ro, GelHo Benvenuto, b. Italy, abt. 
 1863 ; pianist and comp. (proUg^ of Sonzogno) ; 
 debut as pianist at the age of 8 ; and at 9, org. in 
 Vicenza ; at 13, theatre-cond. at Marosteca ; at 
 15, chorusmaster ; at 16, entered Bologna Cons., 
 graduating with first prizes ; comp. a symphony 
 and a cantata. — Works : Opera. Jolanda (iW()l:)\ 
 l-act dramatic sketch Festa a Marina [took 1st 
 prize in 1892, offered by Sonzogno] (Venice, 
 1893 ; mod. succ.) ; operetta Minestrone Napo- 
 letano (Messina, 1893 ; succ.) ; 2-act op. seria 
 Claudia (Milan, 1895 ; unsucc). 
 
 Cor'ri, Domenico, b. Rome, Oct. 4, 1744 ; 
 d. London, May 22, 1825. He was a pupil of 
 Porpora (1763-7) , settled in London in 1774, 
 brought out 2 operas, Alessandro nelle Indie 
 (1774) and The Travellers (abt. 1780), and 
 founded, with his son-in-law Dussek, a music- 
 business (1797), which failed. He publ. " The 
 Singer's Preceptor" (1798), "Musical Diction- 
 ary "(1798), " The Art of Fingering" (1799), and 
 a " Mus. Grammar"; also arias, songs, duets, 
 sonatas, and rondos. 
 
 Cor'si, Jacopo, b. abt. 1560 ; a Florentine 
 nobleman and patron of art, in whose house, as 
 in that of his friend Bardi, were held the memor- 
 able meetings of Peri, Caccini, Emiliodel Cava- 
 liere, Galilei, the poet Rinuccini, and others, 
 whose efforts inaugurated the era of modern 
 operatic composition. Corsi, the host, was him- 
 self a skilful player on the gravicembalo, and 
 aided in the performance of the new music. 
 
 Cortec'cia, Francesco Bernardo di, b. 
 
 Arezzo, early in the l6th century ; d. Florence, 
 June 7, 1571. Org., in 1531, of the Ch. of S. 
 Lorenzo ; 1541-71, m. di capp. to Duke Cosimo 
 the Great. — Publ. wedding-music (for the Duke), 
 9 pieces, a 4, 6, and 8 (Venice, 1539) ; 3 books 
 of Madrigals (1545, '47, '47) ; Responses and 
 Lessons (1570) ; 32 Hymns a 4 ; Canticorum 
 liber primus (1571) ; many others have been de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Coss'mann, Bernhard, fine 'cellist and com- 
 poser ; b. Dessau, May 17, 1S22. Pupil of 
 Espenhahn and Drechsler, also of Theo. Muller 
 and Kummer (in Dresden). A member of the 
 Grand Opera Orch., Paris, in 1840 ; London 
 (1841); Op.-Com., Paris, till 1846; Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, 1847-8, as solo 'cellist, also studying 
 comp. under Hauptmann ; at Weimar (with 
 Liszt) in 1850 ; in 1866, prof, at Moscow Cons. ; 
 lived from 1870-8 at Baden-Baden ; since then, 
 prof, of 'cello at Frankfort Cons. — Works : Con- 
 certstiick; Pitees de salon; Fantasias on opera- 
 tic motives. 
 
 Cos'ta, Carlo, b. Naples, 1826 ; d. there 
 Jan., 1888 ; teacher of mus. theory in Naples 
 Cons. 
 
 Cos'ta, Sir Michael (properly Michele), 
 dram. comp. and celebrated conductor ; b. Na- 
 ples, Feb, 4, 1810 (1807?); d, Brighton, Apr. 
 
 29, 1884. His father, Pasquale C. [a composer 
 of church-music, and pupil of L. Leo], was his 
 first teacher ; he then 
 studied in the Cons, 
 under Tritto, Zinga- 
 relli (comp.), and 
 Crescentini (sing- 
 ing). After bring- 
 ing out 4 successful 
 operas at Naples, he 
 was sent to Birming- 
 ham, Eng. , byZinga- 
 relli, to conduct the 
 latter's psalm Super 
 
 flumina Babilonis, ^*' ,^^'^ ''f///r^/0^ 
 but through some 
 misunderstanding 
 was required to sing the tenor part, instead 
 of conducting. But he remained permanently 
 in England ; was eng. (1830) as m. al cembalo 
 at the King's Th., London, in 1832 as musical 
 director, and in 1833 as director and conductor. 
 During this time he produced the three ballets 
 Kenilworth (1831), Une heiire h. Naples (1832), 
 and Sir Huon (1833, for Taglioni). In 1846 
 he became cond. of the Philh. and of the new 
 Ital. Opera ; in 1848, of the Sacred Harmonic 
 Society. From 1849 he, was the regular cond. 
 of the Birmingham Festivals; from 1857, of 
 the Handel Festivals. He was knighted in 
 1869; in 1871 he was app. "director of the 
 music, composer, and conductor" at H. M.'s 
 Opera. Besides the oratorios La Passione (Na- 
 ples, 1825), Eli (Birmingham, 1855), and Naa^ 
 man (ib., 1864), he prod, the following operas : 
 // sospetto funesto (Naples, 1826) ; // delitto 
 putiito (1827) ; // carcere d' Jldegonda (Naples, 
 1828); Malvina (Naples, 1829 ; revived as Malek 
 Adel in Paris, 1838) ; and Don Carlos (London, 
 1844); also 2 cantatas, a mass, 3 symphonies, etc. 
 
 Cos'ta, P. Mario, b. Taranto, July 26, 1858; 
 nephew of Michele C. ; has written much cham- 
 ber-music, and many popular songs, mostly in 
 Neapolitan dialect (Luna Nova, Oje Caruli, 
 Serenata Medioevale, 'A Frangesa, Serenata d'un 
 Suonatore, 'A Napulitana. Oill Oila, 'O capo 
 figlio, 'A Sartulella, Canzonetta, Nanni, Sere- 
 natella, Mena me', etc.) ; also 2 pantomimes, 
 Le ModHe rlvi, and l' Histoire d'un Pierrot 
 (Paris, 1894? ; succ). 
 
 Cot'ta, Johann, b. Ruhla, Thuringia, May 
 24, 1794; d. as pastor at Willerstedt, n. Weimar, 
 Mar. 18, 1868. Composed the folk-song, "Was 
 ist des Deutschen Vaterland ? " 
 
 Cot'to [Cotto'niusJ, Johannes, an early 
 writer (nth to 12th cent.); his treatise " Epistola 
 ad Fulgentium " contains valuable information 
 on the beginnings of notation and solmisation 
 (printed by Gerbert in " Scriptores," vol. ii). 
 
 Cot'trau, Guillaume [Guglielmo], b. Paris, 
 Aug. 10, 1797 ; d. Naples, Oct. 31, 1847. A 
 pupil of the Naples Cons. (Crescentini) ; com- 
 
 125 
 
COUCY— COURVOISIER 
 
 poser of popular songs in the Neapolitan dialect 
 (Raziella ; Michelerama ; Fenesta che lucivi ; 
 Fenesta vascia e patrone crudele ; etc.). — His 
 sons, Teodoro, pen-name Eutalindo Martelli 
 (b. Naples, Nov. 7, 1827 ; d. there March 30, 
 1879), and Giulio [Jules], are likewise popular 
 song-composers ; the latter (residing in Paris) 
 has also written several French operettas (fw^ 
 sentinelle perdue ; La princesse Georges ; La 
 mouche blanche), and the operas Griselda and Le 
 roi Lear. 
 
 Coucy, Regnault, Chatelain de, a trouba- 
 dour ; d. 1 192, in Palestine, whither he had 
 accomp. Richard Cceur de Lion. A poem of 
 abt. 1228, " Li Roumans dou Chastelain de 
 Coucy et de la dame de Fayel," narrates how the 
 dying troubadour requested that his heart should 
 be sent to his lady-love, whose jealous husband 
 intercepted it, and had it served up, roasted, to 
 his wife, who died broken-hearted on being told 
 what she had eaten. — Following the numerous 
 MSS. in the Paris Library, several modern ver- 
 sions of Regnault's songs have been publ. ; the 
 best is the " Chansons du Chatelain de Coucy," 
 by Francisque-Michel (Paris, 1830), with the old 
 music. 
 
 Couperin, a family of French musicians, re- 
 nowned for two centuries. Those first known 
 to fame were 3 brothers, Louis, Charles, and 
 Franfois, of Chaume in the dept. of Brie. 
 
 Couperin, Louis, b. 1630, d. 1665 as org. of 
 St.-Gervais, Paris ; he was also " dessus de 
 viole" (violinist) to Louis XIII. He left, in 
 MS., 3 suites of pes. f. clavecin. 
 
 Couperin, Frangois (Sieur de Crouilly), b. 
 1631, d. 1701 ; a pupil of Chambonnieres in 
 harm, and clavecin-playing ; was org. at St.- 
 Gervais, 1679-98. — Works in MS.: "Pieces 
 d'orgue consistantes en deux messes, etc." 
 
 Couperin, Charles, b. 1638, d. 1669 ; suc- 
 ceeded his brother Louis, in 1665, as org. at 
 St.-Gervais. 
 
 Couperin, Fran9ois (surnamed le Grand, 
 on account of his superiority in organ-playing), 
 son of Charles C. ; b. Paris, i568 ; d. there 1733. 
 Pie was taught by 
 the organist Louis- 
 Jacques Thomelin ; 
 succeeded his uncle 
 Frangois as org. at 
 S.-G. in 1698 ; in 
 1701 was appointed 
 " claveciniste de la 
 chambre du roi, et 
 organiste de sa cha- tfl 
 pelle." Chrysander, ''^ 
 in the Preface to the 
 complete edition of 
 C.'s comp.s f. clav. 
 (London ; prepared 
 by Chrysander and 
 
 Brahms), writes, " C. is the first great composer 
 for the harpsichord known in the history of 
 
 music. The eminent masters who preceded 
 him — Merulo, Frescobaldi, and many others- 
 applied their art quite as much to the organ as 
 to the harpsichord ; whereas Couperin, though 
 he played both instruments, wrote for the latter 
 only. He stands, therefore, at the commence- 
 ment of the modern period, and must be re- 
 garded as clearing the way for a new art. 
 Among his yoanger contemporaries, and, in 
 part, his pupils, were Scarlatti, Handel, and 
 Bach. Couperin's method of writing music was 
 very peculiar. It was his constant aim to set 
 down the music with the greatest possible full- 
 ness, exactly as he played it on his instrument. 
 Even the manifold embellishments are most 
 accurately indicated. All this gives to his music 
 a more technical appearance than has that of any 
 other master of the period." — Works : 4 " Livres 
 de pitees de clavecin," publ. Paris, 1713, 1716, 
 1722, and 1730, respectively ; the 3rd also con- 
 tains "4 concerts a I'usage de toutes sortes d'in- 
 struments"; " Les Gouts reunis, ou Nouveaux 
 Concerts . . . "(1724); " L'Apotheose de 
 I'incomparable L * * * " [Lulli] (no date) ; 
 Trios ; ' ' Le9ons des tenebres a une et deux 
 voix " (no date) ; ' ' L'art de toucher du clave- 
 cin "(1717). 
 
 Couperin, Nicolas, son of Franyois the 
 elder ; b. Paris, 1680 ; d. 1748 as org. of St.- 
 Gervais. 
 
 Couperin, Armand-Louis, son of Nicolas ; 
 b. Paris, Jan. 11, 1721 ; d. there 1789. His 
 virtuosity on the organ was extraordinary ; he 
 was org. in turn to the king, of St.-Gervais, St.- 
 Barthelemy, of Ste. -Marguerite, and one of the 
 4 organists of Notre-Dame. His comp.s (so- 
 natas, tt trio, motets, and other church-music) 
 are correctly written, but not inspired, music— 
 His wife, Elisabeth- Antoinette (Ki<?Blan- 
 chet), was also a remarkable organist and clave- 
 cinist, playing in public at the age of 8l (in iBio). 
 
 Couperin, Pierre - Louis, son of Armand- 
 Louis, was his father's assistant-organist ; d. 
 1789. 
 
 Couperin, Gervais - Frangois, son of Ar- 
 mand-Louis, and the last of this illustrious 
 family, succeeded his father as org. of St.-Ger- 
 vais, and in other posts. His ability was medi- 
 ocre, both as a comp. and player. 
 
 Couppey. See Le Couppey. 
 
 Courtois, Jean, French. contrapuntist in the 
 first half of the i6th century, was m. de chap. 
 at Cambrai cath. in 1540, when a 4-part motet 
 of his, Veniie populi terrae, was perf. before 
 Charles V. of Spain. A mass, Domine quis 
 habitant, is in the Munich Library (MS. 51) i 
 motets and psalms have been publ. 
 
 Courvoisier, Karl, violinist ; b. Basel, Nov. 
 12, 1846 ; pupil of David and Rontgen at Leip- 
 zig Cons. (1867-g), and of Joachim in Berlin 
 (1869-70). In 1871 he was for a short time a 
 member of the Thalia Th, orch. , Frankfort ; he 
 
 126 
 
COUSSEMAKER— CRAMER 
 
 remained in that city till 1875, conducting, and 
 studying singing with Gustav Barth ; then be- 
 came conductor of the Dilsseldorf Theatre 
 orch., resigning in 1876 to devote himself to 
 teaching and to conducting choral societies. 
 Since 1885 he has resided in Liverpool as a 
 singing-teacher. — Comp.s : A symphony, 2 
 concert-overtures, and a vln. -concerto (MS.) ; 
 minor pieces have been publ. — He has written 
 an admirable essay, " Die Violintechnik " (Eng- 
 lish transl., " The Technics of Violin-playing," 
 by_H. E. Krehbiel; 2nd ed. N. Y., 1896); an 
 " Ecole de la velocite " f. vln., and a " Methode 
 de Violon" (London, 1892). 
 
 Coussemaker, Charles - Edouard - Henri 
 de, eminent musicograph ; b. Bailleul, Nord, 
 Apr. 19, 1805 ; d. Bourbourg, Jan. 10, 1876. 
 "His musical aptitude was such, that at 10 he 
 could play any piece upon the piano at sight." 
 While studying law at Paris, he took private 
 lessons with Pellegrini in singing, and with 
 Payer and Reicha in harm., continuing studies 
 in cpt. with V. Lefebvre, at Douai, after becom- 
 ing a lawyer. At this time (1831-5) he found 
 leisure to compose music of the most varied 
 description, all of which, excepting a score of 
 romances^ and 2 sets of songs, is unpubl. But 
 perusal of the " Revue musicale " (then edited 
 by Fetis) excited his interest in historico- 
 musical research, which thenceforward formed 
 the chief aim of his literary labors, pursued 
 with equal ardor during successive terms as 
 judge in Hazebrouck, Dunkerque, and I^ille. 
 He publ. " Memoire sur Hucbald " (Paris, 
 1841) ; " Notices sur les collections mus. de la 
 bibliothique de Cambrai . . . "(1843); " Essai 
 sur les instr.s de musique au moyen age" (in 
 Dindron's " Annales archeologiques, " illus- 
 trated) ; ' ' Histoire de I'harmonie au moyen ige " 
 (1852) ; " 3 chants historiques " (1854) ; " Chants 
 populaires des Flamands de France " (1856) ; 
 " Drames liturgiques du moyen age " (l86l) ; 
 " Les harmonistes des XII" et XIII= siteles" 
 (1864) ; a grand work, intended for a supple- 
 ment to Gerbert, entitled ' ' Scriptores de musica 
 raediiasvi, nova series" (1864-76, 4 vol.s) ; 
 " L'art harmonique aux XII° et XIII° siecles" 
 (1865); " CEuvres completes d'Adam de la 
 Halle" (1872). 
 
 Cousser. See Kusser. 
 
 Cov'erly, Robert, composer ; b. Oporto, 
 Portugal, Sept. 6, 1863. He studied counter- 
 point, orchestration, and violin, under Weist 
 Hill, Ludwig, and jacquinot, in London. He 
 is now (1899) living in New York, engaged in 
 composition and comic-opera work. From a 
 long list of publ. works, the following are se- 
 lected as representative : — For Pf. : Sctoe de 
 ballet ; 2 Tarantellas ; Recreation at the Nun- 
 nery ; L'Inquietude, etude de concert ; Berceuse, 
 (arr. from Gounod) ; Impromptu ; 10 Sketches ; 
 10 Ballades; "At the Monastery," festival 
 march ; characteristic marches (Span., Hungar., 
 Egyptian, Russian, Arabian ; The Passing Regi- 
 
 ment ; Spanish Gypsy Dance) ; Concert-study 
 for vln. and pf. — Vocal : Very numerous songs, 
 • some of which have attained wide popularity. 
 
 Coward, James, excellent organist ; b. Lon- 
 don, Jan. 25, 1824 ; d. there Jan. 22, 1880. 
 Chorister in Westminster Abbey ; org. at the 
 Crystal Palace 1857-80 ; cond. of the Western 
 Madrigal Society 1864-72 ; and of the Abbey 
 and the City Glee Clubs ; also org. of the 
 Sacred Harmonic Soc. , and of the Grand Lodge 
 of Freemasons. — Works ; Anthems ; part- 
 songs ; 10 Glees a 4 and 5 (1857) ; 10 Glees 
 (1871) ; songs, etc. 
 
 Cowen, Frederic Hymen, born Kingston, 
 Jamaica, Jan. 29, 1852. His evident talent for 
 music caused his 
 parents to bring 
 him to England to 
 study, at the age of 
 4. He was a pupil 
 of Benedict and 
 Goss in Ijondon ; 
 St. 1865-7 at Leip- 
 zig under Haupt- 
 mann, Moscheles, 
 Reinecke, Richter, 
 and Plaidy ; 1867-8 
 in Berlin under Kiel; 
 was app. Director of 
 theEdinburghAcad. 
 of Music in 1882 ; 
 
 succeeded Sullivan as cond. of the London 
 Philh. in 1887 ; mus. director of the Melbourne 
 Centennial Exhibition (1888-9) I '" 1896, cond, 
 of the Liverpool Philliarm., and Sir Charles 
 Halle's successor as cond. of the Manchester 
 Concerts. — Works : Two operettas. Garibaldi, 
 and One too many (1874) ; four operas, Pauline 
 (1876), Thorgrim (i8go), Signa (Milan, Dal 
 Verme Th., 1893 ; London, 1893), and Harold, 
 or The Norman Conquest (4 acts ; London, 
 1895) ; two oratorios. The Deluge (1878), and 
 Ruth (1887) ; seven cantatas. The Rose Maiden 
 (1870), The Corsair (1876), St. Ursula (1881) 
 The Sleeping Beauty (1885), St. John's Eve 
 (1889), The Water-Lily (1893), The Transfig- 
 uration (1895) ; alsoa " Song of Thanksgiving " 
 (Melbourne, 1888), " All hail the glorious reign " 
 (1897), and Collins' "Ode to the Passions" 
 (Leeds, 1898) ; six symphonies, i. in C min. 
 (l86g), 2. in F (1872), 3. "Scandinavian," in C 
 min. (r88o), 4. "Welsh," in B^ min., 5. in F, 
 6. " Idyllic," in E ; four orchestral suites, " The 
 Language of Flowers," "In the olden time," 
 "In Fairyland," Suite de Ballet ; Sinfonietta 
 in A, f. orch.; pf.-concerto in A min.; 2 over- 
 tures f. orch.; pf.-trio in A min.; pf.-quartet in 
 C min.; pf.-pcs. ; over 250 songs. A 6-page 
 sketch of C. is in the London " Musical Times " 
 for Nov., 1898. 
 
 Cra'mer [krah-], Karl Friedrich, b. Qued- 
 linburg. Mar. 7, 1752 ; d. Paris, Dec. 8, 1807. 
 He lost his position as prof, at Kiel, in 1794, 
 
 127 
 
CRAMER— CRISTOFORI 
 
 because of open sympathy with the French 
 Revolution — Publ. "Flora" (pf.- pieces and 
 songs), "Polyhymnia" (operas in pf. -score), 
 and the " Magazin fur Musik" (1783-89), all 
 with critical prefaces ; also a " Kurze Ubersicht 
 der Geschichte der franzosischen Musik " (1786), 
 and German translations of Rousseau's writings. 
 
 Cra'raer, Wilhelm, violinist ; b. Mannheim, 
 1745 (1743?) ; d. London, Oct. 5, 1799 (1800?). 
 Pupil of the elder Stamitz, and Cannabich ; was 
 a member of the Mannheim orch. from 1761-72, 
 and became cond. of the King's Band in Lon- 
 don, and leader at the Opera, Pantheon, An- 
 tient Concerts and Professional Concerts. He 
 conducted the Handel Festivals (1784 and 1787), 
 and the Gloucester Festival (1799).— Works ; 8 
 vln. -concertos ; trios ; solo-pcs. f. vln. 
 
 Cra'mer, Franz, flutist, nephew of Wilhelm 
 C; b. Munich, 1786; d. (?); was first flute in 
 the Munich orch. — Publ. flute-concertos, vari- 
 ations, etc. 
 
 Cra'mer, Johann Baptist, the famous pian- 
 ist and pedagogue, eldest son of Wilhelm C, 
 was b. Mannheim, 
 Feb. 24, 1771 ; d. 
 London (where he 
 was brought when 
 but a year old), 
 April 16, 1858. 
 His first teaching 
 on the violin and 
 pf., and in har- 
 mony, was by his 
 father ; he also 
 studied with Den- 
 ser and Schroeter, 
 with Clem enti 
 (1779-81), and C. 
 F. Abel (thorough- 
 bass, 1785), though ''' 
 in comp. he was chiefly self-taught. As a con- 
 cert-pianist, he began his travels in 1788, play- 
 ing in the European capitals, and returning to 
 London, which he considered his home, at in- 
 tervals. In 1828 he established a music-pub- 
 lishing house (now Cramer & Co.), in partner- 
 ship with Addison ; he conducted it until 1842, 
 and it still flourishes. From 1832-45 he spent 
 much time in Paris. — Cramer publ. a great 
 "Method f. pf." (" Grosse praktische Pfte.- 
 Schule ") " in 5 parts," the last of which, the 
 celebrated "84 Studies" (op. 50), is now the 
 best known of all his works (Billow has publ. a 
 fine selection of fifty, revised and annotated ; 
 Ad. Henselt issued a different selection, w. ace. 
 of 2nd pf.), and is deservedly a standard work 
 in pianistic pedagogics. Part II. of the same 
 "Method " (" Die SchulederFingerfertigkeit "), 
 100 Daily Studies (op. 100). is also valuable, 
 though in a less degree Other works : 7 pf.- 
 concertos (op. 10, 16, 26, 37, 48, 51, 56) ; 105 
 pf. -sonatas ; pf. -quartet (op. 28), pf. -quintet (op. 
 61), and numerous other pf. -compositions. 
 
 hardly any of which are known to the present 
 generation. 
 
 Cranz, August, music-publ. firm in Ham- 
 burg, founded 1813 by August Heinrich Cranz 
 (1789-1870). His son, Alwin (b. 1834), is the 
 present head. Branches were est. in Vienna 
 (1876), Brussels (1883), and London (1892). 
 
 Cray'winckel [kri-], Ferdinand Manuel 
 Martin Louis Barth^lemy de, b. Madrid, 
 Aug. 24, 1820 ; pupil of Bellon at Bordeaux ; 
 m. de chap, of St. -Bruno, Bordeaux, where he 
 has lived since 1825. His numerous masses, 
 and other church-works, are of a high order. 
 
 Crecquillon [Cr6quilIon], Thomas, b. n. 
 Ghent (?) ; d. Bethune, 1557. Distinguished 
 contrapuntist ; maestro to Charles V. of Spain 
 abt. 1544-47; later canon at Namur, Termonde, 
 and Bethune. His works, which rank with the 
 best of that period, consist of masses, motets, 
 cantiones, and French chansons a 4, 5, and 6. 
 
 Crescenti'ni, Girolamo, one of the last and 
 finest of the Ital. artificial mezzo-sopranos ; b. 
 Urb' ria, n. Urbino, Feb. 2, 1766 ; d. Naples, 
 Apr. 24, 1846. He studied singing with Gi- 
 belli at Bologna, and made a highly successful 
 debut at Rome in 1783 ; subsequent successes 
 in the Other European capitals earned him the 
 surname of " Orfeo italiano" (Ital. Orpheus). 
 He sang at Leghorn, Padua, Venice, Turin, 
 London (1786), Milan, and Naples (1788-9). 
 Napoleon, having heard him in 1805, decorated 
 him with the Iron Crown, and engaged him 
 from 1806-12 ; Cr. then retired from the stage 
 and left Paris, on account of vocal disorders in- 
 duced by the climate ; in 1816 he became prof, 
 of singing in the R. Cons., Naples. " Nothing 
 could exceed the suavity of his tones, the force 
 of his expression, 'the taste of his ornaments, or 
 the large style of his phrasing" [F^Tls]. He 
 also publ. several coll.s of Arielte (Vienna, 
 (1797), and a Treatise on Vocalization in Fr. 
 and It. , with vocal exercises (Paris). 
 
 Cressent, Anatole, b. Argenteuil, Apr. 24, 
 1824 ; d. Paris, May 28, 1870. A lawyer, and 
 an educated amateur of music, he left 100,000 
 fr. (to which his heirs added 20,000), the inter- 
 est to be awarded triennially (" Prix Cressent"), 
 one-half to the autho* of the best libretto, and 
 one-half to the composer of the best opera. 
 William Chaumet was the first to win the prize, 
 in 1875, with the comic opera Baihylc. 
 
 Cristo'fori, Bartolommeo (wrongly called 
 Cfisiofali and Cristofani)^ famous as the in- 
 ventor of the first practical hammer-action for 
 keyboard-instruments, was b". Padua, May 4, 
 1653 ; d. Florence, Mar. 17, 1731. He was at 
 first a leading maker of " clavicembali " in 
 Padua ; he removed to Florence abt. 1690. 
 According to an article by Maffei, publ. 1711 '" 
 the " Giornale dei Letterati d'ltalia," C. had up 
 to that year made 3 " gravecembali col piano e 
 forte," these having, instead of the usual jacks 
 
 128 
 
CRIVELLI— CROTCH 
 
 plucking the strings with quills, a row of little 
 hammers striking the strings from below. The 
 principle of this hammer-action was adopted, in 
 the main, by Gottfried Silbermann, the Streich- 
 ers, and Broad wood (hence called the " English 
 action "). Following the designation by its in- 
 ventor, the new instrument was named Piano- 
 forte. — In 1716, Cr. was app. instr.-maker to 
 Prince Ferdinando de' Medici ; on the latter's 
 death, he was made custodian of the court col- 
 lection of instr.s, by Cosimo III. 
 
 Crivel'li, Arcangelo, b. Bergamo (?) ; d. 
 1610; abt. 1583, tenor singer in the PapalChapel. 
 — Works : Masses, psalms, and motets ; only a 
 few of the last were publ. 
 
 Crivel'li, Giovanni Battista, comp. of the 
 Lombardy school ; b. Scandiano, Modena ; d. 
 Modena, 1682. Org. at Reggio cath.; then m. 
 di capp. to the court of Ferrara ; held a similar 
 post, in 1651, at the court of Francesco I. at 
 Modena, and (1654) at the Ch. of S. Maria Mag- 
 giore, Bergamo. — Publ. " Mottetti concertati " 
 (1626) and " Madrigali concertati" (1633). 
 
 Crivel'li, Gaetano, celebrated tenor ; b. 
 Bergamo, 1774 ; d. Brescia, July 10, 1836. Sang 
 in Brescia 1793, in Naples 1795, in Milan (La 
 Scala) 1805, and thereafter on all principal 
 stages of Italy ; 1811-17, at the Th. Italien, 
 Paris (as Garcia's successor) ; 1817-18, in the 
 zenith of his fame, at London. At La Scala 
 (1819-20) his voice deteriorated ; he sang for 
 the last time (?) at Florence in 1829. 
 
 Crivel'li, Domenico, son of Gaetano ; b. 
 Brescia, 1794 ; pupil of Zingarelli. Called to 
 London by his father, he wrote the opera buffa 
 La Fiera di Salerno^ ossia la Finta capricciosa ; 
 taught for a time at the R. Coll. di Musica at 
 Naples, then settled in London as a singing- 
 teacher. Publ. " The Art of Singing, and New 
 Solfeggios for the cultivation of the Bass Voice." 
 
 Cro'ce, Giovanni dalla, b. Chioggia (hence 
 surnamed " il Chiozzotto ") abt. 1560 ; d.Venice, 
 May 15, i6og. A pupil of Zarlino ; chorister 
 at S. Marco, where he succeeded Donato as m. 
 di capp. in 1603. He was one of the most 
 eminent Venetian composers. — Publ. works : 
 Sonatas a 5 (1580) ; 2 vol.s of motets a 8 (1589, 
 1590 ; Vol. ii. reprinted 1605 w. organ bass ; 
 both vol.s do. in 1607) ; 2 vol.s madrigals a 5 
 (1585, 1588) ; " Triacca musicale " (caprices, or 
 humorous songs in Venetian dialect, a 4-7 ; 
 went thro' 4 editions — 1597, 1601, 1607, 1609 — 
 and was his most popular and famous work ; it 
 includes the contest between the cuckoo and the 
 nightingale, umpired by the parrot) ; madrigals 
 a 5-6 (1590, 1607) ; " Cantiones sacrae " a 8, w. 
 basso corit, f. org., 1622 ; a 2nd vol. was publ. 
 in 1623); " canzonette" a 4 (1595) ; masses a 8 
 (1596) ; Lamentations a 4 (1603) and 6 (1610) ; 
 Magnificats a 6 (1605), Vesper psalms o 8 (1589), 
 etc. A selection of his church-music was publ. 
 in London, 1608, as " Musica sacra, Peneten- 
 tials f. 6 voyces," with English words. 
 
 Croes [kroos], Henri-Jacques de, b. Ant- 
 werp, Sept. (?), 1705 ; d. Brussels, Aug. 16, 1786. 
 Violinist' and asst.-cond. at St.-Jacques, Ant- 
 werp ; in 1729, musical director to the Prince of 
 Thurn and Taxis, at Ratisbon. Went to Brus- 
 sels in 1749, conducted the choir of the Royal 
 Chapel till 1755, and was then app. m. de 
 chap, to Charles of Lorraine. — Works : Masses, 
 motets, anthems, and other church-music ; also 
 symphonies, sonatas, etc. 
 
 Croft [or Crofts], William, b. Nether-Eat- 
 ington, Warwickshire, Eng., Dec. (?), 1678; d. 
 Bath, Aug. 14, 1727 (buried in Westm. Abbey). 
 A chorister in the Chapel Royal, under Dr. Blow ; 
 Gentleman of Ch, R., 1700, and (with J. Clarke) 
 joint-org. of same in 1704, and sole org. in 1707. 
 Succeeded Blow as org. of Westm. Abbey, Mas- 
 ter of the Children, and Comp. to the Chap. R., 
 in 1708. — Works: "Divine Harmony" [an- 
 thems] (1712); "Musica sacra" [30 anthems a 
 2-8, and a burial service in score] (17^4 ; in 2 
 vol.s ; the first Engl, work of church-music en- 
 graved in score on plates) ; " Musicus apparatus 
 academicus " (2 odes written for his degree of 
 Mus. Doc, Oxon., 1713) ; overtures and act- 
 tunes for several plays ; vln.-sonatas ; flute- 
 sonatas, etc. 
 
 Croisez, Alexandre, b. Paris (?), 1816 ; in- 
 strumental comp. and didactic writer. 
 
 Crosdill, John, 'cellist ; b. London, 1751 ; 
 d. Escrick, Yorkshire, Oct. ,1825. A pupil at 
 Westminster School ; 1769-87, first 'cello at 
 Festivals of the Three Choirs, and the same 
 (1776) of the " Concerts of Ancient Music"; in 
 
 1778, successor of Nares as violist of the Chapel 
 Royal ; later also member of the King's band ; 
 1782, chamber-musician to Queen Charlotte, and 
 tutor of the Prince of Wales (afterwards George 
 IV.). After marrying a wealthy lady, in 1788, 
 he retired. 
 
 Cross, Michael Hurley, b. Philadelphia, 
 Apr. 13, 1833 ; d- there Sept. 26, 1897. Pupil 
 of Dr. Meignen (harm, and comp.), B. Cross 
 (pf. and org.), C. Honimann (vln.), and L. 
 Engelke ('cello). Org. of St. Patrick's in 1848 ; 
 then at several other churches ; at the cathedral 
 for 18 years, and for 17 years (until his death) at 
 Holy Trinity Episcopal Ch. He was director of 
 several local societies, and of others in New 
 York and Brooklyn. For 30 years his name 
 was connected with musical progress in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Crotch, William, born Norwich, Eng., July 
 5. 1775 ; d- Taunton, Dec. 29, 1847. His ex- 
 traordinary precocity may be measured by the 
 well-authenticated statement (Burney, " Philo- 
 sophical Transactions" of 1779), that when two 
 and a-half years old he played on a small organ 
 built by his father, a master-carpenter. In Oct., 
 
 1779, he was brought to London, and played in 
 public. At the age of 11 he became assistant to 
 Dr. Randall, org. of Trinity and King's Colleges 
 at Cambridge ; at 14, comp. an oratorio. The 
 
 129 
 
CROUCH— CUMMINGS 
 
 Captivity of Judah (perf. 1789) ; from 1788-go 
 he studied for the ministry, but then returned to 
 music, becoming org. of Christ Ch., Oxford ; 
 graduated as Mus. Bac, Oxon., in 1794 (Mus. 
 Doc, 1799), and in 1797 succeeded Hayes as 
 prof, of mus. in the University, and org. of St. 
 John's Coll. He lectured in the Music School 
 1B00-4, and in the Royal Institution, London, 
 in 1804, '5, '7, and again from 1820; in 1822, 
 was appointed Principal of the new R. A. M. — 
 Works ; 2 oratorios, Palestine (1812), and The 
 Captivity of Jiidah (1834; a wholly different work 
 from the first-mentioned juvenile production) ; 
 10 anthems ; glees, fugues, 3 organ-concertos ; 
 pf.-sonatas ; an ode, '.' Mona on Snowdon calls " ; 
 a glee, "Nymph, with thee"; a motet, "Me- 
 thinks I hear the full celestial choir " (these 
 last 3 very popular) ; other odes (or ' ' cantatas ") ; 
 also wrote "Elements of Mus. Comp. , etc." 
 (1812; 1833; 1856): " Practical Thorough-bass "; 
 " Questions " on his " Elements "; etc. 
 
 Crouch, Frederick Nicholls, born London, 
 July 31, 1808 ; died Portland, Me., Aug. 18, 
 i8g6. Pupil of his grandfather (William C.) and 
 father (Frederick William C.) ; st. with Bochsa 
 ('cello), and entered R. A.M. abt. 1822 (teachers : 
 Crotch, Attwood, Howes, Lindley, and Crivelli). 
 At 9, he was 'cellist in the Royal Coburg Th.; 
 played in Queen Adelaide's private band till 
 1832 ; was a teacher and singer in Plymouth, and 
 'cellist in various theatres. Went to New York, 
 in 1849, as 'cellist in the Astor PI. Opera House ; 
 then to Boston ; to Portland (1850) ; and to Phila- 
 delphia (1856) as cond. of Mrs. Rush's Saturday 
 Concerts ; thence to Washington, where he estab- 
 lished an Acad, of Music with Palmer (which 
 failed), and to Richmond (as first bass in the choir 
 of St. Paul's Ch.) ; served in the Confederate 
 Army, and settled in Baltimore, Md., as a sing- 
 ing-teacher. — Works : 2 operas ; many collec- 
 tions of songs, some being original (among these 
 latter the well-known ballad " Kathleen Mavour- 
 neen "). 
 
 Crow, Edwin John, b. Sittingbourne, Eng- 
 land, Sept. II, 1841. Org. in turn of 3 churches 
 in Leicester (1861-73) ; since then, organist of 
 Ripon cath. Mus. Bac, Cantab., 1872; Mus. 
 Doc, 1882. — Works: " Harvest-time," oratorio ; 
 Psalm cxlvi., f. ch. and orch.; several services ; 
 comp.s for organ ; pf.-pcs. ; hymns, chants, etc. 
 
 Crii'ger, Johannes, a noted and still popular 
 comp. of church-chorals ; b. Gross-Breesen, n. 
 Guben, Apr. 9, 1598 ; d. Berlin, Feb. 23, 1662. 
 A student of divinity at Wittenberg in 1620, he 
 had received thorough musical grounding at 
 Ratisbon under Paulus Homburger, and from 
 1622 until his death was org. of the St. Nico- 
 laus Ch., Berlin. Besides writing fine chorals 
 ("Jesu, meine P'reude," "Jesus, meine Zuver- 
 sicht," " Nun danket alle Gott," etc. ; see 
 Langhecker's monograph on C.'s chorals [1835]), 
 he publ. the following collections ; " Neues 
 vollkbmliches Gesangbuch Augspurgischer Con- 
 fession ..." (1640); "Praxis pietatis me- 
 
 lica, . . . " (1644) ; " Geistliche Kirchenmelo- 
 deyen ..." (1649) ; " Dr. M. Luthers wie 
 auch andrer gottseliger christlicher Leute Geist- 
 liche Lieder und Psalmen " (1657) ; " Psalmodia 
 sacra . . . "(1658); the valuable theoretical 
 works "Synopsis musica " (1630 ; enlarged 1634); 
 " Praecepta musicae figuralis " (1625); and 
 " Quaestiones musicae practicae" (1650); also 
 composed " Recitations,' ' Select Hymns," and 
 " Meditations." 
 
 Cruvel'li (properly Crii'well), two sisters, 
 celebrated contralto stage - singers : (i) Frie- 
 derike Marie, b. Bielefeld, Westphalia, Aug. 
 29, 1824; d. there July 26, 1868 ; a "natural" 
 singer, who created & furore in London (1851), 
 but failed eventually, from a lack of proper 
 training, and died heart-broken ; (2) Johanne 
 Sophie Charlotte, b. Bielefeld, Mar. 12, 1B26; 
 though not well trained, she had a voice of ex- 
 traordinary beauty, and her debut (Venice, 1847) 
 was a triumph ; she sang in London in 1848, 
 and went to Paris in 1851, where she won great 
 successes in Italian opera (Verdi's Ernani), 
 which aided her to obtain full recognition in 
 London. In 1854 she was eng. for the Paris 
 Grand Opera, at a yearly salary of 100,000 
 francs ; but her vocal defects became exag- 
 gerated. In 1856 she married Comte Vigier, 
 and retired from the stage. 
 
 Cui, C€sar Antonovitch, b. Vilna, Russia, 
 Jan. 6,1835. Dram. comp. , pupil of Moniuszko 
 and Balakirev. (His profession is military en- 
 gineering ; he is pro- 
 fessor of fortification 
 at the St. Petersburg 
 Engineering Acad- 
 emy.) From 1864-8 
 he was mus. critic of 
 the St. P. " Gazette," 
 and a strong advocate 
 of the neo- German 
 school ; in 1878-9 he 
 publ. a series of arti- 
 cles in the Paris ' ' Re- 
 vue et Gazette musi- 
 cale," on "La mu- 
 sique en Russie." 
 With Rirasky-Korsakov, Mussorgski, et al., he 
 represents the young Russian school.- — Works ; 
 5 operas, William Ratcliff (St. P., 1869), The 
 Prisoner in the Caucasus (1873), Angela (1876), 
 The Mandarin's Son (1878), Le plil>ustier(Vs.m, 
 1894; a " 3-act lyric comedy"); symphonies; 
 2 scherzos and a tarantella f. orch.; suite f. pf. 
 andvln.; pf.-pcs.; over 50 songs. The Com- 
 tesse de Mercy-Argenteau has written an " Es- 
 quisse critique " on Cui and his works. 
 
 Cummings, William Hayman, b. Sidbury, 
 Devon, Eng., Aug. 22, 1831. Chorister in 
 London at St. Paul's (under Hawes), and at the 
 Temple Ch. (under Hopkins) ; organist of Walt- 
 ham Abbey ; tenor singer in the Temple, AVest- 
 minster Abbey, and Chapel Royal ; prof, of 
 singing at the R. Coll. for the Blind, Norwood, 
 
 130 
 
CURCI— CUZZQNI 
 
 London; in 1882, cond. of the Sacred Harmonic 
 Society ; in 1896, elected principal of Guildhall 
 School of Music. 
 He is a cultivated 
 singer, and a pro- 
 found antiquarian ; 
 was the founder of 
 the Purcell Society, 
 edits its publica- 
 tions, and is the 
 author of a biog- 
 raphy of Purcell 
 (London, 1882) ; 
 has also publ. a 
 " Primer of the 
 Rudiments of Mu- 
 sic " (1877), and a 
 ' ' Biogr. Diction- 
 ary of Musicians " 
 (1892). His library 
 
 of 4,500 volumes contains many rare autographs. 
 His comp.s include a cantata, The Fairy Ring, 
 sacred music, glees, part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Cur'ci, Giuseppe, born Barletta, June 15, 
 1808 ; d. there Aug. 5, 1877. Pupil of Furno, 
 Zingarelli, and Crescentini at Naples Cons, from 
 1823 ; here he wrote 2 masses a 4 w. orch., and 
 several operas. At Turin he prod, the opera 
 // Proscritto (1837) ; at Venice Don Desiderio 
 (1S37), and L' Uragano ; lived in Vienna for 
 some years as a famous singing-teacher ; trav- 
 elled in Germany, and Belgium ; taught in Paris 
 1848-56, where // Baccelliere was produced ; 
 and then returned to Barletta. Also publ. con- 
 siderable sacred music, solfeggi, and a text- 
 book, " II bel canto." 
 
 Cursch'mann, Karl Friedrich, b. Berlin, 
 June 21, 1805 ; d. Langfuhr, n. Danzig, Aug. 
 24, 1841. Originally a law-student, he devoted 
 himself from 1824 to music, studying under 
 Hauptmann and Spohr at Kassel, where his 
 l-act opera Abdul und Erinnieh was prod, in 
 1828. Subsequently he settled in Berlin as a 
 singer (also making tours in Germany, France, 
 and Italy) and extremely popular song-writer ; 
 his " Gesammelte Lieder" (Berlin, 1871) com- 
 prise 83 songs f . single voice, and 9 duets and 
 trios. Other works : Rotneo, scena and aria (op. 
 6) ; 2 Canons a 3 (op. 7). 
 
 Cur'ti, Franz [Francesco], b. Kassel, Nov. 
 16, 1854 ; d. Dresden, Feb. 6, 1898. At first 
 a medical student at Berlin and Geneva (he was 
 a dentist by profession), he took up the study 
 of music in Dresden, under Kretschmer and 
 Schulz-Beuthen. — Operas : Hertha (Altenburg, 
 1887) ; Reinhard von U/enau (Mtenhurg, 1888 ; 
 also Zurich, 1889, and Kbnigsberg, l8go) ; 
 Erlost (Mannheim, 1894, I act) ; melodrama 
 Schneefried (Mannheim, 1895) ; l-act Japanese 
 fairy-opera Lili-Tsee (ib., 1896; New York, 
 l8g8). Also Die Gletscherjungfrau f. soli, ch., 
 and orch. ; and music to ' ' Die letzten Men- 
 schen," by W. E. Kirchbach. Last opera Das 
 Rdsli vom Santis (Zurich, 1898). 
 
 Cur'wen, Rev. John, b. Heckmondwike, 
 Yorkshire, Eng., Nov. 14, 1816 ; d. Heaton 
 Mersey House, near Manchester, May 26, i88o. 
 In 1844 he was pastor at Plaistow, Essex. Be- 
 coming interested in Miss S. A. Glover's " Tonic 
 Sol-fa " system of teaching, he labored to im- 
 prove it, founded associations in 1853, and the 
 Tonic Sol-fa College in 1862, resigning his pas- 
 torate in 1867 to devote himself entirely to 
 propagating the system. He later established 
 the " Tonic Sol-fa Reporter," and a publishing- 
 house, in London. — His numerous publications 
 relate chiefly to Tonic Sol-fa (issued by No- 
 vello). 
 
 Cusani'no. See Carestini. 
 
 Cus'ins [kuz-]. Sir William George, b. 
 London, Oct. 14, 1833 ; d. Remouchamps, 
 (Ardennes), Aug. 31, 
 1893. Choir-boy of 
 the Chapel Royal, 
 1843 ; pupil of Fetis, 
 in Brussels Cons., 
 1844, and of Bennett, 
 Potter, Lucas, and 
 Sainton, at the R. A. 
 M., in 1847. Took 
 the King's Scholar- 
 ship in 1847 and 
 1849 ; in the latter 
 year he was app. org. 
 of the Queen's pri- 
 vate chapel, and be- 
 came violinist in the 
 Italian opera orch. 
 
 In 1851 he was asst.-prof. of pf. at R. A. M., 
 and full prof, later ; succeeded Bennett in 1S67- 
 83 as cond. of the Philharm., and became also 
 cond. of the Royal Band in 1870 ; in 1875, suc- 
 ceeded Bennett as examining prof, at Queen's 
 Coll. ; joint examiner for N. T. S. M. in 1876 ; 
 prof, at Trinity Coll., and prof, of pf. at Guild- 
 hall S. of M., in 1885 ; knighted in 1892. — 
 Works : Royal Wedding Serenata (1863) ; 2 
 cantatas, The Toilers of the Sea (1865) and 
 Love's Labour Lost {1%"]^) ; an oratorio, Gideon 
 (Gloucester Festival, 1871) ; 2 concert-overtures ; 
 pf. -concerto in A min. ; pf.-trio ; pf.-pcs. ; songs. 
 
 Cuzzo'ni, Francesca, renowned dram, con- 
 tralto ; b. Parma, 1700 ; d. Bologna, 1770. She 
 was a pupil of Lanzi ; sang with great success 
 in Italy (Venice, 1719), and 1722-6 in London 
 under Handel's direction in his operas, when 
 she was supplanted by Faustina Bordoni, and 
 went over to the opposition, singing until 1827 
 in bitter rivalry with the Bordoni. She then 
 married the pianist and composer Sandoni ; was 
 eng. at Vienna, in Italy, and Holland (where she 
 was imprisoned for debt), and again appeared in 
 London (1748), but wholly without success. It 
 is said that she then returned to Italy, earned 
 her living in her old age by covering silk but- 
 tons, and died in abject poverty. 
 
 131 
 
CZARTORYSKA— DAMCKE 
 
 Czartory'ska, Marcelline {v/e Princess 
 Radziwill), b. Vienna, 1826 ;^iving since 1848 
 in Paris ; is a distinguished pianiiit (pupil of 
 Czerny). 
 
 Czernohor'sky. See Cernohorsky. 
 
 Czer'ny [Cerny], [chairnej, Karl, the em- 
 inent pianist and pedagogue ; b. Vienna, Feb. 
 21, 1791 ; d. there 
 July 15, 1857. 
 His father, Wen- 
 zel C, was his 
 first teacher ; later 
 he had lessons of 
 Beethoven, of 
 whom he was an 
 especial favorite ; 
 he also learned 
 much from asso- 
 ciation with de- 
 menti and Hum- 
 mel. As a pianist 
 and teacher he 
 became celebrated 
 at an early age ; 
 
 but a European tour arranged for 1804 had to 
 be given up on account of the troublous times, 
 and C. soon gave up playing in public, devoting 
 himself to teaching and corriposing. Except 
 pleasure-trips to Leipzig (1836), Paris and Lon- 
 don (1837), and Lombardy (1846), he remained 
 all his life in Vienna. As a teacher his success 
 was remarkable from his i6th j^ear ; Ninette 
 von Belleville (Mme. B.-Oury), Liszt, Dohler, 
 Thalberg, Jaell, and many other pupils, testify 
 to his proficient training. As a composer, he 
 publ. over 1,000 works, of which his pf. -studies 
 were of lasting value: "Die Schule der Ge- 
 laufigkeit" (op. 2gg), " Die Schule des Legato 
 und Staccato" (op. 335), " Tagliche Studien" 
 (op. 337), " Schule der Verzierungen " (op. 355), 
 "Die Schule des Virtuosen" (op. 365), "Die 
 Schule der linken Hand" (op. 399), "Die 
 Schule des Fugenspiels" (op. 400), "Die Schule 
 der Fingerfertigkeit " (op. 740), etc., etc. — 
 Other compositions, many in MS., were of a 
 varied description ; Church-music, such as 
 masses, requiems, graduals, offertories ; sym- 
 phonies, overtures, concertos, string-quartets 
 and trios, songs, etc.; besides innumerable ar- 
 rangements. He wrote an " Umriss der ganzen 
 Musikgeschichte " (Mayence, 185 1), and an 
 autobiography. 
 
 Czer'sky. See Tschirch. 
 
 Czerveny. See Cerveny. 
 
 Cziak. See Schack. 
 
 Czibul'ka [tche-], Alphons, born Szepes- 
 Varallya, Hungary, May 14, 1842 ; d. Vienna, 
 Oct. 27, 1894. Originally a pianist, he became 
 Kapellm. at the Karltheater, Vienna, in 1865 ; 
 bandmaster of the 17th regt., and later of the 
 25th regt. at Prague. Settled finally in Vienna 
 as a prolific comp. of pf. -music ; he also brought 
 
 out the operettas Pfingsten in Florenz (Vienna, 
 1884); Der Glucksritter{T.'i'&-])\ Gil Bias i^axa- 
 burg, 1889 ; succ.) ; 3-act operetta Der Bajazzo 
 (Vienna, 1892 ; succ.) ; and the opera Signor 
 Annibale (1893). 
 
 Dachs [dShks], Joseph, pianist ; born Ratis- 
 bon, Sept. 30, 1825 ; d. Vienna, June 6, 1896. 
 Pupil (1844) in Vienna of Halm, Czerny, and 
 Sechter. From 1861, teacher of pf. and comp. 
 at Cons, of the ' ' Musikf reunde. " Hans Schmitt, 
 Vladimir de Pachmann, and Laura Rappoldi, 
 are among his pupils. As a concert-pianist he 
 was well received in Vienna and other towns. 
 
 Dalayrac (or d'Alayrac), Nicolas, b. Mu- 
 ret, Haute-Garonne, June 13, 1753 ; d. Paris, 
 Nov. 27, 1809. Destined for the law, he fol- 
 lowed his natural bent, became (1772) a har- 
 mony-pupil of Langle in Paris, and publ. under 
 an assumed name a few quartets and operettas, 
 the success of which decided his career. He 
 produced abt. 60 operas from 1781-1809, many 
 of which had considerable ephemeral, but merely 
 local, success. 
 
 Dal'berg, Johann Friedrich Hugo, Reichs- 
 freiherr von, b. Aschaffenburg, May 17, :752 ; 
 d. there July 26, 1812. Counsellor to the Elect- 
 or of Trier at Coblenz ; canon at Worms. A 
 pianist and comp. , but better known by his writ- 
 ings : " Blick eines Tonkunstlers in die Musik 
 der Geister" (1777), " Vom Erkennen und Er- 
 finden " (1791), " Untersuchungen ilber den 
 Ursprung der Harmonie " (1801), "Die Aols- 
 harfe, ein allegorischer Traum " (iSoi), "Cher 
 grieschische Instrumentalmusik und ihre Wir- 
 kung "; translated Jones' " The Musical Modes 
 of the Hindus" (1802). He comp. 4 cantatas, 
 Evas Klage; Der sterbende Christ an seine Seek; 
 Das Saitenspiel; Beatrice; pf .-quartets and trios, 
 sonatas, songs, etc. 
 
 D'Albert, Eugen. See Albert, (d'). 
 
 Dall, Roderick, the last Scotch ' ' wandering 
 harpist"; still living at Athol in 1740. 
 
 Dall'Ar'gine, Constantino, b. Parma, May 
 
 12, 1842 ; d. Milan, March 15, 1877. A pupil 
 of Milan Cons. Comp. several succ. ballets, 
 and also several operas, besides many marches 
 and dances f. pf. , songs, etc. 
 
 Dalvima're (or d'Alviniare), Martin- 
 Pierre, harpist and comp. f. harp ; b. Dreux, 
 Eure-et-Loire, Sept. 18, 1772; d. .Paris, June 
 
 13, 1839. In 1800 he was harpist at the Opera ; 
 harpist to Napoleon, 1806 ; harp-teacher to the 
 Empress Josephine, 1807 ; retired to his estate 
 at Dreux in 1812. — Works : Sonatas f. harp and 
 vln. ; duets f. 2 harps, f. harp and pf., and f. h. 
 and horn ; fantaisies, variations, etc. 
 
 Dam'cke, Berthold, b. Hanover, Feb. 6, 
 1812 ; d. Paris, Feb. 15, 1875. Pupil of AI. 
 
 132 
 
DAMM— DAMROSCH 
 
 Schmitt and F. Ries at Frankfort-on-M.; 1837, 
 cond. of Potsdam Philharm. Society, and of the 
 Choral Union for operatic music (grand concerts, 
 1839-40) ; 1845, in St. Petersburg ; 1855, Brus- 
 sels ; 1859, Paris ; in all a successful and highly 
 esteemed teacher. Friend and devoted admirer 
 of Berlioz., Revised and edited, with F. Pelle- 
 tan (y. v.), Gluck's 2 Iphig^nies. Composed 
 oratorios, part-songs, pf.-pcs. Biogr. by Al- 
 phonse I.emerre ; " B. D., Ktude biographique 
 et musicale " (Paris, 1895). 
 
 Damm, Friedrich, b. Dresden, Mar. 7, 1831. 
 Pianist, pupil of Kragen, Julius Otto, and Rei- 
 chel ; he resided for 10 years in North Germany 
 and the United States, then settling in Dresden. 
 He has publ. many brilliant salon-pcs. f. pf., 
 and has sonatas and other serious virorks in MS. 
 
 Damm, G. See SteingrAber. 
 
 Damoreau, Laure-Cinthie {nde Montalant ; 
 first known as " Mile. Cinti"), noted operatic 
 soprano ; b. Paris, Feb. 6, 1801 ; d. Chantilly, 
 Feb. 25, 1863. Studied at the Paris Cons. ; stage- 
 debut, iSig, at the The&tre Italien (" Cherubin " 
 in Figaro) ; sang in Italian opera at London 
 (1822), then again at the Th. Italien, and was 
 eng. 1826-35 at the Grand Opera ; Rossini 
 wrote leading roles for her in Le sihge de Corinthe 
 and Moise, and Auber did the same during her 
 later engagement (1835-43) at the Opera-Co- 
 mique {Domino noir ^ VAmbassadrice^ etc.). Re- 
 tiring from the stage, she made concert-tours to 
 London, The Hague, St. Petersburg, Brussels, 
 and (with Art6t, the violinist) to the U. S. and 
 Havana (1843). She was prof, of singing at the 
 Paris Cons, from 1834-56, when she retired to 
 Chantilly. Her husband was an actor at Brus- 
 sels. — She publ. an "Album de romances," and 
 » " Methode de chant." 
 
 Dam'rosch, Dr. Leopold, b. Posen, Oct. 
 22, 1832 ; d. New York, Feb. 15, 1885. Con- 
 ductor and violinist, 
 a pupil of Ries, 
 Dehn, and BGhraer; 
 took the degree of 
 Dr. med. (M.D.) at 
 Berlin University 
 in 1854, but then, 
 against his parents' 
 wishes, embraced 
 the career of a musi- 
 cian ; he appeared 
 at first as a solo 
 vioHnist in several 
 German cities, later 
 as a conductor at 
 minor theatres, and 
 in 1855 procured, 
 through Liszt, the position of solo violinist in the 
 Grand Ducal orch. at Weimar. While here he 
 was intimate with Liszt and many of his most 
 distinguished pupils, and also won Wagner's 
 life-long friendship. Here, too, he married the 
 
 singer Helene von Heimburg. In 1859-60, D. 
 was cond. of the Breslau Philh. Concerts ; gave 
 up the post to make tours with v. Bulow and 
 Tausig ; organized the Breslau Orchestral Soc. 
 (80 members ; present cond. R. Maszkowsky) in 
 1862. Besides this, he founded quartet soirees, 
 and a choral society ; conducted the Society for 
 Classical Music, and the theatre orch. (for 2 
 years) ; and frequently appeared as a solo violin- 
 ist. In 1871 he was called to New York to con- 
 duct the Arion Society, and made his debut, on 
 May 6th, as conductor, composer, and violinist. 
 In New York his remarkable capacity as an or- 
 ganizer (which had aroused active opposition in 
 Breslau by his strong leaning towards the new 
 German school) found free scope; besides bring- 
 ing the "Arion" to the highest pitch of effi- 
 ciency and prosperity, he founded the Oratorio 
 Society in 1873, and the Symphony Soc. in 1878, 
 the latter's concerts succeeding those of the 
 Thomas Orch. at Steinway Hall. In 1880 Co- 
 lumbia Coll. conferred on him the degree of 
 Mus. Doc. ;. in 1881 he conducted the first great 
 Mus. P'est. held in N. Y., with an orch. of 250 
 and a chorus of 1,200 ; in 1883 he made a highly 
 successful western tour with his orch. ; in 1884 
 he cond. a season of German opera at the Metro- 
 politan Opera House (giving Tannhduser, Lohen- 
 grin, Walkiire, etc.). — Works: 7 cantatas; 
 symphony in A; music to Schiller's "Joan of 
 Arc"; marches f. orch.; 3 violin-concertos (in D 
 min., FJt min., and G) ; several pes. f. vln. and 
 orch., and f. solo voice and orch.; choruses f. 
 mixed vcs. and male vcs. ; duets ; many songs. 
 
 Dam'rosch, Frank, son of Leopold D. ; b. 
 Breslau, June 22, 1859. Pupil of Prtjckner, 
 Jean Vogt, and von Inten (pf.) ; and of his 
 father and Moszkow- 
 ski (comp.). 1882-5, 
 cond. of Denver (Col.) 
 Chorus Club, and 
 (1884-5) Supervisor of 
 Music in public 
 schools, also org. at 
 different churches. 
 1885-gi, Chorusmas- 
 ter at Metr. Opera 
 House, New- York, 
 and till 1887 cond. 
 the Newark Harmonic 
 Society ; in 1892 he 
 organized the People's 
 Singing-Classes (an enterprise, for the popular- 
 ization of choral-singing, which has borne good 
 fruits), for which he publ. in 1894 a "Popular 
 Method of Sight-Singing " (G. Schirmer, N. Y.); 
 in 1897 he was app. Supervisor of Music in the 
 N. Y. City Public Schools. At present (1899) 
 he also holds the following positions as conduc- 
 tor : Of the " Musurgia," N. Y. (since 1891), 
 Mus. Art Society, N. Y. (1892), Oratorio So- 
 ciety, Bridgeport, Conn. (1893), "Orpheus" 
 and "Eurydice," Phil. a (1897), and the Oratorio 
 Soc.y of N. Y. (1898) ; has also cond. various 
 
 1^' 
 
 133 
 
DAMROSCH— DANJOU 
 
 other associations. — D. has publ. a few vocal 
 numbers (songs, choruses). 
 
 Dam'rosch, Walter Johannis, son of Leo- 
 pold D.; b. Breslau, Silesia, Jan. 30, 1862. St. 
 harm, with his father, also Rischbieter and 
 Draeseke (Dresden) ; 
 pf. with von Inten, 
 Boekelman, and 
 Max Pinner ; con- 
 ducting with his fa- 
 ther and von Bulow. 
 Conductor of the 
 New York Oratorio 
 and Symphony So- 
 cieties since 1885 ; 
 founded the N. Y. 
 Symph. Orch. as a 
 permanent organiza- 
 tion, in 1892 ; organ- 
 ized the Damrosch 
 Opera Co. in 1894. — Opera, TAe Scarlet Letter 
 (Boston, Feb. 11, 1896), text by Geo. Parsons 
 Lathrop ; Manilla Te Deum ; several songs. 
 
 Da'na, William Henry, b. Warren, O., 
 June 10, 1846. Pupil of Aug. Haupt, and of 
 Kullak's Cons., Berlin; also of the R.A.M., 
 London, in 1881. A founder of the American 
 Mus. Teachers' National Association ; director 
 of " Dana's Musical Institute," Warren, Ohio.^ — 
 Writings; "Practical Thorough-bass" (1873), 
 "Orchestration" (1875), "Instrumentation for 
 Military Bands" (1876), "Practical Harmony" 
 (1884). Has composed a De profitndis f. soli, 
 ch., and orch.; motets, songs, pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 D^'na, Charles Henshaw, b. West Newton, 
 Mass., Feb. 7, 1S46 ; d. Worcester, Feb. 5, 
 1883. St. in Boston, Leipzig, Stuttgart, and 
 Paris. Debut as a pianist at Stuttgart ; in 
 America at Worcester, 1875. Org. at St. Paul's, 
 Worcester, and Ch. of the Imm. Conception, 
 Boston. He composed music f. church-choirs, 
 and some songs. 
 
 Danb£, Jules, violinist and comp. ; b. Caen, 
 France, Nov. 15, 1840. Pupil of Paris Cons.; 
 2nd Dir. of the Conservatoire Concerts till 1892, 
 when he resigned ; 1895, cond. at Opera-Co- 
 mique, Paris. — Works : Pieces and transcrip- 
 tions for violin. 
 
 Danck'erts. See Dankers. 
 
 Danda, Jean-Baptiste-Charles, bom Ba- 
 
 gn4res-de-Bigorre, Dec. 19, 1818 ; entered Paris 
 Cons, in 1828, his teachers being Baillot (vln.), 
 Halevy, and Berton. In 1834, 2nd solo violin 
 in the Opera-Corn. orch. ; became renowned by 
 his playing in the " Societe des Concerts," and 
 was app. prof, of vln.-playing at the Cons, in 
 1857. His quartet soiries are famous. Besides 
 four symphonies, he has comp. over 130 works f. 
 vln.: 1st and 2nd syraphonie-concertante (op. 6 
 and 10) ; 6 concertos, 8 string-quartets ; 4 pf.- 
 trios; many duets f. 2 vlns., and 30 duos f. vln. 
 
 and pf. ; etudes, etc. ; " Me'thode " f.vln. (op. 52); 
 "li^cole du mecanisme'^' (op. 74) ; "Ecole de la 
 melodic " (op. 129) ; " Ecole de I'expression " (op. 
 82); and (with Panseron) "L'art de moduler sur 
 leviolon." Publ. " Les compositeurs chefs d'or- 
 chestre" (1873), and " Miscellanees musicales" 
 (1877). 
 
 Dancla, Arnaud, b. Bagntes-de-Bigorre, 
 Jan. I, 1820; d. there Feb., 1862; brother of 
 the preceding ; fine 'cellist ; author of a Method 
 f. 'cello ; comp. etudes, duos, and melodies f, 
 his instr. 
 
 Dancla, Leopold, brother of the preceding ; 
 b. Bagn^res-de-Bigorre, June i, 1823; d. Paris, 
 Apr. 10, 1895. Pupil of Baillot at Paris Cons., 
 taking 2nd prize in 1840, and ist in 1842. — 
 Works : 3 string-quartets ; airs varies, fantaisies 
 and etudes f. vln. 
 
 Danel, Louis-Albert -Joseph, b. Lille, Mar. 
 2, 1787 ; d. there April 12, 1875. A printer 
 by trade, he invented a method of notation for 
 teaching the rudiments, which he called "La 
 Langue des Sons," explained at length in his 
 " Methode simplifiee pour I'enseignement popu- 
 laire de la musique vocale " (4th ed. , 1859); he 
 also, at great expense, established free courses of 
 instruction in his method, which, however, has 
 never been extensively adopted. 
 
 D'Angeli. See De-Angelis. 
 
 Danhauser, Adolphe - Leopold, b. Paris, 
 Feb. 26, 1S35 ; d. there June 9, 1896. Pupil of 
 Bazin, Halevy and Reber in Paris Cons.; 1857, 
 1st prize in harm. ; 1859, istprize in fugue; 1862, 
 second prix de Rome. Chief Inspector of In- 
 struction in Singing, in the Communal Schools, 
 Paris ; then prof, of solfeggio at Cons. ; wrote 
 " Theorie de la musique"; publ. "Soirees or- 
 pheoniques," a coll. of 3-part choruses f. equal 
 voices. Comp. Le Proscrit, musical drama w. 
 choruses, prod. 1866 in a relig. inst. at Auteuil; 
 and a 3-act opera, Maures et Castillans (not 
 perf.). 
 
 Danican. See Philidor. 
 
 Daniel, Salvador, director of Paris Cons, 
 for a few days under the Commune in i87l,was 
 killed in battle on May 23 of that year. He was 
 for some years a teacher of music in an Arab 
 school at Algiers ; publ. (1863) a monograph on 
 " La musique arabe," with a supplement on the 
 origin of mus. instr.s ; also a book of Arabian, 
 Moorish, and cabalistic songs, and a treatise on 
 the French chanson. 
 
 Danjou, Jean-Louis-F61ix, b. Paris, June 
 21, 1812; d. Montpellier, Mar. 4, 1866. Organist 
 of Notre-Dame in 1840. With his essay " De 
 I'etat de I'avenir du chant ecclesiastique " 
 (1844) he became the pioneer in the movement 
 for reforming plain song ; and his " Re\'ue de 
 la musique religieuse, populaire et classique" 
 (1845-9) exhibits profound erudition gained by 
 long historical research. He was the discoverer 
 of the celebrated ' ' Antiphonary of Montpellier'i 
 
 134 
 
DANKERS— DARGOMYZSKY 
 
 (1847J. For the advancement of organ-building 
 in France, he studied the art in Germany and 
 the Netherlands ; entered into partnership with 
 Daublaine and Callinet of Paris, and lost his 
 fortune ; gave up music in 1849, and became a 
 political journalist in Marseilles and Montpellier. 
 
 Dank'ers (or Danckerts), Ghiselin, b.Tho- 
 len, in Zeeland ; chorister in the Papal Chapel 
 1538-65, when he was pensioned. A skilful 
 contrapuntist ; 2 books of motets a 4-6 (1559) 
 are extant, as well as single numbers in Augs- 
 burg collections of 1540 and '45. His auto- 
 graph treatise on the ancient modes, pronouncing 
 judgment in the controversy between Vicentino 
 and Lusitano, is in the Vallicellana library at 
 Rome. 
 
 Danks, Hart Pease, b. New Haven, Conn., 
 Apr. 6, 1834. Pupil of Dr. L. E. Whiting, 
 Saratoga ; lived 1854-64 in Chicago, and since 
 then in New York as a bass singer and musical 
 director in numerous churches. Popular song- 
 composer and hymn-tune writer, his works em- 
 bracing over 1,200 numbers. — Operetta Pauline 
 (1872). Several coll.s of anthems and services. 
 
 Danne'ley [dan'-ly], John Feltham, b. Oak- 
 ingham, Berkshire, Eng., in 1786; d. London, 
 1836. Org., pianist, teacher and composer; 
 publ., besides duets, glees, songs, and pf.-pcs., 
 an " Introd. to the Elem. Principles of Tho- 
 rough-bass . . ." (Ipswich, 1820); an "Ency- 
 clopaedia, or Dictionary of Music " (London, 
 (1825) ; and " A Musical Grammar" (1826). 
 
 Dann'reuther, Hdivard, b. Strassburg, Nov. 
 4, 1844 ; went with his parents in 1849 to Cin- 
 cinnati, where he was taught by F. L. Ritter. 
 From' 1859-63 in Leipzig Cons. (Richter, Mo- 
 scheles, Hauptmann). Settled in London (1863) 
 as a piano-teacher ; in 1872 he founded the Lon- 
 don Wagner Society, conducting its concerts 
 1873-4 ; was an active promoter of the Wagner 
 Festival in 1877. — Writings: "Richard Wag- 
 ner, His Tendencies and Theories " (London, 
 1873); "Musical Ornamentation"; contribu- 
 tions to Grove's Dictionary ; has transl. into 
 Engl. Wagner's " Briefe an einen franzosischen 
 Freund" [M. F. Villot ; "The Mus. of _ the 
 Future"] (1873), "Beethoven" (1880), " Uber 
 das Dirigiren " (1885) ; and written many articles 
 for mus. papers, and given lectures on Beetho- 
 ven, Mozart, and Chopin ; has comp. pf.-pcs., 
 and songs. D. has visited the United States 
 several times. 
 
 Dann'reuther, Gustav, violinist, brother of 
 Edward ; b. Cincinnati, July 21, 1853 ; st. 
 1871-4 at the Hochschule fiir Musik, Berlin, 
 under de Ahna and Joachim (vln.), and Heitel 
 (theory) ; lived in London till 1877, and then 
 joined the Boston (Mass.) Mendelssohn Quin- 
 tette Club, travelling through the U. S., Canada, 
 and Newfoundland until 1880, when he settled 
 in Boston as a member of the newly formed 
 Symphony Orch. From 1882-4 he was di- 
 
 rector of the Buffalo (N. Y.) Philh. Soc, and 
 during this period gave 60 chamber-concerts. 
 In 1884 he founded the " Beethoven String- 
 Quartette " of N. Y. (renamed " Dannr. Q." in 
 1894). Was for 3 years leader of the N. Y. 
 Symphony and Oratorio Societies under Walter 
 Damrosch. Now (1899) devotes him.self exclu- 
 sively to chamber-music (in which his quartet is 
 one of the best in N. Y.) and private teaching. — 
 He has publ. a set of Chord- and Scale-Studies 
 for young players, 
 
 Dan'zi, Franz, b. Mannheim, May 15, 1763 ; 
 d. Karlsruhe, Apr. 13, 1826. Son and pupil of 
 Innocenz D. ['cellist in the Elector's orch ] ; 
 studied comp. w. Abbe Vogler. He joined the 
 orch. on its removal to Munich in 1778 ; in 1779 
 he prod, a melodrama, Cleopatra, at Mannheim ; 
 in 1780 an operetta, yiza^zo, at Munich. He 
 became assist.-Kapellm. in 1798 ; was from 
 1807-8 Kapellm. at Stuttgart, then at Karls- 
 ruhe. — Dram, works: Cleopatra; Azakia ; Der 
 Triumph der Treue (Munich, 1781) ; Die 
 Sylphe (1782) ; Der Kuss (1799) ; Die Mitter- 
 nacht-Stunde (i8oi) ; Der Quasimann ; Elbon- 
 dokani ; Iphigenia in Aulis (1807); Malvina ; 
 Turandot (Karlsruhe, abt. 1815). — i oratorio, 2 
 cantatas ; masses ; the i2Sth Psalm f. 4 parts 
 and orch. ; symphonies, quintets, quartets, con- 
 certos, sonatas. He was an excellent singitig- 
 teacher, and wrote vocal exercises, choruses, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Dan'zi, Franziska. See Lebrun. 
 
 Da Pon'te, Lorenzo, b. Ceneda, u. Venice, 
 Mar. 10, 1749; d. New York, Aug. 17, 1838. 
 Prof, of rhetoric at Treviso ; poet-laureate to 
 Joseph II. at Vienna until 1792, where he wrote 
 the libretti of Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosl 
 fan tutte ; lived in London as a teacher of 
 Italian, and poet to the Italian Opera ; went to 
 New York in 1803. After disastrous business 
 ventures, with intervals of teaching, he became 
 interested in various operatic enterprises. In 
 his last years he was teacher of Italian at Co- 
 lumbia College. — Publ. " Memorie" [Memoirs], 
 
 Daquin, Louis-Claude, b. Paris, July 4, 
 1694 ; d. there June 15, 1772. Pupil of Mar- 
 chand, and at 6 played on the clavecin before 
 Louis XIV.; at 12 he became organist at St.- 
 Antoine, where his playing attracted crowds. 
 From 1727 till death he was organist at St.- 
 Paul, winning the position in competition with 
 Rameau. — Publ. a book of " Pieces de clave- 
 cin," another of " Noels," and a cantata ; left 
 in MS. organ-pcs. and other comp.s. Fetis 
 speaks disparagingly of his works. 
 
 Darcours, Charles. See Rety. 
 
 Dargomyz'sky, Alexander Sergievitch, 
 composer and pianist ; b. in the government of 
 Toula, Russia, February 2, 1813 ; d. St. Peters- 
 burg, Jan. 29, 1869. From 1817 he lived in St. 
 Petersburg; his teacher was Schoberlechner. At 
 20 he was a brilliant pianist ; from 1831-5 he 
 
 135 
 
DASER— DAVENPORT 
 
 held a government position, but then devoted 
 himself exclusively to music, studying assidu- 
 ously for 8 years ; visited Germany, Brussels, 
 and Paris in 1845, and at Moscow (1847) prod, 
 an opera, Esmeralda (written 1839), with great 
 success. From 1845-55 he publ. over 100 minor 
 works (vocal roman- 
 ces, ballads, airs, and 
 duos ; waltzes, fan- 
 tasias, etc.) ; in 1856 
 he brought out his 
 best opera, Russalka, 
 at St. P.; in 1867, at 
 Moscow, an opera- 
 ballet. The Triumph 
 of Bacchus (written 
 in 1847) ; a post- 
 humous opera, Ka- 
 
 mennoi C6st ("The -^""^'V I V~ '^' 
 
 Marble Guest," after 
 Pushkin's poem 
 " Don Juan " ), was scored by Rimsky-Korsakov, 
 and prod, at St. P. in 1872 ; of Rogdana^ a 
 fantasy-opera, only a few scenes were sketched. 
 At first a follower of Rossini and Auber, D.'s 
 studies of more modern works rendered him an 
 enthusiastic disciple of neo-German ideas ; in 
 "The Marble Guest," vocal declamation (reci- 
 tative) supplants the aria, and musical form 
 generally is abandoned. — D. was elected Pres.t 
 of the Russian Mus. Soc.y in 1867. His orch.l 
 works (" Finnish Fantasia," "Cossack Dance," 
 " Baba-Jaza," etc.) enjoy wide popularity. 
 
 Da'ser [Das'ser, Das'serus], Ludwig, the 
 
 predecessor of Orlandus Lassus as Kapellm. at 
 Munich to Duke Albert V. of Bavaria, held 
 that post until 1562. — Publ. works: A Passion 
 a 4(1578), and a few motets in the " Orgelta- 
 bulaturbuch" of J. Paix. — MSS., in Royal Li- 
 brary at Munich, of II masses, 4 motets, 3 
 " Nunc dimittis," hymns, etc. 
 
 Dau'be, Johann Friedrich, b. Kassel (Augs- 
 burg ?), 1730 ; d. Vienna, September ig, 1797. 
 Chamber-musician to the Duke of Wilrttemberg, 
 later secretary to the Augsburg Acad, of Sci- 
 ences. Publ. " Generalbass in drei Accorden 
 . . ." (Leipzig, 1756; the "3 chords" are 
 the tonic triad, the sub-dom. with added sixth, 
 and the dom. seventh-chord ; Marpurg attacked 
 this work in the " Hist.-krit. Beitrage," vol. 
 ii) ; " Der musikalische Dilettant ; eine Ab- 
 handlung der Composition . . " (Vienna, 
 1773) I "Anleitung zum Selbstunterricht in der 
 Composition . . " (Vienna, 1798, in 2 parts). 
 
 Daublaine et Callinet. Firm of Paris or- 
 gan-builders, founded 1838 as ' ' Daublaine et 
 Cie." Daublaine was the business partner, Cal- 
 linet the practical mechanician, Danjou {q. v.) 
 an intelligent and progressive theorist. After a 
 quarrel in 1843, Callinet demolished the new 
 work partly finished for the organ of St.-Sulpice, 
 dissolved the partnership, and entered Cavaille's 
 workshops. The firm-name became " Ducro- 
 
 quet et Cie." in 1845, and " Merklin, SchUtze et 
 Cie." in 1S55. The present head is Merklin; 
 the principal factory is at Lyons, with a Paris 
 branch. 
 
 Daucresme, Lucien, b. Elbeuf (Normandy), 
 May 21, 1826; d. Paris, Feb., 1892. Senator; 
 dilettante. Composed , 2 operas : Sous les char- 
 milles (1862), and Cardillac (1867) ; also other 
 works. 
 
 Daudet, Alphonse, the distinguished novel- 
 ist and dramatist ; b. Nimes, May 13, 1840 ; d. 
 Paris, Dec. 16, 1897. He wrote the libretti for 
 Bizet's I'ArUsienne, Poise's Les Absents, and 
 Pessard's Le Char; his ronian "Sapho," dram- 
 atized (but clumsily), was set to music by Mas- 
 senet. — His Arlisienne has been Italianized, as 
 an opera-libretto, by L. Marenco ; and this 
 '^ L'Arlesiana" set to music by Francesco Cilea, 
 was brought out successfully at Milan, 1897. 
 
 Dauprat, Louis - Frangois, a celebrated 
 horn-player, teacher, and comp. f. horn ; b. 
 Paris, May 24, 1781 ; d. there July 16, 1868. 
 At first a choir-boy in the mattrise of Kotre- 
 Dame, his teacher in the Cons, was Kenn ; in 
 6 months he joined the band of the "Garde 
 Nationale," and, in 1799, the band of the 
 "Garde des Consuls," with which he passed 
 through the Egyptian campaign. From 1801-5 
 he St. theory at the Cons, under Catel and Gos- 
 sec, and studied again with Reicha from 1811- 
 14 ; 1806-8, first horn at the Bordeaux Th. ; 
 then succeeded Kenn in the Opera orch. , and 
 Duvernoy (as cor sold), retiring in 1831. He 
 was chamber-mus. to Napoleon (1811), and 
 Louis XVIIL (1816) ; in 1816 he was app. prof, 
 of horn in the Cons. , resigning the post in. 1842. 
 — Publ. " Methode pour cor alto et cor basse"; 
 horn-concertos, and chamber-music with horn- 
 parts. In MS. he left symphonies, a Method 
 of Harmony, a " Theorie analytique de la mu- 
 sique," etc. 
 
 Daussoigne - M6hul, Louis -Joseph, born 
 Givet, Ardennes, June 24, 1790 ; d. Li^ge, 
 Mar. 10, 1875. Pupil of Catel and Mehul at 
 the Cons.; took the Grand prix de Rome in 
 1809 ; after writing 4 operas, which were re- 
 jected, he at length produced his l-act Aspasie 
 at the Grand Opera (1820) with moderate suc- 
 cess. He did still better with Valentine de 
 Milan, a 3-act opera left unfinished by Mehul, 
 which he completed ; but his former ill-success 
 had discouraged him. In 1827 he accepted the 
 directorship of Li6ge Cons. , which he retained, 
 with great benefit to the school, until 1862. B. 
 was an associate member of the Royal Acad., 
 Brussels, and publ. mus. essays on its reports of 
 meetings. He brought out a cantata w. full 
 orch. in 1828, and a choral symphony (" Une 
 joumee de la Revolution") in 1834. 
 
 Davenport, Francis William, b. Wilders- 
 lowe, n. Derby, Eng., 1847 ; st. law at Oxford, 
 but preferred music, and became the pupil (later 
 
 136 
 
DAVID— DAVID 
 
 son-in-law) of Sir G. A. Macfarren. In 1879, 
 prof, at the R. A. M., and at the Guildhall Sch. 
 of Mus. in 1882. — Works : 2 symphonies (i. in 
 D minor, won 1st prize at Alexandra Palace, 
 1876 ; 2. in C major) ; overture f. orch., 
 " Twelfth Night"; Prelude and Fugue f. orch.; 
 6 pes. f. pf. and 'cello; "Pictures on a Jour- 
 ney," a series of pf.-pcs. ; part-songs and songs ; 
 also wrote "Elements of Music" (1884), and 
 " Elements of Harm, and Opt." (i886). 
 
 Da'vid [dah-], Ferdinand, eminent violinist 
 and pedagogue ; b. Hamburg, Jan. 19, 1810 ; 
 d. on a mountain- 
 trip near Klosters, 
 Switzerland, July 
 18, 1873. From 
 1-823-4 I16 studied 
 with S p o h r and 
 Hauptmann at 
 Kassel ; played in 
 the Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, in 1825 ; 
 and in 1827 became 
 a member of the 
 Konigstadt Theatre 
 orch. in Berlin. In 
 1829 he was ist vio- 
 lin in the private 
 quartet of a wealthy and influential amateur 
 (Baron von Liphardt) at Dorpat, whose daughter 
 he married ; he remained in Russia till 1835, 
 winning fame by frequent concerts in St. P., 
 Moscow, Riga, etc. At Mendelssohn's instance 
 he was app. leader of the Gewandhaus orch. in 
 1836. In this position, and in the wider field 
 of activity opened by the establishment of the 
 Cons, in iSJfs, D. found ample opportunity for 
 the development of his remarkable gifts. While 
 he lived, the Leipzig Cons, was looked upon as 
 the finishing-school of violinists' ; over the play- 
 ing of the Gewandhaus orch. he presided with 
 the rigor of a martinet, and the tradition of his 
 teachings is still a living force in that chosen 
 band. Obeyed with fear and trembling as a. 
 drill-master, and admired as a virtuoso "com- 
 bining the sterling qualities of Spohr's style with 
 the greater facility and piquancy of the modern 
 school," he was revered as the teacher of the 
 most distinguished violinists of the time, among 
 them being Wilhelmj and Joachim. As a quar- 
 tet-player he was nearly unrivalled ; as an orch.l 
 leader he had a wonderful faculty of inspiring 
 the players with his own enthusiasm. His stu- 
 dent editions of classical works embrace nearly 
 all compositions of standard violin-literature ; 
 noteworthy is the " Hohe Schule des Violin- 
 spiels," containing chiefly French and Italian 
 masterpieces of the 17th and 18th centuries. 
 Mendelssohn was his warm friend, frequently 
 asking his advice and deferring to his judgment ; 
 a remarkable instance of this being M.'s violin- 
 concerto, during the writing of which D. was 
 continually consulted. — Works : I opera, //ans 
 Wacht (Leipzig, 1852) ; 2 symphonies ; 5 vln... 
 
 concertos ; a sextet, a quartet, and other cham- 
 ber-mus. ; variations, capriccios, rondos, and 
 other vln.-pcs.; " Bunte Reihe," pes. f. pf. and 
 vln. (transcribed f. pf. by Liszt) ; and a Method 
 f . vln. , one of the best ever written. [La Mara 
 gives list with 50 opus-numbers.] 
 
 Da'vid, Peter Paul, son of Ferd. D.; b. 
 Leipzig, Aug. I, 1840 ; was leader of the Karls- 
 ruhe orch. 1862-5, 3nd is at present teacher of 
 violin at Uppingham, Eng. 
 
 David, F61icien-C6sar, distinguished com- 
 poser ; b. Cadenet, Vaucluse, Apr. 13, 1810 ; d. 
 St.-Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 29, 1876. Of re- 
 markably precocious 
 talent, he was 
 taught in the mat- 
 trise of Saint-Sau- 
 veur at Aix from 
 1817-25. He had a 
 beautiful voice, and 
 composed hymns, 
 motets, and other ■, 
 music. He then st. 
 in the Jesuit ■ col- 
 lege for 3 years ; be- 
 came asst.-cond. in 
 the th. at Aix, and 
 in 1S29 m. de chap. 
 at St.-Sauveur; but 
 an unconquerable 
 
 longing to widen his musical horizon drew him 
 to Paris (1830), where he submitted specimens of 
 composition to Cherubini, and was admitted to 
 the Cons. , studying harm, with Reber and Millot, 
 and cpt. and fugue with Fetis. In 1831, when 
 the meagre allowance given him by a rich and 
 avaricious uncle had been withdrawn, he joined 
 the socialistic movement of the Saint-Simonists 
 at Menilmontant ; here he composed a series of 
 4-part "hymnes" f. men's voices (later publ., 
 with the words, as the " Ruche harmonieuse "). 
 On the dispersion of the society in 1833, D. went 
 to Marseilles with a group of the brotherhood, 
 giving concerts on the way ; they proceeded to 
 Constantinople, Smyrna, and Egypt, where they 
 finally dispersed ; and, with an imagination 
 powerfully stimulated by his long sojourn in the 
 East, D. returned alone to Paris in 1835. He 
 now publ. a collection of " Melodies orientales "; 
 they met with small success, and he retired to 
 the house of a friend in the country, giving him- 
 self up to study and composition (2 symphonies, 
 24 small string-quintets, 2 nonets f. wind, ro- 
 mances, etc.). In 1838 his 1st symphony (in F) 
 was prod. ; and at last (1844) he reaped the fruit 
 of so many years' toil and study, his symphonic 
 ode Le Disert being received, at its first per- 
 formance in the hall of the Cons., with "deliri- 
 ous " applause, and a series of repetitions given 
 at the Salle Ventadour for a month, to crowded 
 houses. The oratorio Moise au Sinai followed 
 in 1846, but, like a second symphonic ode Chris- 
 tophe Colombo and I'^iien (a "mystery" in 2 
 parts. Grand Opera, 1848), met with a cool re- 
 
 337 
 
DAVID— DAVISON 
 
 ception However, his opera La Perlc du Brisil 
 (Th.-Lyrique, 1851) was brilliantly successful ; 
 a second, La fin du monde, was rejected by the 
 Grand Op., and later (though after long rehear- 
 sals) by the Th.-Lyrique ; the Grand Op. took 
 it up in 1859 as Herculaneum, and for this opera 
 the great state prize of 20,000 frs. was awarded 
 to D. in 1867. Lalla Rookh (1862) and Le 
 Saphir (1865) were given at the Opera-Comique 
 (the former with great success, the latter with 
 scarcely a succes d^esiime). D. now abandoned 
 dram, comp., withdrawing his last op.. La Cap- 
 tive. In i86g he was elected Academicien, 
 taking Berlioz's chair, and succeeding him also 
 as librarian of the Cons. — Besides the above 
 works, he wrote 12 melodies f. 'cello ; " Les 
 Brises d'Orient," pf.-pcs.; "Les Minarets," 3 
 pf.-pcs.; "Les Perles d'Orient," 6 melodies f. 
 voice and pf . ; etc. -^ Biography by Azevedo : 
 " F. D., sa vie et son oeuvre " (Paris, 1863). 
 
 David, Samuel, b. Paris, Nov. 12, 1838 ; d. 
 there Oct. 3, 1895. Pupil, in Cons., of Bazin 
 and Halevy ; Grand prix de Rome, 1858, for 
 cantata Jephtha; 1859, prize for work f. male 
 ch. and orch., Le ge'nie de la fe;vf, perf. by 
 chorus of 6,000 singers. 1861, prof, at College 
 de Sainte-Barbe ; 1872, music-director in Jewish 
 Synagogues of Paris. — Operas (all given in 
 Paris) : i-act operetta La peau de Vours (1858) ; 
 Mademoiselle Sylvia.^ I-act (1868) ; Tu I'as 
 vouht, I-act (1869) ; Le bien d'atitrtd (1869) ; 
 Un caprice de Ninon (1871) ; La Fee des Bruy^- 
 res, 3 acts (187S). Not performed ; Les cheva- 
 liers du poignard^ Une dragonnade^ La Gageure^ 
 r Education d^ un Prince, Les Changeurs, Absa- 
 lon, and / Maccabei (in Italian). Also, an " ode- 
 symphonie," Le Triomphe de la Paix (1878, his 
 best-known work) ; 4 symphonies, several cho- 
 ruses, many songs, and a theoretico-practical 
 work " L'Art de jouer en mesure" (Paris, 1862). 
 
 David, Ernest, b. Nancy, July 4, 1844 ; d. 
 Paris, June 3, 1886. From 1862 he studied 
 music under Fetis ; was a contributor to several 
 mus. journals; publ. an essay in 1873, "La 
 musique chez les Juifs," and wrote with Lussy 
 an " Histpire de la notation musicale depuis ses 
 origines " (1882). Also publ. "La vie et les 
 oeuvres de J. S. Bach." 
 
 David, Adolphe-Isaac, b. Nantes, 1842 ; d. 
 Paris, June 24, 1897. Composer. — Works : 3 
 pantomimes. La statue du Commandeur and 
 Pierrot surpris (both succ. in 1891 at the 
 " Nouveautes "), and Le fiancd de cire (Paris, 
 1894) ; also a comic opera Diana de Sparre 
 (Nantes) ; many pf.-pcs. (" La Pluie," etc.). 
 
 Da'vidoff, Karl, 'cellist ; b. Goldingen, Kur- 
 land, iMar. 15, 1838 ; d. Moscow, Feb. 28, 1889. 
 Pupil of H. Schmidt in Mo.scow ('cello), and C. 
 Schubert at St. P., afterwards .studying comp. 
 with Hauptraann at Leipzig. His debut at the 
 Gewandhaus (1859) was so successful that he 
 was eng. as first 'cello, and also succeeded 
 
 Fr. Griltzmacher as 
 teacher in the Cons. 
 In 1862 he was app. 
 solo 'cellist to the 
 Russian Emperor, 
 and in the orch. of 
 the Russian Music 
 Soc; and also in the 
 St. P. Cons., be- 
 coming Director in 
 1876 (resigned, 
 1887).— Works:Con- 
 certos, a ballade, and 
 a song without 
 words, f. 'cello ; pf.- 
 pcs.; chamber-music (pf. -quintet) ; a symph. 
 poem, "The Gifts of Terek"; songs, etc. 
 
 Davies, Ben, tenor opera- and concert-singer; 
 b. Swansea Valley, S. Wales, in 1858. Pupil 
 1880-3 of Randegger at R. A. M., winning the 
 bronze, silver, and gold medals, and the Evill 
 prize for best declamatory Engl, singing ; 3 
 years with Carl Rosa Opera-troupe ; has lat- 
 terly sung in Lvanhoe, Faust, and The Bohe- 
 mian Girl. Is best known, however, as an 
 oratorio- and concert-singer ; his repertory in- 
 cludes most of the oratorios, cantatas, and con- 
 cert-work performed in Britain. First visit to 
 America in summer of 1893 ; 2nd, in 1894. 
 
 Davies, Fanny, pianist ; b. Guernsey, June 
 17, 1863 (?) ; pupil of Reinecke and Paul (pf.), and 
 Jadassohn (theory) in Leipzig Cons. (1882-3), 
 and of Frau Schumann 1883-5 ^t the Hoch 
 Cons., Frankfort; also of Dr. .Scholz in fugue 
 and composition. London debut at the Crystal 
 Palace, Oct. 17, 1885 ; since then she has made 
 succ. tours in England, Germany, and Italy. 
 
 Davies, (Henry) Walford, English organ- 
 ist ; b. Owestry, Sept. 6 ,1869. At 12 he be- 
 came chorister in St. George's chapel, Windsor; 
 1885-90, pupil and asst. of Sir Walter Parratt, 
 and likewise org. of the Park chapel, Windsor. 
 From 1 890-1 org. and choirmaster at St. Anne's, 
 Soho ; 1891-8, org. of Christ church, Hamp- 
 stead ; and in 1898 succeeded E. J. Hopkins as 
 org. of the Temple Ch. He is a Mus. Bac, 
 (1892) and Mus. Doc, Cantab. (1898) ; in 1894 he 
 qualified as Associate of the R. C. M. for com- 
 position ; and in 1895 succeeded Rockstro as 
 prof, of cpt. there. — Works: Pf.-quintet in 
 E[7 ; Symphony in D, 1895 ; cantata Hervi Rid 
 [Browning] (1896); chamber-music. 
 
 Davison, Arabella. See Goddaed. 
 
 Davison, James William, b. London, Oct. 
 5, 1815 ; d. Margate, Mar. 24, 1885. Pupil of 
 W. H. Holmes (pf.) and Sir G. A. Macfarren 
 (theory). Musical critic ; editor of the " Mus. 
 Examiner" 1842-4, and the "Mus. World" 
 1844-85; contributor to the "Saturday Re- 
 view," "Pall Mall Gazette," and "Graphic"; 
 from 1846-79, the influential critic of "The 
 Times." In i860 he married his pupil, Ara- 
 
 13S 
 
DAVY— DEDEKIND 
 
 bella Goddard. He wrote the analytical " Pro- 
 gramme-books" for the Popular Concerts and 
 the Halle recitals, and contributed 2 articles to 
 Grove's Dictionary. He composed a few songs, 
 several pf.-pcs. , and a dram, overture (f. pf.- 
 duet) to Fortunatus, a fairy-tale. 
 
 Davy, John, b. Upton-Helion, Exeter, 1765; 
 d. London, Feb. 22, 1824. Pupil of Jackson. 
 Violinist at Covent Garden ; teacher and comp. 
 in London. Wrote the music to nearly a score 
 of plays ; also vocal quartets, madrigals, and 
 many songs, of which " The Bay of Biscay, 
 oh ! " is still popular. 
 
 Davy, Richard, Engl. comp. of the i6th 
 century. Some of his comp.s are preserved in 
 the Fayrfax MSS. , British Museum. 
 
 Day, Dr. Alfred, b. London, Jan., 1810; d. 
 there Feb. II, 1849. A practising physician 
 (homoeopathist) in London ; best known as the 
 author of an original "Treatise on Harmony" 
 (London [1845] ), in which he advocated reforms 
 in terminology and teaching, formulated a new 
 sort of bass-figuring to supplant the ordinary 
 thorough-bass, and made many interesting and 
 practical suggestions. 
 
 Dayas, William Humphries, b. New York, 
 Sept. 12, 1864. Studied in N. Y. under S. Jack- 
 son (pf. and harm.), Warren (org. and cpt.), 
 and S. B.. Mills and Joseffy (pf.). Org. of the 
 Fifth Av. Presby. Ch. ; then of St. Andrew's; 
 studied in Germany with Th. Kullak, C. A. 
 Haupt, H. Erlich, and H. Urban ; also with 
 Liszt at Weimar. Made a concert-tour with 
 Arma Senkrah in 1888 ; succeeded Busoni as 
 pf.-teacher in Helsingfors Cons. (1890) ; taught 
 in Dusseldorf (1894), Wiesbaden Cons., and Co- 
 logne Cons. — Works: Suite f. string-orch, ; 
 string-quartet ; sonata f. pf. and vln. ; organ- 
 sonatas ; pf.-sonatas ; 6 psalms f. mixed voices ; 
 waltzes f. pf. duet; Polonaise f. pf. , etc. 
 
 De Ah'na, Heinrich Karl Hermann, em- 
 inent solo violinist and quartet-player ; b. Vi- 
 enna, June 22, 1835 ; d. Berlin, Nov. i, 1892. 
 A pupil of Mayseder in Vienna, and Mildner at 
 Prague Cons. ; debut as violinist, when but 12 
 years old, at Vienna, London, etc. App. (1849) 
 chamber-virtuoso to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg- 
 Gotha. Served in the army 1851-59; then re- 
 sumed concert-tours in Holland and Germany ; 
 settled (1862) in Berlin as a member of the 
 Royal Orch., becoming its leader in 1868. In 
 1869 he was app. teacher in the Royal Hoch- 
 schule. 
 
 De Ah'na, Eleonore, sister of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Vienna, Jan. 8, 1838 ; d. Berlin, May 10, 
 1865. Pupil of E. Mantius. Fine dramatic 
 mezzo-sopr. ; sang at the Royal Opera, Berlin. 
 
 De-An'gelis, Girolamo, b. Civitavecchia, 
 Jan. I, 1858. Fine violinist ; pupil of Bazzini ; 
 St. in Milan Cons. i86g-8o ; 1881, app. prof, of 
 vln. and via. in .same, succeeding Cavallini. 
 Solo violinist at La Scala Th., 1879-97 ; mem- 
 
 ber of the SocietA del Quartetto ; abt. 1894, suc- 
 cessful tour in S. America. 1897, called to the 
 Royal Irish Acad, of Music, at Dublin, as head- 
 teacher of violin. Wrote text and music of the 
 opera V Innocente (Novi Ligure, 1896, succ. ; 
 Bologna, 1897, mod. succ). 
 
 Debain, Alexandre-Francois, the inventor 
 of the harmonium ; b. Paris, 1809 ; d. there Dec. 
 3, 1877. He established a factory of pianos and 
 organs in Paris (1834), and after long experi- 
 mentation with free reeds patented his "har- 
 monium" in 1840. He also invented the " anti- 
 phonel"and the " harmonichorde " ; and greatly 
 improved the accordion. 
 
 Debillemont, Jean-Jacques, b. Dijon, Dec. 
 12, 1824 ; d. Paris, Feb. 14, 1879. ^ pupil of 
 Alard at the Cons., and member of the Op.- 
 Com. orch., he studied later with Leborne and 
 Carafa ; brought out 4 operas in Dijon ; settled 
 (1859) in Paris, where he conducted the concerts 
 of the " Societe des Beaux-Arts," and later the 
 orch. of the Porte St.-Martin theatre. He pro- 
 duced abt. a dozen operas, operettas, ballets, 
 and the like (7 still in MS.) ; also cantatas, etc. 
 
 Debois, Ferdinand, b. Briinn, Nov. 24, 
 1834 ; d. there May 10, 1893. He was the di- 
 rector of a bank ; founded and conducted a male 
 choral society. Of his numerous vocal comp.s, 
 his male choruses have become most popular. 
 He wrote Wernher, for soli, ch., and orch. 
 (1889) ; also pf.-pcs. 
 
 Debrois van Bruyck. See Bruyck. 
 
 Deck'er, Konstantin, b. Fiirstenau, Bran- 
 denburg, Dec. 29, 1810 ; d. Stolp, Pomerania, 
 Jan. 28, 1878. 'Teacher, pianist, and comp.; 
 pupil of Dehn (harm, and cpt.) in Berlin. Lived 
 in Halle, Leipzig, Breslau, KOnigsberg, St. 
 Petersburg (for several years), and Potsdam ; 
 from 1859 in Stolp. — Works : 3 operas. Die 
 Geusen in BrMa (1837), Giaffir, der Weiberfeind 
 (1838), Isolde, Grdjin von Toulouse (Konigsberg, 
 1852); a string-quartet; 2 pf.-sonatas; fanta- 
 sias f. pf. ; duets, songs, etc. 
 
 De'dekind,Henning, cantor at Langensalza, 
 Thuringia, abt. 1590, and pastor in 1614 ; pas- 
 tor in Gebesee, 1622, till his death in 1628. — 
 Publ. " Neue ausserlesene Tricinia auff fur- 
 treffliche lustige Texte gesetzt " (Erfurt, 1588 ; 
 probably a 2nd ed. of his " Dodekatonon musi- 
 cum Triciniorum . . . ," undated); a catechism, 
 " Eine Kinder-Musik, etc." (Erfurt, 1589) ; 
 "Praecursor metricus musicae artis . . ."(Er- 
 furt, 1590); and " Dodekas Musicarum delici- 
 arum : Soldaten-Leben, darinnen allerley Kriegs- 
 handel ..." (Erfurt, 1628). 
 
 De'dekind, Konstantin Christian, born 
 Reinsdorf, Anhalt-Kothen, Apr. 2, 1628 ; d. 
 1697 (or later). " Hofmusikus " and poet-laure- 
 ate to the Elector of Saxony at Meissen ; also a 
 prolific composer (pupil of Chr. Bernhardi in 
 Dresden) of chamber-music, and sacred songs 
 w. instr.l accomp.t. — Works: " Aebianische 
 
 139 
 
DEDLER— DEITERS 
 
 Musen-Lust " (Dresden, 1657; — 120 celebrated 
 poems set as chansons) ; ' ' Davidische geheime 
 Musik-Kammer " (Dresden, 1663 ; 30 psalms f. 
 solo voice and bass) ; " Musikalischer Jahrgang 
 und Vesper-Gesang " (Dresden, 1674 ; 120 vocal 
 "concertos"); " Davidischer Harfenschall in 
 Liedern und Melodeyen " (Frankfort); " Sin- 
 gende Sonn- und Fest-Tags Andachten " (Dres- 
 den, 1683); "Musikalischer Jahrgang, etc." 
 (Dresden, 1694 ; for 2 voices with org.) ; and 
 others. 
 
 De'dler, Rochus, b. Oberammergau, Jan. 
 15, i77g ; d. Vienna, Oct. 15, 1822. Composer 
 of the Passion-play music still in use. 
 
 Deering (or Dering), Richard, b. in Kent 
 towards end of i6th century ; d. London (?) in 
 1630. Educated in Italy ; publ. the oldest 
 known compositions with basso coniinuo (' ' Canti- 
 ones sacrae quinque vocum cum basso continue 
 ad organum," Antwerp, 1597 ; 2nd book, 1617 ; 
 3rd, 1619). Mus. Bac, Oxon., in 1610. Organ- 
 ist at the convent of English nuns at Brussels 
 in 161 7 ; court-org. to Queen Henrietta Maria 
 in 1625. — Also publ. " Cantica sacra ad melodi- 
 am madrigalium elaborata senis vocibus " (Ant- 
 werp, 1618) ; "Cantica sacra ad duas et tres 
 voces, composita cum basso continue ad orga- 
 num " (London, 1662). 
 
 Deferra'ri. See Ferrari. 
 
 Deff^s, Louis -Pierre, composer; b. Tou- 
 louse, July 25, 1819 ; pupil of Halevy and Bar- 
 bereau in the Paris Cons., taking Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1847 for the cantata I'Ange et Tobie. 
 His first dram, work was the i-act com. op. 
 rAnneau d'argeni (Puns, 1855); 14 others have 
 since been given, the last being Jessica (Tou- 
 louse, 1898 ; very succ). He has also written 
 masses, motets, overtures, male choruses, songs, 
 military music, etc. At present (1899) Director 
 of the Toulouse branch of the Conservatoire. 
 
 De'gele, Eugen, baritone dram, singer ; b. 
 Munich, July 4, 1834 ; d. Dresden, July 26, 
 1866. Pupil of A. Bayer and Fr. Dietz in the 
 Munich Cons. ; debut in Munich unsuccessful ; 
 after further study with W. Rauscher, he sang 
 at Hanover in 1856, and obtained an engage- 
 ment till 1861, since when he was engaged at 
 Dresden. — He composed some songs. 
 
 De Gio'sa, Nicola, bom Ban, May 5, 1820; 
 d. there July 7, 1885. Pupil, at Naples Cons., 
 of P. Bongiorni (flute), Ruggi (cpt.), and Zinga- 
 relli and iSonizetti (comp.). Became maestro at 
 the San Carlo Th. (Naples), the Fenice Th. 
 .(Venice), and of Italian theatres in Cairo, Buenos 
 Ayres, etc. His first dram, venture, the " opera 
 buffa " La Casa degli artisti (Turin, 1842), was 
 quite successful, and his Don Checco (Naples, 
 1850) is still played in Italy ; but none of his 20 
 or more other operas is of special note. Many 
 of his 400 songs have become very popular ; he 
 
 also wrote symphonies, cantatas, and various 
 sacred works (in MS.). 
 
 De Haan, Willem, b. Rotterdam, 1849; 
 pupil of Nicolai, de Lange, and Bargiel ; later 
 in Leipzig Cons. (1870-1). Visited Berlin and 
 Vienna ; was musical director at Bingen (1873) 
 cond. of the "Mozartverein" at Darmstadt (1876), 
 and Hofkapelhn. there in 1895. — Works : Opera 
 Die Kaiserstochter; 4-act opera Die Inkasolme 
 (Darmstadt, 1895 ; succ.) ; 2 cantatas f. male 
 chorus and orch., Der Konigssohn, and Das 
 Grab im Busento j cantata Harpa, f. mixed 
 chorus ; vocal duets, songs, and pf.-pcs. 
 
 Dehn, Siegfried Wilhelm, b. Altona, Feb. 
 25, 1796 ; d. Berhn, Apr. 12, 1858. Law-stu- 
 dent at Leipzig 1819-25 ; also studied harmony 
 and 'cello-playing. Adopted music as his pro- 
 fession in 1829, after losing his fortune; studied 
 theory assiduously with Bernhard Klein in Berlin ; 
 and at Meyerbeer's instance (1842) was app. 
 librarian of the musical department of the Royal 
 Library, for his labors in which he was made 
 Royal Professor in 1849. From 1842-8 he was 
 also editor of the " Ctecilia " (Gottfried Weber's 
 paper), to which he contributed valuable articles, 
 Dehn was a profound theorist, and very successful 
 as a teacher of theory, numbering among his 
 pupils Anton Rubinstein, Th. KuUak, Glinka, 
 Kiel, Heinrich Hofmann, etc. He publ. a 
 ' ' Theoretisch-praktische Harmonielehre " (Ber- 
 lin, 1840 ; 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1858 ; his most im- 
 portant work) ; an " Analyse dreier Fugen aus J. 
 S. Bach's Wohltemperirtem Clavier und einer 
 Vokaldoppelfuge G. M. Buononcinis" (Leipzig, 
 1858) ; " Eine Sammlung alterer Musik aus dem 
 16. und 17. Jahrhundert" (Berlin ; 12 books of 
 vocal comp.s a 4-10) ; a translation of Delmotte's 
 work on Orlandus Lassus, ' ' Biogr. Notiz iiber 
 Roland de Lattre" (Vienna, 1837). A post- 
 humous ' ' Lehre vom Kontrapunkt, dem Kanon 
 u. der Fuge" (Berlin, 1859 \ 2nd ed., 1883) was 
 edited by B. Scholz. 
 
 Dei'ters, Hermann, b. Bonn, June 27, 1833, 
 where he took the degrees of Dr. jur. and Dr. 
 fhil. in 1858. Teacher in the gymnasia at Bonn 
 (1858) and Duren (1869); director of gymnasia at 
 Konjtz (1874), Posen ('78), and Bonn ('83); 
 " Provincial-Schulrath " at Koblenz ('85) ; assist- 
 ant in the Ministry of Public Worship, at Berlin 
 (1890). D. has written many mus. articles for the 
 " Deutsche Musikzeitung"; for the " Allg. musi- 
 kal. Zeitung" (". Beethoven's dramatische Kom- 
 positionen " ['65], " R. Schumann als Schrift- 
 steller" ['65], " Otto Jahn " ['70], " Beethoven's 
 Sakularfeier in Bonn" ['71], "Max Bruch's 
 Odysseus" ['73], and a series on Brahms), and 
 other journals. He contributed several mus, 
 biographies to Meyer's Konversations - Lexikon 
 (3rd ed.) ; and is the translator (into German) 
 of A. W. Thayer's Life of Beethoven, the 4th 
 (and last) vol. of which he is now (1899) pre- 
 paring. 
 
 140 
 
DE KOVEN— DELIBES 
 
 De Ko'ven, (Henry Louis) Reginald, b. 
 
 Middletown, Conn., Apr. 3, 1859. Educated in 
 Europe from 1870, 
 taking his degree at 
 St. John's Coll., Ox- 
 ford, Eng., in 1879. 
 Before this he stud- 
 ied pf. -playing under 
 W. Speidel at Stutt- 
 gart, and after grad- 
 uation St. there an- 
 other year under 
 Lebert (pf.) and 
 Pruckner (harm.). 
 After a six -months' 
 course in Frankfort, 
 under Dr. Hauff 
 (comp.), he studied 
 
 singing with Vanuccini at Florence, Italy, and 
 operatic composition under Genee in Vienna and 
 Delibes in Paris. Now (1899) residing in New 
 York. As a composer of operettas he has had 
 great success. — Works : The operettas The 
 Begum (Phila., Nov. 7, 1887) ; Don Quixote 
 (Boston, Nov. 18. 1889) ; Robin Jlood {Chicago, 
 June 9, 1890 ; London, Jan. 5, 1891) ; TAe 
 Fencing Master (Boston, Sept. 22, 1892) ; The 
 Knickerbockers (Boston, Jan., 1893); The Al- 
 gerian (Vhila., Sept. 24, 1893) ; J?ob Roy (Detroit, 
 Oct., 1894); The Tzigane (N. Y., May, 1895); 
 The Mandarin (Cleveland, O., Oct., 1896) ; The 
 Paris Bolt {Hartford, Conn., Sept. 28, 1897); 
 The Highwayman (New Haven, Oct. 21, 1897 ; 
 N. Y. , Dec. 13, 1897), and The Three Dragoons 
 (New York, Jan., 1899). Besides these, abt. 135 
 songs and incidental pieces, incl. an orchestral 
 suite (MS.), and a pf. -sonata (the andante publ. 
 in " Half-hours with the Best Composers"). 
 
 Delaborde, Elie - Miriam, born Chaillot, 
 France, Feb. 8, 1839. Pupil of Ch.-V. Alkan, 
 Liszt, and Moscheles. Now (1899) prof, of pf. 
 at Paris Cons. Besides a few pf. -pieces, pf.- 
 fantasias, etc. (publ.), he has in MS. an opera. 
 La Reine dort. 
 
 Delacour, Vincent-Conrad-F61ix, b. Paris, 
 Mar. 25, 1808 ; d. there Mar. 28, 1840. Pupil 
 of P. Cons. 1822-7 ; 1830-3, harpist in the Royal 
 Th., Berlin. From 1833-5, h^ studied at the 
 Cons, with Berton, was joint-editor of " Le 
 Pianiste," and gave concerts. — Publ. an Ave 
 verum a 4, w. org., an O salutaris, a 3, and a 
 few vocal romances. 
 
 Delitre, Olivier, Belgian musician in ist 
 half of 16th century. Some motets and chan- 
 sons were publ. in collections (Paris, Lyons, 
 and Antwerp, 1539-55). 
 
 Delatre, Claude-Petit-Jan, choirmaster in 
 Verdun cathedral ; in 1555, m. de chap, to the 
 Bishop of Li^ge. Many motets and chansons 
 by him were printed by Phalese, Susato, and 
 Bellere. 
 
 De Lattre, Roland, See Lasso, Orlando 
 
 DI. 
 
 De I'Aulnaye, Frangois-Henri-Stanislas, 
 
 b. Madrid, July 7, 1739 ; d. Chaillot, 1830. 
 Secretary of the Paris Museum, but lost his 
 place in the Revolution, squandered his patri- 
 mony, and died in the almshouse. — Wrote " De 
 la saltation theStrale " (1790), and other essays 
 on mus. history and theory. 
 
 Deldevez, Edouard-Marie-Ernest, born 
 Paris, May 31, 1817 ; d. there Nov. 6, 1897 ; 
 pupil, in Paris Cons., of Habeneck (vln.), Ha- 
 levy and Berton. Was app. asst.-cond. at the 
 Grand Opera and of the Cons, concerts in 1859 ; 
 was chief cond. of the latter from 1872-83, and 
 of the former from 1873-77 (succeeding Hainl). 
 Prof, in Cons, of the orchestral class since 1874. 
 He comp. the ballets Lady Henriette (1844, with 
 Flotow and Burgmuller), Eucharis (1844), Pa- 
 quita (1846), Vert- Vert (1851, with Tolbecque) ; 
 the grand operas Mazarina and Yanko le bandit 
 (not perf.), the 2-act opera Samson, and the i-act 
 opera Le violon enchants ; 3 symphonies ; and 
 chamber-music, church-music, songs, etc. ; and 
 is the author of 2 monographs, " Curiosites 
 musicales " (1873, on difScult and doubtful pas- 
 sages in classical compositions), and " La nota- 
 tion de la musique classique comparee k la no- 
 tation de la mus. moderne, et de I'execulion des 
 petites notes en general "; also publ. " L'art du 
 chef d'orchestre" (1878) ; " La Societe des Con- 
 certs de i860 a 1885 " (1887) ; and " De I'execu- 
 tion d'ensemble " (1888). 
 
 De Le'va, Enrico, b. Naples, Jan. 19, 1867 ; 
 St. pf. under Pannain and Rossomandi, harmony 
 under Puzzoni and d'Arienzo. Pianist ; song- 
 composer in great vogue ; op. i, Canzone f. pf. ; 
 his canzonetta napoletana " 'E spingole fran- 
 gese " made him famous ; among his songs 
 may be mentioned " Non me guarda," " Triste 
 aprile," " lUusione," " Ho sognato," " Lacrime 
 amare," " Ammore piccerillo," "'A canzone d' 
 'a pupata," "Durmenno"; also a serenata "'A 
 Capemonte " ; opera La Carmargo [sic] (MS. ; 
 1896). 
 
 Delezenne, Charles-^douard-Joseph, b. 
 Lille, Oct. 4, 1776 ; d. there Aug. 20, 1866. 
 Has written numerous important essays con- 
 cerning experimental physics and mathematics 
 as applied to mus. acoustics ; publ. in the 
 " Memoires de la Societe des Sciences, etc.," of 
 Lille (1827-57). [Compare Ffixis.] 
 
 Delibes, Cl€ment-Philibert-L6o, famous 
 dramatic composer; b. St. -Germain-du-Val, 
 Sarthe, Feb. 21, 1836 ; d. Paris, Jan. 16, i8gi. 
 Entered the Paris Cons, in 1848, Le Couppey, 
 Bazin, Adam and Benoist being his chief 
 teachers. In 1853 he became accompanist at 
 the Theatre-Lyrique, and organist at the Church 
 of St. -Jean et St.-Fran9ois. His first stage-work 
 was the l-act operetta. Deux sacs de charbon 
 (1855), followed by 12 more of the same class 
 up to 1865, when he was app. 2nd chorus- 
 master at the Grand Opera. He now tried his 
 
 141 
 
DELIOUX— DEL VALLE DE PAZ 
 
 hand at ballet-writing, and brought out the bal- 
 let La source (prod, later in Vienna as Naila, 
 die Quellenfee) at the 
 Opera in 1866 ; the 
 next ballet, Coppe'lia, 
 ou la Jille aux yeux 
 d'^mail (Gr. Opera, 
 1870), was tri- 
 umphantly success- 
 ful, and has held 
 the boards ever 
 since. Sylvia, ou la 
 nymphe de Diane 
 (1876), was also succ. 
 — After resigning 
 his post as chorus- 
 master, he succeeded 
 Reber(i88i)asprof. 
 of comp. at the Cons. ; and, in 1884, was elected 
 as Masse's successor in the Academic. Delibes' 
 dramatic music is distinguished by melodious- 
 ness, vivacity, and elegance of instrumentation. 
 His stage-works also include the comic operas 
 I.e roi I'a dit (1873), Jean de Nivelle (1880), 
 Lakmi (1883), Le Roi des Montagues, Le Don 
 Juan Suisse (MS.), and La princesse Ravigotle 
 (MS.). Besides these a cantata, Alger (1865); 
 choruses for men's and women's voices ; and a 
 coll. of 15 Melodiesw. pf., in German ZjV(/-style. 
 
 Delioux (de Savignac), Charles, b. Lorient, 
 Morbihan, Apr., 1830. A self-taught pianist, 
 he studied harmony with Barbereau, and (at the 
 Cons. 1845-g) comp. with Halevy. Took the 
 "Grand prix pour le contrepoint" in 1846.. 
 He brought out the i-act comic opera Yvonne et 
 Loic at the Gymnase in 1854 ; has publ. a great 
 many effective characteristic pes. f . pf . , and a 
 " Cours complet de mecanisme pour le piano" 
 (adopted in the Cons.). 
 
 Delia Mari'a, Dominique, born Marseilles, 
 176S ; d. Paris, Mar. 9, 1800 ; son of an Ital. 
 mandolinist. He was remarkably precocious ; 
 played the mandolin and 'cello at an early age, 
 and when i3 prod, a grand opera at Marseilles. 
 He now studied composition in Italy (for a time 
 with Paisiello), and prod, in Naples, 1792, a 
 successful opera, // maestro di cappella. He 
 went to Paris in 1796; obtaining a libretto (Zf 
 Prisonnier) from Duval, he set it to music in 
 8 days, brought it out at the Opera-Comique 
 (1798) in a few weeks, and was at once famous. 
 Before his death he finished 6 more operas, 4 of 
 which were produced during his lifetime ; but 
 the success of none of these equalled that of Le 
 Prisonnier . 
 
 Delle Se'die [sa'-de-eh], Enrico, baritone 
 vocalist and singing-teacher ; b. Leghorn, June 
 17, 1826. His teachers were GalelS, Persanola, 
 and Domeniconi. After imprisonment as a revo- 
 lutionist (1848), he resumed the study of sing- 
 ing, and made his debut at Florence (1851) in 
 Verdi's Nabucco. Until 1861 he sang in the 
 principal Italian cities ; was then eng. at the 
 Th. Italieu, Paris, and app. prof, of singing in 
 
 the Cons. He has lived in Paris ever since, as 
 one of the best singing-teachers of the capital. 
 His great works, 'Arte e fisiologia del canto" 
 (Milan, 1876), and " L'estetica del canto e dell' 
 arte melodrammatica " (Milan, 1886), are publ, 
 in New York in English as ' ' Vocal Art " (3 
 Parts), and " Esthetics of the Art of Singing, 
 and of the Melodrama" (4 vol.s). An admirable 
 fusion and condensation (by the author) of both 
 the above is also publ. in one volume as"ACom- 
 ■plete Method of Singing " (New York). 
 
 Del'linger [del'-ing-er], Rudolf, b. Graslitz, 
 Bohemia, July 8, 1857. Kapellm. (1883) at the 
 Karl Schulze Th., Hamburg ; 1893, at the Dres- 
 den Court Opera. Has prod, the operettas Don 
 Ccesar, Lorraine, Capitan Fracasse (Hamburg, 
 1889, succ), Saint-Cyr (Hamburg, 1891, v. 
 succ), and Die Chansonette (Dresden, 1894; 
 V. succ; in Prague, 1895, as Die Sdngerin). 
 
 DeU'Orefi'ce, Giuseppe, b. Fara, Abruzzio 
 Chietino, Italy, Aug. 22, 1848; d. Naples, Jan. 
 5, 1889. Pupil of Fenaroli and Miceli in Na- 
 ples Cons.; since 1878, cond. in the S.Carlo 
 Th., Naples. — Wrote I ballet, L fantasmi not- 
 turni (Naples, 1872), and the operas Romilda 
 de'Bardi (Naples, 1874), Egmont (Naples, '78), 
 // segreto della Duchessa (Naples, '79), and 
 L'oasi (Vicenza, '86) ; also songs and pf.-pcs. 
 
 Del Me'la, Don Domenico, an Italian 
 priest; the inventor, in 1730, of the first "up- 
 right " piano. — See Cesare Ponsicchi's pam- 
 phlet, "II primo pianoforte verticale" (Flor- 
 ence, 1898). 
 
 Delmotte, Henri-Florent, b. Mons, Bel- 
 gium, 1799 ; ^' there Mar. 9, 1836. A notary 
 by vocation, he was also librarian at Mons, and 
 president of the Society of "Bibliophiles de 
 Mons." He publ. " Notice biographique sur 
 Roland de Lattre, connu sous le nom d'Orland 
 de Lassus " (Valenciennes, 1836 ; Germ, transl. 
 by Dehn, Beriin, 1837, with notes). 
 
 Delprat, Charles, born (?), 1803 ; died Pau, 
 Pyrenees, F"eb., 1888; pupil of Ponchard /^«, 
 at Paris, and singing-teacher there. Publ. 
 " L'art du chant, et I'ecote actuelle " (Paris, 2nd 
 ed. 1870), and " Le Cons, de Mus. de Paris et 
 la commission du Ministere des Beaux-Arts" 
 (1872 ; 3rd ed. as " La question vocale," 1885). 
 
 Delsarte, Franfois - Alexandre - Nicolas- 
 
 Ch6ri, b. Solesme, Nord, Nov. 19, i8ii;d. 
 Paris, July 20, 1871. Tenor singer, pupil of 
 Garaude and Ponchard. Failing of success as 
 an opera-singer, he devoted himself to the con- 
 cert-stage, and to teaching; his "method" 
 (" quelque pen excentrique," says Fetis) has zeal- 
 ous partisans. He invented (1S55) the G-uidi- 
 accord, or Sonotype, an apparatus to facilitate the 
 tuning of pianos. 
 
 Del Valle de Paz, Edgardo, b. Alexandria, 
 Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. St. at Naples Cons, 
 under B. Cesi (pf.), and P. Serrao (comp.); 
 
 142 
 
DEMANTIUS— DENZA 
 
 made pianistic tours in Italy and Egypt when 
 but i6, and now resides at Florence. In 1893 
 he estab. the "Circolo del Valle " at Florence, 
 and since 1896 is the director of the journal " La 
 Nuova Musica." Also prof, in Florence Cons. 
 Has publ. a " Scuola pratica del pianoforte," 
 adopted by several Italian music - schools. — 
 Works: Orchestral suites, chamber-music, vocal 
 pieces, and pf.-comp.s (prize sonata ; Suite 
 " dans le style ancien " ; pieces with orch.; and 
 many elegant soli). 
 
 Deman'tius, Christoph, b. Reichenberg, 
 1567 ; d. Freiberg, Saxony, April 20, 1643. 
 Cantor at Zittau, about 1596 ; at Freiberg, 
 1607-43. Prolific composer. — Church-music : 
 " Triades precum vespertinarum " (1602); 
 " Magnificat d, 5 et 6 vocum " (Frankfort, n. 
 d.) ; "Corona harmonica " (motets a 6, 1610) ; 
 " Threnodiae " (dirges ; 2 sets, Leipzig, 1611, 
 and Freiberg, 1620) ; " Triades Sioniae In- 
 troitum, Missarura et Prosarum " a 5-8 (1619) ; 
 and Te Deuras. — Secular Music: " Weltliche 
 Lieder" u, 5 (1595) ; " 77 ausserlesene liebliche 
 Polnischer u. Deutscher Art Tantze mit und 
 ohne Text, etc.," a 4-5 (1601) ; " Convivialium 
 concentuum farrago, in welcher teutsche Can- 
 zonetten u. Villanellen mit 6 Stimmen zu sampt 
 einem Echo und zweyen dialogis mit 8 Stimmen 
 verfasset" (1609) ; " Convivorum Deliciae, etc." 
 (intradas, galliards, Polish dances ; l6og), etc. 
 — Also an instruction-book : ' ' Isagoge artis 
 musicae ad incipientium captum maxime accom- 
 modata. Kurtze Anleitung recht und leicht 
 Singen zu lernen, nebst Erklarung der grie- 
 chischen WSrtlein, so bei neuen Musicis im 
 Gebrauch sind " (Nuremberg, 1605 ; it went 
 through 9 editions). 
 
 Deme'lius, Christian, b. Schlettau, Saxony, 
 Apr. I, 1643 ; d. Nordhausen, Nov. i, 1711. 
 Cantor at Nordhausen from 1669. — Publ. a 
 " Gesangbuch " (1688) for the churches at N.; 
 "6 motets and arias" a 4 (1700) ; and an ele- 
 mentary treatise, " Tirocinium musicum, etc." 
 (Nordhausen, 11. d.). 
 
 Demeur, Anne-Arsfene (nie Charton), b. 
 Sanjon, Charente, May 5, 1827 ; d. Paris (?), 
 Nov. 30, 1892. A soprano singer in opera and 
 concert ; debut at Bordeaux, 1842, after which 
 she sang in Toulouse, Brussels (1846), London 
 (French comic opera and Ital. opera), St. 
 Petersburg (1853), Vienna, Paris (in Berlioz's 
 Beatrice et BinMict, and as Dido in Les Troyens 
 (i Carthage), and America. Her farewell per- 
 formance was Cassandre in Berlioz's Prise de 
 Troye. She married J. A. Demeur, a flutist and 
 composer. 
 
 De Mol [Deraol], Pierre, b. Brussels, Nov. 
 7, 1825 ; pupil of Brussels Cons. ; took Grand 
 prix de Rome f. comp. in 1855 ; was first 'cello 
 at Besan9on Th., and teacher at the B. Cons. 
 He has produced 2 cantatas, Les premiers mar- 
 tyrs (won prize, 1855), and Le dernier jour 
 d' Herculaneum. 
 
 De Mol [Demol], Frangois-Marie, nephew 
 of Pierre ; b. Brussels, Mar. 3, 1844 ; d. Os- 
 tend, Nov. 3, 1883. Won first prize at the 
 Brussels Cons, for cpt. and fugue, and for 
 organ-playing ; org. at the convent of the Be- 
 guines ; then org. of the St.-Charles Ch., Mar- 
 seilles, cond. of the Popular Concerts (1872-5), 
 and prof, of harm, in the Cons. (1875). App. 
 cond. of the Theatre National, Brussels, in 
 1876. — Has brought out an opera, Le chanteur 
 de M/dine, and written minor works. 
 
 De Munck [Demunck], Francois, 'cello- 
 virtuoso ; b. Brussels, Oct. 6, 1815 ; d. there 
 Feb. 28, 1854. Pupil of Platel in Brussels 
 Cons., and his successor, in 1835, as first prof, 
 of 'cello-playing. In 1845 he made long tours 
 in Germany ; in 1848 was app. 'cellist at H. M.'s 
 Th., London; but his health, undermined by 
 dissipation, gave way, and in 1853 he returned 
 to Brussels to die. — Publ. " Fantaisie et varia- 
 tions sur un th^me russe." 
 
 De Munck [Demunck], Ernest, brilliant 
 'cellist, son of Kranjois ; b. Brussels, Dec. 21, 
 1840. Pupil of his father and Servais ; trav- 
 elled in Great Britain, lived in London, and 
 (1868) in Paris as a member of the Maurin 
 Quartet ; in 1870, first 'cello in the Weimar 
 court orch. He married Carlotta Patti in 1879, 
 and resided in Paris till 1893, when he was app. 
 prof, of 'cello-playing in the R. A. M., London. 
 
 Dengremont, Maurice, b. Rio de Janeiro, 
 Brazil, Mar. 19, 1866, of French parents ; vio- 
 linist (juvenile prodigy) ; attracted general no- 
 tice in Europe in 1877 and some years there- 
 after ; d. Buenos Ayres, Sept. (?), 1893. 
 
 Den'ner, Johann Christoph, b. Leipzig, 
 Aug. 13, 1655 ; d. Nuremberg, Apr. 20J 1707. 
 A maker of wind-instr.s at Nuremberg, and the 
 inventor (1690 or 1700) of the clarinet, an im- 
 proved shawm. To him is likewise attributed 
 the invention of the Siockfagott and the Racket- 
 tenfagott. 
 
 Den'za, Luigi, b. Castellammare di Stabbia, 
 Feb. 24, 1846. Pupil of Serrao and Merca- 
 dante in Naples 
 Cons. Besides the 
 opera Wallenstein 
 (Naples, 1876), 
 which was not spe- 
 cially successful, 
 he has written a ^ '- ;■ 
 great number of 5;^'-^^ 
 songs (some in Ne- 
 apolitan dialect), 
 many of which 
 have won deserved 
 popularity; among 
 them are " Funi- 
 culi-Funiculi,' ' 
 "II Telefono," " Guardamesulo,'' "Amami," 
 " Fuggimi," " Occhi neri," " Se tu m'amassi," 
 " Giulia," most of which are also favorites in 
 English versions. 
 
 143 
 
DEPPE— DESAUGIERS 
 
 Dep'pe, Ludwig, born Alverdissen, Lippe, 
 Nov. 7, 1828 ; d. Pyrmont, Sept. 5/6, 1890. A 
 pupil of Marxsen at Hamburg in 1849, '^ter of 
 Lobe at Leipzig. Settled in Hamburg (i860) as 
 a music-teacher, and founded a singing-society, 
 of which he was the cond. till 1868. Went to 
 Berlin in 1874, and from 1886-S was court 
 Kapellm. , but resigned in order to devote him- 
 self to conducting the concerts of the court 
 orch. He has also conducted the Silesian Mus. 
 Festivals estab. by Count Hochberg in 1876. — 
 Sketch ; " Deppe as Teacher," by Amy Fay in 
 " Music-study in Germany." His method of 
 playing is explained by his pupil, Elisabeth 
 Caland, in " Die Deppe'sche Lehre des Kla- 
 vierspiels" (Stuttgart, 1897). 
 
 Deprfes [Despr^s], Josquin, the greatest of, 
 the early Netherland contrapuntists ; born abt. 
 1450 in Hainault (Burgundy), .and possibly in 
 the town of Conde, where he died as provost of 
 the Cathedral Chapter, August 27, 1521. His 
 name was very variously spelled : Desfres, Des- 
 prez, Depres^ Depret^ Deprez^ Desprets^ Dzipr^^ 
 and by the Italians, Del Prato (Latinized as a 
 Prato^a Pratis^ Pratensis),tlz.\ while Josquin 
 (contracted from the Flemish Jossekin, "little 
 Joseph "), appears as Jossi, Jossien, Jusquin, 
 Ciosquin, Josquinus, Jacobo, Jodocus, Jodocu- 
 lus, etc. " Josse Despres," his epitaph reads. 
 Few details concerning his life are known. It 
 seems probable that he was a chorister, and 
 afterwards chorusmaster, at St.-Quentin ; per- 
 haps he was m. de chap, for a time at the Cath. 
 of Cambrai (one of the towns claiming to be 
 his birthplace). He was doubtless a pupil of 
 Okeghem {premier chantre to Louis XI. abt. 
 1476) ; and he was a singer in the Sistine Chapel 
 at the time of Pope Sixtus IV. (1471-84), and 
 was in Ferrara, about 1488, with Isaack. As a 
 composer he was considered by contemporaries 
 to be the greatest of his period (so saysZarlino), 
 and Adrien Petit Coclius terms him " princeps 
 municorum"; his works were sung everywhere, 
 and universally admired — he was, indeed, the 
 first to weave the mazes of Netherlandish coun- 
 terpoint into expressive and beautiful art-forms. 
 — Publ. works : Masses (in Petrucci's Lib. I, 
 Venice, 1502): L'omme arme; La sol fa re mi ; 
 Gaudearaus ; Fortunata desperata ; L'omme 
 arme, sexti toni ; — (idem, II, 1503): Ave Maris 
 Stella ; Hercules, dux Ferrara; ; Malheur me 
 bat ; Lami Baudichon ; Una musque de Bus- 
 caya ; Dung aultre amor; — (idem, III, 1516) : 
 Mater patris ; Faysans regrets ; Ad fugam ; Di 
 dadi ; De Beata Virgine ; Sine nomine [these 
 3 books republ. by Junta (Rome, 1526)] ; — (in 
 Graphaus' " Missae III ") : Pange lingua; Da 
 pacem ; Sub tuum praesidium ; some of these 
 are scattered in other collections, and fragments 
 are found in still others ; and several more masses 
 are in MS. at Rome, Munich, and Cambrai. — 
 Motets were publ. by Petrucci (" Odhecaton,'' 
 1501-5, and his books of motets Nos. i, 3, 4, 
 and 5) ; by Peutinger (" Liber selectarum canti- 
 
 onum," 1520), and others of the period. 
 
 French chansons were publ. by T. Susato 
 (1545), P. Attaignant (1549), and Du Chemin 
 (1553). — In modern notation, fragments of his 
 works are to be found in the German ' ' Bibliothek 
 filr Kirchenmusik " (1844) ; in Commer's " Col- 
 lectio operorum musicorum Batavorum," Roch- 
 litz's " Sammlung vorzliglicher Gesangsstucke " 
 (1838), and Choron's "Collection" (a Stabat 
 Mater) ; also in the histories by Ambros, Forkel, 
 Kiesewetter, Burney, Busby, and Hawkins. 
 
 Deprosse, Anton, b. Munich, May i8-, 1838 ; 
 d. Berlin, June 23, 1878. Pupil of the Royal 
 School of Music at Munich 1853-5 I then a pri- 
 vate pupil of Stuntz and Herzog. Teacher of 
 pf. (1861-4) at the R. Sch. of Music ; taught 
 later in Frankfort and Gotha, in Munich (1871), 
 and went to Berlin in 1875. — Works : Operas 
 (in MS.); an oratorio, Die Salbung Davids; 
 songs; fine pf. -music (e.g., the "Romantic 
 Studies," op. 17). 
 
 De Reszk6, Jean, dramatic tenor ; b. War- 
 saw, Jan. 14, 1852. Tupil of Ciaffei, Cotogni, 
 and Sbriglia. Successful debut as baritone at 
 Venice in Jan. , 1874, in the role of Alfonso 
 (Favorita), under the name of " De Reschi." 
 After singing in Italy and Paris, he made his 
 tenor debut, as Robert (P. le Diable), at Madrid 
 
 in 1879. 1" 1884 ^^ ^^5 ^"S- ^' ^^^ T'^' ^^^ 
 Nations, and in 1885 at the Grand Opera, Paris, 
 where he created Massenet's " Cid." He has 
 sung for several seasons at Drury Lane, since 
 1887 ; in New York in 1895-9 with continued 
 success. His repertory now includes leading 
 Wagner roles. 
 
 De Reszk£, Edouard, dram, bass, brother 
 of Jean ; b. Warsaw, Dec. 23, 1855. Pupil of 
 his brother, Ciaffei, Steller, and Coletti. Debut 
 Paris, Apr. 22, 1876, as the King in Aida, at 
 the Th. des Italiens ; sang here for two seasons, 
 then at Turin and Milan ; from 1880-4 at the 
 Italian Opera, London. Since then chiefly in 
 Paris and London, or with Jean in America. 
 
 Dering. See Deering. 
 
 De Sanc'tis, Cesare, born Albano, Rome, 
 1830. M. di capp. in various Roman churches 
 and theatres ; 1876, professor of harmony in the 
 newly founded Liceo (Conservatory) at Rome.— 
 Works : Overture f . orch. ; Requiem mass a 4 
 w. orch. ; ' ' 100 Fugues " a cappella in strict style, 
 an,. He has publ. a treatise on "'Harmony" 
 and another on " Contrappunta e Fuga." 
 
 D^saugiers, Marc-Antoine, bom Frejus, 
 1742 ; d. Paris, Sept. 10, 1793. A self-taught 
 musician, he went to Paris in 1774, and attracted 
 notice by translating Mancini's "Canto figurato 
 (1776). He produced a- multitude of short 
 operas, which pleased by their sprightly melo- 
 dies ; and a festival cantata, Hi/rodrame, on the 
 storming of the Bastile (D. was an ardent revo- 
 lutionist). A friend of Gluck and Sacchini, he 
 dedicated a requiem to the latter. 
 
 144 
 
DESHAYES— DEZiDE 
 
 Deshayes, Prosper-Didier, b. (?), d. (?), 
 made himself known by his oratorio, Les Ma- 
 c/iai^ds {ly&o) ; was from 1782 comp. of diver- 
 tissements and ballets to the Comedie-Fran9aise, 
 and prod. (1786-99) several operettas and bal- 
 lets, a 2nd oratorio, Le sacrifice de Jefte, a sym- 
 phony, and minor instrumental pieces. 
 
 Desmarets, Henri, b. Paris, 1662 ; d. Lune- 
 ville, Sept. 7, 1741. One of the most skilful 
 musicians during the reign of Louis XIV., he 
 prod. 1693-1722 a number of operas famous in 
 their day ; was maestro to Philip V. of Spain, 
 and afterwards intendant of music to the Duke 
 of Lorraine at Luneville. 
 
 Despr6s. See Depr£s. 
 
 Des'sauer, Joseph, b. Prague, May 28, 1798; 
 d. M5dling, n. Vienna, July 8, 1876. Pupil of 
 Tomaczek (pf .) and Dionys Weber (comp.). The 
 melodious beauty of his songs won him inter- 
 national fame. He set to music the operas Lid- 
 winna (Prague, 1836), Ein Besuch in Saint-Cyr 
 (Dresden, 1838), Paquita (Vienna, 1851), Do- 
 minga (i860), and Oberon. (not perf.) ; also wrote 
 overtures, string-quartets, pf.-pcs. , etc. 
 
 Des'soff, Felix Otto, b. Leipzig, Jan. 14, 
 1835 ; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Oct. 28, 1892. Pu- 
 pil of Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Rietz in Leip- 
 zig Cons. ; 1854-60, Kapellmeister at theatres 
 in Chemnitz, Altenburg, Dusseldorf, Aix, and 
 Magdeburg ; 1860-75, court Kapellm. at Vienna, 
 teacher in the Cons., and cond. of the Philhar- 
 monic. Court Kapellm at Karlsruhe, 1875 ; 
 theatre Kapellm. at Frankfort, 1881. — Publ. a 
 pf.-quintet, pf.-quartet, and sonatas f. pf. 
 
 Destouches, Andr6 - Cardinal, opera-com- 
 poser ; b. Paris, 1672 ; d. there 1749. In 1697, 
 though untaught as to theory, he brought out the 
 opera Issi, which was very successful. Assidu- 
 ous study of cpt. seems to have marred the origi- 
 nality of his talent, for his later operas found 
 less favor. From 1713 he was superintendent of 
 the king's music, and inspector-general at the 
 opera. 
 
 Destouches, Franz Seraph von, b. Mu- 
 nich, Jan. 21, 1772 ; d. there Dec. 10, 1844. 
 From 1787-91 a pupil of Haydn in Vienna ; in 
 1797, mus. director at Erlangen ; in 1799, leader 
 of the Weimar orch.; in 1810, prof, of theory at 
 Landshut Univ. ; in 1826, Kapellm. at Homburg ; 
 retired to Munich in 1842. — Works : An opera. 
 Die TAomastiac/it {Munich, 1792) ; an operetta. 
 Das Missverstandniss {Weimar, 1806); a comic 
 opera, Der Teufel und der Schneider (Munich, 
 1843) ; incidental music to Schiller's Tell, Jung- 
 frau von Orleans, Wallensteins Lager, Braut 
 von Messina ;W&cntT's Wanda; Kotzebue's Z>2> 
 Hussiten vor Naumburg; etc. Also publ. a pf.- 
 concerto ; sonatas, fantasias, variations f. pf. ; a 
 pf.-trio, etc. 
 
 Desvignes, Victor-Francois, b. Trier, June 
 5, 1805 ; d. Metz, Dec. 30, 1853. A violinist ; 
 conductor of theatre orchestras in the French 
 provinces ; after serious study in Paris, he 
 
 10 145 
 
 founded a conservatory at Metz (1835), which 
 prospered so vigorously that, in 1841, it was 
 made a branch of the Paris Cons. — Publ. cham- 
 ber-music, sacred and secular choruses, romances 
 and melodies ; left in MS. 2 operas, a symphony, 
 9 overtures f. full orch., a Stabat Mater (perf. 
 1833), etc. 
 
 Deswert', Jules, b. Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; 
 d. Ostend, Feb. 24, 1891. A brilliant 'cellist; 
 played in public at 9, and was a pupil of Servais 
 at Brussels Cons, in 1856-8. After extended 
 tours in eastern Europe, he became Concert- 
 meister at Dusseldorf in 1865 ; first 'cello at Wei- 
 mar in 1868 ; royal Concertmeister , solo 'cellist, 
 and prof, at the Hochschule, Berlin, in 1869, re- 
 signing in 1873. After travelling again, he set- 
 tled in Wiesbaden ; was in Leipzig in 1881, and 
 in 1888 was app. director of the Ostend Music- 
 School, and prof, at the Ghent and Bruges Cons. 
 — Works: 2 operas. Die Albigenser (Wies- 
 baden, 1878; succ.) ; Graf Ilammerstein {May- 
 ence, 1884); a symphony, " Nordseefahrt " ; 3 
 'cello-concertos ; romances, fantasias, duos, and 
 solo pes. for 'cello w. pf. or orch. 
 
 DesTvert', Jean-Gaspard-Isidore, 'cellist; 
 b. Louvain, Belgium, abt. 1830 ; d. (aged 66) 
 Schaerbeck, n. Brussels, Sept. (?), 1896. Brother 
 of Jules. Teacher in music-school, Louvain ; 
 prof, of 'cello in Brussels Cons. ; solo-player in 
 orch. of the Th. de la Monnaie. 
 
 Dett'mer, Wilhelm, bass opera-singer ; b. 
 Breinum, n. Hildesheim, June 29, 1808. The 
 son of a peasant, he studied in a teachers' semi- 
 nary, but left it to join a wandering troupe of 
 players ; sang minor roles at Hanover, Bruns- 
 wick, Breslau, and Kassel ; was eng. for leading 
 roles at Dresden in 1842, and later at Frankfort ; 
 retired 1874. He was equally at home in comedy 
 and tragedy. 
 
 Deutz. See Magnus. 
 
 Devienne, Francois, b. Joinville, Haute- 
 Marne, Jan. 31, 1759 ; d. in the insane asylum 
 at Charenton, Sept. 5, 1803. A flutist and bas- 
 soonist, member of the band of the Gardes 
 Suisses, bassoonist at the Th. de Monsieur (1788), 
 and prof, at the Paris Cons. , he was an extraor- 
 dinarily prolific comp., of peculiar importance 
 t from the impulse which he gave to perfecting 
 the technique of wind - instr.s. — Works : Ten 
 operas ; many concerted pieces for various wind- 
 instr.s w. orch.; overtures f. wind; concertos, 
 quartets, trios, sonatas, etc., f. flute, pf. , and 
 other instr.s ; " Douze suites d'harmonies i 8 et 
 12 parties " ; very numerous romances, chansons, 
 etc. ; also a valuable " Methode de flflte " (Paris, 
 1795)1 which went through several editions. 
 
 Dez^de (or Dezaides), b. Lyons (?), abt. 
 1740; d. Paris, 1792. Prolific composer of op-- 
 eras and operettas ; 15, of from 1-3 acts in length, 
 were given 1772-96 at the Italiens and the 
 Opera. Blaise et Babet (1783) held the stage for 
 2 years. He wrote with unusual correctness, 
 and his melodies were pleasing. 
 
DIABELLI— DIEMER 
 
 Diabel'li, Antonio, b. Mattsee, u. Salzburg, 
 Sept. 6, 1781 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 8, 1858. He 
 was a choir-boy in tlie monastery at Michael- 
 beurn, and in Salzburg cath.; studied for the 
 priesthood at the Munich Latin School, but con- 
 tinued his musical work, submitting his compo- 
 sitions to Michael Haydn, who encouraged him. 
 On the secularization of the Bavarian monaster- 
 ies, D., who had already entered that at Rai- 
 chenhaslach, embraced the career of a musi- 
 cian, went to Vienna (where Joseph Haydn re- 
 ceived him kindly), taught pf. and guitar for a 
 living, and in 1818 became a partner of Cappi, 
 the music-publ.r, assuming control of the firm 
 (Uiabelli & Co.) in 1824. He publ. much of 
 Schubert's music, but underpaid the composer, 
 and complained that he wrote too much. In 
 1854 he sold out to C. A. Spina. A facile com- 
 poser, he prod, an opera, Adam in der Klemjne 
 (Vienna, i8og ; one performance), masses, can- 
 tatas, chamber-music, etc., which are consigned 
 to oblivion ; his sonatinas, easy pes., and duets 
 f. pf. , are still favorites for beginners. 
 
 Diaz (de la PeRa), Eugfene-(Emile), son of 
 
 the celebrated painter ; b. Paris, Feb. 27, 1837. 
 Dramatic composer ; pupil of Paris Cons. (Ha- 
 levy, Reber) 1852-8. Produced the comic opera 
 Le rot de Candaule at the Th.-Lyrique, 1865 ; 
 won the government prize, 1867, for the 3-act 
 opera La coupe du roi de Thule (Grand Opera) ; 
 and brought out the 4-act lyric drama Benvenuto 
 at the Op. -Com. (i8go). Has also published nu- 
 merous songs. 
 
 Dibdin, Charles, b. Dibden, n. Southampton 
 (bapt. Mar. 4), 1745 ; d. I^ondon, July 25, 1814. 
 He was sent to Winchester College to study for 
 the Church, but his passion for music carried the 
 day ; he sang with the choristers, took lessons of 
 Kent and Fussel, and at 15 went to London, was 
 eng. at Covent Garden as a singing actor, and 
 soon began to write for the stage. His first 
 piece. The Shepherd' s Artifice, was prod, in 
 1763. He was eng. at Birmingham, 1763-5, 
 and at Covent Garden again till 1768, when he 
 went over to Drury Lane. Falling out with 
 Garrick, he spent some months of 1776 in 
 France ; was then app. comp. to Covent Garden, 
 having up to that time brought out 8 operas, 
 etc. After the failure of certain theatrical en- 
 terprises, and of a projected journey to Egypt, 
 he commenced a series of monodramatic table- 
 entertainments, of which song was a principal 
 feature, and which were extremely popular from 
 1789 to 1805 ; in these Dibdin appeared as au- 
 thor, composer, narrator, singer, and accompan- 
 ist. He retired in 1805 on a pension, which 
 was withdrawn for a time, but subsequently re- 
 stored. A complete list of some 70 stage-pieces, 
 with or without music, and 30 ' ' table-entertain- 
 ments," may be found in Grove. He is best 
 known as the composer of most of the fine old 
 sea-songs so popular 100 years ago. He publ. a 
 " History of the English Stage" (1795, 5 vol.s), 
 and his " Professional Life" (1803, 4 vol.s). 
 
 Dick, Charles George Cotsford, b. Lon- 
 don, Sept. i, 1846; st. at Worcester Coll., Ox- 
 ford ; was intended for the bar, but gave up law 
 for music. He has produced several successful 
 operettas : Oiir Doll's House (1876), Our New 
 Doll's House (1877), Back from India (1879), 
 the comic opera Doctor D. (1885), and The 
 Baroness (1892); also a "children's opera"' 
 has publ. a number of songs, and many 
 sprightly pf.-pcs. 
 
 Diderot, Denis, b. Langres, Oct. 5, 1713 ; d. 
 Paris, July 30, 1784. Projector and editor-in- 
 chief of the "Encyclopedic." In his work, 
 " Memoires sur differents sujets de mathema- 
 tique " (The Hague, 1748), are the essays " Des 
 principes d'acoustique," and " Projet d'un nouvel 
 orgue," the latter being an impracticable idea for 
 a new kind of barrel-organ. 
 
 Did'ymus, a grammarian of Alexandria ; b. 
 63 B. c, a prolific author, the number of whose 
 works was estimated by Seneca at 4,000 ; wrote 
 a (lost) treatise on harmony, now known only by 
 an epitome made by Porphyry, and some quota- 
 tions by Ptolemy. In his system, the octave of 
 the diatonic genus was formed by two precisely 
 similar tetrachords ; and in all 3 species of tetra- 
 chord (diat., chrom., and enharra.), the interval 
 of a major third is adhered to. He likewise 
 recognized the difference between the major and 
 minor whole tone ; this difference (| : ^^ = 81 : 
 80) is, therefore, rightly termed the " comma of 
 Didymus." Salinas and Doni have written on 
 D.'s musical system. 
 
 Diehl [del], Louis, born Mannheim, 1838. 
 Lives as a teacher in London, where he mar- 
 ried, in 1863, the pianist and authoress Miss 
 Alice Mangold. He has publ. quite a number 
 of well-liked songs. 
 
 Diem [dem], Joseph, remarkable 'cello-vir- 
 tuoso ; b. in 1836 at Kellmiinz, near Memmin- 
 gen ; d. Constance, Jan. i, 1894. A peasant's 
 son, from his poor pittance for tending cattle he 
 saved enough to buy a flute, and later a violin, 
 which he practised at night and Sundays. After 
 travelling with a troupe of wandering musicians, 
 he took up the 'cello at the age of 25, studying 
 in the Munich Conserv., and at Weimar under 
 Cossmann. In 1866, app. prof, at Moscow 
 Conserv. ; made annual concert-tours through 
 Europe, and in 1872 to America. 
 
 Dimmer, Louis, distinguished pianist ; born 
 Paris, Feb. 14, 1843. Pupil of Marmontel at 
 the Cons., taking ist pf. -prize in 1856 ; also of 
 Ambr. Thomas and Bazin for comp., taking ist 
 harm, prize, 2nd org. prize, and ist prize f. opt. 
 and fugue. Played with great success at the 
 Alard, Pasdeloup, and Cons, concerts ; suc- 
 ceeded Marmontel (1887) as pf. -prof, at Cons.; 
 Chev. of Legion of Honor in 1889. Widor, 
 Saint-Saens, Lalo, and others have written 
 pieces for him which he has played at the Co- 
 lonne and Laraoureux Concerts. — Works : Pf.- 
 
 146 
 
DIENEL— DIRUTA 
 
 concerto ; septuor f. pf. and wind ; characteristic 
 pes. f. pf . ; and a variety of chamber-mus. and 
 pf. -compositions. 
 
 Die'nel, Otto, b. Tiefenfurth, Silesia, Jan. 
 II, 1839 ; pupil of tlie GOrlitz Gymnasium, and 
 the Bunzlau Seminary ; studied music in Berlin 
 at the R. Inst. f. Church-music, and R. Acad- 
 emy. Teacher of music ; org. at the Marien- 
 kirche, Berlin. In 1881 he received the title of 
 Royal Musikdirector . 
 
 Die'ner, Franz, dramatic tenor ; b. Dessau, 
 Feb. 19, 1849 ; d. there May 15, 1879. Violin- 
 ist in the court orch., Dessau, then at the Lui- 
 senstadt Th., Berlin, where he made his debut 
 as a singer. Leading tenor at Cologne (1872-3), 
 Berlin, Nuremberg, at Cologne again (1876), 
 Hamburg, and Dresden (1878). 
 
 Di'es, Albert Karl, b. Hanover, 1755 ; d. 
 Vienna, Dec. 28, 1832. — Publ. " Biographische 
 Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn " (Vienna, 
 1 8 10). D. was a good landscape-painter. 
 
 Diet, Edmond-Marie, b. Paris, Sept. 25, 
 1854. Pupil of Cesar Franck, and Guiraud. 
 Dramatic comp.; officer of the Academy. — Has 
 produced the operas Stratonice {x%%i), Le cousin 
 Placide (1887), and Fleur de vertu (1894) ; also 
 ballets and pantomimes {Scieniia, 1889 ; La 
 greve ; Masque rose j M. Ruy-Blas, 1894; La 
 Belle et la Bete, 1895 ; V Araignie d'or, 1896 ; 
 Xeve de Noel, 1896), and the 3-act operetta Gen- 
 til Crampon (Paris, 1897) ; besides songs, and 
 church-music. 
 
 Die'ter (or Diet'ter), Christian Ludwig^, 
 b. Ludwigsburg, June 13, 1757 ; d. Stuttgart, 
 1822. A court musician (Kammermusiker') at 
 Stuttgart, he prod, there a grand opera, Laura 
 Rosetli, 2 comic operas, Belmont und Constanze 
 and Des Teufels Lustschloss, and 8 vaudevilles 
 (" Liederspiele "). He left in MS. concertos f. 
 vln., horn, flute, oboe and bassoon ; also solos 
 f. vln., concerted pes. f. flutes, and for oboes, 
 etc. 
 
 Diet'ger. See Theogerus. 
 
 Die'trich (or Dieterich), Sixtus, b. Augs- 
 burg (?), 1490-1495 ; d. St. Gallen, Switzerland, 
 1548. A schoolmaster at Constance in 1518, he 
 was without mus. training, though naturally 
 talented ; in 1540, being in easier circumstances, 
 he studied in Wittenberg. A book of magnifi- 
 cats (1535), and 2 coll.s of antiphones a 4 (1541 
 and 1545), were publ. separately ; motets, songs, 
 etc., are scattered through various German col- 
 lections printed 1538-45. 
 
 Die'trich, Albert Hermann, composer ; b. 
 Golk, n. Meissen, Aug. 28, 1829. Pupil of J. 
 Otto in Dresden, and Moscheles and Rietz at 
 Leipzig (1847-51) ; st. w. R. Schumann at DUs- 
 seldorf, 1851-4. From 1855-61, concert-con- 
 ductor, and from 1859 municipal mus. director, 
 at Bonn ; from 1861, court Kapellm. at Olden- 
 
 burg, succeeding Pott ; was living in Leipzig in 
 1894. He was one of Schumann's best pupils, 
 and his comp.s rank high among conLerapo- 
 rary productions. — Works : Incidental music to 
 Imogen (Shakespeare's " Cymbeline "), Dresden, 
 1891 ; a successful 3-act romantic opera, Robin 
 Hood (Frankfort, 1879) ; a fine symphony in D 
 min. ; overture for orch., " Normannenfahrt "; 
 cantatas w. orch. " Morgenhymne," " Rhein- 
 morgen," "Altchristlicher Bittgesang"; a 'cello- 
 concerto, a vln. -concerto, romance f. horn w. 
 orch., chamber-music (pf. -trios), pf.-pcs. ; cho- 
 ruses, duets, songs. 
 
 Dietter. See Dieter. 
 
 Dietz, Johann Christian, b. Darmstadt, 
 1788 ; d. in Holland, abt. 1845. Instrument- 
 maker at Emmerich-on-Rhine ; inventor of the 
 Melodeon (1805), the Claviharpe (1814), and the 
 Trochlion (1812). He lived for many years in 
 Paris. — His son Christian aided him in his work, 
 and himself invented the Polyplectron. He was 
 estab. in Paris as a piano-maker, and his instr.s 
 were celebrated. 
 
 Dieupart, Charles, skilful French violinist 
 and harpsichordist, went to London in 1707, was 
 maestro al cembalo, for several years, of Handel's 
 operas, and d. in London abt. 1740, almost des- 
 titute. Publ. " 6 suites de clavecin . . . com- 
 posees et mises en concert pour un violon et une 
 flute, avec basse de viole et un archiluth " (Lon- 
 don) ; and " Six ouvertures pour clavecin, avec 
 violon et basse continue " (Amsterdam). 
 
 Diez, Sophie {nh Hartmann), b. Munich, 
 Sept. I, 1820 ; d. there May 3, 1887. Pupil of 
 Franz Lachner ; eng. for leading soprano roles 
 at the Munich court opera, 1837-78. In 1841 
 she married Friedrich Diez [from 1837-49 tenor 
 at the opera ; d. 1892] ; she retired in 1878. 
 
 Dil'liger, Johann, b. Eisfeld, 1590 ; cantor 
 and deacon at Koburg, where he died in 1647. 
 — Publ. " Prodromi triciniorum sacrorum" 
 (1612) ; " Medulla ex Psalmo 68 deprompta et 
 harmonica 6 voc. composita" (1614) ; " Exerci- 
 tatio musica I, continens XIII selectissimos 
 concentus musicos variorum autorum, cum basso 
 generali, etc." (1624) ; " Trauerlied auf den Tod 
 eines Kindes " a 4(1626); " Disce mori, etc." 
 (1628); " Gesprach D. Lutheri und eines 
 kranken Studiosi " a 4; "Musica votiva, etc." 
 (1629) ; " Musica Christiana cordialis domestica " 
 (1630) ; " Musica concertativa, oder Schatz- 
 kammerlein neuer geistlichen auserlesenen Con- 
 certe " a 1-12(1632); " Jeremias poenitentia- 
 rius " (1640) ; and other works. 
 
 Ding'elstedt, Jenny {n^e Lutzer [wife of 
 the poet Franz D.]), b. Prague, Mar. 4, 1816 ; d. 
 Vienna, Oct. 3, 1877. A very brilliant colo- 
 ratura singer, eng. (1832) at Prague, then (1835- 
 45) at the Karnthnerthor Th., Vienna. She 
 married in 1843. 
 
 Diru'ta, Girolamo, b. Perugia, abt. 1560 ; 
 d. (?). Organist, pupil of Claudio Merulo in 
 
 Ml 
 
DIRUTA— D'lVRY 
 
 Venice, who mentions the fact with pride in the 
 preface to his ' ' Canzoni a la francese in tavo- 
 latura" (1598). In 1580, D. was in the Minor- 
 ite monastery at Correggio ; 1593 till after 
 i6og, org. in the cath. at Gubbio (Papal States) ; 
 then at Chioggia. — Publ. " II Transilvano, o dia- 
 logo sopra il vero modo di sonar organi e stro- 
 menti da penna"; Part I (Venice, 1593, 2nd 
 ed. 1612) ; Part II (Venice, l6og and 1622) has 4 
 books ; Bk. i with the special title ' ' Sopra il 
 vero modo di intavolare ciaschedun canto "; Bk. 
 2 on cpt., Bk. 3 on the church-modes, and Bk. 
 4 on organ-registration. 
 
 Diru'ta, Agostino, Augustine monk ; b. 
 Perugia, was in 1622 m. di capp. at Asola, and 
 later at the monastery of his order in Rome ; in 
 1646 he was in Perugia as chorusmaster. — Publ. 
 masses, litanies, vespers, etc. (1622-47). 
 
 Distin, John, inventor of the key-bugle, was 
 an Engl, trumpeter (b. 1793, d. 1863). He 
 played in H. M.'s Theatre, and in the private 
 band of George IV. In 1833 he formed a quin- 
 tet-party of members of his family, and travelled 
 in England and on the Continent, playing before 
 many crowned heads. — His son, 
 
 Distin, Theodore, singer, teacher, and comp. ; 
 b. Brighton, Eng., 1823 ; d. London, Apr. 12, 
 1893. Played the French horn in his father's 
 band, with which he travelled on the Continent 
 1836-44. Vocal pupil of Negri and F. Cook. 
 Baritone singer in Pyne and Harrison's troupe, 
 and bass singer in Benchers' Chapel, Lincoln's 
 Inn. An Associate Member of R. A. M. His 
 masses and motets are sung in the principal 
 Engl, churches ; he also publ. services, glees, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Ditson, Oliver, founder of the music-pub- 
 lishing firm of O. Ditson & Co. at Boston, 
 Mass.; b. Oct. 30, 1811 ; d. Dec. 21, 1888. In 
 1832 he became a partner of G. H. Parker, his 
 employer, under the firm-name Parker & Dit- 
 son ; carried on business in his own name 1845- 
 57, when J. C. Haynes joined the firm, then 
 changed to O. Ditson & Co. His eldest son, 
 Charles, took charge of the N. Y. branch (Ch. 
 .H. Ditson & Co.) in 1867. Since 1875 J. 
 Edward Ditson has conducted the Phil. a branch 
 (J. E. D. & Co.). A branch for the importation 
 and sale of instr.s, etc., was est. at Boston in 
 1S60 as John C. Haynes & Co.; and since 1864 
 a Chicago branch, Lyon & Healy, has been in 
 business. 
 
 Dit'ters (von Dit'tersdorf), Karl, eminent 
 both as a violinist and comp. ; b. Vienna, Nov. 
 2, 1739; d. at Castle Rothlhotta, n. Neuhaus, 
 Bohemia, Oct. 24, 1799. At first taught by 
 Konig and Ziegler, he became a favorite of 
 Prince Joseph of Hildburghausen, who had him 
 thoroughly trained by Trani (vln.) and Bono 
 (comp.). He played in the prince's orch. till its 
 dissolution in 1759, and then in the court theatre 
 at Vienna; accomp. Gluck on his Italian journey 
 
 (1761), winning great fame as a violinist, and, 
 on his return to Vienna, defeating the renowned 
 LoUi. As Kapellm. (1764-9) to the Bishop of 
 Gross -Wardein, Hungary (succeeding Michael 
 Haydn), he composed industriously (his first 
 opera, Amore inmitsica, 1767; various oratorios 
 and much orchestral and chamber-music). After 
 travelling for a short time, he was app. Kapellm, 
 to the Prince-bishop of Breslau, Count von 
 Schaffgotsch, at Johannisberg in Silesia, where 
 he had a small theatre built, for which he wrote 
 several pieces ; though his best operas (Doctor 
 und Apotheker, Belrug durch Aberglauben, 
 Liebc im Narrenhaus, Hieronymus Knicker, 
 and Rotkappchen) were composed during visits 
 to Vienna. In 1770 the Pope bestowed on D. 
 the Order of the Golden Spur ; in 1773 he was 
 ennobled by the Emperor ("von Dittersdorf "). 
 On the decease of the Prince-bishop (1795), D,, 
 who had been very prodigal of his means while 
 at the zenith of his popularity, lived on a small 
 pension, in straitened circumstances, until a 
 friend. Baron von Stillfried, took him into his 
 castle, Rothlhotta. Of his 28 operas only one. 
 Doctor und Apotheker (Vienna, 1786), still sur- 
 vives ; despite the vein of jovial humor, bright 
 and fluent melody, and easy and correct style, 
 they were eclipsed by Mozart's genius. Yet D. 
 may well be regarded as a worthy precursor of 
 Mozart in national dramatic composition. Be- 
 sides, this prolific author wrote several oratorios 
 and cantatas ; 12 symphonies f. orch. on Ovid's 
 "Metamorphoses" (Vienna, 1785) — [of these 
 12, only 6 are now extant, and have just been 
 republ. (Aug., 1899) by Reinecke Bros., Leipzig ; 
 they include " The 4 ages of the world," " The 
 downfall of Phaeton," " Actaeon's transforma- 
 tion to a deer," "Andromeda's rescue by Per- 
 seus," "The Frogs," and " Phineus with his 
 friends in the mountains," and are remarkable 
 specimens of early "program-music." The 
 same firm also republishes 2 other symphonies ; 
 the overture to "Esther" (oratorio); a short 
 ballet ; and the Divertimento " II combattimento 
 deU'umane passioni"]; — 41 MS. symphonies; a 
 "Concerto grosso " f. n concerted instr.s w. 
 orch.; 12 vln. -concertos ; numerous string- 
 quartets (the best were edited by the Miiller 
 brothers, and publ.) ; 12 divertissements f. 2 
 vlns. and 'cello; 12 4-hand sonatas f. pf.; 72 
 preludes f. pf. ; etc.— -Also an essay: " Briefe 
 iiber Behandlung italienischer Texte bei der 
 Composition" (Leipzig, "Allgem. musikal. Zei- 
 tung," 1799), ^"d his Autobiography (Leipzig, 
 1801 ; edited by Spazier). 
 
 Di'vitis, Antonius (real name, Antoine le 
 Riche), celebrated French contrapuntist early 
 in the i6th century, chapel-singer to Louis XII. 
 — Motets and chansons are scattered in collec- 
 tions, e. g. " Mottetti de la corona" (1514), and 
 others printed by Rhaw, Attaignant, etc. At 
 Cambrai is a MS. mass ; at Munich, a Credo 
 and a Salve Regina a 5. 
 
 D'lvry. See Ivry. 
 
 148 
 
DIZI— DONATI 
 
 Dizi, Fran5ois -Joseph, famous self-taught 
 harpist ; b. Namur, France, Jan. 14, 1780 ; d. 
 Paris, Nov., 1847. He set out for London 
 When only 16 ; lost his harp on the way, but 
 went on without it, and introduced himself to 
 Erard, who gave him a harp, and obtained pu- 
 pils for him. Besides winning fame as a con- 
 cert-player, and as a harpist at the principal 
 theatres, he invented the " perpendicular harp " 
 (which was unsuccessful), and composed so- 
 natas, romances, variations, studies, etc., for 
 harp ; also publ. an " Ecole de Harpe, being a 
 Complete Treatise on the Harp" (London, 
 1827). In 1830 he went to Paris, and estab- 
 lished a harp-factory with Pleyel, which did not 
 do well. Here he was app. harp-teacher to the 
 Royal princesses. 
 
 Dla'bacz, Gottfried Johann, b. Bohmisch- 
 Brod, Bohemia, July 17, 1758 ; d. Prague, Feb. 
 4, 1820, where he was librarian and choirmaster 
 of the Premonstratensian monastery. — Publ. 
 " Allgemeines historisches Kunstlerlexikon fUr 
 Bohmen (3 vol.s, 1815-18), and contributed sev- 
 eral articles for Rigger's " Statistik von Boh- 
 men." 
 
 Dob'ber, Johannes. See Doebber. 
 
 Dobrzyn'ski, Ignacy F^lix, pianist ; born 
 Romanoff, Volhynia, Feb. 25, 1807 ; d. War- 
 saw, Oct. 18, 1867. Son of the violinist J. Do- 
 brzynski [1777-1841] ; taught by his father, then 
 by Eisner, being a fellow-pupil and fast friend 
 of Chopin ; on subsequent pianistic tours (1845-6) 
 to Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin, he had great 
 success. For a time he conducted the opera in 
 Warsaw, where he finally settled. — Works : 2 
 operas. Die Flibustier (Warsaw, l85i), and 
 Monbar (not perf .) ; symphony in C min. ; i 
 string-sextet, 2 string-quintets, 3 string-quartets ; 
 I pf.-trio; a sonata f. pf. and vln. ; a nocturne 
 f. pf. and vln., " Les Larmes"; mazurkas and 
 nocturnes f . pf . ; songs (the ' ' local color "'of the 
 " Village Melodies " \Piesni Sielskie\ is espe- 
 cially praised). 
 
 Doeb'ber, Johannes, bom Berlin, Mar. 28, 
 i866. Pupil in Stern Cons, of R. Radecke 
 (comp.), L. Bussler (cpt. and comp.), and C. 
 Agghazy (pf.). Taught the ist pf.-class in Kul- 
 lak's Cons.; then became Kafellm. at Kroll's 
 Th. under Dir. Engel, Jr. ; at Darmstadt Court 
 Th. ; and, since 1895, is Kapellm. at the Court 
 Th. in Coburg-Gotha, and tutor in music to 
 Princess Beatrice. — Dramatic works : A l-act 
 comic opera. Die Slrassensdngerin (Gotha, 
 i8go ; succ.) ; 3-act opera Der Schmied von 
 Gretna-Green (Berlin, 1893 ; mod. succ.) ; i-act 
 burlesque opera Dolcetta (Brandenburg, 1894) ; 
 i-act opera Die Rose von Genzano (Gotha, 
 1895; succ); 3-act opera Die Gril/e (Leipzig, 
 1897; succ); also abt. 20 pf.-pcs. ; over 60 
 songs ; and quartets, duets, arrangements, etc. 
 
 Doh'ler, Theodor, pianist and comp.; bom 
 Naples, Apr. 20, 1814 ; d. Florence, Feb. 21, 
 
 1856. A pupil of Julius Benedict at Naples, 
 and of Czerny (pf.) and Sechter (comp.) at Vi- 
 enna. In 1831 he became pianist to the Duke 
 of Lucca, lived for a time in Naples, made bril- 
 liant pianistic tours from 1836-46 to Germany, 
 Italy, Paris ('38), London and Holland ('39), 
 and again to Italy, Holland, Belgium ; after 2 
 years' sojourn in Lucca he went to Copenhagen 
 in 1843, thence to Russia, and in 1846 to Paris ; 
 settHng in Florence in 1848. In 1846 the Duke, 
 his patron, ennobled him, and he married a Rus- 
 sian Countess. — Works : A posthumous opera 
 Tancreda (Florence, 1880; quite successful); 
 many pf.-pcs. (concertos, op. 7 ; nocturnes ; 
 tarantellas ; 12 Etudes de concert, op. 30 ; 50 
 Etudes de salon, op. 42 ; variations, fantasias, 
 transcriptions, etc.). His salon-music is elegant 
 and showy. 
 
 Do'les, Johann Friedrich, born Steinbach, 
 Saxe-Meiningen, Apr. 23, 1715 ; d. Leipzig, 
 Feb. 8, 1797 [correct date]. Church-composer; 
 a pupil, but not a* disciple, of J. S. Bach. He 
 was app. cantor at Freiberg, Saxony, in 1744 ; 
 in 1756 he succeeded G. Harrer as cantor and 
 musical director of the Thomasschule, Leipzig, 
 resigning in 1789. Wprks : A treatise, "An- 
 fangsgrlinde zum Singen," and very numerous 
 church-compositions, mostly written in an easy 
 and popular style. 
 
 Dom Be'dos. See Bedos de Celles. 
 
 Dominice'ti, Cesare, b. Desenzano, Lago 
 di Garda, July 12, 1821 ; d. Sesto di Monza, 
 June 20, 1888. Opera-composer ; studied in 
 Milan, where all his operas were brought out ; 
 lived for a long time in Bolivia, made a fortune 
 there, and, some years after his return to Italy, 
 was app, prof, of comp. at Milan Cons. — 
 Operas : I belli usi di citth ('41), Due mogli in 
 una ('53), La maschera ('54), Morovico ('73), // 
 lago de lie fate ('78^ and L'ereditiera (1881). 
 
 Dom'mer, Arrey von, writer and critic ; b. 
 Danzig, Feb. 9, 1828. A theological student, 
 he turned to music, and in 1851 became the 
 pupil of Richter and Lobe (comp.), and Schal- 
 lenberg (org.) at Leipzig. He taught music at 
 Leipzig, and went to Hamburg in 1863, where 
 he has since resided as a lecturer, music critic to 
 the "Correspondent," and (1873-89) secretary 
 in the Hamburg town library. In 1892, Dr. 
 phil. hon, causa (Marburg Univ.) — Writings : 
 " Elemente der Musik " (1862) ; " Musikalisches 
 Lexikon" (1865; a revised ed. of Koch's); 
 " Handbuch der Musikgeschichte " (1867; 2nd 
 ed., 1878). Also publ. an 8-part psalm a cap- 
 pella, and a 4-part arr. of melodies by J. W. 
 Franck. 
 
 Dona'ti, Baldassaro, famous comp. of mo- 
 tets and madrigals ; b. Venice, (date ?) ; d. 
 there 1603. He was choirmaster of the so- 
 called "small choir" at San Marco, Venice, 
 1562-5, when it was disbanded, and he became 
 a simple chorister ; in 1590 he succeeded Zar. 
 
 149 
 
DONATI— DONIZETTI 
 
 lino as maestro. — Extant works: "Canzonette 
 villanesche alia napoletana" (1551 and 1555) I 
 several books of madrigals a 4-6 (1559-68) ; 
 and one vol. of motets a 5-8 (1569)- 
 
 Dona'ti, Ignazio, composer of the Lombard 
 school ; b. Casalmaggiore, n. Cremona, towards 
 end of i6th cent. In 1619 he was m. di capp. 
 in the Accademia di S. Spirito, Ferrara ; from 
 1633, maestro in Milan cath. — Publ. i vol. of 
 motets a 1-5 (1612) ; 2 vol.s of " Concerti 
 ecclesiastici " a 2-5 (1617, 1619) ; 2 vol.s of 
 masses a 4-6 (1618) ; " Le Fanfalage " (madri- 
 gals a 3-5) ; 2 vol.s of " Mottetti concertati " a 
 5-6 (1626, 1627) ; I vol. of motets f. vocal solo 
 with continuo(i628) ; and " Salmi boscherecci" 
 a 6 (1629). 
 
 Done, William, English organist, cond., and 
 chorus-trainer ; b. Worcester, 1815 ; d. there 
 Aug. 17, 1895. Choir-boy of W. cathedral, 
 1825, under organist Clarke ; 1839, asst.-org.; 
 1844, 1st org., succeeding Clarke, and conduct- 
 or of Wore. Mus. Festivals. 1894, Mus. Doc, 
 Cantab., hon. causa. — A fine organist, he insti- 
 tuted needed reforms in the cathedral service. 
 
 Do'ni, Antonio Francesco, writer ; born 
 Florence, 1519 ; d. Monselice, n. Padua, in 
 Sept., 1574. For several years he was a member 
 of the Servite fraternity in Florence ; after leav- 
 ing it in 1539, he led a wandering life as a lay- 
 priest. — Publ. a "Dialogue on Music" (in 
 Lat., 1534; in Ital., 1541, etc.), and a " Libre- 
 ria " (Venice, 1550, '51, '60), containing a de- 
 scription of all published or MS. musical books 
 in Italian, known at the time. 
 
 Do'ni, Giovanni Battista, a Florentine 
 nobleman ; born 1593, d. Dec. I, 1647. He 
 studied literature and philosophy at Bologna 
 and Rome ; from 1613-18 he was a law-student 
 at Bourges, France, and took his degree at Pisa. 
 In 1621 he accomp. Cardinal Corsini to Paris, 
 where he zealously prosecuted his literary and 
 antiquarian studies ; went to Rome in 1622, at 
 the invitation of Cardinal Barberini, who was 
 passionately fond of music, and with whom he 
 travelled. In the intervals of his profound study 
 of ancient music, he found time to construct the 
 Lyra Barberina or Aniphichord^ a species of 
 double lyre, which he dedicated to Pope Urban 
 VIII. Recalled to Florence in 1640, by deaths 
 in his family, he settled there, married next 
 year, and accepted a professorship of elocution, 
 offered him by the Grand Duke. — Writings : 
 ' ' Compendio del trattato dei generi e modi della 
 musica " (Rome, 1635); " Annotazioni " on the 
 above (Rome, 1640) ; " De praestantia musicae 
 veteris libri tres . ." (Florence, 1647) ; and 
 several minor essays in MS. 
 
 Donizet'ti, Gaetano, one of the brilliant tri- 
 umvirate (D., Rossini, and Bellini) of Italian 
 opera-composers in the first half of the igth cen- 
 tury, was b. at Bergamo, Nov. 29, 1797 [other 
 dates are given]; d. there April 8, 1848. His 
 
 father, a weaver by trade, later obtained a posi- 
 tion in the local monte'dipieta, and desired that 
 his son should become a lawyer. But D.'s incli- 
 nations were towards art; besides being strongly 
 attracted to music, he studied architecture, draw- 
 ing, and literature. His father finally allowed 
 him to enter the Bergamo school of music ; his 
 teachers were Salari (voice), Gonzales (pf. and 
 accomp.), and J. S. Mayr (harm.). In 1815 he 
 changed to the Bologna Liceo Filarmonico, here 
 completing his contrapuntal studies under Pilotti 
 and Padre Mattel, to whom Mayr had recom- 
 mended him. His father now insisted on his 
 becoming a teacher, while D. himself felt an 
 irresistible bent for 
 dramatic composi- 
 tion. To end this 
 conflict, he joined 
 the army ; his regi- 
 ment was ordered to 
 Venice ; and here, 
 in leisure moments, 
 he composed his first 
 opera, Enrico di 
 Borgogna (Venice, 
 1819), whose success 
 encouraged further 
 production. His next 
 opera, // Falegname 
 di Livonia (Venice, 
 1820 ; given at first 
 as Pietro il Grande^ Czar delle Russie"), was 
 likewise well received ; but Le Nozze in villa 
 (Mantua, 1820) was a failure. After the success 
 of Zoraide di Granata (1822) he was exempted 
 from further military service. From 1822 to 
 1829 inch, 23 operas flowed from his too facile 
 pen ; such ease of production naturally led to sad 
 superficiality, and during this period D. was 
 mostly a rather poor imitator of Rossini. But 
 now, piqued by Bellini's successes, he wrote his 
 Anna. Bolena (Milan, 1830), which begins his 
 second and more original period. Written for 
 Pasta and Rubini — after the good (?) old Italian 
 fashion of adapting roles to singers — its vogue 
 was more than local ; in it, as " Henry VIII.," 
 Lablache scored his first London triumph at the 
 old " King's Theatre." In its wake followed 
 (to name the best) V Elisir d'amore (Milan, 
 1832), the tragic Lucrezia Borgia (La Scala, 
 Milan, 1833), and the immensely popular Lucia 
 di Lammermoor (Naples, Teatro S. Carlo, 1835). 
 Like that of so many other Italian opera-com- 
 posers, D.'s life was spent in travelling from 
 place to place, bringing out opera after opera. 
 Now, enjoying European celebrity, he visited 
 Paris in 1835, and produced Marino Faliero at 
 the Theatre des Italiens. In May, 1837, he 
 succeeded Zingarelli as Director pro tern, of the 
 Naples Cons. ; in July of that year he lost his 
 wife, Virginia {nh Vasselli), after 14 years of 
 happy wedded life. The censor's veto on the 
 production of Poliuto (written for Ad. Nourrit 
 after Corneille's " Polyeucte ") so angered him, 
 that he incontinently forsook Milan for Paris. 
 
 150 
 
DONIZETTI— DONT 
 
 Here La Fille du regiment (Opera-Coraique, 
 Feb. II, 1840), Les Martyrs (an amplification 
 of the forbidden I'oliuto; Opera, April 10, 
 1840), and La Favorite (Opera, Dec. 2, 1840), 
 made a veritable sensation. Returning to Italy, 
 Adelasia (Rome, 1841) and Maria Padilla 
 (Milan, 1841) had good fortune. In Vienna 
 during 1842 he composed Linda di Chavwunix, 
 wJiich evoked such enthusiasm that the Emperor 
 conferred on him the titles of Court Composer 
 and Master of the Imperial Chapel (he had also 
 written a Miserere and an Ave Maria for the 
 Hofkapelle, in a severe purity of style warmly 
 commended by the local critics). Don Pasquale 
 (revived at Stuttgart Court Th., 189S, with great 
 success) was brought out in Paris, 1843. D. 
 had reached the height of his fame and pros- 
 perity ; though still maintaining the unbroken 
 flow of creative activity, terrible headaches and 
 mental depression warned him to desist; but 
 the warnings were unheeded ; Caterino Cornaro 
 (Naples, 1844) was his last work ; and one 
 morning in 1845 he was found insensible on the 
 floor of his bedroom, stricken with paralysis. 
 He never recovered his mental powers, and died 
 in 1848 at Bergamo, where a monument by Vin- 
 cenzo Vela was erected to his memory in 1855. 
 — Lucia di Lammermoor is generally held to be 
 his finest work ; in it the vein of melody — now 
 sparkling, now sentimental, now tragic — which 
 embodies Donizetti's best claim on originality 
 and immortality, finds, perhaps, freest and 
 broadest "development. Besides operas, a full 
 list of which follows, he wrote many songs, 
 ariettas, duets, and canzonets ; 7 Masses, one 
 being a Requiem ; cantatas ; vespers, psalms, 
 motets ; 12 string-quartets (praised by contem- 
 poraries) ; and pf.-music. 
 
 Biographical: FiHppo Cicconetti, "Vita di 
 G. Donizetti " (Rome, 1864) ; Alborghetti and 
 
 Galli, " Donizetti-Mayr " (Bergamo, 1875); 
 Clement, in " Musicienscel^bres " (Paris, 1878) ; 
 also several essays publ. at the D. centennial 
 celebration at Bergamo ; E. C. Verzino, " Con- 
 tributo alia storia delle opere di G. D." (Milan, 
 1897); Ippolito Valetti, "Donizetti" (Rome, 
 1897, pp. 15) ; Adolfo Calzado, " Donizetti e 
 I'opera italiana in Spagna " (Paris, 1897, pp. 23). 
 
 Donizet'ti, Alfredo, b. Smyrna, Sept. 2, 
 1867. Studied (1883-9) ^t Milan Cons, under 
 Ponchielli and Dominiceti, graduating with a 
 fine Stabat Mater f. soli, chorus, org. , andorch. 
 (publ.). Now (1899) living in Milan as composer, 
 conductor of orchestra and chorus, and teacher 
 of counterpoint. — Works : l-act opera Nania 
 (Milan, 1889); i-act opera Dopo I'Ave Maria 
 (Milan, 1897), very successful (publ.). Dramatic 
 works not perf. : La Locandiera (comedy in 3 
 acts), / Sonnambuli (com. in i act), La Madri- 
 lena (operetta in 3 acts', // canto del mare ("idil- 
 lio" in I act). Publ. works : Several dances and 
 characteristic pes. f. pf. , and numerous songs ; 
 5 pf. -arrangements of his own orchestral pes. 
 (Symphony in C, " Nattaglia," " Danza di Sa- 
 tiri," " Mesta Canzone," and " Cipria e Parruc- 
 che "). 
 
 Dent, Jakob, violinist, teacher, and com- 
 poser ; b. Vienna, Mar. 2, 1815 ; d. there Nov. 
 18, 1888. His father was the 'cellist Joseph 
 Valentin D. [b. Georgenthal, Bohemia, April 
 15. 1776 ; d. Vienna, Dec. 14, 1833]. Pupil of 
 Bohm and Hellmesberger (Sr.) at Vienna Cons. ; 
 joined the orch. of the " Ilof burgtheater " in 
 1831, and the court orch. in 1834. He taught 
 in the " Akad. der Tonkunst," and the Semi- 
 nary at St. Anna ; from 1873 he was vln.-prof. 
 at the Cons. His Etudes f. vln. , " Gradus ad 
 Parnassum," are excellent; he publ. altogether 
 some 50 works. 
 
 Enrico di Borg^ogna, Venice, 1818. 
 
 II Falegname di Livonia, Venice, 
 1819. 
 
 Le Nozze in villa, Mantua, 1820. 
 
 Zoraide di Granata, Rome, 1822. 
 
 La Zingara, Naples, 1822. 
 
 La Lettera anonima, Naples, 1822. 
 
 Chiara e Serafina, o I Pirati, Milan, 
 1822. 
 
 II Fortunate inganno, Naples, 1823. 
 
 Aristea, Naples, 1823. 
 
 Una Follia, Venice, 1823. 
 
 Alfredo il Grande, Naples, 1823. 
 
 L'Aio neU'imbarazzo, Rome, 1824. 
 
 Emilia, o L'Eremitaggio di Liver- 
 pool, Naples, 1824. 
 
 Alahor in Granata, Palermo, 1826. 
 
 II Castello degli Invalid!, Palermo, 
 1826. 
 
 Elvida, Naples, 1S26. 
 
 Olivo e Pasquale, Rome, 1B27. 
 
 II Borgomastro di Saardam, Na- 
 ples, 1827. 
 
 Le Convenienze teatrali, Naples, 
 1827. 
 
 Otto Mesi in due ore, o Gli Esiliati 
 in Siberia, Naples, 1827. 
 
 L'Esule di Roma, Naples, 1828. 
 
 La Regina di Golconda, Genoa, 
 1828. 
 
 OPERAS BY GAETANO DONIZETTI. 
 
 Gianni di Calais, Naples, 1828. 
 Giovedi grasso, Naples, 1828. 
 II Paria, Naples, 1829. 
 II Castello di Kenilworth, Naples, 
 
 i82g. 
 II Diluvio universale, Naples, 1830. 
 
 I Pazzi per progetto, Naples, 
 1830. 
 
 Francesca di Foix, Naples, 1830. 
 Isnelda de' Lambertazzi, Naples, 
 
 1830. 
 La Romanziera e I'uomo nero, 
 
 Naples, 1830. 
 Anna Bolena, Milan, 1830. 
 Fausta, Naples, 1832. 
 Ugo conte di Parigi, Milan, 1832. 
 L'Elisir d'amore, Milan, 1832. 
 Sancia di Castiglia, Naf^les, 1832. 
 
 II Furioso alfisola di San Do- 
 mingo, Rome, 1833. 
 
 Parisina, Florence, 1833. 
 
 Torquato Tasso, Rome, 1833. 
 
 Lucrezia Borgia, Milan, 1833. 
 
 Rosamunda d'Inghilterra, Flor- 
 ence, 1834 ; later at Naples as 
 Eleonora di Guienna. 
 
 Maria Stuarda, o Buondelmonte, 
 Naples, 18^4. 
 
 Gemma di Vergy, Milan, 1834. , 
 
 Marino Faliero, Paris, 1835. 
 
 151 
 
 Lucia di Lammermoor, Naples, 
 
 1835- 
 Belisario, Venice, 1836. 
 II Campanello di notte, Naples, 
 
 1836. 
 Betly, Naples, 1836. 
 L'Assedio di Calais, Naples, 1836. 
 Pia de' Tolomei, Venice. 1837. 
 Roberto Devereux, Naples, 1837. 
 Maria di Rudenz, Venice, 1838. 
 Gianni di Parig'i, Milan, 1839. 
 La Fille du regiment, Paris, 1840. 
 Les Martyrs (Poliuto), Paris, 1840. 
 La Favorite, Paris, 1840. 
 Adelasia, ossia La Figlia dell'ar- 
 
 ciero, Rome, 1841. 
 Maria Padilla, Milan, 1841. 
 Linda di Chamounix, Vienna, 1842. 
 Don Pasquale, Paris, 1843. 
 Maria di Rohan, Vienna, 1843. 
 Don Sebastiano (Dom S^bastien), 
 
 Paris, 1843. 
 Caterina Cornaro, Naples, 1844. 
 
 (Posthumously perforuied.) 
 
 Poliuto, Naples, 1848. 
 Rita, ou le mari battu, Paris, i860. 
 Gabriella di Vergy. Naples, 1869. 
 II Duca d'Alba, Rome, 1882. 
 
DOOR— CORN 
 
 Door, Anton, b. Vienna, June 20, 1833. Pu- 
 pil of Czerny (pf .) and Sechter (comp. ) ; became a 
 notable pianist, giving highly successful con- 
 certs at Baden-Baden and Wiesbaden in 1850, 
 and with L. Strauss in Italy. Made a Scandi- 
 navian tour in 1856-7, and was app. court-pian- 
 ist at Stockholm and a member of the Royal 
 Academy. In 1859 he succeeded N. Rubinstein 
 as teacher at the Imp. Inst., Moscow, and be- 
 came prof, at the Cons, in 1864. He has been, 
 since 1869, prof, of the highest pf.-class in the 
 Vienna Cons. In 1877 he travelled with Sara- 
 sate through Eastern Hungary, and also played 
 in Leipzig, Berlin, Amsterdam, and other cities. 
 He is a very successful teacher (R. Fischoff, 
 F. Mottl, Sichel, Steinbach, B. Schonberger, 
 Schwickerath, etc., are his pupils), and a pro- 
 gressive musician, bringing out new works by 
 Raff, Brahms, Saint-Saens, etc.; has done good 
 service in editing classical and instructive works. 
 
 Dop'pler, Albert Franz, flutist and dramatic 
 composer; b. Lemberg, Oct. 16, 1821; d. Baden, 
 n. Vienna, July 27, 1883. He was taught by 
 his father, an oboist in Warsaw and Vienna. 
 After his debut at Vienna, he made several tours 
 with his brother Karl, and was app. first flute at 
 the Pesth theatre, for which he wrote his first 
 opera, Benjowski (1847). In 1858 he became 
 first flute and asst.-cond. (later ist cond.) of bal- 
 let at the Vienna court opera ; in 1865, prof, of 
 flute in the Cons. — Operas: Benjowski; Ilka 
 ('49) ; Afanasia; Wanda ('51) ; Salvator J?osa j 
 Die beiden Husaren (1853 ; comic) ; Erzibeth 
 (with his brother and Erkel) ; Judith (Vienna, 
 '70) ; and the comic ballet Margot{\ier:\\n, i8gi); 
 also ballet-music, overtures, concertos f . flute, etc. 
 
 Dop'pler, Karl, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Lemberg, 1826 ; flutist, pupil of his brother and 
 father. After long concert-tours, he became cond. 
 and musical director at the National Th., Pesth ; 
 since 1865, Hof-Kapellm. in Stuttgart ffofoper, 
 resigning in 1898, when he was succeeded by 
 Reichenberger of Bremen. — Operas : The Gren- 
 adiers' Camp (1852) ; The Son of the Desert 
 (1854) ; etc. — Ballets, flute-music. 
 
 Dop'pler, Arpad, son of Karl ; b. Pesth, June 
 5, 1857. Pupil, in Stuttgart Cons., of Lebert 
 and Pruckner (pf.), Seyerleu and Faisst (theory), 
 Seifritz and Goetschius (comp.); and later of his 
 father (instrumentation). After teaching pf. in 
 the Cons, for some time, he went to New York, 
 teaching for 3 years (1880-3) iu the Grand Cons. ; 
 then returned to his old position at Stuttgart, 
 and, since 1889, has also been chorusmaster at 
 the Court Th. — Works : The 3-act opera Viel 
 Ldrm um Nichts (Leipzig, 1896) ; — for full orch., 
 Suite in B(7, Festouverture, Thema and varia- 
 tions. Scherzo, and a "Suite im alten Styl"; 
 also a " Wiegenlied " f. string-orch., several fe- 
 male choruses w. orch., several songs, pf. -music, 
 etc. 
 
 Dorf'fel, Alfred, b. Waldenburg, Saxony, 
 Jan. 24, 1821 ; taught by Fink, Muller, Mendels- 
 
 sohn, and others, at Leipzig. Was Becker's suc- 
 cessor as librarian (mus. dept.) of the Leipzig 
 City Library ; and collected a valuable circulating 
 library of his own. As a musical critic and edi- 
 tor he was highly esteemed in Leipzig ; in 1685 
 he received the degree of Dr. phil. hon. causa 
 from the Univ. 
 
 Do'ria, Clara. Stage-name of Clara Kath- 
 leen [Barnett] Rogers. 
 
 Do'ring, Gottfried, b. Pomerendorf, n. El- 
 bing. May 10, 1801 ; d. Elbing, June 20, 1869. 
 Pupil of Zeltner at the Inst. f. Church-music 
 Berlin ; 1828, cantor of the Marienkirche, El- 
 bing. — Publ. an essay, " Zur Geschichte der 
 Musik in Preussen " (1852); a " Choralkunde " 
 (1S65); and two Choral-books. 
 
 Do'ring, Carl Heinrich, pf.-teacher ; b. 
 Dresden, July 4, 1834. Pupil Leipzig Cons. 
 1852-5 (Hauptmann, Lobe, Plaidy, Richter). 
 Taught in Leipzig ; 1858, teacher in Dresden 
 Cons.; 1875, "Professor." Excellent pedagogue; 
 gifted composer. — Works : (a) Instruct, pf.- 
 comp.s : Op. 8, 25 easy and progr. Studies; op. 
 24, 25, Octave-studies ; op. 30, Rhythmiscnl 
 Studien ; op. 33, 20 Triller-EtUden ; op. 36, 2 
 easy Sonatas ; op. 38, " Die Grundpfeiler des 
 Klavierspiels " (3 parts) ; op. 54, Melod. Vor- 
 tragstudien ; op. 63, FreudvoU u. leidvoU; op. 
 66, Prakt. Studien und Ubungstucke fiir das 
 polyph. Klavierspiel ; op. 67, 8Klavier-EtUden; 
 op. 80, 20 melod. Ubungs-u.Vorspielstucke; op. 
 88, 15 Klavier-Et. f. Mittelstufe; op. 109, Tech- 
 nische Hiilfs - und Bildungsmittel. (b) Male 
 choruses : op. 77, 80, 87, and 108. (c) Suites 
 for string-orch., a grand Mass, a Vater unser, 
 and Motets a 4, 6, and 8. 
 
 Dorn, Heinrich Ludwig Edmund, b. KB- 
 
 nigsberg, Nov. 14, 1804 ; d. Berhn, Jan. 10, 
 1892. I>aw-student at Konigsberg in 1823, but 
 studied music diligently, continuing in Berlin 
 under L. Berger (pf.), Zelter, and E. Klein. 
 After teaching in Frankfort, he became Kapellm. 
 of the Konigsb. Th. in 1828 ; in 1829, mus. di- 
 rector (and Schumann's teacher) at Leipzig; 
 1831-42, mus. director at Cath. of St. Peter's in 
 Riga ; 1843, 'Cas.aXxe-KapeUm. and city mus. di- 
 rector at Cologne. Here (1845) he founded the 
 " Rheinische Musikschule " (which became the 
 Cologne Cons, in 1850), and from 1844-7 ™"^- 
 the Lower Rhenish Mus. Festivals. From 
 1849-69 he was court Kapellmeister at the 
 Royal Opera, Berlin ; was pensioned, with the 
 title of " Royal Prof.," and busied himself with 
 teaching and mus. criticism, — Works : The 
 operas Die Rolandsknapfen (Berlin, 1826) ; Der 
 Zauberer (Berlin, 1827; a melodrama); Dit 
 Bettlerin (Konigsberg, 1828) ; Abii. Kan 
 (Leipzig, 1831) ; Das Schwdrmennddchm 
 (Leipzig, 1832); Der Schoffe von Paris[^\%i, 
 1838) ; Das Banner von £ ng-land (Rigs^, 1841); 
 Die Musiker von A ix- la- Chape lie (1848) ; Aria- 
 xerxes (Berlin, 1850) ; Die Nibelungen (Weimar, 
 June 22, 1854 ; also in Berlin, Breslau, etc.; 
 
 152 
 
DORN— DOWLAND 
 
 considered his best opera) ; Ein Tag in Huss- 
 land (Berlin, 1857 ; comic) ; Der Botenlaufer 
 von Pirna (Berlin, 1865) ; an operetta, Gewitier 
 bei Sonnenscheiii (Dresden, 1865) ; and the ballet 
 Amor's Macht (Leipzig, 1830). Other works : 
 Missa pro defunctis (Berlin, 185 1) ; church- 
 music, cantatas, symphonies, orchestral pieces 
 (" Siegesfestklange," 1866) ; pf.-music ; songs 
 (many popular favorites). He was musical edi- 
 tor of the " Berliner Post," and a contributor to 
 the " Neue Berliner Musikzeitung." Publ. an 
 autobiography, " Aus meinem Leben" (6 parts, 
 1870-79); a pamphlet, " Ostracismus, ein Ge- 
 richt Scherben " ; etc. 
 
 Dorn, Alexander Julius Paul, son of the 
 preceding ; b. Riga, June 8, 1833. Pianist, 
 taught by his father ; at first private teacher in 
 Poland ; lived 1855-65 at Cairo and Alexandria, 
 Egypt, as a teacher, conductor, and player ; 
 from 1865-8 he conducted the Crefeld " Lieder- 
 tafel," and then settled in Berlin as pf. -teacher 
 at the R. Hochschule, with the title " Royal 
 Prof." — Works (over 400 in all): 3 masses f. 
 male ch. and orch.; cantata, "Der Blumen 
 Rache," f. soli, ch., and orch.; operettas for 
 female voices; many brilliant pf.-pcs. ; songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Dorn, Otto, son of Heinrich D. ; born Co- 
 logne, Sept. 7, 184S ; taught by his father, and 
 then at the Stern Cons., Berlin, taking the Mey- 
 erbeer scholarship (ist prize) in 1873. Settled 
 in Wiesbaden. — Works : A successful opera 
 Afraja (Gotha, l8gi) ; a "Prometheus" sym- 
 piiony ; overtures ' ' Hermannsschlacht " and 
 "Sappho"; pf.-pcs., songs. 
 
 Dorn, Edvrard. Pen-name of Joseph Leo- 
 pold ROCKEL. 
 
 Dor'ner, Armin W., pianist and teacher ; b. 
 Marietta, Ohio, June 22, 1852. St. under Kul- 
 lak, Bendel, and Weitzmann at Berlin ; later in 
 Stuttgart and Paris. Now pf.-prof. in Cincin- 
 nati Coll. of Music. Excellent ensemble-player. 
 Has publ. " Technical Exercises." 
 
 Dorn'heckter, Robert, b. Franzburg, Pom- 
 erania, Nov. 4, 1839 ; d. Stralsund, 1890. Pupil 
 of Geyer and Ries in Berlin, also of the R. Inst, 
 f. Church-music. Conductor of the Dornheckter 
 Singing Society, Stralsund ; organist ; teacher 
 at the Gymnasium; "royal musical director." 
 — Works: Organ-music, pf.-pcs., part-songs, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Dorus-Gras, Julie- Aim^e-Josfephe (her 
 family-name was van Steenkiste ; Dorus, her 
 stage-name, was that of her mother's family) ; 
 b. Valenciennes, Sept. 7, 1805 [correct date] ; 
 d. Paris, Feb. 6, 1896. A pupil of Blangini, 
 Paer, and Bordogni at the Paris. Cons. (1821-5), 
 she sang at first in concerts, then (after 6 
 months' study with Cassel) on the stage at Brus- 
 sels ; sang at the Grand Opera (1830-45), there- 
 after in provincial theatres, and (1847, 1848) in 
 London. Married M. Gras in 1843, and left the 
 stage in 1850. As leading soprano, she created 
 
 the roles of Alice {Robert), Marguerite {ffugue- 
 ^nois), Thercsina (Le Philtre), and Eudoxle (La 
 Juive). Her career was marked by steady and 
 brilliant success. 
 
 Doss, Adolf von, b. Pfarrkirchen, Lower 
 Bavaria, Sept. 10, 1825 ; d. Rome, Aug. 13, 
 1886. A Jesuit priest, he was a prolific comp., 
 writing some 350 works : 6 operas, 2 operettas, 
 11 oratorios and cantatas, a grand mass, 3 sym- 
 phonies ; and much church-music (3 publ. coU.s ; 
 " Melodiae sacrae" [1862], "Melodies reli- 
 gieuses," and " Collection de musique d'eglise "). 
 
 Dotssch, August, b. 1858 ; d. Wiesbaden, 
 Nov. 19, 1882. He was a pupil of Deswert, 
 and a gifted 'cellist. 
 
 Dotz'auer, Justus Johann Friedrich, fa- 
 mous 'cellist ; b. Hasselrieth, n. Hildburghau- 
 sen, Jan. 20, 1783 ; d. Dresden, March 6, i860. 
 Pupil of Heuschkel (pf.), Gleichmann (vln.), 
 and Ruttinger (comp.) at Hildburghausen, and 
 of Hessner for 'cello ; he took further lessons of 
 Kriegck at Meiningen, where he played in the 
 court-orch. 1801-5, then in the Leipzig orch. 
 1806-11, during which time he studied under 
 Romberg at Berlin. He joined the Dresden 
 orch. in 1811 ; became first 'cello in 1821, and 
 was pensioned in 1852. Among his pupils were 
 Karl Schuberth, Drechsler, Kummer, and his 
 own son, K. L. Dotzauer. — Works : An opera, 
 Graziosa (Dresden, 1841) ; symphonies, over- 
 tures, masses, and, more especially, 'cello-con- 
 certos ; sonatas, variations, exercises, etc. , f . 
 'cello ; chamber-music, and a Method f. 'cello. — 
 His sons were 
 
 Dotz'auer, Justus Bernhard Friedrich, b. 
 Leipzig, May 12, 1808 ; d. Hamburg, Nov. 30, 
 1874, as a music-teacher. 
 
 Dotz'auer, Karl Ludwig [" Louis "], b. 
 Dresden, Dec. 7, 1811 ; fine 'cellist, pupil of his 
 father ; in 1830, first 'cello of the court orch. in 
 Kassel. 
 
 Douay, Georges, b. Paris, Jan. 7, 1840. 
 Pupil of Duprato ; mus. amateur, and comp. of 
 many operettas, etc., played in the smaller Pari- 
 sian theatres. 
 
 Dourlen, Victor-Charles-Paul, b. Dunkirk, 
 Nov. 3, 1780 ; d. BatignoUes, n. Paris, Jan. 8, 
 1864. Pupil of Mozel, Catel, and Gossec, at 
 Paris Cons., winning Grand prix de Rome in 
 1805. He wasapp. asst.-prof. of harm, in 1812, 
 and was full prof, from 1816-42. He produced 
 9 (mostly comic) operas from 1806-22 in Paris ; 
 publ. sonatas f. pf. , for flute, and for vln.; a 
 pf.-concerto, and a pf.-trio ; also a " Table sy- 
 noptique des Accords" and a " Traite d'harmo- 
 nie " (1834), both founded on Catel's system of 
 harmony. 
 
 Do'wland, John, b. Westminster, London, 
 1562; d. London, in Apr., 1626. A famous 
 lute-player, he travelled in France, Germany, 
 and Italy in 1584 ; took the degree of Mus. Bac, 
 Oxon., in 1588 ; was lutenist fo Christian IV, of 
 
 153 
 
DRAESEKE— DRECHSLER 
 
 Denmark 1598-1605, then returning temporarily, 
 and in 1609 finally, to England. In 1612 he* 
 was " lutenist to Lord Walden"; in 1625, one 
 of 6 lutenists in the king's service. — Works : 
 " The First Booke of Songes or Ayres of foure 
 parts, with Tablature for the Lute" (1595); 
 Second ditto (1600) ; Third ditto (1602) ; " La- 
 chrymje, or. Seven Teares, figured in seaven 
 passionate Pavans . . set forth for the Lute, 
 Viols, or Violins, in five parts" (1605); "A 
 Pilgrim's Solace . . . Musicall Harmonie of 3, 
 4, and 5 parts . . . with Lute and Viols" (1612) ; 
 and a translation of Ornithoparcus' " Microlo- 
 gus " (1609). The 3 books of songs were republ. 
 by Prof. Arber in his series of classical reprints ; 
 the " First Booke " is also republ. by the Mus. 
 Antiquarian Soc. 
 
 Drae'seke, Felix August Bernhard, b. 
 Koburg, Oct. 7, 1835. A gifted composer, 
 pupil of Rietz in Leipzig Cons., and a friend 
 and disciple of Liszt at Weimar, he went to 
 Dresden, then to Lausanne as teacher in the 
 Cons. (1864-74), excepting one year (1868-9) ^^ 
 teacher in the Royal Music-School at Munich, 
 under Bulow. In 1875 he went to Geneva ; for 
 many years he has lived at Dresden as a teacher, 
 writer, and composer, succeeding Wullner in 
 1884 as prof, of comp. in the Dresden Cons. 
 His earlier works are more or less extravagant, 
 and never became popular ; but for some 20 
 years his maturer style has compelled recogni- 
 tion of his undeniably commanding abilities. — 
 Compositions : 4 operas ; Sigurd (fragment 
 given at Meiningen, 1867), Gudrun (Hanover, 
 1884), Bertrand de Born (MS., both book and 
 music by D.), and Herrat (3-act grand opera, 
 Dresden, 1892 ; very successful) ; 3 symphonies 
 (op. 22, in G ; op. 25, in F ; op, 40, " Tragica," 
 in C) ; Grand Mass in FJ minor, f. soli, ch., and 
 orch., op. 60; " Akaderaische Festouverture " 
 f. orch.; pf. -concerto, op. 36; violin-concerto; 
 Concertstiick f. 'cello w. orch. ; "Adventlied" 
 f. soli, ch., and orch., op. 30; Requiem in B 
 min,, op. 22 ; " Osterscene " from Faust^ f. bar. 
 solo, mixed ch. and orch., op. 39 ; symphonic 
 preludes to Calderon's " Life a dream," Kleist's 
 " Penthesilea" (both MS.); Serenata in D, f. 
 small orch., op. 49 (played by N Y. Symph. 
 Soc, Nov. 23, 1889); quintet f. pf., vln., via., 
 'cello, and horn, op. 48; string-quintet in CJf 
 min,; 3 string-quartets, op. 27 (C min.), op. 35 
 (E min.), and No. 3 in CJ min.; 18 pf. -canons, 
 a 6-8, op. 37 ; " Canonic Riddles," a 6, f. pf. 4 
 hands, op. 42 ; 6 fugues f. pf., op. 15 ; " Ghase- 
 len," pf.-pcs.,op. 13 ; pf -sonata, op. 6 ; songs, 
 etc. — On theory • " Anweisung zum kunstge- 
 rechten Moduliren " (1876); "Die Beseitigung 
 des Tritonus" (1876) ; and a versified " Harmo- 
 nielehre " (1884). 
 
 Dra'ghi, Antonio, comp. of operas and ora- 
 torios ; b. Ferrara, 1635 ; d. Vienna. Jan. 18, 
 1700. About 1660 he settled in Vienna, and 
 wasapp. " Hoftheater-Intendant " to Leopold I. 
 in 1674, also Kapellm. to the empress. From 
 
 1661-99 ^^ produced 87 operas, 87 festival plays 
 (" feste teatrali ") and serenades, and 32 orato- 
 rios. 
 
 Dra'ghi, Giovanni Battista, a fine harpsi- 
 chordist, living in London from 1667-1706, was 
 organist to the queen in 1677 ; also music- 
 teacher to Queens Anne and Mary. He wrote 
 the music to Dryden's ode " From Harmony," 
 and (with Locke) to Shadwell's " Psyche " and 
 D'Urfey's " The Wonders of the Sun, or the 
 Kingdom of Birds " (1706) ; also many melodi- 
 ous songs, and instructive harpsichord-lessons. 
 
 Dragonefti, Domenico, noted double-bass 
 player; b. Venice, Apr. 7, 1763; d. London, 
 Apr. 16, 1846. This " Paganini of the contrab- 
 basso " was self-taught, excepting a few lessons 
 from Berini, player at San Marco, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 1782 ; he had already played in the 
 orchestras of the Opera buffa and Opera seria 
 for 5 years, and composed concertos, etc., with 
 double-bass parts impracticable for anyone but 
 himself. He appeared at London in 1794 ; and 
 was immediately eng. for the opera- and concert- 
 orch. of the King's Th. With Lindley, his fast 
 friend for 52 years, he also played at the Antient 
 Concerts and the Philharm. As late as 1845 he 
 led the double-basses, at the unveiling of the 
 Beethoven monument in Bonn, in the C minor 
 symphony. To the British Museum he left a 
 remarkable collection of scores, engravings, and 
 old instr.s ; to San Marco, his favorite 'cello (a 
 Gasparo da Sal6). His biogr. was written by 
 F. Caffi : "Vita di D. Dragonetti " (Venice, 
 1846). No detailed record of his works appears 
 to be extant. 
 
 Draseke, F. A. B. See Draeseke. 
 
 Drath, Theodor, b. Winzig, Silesia, June 
 13, 1828. A pupil of A. B. Marx, he became 
 cantor at Miinsterberg, then teacher in the semi- 
 nary at Politz (n. Stettin), finally music-teacher 
 in Bunzlau Seminary, and Royal " Musikdirec- 
 tor. — Works: Organ-music and vocal pieces: 
 theoretical writings (" Musiktheorie "). 
 
 Draud [Draudius], Georg, b. Davernheim, 
 Hesse, 1573; d. Butzbach, 1635. A clergyman 
 at Gross-Carben, Ortenberg, and Davernheim; 
 his works are one of the chief sources for the 
 mus. literature of the 15th, i6th, and 17th cen- 
 turies. — Publ. " Bibliotheca classica" (1611; 
 2nd ed. 1625 ; on pp. 1609-54 is a list of mus. 
 authors and works) ; " Bibliotheca exotica" 
 (1625 ; a list of all mus. works printed in for- 
 eign [non-German] languages) ; " Bibliotheca 
 librorum germanicorum classica " (1625 ; list of 
 mus. works in German, from the earliest times). 
 In these lists, the original titles are rendered into 
 Latin. 
 
 Drech'sler [drek'-l, Joseph, b. Wallisch- 
 Birken (Vlachovo Brezi), Bohemia, May 26, 
 1782 ; d. Vienna, Feb. 27, 1852. A pupil of 
 the organist Grotius at Florenbach ; chorus- 
 master and as&X.-Kapellm. (1812) at the Vienna 
 
 154 
 
DRECHSLER— DRIEBERG 
 
 court opera, then conductor in the theatres at 
 liaden (n. Vienna) and Pressburg ; returning to 
 Vienna, he became organist of the Servite 
 church, in 1816 precentor at St. Ann's, in 1823 
 Kapellm. at the University church and the 
 Hofpfarrljirche ; from 1822-30 he was also 
 Kapellm. at the Leopoldstadt Tli., and from 
 1844 Kapellm. at St. Stephan, succeeding Gans- 
 bacher. — Worlcs : 6 operas, and about 30 ope- 
 rettas, vaudevilles, and pantomimes ; a Requiem, 
 10 other masses, 3 cantatas, offertories, etc. ; 
 string-quartets, organ-fugues, pf. -sonatas, other 
 pf.-music, songs, etc. ; a Method for Organ, and 
 a treatise on Harmony. He also reedited 
 Pleyel's Pf.-School, and publ. a theoretico-prac- 
 tical guide to Preluding. 
 
 Drech'sler, Karl, born Kamenz, May 27, 
 1800 ; d. Dresden, Dec. i, 1873. 'Cellist ; 
 member of the Dessau court orch. in 1820 ; 
 studied, 1824-26, under Dotzauer at Dresden, 
 
 , and was then app. first 'cello at Dessau. He 
 was pensioned in 1871. Among his many dis- 
 tinguished pupils were Griitzmacher, Cossmann, 
 
 , Aug. Lindner, and Karl Schroder. 
 
 Dre'gert, Alfred, b. Frankfort -on -Oder, 
 \ Sept. 26, 1836 ; d. Elberfeld, Mar. 14, 1893. 
 ' Pupil, at the Stern Cons., Berlin, of Marx (the- 
 ^ ory), Wiierst (instrumentation), and v. Billow 
 
 ■ (pf.). Opera-conductor at Stettin, Rostock, 
 \ Bamberg, and Trier ; then cond. of the Male 
 
 ■ Choral Societies in Stralsund, (Jologne, and 
 
 ■ Elberfeld. Royal " Musikdirector." — Works : 
 Symphonies, overtures, string-quartets, pf.-pcs., 
 
 ! fine male-choruses, and songs. 
 
 Dre'sel, Otto, b. Andernach, 1826 ; d. Bev- 
 erly, Mass., July 26, 1890. A pupil of Hiller 
 at Cologne, and Mendelssohn at Leipzig, he 
 I went to New York as concert-pianist and teacher 
 ; in 1848 ; revisited Germany, but settled in Bos- 
 ; ton in 1852, where for some 15 years he was the 
 \ foremost pianist. A musician of exceptional 
 J cultivation, he was very influential in introduc- 
 ing German music of the highest class, and more 
 especially the songs of R. Franz, to the Ameri- 
 ' can public. He publ. only a few songs and pf.- 
 i pes.; several other works, though still in MS., 
 '< have been produced (e. g. , "In memoriam," 
 ' ballad f. sopr. and orch., on Longfellow's poem 
 on Agassiz' 50th birthday; "Army Hymn " f. 
 ' solo, ch., and orch., Jan. i, 1863 ; a pf.-quartet, 
 i and a pf.-trio). 
 
 Dreszer, Anastasius Wilhelra, b. Kalisch, 
 j Poland, Apr. 28, 1845. A brilliant pianist, play- 
 ing in public when but 12, he St. in the Dresden 
 ' Cons., 1859-61, then took private lessons from 
 . H. Daring, C. Krebs, and A. Fruh, lived for 
 several years as a comp. in Leipzig, visited Paris, 
 and settled in Halle in 1S68, where he founded 
 ' a music-school of which he is still the director. 
 ' — Publ. 2 symphonies, 2 sonatas and other pf.- 
 * pes., songs, etc. In MS. he has an opera Val- 
 \ moda (libretto by Peter Lohmann). 
 
 Drey'schock [dri'-shok], Alexander, bril- 
 liant pianist ; b. Zack, Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818 ; 
 d. Venice, Apr. I, i86g. One of the most noted 
 pupils of the Prague master, Tomaczek, he 
 rivalled Liszt in technical dexterity. At 8 he 
 was able to play in public ; studied in Prague 
 (while supposed to be devoting himself to medi- 
 cal work) under Tomaczek, and in Dec, 1838, 
 began his first pianistic tournie through North 
 Germany. 1840-42 he spent in Russia ; visited 
 Brussels, Paris, and London ; then (1846) Hol- 
 land and Austria. In 1862 he was called to St. 
 Petersburg, to act as prof, in the newly-founded 
 Cons., and Director of the music-school of the 
 Opera, being also app. court pianist. Failing 
 health necessitated, in 1868, a journey to Italy, 
 where he died. His astounding facility in play- 
 ing octaves, sixths, and thirds, and performing 
 soli with the left hand — a feat then unheard of 
 — cast a glamour about his performance which 
 increasing familiarity with the coldness of his 
 interpretation served to dispel ; he reached the 
 zenith of his fame about 1850. — Works : ^n 
 opera, Florette, oder die erste Liebe Heinrich's 
 d. IV.; an overture f. orch.; a rondo for orch.; 
 a string-quartet, and 140 pf.-pcs., mostly salon- 
 music (sonatas, nocturnes, rondeaux militaires, 
 songs without words, and arrangements — his 
 variations on " God save the Queen" were much 
 admired). 
 
 Drey'^schock, Raimund, excellent violinist, 
 brother of Alexander ; b. Zack, Bohemia, Aug. 
 20, 1824 ; d. Leipzig, Feb. 6, 1869. Pupil of 
 Pixis, Prague ; 1850-69, leader in the Gewand- 
 haus, and vln. -teacher in the Cons, at Leipzig. 
 — His wife Elisabeth («/.? Nose), b. Cologne, 
 1832, a fine contralto concert - singer, is the 
 founder and manager of a vocal acad. in Berlin 
 (formerly Leipzig). 
 
 Drey'schock, Felix, pianist, son of Raimund 
 D.; b. Leipzig, Dec. 27, i860; studied under 
 Grabau, Ehrlich, Taubert, and Kiel, in the Ber- 
 lin Royal " Hochschule." Since 1883 he has 
 given successful concerts, and is at present prof, 
 at the Stern Cons., Berlin. His pf.-pcs. are 
 well-written and effective (e.g. , op. 17) ; has also 
 publ. a vln. -sonata (op. 16) and songs. 
 
 Drie'berg, Friedrich Johann von, b. Char- 
 lottenburg, Dec. 10, 1780 ; d. there May 21, 
 1856, as Royal Chamberlain. He was Spontini's 
 pupil in Paris, and produced 2 operas, Dm 
 Cocagno (Berlin, 1812), and Der Sanger und der 
 Schneider. (Berlin, 1814) ; others left in MS. 
 He is best known as a writer on Greek music 
 whose theories and conclusions are now gener- 
 ally discredited. — Writings: "Die raathemati- 
 sche Intervallenlehre der Griechen" (1818) ; 
 " Aufschliisse uber die Musik der Griechen" 
 (1819) ; " Die praktische Musik der Griechen*' 
 (1821) ; "Die pneumatischen Erfindungen der 
 Griechen (1822) ; " WOrterbuch der griechischen 
 Musik " (1835) ; " Die griechische Musik, auf 
 ihre Grundsatze zuriickgef ilhrt " (1841); "Die 
 
 155 
 
DROBISCH— DUBOIS 
 
 Kunst d. mils. Composition . . . nach grieschi- 
 schen Grundsatzen bearbeitet " (1858). 
 
 Dro'bisch, Moritz Wilhelm, b. Leipzig, 
 Aug. 16, 1802 ; since 1826 prof, of mathe- 
 matics, and since 1842, of philos., at Leipzig 
 Univ. He has publ. several valuable treatises on 
 the mathem. determination of the relative pitch 
 of mus. tones : " Uber die mathem. Bestim- 
 mung d. musikal. Intervallen " (1846): " t)ber 
 musikal. Tonbestimmung u. Temperatur " (1852) ; 
 " Nachtrage zur Theorie der musik. Tonver- 
 haltnisse" (1855); "Uber ein zwischen Altem 
 u. Neuem vermittelndes Tonsystem " (1871) ; 
 " VSher reine Stimmung u. Temperatur der 
 Tone " (1877) ; in this last, Drobisch, who for- 
 merly championed the 12-semitone system, con- 
 curs in principle with Helmholtz's views. 
 
 Dro'bisch, Karl Ludwig, brother of the 
 preceding ; b. Leipzig, Dec. 24, 1803 ; d. Augs- 
 burg, Aug. 20, 1854. A pupil of Drobs and 
 Weinlig, in Leipzig, from 1821 ; after the unsuc- 
 cessful production of his oratorio Bonifachis at 
 the Gewandhaus, in 1826, he withdrew to Munich, 
 where he studied hard, also teaching. In 1837 
 he became Kapellm. of the Church of St. Anna, 
 at Augsburg. — Works : 3 oratorios, Bonifacius, 
 Des Heilands letzte Stunden^ and Moses auf 
 Sinai ; 18 masses ; 3 requiems ; offertories, 
 graduals, motets, and other church-music. 
 
 Drobs, Johann Andreas, b. n. Erfurt, 1784 ; 
 d. Leipzig, May 4, 1825. An organist, and as 
 such chiefly self-taught, he went to Leipzig in 
 1808, and was app. org. at the Petrikirche in 
 1810. He was an excellent teacher, and wrote 
 sonatas, fugues, preludes, etc. , f . org. and f . pf . 
 
 Drouet, Louis-Frangois-Philippe, b. Am- 
 sterdam, 1792 ; d. Bern, Sept. 30, 1873. A 
 distinguished flutist, who, as a pupil of the Paris 
 Cons., played there and at the Opera when but 
 7 years old. From 1807-10, teacher to King 
 Louis of Holland ; i8ii, solo flutist to Napoleon, 
 afterwards to Louis XVIII. In 1815 he went 
 to London, played in the Philharm. in 1816, and 
 thereafter made long concert-tours throughout 
 Europe. In 1836 he was app. Kapellm. at Ko- 
 burg ; visited America for a few months in 1854. 
 — His works f. flute, over 150 in number, com- 
 prise 10 concertos, 2 fantasias f. pf. and fl. (op. 
 36. 37)> 3 trios f. 3 flutes (op. 33), 3 waltz-duets 
 (op. 24) ; ensemble sonatas, duets, variations, 
 etc. He is said to have written the French 
 popular air " Partant pour la Syrie " from Queen 
 Hortense's dictation. 
 
 Dryden, John, the famous English poet ; b. 
 Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, Aug. 9(7), 1631 ; 
 d. London, May i, 1700. He wrote the libretto 
 •f King Arthur for Purcell, also the " Ode for 
 St. Cecilia's Day," which Purcell, Handel, and 
 others have set to music. Incidental music has 
 also been written, by eminent English composers, 
 to many of his stage-works. 
 
 Dubois, (Clement-Francois-) Theodore, b. 
 
 Rosnay, Marne, Aug. 24, 1837. After preHminary 
 teaching at Rheims, 
 he entered the Paris 
 Cons, in 1853, study- 
 ing under Marmon- 
 tel (pf.), Benoist 
 (org.), Ba2in(harm.) 
 and Ambroise 
 Thomas (fugue and 
 comp.), graduating 
 (i 8 6 l) as Grand 
 prix de Rome with 
 the cantata Atala, 
 after having taken 
 first prizes in all de- 
 partments. From 
 Rome he sent a 
 solemn mass (perf. 
 at the Madeleine in 1870), a dram, work. La 
 prova di un opera seria (not perf.), and 2 over- 
 tures ; returning to Paris, he settled there as a 
 teacher, became m. de chap, at Sainte-Clotilde, 
 and then succeeded Saint-Saens as org. at the 
 Madeleine. In 1871 he was made harmoay- 
 prof. at the Cons., succeeding Elwart ; in 1891 
 he became Leo Delibes' successor as prof, of 
 comp. ; in 1894 he was elected to the chair in the 
 Acad, left vacant by Gounod's death ; in l8g6 
 he succeeded Ambr. Thomas as Director of the 
 Cons., and was made an officer of the Legion of 
 Honor. Dubois' comp.s are very numerous; 
 among theni the i-act comic opera La gtida de 
 I'eniir (1876, Athenee Th.), and Le pain bis, m 
 la Lilloise {i?i-]<). Op. -Com.); a 4-act grand opera 
 Aben Hamet (1884, Italiens); a 3-act "idylle 
 dramatique," ^aOT^?v(i895,Op.-Com.); the 3-act 
 opera Circ^ (not perf. ) ; the ballet La Farandok 
 (1882, Opera) ; the mimodrama Le Mart (Brus- 
 sels, 1894); 3 oratorios; Les sept paroles dii Christ 
 (1867), Le Paradis ferdu (1878 ; won the City of 
 Paris prize), and Noire-Daine de la Mer (1897); 
 several cantatas (I' Enlevement de Proserpine, 
 Hylas, Bergerette, Pes vivants et les morts, 
 DMvrance) ; several masses, and other ch.- 
 mus. ; many orchestral works (Concert-overture 
 in D ; 3 " airs de ballet" ; 3 orchestral suites; 
 4 petites pieces ; 3 petites pieces ; Marche 
 heroique de Jeanne d'Arc ; Fantaisie triomphale 
 f. orch. and org.; Hymne nuptiale ; " Medita- 
 tion-Priere" f. strings, ob. ,harp and org.; Con- 
 certo-capriccio f. pf. , and a 2nd pf. -concerto 
 (1895) ; a violin-concerto ; symphonic overture 
 in C ; overture to Frithioff : pf.-pcs. {" Chceur 
 et danse des lutins " ; 6 poemes sylvestres) ; pes. f. 
 org. and f . harmonium ; a cappella choruses ; etc. 
 
 Dubois, L6on, born Brussels, Jan. 9, 1849; 
 won the Gr. prix de Rome at the Br. Cons, in 
 1885 ; second conductor at the Th. de la Mon- 
 naie, Brussels, since 1890. — Work? : 3 operas, 
 Son Excellence ma femme (1884), La revanchedl 
 Sganarelle (1886), and Mazeppa (not perf.) ; also 
 the i-act ballet Smylis (Brussels, 1891), a sym- 
 phonic poem Atala, etc. 
 
 156 
 
DUCANGE— DUNHAM 
 
 Ducange. See Cange, du. 
 
 Ducis, Benoit [Benedictus Ducis], distin- 
 guished composer of the i6th century, probably 
 b. at Bruges abt. 1480. Pupil of Joaquin ; org. 
 at Notre- Dame, Antwerp, and "Prince de la 
 glide " in the brotherhood of St. Luke. He is 
 said to have gone to England in 1515 by invita- 
 tion of Henry VIII.; others contend that he 
 lived in Germany. He is frequently confounded 
 with Benedict of Appenzell. Fetis gives a long 
 list of his works. 
 
 Ducroquet. See Daublaine. 
 
 Dufay, Guillaume, famous French contra- 
 puntist ; b. abt. l'40O ; d. Cambrai, Nov. 27, 
 1474, being the most recent in the distinguished 
 triad Dunstable-Binchois-Dufay. In 1428 he 
 became a chorister in the Papal Chapel, and in 
 1437 entered the service of Philippe le Bon, 
 Duke of Burgundy ; he took holy orders in 
 Paris, lived seven years in Savoy, and finally be- 
 came a canon at Cambrai. According to Adam 
 of Fulda, D. made many changes in notation ; 
 he is the reputed inventor of white (open) notes. 
 Fr. X. Haberl (in the 4th book of the " Vier- 
 teljahrsschrift fiir Musik-Wissenschaft," 1885) 
 gives a list of 150 corap.s found in the libraries 
 of Rome, Bologna, and Trieste, incl. masses 
 (finished and fragmentary), motets, a magnificat, 
 other church-mus. , French chansons, etc. Other 
 MSS. are in the libraries at Paris, Brussels, 
 Cambrai, and Munich. 
 
 Dugazon, Louise-Rosalie {n^e Leffevre), b. 
 
 Berlin, 1753 ; went to Paris in 1761, and d. there 
 Sept. 22, 1821. Although not a trained vocalist, 
 the grace and charm of her singing and acting 
 in "comedies a ariettes" (comedy-operas, oper- 
 ettas, etc.) aroused the utmost enthusiasm at 
 her very debut as Pauline in Gretry's Sylvain 
 (July 30, 1774, Comedie-Italienne). Among her 
 principal roles were those of Babet (in Blaise et 
 Babet), Justine (Alexis et Justine), Nina {Nina), 
 Zetulbe (Calif e de Bagdad) ; her impersona- 
 tions were so animated and original, even when 
 advancing years obliged her to sing "older" 
 parts, that roles of this description have ever 
 since been distinguished as " Jeunes Dugazon," 
 and "Meres Dugazon." She retired finally in 
 1806. 
 
 Dugf'gan, Joseph Francis, pianist and 
 comp. ; b. Dublin, July 10, 1817. He was 
 accomp.t of the recitatives in Italian Opera, 
 New York, and cond. of John Wilson's English 
 opera-troupe, and of German opera ; taught in 
 Phila., Baltimore, and Washington ; was prin- 
 cipal of, and prof, in, the Phila. Mus. Inst., 
 .1841. From 1B44-5 he taught in Paris ; lived 
 in Edinburgh and London, and became prof, of 
 singing in the Guildhall School of Music. — He 
 wrote 2 successful operas, Pierre (London, 
 1853), and L^onie (London, 1854), and 3 others 
 (MS.) ; 2 symphonies, 6 string-quartets, numer- 
 ous pf.-pcs.; also publ. " The Singing-Master's 
 Asst.," and transl.s of Albrechtsberger's "Sci- 
 
 ence of Music" (Phila., 1842) and of Fe'tis' 
 " Counterpoint and Fugue." 
 
 Du'iffoprug'gar (properly Tieffenbriicker), 
 Caspar, b. Freising, Bavaria, 1514 [date estab- 
 lished by Dr. Coutaigne of Lyons, in his work 
 ' ' Gaspard Duiffoproucart et les luthiers lyonnais 
 du XVII^ si^cle" (Paris, 1893)]; d. Lyons, 
 1572. Long reputed to be the first maker of 
 violins; but Vidal, in his "Les instruments i 
 archet," states that all the so-called D. violins 
 are spurious, having been made by Vuillaume, 
 who in 1827 conceived the idea of making vio- 
 lins after the pattern of a viola da gamba by D. 
 Apparently, the latter learned his trade in Italy, 
 the usual spellings of his name showing it to be 
 Italianized rather than Gallicized ; he settled in 
 Lyons in 1553, and was naturalized in 1559. 
 
 Dul'cken, Luise, pianist («/«■ David [a sister 
 of Ferd. David]); b. Hamburg, Mar. 20, 1811 ; 
 d. London, Apr. 12, 1850. She was taught by 
 C. F. G. Schwencke and Wilh. Grund ; played 
 in public, in Germany, when but 11 years of 
 age ; she married in 1828, and went to London, 
 where she met with brilliant success as a pian- 
 ist and teacher. Queen Victoria was one of her 
 very numerous pupils. — Her son, 
 
 Dul'cken, Ferdinand Quentin, pianist ; b. 
 London, June i, 1837, was a pupil, in Leip- 
 zig Cons., of Mendelssohn, Moscheles, Gade, 
 Hauptraann, and (for organ) Becker ; also later 
 of F. Hiller at Cologne. He became prof, at 
 the Warsaw Cons, ; lived in Paris 4 years ; made 
 many concert-tours in Europe (with Wieniawski, 
 Vieuxtemps, de Kontski, etc.) ; went to America 
 in 1876, and travelled with Remenyi, Joseffy, 
 Essipoff, and Marie Roze ; lived for several 
 years in New York. — Works : An opera, IVies- 
 /aw/ a solemn mass; cantatas; pf.-pcs., songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Dulon, Friedrich Ludwig, a blind flutist ; 
 b. Oranienburg, 11. Potsdam, Oct. 14, 1769 ; 
 d. Wilrzburg, July 7, 1826. He was taught by 
 his father (flute) and Angerstein of Stendal 
 (theory) ; in 1783 his concert-travels began, and 
 extended all over Europe. From 1796-1800 he 
 was chamber-musician at the St. Petersburg 
 court ; then lived in Stendal, and settled (1823) 
 in Wiirzburg. He wrote an autobiography : 
 " Dulons des blinden Flotenspielers Leben und 
 Meinungen, von ihm selbst bearbeitet" (Zurich, 
 2 vol.s, 1S07-8, edited by Wieland). — Works : 
 A flute-concerto ; 9 duets and variations f . fl. and 
 vln.; flute-duets ; caprices f. fl. 
 
 Dunham, Henry Morton, b. Brockton, 
 Mass., July 27, 1853. Graduate of the N. E. 
 Cons., and later of the Boston Univ. Coll. of 
 Mus., at Boston. Has been teacher in both of 
 the above, from 1878 till now (1899). — Publ. 
 works: "Organ School" (in 4 bks.); 2 organ- 
 sonatas (in F min. and G min.) ; marches, pre- 
 ludes, and other organ-music ; has also made 
 numerous organ-arrangements. — " A System of 
 Technique f. Pf,"; Capriccio brillante f. pf.; 
 
 157 
 
DUNI— DUPORT 
 
 " The Choir-Manual"; Te Deum in D; "Hymn 
 Music " (3 books) ; etc. 
 
 Du'ni, Egidio Romualdo, b. Matera, n. 
 Otranto (Naples), Feb. 9, 1709; d. Paris, June 
 II, 1775. He first studied in the Cons, "della 
 Madonna di Loreto," under Durante ; then in 
 the Cons, "della Pieta de' Turchini." His first 
 opera, Nerone (Rome, 1735), was a great pop- 
 ular success, completely eclipsing Pergolesi's 
 OUmpiade. Composing industriously, he visited 
 Vienna, was made m. di capp. at S. Nicolo di 
 Bari, in Naples; went to Holland, Paris, and 
 London (1744); became tutor at the Court of 
 Parma, where, encouraged by the Duke, he 
 began composing French operettas, the first of 
 which, Ninette a la cour (Paris, 1755), was so 
 well received that D. settled in Paris, where he 
 brought out a swarm of light and frivolous stage- 
 pieces which just suited the prevailing taste. He 
 is looked upon as the founder of French opSra- 
 bouffe. He wrote about 13 Italian operas, and 
 20 in French. 
 
 Dunkley, Ferdinand (Luis), b. London, 
 Eng., July 16, 1869. Pupil (1883-5) of G. A. 
 Higgs (pf., org., harm.); 1885-6, in Trinity 
 Coll., of Bambridge (pf.), J. Higgs (cpt.), and 
 
 E. H. Turpin (comp.); i886-go, at R. A. M. 
 (Scholarship), of Parry, Bridge, Martin, Glad- 
 stone, Sharpe, and Barnet. Awarded diploma, 
 
 F. R. C. O., 1886. Organist and choirmaster 
 of St. Jude's, London, E. C, 1885-7; of St. 
 Aubyn's, London, S. E., 1888-93; and Dir. of 
 Mus. at Battersea Grammar School, London, S. 
 W., 1892-3; was eng. in 1893, by Bishop 
 Doane, as Director of Music at St. Agnes' 
 School, Albany, N. Y.; was also org. and ch.m. 
 at State St. Presby. Ch., Albany, 1894-6, and 
 since 1897, at Trinity M. E. Ch., Albany. — 
 Publ. works : " The Wreck of the Hesperus," 
 ballade f. soli, ch., and orch.; " River Scenes," 
 f. pf. ; Elegie, f. pf. ; many songs ; " Musical 
 Ethics," a lecture. A MS. orchestral Suite took 
 prize of 50 guineas (1889). 
 
 Dunoyer. See Gaucquier. 
 
 Dunstable [Dunstaple], John, b. Dun- 
 stable, Bedfordshire, Eng., 1400 (?) ; d. Wal- 
 brook, Dec. 24, 1453. Eminent contrapuntist, 
 rivalling his contemporaries Binchois and Dufay, 
 and noted by Tinctor as one of the "fathers" 
 of counterpoint. — Extant works : A 3-part song, 
 " O Rosa bella," is in the Vatican Library, and 
 another copy at Dijon ; it was printed in score 
 by Morelot in his " De la musique au XV^ 
 siecle," and by Ambros (" Gesch. d. Mus.," vol. 
 ii. Appendix); an enigmatical canon (still un- 
 solved) in the British Museum, and at Lambeth; 
 a 3-part comp. without words, in the Brit. 
 Museum (Add. MS. 31,922); in the Liceo filar- 
 monica at Bologna are 4 MS. comp. s; a " Pa- 
 trem," a " Regina coeli lastare," and 2 motets, 
 "Sub tua protectione" and " Quam pulchra 
 est " ; and in the Univ. Library, Bologna, are 
 
 2 " Et in terra " (a 3), and i "Ave maris Stella" 
 (a 2). There are also several MSS. at Vienna, 
 
 Dunstede. See Tunstede. 
 
 Dupont, Pierre, b. Rochetaillee, n. Lyons, 
 Apr. 23, 1821 ; d. Saint-Etienne, July 25, 1870I 
 The son of a laborer, and himself uneducated 
 he made a name by his political and rustic dit- 
 ties, of which he wrote the words, and then sang 
 the airs to Reyer, who put them into shape. His 
 poHtical songs (" Le pain," "Le chant des 
 ouvriers," etc.) created such disturbances that 
 he was banished in 1851, but pardoned in 1852, 
 after the " coup d'etat." 
 
 Dupont, Joseph {atn^), violinist ; b. Liege, 
 Aug. 21, 1821 ; d. there Feb. 13, 1861. He st. 
 at the L. Cons, under Wanson and Prume, and 
 was app. prof, there when but 17. — Works: 2 
 operas, Ribeiro Pinto (comic), and L'Ue d'or; 
 church-music; a string-quintet, a string- quartet; 
 solo-pcs. and etudes f. vln., etc. 
 
 Dupont, Alexandre, brother of preceding ; 
 b. Liege, 1833 ; d. there Apr. 4, 1888 ; publ. a 
 " Repertoire dramatique beige." 
 
 Dupont, Auguste, excellent pianist; b. Ensi- 
 val, n. Liege, Feb. 9, 1828 ; d. Brussels, Dec. 
 17, 1890. His teacher was Jalheau at the Liege 
 Cons. ; he travelled in England and Germany, 
 and in 1852 was app. prof, of pf. at Brussels 
 Cons. He was not only a player of remarkable 
 brilliancy, but also highly successful as a teacher 
 and composer. — Works : Grand concerto-sym- 
 phonie f. pf. and orch.; concerto in F minor; 
 many characteristic pes. (generally ' ' salon-mu- 
 sic") f. pf. ; pf. -etudes; also an " Ecole de 
 Piano," written for the Brussels Cons., contain- 
 ing masterpieces from the i6th-lgth centuries in 
 chronological order. 
 
 Dupont, Joseph {le jeune), brother of Au- 
 guste ; b. Ensival, n. Liege, Jan. 3, 1838 ; st. in 
 the Conservatories at Liege and Brussels, taking 
 the Grand prix de Rome. In 1867, cond. at 
 Warsaw ; in 1871, cond. at the Imp. th. in Mos- 
 cow ; in 1872, app. prof, of harm, at Brussels 
 Cons.; he also became cond. at the Th. de la 
 Monnaie, of the Society of Musicians, and of 
 the Popular Concerts (succeeding Vieuxtemps). 
 
 Dupont, Joseph D., brother of the preced- 
 ing ; d. The Hague, June 26, 1867 ; he was Di- 
 rector of the German opera at Amsterdam. 
 
 Dupont, Jean-Frangois, b. Rotterdam, 1822; 
 d. Nuremberg, Mar. 2i, 1875. Pupil, at Leip- 
 zig Cons., of Mendelssohn (comp) and David 
 (vln.); went to Hamburg in 1854; was Kafellm. 
 at Linz (1856), and Nuremberg (1858-74).— He 
 wrote large choral and orchestral works, and 
 prod, the 3-act grand opera Bianca SiffriA 
 (Linz, 1855). 
 
 Duport, Jean-Pierre, famous 'cellist; b. 
 Paris, Nov. 27, 1741 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 31, 1818. 
 In Berlin he was first 'cello in the court orch. 
 from 1773, and superintendent of the court con- 
 
 158 
 
DUPORT— DORRNER 
 
 certs from 1787-1806; pensioned 1811. — Works; 
 3 duos f. 2 'celli ; 6 sonatas f . 'cello and bass. 
 
 Duport, Jean-Louis, the brother of Jean- 
 Pierre, and a still more famous 'cellist ; b. Paris, 
 Oct. 4, 1749; d. there Sept. 7, 1819. He first 
 played in public at the "Concerts Spirituels" 
 in 1768. He joined his brother in Berlin at 
 the outbreak of the Revolution ; returning in 
 1806, he became musician to Charles IV., the 
 ex-king of Spain, at Marseilles ; went back to 
 Paris in 1812, where he was soon regarded as 
 the foremost French 'cellist, joined the imperial 
 orch. (remaining a member when it became the 
 royal orch.), and was app. prof, in the Cons, 
 (suppressed 1815). — Works : 6 'cello-concertos ; 
 sonatas, duos, airs varies, 9 nocturnes (f. harp 
 and 'cello), etc. His " Essai sur le doigler du 
 violoncelle et la conduite de I'archet, avec une 
 suite d'exercices, " is still a standard text-book. 
 
 Duprato, Jules-Laurent, b. Nimes, Aug. 
 20, 1827 ; d. Paris, May 20, 1892. Pupil of 
 Leborne at the Paris Cons. , where his cantata 
 Damocles won the Grand prix de Rome in 1848. 
 After study in Italy and Germany, he settled in 
 Paris as a composer ; in 1866 he was app. asst.- 
 teacher, and in 1872 prof, of harm, at the Cons. 
 He prod. 12 "operas comiques " and wrote 3 
 others which were not performed ; 4 cantatas ; 
 choruses for equal voices ; songs, etc. 
 
 Duprez, Louis-Gilbert, dramatic tenor ; b. 
 Paris, Dec. 6, 1806 ; d. there Sept. 23, 1896. 
 His fine boy-voice gained him admission to 
 Choron's Institute ; after diligent vocal and the- 
 oretical study, he made his debut as Count Al- 
 maviva at the Odeon, in 1825. Dissatisfied with 
 the results, he subjected himself to a long course 
 of training in Italy, and in 1836 succeeded 
 Nourrit at the Opera. He was app. prof, of 
 lyrical declamation at the Cons, in 1842, but 
 resigned in 1850 to establish a vocal school of 
 his own, which flourished. After his retiremerit 
 (1855) from the stage, he prod, several operas, 
 an oratorio, a mass, etc., without great success. 
 But his vocal methods, " L'art du chant" (1845) 
 and " La melodic, etudes complementaires 
 vocales et dramatiques de I'Art du chant " (1846), 
 are justly celebrated. 
 
 Dupuis, Sylvain, b. Liege, Nov. g, 1856. 
 Pupil of the Liege Cons., winning the Prix de 
 Rome in 1881, and now teacher of cpt. there ; 
 he is conductor of the singing-society La Ldgia. 
 — Works : 3 operas, Cour d'Ognon, Moina, and 
 the comic opera V Idylle (Verviers, 1896 ; v. 
 succ.) ; 3 cantatas, La cloche de Roland, Camo- 
 ens, and Chant de la Creation; a symphonic 
 poem, "Macbeth"; etc. 
 
 Dupuy. See Puteanus. 
 
 Durand (properly Duranowski), Auguste- 
 Fr6d6ric, violinist ; b. Warsaw, 1770 ; d. (?). 
 A pupil of his father, court musician at Warsaw, 
 a nobleinan sent him to Paris in 1787, where he 
 studied under Viotti, becoming an extremely 
 brilliant and original player. After long tours 
 
 in Germany and Italy, he entered the French 
 army ; was dismissed, and again took up the 
 violin, leading a wandering life in Germany till 
 1814, when he settled in Strassburg as a con- 
 ductor and teacher. He was living there in 
 1834- 
 
 Durand, ^niile, born St.-Brieuc, Cotes du 
 Nord, Feb. 16, 1830 ; while still a student at 
 the Paris Cons., he was app. (1850) teacher of 
 an elementary singing-class, and in 1871 prof, 
 of harmony. — Works : Operettas and songs ; 
 also a Method of Harmony and Accompani- 
 ment. 
 
 Durand, Marie-Auguste, b. Paris, July 18, 
 1830 ; organ-pupil of Benoist ; in 1849, org. at 
 St.-Ambroise, then at Ste. -Genevieve, St.-Roch, 
 and (1862-74) St.-Vincent de Paul. In 1870 he 
 entered into partnership with SchSnewerk (ac- 
 quiring Flaxland's rausic-publishing business), 
 at first as " Durand and SchSnewerk," later as 
 "Durand et Fils," and making a specialty of 
 publishing modern works (by Jonci^res, Lalo, 
 Massenet, Saint-Saens, Widor, etc.). He has 
 also occupied himself with mus. criticism, and 
 composition (masses, songs, dance-pieces, and 
 especially music f. harmonium). 
 
 Duran'te, Francesco, celebrated church- 
 comp. and gifted teacher ; b. Fratta Maggiore, 
 Naples, Mar. 15, 1684; d. Naples, Aug. 13, 1755. 
 He studied in Naples at the Cons. " dei Poveri 
 di Gesu Cristo," under Gaetano Greco ; later 
 under Aless. . Scarlatti in the Cons. San Ono- 
 frio, of which he was made Director in 1718. 
 He afterwards became maestro at the Cons, of 
 Santa Maria di Loreto, his salary here being not 
 quite $100 per annum. After Scarlatti, and 
 with Leo, Durante ranks as one of the founders 
 and a chief representative of the " Neapolitan 
 school" of composition. He devoted himself 
 almost exclusively to sacred music, in which the 
 breadth, vigor, and resourcefulness of his style 
 are more in evidence than marked originality. 
 He was one of the greatest teachers that ever 
 lived ; his illustrious pupils Duni, Traetta, Vinci, 
 Jommelli, Piccinni, Sacchini, Guglielmi, Pergo- 
 lesi, Paisiello, and others, took almost complete 
 possession of the European lyric stage during 
 the latter half of the l8th century. — The library 
 of the Paris Cons, contains a rich collection of 
 his works in MS. ; 13 masses, and fragments of 
 masses ; 16 psalms, 16 motets, several antiphons 
 and hymns ; besides 12 madrigals, 6 harpsi- 
 chord-sonatas, etc. His " Lamentations of Jere- 
 miah," and a "pastoral mass," are in the Vienna 
 Library (in MS.). His few publ. works are 
 found in the collections of Schlesinger, Roch- 
 litz, Commer, and the Fitzwilliam Music ; Karm- 
 rodt of Halle printed a grand Magnificat (with 
 addit. accomp.s by Robert Franz). 
 
 Diirr'ner, Ruprecht Johannes Julius, b. 
 Ansbach, Bavaria, July 15, 1810 ; d. Edinburgh, 
 June 10, 1859. Pupil of Friedrich Schneider 
 at Dessau ; from 1831-42, cantor at Ansbach, 
 
 159 
 
DURUTTE— DUVERNOY 
 
 then studied under Mendelssohn and Haupt- 
 mann at Leipzig, and settled in Edinburgh as a 
 conductor and vocal teacher. His choruses and 
 quartets for male voices won great favor. 
 
 Durutte, Frangois-Camille-Antoine 
 (comte), b. Ypres, East Flanders, Oct. 15, J803; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 24, 1881. Settled in Metz. — 
 Wrote : " Esthetique mnsicale. Technie ou lois 
 generales du syst^me harmonique " (1855), sup- 
 plemented by a " Resume elementaire de la 
 technie harmonique, etc." (1876), in which he 
 presents a new system of harmony. He com- 
 posed operas, chamber-music, and church-music. 
 
 Dus'sek [Dusek, Duschek], Franz, b. 
 ChotJborky, Bohemia, Dec. 8, 1736; d. Prague, 
 Feb. 12, 1799. Pianist, pupil of Wagenseil, at 
 Vienna; settled in Prague 1763, winning fame 
 as a teacher and performer. — Publ. several sona- 
 tas (1773, 1774, 1799), and a pf.-concerto (op. 
 i) ; left in MS. symphonies, concertos, quartets, 
 trios, and sonatas. 
 
 Dus'sek [DuSek (doo'-shek)], Johann La- 
 dislaus, b. Caslav (Tschaslau), Bohemia, Feb. 
 9, 1761 ; d. Saint- 
 Germain-en- Laye, 
 Mar. 20, 1812. At 
 first a boy-soprano 
 at the Minorite 
 church, Iglau, he 
 was taught music by 
 Father Spenar, 
 while attending the 
 Jesuit college ; was 
 organist at the 
 Jesuit church in 
 ICuttenberg for 2 
 years, and while 
 studying theology 
 at Prague Univ. found time to get a thorough 
 musical training, so that after graduation he 
 obtained, through Count Manner, his patron, the 
 post of organist at the church of Saint-Rimbaut, 
 Mechlin. Thence he went to Bergen-op-Zoom, 
 and (1782) to Amsterdam ; then spent a year at 
 The Hague, and in 1783 studied under C. Ph. 
 E. Bach at Hamburg ; won renown as a pianist 
 and as a performer on Hessel's " harmonica," in 
 Berlin (1784), and St. Petersburg, then accepting 
 an appointment from Prince Radziwill, with 
 whom he lived in Lithuania for over a year. He 
 played before Marie Antoinette in 1786, at Paris ; 
 soon went to Italy, and returned to Paris in 1788, 
 whence the Revolution drove him to London. 
 Here he married Sofia Corri, a singer, in 1792, 
 and undertook a music-business with his father- 
 in-law ; but his careless habits, and love of luxury 
 and ease, ill fitted him for commercial pursuits ; 
 the enterprise failed, and he fled to Hamburg in 
 1800 to escape his creditors. Here he appears 
 to have stayed for about 2 years, giving concerts 
 and teaching. In 1802 he gave a concert at 
 Prague, and paid a long visit to his father at 
 Caslav ; was successively in the service of Prince 
 Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (d, 1806) — to whom 
 
 his £l^gie harmonique, op. 61, is dedicated, — the 
 Prince of Isenberg, and finally (1808J Prince 
 Talleyrand in Paris. — Dussek was the pioneer 
 of the group of Bohemian and Polish musicians ; 
 the originality of his pf.-comp.s has a "national" 
 flavor, and still keeps them alive. As an execu- 
 tant he was sui generis, disputing with Clemeiiti 
 the honor of inventing the "singing-touch." 
 Besides 2 English operas, given in London with- 
 out much success, a solemn mass (comp. at the 
 age of 13), several early oratorios, and consider- 
 able church-music, he publ. nearly 100 works f, 
 pf. (many without opus-number); among them 
 being 12 concertos, "a symphonic concertante" 
 f. 2 pfs., a quintet, a quartet, 10 trios, 80 sona- 
 tas w. vln., 9 4-hand sonatas, 3 4-hand fugues, 
 53 sonatas f. pf. solo, and many rondos, fanta- 
 sias, variations, and waltzes. He also publ. a 
 Method f. pf. at London, which appeared later 
 in German and French. 
 
 Dust'mann, Marie Luise (n^e Meyer), dra- 
 matic soprano ; b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 22,. 
 1831 ; d. March, 1899. Debut Breslau (1849); 
 after this she was eng. at Kassel (under Spohr), 
 at Dresden ('53), Prague ('54), and Vienna ('57). 
 She sang as a " star " in the larger German cities, 
 Stockholm, and London. Married D. (a book- 
 seller) in 1858 ; made Kammersdngerin at Vienna 
 in i860. 
 
 Duval, Edmond, b. Enghien, Hainault, Aug. 
 22, iSog. He entered the Paris Cons, in 1828, 
 but was dismissed in 1832 because of irregular 
 attendance. Returning to Mechlin, he became 
 deeply interested in Abbe Janssen's "Vrais 
 principes du chant gregorien," and was entrusted 
 by the bishop with the revision of the church- 
 ritual of the diocese. In furtherance of this plan 
 he visited Rome ; after his return, the following 
 " revised versions" of ecclesiastical song were 
 issued: " Graduale romanum, etc." (1848), "Ves- 
 p'erale," " Manuale chori " (1850), "Processio- 
 nale"(i85i), "Pastorale Mechhniense " (1852), 
 and " Rituale " (1854), based on Italian publica- 
 tions of the i6th, 17th, and i8th centuries. He 
 also publ. a series of " studies " on the above, 
 and a " Traite d'accompagnement du plain-chant 
 par I'orgue, etc." Fetis considers both plan and 
 execution of these works to be totally wrong. 
 
 Duvernoy (or Duvernois), Fr^diric, b. 
 
 Montbeliard, Oct. 16, 1765 ; d. Paris, July 19, 
 1838. A self-taught horn-player, he became first 
 horn at the Grand Opera, and until 181 5 prof, 
 at the Cons. He publ. a great number of pieces 
 f. horn, which are now forgotten ; and a " Me- 
 thode de cor mixte," explaining his peculiar 
 style of playing. 
 
 Duvernoy, Charles, brother of Frederic ; b. 
 Montbeliard, 1766; d. Paris, P"eb. 28, 1845; a 
 clarinettist; came to Paris in 1810, and was first 
 clarinet at the Th. de Monsieur and the Fey- 
 deau, retiring in 1824. Till 1802 he was also 
 prof, at the Cons. — Works: 2 sonatas f, clar.; 
 variations as duets f . 2 clarinets. 
 
 160 
 
DUVERNOY— DVORAK 
 
 Duvernoy, Henri-Louis-Charles, son of 
 the preceding; b. Paris, Nov. i6, 1S20, pupil of 
 Halevy and Zimmerman at Paris Cons., where 
 (1839) he was asst.-prof., and in 1848 full prof, 
 of solfeggio ; he trained many distinguised pu- 
 pils. Publ. (with Kuhn) " Nouveaux choix de 
 psaumes et de cantiques" (1848); " Solfege des 
 chanteurs" (1855); " Solfege k changements de 
 clefs" (1857); and " Solfege artistique " (i860); 
 also some 100 light pf.-pcs. 
 
 Duvernoy, Charles-Fran§ois, b. Paris, Apr. 
 16, 1796 ; d. there Nov., 1S72. Opera-singer in 
 the Opera-Com., Paris, and (1851) teacher of ope- 
 ratic singing in the Conservatoire ; 1S56, superin- 
 tendent of the ' ' Pensionnat des el^ves du chant. " 
 
 Duvernoy, Victor-Alphonse, b. Paris, Aug. 
 31, 1842. He was 
 a pupil of Bazin 
 and Marmontel at 
 the Paris Conser- 
 vatoire, taking the 
 first prize for pf.- 
 playing in the lat- 
 ter's class (1855). 
 In i86ghe founded, 
 together with Leo- 
 nard (ist violin), 
 Stiehle, Trombet- 
 ta and Jacquard, 
 a series of chamber- 
 music concerts ; he 
 devotes his time 
 otherwise to com- 
 position and in- 
 struction, having at present (1899) a class for 
 piano-playing in the Conservatoire. As a dra- 
 matic composer he has produced the 3-act opera 
 Sardanapale (l^yons, 1892 ; successful), the " seine 
 lyrique " Cliopdtre (at the Concerts Colonne), and 
 the 4-act opera //^///(Grand Opera, l8g6). His 
 symphonic poem, La tempele, produced at the 
 Concerts Colonne, won the City of Paris prize ; 
 he has also written several other orchestral pieces, 
 and much music for piano. For some II years 
 he has been the musical critic of the " Repu- 
 blique fran9aise"; he is a chevalier of the Legion 
 df Honor, and an officer of public instruction. 
 
 Duvernoy, Jean-Baptiste, composer and 
 pf.-teacher at Paris ; dates of birth and death 
 unknown. Beginning about 1825, he published 
 several hundred piano-pieces and variations, gen- 
 erally of a light and easy character, and a number 
 of interesting and valuable studies for piano-forte. 
 
 Duysen, Jes Lewe, b. Flensburg, Aug. i, 
 1820 ; founded a piano-factory at Berlin in i860. 
 
 Dvor'ak [dvor'shahk], Antonin, b. Miihl- 
 hausen [Nehalozeves], Bohemia, Sept. 8, 1841. 
 His father, an innkeeper, wished him to learn the 
 butcher's trade ; but he, having learned to play 
 the violin from the village schoolmaster, left 
 home at the age of 16, and entered the Prague 
 Organ-School, studying under Pitzsch, and earn- 
 ing a precarious livelihood as violinist in a small 
 
 orchestra. After graduation from the School 
 in 1862, he joined the orch. of the " National 
 Th." as a viola- 
 player. It was not 
 until 1873 that a 
 composition of im- 
 portance gained a 
 hearing ;• but then 
 the production of 
 a hymn for male 
 chorus and orch. 
 attracted such wide 
 notice that he re- 
 ceived (1875) a gov- 
 ernment stipend, 
 and devoted himself 
 to composition with 
 increasing success, 
 becom-ing the most 
 famous of the Bohemian national composers. 
 Liszt, by securing the performance of his works, 
 and encouraging him in every way, did much to 
 obtain for his compositions the vogue which they 
 deservedly enjoy, despite an overlavish employ- 
 ment of "Bohemian" mannerisms in melody 
 and rhythm. In England and America he has 
 many warm admirers. From 1892-5 he was the 
 artistic director of the National Cons., New 
 York ; then returned to Prague. — Works : The 
 Bohemian operas The Kinf^ and ike Charcoal- 
 burner (Prague, i874\ I-Vanda (1876), Selma 
 Sedldk (1878), Ttirde Palice (1881), Dimitrije 
 (1882), and The Jacobins (iHt) ; 3 acts); orato- 
 rio St. Ludmila (Leeds Mus. Fest. , 1886) ; Re- 
 quiem mass, op. 8g, f. soH, ch., and orch. (Bir- 
 mingham Fest., 1891 ; in this year the Univ. of 
 Cambridge created D. "Mus. Doc."); cantata 
 The Spectre s Bride, op. 69, f. soli, ch., and 
 orch. (Birmingham Fest., 1885); secular can- 
 tata The American Flag (New York, 1895) ; 
 Hymn of the Bohemian Peasants, op. 28, f. 
 mixed ch. w. pf. 4 hands ; Hymn f. mixed ch. 
 and orch., op. 30 ; Stabat Mater f. soli, ch., and 
 orch., op. 58 (London, 1883) ; Psalm 149 f. soli, 
 ch., and orch.; five symphonies (l. op. 60, in 
 D ; 2. op. 70, in D min.; 3. op. 76, in F ; 4. 
 op. 88, in G ; 5. op. 95, in E min., "From 
 the New World ") ; 3 orchestral ballades (or 
 symphonic poems) are op. 107, " Der Wasser- 
 mann"; op. 108, "Die Mittagshexe " ; and 
 op. log, "Das goldene Spinnrad"; 2 sets of 
 symph. var.s f. orch., op. 40 and 78 ; overtures 
 " Mein Heim," " Husitska," " In der Natur." 
 "Othello," "Carneval"; 'cello-concerto in B min. 
 (1896) ; pf. -concerto, op. 35 ; violin-concerto, 
 op- 53 1 " Slavische Tanze" and " Slavische 
 Rhapsodien," f. orch.; Scherzo capriccioso f. 
 orch.; string-sextet; 2 string-quintets; pf. -quin- 
 tet in A, op. 18 ; 6 string-quartets ; 2 pf.-quar- 
 tets ; a string-trio ; 2 pf. -trios ; Mazurek f. vln. 
 w. orch. ; .Serenade f . wind w. 'cello and double- 
 bass ; Notturno f. string-orch. ; interesting pf .- 
 music("Legenden,"4hands, "Dumka" [Elegy], 
 " Furiante" [Boh. nat.l dances] ; " Klange aus 
 Mahren," 4 hands; " Silhouetten," 12 4-hand 
 
 161 
 
DWIGHT— EBERHARD 
 
 pieces ; waltzes ; mazurkas ; etc.) ; violin-sonata, 
 op- 57 ; various vocal numbers (part-songs, 
 duets, and songs). 
 
 Dwight, John Sullivan, a well-known mu- 
 sical critic, and editor of " Uwight's Journal of 
 Music"; b. Bos- 
 ton, Mass., May 
 13, 1813 ; d. there 
 Sept. 5, 1893. He 
 graduated at Har- 
 vard in 1832, and 
 was one of the 
 founders and most 
 active members of 
 the Harvard Mu- 
 sical Assoc. After 
 studying for the 
 ministry, he in 
 1840 took charge 
 of the Unitarian 
 Ch. at Northamp- 
 ton, Mass. His 
 
 literary and socialistic proclivities, however, 
 gained the mastery ; he gave up his pastorate, 
 and entered the ill-starred Brook Farm Com- 
 munity, as a teacher of German music and the 
 classics. Returning to Boston in 1848, after 
 the failure of the socialistic experiment, he 
 devoted himself to literature, founded the 
 "Journal" in 1852, and remained its editor-in- 
 chief until its discontinuance in 1881. A prom- 
 inent feature in this paper were the valuable 
 historical essays by A. W. Thayer. D. also 
 publ. excellent " Translations of Select Minor 
 Poems from the German of Goethe and Schiller, 
 with Notes."— Biography by George Willis 
 Cooke: "J. S. D., Brook-Farmer, Editor, and 
 Critic of Music " (Boston, 1899) ; Cooke also 
 edited D.'s correspondence with Geo. Wm. Cur- 
 tis (Boston, 1898). 
 
 Dykes, Rev. John Bacchus, b. Kingston- 
 upon-HuU, Eng., Mar. 10, 1823 ; d. St. Leon- 
 ard's, Jan. 22, 1876. An English divine and 
 composer, educated at Cambridge ; minor canon 
 and precentor at Durham cath., 1849, where he 
 also cond. the Mus. Soc. He took the degree 
 of Mus. Doc. in 1861, and was vicar of St. 
 Oswald, Durham, from 1862. Some of his 
 hymns are peculiarly fine ; he likewise comp. a 
 service in F; the 23rd Psalm (The Lord is my 
 shepherd) ; anthems ; and part-songs. 
 
 Eames [amz], Emma [Mme. Eames-Story] , 
 distinguished dram, soprano ; b. of Amer. par- 
 entage at Shanghai, China, Aug. 13, 1867. At 
 the age of 5 she went with her mother, a talented 
 musician and her first teacher, to the latter's 
 native town of Bath, Maine ; from 1883 she 
 studied under Miss Munger, at Boston, and from 
 1886-8 at Paris, under Mme. Marchesi (voice) 
 and M. Plugue (stage-deportment, etc.). She 
 
 was eng. for the Ope'ra-Com, in 188S, expect- 
 ing to appear in La Traviata; but, on acct. of 
 delays, cancelled this engagement, and made 
 her debut at the Grand Opera, Mar. 13, 1889, 
 as Juliette in Gounod's Rom^o ct J. , succeed, 
 ing with great applause to a role previously sung 
 by the Patti. She sang in the Opera for 2 years 
 creating the roles of Colorabe in Ascanio by St.- 
 Saens, and of Zaire in De la Nux's like-named 
 opera. Engaged for Covent Garden, London 
 (debut Apr. 7, i8gl, as Marguerite in Faust); 
 in this year she married the painter Julian Story, 
 and in Oct. appeared in New York ; since then 
 she has sung regularly in N. Y. and London in 
 their respective seasons (excepting the winters 
 of 1892-3, at Madrid, and 1895-6, during tem- 
 porary ill-health). Mme. E. sings in English, 
 French, Italian, and German ; her repertory in- 
 cludes the following roles : Juliette, Marguerite, 
 Colombe, Zaire, Desdemona, Santuzza, Michaela 
 (Carmen), Countess (Figaro), Yasodhara (Light 
 of Asia), Elsa, Elisabeth, Eva, Sieglinde (Wal- 
 kiire), Mrs. Ford (Falstaff), Donna Elvira, Ghi- 
 selle, Lady of Longford, Mireille, Charlotte 
 ( Werther), and Valentine (Huguenots). 
 
 Eastcott, Richard, b. Exeter, England,^ ■. 
 1740 ; d. as chaplain at Livery Dale, Devon- 
 shire, 1828. Publ. "Sketches of the Origin, 
 Progress and Effects of Musick, with an account 
 of the Ancient Bards and Minstrels, illustrated 
 with various Historical Facts, Anecdotes, etc." 
 (Bath, 1793); "The Harmony of the Muses'' 
 (songs) ; 6 pf. -sonatas. 
 
 E'beling, Johann Georg, b. Liineburg, abt. 
 1620 ; d. Stettin, 1676. In 1662, musical director 
 and teacher at St. Nicolai, Berlin ; from 1668, 
 prof, of music at the Gymnasium Carolinum, Stet- 
 tin. Publ. " Pauli Gerhardi geistliche Andach- 
 ten," 120 sacred songs w. 2 vlns. and continuo 
 (Berlin, 1666-7, 1669 \ Nuremberg, 1682) ; " Ar- 
 chaeologiae orphicae sive antiquitates musicae " 
 (1676) ; and a " concert " f. clavichord and other 
 instr.s. 
 
 E'beling, Christoph Daniel, b. Garmissen, 
 11. Hildesheim, 1741 ; d. Hamburg, 1817, asprof. 
 of history in the Gymnasium and custodian of 
 the City Library. Publ. " Versuch einer auser- 
 lesenen musikalischen Bibliothek " (Hamburg, 
 1770); " Ueber die Oper" (" Hannoversches 
 Magazin " for 1768) ; also translations of Bur- 
 ney's "Musical Tour," of Chastelaux' " Essai 
 sur I'union de la musique et de la poesie," and 
 of the English text of Handel's Messiah (w. 
 Klopstock). 
 
 E'bell, Heinrich Karl, b. Neuruppin, Dec. 
 30, 1775 ; d. Oppeln, Mar. 12, 1824. A lawyer 
 by profession, he was a pupil of Tiirk and 
 Reichardt in music, and from 1801-4 Kapellm. . ■ 
 at Breslau. He comp. 10 operas and vaude- 
 villes, an oratorio, six cantatas, 5 symphonies, 
 4 string-quartets, songs, etc. 
 
 E'berhard, Johann August, b. Halberstadt, 
 Aug. 31, 1739 ; d. Halle, Jan. 6, 1809, asprof. 
 
 162 
 
EBERHARD VON FREISINGEN— ECKELT 
 
 of philos. He wrote a ' ' Theorie der schonen 
 Kunste und Wissenschaften " (Berlin, 1783; 
 3rd ed. 1790), a " Handbuch der Aesthetik" 
 (Halle, 1803-5, 4 vol.s), and several short essays 
 on mus. subjects in his " Gemischte Schriften " 
 (Halle, 1784, 1788), and in the " Musikalisches 
 Wochenblatt" (Beriin, 1805). 
 
 E'berhard von Frei'singen [EberhaKdus 
 Frisengen'sis], Benedictine monk of the nth 
 century. Wrote on the scale of organ-pipes 
 and on bell-founding (" De mensura fistularum " 
 and " Regulae ad fundendas notas ").. 
 
 E'berl, Anton, one of the most famous pian- 
 ists of a century ago, and a gifted composer ; b. 
 Vienna, June_ 13, 1766; d. there Mar. 11, 1807. 
 In 1782 he prod, the opera Die Zigeuner, fol- 
 lowed (1783) by La marchande de modes, these 
 attracting the attention and winning the friend- 
 ship of Mozart and Gluck. He made a concert- 
 tour with Mozart's widow ; lived 1796-1800 in 
 St. Petersburg as Kapellm.; revisited Russia in 
 1803, and travelled through Germany in 1806. 
 Besides 3 more operas, he wrote a cantata, sym- 
 phonies, pf. -concertos, much chamber-music, 
 many pf.-pcs. (especially sonatas), songs, etc. 
 
 E'berlin, Daniel, b. Nuremberg, abt. 1630 ; 
 d. Kassel, 1691. A music-student in Rome, he 
 became captain in the Papal army ; was Kapellm. 
 in Kassel in 1678 ; Kapellm. , tutor to the princes, 
 private secretary and director of the mint, at 
 Eisenach ; a banker in Hamburg and Altona ; 
 and finally militia-captain at Kassel. He was a 
 good contrapuntist and violinist ; also a cele- 
 brated comp. at his time ; but only 3 vln. -trios 
 (Nuremberg, 1675) are extant. 
 
 E'berlin [Eberle], Johann Ernst, b. Jet- 
 tenbach, Swabia, Mar. 27, 1702 ; d. Salzburg, 
 June 21, 1762, as Kapellm. and Truchsess (car- 
 ver) to the archbishop. — Publ. works : " XI 
 Toccate e Fughe per I'organo " (Augsburg, 1747; 
 several reprints) ; fugues and toccatas in Com- 
 mer's " Musica sacra"; 2 motets (publ. by 
 Schott) ; 2 sonatas (publ. by Haffner) ; 5 pes. in 
 L. Mozart's "Der Morgen und der Abend" 
 (Augsburg, 1759). — In MS. : 13 oratorios in 
 Ratisbon (Proske's Library) ; an offertory and 
 Miserere (Berlin Library) ; a vol. of organ-pcs. 
 (R. Inst. f. Church-music, Berlin). 
 
 E'bers, Karl Friedrich, b. Kassel, March 
 25, 1770 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 9, 1836. Intended 
 for the army, he preferred music ; became 
 Kapellm. at the theatres in Schwerin and Pesth, 
 and cond. a singing-soc. at Magdeburg. He 
 b-ought out 4 operas in Pesth (1796-7) ; also 
 wrote symphonies, overtures, sonatas and other 
 pes. f. pf., songs, etc., none of special vitality. 
 His transcriptions f. pf. were popular. 
 
 E'berwein, Traugott Maximilian, born 
 Weimar, Oct. 27, 1775 ; d. Rudolstadt, Dec. 2, 
 1831. Pupil of Kunze in Frankfurt, and Schick 
 in Mayence ; I'jOji Hofmusikus, y^t."] Kapellm., 
 to the Prince of Rudolstadt. — Works : 1 1 operas ; 
 
 symphonies, overtures ; much church-music; 
 songs. — His brother, 
 
 E'berwein, Karl, b. Weimar, Nov. 10, 1786 ; 
 d. there Mar. 2, 1868. A violinist and comp.; 
 in 1803, court musician, and later conductor of 
 the court orch. He was a friend of Goethe, 
 who often mentions him, and for whom he com- 
 posed some songs. He wrote 2 operas, the 
 music to Holtei's Leonore and to Preciosa ; an 
 overture to Goethe's Proserpine ; also cantatas, 
 a string-quartet, a flute-concerto, songs, etc. 
 
 Ec'card, Johannes, b. MUhlhausen, Thu- 
 ringia. 1553 ; d. Berlin, 1611. Pupil of Joachim 
 von Burgk, and (1571-4) of Orlandus Lassus ; 
 1578, director of J. Fugger's private orch. at 
 Augsburg; in 1583 \\ce-Kapellm., and in 1599 
 full Kapellm., at KSnigsberg. In 1608 he was 
 called to Berlin as Kapellm. to the Elector. An 
 eminent composer of sacred music. With von 
 Burgk he publ. 20 " Odae sacrae" (1594); 
 " Crepundia sacra, christliche Liedlein mit 4 
 Stimmen " (in 2 parts, 1577, 1596 ; 2nd ed. 
 1 60S) ; his own publ. works are 24 " Neue 
 deutsche Lieder mit 4 und 5 Stimmen " (1578) ; 
 14 "Neue deutsche Lieder" (1589); " 5-stim- 
 mige geistliche Lieder "(1597); " Preussische 
 Festlieder " (1598); some of the above have 
 been reprinted in modern form. — Also a motet, 
 "O Lamm Gottes"; a chorus, "O Freude"; 
 and occasional songs. 
 
 Ec'des, John, born London (?), 1668 ; d. 
 Kingston, Surrey, Jan. 12, 1735. Son and 
 pupil of the violinist Solomon E. He became 
 a member of the Queen's Band in 1700, and 
 Master of the same in 1704. He composed 46 
 masques and other stage- pes., and publ. a col- 
 lection of songs f. I, 2, and 3 voices (London, 
 1701) ; some of his songs are in " Pills to purge 
 Melancholy." — His brother Henry, violinist, 
 and a member of the French king's private 
 orch. in Paris, publ. " 12 Excellent Solos f. Vio- 
 lin " (1720) in Corelli's style. 
 
 Eck, Johann Friedrich, born Mannheim, 
 1766; d. Bamberg (?), 1809 (1810?). A re- 
 markable violinist, court musician at Munich in 
 1780, later dramatic director of the Court and 
 National Th. He resigned this position in 
 1801, and went to Nancy, France (according to 
 some accounts, he died there). — Publ. 6 vln.- 
 concertos ; a Symphonie-concertante f. 2 vlns. 
 
 Eck, Franz, brother and pupil of Joh. Fr., 
 b. Mannheim, 1774 : d. Strassburg, 1804, in an 
 insane asylum. Also a fine violinist, and for 
 some years a member of the Munich orch. ; 
 later director of, and soloist in, the court con- 
 certs at St. Petersburg. From 1802-3 he was 
 Spohr's teacher. 
 
 Eck'elt, Johann Valentin, born Wernings- 
 hausen, n. Erfurt, abt. 1680 ; d. Sondershausen, 
 1734. From 1696 he was org. at Wernigerode ; 
 from 1703, at Sondershausen. — Publ. " Experi- 
 menta inusicae geometrica" (1715) ; " Unter- 
 
 J63 
 
ECKER— EHLERT 
 
 richt, eine Fuge zu formiren " (1722) ; " Unter- 
 richt, was ein Organist wissen soil " (n. d.). 
 His MS. Passion, cantatas, and organ-works 
 are of interest. 
 
 Eck'er, Karl, b. Freiburg, Baden, Mar. 13, 
 1813 ; d. there Aug. 31, 1879. A law-student 
 at Freiburg and Vienna, he also St. under Sech- 
 ter, and devoted himself to composition on re- 
 turning to Freiburg in 1846. His orchestral 
 works were prod, in Freiburg ; his male quar- 
 tets, and many songs, enjoy great popularity. 
 
 Eck'er, Wenzel. Pen-name of Wilhelm 
 Gf.ricke. 
 
 Eck'ert, Karl Anton Florian, b. Potsdam, 
 Dec- 7, 1820 ; d. Berlin, Oct. 14, 1879. At the 
 age of 6 he was considered a prodigy ; the poet F. 
 Forster became interested in him, and had him 
 trained by the best teachers : Rechenberg and 
 Greulich (pf.), Botticher and H. Ries (vln.), and 
 Rungenhagen (comp.). At 10 he wrote an 
 opera, Das Fishermiidchen ; at 13, an oratorio, 
 Ruth. After years of travel and study (for a 
 time at Leipzig under Mendelssohn) he became 
 accompanist at the Th. Italien, Paris, in 1851. 
 He went to the U. S. with Henriette Sontag ; 
 was app. cond. at the Th. Italien in 1852 ; and, 
 in 1853, Kapellm. (later technical director) at 
 the Court Opera, Vienna ; succeeded Kilcken as 
 Kapellm. at Stuttgart in i860, retired to Baden- 
 Baden in 1867, and in i86g was called to Berlin 
 as first court Kapellm. , Taubert and Dorn hav- 
 ing been pensioned to clear the way. — 4 operas, 
 2 oratorios, several psalms, and a 'cello-concerto, 
 had only mediocre success ; whereas his songs 
 are highly esteemed. 
 
 Eddy, Clarence H., distinguished organist ; 
 b. Greenfield, Mass., June 23, 1851. A pupil 
 of J. G. Wilson, Greenfield, and of Dudley 
 Buck, Hartford, Conn.; in 1871 he went to 
 Berlin to study under Haupt (org., etc.), and 
 Loeschhorn (pf.). After a grand tour in Ger- 
 many, Austria, Switzerland, and Holland, he 
 settled in 1874 in Chicago as org. of the First 
 Congreg. Ch. ; in 1876 he became director of the 
 Hershey School of Mus. Art, whose founder, 
 Mrs. S. B. H., he subsequently married. He 
 makes frequent tours in America and Europe 
 (latest European tours 1897, '98) ; at a series of 
 100 organ-recitals, given at Chicago in 1879, not 
 one program-number was repeated. E. gives 
 yearly a series of organ-concerts. For some 
 years he conducted the Chicago Philharm. Vocal 
 Soc. — Works : Fugues, canons, preludes, varia- 
 tions, etc., f. org.; church-music; songs; has 
 pubh "The Church and Concert Organist " (2 
 vol.s, 1882, '85); "The Organ in Church" 
 (1887); and transl. Haupt's "Theory of Cpt. 
 and Fugue" (1876). 
 
 E'delmann, Adolfo. See Albertoni, Azzo. 
 
 Edgcumbe. See Mount-Edgcumbe. 
 
 Edson, Lewis, b, Bridgewater, Mass., Jan. 
 22, 1748 ; d. Woodstock, N. Y., 1820. Lived 
 in New York, 1801-17, and compiled (with 
 
 Thomas Seymour) " The N. Y. Coll. of Sacred 
 Music." Composed the hymn-tunes "Bridge- 
 water," "Lenox," "Greenfield," and others. 
 Removed to Woodstock in 1817. 
 
 Edwards, Julian, Engl, comp.; b. 1858. In 
 1880 he brought out an overture, " Corinne," at 
 St. James's Hall, London. Was cond. of the 
 Engl. Opera Co. at Covent Garden, and produced 
 2 operas, Corinne and Victorian, at Sheffield 
 (1883). Coming to the U. S., his rom. com: 
 opera in 3 acts, Madeleine, or The Magic Kiss 
 was given at Boston, 1894, and Brian Boru at 
 the Broadway Theatre, New York, in i8g6. 
 — Other works : The cantata De Montford's 
 Daughter ; a pf. -sonata ; etc. 
 
 Ee'den, Jean-Baptiste van den, b. Ghent, 
 Dec. 26. 1842. Pupil of the Cons.s at Ghent 
 and Brussels, winning at the latter the 1st prize 
 for comp. (1869) with the cantata Faust's laatste 
 nacht. In 1878, app. Director of Mons. Cons., 
 succeeding Huberti. — Works : An opera, Nu- 
 mance (Antwerp, 1897) ; oratorios Brutus, Jac- 
 queline de Bavihre, Jacob van Artevelde, Le 
 Jugement dernier, and the \.n\ogy Judith; 2 can- 
 tatas f. soli, ch., and orch., Bet Woud and De 
 Wind; a symphonic poem, " La lutte au XVI= 
 sitele " ; suites, a scherzo, a " Marche des 
 esclaves," etc., f. orch. ; also part-songs and 
 songs. 
 
 E'genolff (or Egenolph), Christian, an 
 early German music-printer ; b. abt. 1485 ; un- 
 enviably notorious for poor press-work and for 
 piracy. He publ. 2 coU.s of 4-part-songs, 
 " Gassenhawerlin " and " Reuterliedlin " (1535), 
 which are of decided value. 
 
 Eg'geling, Eduard, b. Brunswick, July 30, 
 1813 ; d. Harzburg, Apr. 8, 1885. A pupil of 
 Griepenkerl, and a piano-teacher in Brunswick, 
 he publ. a series of valuable studies, and some 
 instruction-books ; also pf. -music (2 fantasias, 
 " Der Friihling" and " Erhebung"). 
 
 Egg'hard, Julius (pen-name of Count Har- 
 degen), b. Vienna, Apr. 24, 1834 ; d. there Mar, 
 23, 1867. Pupil of Czerny (pf.) and Sechter 
 (comp.). He was a concert-pianist, and com- 
 posed numerous characteristic pes. f . pf . , which 
 are very popular. 
 
 E'gli, Johann Heinrich, b. Seegraben, can- 
 ton Zurich, Mar. 4, 1742 ; d. there Dec. 19, 
 1810. A pupil of Pastor Schraiedli at Wetzikon. 
 Lived in Zurich as a teacher, composing vocal 
 music (chiefly sacred), which has won great 
 popularity in Switzerland. — Works; " Schwei- 
 zerlieder," and " Schweizercantaten " by Lava- 
 ter ; "Schweizer Volkslieder " ; " Gellert's 
 geistl. Oden und Lieder"; "Cramer's Oden"; 
 many sacred songs ; etc. 
 
 Eh'lert, Louis, composer and writer; b. 
 Kbnigsberg, Jan. 13, 1825 ; d. Wiesbaden, Jan. 
 4, 1884, A pupil of Schumann and Mendelssohn 
 in Leipzig Cons. ; studied subsequently at Vienna, 
 and then at Berlin, where he lived 1850-63353 
 teacher and critic. Frequently visited Italy, and 
 
 164 
 
EHMANT— EICHBORN 
 
 was conductor of the Florentine " Societi Cheru- 
 bini " ; he taught in Tausig's ' ' Schule des hfiheren 
 Klavierspiels," Berlin (1869-71), then became 
 tutor to the Meiningen princes, receiving from 
 the duke the title of professor, and finally set- 
 tled in Wiesbaden. — Compositions: A " Fruh- 
 lings "-Symphonie, an overture, " Wintermar- 
 chen," a " Requiem for a child," etc., are in 
 MS.; he publ. the overture "Hafis"; and, for 
 pf., a"Sonate romantique '' (op. 5), sonata in 
 A min., Capriccio (op. 3), 6 " Lyrische Skizzen" 
 (op. 12); "Rhapsodies"; also songs. — Writ- 
 ings: " Briefe liber Musik an eine Freundin " 
 (Berlin, 1859, '67, '79), in English as " Letters 
 on Music to a Lady " (London and Boston, 
 1877) ; " Briefe aus der Tonwelt " (Berlin, 1877), 
 in English as " Letters from the Tone-world " 
 (New York, 1885). 
 
 Ehmant, Anselm, b. 1832 ; d. Paris, Jan. 
 14,1895. Teacher of composition; cond. ofmale 
 choruses ; published instructive works for pf . 
 
 Ehnn-Sand, Bertha, celebrated dramatic so- 
 prano ; b. Pesth, 1848 ('45?); pupil of Frau 
 Andriessen in Vienna Cons. ; debut at Linz in 
 1864, sang at Graz, Hanover, Nuremberg, Stutt- 
 gart, etc.; from 1868, prima donna at the court 
 opera, Vienna. 
 
 Ehr'lich, Christian Friedrich, b. Magde- 
 burg, May 7, 1810 ; d. there May 31, 1887. A 
 pupil of Hummel at Weimar (pf.), he became 
 cond of the Singakademie in Magdeburg, presi- 
 dent of the TonkUnstlerverein, and a teacher of 
 singing. — Operas : Konig Georg (Magdeburg, 
 1861) ; Die Rosenmddchen (Freiburg, Baden, 
 1870); also organ-mus., pf.-pcs., and songs 
 (sacred and secular). 
 
 Ehr'lich, Alfred Heinrich, eminent pianist 
 and author ; b. Vienna, Oct. 5, 1822 ; pupil of 
 Henselt, Bocklet, and Thalberg (pf.), and of 
 Sechter (corap.). For several years he lived at 
 Hanover as court pianist to King George V. ; 
 then at Wiesbaden (1855-7), London, Frankfort, 
 and (1862) Berlin. He was pf.-teacher at the 
 Stern Cons, from 1864-72, and again 1886-98. 
 Felix Dreyschock and Franz Mannstadt are 
 among his pupils. He was also on the staff of 
 the "Berliner Tageblatt," "Die Gegenwart," 
 and the " Neue Berliner Musikzeitung " as music 
 critic. — Works for pf. : " Concertstiick in un- 
 garischer Weise"; " Lebensbilder"; Variations 
 on an orig. theme ; 12 Studies. He edited Tau- 
 sig's Technical Studies. — Writings :" Schlag- 
 lichter und Schlagschatten aus der Musikwelt " 
 (1872), "Aus alien Tonarten," " Fur den Ring 
 des Nibelungen gegen Bayreuth," " Wie libt 
 man am Klavier?" (1879, 2nd ed. 1884; English 
 transl., N. Y., no date, as " How to Practise on 
 the Piano ") ; " Die Musikaesthetik in ihrer Ent- 
 wickelung von Kant bis auf die Gegenwart " 
 (1881); "Lebenskunst und Kunstleben " (1884) ; 
 " Musikstudium und Klavierspiel "; "Dreissig 
 Jahre KUnstlerleben " (1893); besides two 
 novels, "Abenteuer eines EmporkOramUngs " 
 (1858) and " Kunst und Handwerk " (1862). 
 
 Ei'benschiitz, Albert, pianist ; b. Berlin, 
 Apr. 15. 1857 ; pupil of Reinecke (pf.) and Paul 
 (pf. and theory) at Leipzig Cons., where he won 
 the Diploma of Honor. 1876-80, prof, of the 
 Music School in Charkoff (southern Russia); 
 1880-4, ^t Leipzig Cons,, then at Cologne Cons. ; 
 1893, chosen Dir. of the Cologne Liederkranz; 
 1896, 1st pf.-prof. in the Stern Cons., Berlin. — 
 Works f. pf. : Sonatas, 4-hand pes. (op. 6-13), 
 a Staccato Study, paraphrases, etc. 
 
 Ei'benschiitz, Ilona, cousin of preceding ; b. 
 Pesth, May 8, 1872. Pianist ; played in a concert 
 with Liszt in her fifth year ; studied (1878-85) 
 in Vienna Cons, under Hans Schmitt. After a 
 tour in Russia, Scandinavia, Germany, and 
 France, she studied with Frau Schumann at 
 Frankfort (1885-9); since then she has played 
 with great applause in London and elsewhere. 
 Resides in Vienna. 
 
 Eich'berg, Julius, violinist and comp. ; b. 
 Diisseldorf, June 13, 1824 ; d. Boston, Mass., 
 Jan. 18, 1893. His first teachers were J. Froh- 
 lich (at Wiirzburg) and J. Rietz (at Dusseldorf); 
 he then (1843-5) attended the Brussels Cons. 
 (Fetis, Meerts, and de Beriot) ; in 1846, was app- 
 prof. of vln. and comp. at the Geneva Cons.; 
 in 1856 came to New York, and settled in Bos- 
 ton in 1859 as director of the Museum Concerts 
 (till 1866). He also became Director of the Bos- 
 ton Cons., superintendent of music in the public 
 schools, and founded Eichberg's School f. Vio- 
 lin-playing. — Works : Operettas: The Doctor of 
 Alcantara (Boston, 1862 ; comic); The Rose of 
 Tyrol (1865); The Two CoAV (1870); A Night 
 in Rome. — Also studies, duets, and charac. pes. 
 f. vln. ; trios and quartets f . strings ; songs, etc. 
 
 Eich'berg, Oskar, b. Berlin, Jan. 21, 1845; 
 d. there Jan. 13, 1898. A pupil of Kiel' and 
 Loschhorn, he settled in Berlin as a singing- 
 teacher. For a year and a half he directed the 
 "Neue BerUner Musikzeitung," and from 1888 
 was president of the Berlin Music-Teachers' 
 Union. He also cond. a singing-society, and 
 ,was music critic of the " Borsen-Courier " for 
 several years. He edited an annual " Musik- 
 Kalender" from 1879-89. Publ. pf.-pcs., songs, 
 and part-songs. 
 
 Eich'born, Hermann Ludwig, b. Breslau, 
 Oct. 30, 1847. Composer, writer, inventor. In 
 early youth St. pf., flute, trumpet, horn, etc.; at 
 14, pupil of the renowned trumpeter Ad. Scholz. 
 Law-student at, and graduate of, Breslau Univ. 
 Also St. theory of mus. with Dr. E. Bohn, and 
 decided to devote himself wholly to music. 
 Comp. many songs, several Slngspiele and ope- 
 rettas, music to " Liederspielen," and numerous 
 pes. f. orch., of which few have been publ. 
 Studied the Waldhorn and became a noted vir- 
 tuoso ; invented (1882) the Oktav- (or soprano) 
 Waldhorn in F, now used in many Silesian 
 bands. Has written many mus. essays, criti- 
 cal articles, and reviews (e.g., for the Leipzig 
 " Zeitschrift f. Instrumentenbau "). In 1883 he 
 founded, and conducted for several years, the 
 
 165 
 
EICHHORN— ELLA 
 
 health-journal " Das 20ste Jahrhundert." Has 
 lived for several years at Gries, near Bozen, 
 where he is conductor of the excellent " Kurka- 
 pelle." Writings: "Die Trompete in alter ,u. 
 neiier Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Musikgesch. u. 
 Instrumentationslehre " (1881) ; " Zur Gesch. d. 
 Instrumentalmusik. Eine produktive Kritik " 
 (1886); "Das alte Clarinblasen auf Trompe- 
 ten " (i8g5). Compositions f. Waldhorn. 
 
 Eich'horn. Two sons of Johann Paul E. 
 [Coburg court musician ; b. Feb. 22, 1787 ; d. 
 Oct. 17, 1823] : (i) Johann Gottfried Ernst 
 (b. Apr. 30, 1822 ; d. June 16, 1844) and (2) 
 Johann Karl Eduard (b. Oct. 17, 1823 ; d. 
 July 22, i8g7). They performed on the violin 
 in public when respectively 6 and 7 years old, 
 and made an excessive number of concert-tours 
 up to 1835, later obtaining positions in the Co- 
 burg court orchestra. 
 
 Ei'lers, Albert, b. 1831 (?), d. Darmstadt, 
 Sept. 4, 1896 ; pupil of Milan Cons. ; debut 
 Dresden, 1854, as Orovisto in Norma. 1858- 
 65, eng. at German Th., Prague ; later at Co- 
 burg. In 1876 Wagner selected him to sing 
 the part of giant Fasolt at Bayreuth. Since 
 1B82, basso cantante at Darmstadt City Th. — 
 Operetta Spielmantts- Lied {Vra^nt, 1865) ; comic 
 opera Die yokanmsnaeAi {K^ohlenz, 1889; succ); 
 a Mass, a Requiem, etc. 
 
 Eis'feld, Theodor, b. Wolfenbilttel, Apr. 
 II, 1816 ; d. Wiesbaden, Sept. 16 (?), 1882. 
 Kapellm. at Wiesbaden court theatre 1839-43 ; 
 then of the "Concerts Viviennes," Paris. He 
 occasionally visited Italy, taking singing-lessons 
 of Rossini at Bologna, and becoming an honor- 
 ary member of the Academy of St. Cecilia. 
 From 1848 66, E. lived in New York, and filled 
 an important place in the musical life of the 
 city ; he cond. the Philharm. for several years, 
 and the Harmonic Society from its foundation; 
 also estab. quartet soirees in 1851, Noll, Reyer, 
 and Eichhorn being the other members of the 
 quartet, and Otto Dresel the pianist. In 1866, 
 on his way to Europe, he was one of the few 
 saved from the burnt steamer "Austria"; a 
 nervous affection afterwards hindered him from 
 pursuing his profession. 
 
 Eiss'ler, Marianne, violinist ; b. Brunn, 
 Nov. 18, 1865 ; pupil of Hessler. — Her sister 
 Emma is a pianist. 
 
 Eit'ner, Robert, musical historiograph and 
 teacher ; b. Breslau, Oct. 22, 1832. A pupil of 
 M. Brosig ; settled (1853) in Berlin as a teacher, 
 and gave a series of concerts (1857-9) of ^^^ "^^^ 
 compositions. He estab. a pianoforte-school in 
 1863, and publ. a " Hilfsbuch beim Klavieruner- 
 richt " (1871). He has devoted himself chiefly 
 to mus. literature, and especially to researches 
 concerning works of the i6th and 17th centuries. 
 The Amsterdam Soc. for the Promotion of Music 
 awarded him a prize for a Diet, of Dutch Com- 
 posers (1871, MS.); he also prepared an edition 
 of Sweelinck's organ-works for the Society, One 
 
 of the founders of the Berlin ' ' Gesellsch. f . 
 Musikforschung," he has edited their " Monats- 
 hefte f. Musikgeschichte " since 1869 ; also 
 the " Publikation alterer praktischer und theo- 
 retischer Musikwerke, etc." — Other writings: 
 ' ' Verzeichniss neuer Ausgaben alter Musikwerke 
 aus der frilhesten Zeit bis zum Jahr 1800" 
 (" Monatshefte," 1871) ; "Bibliographic der 
 Musiksammelwerke des 16. u. 17. Jahrh.s" 
 (with Haberl, Lagerberg,and Pohl); " Verzeich- 
 niss der gedruckten Werke von Hans Leo Hass- 
 ler und Orlandus de Lassus " ("Monatshefte," 
 (1873-4); and S. G. Staden's " Seelewig " (ditto, 
 1881). — Compositions: A "biblical opera" 
 Jttdith; a Pfingstcantata ; Stabat Mater a 4 a 
 cappella ; overtare to " DerCid "; pf.-pcs. ; songs. 
 A new " Quellenlexikon iiber die Musiker und 
 Musikgelehrten der christlichen Zeitrechnung 
 bis zur Mitte des ig. Jahrhunderts " is publishing 
 by subscription (1899). 
 
 E'lers (called Elerus), Franz, b. Uelzen, 
 abt. 1500 ; d. Feb. 22, 1590, at Hamburg, where 
 he lived from 1530 as teacher, cantor, and finally 
 mus. director of the cathedral. — Publ. a large 
 " Gesangbuch " (1588), Part I containing Cantica 
 sacra (collects and responses), Part II Psalmi 
 (Luther's chorales, etc.), with intonation of the 
 church-modes ace. to Glarean. 
 
 Elewyck, Xavier Victor (Chevalier) van, 
 b. Ixelles lez Bruxelles, Belgium ; d. in the in- 
 sane asylum at Zickemont, Apr. 28, 1888. He 
 wrote several monographs ; on Sacred Music in 
 Belgium (1861), " Mathias van den Gheyn " 
 (1862), Sacred Music in Belgium and France 
 (i860, '63, '64) ; and " De I'etat actuel de la 
 musique en Italie" (1875). 
 
 El Farabi. See Alfarabi. 
 
 Elgar, EdTward William, born Broadheath, 
 near Worcester, Eng., June 2, 1857. Violinist 
 and organist ; cond. of the Worcester Instru- 
 mental Soc, 1882-9, and oi"?- at St George's 
 (1885-9) ; I'ved in London till i8gi, since then 
 in Malvern, devoting himself to composition.— 
 * Works: Oratorio, The Light of Life (i&(p) \ 2 
 cantatas ; a Choral Suite ; 6 Scenes from the 
 Bavarian Highlands, f. ch. and orch. (1896); 
 Spanish serenade f. ch. and orch. ; church-music; 
 — for orch. , Concert-overture ' ' Froissart " ; 
 Sevillana ; Liebesgruss ; Serenade (string-orch.), 
 etc.; a Romance f. vln. and orch.; pes. f. vln. 
 and pf . ; Etudes caracteristiques f . vln. ; an organ- 
 sonata ; part-songs, songs. 
 
 Elias Salomonis, monk at Sainte-Astere, 
 Perigord, wrote in 1274 a treatise " Scientia 
 artis musicse" printed by Gerbert, " Scriptores,' 
 vol. iii), of peculiar value as the oldest work 
 giving rules for improvised counterpoint. 
 
 Ella, John, b. Thirsk, Yorkshire, Dec. 19, 
 1802 ; d. London, Oct. 2, 1888. Intended for 
 the law, he took violin-lessons from Femy, and 
 joined the orch. of the King's Th., London, 
 1822, later playing also in the Concerts of 
 Antient Mus. and the Philharm. Meanwhile 
 
 166 
 
ELLER— ELSON 
 
 he St. harmony under Attwood ; in 1845 he was 
 a pupil of l'"etis in Brussels for cpt. and comp. ; 
 in this year he founded the " Musical Winter 
 Evenings" (1845-59). The "analytical pro- 
 grammes," written by Ella for these concerts, 
 were an improvement on those already introd. 
 by Tohn Thompson in 1837 for the Edinburgh 
 Professional Soc. E. was app. lecturer on music 
 at the London Institution in 1S55. He gave up 
 active work in 1880. — Writings: " Lectures on 
 Dram. Mus. abroad and at home" (1872); 
 " Mus. Sketches abroad and at home'' (3 edi- 
 tions: i86i; '69; '78); "Records of the Mus. 
 Union" (1845-78); "Personal Memoir of Meyer- 
 beer, with an analysis of Les Huguenots " (1868) ; 
 etc. 
 
 EUer, Louis, violin virtuoso ; b. Graz, i8ig; 
 d. Pau, July 12, 1862. A pupil of Hysel, from 
 1836 he made tours in Austria, Hungary, Swit- 
 zerland, and southern Europe (with Gottschalk 
 to Spain and Portugal). For violin he wrote a 
 Valse diabolique, a Rhapsodie hongroise, a 
 Menuet sentimental, fantasias, etudes, etc. 
 
 Ellerton, John Lodge, poet and extraor- 
 dinarily prolific amateur comp. ; b. Chester, Jan. 
 II, 1807; d. London, Jan. 3, 1873. An Oxford 
 graduate, he studied counterpoint for 2 years 
 under Pietro Terziani at Rome, where he comp. 
 7 Ital. operas; and lived for some time in 
 Germany. — Works : 7 Italian operas, 3 Engl., I 
 Germ.; an oratorio. Paradise Lost ; 5 sympho- 
 nies, 4 concert-overtures, 3 quintets, 44 string- 
 quartets, 3 string-trios, 8 trios f. various instr.s, 
 13 sonatas, 6l glees, 83 vocal duets, songs. 
 
 Elliott, James William, born Warwick, 
 Eng., Feb. 13, 1833. A pupil of G. A. Mac- 
 farren, he held several positions as organist, and 
 since 1874 is org. and choirmaster at St. Mark's, 
 Hamilton Terrace, London. — Works : 2 ope- 
 rettas, Romance and Reality , and DanTs Delight 
 (1893) ; " National Nursery Rhymes " (1870) ; 6 
 pes. f. harmonium; "The Harmonium 'Treas- 
 ury" (2 vol.s of arrangements); various coU.s 
 of sacred music ; also services, anthems, part- 
 songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Ellis, Alexander John, b. Hoxton (London), 
 June 14, 1814 ; d. Kensington, Oct. 28, i8go. 
 Cambridge graduate (1837), F. R. S. (1864), 
 Pres.t of the Philological Soc; etc. A distin- 
 guished writer on musical science, he publ. 
 valuable papers, in the Proceedings of the Royal 
 Soc.y, "On the Conditions ... of a Perfect 
 Musical Scale on Instruments with Fixed Tones " 
 (1864), " On the Physical Constitutions and Re- 
 lations of Musical Chords" (1864), "On the 
 Temperament of Instruments with Fixed Tones " 
 (1864), and "On Musical Duodenes ; or. The 
 ■Theory of Constructing Instruments with Fixed 
 Tones in Just or Practically Just Intonation " 
 (1874). Papers containing new theories, etc., for 
 the Musical Association are as follows: "The 
 Basis of Music" (1877), "Pronunciation for 
 Singers" (1877), and " Speech in Song" (1878). 
 
 He wrote in detail on Musical Pitch for the 
 " Proceedings " of the Society of Arts (1S77, 
 1880, and 1881 ; publ. separately, 1880-81 ; and 
 in summary form in the Appendix to the sec- 
 ond edition of his translation of Helmholtz's 
 " Lehre von den Tonempfindungen " [ist ed., 
 1875 ; 2nd ed., 1885]) ; also the " Tonometrical 
 Observations, or Some Existing Non-harmonic 
 Scales" (Royal Society, 1884), and "On the 
 Musical Scales of Various Nations " (Society of 
 Arts, 18^5). He likewise transl. Ohm's " Geist 
 der raatheraatischen Analyse" (1868), and Prey- 
 er's " Ueber die Granzen der Tonwahrnehmung" 
 (1876-7, Proc. of the Mus. Assoc). 
 
 EI'menreich, Albert, actor in the court the- 
 atre at Schwerin, prod, the 3-act comic opera 
 Der Schtnied von Gretna Green at Hamburg in 
 1856. 
 
 El'senheimer, Nicholas J., b. Wiesbaden, 
 June [?], 1866. Taught music by his father ; 
 took degree of LL.D., at Heidelberg ; st. cpt., 
 etc., under G. Jakobsthal, Strassburg. Went 
 to America iSgo ; eng. 1891 as prof. of. pf., 
 theory, and mus. literature at Coll. of Mus., 
 Cincinnati. — Works : Valerian, cantata f. male 
 ch., barit. solo, and orch.; " Belshazzar," dram, 
 ballade for tenor (or soprano) ; Humoresque 
 f. string-orch. ; "Eventide," chorus f. female 
 voices w. string-accomp. 
 
 Els'ner, Joseph Xaver, b. Grottkau, Silesia, 
 June 29, 1769 ; d. Warsaw, April 18, 1854. Vio- 
 linist in the theatre orch. at Briinn, then Kapellm. 
 at Lemberg and (1799) Warsaw theatres. He was 
 Chopin's teacher- at Warsaw, and founded there 
 a school for organists, out of which grew the 
 Cons., of which latter he was the Director till 
 1830. — Works : 19 operas, several ballets, duo- 
 dramas, incidental mus., symphonies, concertos, 
 cantatas, sacred mus., all of slight general inter- 
 est. He publ. 2 essays on the treatment of the 
 Polish language in vocal music. 
 
 Elson, Louis Charles, b. Boston, Mass., 
 Apr. 17, 1848. Pupil of Aug. Kreissmann at 
 Boston in singing, and of Karl Gloggner-Cas- 
 telli at Leipzig in theory. Returning to Boston, 
 he assumed the editorship of the " Vox Huma- 
 na"; then joined the staff of the "Mus. Her- 
 ald " ; was for several years musical editor of the 
 "Boston Courier," and is now (1899) of the 
 "Advertiser." Since 1881, prof, of musical the- 
 ory and lecturer on the orchestra and on mus. 
 hist, at the N.E. Cons, of Music. He has had 
 remarkable success. East, South, and West, as 
 a popular lecturer on musical subjects. — Writ- 
 ings: " Curiosities of Music," "The History of 
 German Song," " The Theory of Music," " The 
 Realm of Music," "German Songs and Song- 
 writers," " European Reminiscences," "Syllabus 
 of Mus. History," and "Great Composers and 
 their Work " (Boston, 1899). " Home and School 
 Songs," various operettas, songs, and instru- 
 mental works ; besides translations and arrange- 
 ments of over 2,000 songs, operas, etc. 
 
 167 
 
ELTERLEIN— ENGEL 
 
 El'terlein, Ernst von (pen-name of Ernst 
 Gottschald), b. Elterlein, Saxony, Oct. 19,1826. 
 By profession- a jurist, he lias written a popu- 
 lar cesthetic analysis of Beethoven's pf. -sonatas 
 (1857; 3rd ed. 1883). 
 
 Elvey, Stephen, b. Canterbury, June 27, 
 1805 ; d. Oxford, Oct. 6, i860. Pupil of Skeats 
 at Cant. cath. ; org. of New Coll., Oxford, in 
 1830 ; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1831 ; Mus. Doc. 1838. 
 Choragus at Oxford, 1848-60. — Works: Ser- 
 vices, anthems, hymns, and songs; " The Psal- 
 ter, or Canticles and Psalms, Pointed for Chant- 
 ing, upon a New Principle " (London ; 6 editions 
 up to 1866). 
 
 Elvey, Sir George (Job), brother of preced- 
 ing; b. Canterbury, Mar. 27, 1816; d. Windles- 
 ham, Surrey, Dec. g, 1893; chorister at Cant, 
 cath., and pupil of Skeats, then of C. Potter and 
 Dr. Crotch at R.A.M. From 1835-82 he was 
 org. and master of the boys at St. George's 
 chapel, Windsor, succeeding H. Skeats, Jr.; 
 Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1838; Mus. Doc, 1840; 
 knighted in 1871. — Works: 2 oratorios, several 
 odes, anthems, services, chants, glees, part- 
 songs, a Festal March f. orch.; Introd. and Ga- 
 vot f. vln. and pf.; "Christmas Bells," impromptu 
 f. org., etc. — His widow publ. "The Life and 
 Reminiscences of Sir George Elvey " (London, 
 1894). 
 
 Elwart, Antoine-Aimable-Elie, b. Paris, 
 
 Nov. 18, 1808; d. there Oct. 14, 1877. A chor- 
 ister at Saint-Eustache when 10 years old, he 
 was apprenticed at 13 to a. mechanic, but ran 
 away, and joined a small theatre-orch. as violin- 
 ist. From 1825-34 he studied in the Cons. (Fe- 
 tis, Le Sueur), taking the Gr. prix de Rome ; 
 from 1832-4, and, after his sojourn in Italy, 
 from 1836-40, he was asst.-prof. in Reicha's 
 composition-class ; he then took a class of his 
 own till his resignation in 1871. Among his 
 pupils were Gouvy, Grisar, and Weckerlin. — 
 Works : An opera, Les Catalans (Rouen, 1840); 
 others in MS.; an " oratorio-symphonie " jVi?/, 
 ou le diluge universelle (Paris, 1845); La nais- 
 sance d'Eve (Cons., 1846); Les noces de Cana, a 
 mystery; jRuth et Boaz, a vocal symphony; 
 masses, cantatas, a Te Deum, a Miserere, and 
 other church-music ; also symphonies, overtures, 
 chamber-music, etc., in MS. He is still better 
 known, however, by his musico-literary achieve- 
 ments: He wrote: "Dupre, sa vie artistique, 
 avec une biographic authentique de son maitre 
 A. Choron" (1838), " Theorie musicale " ("Sol- 
 f^ge progressif, etc.''; 1840), " Feuille harmo- 
 nique" ("Theory of chords," 1841), " Le chan- 
 teur accompagnateur " (Thorough-bass, graces, 
 organ-point, etc.; 1844), " Traite du contrepoint 
 et ,de la fugue," " Essai sur la Transposition," 
 "Etudes elementaires de musique " (1845), 
 " L'art de chanter en choeur," " L'art de jouer 
 impromptu de I'alto-viola," " Solfege du jeune 
 age," " Le contrepoint et la fugue appliques au 
 style ideal," " Lutrin et Orpheon" (theoretical 
 
 and practical vocal studies), " Histoire de la 
 Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire " (i860; 
 2nd ed. 1863), " Manuel des aspirants aux 
 grades de chef et de souschef de musique dans 
 I'armee fran9aise" (1862), "Petit manuel d'in- 
 strumentation " (1864), "Histoire des concerts 
 populaires" (1864). His projected complete 
 edition of his own compositions (1867-70) 
 reached only vol. iii. 
 
 Emerson, Luther Orlando, b. Parsonsiield, 
 Mass., Aug: 3, 1820 ; a composer of minor pes. 
 of church-music, a very popular conductor of 
 "musical conventions," and a compiler of nu- 
 merous successful collections of songs and hymn- 
 tunes : "The Romberg Collection" (1853), 
 "The Golden Wreath " (1857, Sundaylschool 
 music), "The Golden Harp" (i860), "The 
 Sabbath Harmony" (i860), "The Harp of 
 Juda"(i863), " Merry Chimes " (1865), "Jubi- 
 late" (1866), and " The Chorus Wreath." 
 
 Emery, Stephen Albert, b. Paris, Maine, 
 Oct. 4, 1841 ; d. Boston, Apr. 15, 1891. His 
 first teacher was H. S. Edwards, of Portland ; 
 in 1862 he studied under Plaidy, Papperitz, 
 Richter, and Hauptmann, at Leipzig, and after- 
 wards at Dresden under Fritz Spindler (pf.). 
 Returned to Portland, 1864 ; went to Boston in 
 1866, taught in the N. E. Cons, there from 1867 ; 
 on the foundation of the Coll. of Mus. of Bos- 
 ton Univ., he was app. prof, of harm, and cpt. 
 He was also asst. -editor of the " Musical Her- 
 ald." — Works : Sonatinas and other pes. f. pf.; 
 string-quartets ; part-songs ; songs ; also 2 text- 
 books, "Foundation Studies in Pf.-Playing," 
 and " Elements of Harmony." 
 
 Em'merich, Robert, b. Hanau, July 23, 
 1836 ; d. Stuttgart, July 11, 1891. While a law- 
 student at Bonn, he took music-lessons of Alb. 
 Dietrich and Th. Stauffer ; served in the army 
 1859-73, and then devoted himself to music. 
 Lived 1873-8 at Darmstadt, and prod, the operas, 
 Der Schwedensee (Weimar, 1874), Van Dyck 
 (Stettin, 1875), and Ascanio ; 2 symphonies, a 
 cantata, etc. From 1878-9, theatre Kapellm. at 
 Magdeburg ; then settled in Stuttgart, where he 
 cond. the Male Choral Union from 1889. 
 
 En'cke, Heinrich, born Neustadt, Bavaria, 
 1811 ; d. Leipzig, Dec. 31, 1859. Pianist, pupil 
 of Hummel at Weimar. — Works : Etudes and 
 other instructive pf .-pes. ; many excellent 4-hand 
 arrangements of classical works. 
 
 Enck'hausen, Heinrich Friedrich, b. Celle, 
 Aug. 28, 1799 ; d. Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885. 
 Pupil of Aloys Schmitt, in Berlin and Hanover, 
 succeeding him as court organist and Director 
 of the Singakademie ; he was also court pianist. 
 — Works : Der Savoyard, opera (Hanover, 
 1832) ; orchestral and sacred music ; pf.-pcs. 
 and etudes ; and a standard book of chorals. 
 
 Eng'el, Johann Jakob, b. Parchim, Meck- 
 lenburg, Sept. II, 1 741 ; d. there June 28, 1802 ; 
 
 168 
 
ENGEL— £rARD 
 
 tutor to Crown Prince Friedr. Wilh. II;_ at Ber- 
 lin, and tiieatre-director. His essay " Uber die 
 musilialische Mahlerey, an den kOnigiichien Ka- 
 pellm. Harm Reichardt" (1780) is of decided 
 value. 
 
 Eng'el, David Hermann, b. Neuruppin, 
 Jan. 22, 1816 ; d. Merseburg, May 3, 1877. 
 Organist and comp., pupil of Schneider in Des- 
 sau, and Hesse in Breslau ; 1848, org. in cath., 
 and teacher in the Gymnasium, at Merseburg. — 
 Works : A comic opera Prinz CnrnevaKfieTMn, 
 1862); oratorio Winfried ; psalms and organ- 
 pcs. ; also publ. a " Choralbuch," and " Beitrag 
 zur Geschichte des Orgelbauwesens " (1855). 
 
 Eng'el, Gustav Eduard, writer, critic, and 
 singing-teacher ; b. Konigsberg, Oct. 2g, 1823 ; 
 d. Berlin, July ig, 1895. A philosophical stu- 
 dent at Berlin, he also attended Marx's lectures 
 on mus. science, and took singing-lessons of 
 H. Kotzold ; sang in the Singakademie and the 
 Domchor ; taught i year in the ' ' Graues Klo- 
 ster," and then devoted himself to music-teach- 
 ing, and writing. In 1853 he became critic for 
 the " Spener'sche Zeitung," and in 1861 for the 
 " Vossische Ztg." 1862, singing - teacher in 
 KuUak's academy ; 1874, in the " Hochschule," 
 with title of "Professor." Among his vocal 
 pupils are Bulss, Krolop, Therese Malten, Lola 
 Beeth, and Jetta Finkenstein. — Works: " San- 
 gerbrevier " [daily vocal exercises] (l86o) ; 
 " Ubersetzungen und Vortragsbezeichnungen " ; 
 " Die Vokaltheorie von Helmholtz, u. die Kopf- 
 stimme" (1867) ; " Das mathematische Harmo- 
 nium " (1881), " Aesthetik der Tonkunst " (1884), 
 and a " Mathematisch-harmonische Analyse des 
 Don yuan" [Mozart's Don Giovanni]. 
 
 Eng'el, Karl, important musical historio- 
 grapher; b. Thiedenwiese, n. Hanover, July 6, 
 l8lS ; d. by suicide at Kensington, London, 
 Nov. 17, 1882. Pupil of Enckhausen at Han- 
 over (org.), and of Hummel (pf.) and Lobe at 
 Weimar. After residing in Hamburg, Warsaw, 
 and Berlin, he went to Manchester, Eng. , in 
 1846, and in 1850 to London. Here he became 
 an influential writer, and an authority of the 
 highest rank on musical history and mus. instr.s. 
 Publ. "The Pianist's Handbook" (1853), " Pf . 
 School for Young Beginners" (1855), and "Re- 
 flections on Church-music " (1856) ; his life-work 
 began with "The Music of the most Ancient 
 Nations, particularly of the Assyrians, Egyp- 
 tians, and Hebrews" (1864), followed by "An 
 Introd. to the Study of Nat.l Music . . ." 
 (1866); " Mus. Instr.s of all Countries" (i86g); 
 " Cat. of the Special Exhibition of Ancient Mus. 
 Instr.s" (2nd ed. 1873); " Descr. Cat. of the 
 Mus. Instr.s in the South Kensington Museum " 
 (1874); " Mus. Myths and Facts" (1876); "The 
 Literature of Nat.l Mus." (1879, reprinted from 
 articles in the " Times ") ; " Researches into the 
 early history of che Viohn Family" (1883). 
 
 Eng'elsberg, E. S. (pen-name of Dr. Edu- 
 ard Schon), b. Engelsberg, Silesia, 1825 ; d. 
 Deutsch-Jasnik, May 27, i87g. A jurist, and 
 
 ministerial councillor, he composed widely popu- 
 lar humoristic quartets f. men's voices. 
 
 En'na, August, b. Nakskov, Denmark, May 
 13, i860 ; his father was a poor shoemaker ; his 
 grandfather, an Italian soldier in Napoleon's 
 army, married a German girl, and settled in 
 Denmark. In 1870 the family moved to Co- 
 penhagen. August attended the free schools, 
 learned to play the pf. by himself, at 17 had a 
 little mediocre instruction in violin-playing and 
 theory ; otherwise wholly self-taught, he studied 
 diligently (theory and instrumentation). Being 
 but a middling violinist, he could not enter the 
 Copenhagen orch., and therefore joined a small 
 "international" orch. on a trip to Finland 
 (1880). Played on several instrs., even the big 
 drum before a circus-tent. Returned in 6 mos. 
 to Copenhagen ; comp. the operetta A Village- 
 tale, which was produced (1880) in provincial 
 theatres ; played for dancing-lessons, and taught 
 piano, for abt. 12 cents an hour. His dance- 
 music was often improvised. 18S3, cond. for a 
 prov. troupe, for which he often wrote the act- 
 tunes, and even comp. 10 overtures. He was 
 now able to publish songs, pf.-pcs., an orch.l 
 suite, and a symphony, which, by attracting 
 Gade's attention, gained for Enna the great 
 Ancker scholarship f. composers, enabling him 
 to study in Germany (i888-g). The fruit of this 
 period was an opera. The Witch, prod. Jan. 24, 
 i8g2, at the R. Opera House in Copenhagen 
 with brilliant and, for a Danish comp., unheard- 
 of success. The opera Cleopatra (Copenhagen, 
 Feb. 7, 1894) was not well received at first, but 
 in 1895, with new singers, scored a success. 
 0^^x& Aucassin and Nicolette (Copenhagen, Feb. 
 2, l8g6 ; Hamburg, in German, Jan. 11, i8g7 ; 
 very successful). E. also brought out an ope- 
 retta, Areta, before 1892 ; has an opera, Aglaia, 
 in MS. Publ. (l8g7) a violin-concerto in D 
 major, and minor pieces. 
 
 Enoch & Co., London music-publishers, 
 estab. i86g. 
 
 Ep'stein, Julius, b. Agram, Aug. 14, 1832. 
 Pupil there of Lichtenegger, and at Vienna of 
 Halm (pf.) and Rufinatscha (comp.). Distin- 
 guished pianist and teacher, since 1867 prof, of 
 pf. at the Vienna Cons. Ignaz BriiU and Mar- 
 cella Sembrich were his pupils. — His two daugh- 
 ters, Rudolfine ('cellist) and Eugenie (violinist), 
 made a successful concert-tour through Austria 
 and Germany in the season of 1876-7. 
 
 Erard, S6bastien, the famous maker of 
 pianos and harps ; b. Strassburg, Apr. 5, 1752 ; 
 d. in his chateau La Muette, n. Paris, Aug. 5, 
 1831. His family-name was originally Erhard ; 
 his father was a cabinet-maker by trade, and in 
 his shop Seb. worked till 16, when his father 
 died. He was now engaged by a Paris harpsi- 
 chord-maker, who dismissed him "for wanting 
 to know everything"; under a second employer 
 his ingenuity made a stir in the mus. world, and 
 the invention of a clavecin niicanique (described 
 by Abbe Roussier, 1776) made him famous. The 
 
 169 
 
ERATOSTHENES— ERK 
 
 Duchess of Villeroy became his patroness, and 
 fitted up in her hdtel a workshop for firard, in 
 which (1777) he finished the first pianoforte made 
 in France. In the meantime, his brother, Jean- 
 Baptiste, joined him, and they founded an instr.- 
 factory in the Rue Bourbon. Their growing suc- 
 cess aroused the jealousy of the Luthiers, a branch 
 of the Fan-makers' Guild (to which the brothers 
 did not belong), which sought to prevent them 
 from working ; but the interposition of Louis 
 XVI., who conferred on Sebastien a special 
 brevet for the manufacture of "forte-pianos," 
 ended the difficulty. Erard soon invented the 
 piano organist, with 2 keyboards, one for piano 
 and the other for a small organ ; he also became 
 interested in the harp, and invented the ingenious 
 double-action mechanism, perfected in 1811. 
 From 1786-96 he was in London ; returning to 
 Paris, he made his first grand piano, and em- 
 ployed the English action until his invention, in 
 l8og,of the repetition action since widely adopted, 
 which is regarded as his supreme achieve- 
 ment. An orgue expressif, built for the Tuileries, 
 was his last great work. — His nephew, Pierre 
 Erard (1796-1855), succeeded him ; he publ. 
 " The Harp in its present improved state com- 
 pared with the original Pedal Harp" (1821), and 
 " Perfectionnements apportes dans le mecanisme 
 du piano par les Erards depuis I'origine de cet 
 instrument jusqu'a I'exposition de 1834 "(1834). 
 Pierre's successor was his wife's nephew, Pierre 
 Schaffer (d. 1878) ; the present head of the firm 
 is the Comte de Franqueville. 
 
 Eratos'thenes, born Cyrene, 276 B. c. ; d. 
 Alexandria, Egypt, 195 B. c. A writer on mathe- 
 matics, and custodian of the Alexandria library. 
 His " Katasterismoi " contain scattered notes 
 on Greek mus. and instr.s, especially the lyra 
 (Germ, transl. by Schaubach, 1796 ; Bernhardy 
 edited an edition of the original text, publ. 1822). 
 His work on Music is lost ; Ptolemy quotes his 
 division of the tetrachord. 
 
 Erb, Maria Joseph, b. Strassburg, Oct. 23, 
 i860. St. at first in Strassburg ; then (1875-80) 
 in Paris, under St.-Saens, Gigout, and Loret, 
 at the " Ecole de musique classique." Living 
 (1899) in Strassburg as teacher of pf. and org., 
 and organist of the Johanniskirche (R. C.) and 
 the Synagogue. — Publ. works : Suite for orch. 
 in D min. (op. 29) ; Berceuse and caprice f. vln. 
 and pf . (op. 4) ; 3-part Mass, w. org. (op. 7) ; 
 numerous pf.-comp.s in salon-style, f. 2 and 4 
 hands ; songs. — In MS., a symphony, and a 
 symphonic suite ; 3 sonatas f . pf . and vln. ; a 
 sonata f. pf. and 'cello ; a string-quartet, a trio, 
 an "Octet-suite" f. wind and strings, etc. — 2 
 operas ; the r-act opera ("dram, episode") Der 
 letzte Ruf (Strassburg, 1895) had a succis 
 d^esiinie. 
 
 Er'bach, Christian, b. Algesheim, Palati- 
 nate, abt. 1560 ; d. Augsburg, 1628, as cathedral 
 organist (from 1600) and city councillor. His 
 valuable cantica sacra (motets a 4-8), publ. 
 1600-11, are in the Augsburg library; several of 
 
 them are also in Bodenschatz's " Florilegium 
 Portense "; others, in MS., in the Berlin Library. 
 Er'ben, Robert, dramatic composer ; 1894, 
 Kapellm. at Frankfort-on-M.; 1896, JCafellm. 
 at Mannheim. — Has prod, the l-act opera 
 Enoch Arden (Frankfort-on-M., 1895 ; succ.) 
 and a "fairy comedy," Die Heinzelmdnnchen 
 (Mayence, 1896). 
 
 Erd'mannsdorffer, Max, born Nuremberg, 
 June 14, 1848 ; st. in Leipzig Cons. (1863-7), 
 and in Dresden (1868-9) under Rietz. From 
 1871-80 court Kapellm. at Sondershausen, pro- 
 ducing the best modern compositions at the 
 " Loh'" concerts. He lived in turn at Vienna, 
 Leipzig, and Nuremberg ; in 1882 he was app. 
 director of the Imp. Musical Soc. at Moscow, 
 and prof, at the Cons., where, in 1885, he 
 founded a students' orchestral society. Return- 
 ing to Germany, he cond. the Bremen Philhar- 
 monic Concerts till 1895 ; then, for one season, 
 the Symphony Concerts at St. Petersburg ; and 
 in 1896, was app. Kapellm. at the court theatre 
 in Munich. — Works: Prinzessin Use., "forest- 
 legend" f. soli, ch., and orch.; Schneewittchen 
 (do.) ; Traumkonig und sein Lieh (do.) ^ Selinde 
 (do.) ; Des Kaiserheeres Jiomfahrt, i. male ch. 
 and orch.; overture to Brachvogel's Narciss ; 
 pf.-trio ; sonata f. pf. and vln.; A Ibum blatter f. 
 pf. and vln,; ' ' Nordseebilder " and " Reise- 
 bilder" f. pf. ; male choruses, songs, etc.— His 
 wife, Pauline Fichtner, nh Oprawik, distin- 
 guished pianist, pupil of Eduard Pirkhert and 
 from 1870-1 of Liszt at Weimar, was born at 
 Vienna, June 28, 185 1, and is court pianist to 
 the Grand Dukes of Saxe- Weimar and Hesse- 
 Darmstadt. She married E. in 1874. 
 
 Er'hard (called Erhar'di), Laurentius, b. 
 Hagenau, Alsatia ; cantor (1640) at Frank- 
 fort-on-Main. — Publ. " Compendium musices" 
 (1640; 2nd ed., 1660; 3rd revised ed., 1669); 
 " Harmonisches Choral und Figural-Gesang- 
 buch " (1659). 
 
 Erk, Adam Wilhelm, b. Herpf. Saxe-Mei- 
 ningen. Mar. 10, 1779 '< ^- Darmstadt, Jan. 31, 
 1820. Organistat Wetzlar (1802), Worms (1803), 
 Frankfort (1812). — Publ. organ-pcs., and school- 
 songs in Ludwig Erk's collections. 
 
 Erk, Ludwig (Christian), son of preceding; 
 b. Wetzlar, Jan. 6, 1807 ; d. Berlin, Nov. 25, 
 1883. Trained chiefly by A. Andre at Offen- 
 bach ; 1826-35, mus. -teacher at the seminary in 
 Meurs (Mors) ; 1836-40, he was cond. of litur- 
 gical singing in the Donichor, Berlin ; in 1837, 
 teacher in the Berlin R. Seminary; 1843, founded 
 the Erk Mdnnergesangverein ; 1852, the Erk 
 Gesangverein f. mixed voices ; 1857, " royal 
 mus. director," later "Professor." His song- 
 books f. schools have won great popularity: 
 " Liederkranz," " Singvogelein," " Deutscher 
 Liedergarten," " Musikalischer Jugendfreund,^^ 
 " Sangerhain,'" " Siona," " Turnerliederbuch,,," 
 " Frische Lieder," etc., many of which were 
 written jointly with his brother Friedrich and 
 
 170 
 
ERK— ERNST 
 
 his brother-in-law, Greef. He also published 
 " Die deutschen Volkslieder mit ihren Sing- 
 weisen" (1838-45), "Volkslieder, alte und neue, 
 fur Mannerstimmen ■' (1845-46), " Deutscher 
 Liederhort " (folk-songs ; vol. i publ. 1856 ; 
 MS. of remainder was bought — with the rest of 
 his valuable library — for the Royal Hochschule 
 fur Musik, Berlin ; edited by Magnus Bohme, 
 and publ. [1894?]); " Mehrstiramige Gesange fUr 
 Mannerstimmen " (1833-35), " Volksklange " for 
 male chorus ( 1 85 1-60), ' ' Deutscher Liederschatz" 
 for male chorus (1859-72), " Vierstimmige Cho- 
 ralgesange der vornehmsten Meister des 16. und 
 17. Jahrhunderts " (1845), "J. S. Bach's mehr- 
 stimmige Choralgesange und geistliche Arien " 
 (1850-65), " Vierstimmiges Choralbuch ftirevan- 
 gelische Kirchen " (1863), "Chorale fiir Man- 
 nerstimmen" (1866); exercises f. pf. ; and a 
 " Methodischer Leitfaden fiir den Gesangunter- 
 richt in Volksschulen " (1834, Part I). 
 
 Erk, Friedrich Albrecht, brother of Lud- 
 wig ; b. Wetzlar, June 8, 1809 ; d. Diisseldorf, 
 Nov. 7, 1879, where he was a teacher in the 
 Realschule (scientific school). — Publ. the cele- 
 brated " Lahrer Commersbuch " (with Silcher) ; 
 the " Allgem. deutsches Turnliederbuch " (w. 
 Schauenburg); a "Freimaurer-Liederbuch"; and 
 aided his brother in editing the school song- 
 books. 
 
 Er'kel, Franz [Ferencz], the creator of 
 Hungarian national opera ; b. Gyula, Hungary, 
 Nov. 7, 1810 ; d. Pesth, June 15, 1893. He 
 was taught by his father ; at 24 became director 
 of the Kaschau opera-troupe, and went with it to 
 Pesth, where he was app. cond. at the National 
 Th. on its opening in 1837. Here he produced 
 9 operas : Bdtlwry Mdj-ia (1840), Hunyddy Lds- 
 zld (1844, his most popular work), Erzsibet 
 (1857), Kiinok (1858), Bank Bdn (i86l, con- 
 sidered his best), Sarolta (1862), Ddsza Cyorgy 
 (1867), Brankovics Gyorgy (1S74), and King 
 Stefan (1874). He brought the opera-orch. to 
 a high state of efficiency. He was the founder 
 and director of the Philharm. Concerts, and 
 first prof, of pf. and instrumentation at the 
 Nat.l Musical Acad. His numerous songs, in 
 the national vein, are very popular. 
 
 Er'kel, Alexander [Alexius], son of Franz 
 E.; b. Pesth, 1846. Dir. of Philh. Cone, in P., 
 1875-93; 1896, "General-Musikdirektor " of the 
 Royal Opera, Pesth. Comp. an opera Tempefoi 
 (Pesth, 1883). 
 
 Erlanger, Camille, b. Paris, May 25, 1863. 
 Compsser ; pupil of Paris Cons. (Leo Delibes) ; 
 1888, took the Gr. prix de Rome for his cantata 
 Velleda. Other works: La chasse fantastique, 
 symphonic piece ;, 3-act dram, legend Saint- 
 Julien V Hospitaller (Paris, 1896); 3-act lyric 
 drama Kermaria (Paris, Op.-Com., 1897 ; mod. 
 succ). 
 
 Erlanger, Baron Fr6d6ric d' (pen-name 
 Fr6d6ric Regnal), member of the family of 
 bankers. His first opera, Jehan de Saintri 
 
 (Hamburg, 1894), was successful; his 3-act opera 
 Inez Mendo (London, 1897) had fair success. 
 
 Er'ler, Hermann, b. Radeberg, n. Dresden, 
 June 3, 1844 ; manager for Bote and Bock, 
 Berlin, till 1873, when he estab. a music-publ. 
 business (now Ries and Erler). For years he 
 edited the " Neue Berliner Musik-Zeitung," and 
 was critic for the " Fremdenblatt." 
 
 Ernst II., duke of Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, b. 
 Koburg, June 21, 1818 ; d. Reinhardsbrunn, 
 Aug. 22, 1893. A distinguished amateur com- 
 poser, he produced the operas Zaire (Gotha, 
 1846), Toni der WildsckUtz (Koburg, 1848), 
 Santa Chiara (Koburg, 1853), Casilda (Brussels, 
 1855), Diana von Solatige (Koburg, 1858 ; his 
 best) ; 2 operettas, Der Schuster von Strassburg 
 (Vienna, 1871 ; pseudonym " Otto Wernhard "), 
 and Alpenrosen (Hamburg, 1873 ; pseudonym 
 "N.v.K."); several cantatas (" Lenz und 
 Friede," 1889), hymns, songs, etc. 
 
 Ernst, Franz Anton, b. Georgenthal, Bo- 
 hemia, 1745 ; d. Gotha, 1805, where he had been 
 leader of the orch. since 1778. He made a name 
 as a violinist and composer ; his violin-concerto 
 in E[7 is especially noteworthy. He also publ. 
 an essay " tlber den Bau der Geige" in the 
 Leipzig " Allg. mus. Zeitung" (i8o'5). 
 
 Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm, b. Briinn, May 6, 
 l8i4;d.Nice,Oct.l4, * 
 
 1865. Famous vio- 
 linist, pupil of May- 
 seder and BOhm, fin- 
 ishing under de 
 Beriot in Paris. 
 1834-50, he was al- 
 most continually on 
 concert-tours ; then 
 settled in London. 
 His works f. vln. 
 are brilliant and ef- 
 fective ; the Jll^gie, 
 the concerto in Fj 
 min., and the Car- 
 naval de Venise^ are a few of the most celebrated, 
 
 Ernst, Heinrich, nephew of H. W. Ernst ; 
 b. Dresden, Sept. 19, 1846 ; pupil of Pesth Cons. ; 
 in 1872, baritone in the Leipzig Th., but then 
 trained by Rebling for dramatic tenor roles ; 
 since 1875 eng. at the Royal Opera, Berlin. 
 
 Ernst, Alfred, French writer and critic ; b. 
 abt. 1855 ; d. Paris, May 15, 1898. A pupil of 
 the Ecole polytechnique, he abandoned science 
 for art ; was a passionate admirer and defender 
 of Wagner. Besides many contributions to 
 mus. journals, he publ. " L'oeuvre dramatique 
 de H. Berlioz" (1884), " Richard Wagner et le 
 drame contemporain " (1887) ; " L'art de Rich. 
 Wagner, l'oeuvre poetique " (rS93) [a projected 
 2nd vol. on "l'oeuvre musicale " remains unfin- 
 ished] ; " Etude sur Tannhduser" analysis and 
 thematic guide (1895) ; a transl. of Die Meis- 
 tersinger (the version now — 1899 — used at the 
 Oper^ ; etc. 
 
 171 
 
ERRERA— EULER 
 
 Erre'ra, Ugo, pianist and comp.; b. Venice, 
 Oct. 25, 1843. Member of the academic coun- 
 cil in tiie Liceo Benedetto Marcello ; has written 
 many good pf.-pcs., also songs. 
 
 Esch'mann, Johann Karl, b. Winterthur, 
 Switzerland, April 12, 1S26 ; d. Zurich, Oct. 27, 
 1882. Pianist, pupil of Moscheles and Men- 
 delssohn at Leipzig. Pf. -teacher in Kassel and 
 (1852) Zurich. Besides pf.-music, pes. f. vln. 
 and pf., songs, etc., he has publ. a Pf. Method, 
 studies f. pf., etc. 
 
 Escudier (two brothers, natives of Castel- 
 naudary, Aude), Marie (b. June 29, 1819 ; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 17, 1880) and L6on(b. Sept. 17, 1821 ; 
 d. Paris, June 22, 1881), writers and journalists, 
 for 2 or 3 years in Toulouse, thenceforward in 
 Paris. In 1838 they began publishing "La 
 France musicale," and soon after set up a music- 
 shop. Industrious writers, they issued jointly the 
 following works : " Etudes biographiques sur les 
 chanteurs contemporains " (1840); " Dictionnaire 
 de musique d'apres les theoriciens, historiens et 
 critiques les plus celebres (1844, 2 vol.s. ; re- 
 printed 1854 as " Diet, de mus. theorique et 
 historique ") ; "Rossini, sa vie et ses oeuvres" 
 (1854); " Vie et aventures des cantatrices cele- 
 bres, precedees des musiciens de 1' Empire, et 
 suivies de la vie anecdotique de Paganini " 
 (1856). Th^ separated in 1862, Leon retain- 
 ing the music-business and publishing a new 
 paper, ' ' L'art musical " (ceased to appear after 
 Sept. 27, 1894); Marie continued the "France 
 musicale" until 1870. 
 
 Esla'va, Don Miguel Hilario, b. Banlada, 
 Navarra, Oct. 21, 1807 ; d. Madrid, July 23, 
 1878. Eminent comp. and theorist ; choir-boy 
 and (1824) violinist in Pampeluna cath.; 1828, 
 maestro in Ossuna cath., where he took orders ; 
 in 1832, maestro at Sevilla ; 1844, court maestro 
 to Queen Isabella. — Works : 3 Italian operas, 
 // Sulitario (Cadiz, 1841), La tregua di Ptole- 
 maide (1842), and Pietro it crudele (1843) ; orig- 
 inal organ-pcs. in his collections " Museo orga- 
 nico espaiiol," and church-music in the great 
 collection "Lira sacro hispana" (i86g) ; his 
 masses, motets, psalms, etc., number abt. 150. 
 Also publ. a " Metodo de Solfeo" (1846; an 
 elementary vocal treatise), and an " Escuela de 
 Armonia y Composicion" (i86r). He edited 
 the " Gaceta musical de Madrid " for the 2 years 
 (1855, '56) of its life. 
 
 Espagne, Franz, b. Munster, Westphalia, 
 1828 ; d. BerUn, May 24, 1878. A pupil of 
 Dehn ; he became mus. dir. atlBielefeld in 1858, 
 and, soon after Dehn's death, custos of the mus. 
 dept. of the R. Library, at Berlin ; also choir- 
 master at the Hedwigkirche. Editor of new 
 classical editions (Beethoven, Palestrina, etc.). 
 
 Es'ser, Heinrich, b. Mannheim, July 15, 
 1818 ; d. Salzburg, June 3, 1872. A pupil of 
 Fr. Lachner and Sechter in Vienna. From 1847 
 Kapellm. at the Karnthnerthor Th. , Vienna, and 
 from 1857 Kapellm. of the court opera, also 
 
 conducting the Philharm. for some years. Re 
 tired to Salzburg on a pension. — Works : 3 
 operas, Silas (Mannheim, 1839), Thomas Riqui- 
 qui (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1843), and Die beiden 
 Prinzeii (Munich, 1844) ; various orchestral and 
 chamber-compositions ; very popular male quar- 
 tets, and songs. 
 
 Es'sipoff [Essipova], Annette, b. St. 
 Petersburg, Feb. i, 1851. Brilliant pianist, pupil 
 of Wielhorski and Leschetizki (at St. P. Cons.), 
 marrying the latter in 1880. Debut, 1874, at 
 St. Petersburg, since when she has made long 
 concert-tours throughout Europe, and to Amer- 
 ica (1876). In 1885 she was made " Pianist to 
 the Prussian Court "; in 1893 she was app. prof, 
 of pf. at the St. P. Cons., succeeding Th. Stein. 
 
 Este (or Est, East, Easte), Thomas, 
 
 noted London music-printer (abt. 1550-1625). 
 The first issue of his press was Byrd's " Psalms, 
 Sonets, and Songs of sadnes and pietie " (1588) ; 
 of special interest is "The whole Booke of 
 Psalms ; with their wonted tunes as they are 
 sung in Churches, composed in foure parts" 
 (1592). Grove gives a full list of Este's publi- 
 cations. 
 
 Esterhizy, Count Nicolas, born 1839 ; d. 
 Castle Totis, Hungary, May 7, 1897. A zeal- 
 ous promoter' of mus. art, he had a "trial- 
 stage " (a complete theatre, connected with a 
 music - school) erected, and paid composers, 
 authors, and artists for their artistic productions, 
 to view which leaders in the world of art were 
 invited. 
 
 Ett, Kaspar, b. Erringen, Bavaria, Jan. 5, 
 1788 ; d. Munich, May 16, 1847, where, from 
 i8i5, he was court organist at St. Michael's 
 church. He was active in reviving the church- 
 music of the i6th-i8th centuries ; his own sacred 
 comp.s (of which but a few graduals and«KftVa 
 sacra were printed) follow these early works in 
 style. 
 
 Euclid, the famous Greek geometer, lived at 
 Alexandria abt. 300 B.C. Two musical treatises, 
 " Katatorae Kanonos " (" Sectio canonis")and 
 " Eisagoge harmonike" (" Introductio harmo- 
 nica "), the former supporting Pythagoras, the 
 latter Aristoxenos, have been ascribed to him. 
 
 Eu'lenburg, Philipp, Graf (count) zu, b. 
 Konigsberg, Feb. 12, 1847 ; Royal Prussian 
 ambassador at Stuttgart ; has written the words 
 and music of several sets of songs : ' ' Skalden- 
 gesange," " Nordlandslieder " " Seemarchen," 
 " Rosenlieder," etc. 
 
 Eu'ler, Leonhardt, b. Basel, Apr. 15, 1707; 
 d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 3, 1783. Prof, of mathe- 
 matics at St. P. (1730) and Berlin (1740). Publ. 
 several important works on musical mathemat- 
 ics and acoustics, chief among them being the 
 " Tentaraen novae theoriae musicae." E. was 
 the first to employ logarithms for the better ex- 
 hibition of differences in pitch. 
 
 172 
 
EUTERPE— FABRI 
 
 Euter'pe, one of the nine Muses, presiding 
 over joy and pleasure, and the patroness of flute- 
 players : the Muse of Music. 
 
 Everard, Camilie-Frangois, born Dinant 
 (Belgium), Nov. 15, 1825 ; st. singing at Liege 
 Cons. (Geraldi), Paris Cons. (Ponchard), and 
 Naples (Rossi, Manzini) ; debut 1847, Naples, 
 as Nabucco ; sang there till 1850 ; then st. un- 
 der Lamperti at Milan. In Vienna, 1852-67 ; 
 St. Petersburg, 1864, again in 1868 ; Madrid, 
 1868-70. Prof, of singing in St. P. Cons., 
 1870-go ; in Kiev Cons., 1890. Celebrated 
 bass-singer ; principal parts Leporello (Z). Gio- 
 vanni), Figaro (Barbiere), Dandini (Cenereniold), 
 Faraone (Mos^), Mustafa [Italiana in Algeria), 
 Mefistofele (Faust). 
 
 Evers, Karl, pianist ; b. Hamburg, Apr. 8, 
 1819 ; d. Vienna, Dec. 31, 1875. Pupil of 
 Jacques Schmitt (pf.) and Karl Krebs (comp.) 
 at Hamburg, and (1839) of Mendelssohn at 
 Leipzig. Led the life of a travelling concert- 
 giver till 1858, when he settled in Graz, Styria, 
 as a music-dealer. He finally went to Vienna in 
 1872. An executant of fine technical ability, he 
 also wrote f. pf. (" Chansons d'amour," 12 songs 
 without words characterizing various nationali- 
 ties) ; and songs. 
 
 Eves'ham [evz'-am]. Monk of. See Oding- 
 
 TON. 
 
 Ewer & Co., London music-publishers. 
 Founder (1820) John J. Ewer, who was suc- 
 ceeded by E. Buxton ; William Witt purchased 
 the business in i860, and in 1867 it was united 
 with Novello & Co. as Novello, Ewer & Co. 
 
 Exime'iiio, Antonio, b. Balbastro, Aragon, 
 1732 ; d. Rome, 1798. A Jesuit priest, who 
 wrote " Dell'origine della musica coUa storia 
 del suo progresso, decadenza, e rinovazione " 
 (1774); this being attacked by P. Martini, E. 
 wrote ' ' Dubbio sopra il saggio di Contrappunto 
 del P. Martini . . ." (1775), and later " Ri- 
 sposte algiudiziodelleefemeridi di Roma ..." 
 
 Ey'bler, Joseph, later (1834) Edler von 
 Eybler, b. Schwechat, n. Vienna, Feb. 8, 1765 ; 
 d. Schonbrunn, July 24, 1846. He studied at 
 Vienna, his teacher from 1777-9 being Al- 
 brechtsberger. He was intimate with Haydn 
 and Mozart ; in 1 792, choirmaster at the Carme- 
 lite Ch. , and in 1794 to the ' ' .Schottenstift " also; 
 tutor to the princes in 1810, and first court JiTa- 
 pellm. in 1824, on Salieri's retirement. He him- 
 self gave up active work in 1833. His concert- 
 works (symphonies, concertos, quartets, sonatas, 
 etc.) are forgotten ; as a church-composer (2 ora- 
 torios, 32 masses, a requiem, 7 Te Deums, 30 
 offertories, etc.) he is still known. 
 
 Ey'ken, Simon van (or Eycken; du 
 Chesne). See Quercu. 
 
 Ey'ken [Eijken], Jan Albert van, b. 
 
 Amersfoort, Holland, Apr. 26, 1822 ; d. Elber- 
 feld, Sept. 24, 1868. An organist; st. 1845-6 at 
 
 Leipzig Cons. , and afterwards at Dresden with 
 Schneider. Successful concert-player. 1848, 
 org. of the Remonstrantenkerk, Amsterdam ; 
 1853, of the Zuyderkerk, and teacher at the mu- 
 sic-school in Rotterdam. From 1854, org. at 
 Elberfeld. His organ-pcs. (150 chorals w. in- 
 troductions, 25 preludes, a toccata and fugue on 
 B-A-C-H, 3 sonatas, variations, transcriptions, 
 etc.) are well and favorably known ; he also 
 comp. music to Lucifer (a tragedy), a vln.- 
 sonata, quartets f. mixed chorus, ballads, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Ey'ken, Gerard Isaac van, brother of the 
 preceding, and an excellent organist ; st. in 
 Leipzig Cons. 1853-5, and settled in Utrecht, 
 1855, as a music-teacher. 
 
 Eymieu, Henry, b. Saillans Drome, France, 
 May 7, i860 ; studied law, and embraced a legal 
 career, but turned to music, becoming a pupil 
 of E. Gazier (theory), and Widor (comp.). Now 
 (1899) residing in Paris as a composer, writer, 
 and critic (for " Le Menestrel," etc.). — Writ- 
 ings: " Etudes et biographies musicales " (1892); 
 very numerous essays, reviews, etc., in the lead- 
 ing musical papers of Paris. — Compositions : A 
 great variety of piano-pcs., songs; duets f. pf. 
 and violin, 'cello or harmonium ; a " Marche 
 francpaise," a " Marche funebre," " Hymne roy- 
 ale," etc., f. orch. (58 published opus-nos.) ; also 
 a stage-piece, Un mariage sous N/ron (Paris, 
 1898) ; and an oratorio, Marthe et Marie (As- 
 nieres, l8gB). 
 
 Fa'ber, Nikolaus [Nicol] (I), priest in Hal- 
 berstadt, built there (1359-61) what is believed 
 to be the first organ made in Germany. It has 
 20 bellows, and the keys are 3 inches broad and 
 yi, inch apart. 
 
 Fa'ber, Nikolaus (II), a native of Botzen, 
 Tyrol, publ. " Rudimenta musicae " (Augsburg, 
 1516 ; a 2nd ed. was edited by Aventinus). 
 
 Fa'ber, Heinrich, "Magister"; b. Lichten- 
 fels ; d. Oelsnitz, Saxony, Feb. 26, 1552. Rec- 
 tor in Brunswick. Publ. " Compendiolum mu- 
 sicae pro incipientibus " (1548, often republ.; 
 also in German by Rid, 1572, and by Gothart, 
 1605 ; in Ger. and Latin by Vulpius, l6lo, and 
 six further editions); also "Ad musicam prac- 
 ticam introductio" (1550, etc.), of which the 
 former work is an abstract. The Heinrich 
 Faber who died at Quedlinburg, 1598, has often 
 been erroneously taken for the author of the 
 above works. 
 
 Fa'ber, Benedikt, born Hildburghausen, 
 1602 ; d. Koburg, 1631, in the duke's service ; 
 composed psalms a 8, Cantiones sacrae a 4-8, an 
 Osier cantate , a Gratulations-Cantate , etc., all 
 publ. at Koburg, and in the library there. 
 
 Fa'bio. See Ursii.lo. 
 
 Fa'bri, Stefano iil maggiore), b. Rome, abt. 
 1550; from 1599-1601 m. di capp. at the Vati- 
 
 173 
 
FABRI— FAIRLAMB 
 
 can ; from 1603-7, at the Lateran ; publ. 2 
 books of " Tricinia " (Nuremberg, 1602, 1607). 
 
 Fa'bri, Stefano {il minore), b. Rome, 1606 ; 
 d. there Aug. 27, 1658. Pupil of B. Nanini ; 
 abt. 1648, m. di capp. at the Ch. of S. Luigi de' 
 Frances!, and from 1657 at S. Maria Maggiore. 
 Publ. a book of motets a 2—5 (Rome, 1650), and 
 " Salmi concertati " ffl 5 (1660). 
 
 Fabri'cius, Werner, born Itzehoe, Apr. 10, 
 1633 ; d. Leipzig, Jan, 9, 1679. A music-pupil 
 of Sellino and Scheidemann at Hamburg, and a 
 law-student and jurist at Leipzig, where he was 
 also org. of the Nicolaikirche, and mus. dir. at 
 the Paulinerkirche. Publ. " Deliciae harmo- 
 nicae," a coll. of 65 pavanes, alleraandes, etc., a 
 5, for viols and other instr.s (Leipzig, 1656) ; 
 " GeistHche Lieder" (Jena, 1659); " Geistl. 
 Arien, Dialoge, Concerte, etc." (Leipzig, 1662) ; 
 motets, etc. 
 
 Fabri'cius, Johann Albert, son of Werner 
 F.; b. Leipzig, Nov. 11, 1668; d. Hamburg, 
 Apr. 30, 1736, as prof, of elocution. An emi- 
 nent bibliographer, he publ. a " Thesaurus anti- 
 quitatum hebraicarum " (1713, 7 vol.s), and a 
 " Bibliotheca graeca sive notitia scriptorum ve- 
 terum graecorum " (1705—28, 14 vol.s), both valu- 
 able works of reference. 
 
 Fac'cio, Franco, b. Verona, Mar. 8, 1841 ; 
 d. in the sanatorium Biffi, near Monza, July 23, 
 i8gi. His first teacher was G. Bernasconi ; from 
 1855-64 he St. in Milan Cons, under Ronchetti- 
 Monteviti and Mazzucato. Arrigo Boito was 
 his fellow-pupil and friend ; for the final ex- 
 amination they wrote together the "mystery" 
 Le sorelle d' Italia, received government prizes, 
 studied together in Paris and Germany, and 
 served together under Garibaldi in 1866. In 
 1863, F. prod, the opera Iprofughijiaimninghi 
 (La Scala, Milan), a work of marked originality; 
 in 1865, Amleto, (Genoa; the book by Boito), 
 which was bitterly assailed as " Wagnerite." A 
 string-quartet and a Vocal Album soon followed. 
 From 1866-8 he made a tour in Scandinavia 
 as concert-conductor ; in 1868 he succeeded 
 Croff as prof, of harmony (later of opt. and 
 comp.) at Milan Cons., and in 1872 succeeded 
 Terziana as cond. at La Scala. After Maiiani's 
 death, F. was considered the best cond. in 
 Italy. — Other works : A hymn ; the act-tunes 
 for Giacometti's Maria Antonielta ; and a sym- 
 phony in F. 
 
 Fael'ten, Carl, pianist and teacher ; b. II- 
 menau, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1846. Chiefly self- 
 taught ; St. w. Montag (pupil of Hummel) at 
 Weimar as a school-boy ; for 6 years, orchestra- 
 player (vln.) ; from 1867, st. w. J. Schoch at 
 Frankfort, and profited by 10 years' intimacy 
 with Raff. Taught at Frankfort 1868-82 (from 
 1878 in the Hoch Cons.) ; eng. at the Peabody 
 Inst. Baltimore, 1882-5 ; at the N. E. Cons., 
 Boston, 1885-97, being Mus. Dir. of that insti- 
 tution from 1890-97. In Sept., 1897, F. founded 
 the Faelten Pianoforte-School (Teachers' Semi- 
 
 nary) at ■ Boston, which in iSgS had 350 pupils 
 enrolled. He also toured the U. S. and Germany, 
 as a concert-pianist, in former years. — Publ. 
 works : " The Conservatory Course for Pian- 
 ists " (an original and widely-known series of 
 text-books, incl. 16 numbers : the last being 
 "Keyboard Harmony," 1898); also "Technische 
 tjbungen " f. pf . (Schott, Mainz). 
 
 Fage. See Lafage. 
 
 Fa'go, Nicola, called "II Tarenti'no " 
 
 because born at Tarento, 1674; d. 1730 (?). 
 Pupil of A. Scarlatti from 1690 (?) at the Naples 
 Cons. " dei Poveri," later of Provenzale at the 
 "Turchini," becoming Provenzale's assistant 
 and eventually .succeeding him. He was the 
 teacher of Leonardo Leo and Nicola Sala. 
 Among his very numerous sacred comp.s may 
 be mentioned the oratorio Faraone sommerso ; 
 masses, motets, psalms, cantatas, a Stabat Mater, 
 a Te Deum, etc ; he also prod, several operas, 
 of which Eustachio and Aslarte were very suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Fahr'bach, Joseph, virtuoso on the flute and 
 guitar ; b. Vienna, Aug. 25, 1804 ; d. there June 
 7, 1S83. A self-taught player and comp. ; first 
 flute in the court opera-orch., and later cond. of 
 an orch. of his own for dance-music. — Works; 
 Dance-music f . orch. ; much miscellaneous flute- 
 music ; a Method f. flute ; do. for oboe. 
 
 Fahr'bach, Philipp (Sr.), b. Vienna, Oct. 25, 
 1815 ; d. there March 31, 1885. Pupil of Lan- 
 ner ; cond. his own orch. for years, and then a 
 military band. His dances (over 150 works) are 
 very popular ; his operas Der Liehe Opfer (1844) 
 and Das Schmert des Konigs (1845) had local 
 success. 
 
 Fahr'bach, Philipp (Jr.), son of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Vienna, 1843 I d. there Feb. 15, 1894. 
 A popular composer of dances and marches 
 (over 300 works) ; in 1870, bandmaster at Pesth, 
 where his concerts were highly successful ; in 
 1885 succeeded his father as cond. of the orch. 
 in Vienna. 
 
 Fahr'bach, Wilhelm, b. Vienna, 183S ; d. 
 there 1866. Orchestra-conductor and dance- 
 composer. 
 
 Faignient, Noe, Flemish contrapuntist, liv- 
 ing at Antwerp abt. 1570. He wrote arias, 
 motets, madrigals, and chansons, in from 3 to 8 
 parts, after the style of Orlandus Lassus. 
 
 Fairlamb, James Remington, b. Philadel- 
 phia, Jan. 23, 1837. From 1853-8 he was 
 organist in several Phila. churches ; then studied 
 in Paris and P'lorence. After spending 4 years 
 in Zurich, and 3 in Washington, D. C. (where 
 an amateur opera-company, organized by him, 
 brought out his 4-act grand opera ValMe), he 
 held positions as organist in Phila., Elizabeth, 
 N. J., Jersey City, and New York (from 1884, 
 org. of St. Ignatius). — Works : Over 100 songs; 
 over 50 choral works ; several pf.-pcs. 
 
 174 
 
FAISZT— FARINELLI 
 
 Faiszt [fist], Immanuel Gottlob Friedrich, 
 
 b. Esslingen, WUrttemberg, Oct. 13, 1823 ; d. 
 Stuttgart, June 5, 1894. A self-taught organist at 
 the age of g ; he studied theology at Tubingen, 
 but turned to music, Mendelssohn, to whom 
 he submitted some compositions in 1844, advis- 
 ing him to study without a teacher. In 1846 he 
 gave organ-concerts in several German towns, 
 and settled in Stuttgart ; here he founded a 
 society for classical church-music (1847), the 
 " Schwabischer Sangerbund " (1849), and, with 
 Lebert, Stark, Brachmann, and others, the Con- 
 servatory (1857), in which he was first teacher of 
 organ-playing and comp., becoming the Director 
 in 1859. He was also organist in the Stifts- 
 kirche. He was made Dr. phil. by Tubingen 
 Univ. for his essay " Beitrage zur Geschichte 
 der Claviersonate " ("Cacilia," 1846), and re- 
 ceived the title of " Profe.ssor " from the King 
 of WUrttemberg. With Lebert he edited the 
 famous Cotta ed. of classical pf. -works, and 
 published with Stark an " Elementar- u. Chor- 
 gesangschule." He composed cantatas, motets, 
 choruses f. male voices ("Die Macht des Ge- 
 sanges ": " Im Grilnen ") and mixed chorus, and 
 songs ; also organ-music, a double fugue f. pf., 
 pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 Falcke, Henri, b. Paris, 1866 ; distinguished 
 pianist, pupil of Saint-Saens, Massenet, Dubois, 
 and Mathias in P. Cons., where he won ist 
 prizes in pf.-playing and harmony ; also st. in 
 Germany. Very successful in France, Germany, 
 England, etc.; he has an immense classic and 
 modern repertory, and his style is described as 
 a happy blending of the French and German 
 schools. Teaches in English, German, and 
 Spanish, as well as French. Has publ. a valu- 
 able text-book: " Ecole des Arp^ges," for pf. ; 
 in English as ' ' The School of Arpeggios ' 
 (Engl. ed. New York, 1895). 
 
 Falcon, Marie-Corn61ie, remarkable dram, 
 soprano ; b. Paris, Jan. 28, 1812 ; d. there P'eb. 
 25, 1897; pupil 1827-31 of Henri, Pellegrini, 
 Bordogni, and A. Nourrit, at the Cons. ; debut 
 at the Gr. Opera, 1832, as Alice in Robert. She 
 sang there with brilliant success until 1837, when 
 she lost her voice. Her singing in such roles as 
 Alice, V^asAiA^La Juive), and Valentine (.^a^'^f- 
 nots) left so deep and lasting an impression 
 that her name, " Falcon," has since been ap- 
 plied to sopranos taking the roles in which she 
 excelled, or similar ones. (C/. DuGAZON.) 
 
 Fal'tin, Richard Friedrich, b. Danzig, Jan. 
 5, 1835. Studied there under Markull, at Des- 
 sau under Schneider, and at the Leipzig Cons.; 
 has lived since 1869 at Helsingfors, Finland, 
 as cond. of the Symphony Concerts, etc., and 
 (1873-83) of the Finnish Opera.— Publ. "Fin- 
 nish Folk-songs" and a "Finnish Song-book." 
 
 Faminzin, Alexander Sergievitch, born 
 Kaluga, Russia, Nov. 5 [N. S.], 1841 ; died 
 Ligovo, n. St. Petersburg, July 6, 1896. Pupil 
 of Jean Vogt (St. P.), Hauptmann, Richter, 
 and Riedel (Leipzig), and Seifriz (Lbwenberg) ; 
 
 in 1865, prof, of the history of mus. at St. P. 
 Cons.; in 1870, sec. of the Russian Musical 
 Soc. Also wrote for various newspapers, and 
 was critic for the (Russian) "St. P. Gazette"; 
 from 1869 he edited the " Musical Season." He 
 transl. Marx's " Allgem. Musiklehre " and Rich- 
 ter's " Harmonielehre " into Russian. — Works: 
 The operas iar^feKa/o/ (1875), and Uriel Acosta 
 (1883) ; a symph. poem, " The Triumph of Dio- 
 nysos"; Russian Rhapsody, f. vln. and orch.; 
 pf. -quintet ; string-quartets; pf.-pcs.; songs. 
 
 Faning, Eaton, English cond. and comp,; 
 born Helston, Cornwall, May 20, 1850. Pupil 
 1870-6 of the R. A. 
 M. (Bennett, Steg- 
 gall), winning the 
 Mendelssohn 
 Scholarsh ip in 
 1873 and the Lu- 
 cas medal in 1876. 
 Mus. Bac, Cantab., 
 1894. Since 1885, 
 Director of the 
 Music at Harrow 
 School. — Works : 3 
 operettas. The Two 
 Major s{ \%Ti), Mock 
 Turtle (188 1), and 
 The Head of the 
 Poll (1882); a dra- 
 matic cantata. Lib- 
 erty (1882) ; cantata f. female voices. Buttercups 
 and Daisies ; church-music ; symphony in C 
 minor ; overture, " The Holiday "; quartets, cho- 
 ruses, songs, etc. 
 
 Farabi (or Alfar&.bi), a most eminent Arabian 
 (Persian) philosopher, mathematician, and phy- 
 sician ; he wrote two very important works on 
 music, in which he unsuccessfully endeavored to 
 introduce the Greek theories to his countrymen. 
 He was born at Farsib beyond the Oxus abt. 
 A.D. 900, and died abt. 950. 
 
 Fargas y Soler, Antonio, Spanish writer, 
 publ. " Biografias de los Musicos, etc." (issued 
 since 1866, in parts, as a supplement to the 
 Madrid paper "La Espafia musical"); also a 
 " Diccionario de Miisica." 
 
 Farinel'li (a stage-name ; his real name was 
 Carlo Bro'schi) [bros'-ke], celebrated artificial 
 soprano ; b. Naples, June 24, 1705 ; d. Bologna, 
 July 15, 1782. Taught by Porpora, he first sang 
 in Naples with great success, being playfully 
 called " il Ragazzo " (the Boy) on account of his 
 youth. At his debutat Rome, 1722, in Porpora's 
 opera Eumene, he was the object of enthusi- 
 astic ovations ; his fame spread, and the Italian 
 cities vied with each other to obtain an opportu- 
 nity of hearing him. Only once — at Bologna, 
 1727, in a contest with Bernacchi — was he out- 
 done by any rival ; and he profited by this defeat, 
 taking lessons of Bernacchi ; and thus becoming 
 VLXix'wa&^diVa bravura slsA coloratura. He visited 
 Vienna in 1724, '28, and '31 ; at the instance of 
 the emperor, Charles VI., during his last visit he 
 
 175 
 
FARINELLI— FASCH 
 
 acquired lyric breadth and expression, and be- 
 came in every way the first of European singers. 
 Going to London in 1734, when the contest be- 
 tween Handel and his enemies was at its height, 
 he joined the latter (headed by Porporal, with 
 the result that Handel's operatic forces suffered 
 overwhelming defeat, and the great composer 
 thenceforward bent his energies to oratorio- 
 writing. In London Farinelli remained for two 
 years, amassing a fortune ; he then (1736) pro- 
 ceeded to Madrid, where his wonderful art cured 
 ICing Philip V. of his melancholy, and the grate- 
 ful monarch insisted on retaining F.'s services. 
 The latter lived in Madrid, with a salary of 
 50,000 francs, as the King's friend and confiden- 
 tial adviser : his influence even extended through 
 the reign of Philip's successor, Ferdinand VI. ; 
 at the accession of Charles III., in 1759, he was 
 sent away. He erected a palatial villa near 
 Bologna, in 1761, where he lived and died in 
 seclusion. — Sacchi publ. a " Vita del Cav. Don 
 Carlo Broschi, detto Farinelli" (Venice, 1784). 
 
 Farinel'li, Giuseppe, prolific dramatic 
 comp.; b. Este, May 7, 1769; d. Trieste, Dec. 
 12, 1836. Pupil, from 1785, of the Cons, della 
 Pieta de'Turchini, at Naples, his teachers being 
 Barbiello, Fago, Sala, and Tritto ; his first opera, 
 // Dottorato di Pulchinella^ prod, in 1792, at 
 Naples [?], was followed by 50 or 60 others, not 
 original, but in very happy imitation of Cima- 
 rosa's style, and chiefly comic. From 1810-17 
 he lived at Turin ; then went to Venice, and 
 finally (1819) settled in Trieste as maestro and 
 organist at the Cath. of S. Giusto. He also 
 wrote several oratorios, cantatas, 5 grand masses, 
 2 Te Deums, and other ch. -music. 
 
 Far'kas, Edmund [Hung. Odon], b. Puszta- 
 Monostor (Heves), Hungary, in 1852. Of a 
 noble Hungarian family, he was intended for a 
 civil engineer ; but, preferring music, took the 
 4-year course at the R. Mus. Academy, in Pesth, 
 in 3 years (teachers Volkmann, Abranyi, Erkel) ; 
 a year after graduation, he was app. Director of 
 the Cons, at Klausenburg, Transylvania, and 
 still (1899) holds that position. Here he also 
 acted for a time as opera-cond., and contributed 
 mus. articles to various periodicals. F. is a 
 diligent and succ. comp.; in 1876, while still a 
 student of engineering, he prod, a i-act opera, 
 Bayadir (Pesth, Aug. 23); with a Mass in E he 
 won the Haynald Prize of 300 florins ; this was 
 quickly followed by 12 "Lieder" fjDalok), the 
 ballads " Klara 2ach"and "Szondy," several 
 mixed choruses, and the orchestral works " Ta- 
 gesanbruch" ( Virradat), "Abendlied" (Estidat), 
 "Abenddammerung"(.^//4«K_I'), and "Diesirae"; 
 a symphony and 5 string-quartets are favorite 
 program-pcs. ; a " Festouvertiire " also won a 
 prize. — Operas; Feenquclle \_Tunderhorrds\^\n 
 I act (Klausenburg, 1892) ; Die Biisser [ Veze- 
 kl6k'\, in 3 acts (Pesth, 1893) ; Balassa Bdlint, 
 comic, in 3 acts (Pesth, 1896); and Das Blui- 
 gerirht [Tetemre hivds^ (not yet prod.). F. aims 
 
 especially at the development of the national 
 (Hungarian) element in his music. 
 
 Farmer, Henry, b. Nottingham, England 
 May 13, 1819 ; d. there June 25, 1891. A self! 
 taught violinist and organist, he also had a 
 music-shop in Nottingham ; and comp. a Mass 
 in B[7, violin-concertos and other mus. f. vln. 
 orchestral overture "Calypso," glees, pf.-pcs., 
 songs, etc. Also publ. " New Violin School"; 
 " The Violin Student " ; " New Violin Tutor" ; 
 " Tutor f. Amer. Org. and Harmonium." 
 
 Farmer, John, nephew of preceding, b. Not- 
 tingham, Aug. 16, 1836. Pupil of Leipzig 
 Cons., and of Aug. Spath at Koburg. Taught 
 in a Zurich music-school for some years ; 1862- 
 85, he was music-master at Harrow School, then 
 organist at Baliol Coll., Oxford, where he 
 founded a musical society, giving regular con- 
 certs. — Works: An oratorio, Christ and His 
 Soldiers (1878) ; a fairy opera, Cinderella; comic 
 cantata, Froggy would a-wooing go (1887) ; a Re- 
 quiem ; Nursery-rhymes f. chorus and orch. ;2 
 septets (C and D) f. pf., flute, and strings; a 
 pf. -quintet ; etc. Has edited numerous class 
 song-books. 
 
 Farrenc, Jacques-Hippolyte-Aristide, b. 
 
 Marseilles, Apr. 9, 1794 ; d. Paris, Jan. 31, 
 1865. In 1815 he became second flute at the 
 Theatre Italien, Paris ; studied at the Cons, from 
 1806 ; est. a music-shop, taught, and composed 
 (a concerto, sonatas, variations, etc. f. flute). 
 The historic concerts given by, and the writings 
 of, Fetis, aroused his interest in the history of 
 music ; for several years he diligently collected 
 material for the rectification of existing biogra- 
 phies, but generously turned it over to Fetis for 
 use in the 2nd ed. of his great work, of which 
 Farrenc also read proofs. From 1854 he con- 
 tributed papers to ' ' La France rausicale " and 
 other journals. 
 
 Farrenc, Jeanne-Louise {nh Dumont), 
 wife of preceding ; b. Paris, May 31, 1804 ; d. 
 there Sept. 15, 1875. She was a pupil of Reicha; 
 Moscheles and Hummel also influenced her 
 studies. She married in 1821. In 1842 she 
 was app. prof, of pf. -playing at the Cons., retir- 
 ing on a pension in 1873. She was a fine pianist 
 and remarkable composer (symphonies, over- 
 tures, a nonet, a sextet, quintets, quartets, and 
 trios ; sonatas f. pf. and vln., a variety of pf.- 
 pcs., etc.) ; most of her works were publ., and 
 many were often played in public ; the Prix 
 Chartier was twice awarded to her. 
 
 Fasch, Johann Friedrich, b. Buttelstadt, n. 
 Weimar, Apr. 15, i688 ; d. Zerbst, 1758(1759?). 
 where he was court Kapellm. Pupil of Kuhnau 
 at Leipzig. Wrote an opera, masses, motets, 
 concertos, etc. 
 
 Fasch, Carl Friedrich Christian, son of 
 preceding; b. Zerbst, Nov. 18, 1736; d. Berlin, 
 Aug. 3, 1800. Weakly as a child, his musical 
 talent developed rapidly; in 1756, at Bendas 
 recommendation, he was app. cembalist to Fred- 
 
 176 
 
FAUCHEY— FECHNER 
 
 erick the Great at Berlin, as C. Ph. E. Bach's 
 assistant. During the Seven Years' War he 
 eked out his meagre salary, paid in depreciated 
 paper money, by teaching ; from 1774-6 he was 
 Kapellm. at the opera. He retained his salaried 
 post after Frederick gave up flute-practice, and 
 had leisure for composing church-music (publ. , in 
 6 vol.s, in 1839), and developed great contrapun- 
 tal skill. Choral reunions begun in 1790 led, in 
 1792, to the foundation of the famous " Singaka- 
 demie," which flourished, under Fasch's conduc- 
 torship, from the start ; his successor, Zelter, 
 wrote a biographical sketch of F. (1801). 
 
 Fauchey, Paul, former " chef de chant " at 
 the Opera-Comique, brought out a 3-act " opera- 
 comique populaire," La Carmagnole (Paris, 
 Folies-Dram., 1897). 
 
 Faugues, Vincent (or Fauques, Fagus, 
 La Fage), contrapuntist of the 15th century, 
 shortly before Okeghem. Some MS. comp.s are 
 preserved in Rome. 
 
 Faure, Jean-Baptiste, dram, baritone ; b. 
 Moulins, AUier, Jan. 15, 1830. Entered the 
 Paris Cons, in 1841 ; was also choir-boy at St.- 
 Nicholas-des-Champs, and at the Madeleine, 
 where Trevaux was his teacher. He finished 
 his Cons, course under Ponchard and Moreau- 
 Sainti, taking first prize in the class for comic 
 opera. P>om 1852-76 he was eng. at the Opera- 
 Comique,'singing principal r61es after the retire- 
 ment of Bataille and Bussine, his successes 
 equalling those of Duprez in his best days. 
 From 1857 he taught a class in the Coils, for a 
 short period. His instruction-book, " L'Art 
 du Chant," is noteworthy. After 1876, he has 
 sung in concerts. Some of his best stage-roles 
 were Hoel (in Dinorah), Guillaume (C Tell), 
 Nevers {^Huguenots), Pietro (Muette de Portici), 
 Nelusko (I'Africaine), Don Giovanni, Hamlet, 
 and Mephistopheles {Faust). 
 
 Faur£, Gabriel-Urbain, composer ; b. Pa- 
 miers, Ariege, May 13, 1845. Pupil of Nieder- 
 meyer, Dietsch, and 
 Sain t-Saens ; 1866, 
 org. at Rennes, then 
 at St .-Sulpice and 
 St.TH onore ; m. de 
 chap, and (1896) org. 
 at the Madeleine ; 
 also, in 1896, prof, 
 of comp., opt., and 
 fugue, etc., at the 
 Cons., succeeding 
 Massenet. — Works : 
 l-act opera I'Orga- 
 niste (1887) ; incid. 
 mus. to Dumas' Cali- 
 gula and H arau- 
 court's Shy lock ; La 
 
 naissance de Venus, f. soli, ch., and orch.; a 
 "Choeur des Djinns"; Requiem ; symphony in 
 Dmin.; vln. -concerto ; orchestral suite; 2 pf.- 
 quartets ; £legie f. 'cello ; Berceuse and Ro- 
 
 13 177 
 
 mance f. vln. and orch.; a well-known vlh.- 
 sonata (1878) ; songs, duets, etc. He took the 
 Prix Chartier for chamber-mus. in 1885. 
 
 Faust, Karl, bandmaster ; b. Neisse, Sile- 
 sia, Feb. 18, 1825 ; d. Bad Cudowa, Sept. 12, 
 1892, where he was cond. of the Badekapelle. 
 From 1853 - 65, bandmaster at Luxemburg, 
 Frankfort-on-Oder, and Breslau ; then cond. of 
 the Silesian Concert-Orch.; 1869-80, mus. dir. 
 at Waldenburg. — His works consist of favorite 
 dance-music and marches. 
 
 Fausti'na. See Hasse, Faustina. 
 
 Favarger, Rene, b. Paris, 1815 ; d. IJtretat, 
 n. Havre, Aug. 3, 1868. He lived in London 
 as a teacher for years ; his graceful pf.-pcs. 
 (many so-called Fantasias, also a Bolero, a Re- 
 verie, a Nocturne, etc.) were exceedingly poptllar 
 in England, France, and Germany. 
 
 Favre, Jules. Pen-name of W. M. Wat- 
 son. 
 
 Fawcett, John, b. Kendal (England), 1789 ; 
 d. Bolton, Lancashire, Oct. 26, 1867. A shoe- 
 maker by trade, he became a music-teacher in 
 Bolton, and composed much sacred music : An 
 oratorio. Paradise (1865) ; a Christmas piece, 
 ' ' The Seraphic Choir " (1840) ; and many minor 
 pes. in the collections " New set of sacred music, 
 in 3 parts" (1830): " Melodia divina" (1841, 
 psalms and hymns) ; " Harp of Zion " (1845) ; 
 " The Cherub Lute " (1845) ; "Voice of Devo- 
 tion " (1862-3); also "Music for Thousands, 
 or the Vocalist's Manual" (1845), "Lancashire 
 Vocalist," guide to sight-singing (1854), " Chant- 
 ing made easy" (1857). 
 
 Favrcett, John, son of the above ; b. Bolton, 
 1824 ; d. Manchester, July i, 1857. Organist, 
 pupil of Bennett'in R.A.M.; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 
 1852. — Wrote a cantata, " SuppUcation and 
 Thanksgiving "; also anthems, glees, songs, and 
 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Fay, Guillaume du. See Dufay. 
 
 Fay, Amy, b. Bayou Goula, Miss., May 21, 
 1844. Pianist, pupil in Berlin of TaUsig and 
 Kullak, in Weimar of Liszt. Publ. (Chicago, 
 1881) " Music-Study in Germany," a book 
 which has been widely read. Resides in Chi- 
 cago as a music-teacher. 
 
 Fayolle, Fran^ois-Joseph-Marie, writer on 
 music ; b. Paris, Aug. 15, 1774 ; d. there Dec. 2, 
 1852. Publ. (with Choron) " Dictionnaire his- 
 toriquedes musiciens ..." (1810-11, 2 vol.s; 
 transl. for the most part from Gerber's old work, 
 with numerous errors) ; " Notices sur Corelli, 
 Tartini, Gavinies, Pugnani et Viotti " (1810) ; 
 "Sur les drames lyriques et leur execution" 
 (1813) ; " Paganini et Beriot " (1830). 
 
 Fech'ner, Gustav Theodor, b. Gross-Sar- 
 chen, Niederlausitz, Apr. ig, 1801 ; d. Leipzig, 
 Nov. 18, 1887. Prof, of physics at Leipzig 
 from 1834. Publ. " Repertorium der Expeti- 
 mentalphysik," in which mus. phenomena are 
 treated; also "Element? der Psychophjrsik " 
 
FEDELE— FERRARI 
 
 (lS6o, 2 vol. s) and " Vorschule der Aesthetik " 
 (1876, 2 vol.s), valuable as establishing a basis 
 of mus. sesthelics. 
 
 Fede'le. See Treu. 
 
 Federi'ci, Vincenzo, dramatic comp. ; b. 
 Pesara, 1764 ; d. Milan, Sept. 20, 1827 (Sept. 
 26, 1826?). Orphaned at 16, he made his way 
 to London, where he supported himself by teach- 
 ing, became cembalist at the Italian opera, and 
 in 1790 prod, his first opera, V Olimpiade , which 
 was followed by several others. Recalled to 
 Italy in 1S03, he wrote various successful operas 
 for Milan and Turin ; was app. in 1809 prof, of 
 cpt. at Milan Cons., and (1825) Censore (Di- 
 rector) of the same, succeeding A. Minoja. He 
 composed, in all, 14 serious operas, and I comic 
 opera. La locandiera scalira (Paris, 1812). 
 
 Fe'derlein, Gottlieb (Heinrich), b. Neu- 
 stadt-an-der-Aisch, n. Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1835. 
 Pupil, in Munich Cons., of Rheinberger (comp.). 
 Wanner (pf.), Jos. Walter (vln.), and Julius Hey 
 (voice). At present (1899) living in New York. 
 — Besides numerous songs, F. has publ. an ex- 
 cellent "School of Voice-culture" and Essays 
 on Wagner's " Ring of the Nibelung." 
 
 Fel'stein (called Felstinen'sis), Sebastian 
 von, director of church-music in Cracow abt. 
 1530, publ. 2 short essays, "Opusculum musicae" 
 (2nd ed. 1515 ; on plain song) and "Opusculum 
 musicae mensuralis" (publ. 1519 with the other). 
 He also edited St. Augustine's " Dialogi di 
 rausica" (1536), and publ. a volume of original 
 hymns. 
 
 Feltre, Alphonse-Clarke, Comte de, dram, 
 comp. ; b. Paris, June 27, 1806 ; d. there Dec. 
 3, 1850. Pupil of Reicha, and was. aided by 
 Boieldieu. An army-officer, from 1829 he de- 
 voted himself wholly to music. — Works : 4 
 operas ; pf. -music, songs, etc. 
 
 Fenaro'li, Fedele, distinguished teacher ; b. 
 Lanciano, Abruzzi, Apr. 25 (15?), 1730; d. Na- 
 ples, Jan. I, 1818. Entered the Cons, of S. M. 
 di Loreto, Naples, in 1744, studying under Leo, 
 and later Durante ; in 1755 he was app. prof, of 
 cpt. and comp. at the Cons, della Pieta, Naples, 
 a post which he held till death. He trained 
 many eminent musicians (Cimarosa, Zingarelli, 
 Mercadante, Conti, etc.). He publ. " Parti- 
 menti e regole musicali "; and " Regole musi- 
 cali peri principianti di cembalo " (Naples, 1795). 
 His compositions (the oratorio Abigaile, 1760 ; 
 masses w. orch. ; a requiem, motets, cantatas, 
 etc.) are sound specimens of harmonization and 
 part-leading, but quite wanting in originality. 
 
 Fe'o, Francesco, celebrated composer and 
 singing-teacher ; b. Naples, abt. 1685(7) ; d. (?). 
 He was a pupil of Ghizzi, whom he succeeded, 
 in 1740, as teacher at the Naples Cons, della 
 Pieta. His first opera, L Amor tirannico, ossia 
 Zenobia, was given at Naples in 1713, and was 
 followed by 5 others up to 1731. Feo also wrote 
 3 intermezzi, an oratorio, masses, and other 
 church-music. 
 
 Ferrabos'co (or Ferabosco), Alfonso, born 
 Italy, abt. 1515, was at one time a musician to 
 the Duke of Savoy. Publ. madrigals a 4 (1542), 
 "■ 5 (1587), and others a 5-8 in Pevernage's 
 " Harmonia celeste," printed by Phal^se (1593), 
 
 Ferrabos'co, Domenico Maria, born Rome 
 at beginning of i6th cent., member of the Pa- 
 pal choir from 1550-55; motets and madrigals 
 by him were publ. by Gardano in 1554 and 1557. 
 MS. comp.s are in the Vatican library. 
 
 Ferrabos'co, Costantino, for several years 
 in the emperor's service at Vienna, publ. a vol. 
 of Canzonette vcv 1591. 
 
 Ferrabos'co, Alfonso (probably the son of 
 the Alfonso above), b. Greenwich, England, abt. 
 1580 ; d. 1652. About 1605 he became tutor to 
 Prince Henry, to whom he dedicated a volume 
 of " Ayres " (1609). Some of his pieces were 
 printed in Leighton's "Teares"; he also publ. 
 " Lessons for I, 2, and 3 Viols," and " Fancies" 
 for viols. 
 
 Ferran'ti. See Zani di Ferranti. 
 
 Ferra'ri, Benedetto (called Della Tiorba 
 
 from his proficiency on the theorbo), b. Reggie 
 d'Emilia, 1597 ; d. Modena, Oct. 22, 1681. Stud- 
 ied music at Rome ; proceeded thence to Venice, 
 where he wrote libretti and composed operas; 
 his Andromeda (music by Manelli da Tivoli) was 
 the first (1637) ever publicly played, and was 
 produced at F.'s private expense. Froif 1645-51 
 he was court m. di capp. at Modena; then held 
 like appointments in Vienna and Ratisbon; was 
 again in Modena 1653-62, and finally from 1674 
 till his death. 6 opera-libretti (1644-51), and the 
 MS. orchestral introd. to his ballet Dafne, are all 
 that is left of his dramatic works. He also publ. 
 " Musiche varie a voce sola " (1638). 
 
 Ferra'ri, Domenico, b. Piacenza, early in 
 the l8th century ; d. Paris, 1780. Excellent vio- 
 linist, pupil of Tartini ; he lived for a time at 
 Cremona, gave concerts in Paris in 1754, was 
 leader of the Stuttgart orch. during some years, 
 and settled in Paris. Of his works, only 6 vio- 
 lin-sonatas (1758) are extant. 
 
 Ferra'ri, Carlo, brother of Domenico ; b. 
 Piacenza, abt. 1730 ; d. Parma, 1789. A fine 
 'cellist ; played at Paris (1758) in a Concert sfiri- 
 tuel ; was in the service of the Duke of Parma 
 from 1765 until his death.. Reputed in Italy to 
 be the first 'cellist to use his thumb as a capo- 
 tasto. 
 
 Ferra'ri, Giacomo Gotifredo, b. Roveredo, 
 Tyrol, 1759 ; d. London, Dec, 1842. St. in Ve- 
 rona under Marcola, Borsaro, and AbbateCubri; 
 for 2 years with Father Marianus Stecher in the 
 monastery of Mariaberg, near Chur ; and under 
 Latilla at Naples. Through Campan, maitn 
 d'hStel to Marie Antoinette, he became accom- 
 panist to the queen, and later cembalist at the 
 Theatre Feydeau (i 791-3). His opera. Lis 
 iv^nements impr/vus (1794?), having been done 
 to death by the critics, he left Paris, madeacon- 
 
 178 
 
FERRARI— FESCA 
 
 cert-tour in the Netherlands, and then settled in 
 London as a singing-teacher and composer. — 
 Works : 3 Italian operas given in London, La 
 villanella rapila (1797), / due Svizzeri (1798), 
 L'eroitia di Raab (1799) ; 2 ballets ; many pes. 
 f. pf., harp, flute, and voice ; " Concise Treat- 
 ment of Italian Singing" (1815?); "Instruc- 
 tions ... in the Art of Singing'' (1827); 
 " Studio di musica teorica e pratica "; and auto- 
 biographical "Aneddoti " (1830, 2 vol.s). 
 
 Ferra'ri, Serafino Amadeo de', b. Genoa, 
 1824 ; d. there Mar. 31, 1885, as Director of the 
 Cons. A pianist, organist, and dram. comp. — 
 Operas : Catalina (not given), Don Cor/i? (Genoa, 
 1B53 ; prod, later as Filippo II), Pipele (1856), 
 // matrimonio per concorso (iS^S), II Menestrello 
 (r86l), // cttdetto di Guascogna (1864) ; the ballet 
 Delia; masses, songs, etc. 
 
 Ferra'ri, Francisca, celebrated harp-player ; 
 b. Christiania, abt. 1800 ; d. Gross-Salzbrunn, 
 Silesia, Oct. 5, 1828. She played with brilliant 
 success in Leipzig (1826) and Magdeburg (1827). 
 
 Ferra'ri, Carlotta, famous dramatic com- 
 poser ; b. Lodi, Italy, Jan. 27, 1837 ; pupil of 
 Strepponi and Panzini, and (1844-50) of Mazzu- 
 cato at Milan Cons. She herself wrote the li- 
 bretti and music of the following successful 
 operas : Ugo (Milan, 1857), Sojia (Lodi, 1866), 
 Eleonorad'Arborea{Ca.g[ia.ri, 1871) ; she has also 
 composed several masses (a Requiem for Turin, 
 1868), and songs (for which she writes the 
 words). 
 
 Ferre'ira da Costa, Rodrigo, Portuguese 
 
 jurist and mathematician; d. 1834 (1837?). — 
 Publ. " Principios de musica" (1820-24, in 2 
 vol.s). 
 
 Ferret'ti (or Feretti), Giovanni, b. Venice, 
 about 1540. Publ. 5 books of " Canzoni alia 
 napoletana" a 5 (1567-91), 2 books of the same 
 a 6 (1576, 1579), and a vol. of " Madrigali " a 5 
 (1588). 
 
 Fer'ri, Baldassare, celebrated artificial so- 
 prano ; b. Perugia, Dec. g, 1610 ; d. there Sept. 
 8, 1680. At II he was choir-boy to Cardinal 
 Crescenzio, in Orvieto, in whose service he re- 
 - mained till 1655, when the Swedish invasion 
 broke up the court, and F. entered the service 
 of Ferdinand III., at Vienna. At the age of 
 i \ 65 he retired to his native city. From all ac- 
 counts, F. appears to have been the most ex- 
 traordinary singer who ever lived. His vocal 
 technique was perfect, his breath inexhaustible, 
 . and his style, whether in pathetic singing or 
 , , coloratura, faultless ; all this with a voice of in- 
 comparable beauty. 
 
 ' ' Fer'ri, Nicola, comp. and singing-teacher ; 
 
 ; ; b. Mola di Bari, Italy, Nov. 4, 1831 ; d. London, 
 
 Mar. 26, 1886. Of precocious development, he 
 
 wrote an opera, Luigi Holla, at the age of 16 ; 
 
 ; then entered the Naples Cons., studying under 
 
 1 1 Mercadante. After a lengthy sojourn in Paris, 
 
 ; he established himself in London, and became 
 
 prof, of singing at the Guildhall S. of .Music. — 
 Works : The operas Luigi Holla, Lara, and 
 others ; and many beautiful songs. 
 
 Ferrier, Paul-Raoul-Michel-Marie, dram- 
 atist and librettist ; b. Montpellier, Mar. 28, 1843. 
 He is the author of a vast number of light come- 
 dies, and has written many libretti for operas 
 and operettas of temporary vogue in Paris ; e.g. , 
 La marocaine, Les mousquetaires au couvent, 
 Fanfan la Tulipe, La nuit aux soujfleis, Ta- 
 barin. La Vie viondaine, Les petils mousque- 
 taires, Josephine vendu par ses saurs, Le valet 
 de crxur. La VSnus d' Aries, Cendrillonette , Le 
 FMche, Samsonnet, Le Coq, Mile. Asmodie, 
 Md-na-ka, Miss Robinson, Calendal, Chilpiric, 
 La dot de Brigitte, Le Carnet du Diable, Le 
 capitate, Le carillon, etc. 
 
 Ferron, Adolphe ; in 1892, Kapellm. at the 
 Th. Unter den Linden, Berlin ; 1897, Kapellm. 
 at Carl Theater, Vienna. Has prod, the " Ge- 
 sangsposse" ^flfeOT MKi/^sia (Berlin, 1891); the 
 3-act operetta Sataniel (Berlin, 1889) ; the i-act 
 operetta Daphne (Berlin, 1892) ; and the 3-act 
 vaudev. -operetta Das Krokodil (Berlin, 1897). 
 
 Ferro'ni, Vincenzo Emidio Carmine, b. 
 
 Tramutola, southern Italy, Feb. 17, 1858. St. 
 Paris Cons. (1876-83) under Savard (harm.; 1st 
 prize in 1880) and Massenet (comp., 1st prize in 
 1883). From 18S1, asst.-prof. (" suppleant ") 
 of harm, at Paris Cons.; since 1888, prof, of 
 comp. at Milan Cons., succeeding Ponchielli. 
 Also mus. director of the Milan " Famiglia 
 Artistica" ; Chevalier of the Ital. Crown (1897). 
 — Works : The opera Rudello (Milan, 1892); the 
 3-act opera-seria Ettore Fieramosca (Como, 1896 ; 
 F. wrote libretto and music) ; overture to Ariosto, 
 f . orch. ; Rhapsodic espagnole f . orch. ; ' ' Hymne 
 d'un p&trelydien" (Figaro ist prize, 1885, among 
 614 competitors) ; numerous songs ; salon-pcs. f . 
 pf. ; " Idylle " f. vln. and harp (or pf.); " Les Gi- 
 ggles," scherzo f. vln. and pf. ; organ-music ; etc. 
 
 Fert6. See Papillon de la FERTi. 
 
 Fes'ca, Friedrich Ernst, b. Magdeburg, 
 Feb. 15, 1789; d. Karlsruhe, May 24, 1826. A 
 violinist, he was taught in Magdeburg, where he 
 played in concerts, and in 1805 by A. E. MUller 
 at Leipzig, also playing in the Gewandhaus orch. 
 In 1806 the Duke of Oldenburg gave him a place 
 in his orch.; in 1808 he joined the orch. of King 
 Jerome of Westphalia, at Kassel. On the dis- 
 solution of the pseudo-kingdom in 1813, he went 
 to Vienna for a short time ; in 1815 he became a 
 member, and soon after leader, of the Karlsruhe 
 orch. He died of consumption. — Among his 
 works, his chamber-music (20 quartets and 5 
 quintets) ranks highest ; but he also wrote 2 
 operas, Cantemira (1819) and Omar und Leila 
 (Karlsruhe, 1823) ; 3 symphonies, 4 overtures, 
 etc. 
 
 Fes'ca, Alexander Ernst, pianist, son of the 
 above ; b. Karlsruhe, May 22, 1820 ; d. Bruns- 
 wick, Feb. 22, 1859. He was taught by Rungen- 
 hagen, Schneider, and Taubert, in Berlin ; made 
 
 179 
 
FESTA— FETIS 
 
 sensational concert-tours from 1839-40, was app. 
 chamber- virtuoso to Prince Flirstenberg in 1 841, 
 and settled in Brunswick 1842. He brought out 
 2 operas, Marietta (1839) and Die Franzosen in 
 Spanien (1841), in Karlsruhe ; and ? more, Der 
 Troubadour(\'&i,'f) and Ulrich vonHUtten (1849), 
 at Brunswick ; though light in style, they gave 
 promise of a distinguished career. He wrote, 
 besides, a pf.-sextet, 2 pf. -trios, a grand sonata 
 f. pf. and vln., and many exceedingly popular 
 songs (the " Fesca Album " contains 48). 
 
 Fes'ta, Costanzo, b. Rome, abt. 1490; d. 
 there Apr. 10, 1545. He was a singer in the 
 Pontifical Chapel from abt. 1517, and a contra- 
 puntist of importance, being regarded as a fore- 
 runner of Palestrina. Among his numerous 
 works, which bear considerable resemblance to 
 those of Palestrina, may be noted motets a 3 
 (1543), madrigals 03(1556), litanies (1583); many 
 motets and madrigals in contemp. coU.s (" Mot- 
 tetti della corona," Petrucci, 1549) ; and a Te 
 Deum a 4 (publ. in Rome, 1596), still sung in 
 the Vatican on solemn festivals ; a Credo and 
 other works are in MS. in the Vatican. 
 
 Fes'ta, Giuseppe Maria, b. Trani, 1771 ; d. 
 Naples, Apr. 7, 1839. An eminent violinist and 
 cond., pupil of F. Mercieri ; concert-giver in 
 Italian cities and (1802) Paris, where he was app. 
 cond. of the Opera orch. Settled in Naples 
 1805, as violinist in the San Carlo Th., later as 
 cond. of the theatre-orch. He publ. a few vio- 
 lin-quartets. 
 
 Fes'ta, Francesca, a stage-singer of note ; 
 b. Naples, 1778 ; d. St. Petersburg, 1836 ; sang 
 in Italy, in Paris at the Odeon (1809-11), and 
 again in Italy as Signora Festa-Maffei ; in 1821 
 at Munich, and 1829 at St. P. 
 
 Fest'ing, Michael Christian, son of the 
 famous flutist ; b. London (?), abt. 1680 ; d. there 
 July 24, 1752. Violinist, pupil of Richard Jones 
 and Geminiani. First violin in the Philhar- 
 monic ; in 1742, cond. at Ranelagh Gardens. In 
 1738 he established, with Dr. Greene and others, 
 the " Society of Musicians," for the maintenance 
 of impoverished musicians and their families. — 
 Works : Numerous solos and concertos f . violin ; 
 18 sonatos f. 2 vlns. and bass ; 4 symphonies 
 concertantes f. 2 flutes, and 4 do. f . 2 vlns. ; odes, 
 cantatas, songs, etc. 
 
 F6tis, Francois-Joseph, erudite musical 
 theorist, historian, and critic ; b. Mons, Belgium, 
 Mar. 25, 1784 ; d. Brussels, Mar. 26, 1871. His 
 father, mattre de chapelle and organist at the 
 cathedral, was his first teacher ; his first instr. 
 was the violin, and at 7 he wrote violin-duets. 
 In his ninth year he composed a concerto for 
 violin with orch. ; and at 9 was organist to the 
 Noble Chapter of Sainte-Waudru. From 1800-3, 
 in the Paris Cons., he studied harmony under 
 Rey, and piano-playing under Boieldieu and 
 Pradher. In 1803 he visited Vienna, there 
 studying counterpoint, fugue, and masterworks 
 
 of German music. Hence his pronounced pre- 
 dilection for harmonic modulation, so marked in 
 his compositions, several of which (a symphony, 
 an overture, wind-octets, and sonatas and ca- 
 prices for pf.) were publ. at this time. From 
 this period, too, dates his first important theoret- 
 ico-literary work (never completed), an investiga- 
 tion of Guido d 'Arezzo's system and of the history 
 of notation. He even started a mus. periodical 
 in 1804, but it soon died. To his fruitful study 
 of musical history and science he was prompted 
 by the perusal of Catel's new method of harmony 
 antagonizing Rameau's system (in which latter 
 Rey blindly beUeved); In 1806 F. commenced 
 the revision of the plain song and entire ritual 
 of the Roman Church, a vast undertaking com- 
 pleted, with numberless interruptions, after 30 
 years' patient research, and not yet publ, A 
 wealthy marriage in the same year enabled him 
 to pursue his studies at ease for a time ; but the 
 fortune was lost in 1811, and he retired to the 
 Ardennes, where he occupied himself with com- 
 position and philosophical researches into the 
 theory of harmony, leading to a formulation of 
 the modern theory of tonality. In 1813 he was 
 app. organist of the collegiate church of St.- 
 Pierre at Douai, and teacher of harmony and 
 singing in the municipal music-school. From 
 this period date "La science de I'organiste" 
 and the " Methode elementaire d'harmonie et 
 d'accompagneraent " (sent to the Institut in 
 1816 ; publ. 1824). He went to Paris in 1818 ; 
 publ. some pf. -music, and brought out several 
 successful operas. In 1821 he was app. prof, of 
 composition at the Cons. ; in 1824 his " Traite du 
 contrepoint et de la fugue " was publ. as a Cons, 
 text-book. In 1827 he became librarian of the 
 Cons., and founded his unique journal "La 
 Revue musicale," which he edited alone until 
 1832 (its publication ceased in 1835). He also 
 wrote for " Le National" and " Le Temps." 
 His industry was untiring ; he worked from 16 
 to 18 hours a day. In 1828 he competed for the 
 prize of the Netherlands Royal Inst, with a 
 memoir, " Quels ont ete les merites des Neer- 
 landais dans la musique, principalement aux 
 XIV=-XVI= siecles . . . "; Kiesewetter's essay 
 won the prize, but F.'swas also printed by the 
 Inst. In 1832 he began his famous historical 
 lectures and concerts (the idea originated with 
 Choron). In 1833 he was called to Brussels as 
 m. de chap, to King Leopold I., and Director 
 of the Cons. ; during his 39 years' tenure of the 
 latter position, the Cons, flourished as never 
 before. He also cond. the concerts of the 
 Academy, which elected him a member in 1845. 
 On the jubilee of his wedding, in 1859, F.'s 
 mass for 5 solo parts with chorus was sung in 
 the church of Notre-Dame du Sablon ; and his 
 bust by Geefs was unveiled in the courtyard of 
 the Cons. — Fetis was a sound harmonist and 
 contrapuntist ; his thorough training enabled him 
 to pursue his theoretico-historical researche.s with 
 musicianly intelligence and correspondingly im- 
 portant results. As an historian, he is apt to be 
 
 180 . 
 
F^TIS— FIELD 
 
 prolix, opinionated, and is not invariably impar- 
 tial or reliable. As early as 1806 he commenced 
 collecting materials for his great " Biographic 
 universelle des musiciens et bibliographic gene- 
 rale de lamusique" in 8 volumes (1837-1844 ; 
 2nd ed. 1860-65 ; Suppl. of 2 vol.s 1878-1880, 
 edited by A. Pougin). It is a veritable mine of 
 information, and still a most valuable work of 
 reference, despite the faults noted above ; medi- 
 eval music, and the modern music of France, 
 Italy, and the Netherlands, have received especial 
 attention. Other writings not mentioned are 
 "Traitede I'accompagnement de la partition" 
 (1S29) ; " Solf^ges. progressifs " (1827) ; " La 
 musique mise eL la portee de tout le monde" ^,1830, 
 often republ.; Ger. transl. by Blum, 1833 ; Engl, 
 ed.s London, 1831, and Boston, Mass., 1842); 
 "Manuel des principes de musique" (1837); 
 " Manuel des jeunes compositeurs, des chefs de 
 musique railitaire, et des directeurs d'orchestrc " 
 (1837); " Methode des raethodes de piano" 
 (1837); "Methode des methodes de chant" 
 (1840); " Methode elementaire du plain-chant" 
 (1843) ; " Traite complet de la theorie et de la 
 pratique de I'harmonie " (1844) ; " Notice biogr. 
 de Nicol6 Paganini" (1851 ; w. short history of 
 the violin) ; " Antoine Stradivari " (1856 ; w. re- 
 searches on bowed instr.s) ; 2 reports on mus. 
 instr.s at the " Exposition univ. de Paris en 
 1855" (1856), and the "Exp. univ. de Paris en 
 1867" (1867); " Histoire generale de la mu- 
 sique" (5 vol.s ; only down to the 15th century). 
 — Compositions : 6 operas (1820-32) ; sympho- 
 nies, a fantasia, and an overture, f. orch. ; a sex- 
 tet, 3 quintets, a quartet, etc. ; sonatas, variations, 
 fantasias, etc., f. piano ; his sacred works com- 
 prise masses, a requiem, motets. Lamentations, 
 Te Deum, Miserere, etc — Autobiographical 
 sketch in his great Dictionary. L. Alvin publ. 
 a "Notice sur F. J. Fetis" (Brussels, 1874); 
 GpUmick wrote on "Herr Fetis" (Leipzig, 1852). 
 
 Ffitis, Edouard-Louis-Fran^ois, son of the 
 preceding ; b. Bouvignes, n. Dinant, May 16, 
 1812. Edited his father's "Revue musicale" 
 1833-35 1 edited the musical (later axi-) feuilleton 
 of the " Independance beige "; and was for years 
 librarian of the Brussels Library. Publ. ' ' Les 
 musiciens beiges " (1848; 2 vol.s). — His brother, 
 Adolphe-Louis-Eugfene, b. Paris, Aug. 20, 
 1820; d. there Mar. 20, 1873. Pupil of his father, 
 and of H. Herz (pf.) ; lived in Brussels and 
 Antwerp, and from 1856 in Paris as a music- 
 teacher. Prod, an opera, and comp. music f. 
 pf. and harmonium. 
 
 Feu'rich, Julius, pianoforte - maker ; born 
 Leipzig, Mar. ig, 1821, where he established 
 his factory in 1851. He makes a specialty of 
 pianinos. 
 
 Fevin, Antoine [Antonius] de, a contra- 
 puntist contemporary with Josquin, but of whose 
 life no details are known. ^Works : 3 masses 
 ■(printed by Petrucci, 15 r 5); 3 masses (printed 
 DyAntiquis, 1516); masses a 4 (Vienna Library, 
 
 MS.); motets in Petrucci's " Mottetti della co- 
 rona " (1514), and other coU.s ; and French chan- 
 sons in coU.s of 1540 and 1545. 
 
 Fevin, Robert [Robertus], a native of Cam- 
 brai, probably a contemporary of A. Fevin. He 
 was m. di capp. to the Duke of Savoy. One mass, 
 Le vilain jaloux, is in Petrucci's " Missae Ant. 
 de Fevin"; another, on La sol fa re mi, is in 
 MS. in the Munich library. 
 
 Ffevre, le. See LEFtvRE. 
 
 Fi'bich, Zdenko, b. Seborschitz, Bohemia, 
 Dec. 21, 1850 ; was taught at Prague, the Leip- 
 zig Cons. (1865), and by Vincenz Lachner. In 
 1876 he was app. asst.-Kapellm. at the National 
 Th., Prague ; in 1878, director of the Russian 
 Church choir. As a composer, he is one of the 
 foremost in the young Czech group. — Works : 
 The operas (produced in Prague) Bukowin 
 (1875 ?), Blanlk (1881), The Bride of Messina 
 (1883), The Siorm(i?,()S, 3 acts), .«?(/)/ ("Haidee," 
 1896, after Byron's " Don Juan," in 4 acts); and 
 Sarka, 3 acts (Prague, 1898 ; very succ.) ; music 
 to the dram, trilogy Hippodamia, by Brchliky 
 (Prague, i8gi) ; the symphonic poems Othello, 
 Zaboj and Slavoj\ Toman and the Nymph, and 
 Vesna; several orchestral overtures (" Lustspiel- 
 Ouverture," 1892; "A night on Karlstein"; 
 etc.); a choral ballad, "Die Windsbraut"; a 
 "Spring Romanza " f. ch. and orch.; 2 sym- 
 phonies, 2 string-quartets, a pf.-quartet in E 
 minor, pf.-pcs., songs, choruses. Also a Method 
 f. pf. In 1899 F. was app. dramaturgist of the 
 Bohemian Nat.l Th., Prague. 
 
 Fi'by, Heinrich, b. Vienna, May 15, 1834 ; 
 pupil of the Cons. ; .cond. and solo violin at Lai- 
 bach theatre; from 1857, city musical director at 
 Znaim, where he founded a music-school and a 
 singing-society. — Works : 3 operettas; part-songs 
 f. male chorus (widely known, especially " Oest- 
 reich, mein Vaterland "). 
 
 Fich'er, Ferdinand, b. Leipzig, 1821 ; d. 
 New York, 1865. He went to America in 1S47. 
 His pf.-pcs. show considerable talent ; and he 
 publ. a good Pf. Method for beginners. 
 
 Ficht'ner, Pauline. See ErdmannsdOrf- 
 FER (in Appendix). 
 
 Fied'ler, August Max, b. Zittau, Dec. 31, 
 1859. Piano-pupil of his father, and studied 
 the organ arid theory with G. Albrecht ; at- 
 tended the Leipzig Cons., 1877-80, and won the 
 Holstein scholarship. Since 1882, teacher at 
 the Hamburg Cons. He is a successful con- 
 cert-pianist ; has also publ. a pf. -quintet and 
 pf.-pcs. ; a symphony, a string-quartet, and 
 songs are in MS. 
 
 Field, John, a pianist and composer of 
 inarked originality ; b. Dublin, July i6, 1782 ; 
 d. Moscow, Jan. II, 1837. His father was a vio- 
 linist ; his grandfather, an organist, gave him 
 his first instruction in theory and piano-playing. 
 Though an apt pupil, he was treated with undue 
 severity at home, and subsequently appreriticed 
 
 181 
 
FIELITZ— FILIPPI 
 
 toClementi, then in the full tide of his success ; 
 from him he had regular lessons till 1804, being' 
 employed in his master's salesrooms to show off 
 the pianos to customers. He went with de- 
 menti to Paris in 1802, and created a genuine sen- 
 sation by his interpretation of Bach's and Han- 
 del's fugues ; yet he 
 was kept at his me- 
 chanical duties until 
 Clementi took him 
 in 1 804 to St. Peters- 
 burg, where they 
 parted company, 
 Field settling there 
 as a teacher and vir- 
 tuoso of extraordi- 
 nary popularity. On 
 a tour to Moscow, 
 in 1823, he met with 
 even more brilliant 
 success. After a 
 Russian iournie, he 
 appeared in London (1832), playing a concerto 
 of his own at the Philharmonic ; proceeded 
 thence to Paris, and (1833) through Belgium and 
 Switzerland to Italy, where, however, his pia- 
 nistic peculiarities were not appreciated. Pros- 
 trated by a combination of physical disorders, 
 he lay for nine months in a Naples hospital ; he 
 was rescued by a Russian family named Rae- 
 manow, and taken back to Moscow, playing in 
 Vienna, on the way, with accustomed success. 
 But his powers were fast waning, and he died a 
 few years later. — F. won lasting fame less as an 
 exceptionally gifted virtuoso than as an original 
 composer, forming the link in the history of pf.- 
 playing between Clementi (in his later period) 
 and Chopin. Though all the rest of his piano- 
 works should be forgotten, as most of them are 
 already, his memory is fragrantly and lastingly 
 embalmed in his Nocturnes. Not only the name, 
 but also the whole style and matter of these 
 pieces, were strikingly new and original. Up 
 to his time a composition had, as a matter of 
 course, to be written in the form of a sonata, a 
 rondo, or something of the sort. F. was the 
 first to introduce a style in no way derived from 
 the established categories, and in which feeling 
 and melody, freed from the trammels of set 
 form, reign supreme. He opened the way for 
 all productions which have since appeared under 
 the various titles of Songs without Words, Im- 
 promptus, Ballades, etc.; to him we may trace 
 the origin of fanciful pieces designed to por- 
 tray subjective and profound emotion ; to these 
 " night-pieces," so aptly named by their author, 
 Chopin and the pianists following him owe, more 
 or less directly, much of their inspiration.- — 
 Works for pf.: 7 Concertos (No. i, in E[j; 
 2, A t>; 3, E t>; 4, E b [the most popular] ; 5, 
 C ; 6, C ; 7, C min.) ; 4 Sonatas (in A, E, 
 C min. , and B) ; 2 Airs en Rondeau ; Air russe ; 
 Air russe varie (4 hands) ; Chanson russe varie, 
 in D min.; Polonaise, in EI7; " Reviens, re- 
 viens," Romanza and Cavatina in E; 4 Ro- 
 
 mances ; Rondeau in A; 2 " Rondeaux favoris," 
 in E and A; Rondeau w. 2 vlns., via., and bass • 
 "Since then I'm doomed," variation in C- 
 "Speed the Plough," Rondeau in B|); 2 Di- 
 vertissements w. 2 vlns., via., and bass, in E and 
 A; 2 Fantasias, in A and G; 18 Nocturnes- 
 " Exercice module dans tous les tons majeurs et 
 mineurs." 
 
 Fie'litz, Alexander von, b. Leipzig, Dec. 
 28, i860 ; pupil of J. Schulhoff (pf.)and Kretsch- 
 mer (comp.) in Dres- 
 den, where several 
 sacred comp.s f. 
 chorus, and an or- 
 chestral work, were 
 publicly performed. 
 He embraced the ca- 
 reer of an opera- 
 cond., filling posi- 
 tions in Zurich, LU- 
 beck, and Leipzig 
 (City th.) ; a nervous 
 disorder forced him 
 to give up this work, 
 and he is now living 
 in Italy as a com- 
 poser. — Works : Op. 
 
 6, 6 Songs on Tus- 
 can folk-poems ; op. 
 
 7, " Kinder desSUdens,'' 3pf.-pcs.; op. 8, "Ich 
 kann's nicht fassen " (scene from Grillparzer's 
 A/mfrau) ; op. 9-13, songs ; op. 15, " SchBn 
 Gretlein," 7 songs; op. 17, 4 pf.-pcs. ; op. 24, 
 3 Songs (Geibel) ; op. 25, Romanze f. pf. and 
 vln. ; op. 27, Fantasie f. pf. ; op. 28, 4 Lyric pf.- 
 pcs. ; op. 29, 4 Songs ; op. 37, 4 Stimmungs- 
 bilder f. pf. ; op. 40, 8 " Madchenlieder " (P. 
 Heyse) ; op. 47, 3 " Narrenlieder " (O. J. Bier- 
 baum). 
 
 Filip'pi, Giuseppe de', b. Milan, May 12, 
 1825 ; d. Neuilly, n. Paris, June 23, 1887. Lived 
 in Paris as a writer from 1846 ; contributed arti- 
 cles to Pougin's supplement to Fetis' " Biogr. 
 Univ."; publ. a " Guide dans les theatres" (with 
 Chaudet, 1857), and a " Parallele des theitres 
 modernes de I'Europe " (i860). 
 
 Filip'pi, Filippo, composer and critic ; bora 
 Vicenza, Jan. 13, 1830 ; d. Milan, June 25, 1887. 
 Studied law at Padua, taking his degree in 1853. 
 But in 1852 he had begun his career as a critic 
 with a warm defence of Verdi's Rigoletto ; he re- 
 nounced the law, studied music at Venice and 
 Vienna, became in 1859 editor of the Milanese 
 " Gazzetta Musicale," and in 1S59 music-critic 
 of the newly-founded " Perseveranza." He 
 publ. a collection of essays on great musicians, 
 " Musica e Musicisti," in 1879; as a zealous 
 Wagnerite, he also wrote a pamphlet ' ' Riccardo 
 Wagner" (in Ger., 1876, as " Richard W.: eine 
 mus. Reise in das Reich der Zukunft") ; he also 
 wrote "Delia vita e delle opere di Adolf Fuma- 
 galli " (Milan). — Comp.s : i string-quintet, 9 
 string-quartets, i pf.-trio ; pf.-pcs., songs. 
 
 182 
 
FILLMORE— FIORAVANTI 
 
 Fillmore, John Comfort, b. Franklin, New 
 London Co., Conn., Feb. 4, 1843 ; d. there Aug. 
 15, 1898. Pupil of Geo. W. Steele at Oberlin 
 Coll., O., 1862 (organ) ; then of Leipzig Cons., 
 1865-7. Director of the musical dept. in Oberlin 
 Coll., 1867 ; in Ripon College, Wis., 1868-78 ; 
 in Milwaukee College for Women, 1878-84. 
 Founded, in 1884, the " Milwaukee School of 
 Music " in Milwaukee, Wis., of which he was the 
 director until l8g5, when he took charge of the 
 Sch. of Music of Pomona Coll., Claremont, Cal. 
 Publ. " Pianoforte Music : its Plistory, with 
 Biogr. Sketches and Critical Estimates of its 
 Greatest Masters" (Chicago, 1883) ; " Lessons in 
 Mus. History" (1888) ; " New Lessons in Har- 
 mony " (1887) ; " On the value of certain Modern 
 Theories " [i.e. , von Oettingen's and Riemann's] ; 
 " A Study of Omaha Indian Music " (with Miss 
 Alice C. Fletcher and F. La Flesche ; Peabody 
 Museum, 1893) ; several magazine articles on 
 aboriginal folk-music ; other musical essays ; 
 lectures in various cities, and papers read at im- 
 portant gatherings. Also translated into Eng- 
 lish Riemann's " Klavierschule " and " Natur 
 der Harmonik." 
 
 Filtsch, Karl, born Hermannstadt, Transyl- 
 vania, July 8, 1830; d. Vienna, Mar. n, 1845. 
 An "infant' prodigy," piano-pupil of Chopin 
 and Liszt in Paris (1842), and gave concerts 
 there and at London in 1843. 
 
 Finck, Heinrich (date of birth and death 
 unknown), eminent German contrapuntist, was 
 taught at Cracow, where he was Kapellm. to the 
 court of John Albert I. (1482), Alexander (i 501), 
 and Sigismund I. (1506). Later he lived in Wit- 
 tenberg. — Extant works : ' ' Schone ausserlesene 
 Lieder des hochbertlhmten Heinrici Finckens " 
 (Nuremberg, 1536) ; other songs publ. by Sal- 
 blinger (1545), and by Rhaw (1542). Vol. iii 
 of the " Gesells. f. Musikforschung " contains 
 songs, hymns, and motets. 
 
 Finck, Hermann, grand-nephew of Hein- 
 rich ; b. Pima, Saxony, Mar. 21, 1527 ; d. Wit- 
 tenberg, Dec. 28, 1558. Studied at Wittenberg 
 • (1545), and became organist there. Publ. " Prac- 
 tica musica " (1556), a valuable theoretical work ; 
 composed chorals. 
 
 Finck, Henry Theophilus, mus. writer and 
 critic ; born Bethel, Missouri, Sept. 22, 1854. 
 Brought up in Oregon. Graduate, 1876, of Har- 
 vard (st. theory and hist, of music with Prof. J. 
 K. Paine). Attended the first Bayreuth Festi- 
 val, 1876, and studied a year at Munich ; inti- 
 macy with Wagner's music-dramas bore fruit in 
 '' Wagner and His Works " (N. V., 1893, 2 vol.s ; 
 Germ, transl., Breslau, 1897). Spent a year in 
 Munich ; from 1877-8, st. anthropology at Har- 
 vard ; then, as recipient of a fellowship, spent 3 
 more years in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Vienna, 
 studying comparative psychology, and writing 
 mus. letters for N. Y. " Nation." Now living in 
 New York as mus. editor of the N. Y. " Evening 
 Post." Other mus. writings: "Chopin, and 
 other Mus. Essays," and " Paderewski and His 
 
 Art." Also, books of travel: "Pacific Coast 
 Scenic Tour," "Lotos-time in Japan," "Spain 
 and Morocco"; his first book, " Romantic Love 
 and Personal Beauty," traces the origins (histor- 
 ical and psychological) of sentimental love, and 
 has (1899) passed through 4 editions. 
 
 Finck'e, Fritz, born Wismar, May i, 1846. 
 Pupil of Leipzig Cons.; violinist in theatre- 
 orch., Frankfort, then org. at Wismar ; in 1879 
 teacher of singing at the Peabody Inst., Balti- 
 more. — Publ. "Anschlagselemente " (1871), and 
 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Find'eisen [fint'-]. Otto ; in 1890, Kapelhn. 
 of the Wilhelm-Th. at Magdeburg ; has prod, 
 the 3-act operetta Der alte Z>«j-a«^?- (Magdeburg, 
 Wilhelm-Th., 1890; v. sued, and the 3-act 
 "Volksoper" Hennigs von Treffenfeld (ib., 
 1891 ; succ). 
 
 Fink, Gottfried Wilhelm, writer and 
 teacher; b. Suiza, Thuringia, Mar. 7, 1783 ; d. 
 Halle, Aug. 27, 1846. Theological student at 
 Leipzig (1804), and preached_ for a time, but 
 turned to music. He publ. " Uber Takt, Takt- 
 arten, etc." in 1818, in the " AUgem. mus. 
 Zeitung," of which he was the editor, 1827-41. 
 He was app. mus. director at Leipzig Univ. in 
 1842, and received the honorary title of Dr.phil. 
 — Writings : " Erste Wanderung der altesten 
 Tonkunst" (1821) ; " Musikalische Grammatik " 
 (1836); " Wesen und Geschichte der Oper " 
 (1838); "Der neumusikalische Lehrjammer " 
 (1842); " System der musikalischen Harmonie- 
 lehre " (1842) ; " Der musikalische Hauslehrer" 
 (1846), and a posthumous work, " Musikalische 
 Compositionslehre " (1847). In MS. is a " Hand- 
 buch derallgem. Geschichte der Tonkunst." F. 
 also contributed to Ersch and Gruber's " Ency- 
 clopadie," to the 8th ed. of Brockhaus' " Kon- 
 versationslexikon," and Schilling's " Universal- 
 lexikon der Tonkunst." — Comp.s : Pieces f. pf. 
 and vln. ; terzets and quartets f. male voices 
 (" Hausliche Andachten"); ballads and songs ; 
 he also publ. (1843) " Musikal. Hausschatz der 
 Deutschen," a coll. of 1000 songs. 
 
 Fink, Christian, b. Dettingen, Wiirttem- 
 berg, Aug. 9, 1B31. Pupil of the Esslingen 
 Seminary, the Leipzig Cons. (1853-5), and 
 Johann Schneider in Dresden ; lived as organist 
 and teacher at Leipzig till i860, since then at 
 Esslingen as first teacher of mus. in the Semi- 
 nary, and org. and mus. dir. at the principal 
 church. Received title of " Prof." in 1862. — 
 Publ. sonatas, fugues, trios, preludes, exercises, 
 etc., f. org.; also psalms, motets, pf.-pcs. (4 
 sonatas), songs, etc. 
 
 Fioravan'ti, Valentino, b. Rome, 1764 [this 
 date is correct] ; d. Capua, June 16, 1837. His 
 teachers were Jannaconi at Rome, and Sala, 
 Fenaroli. Monopoli, and Tritta at Naples. 
 Returning to Rome in 1781 (1782?), he began 
 his career as an opera-conductor ; his first opera, 
 / viaggiatori ridicoli, was prod, at Rome in 
 
 183 
 
FIORAVANTI— FISCHER 
 
 1785. In 1786 he went to Naples, and brought 
 out Gli inganni fortunati the same year, fol- 
 lowed up to 1799 by 7 others, the last, Le can- 
 tatrici villanc (Naples, 1799) being considered 
 his best work, as it was the most successful. He 
 visited Paris in 1807, and prod, there I virtuosi 
 ambulanti ; spent 5 years in Lisbon, as opera- 
 composer and cond., writing 10 operas (among 
 them Camilla, given later at Naples as Nefte). 
 In 1816 he succeeded Jannaconi as maestro at 
 St. Peter's, and now devoted himself wholly to 
 church-music, a Stabat Mater and a Miserere 
 being his best sacred comp.s ; but his church- 
 music was not as good of its kind as his comic 
 operas, of which he produced abt. 50. 
 
 Fioravan'ti, Vincenzo, son of Valentino ; b. 
 Rome, Apr. 5, 1799; ^- Naples, Mar. 28, 1877. 
 He studied secretly under Jannaconi, but finished 
 his mus. education with his father. His debut 
 as a comp. was made with the opera Pulcinella 
 molinaro (Naples, 1819) ; this was followed by 
 about 40 others, all in buffa style. In 1839 he 
 was maestro in the Cath. of Lanciano ; from 
 1867-72, director of the Albergo dei Poveri, 
 Naples. 
 
 Fioril'lo, Ignazio, b. Naples, May 11, 1715; 
 d. Fritzlar, n. Kassel, in June, 1787. A pupil of 
 Leo and Durante, he became an opera-composer, 
 his first venture Ijeing the opera-seria Mandane 
 (Venice, 1736). He prod. Ariimene (Milan, 
 1738), and // vincitor de s^ stesso (Venice, 1741) ; 
 after long travels, he was app. Kafellm. to the 
 court of Brunswick (1754), and from 1762-S0 
 held a like post in Kassel, retiring to Fritzlar 
 on a pension. In Kassel he brought out 4 
 operas. An oratorio Isacco, a Requiem and 
 otter masses, and 3 Te Deums, are also note- 
 worthy. 
 
 Fioril'lo, Federigo, violinist and comp.; b. 
 Brunswick, 1753 ; d. (?). He was taught by his 
 father, Ignazio F.; 
 went to Poland in 
 1780, became 
 Kapellm. at Riga 
 in 1783, lived in 
 Paris 1785-8, then 
 going to London, 
 where he played the 
 viola in Salomon's 
 quartet. He was 
 heard of later in 
 Amsterdam ; and 
 (1823) in Paris. — 
 Works.; The 
 famous " Etudes de 
 Violon," 36 Ca- 
 prices, is the best-known ; he also wrote con- 
 certos, quintets, quartets, violin-duos, etc. [Ffrns 
 gives a list]. 
 
 Fiqu6, Karl, pianist; b. Bremen, 1861 ; pupil 
 of Leipzig Cons.; now living in Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 Has written a string-quartet (E min.), and 
 pf.-pcs. 
 
 Fisch'el, Adolf, b. Kbnigsberg, iSio. Violin- 
 ist, pupil of Spohr. Wrote string-quartets and 
 vln. -music. Is a cigar-dealer in ISerlin. 
 
 Fisch'er, Christian Friedrich, b. Lubeck, 
 Oct. 23, 1698 ; d. Kiel, 1752, as cantor. Wrote 
 a book of chorals in 4 parts, with an introd, on 
 church-music, and an essay, " ZufalUge Ge- 
 danken von der Composition " (both MS.). 
 
 Fisch'er, Johann Christian, oboist ; born 
 Freiburg, Baden, 1733 ; d. London, Apr. 29, 1800. 
 Member of the Dresden court orch. in 1760 ; 
 travelled in Italy, and gave concerts ; from 1780, 
 court musician at London. — Works : 10 oboe-con- 
 certos, quartets f. flute and strings, flute-duets, 
 flute-solos, etc. 
 
 Fisch'er, Christian Wilhelm, basso buffo; 
 b. Konradsdorf, n. Freiberg, Sept. 17, 1789 ; d. 
 Dresden, Nov. 3, 1859. Debut in Dresden, 
 1810 ; from 1817-28, basso buffo and chorusmas- 
 ter at Leipzig ; 1828-9, at Magdeburg; 1829-31, 
 stage-manager and chorusmaster at Leipzig, later 
 in Dresden. For him Marschner wrote the rSles 
 of Blunt ( Vampyr) and Friar Tuck ( Tempter 
 und Juditi). 
 
 Fisch'er, Ludvz-ig, bass singer ; b. Mayence, 
 Aug. 18, 1745 ; d. BerUn, July 10, 1825. Sang in 
 Mayence, Mannheim, and Vienna, and with 
 great success in Paris (1783) and Italy; from 
 1788-1815 in Berlin. Mozart wrote the part of 
 Osmin, in the EntfUhrung, for Fischer, whose 
 voice had a range of 2 octaves and a fifth (D-a'). 
 
 Fisch'er, Michael Gotthard, b. Alach, n. 
 Erfurt, June 3, 1773 ; d. Erfurt, Jan. 12, 1829. 
 Celebrated organist, pupil of Kittel ; also con- 
 cert-cond., and teacher in the seminary at Er- 
 furt. — Works : About 50 organ-pcs. (many still 
 played) ; symphonies, concertos, chamber-music, 
 pf.-pcs., motets, chorals, concertos, etc. ; and publ. 
 an " Evangelisches Choral-Melodienbuch." , 
 
 Fisch'er, Anton, b. Ried, Swabia, in 1777 ; 
 d. Vienna, Dec. i, 1808, where he had been 
 Kapellm. at the Josefstadter Th. and (1800) at 
 the Th. an der Wien. — Works : A number of 
 light operas and operettas of slight originality, 
 incl. a children's operetta and a pantomime. He 
 also revised Gretry's Raoul, Barbe-Bleue, and 
 Les deux avares, for production in Vienna. 
 
 Fisch'er, Ernst Gottfried, b. Hoheneiche, 
 n. Saalfeld, July 17, 1754; d. Berlin, Jan. 21, 
 1831, as prof, of natural philos. at the "Graues 
 Kloster." — Publ. " Ueber die Einrichtung des 
 vierst. Choralgesangs in dem evangel. Gottes- 
 dienst "; " Versuche uber die Schwingungen ge- 
 spannter Saiten" (1825); " Ueber das akustische , 
 Verhaltniss der Accorde" (1835). 
 
 Fisch'er, Gottfried Erail, son of Ernst 
 Gottfried ; b. Berlin, Nov. 28, 1791 ; d. there 
 Feb. 14, 1841 ; from 1818, singing-teacher at the 
 "Graues Kloster." — Works: Motets, chorals, 
 songs, school-songs ; melodies to von den Ha- 
 gen's " Minnesanger " ; wrote "Ueber Gesang 
 
 184 
 
PISCHER— FLAXLAND 
 
 und Ges^ngunterricht " (1831), and articles for 
 the "AUgem. musik. Zeitung." 
 
 Fisch'er, Karl Ludwig^, violinist ; b. Kai- 
 serslautern, Bavaria, 1816 ; d. Hanover, Aug. 
 15, 1S77. Mus. director of the theatres at Trier, 
 Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Nuremberg, W^rz- 
 hurg ; Kapellm. at Mayence, 1847-52 ; asst.- 
 Kapellm. to Marschner at Hanover (1852); 
 1859, first court Kapellm. His male choruses 
 have made him famous; he also comp. large 
 choral viforks, and songs. 
 
 Fisch'er, Adolf, organist ; b. Uckermilnde, 
 Pomerania, June 23, 1827 ; d. Breslau, Dec. 8, 
 1893. Pupil of A. W. Bach, Rungenhagen, and 
 Grell (1845-51). In 1853, organist at Frant 
 fort, and director of the Singakademie, with 
 (1865) the title of " Royal Mus. Dir."; in 1870, 
 first org. of the Elisabethkirche in Breslau, 
 where he founded the Silesian Cons, in 1880, 
 and became its Director. — Works : Symphonies, 
 organ-music, motets, songs, etc. 
 
 Fisch'er, Karl August, famous organist ; 
 b. Ebersdorf, n. Chemnitz, Saxony, July 25, 
 1828 ; d. Dresden, Dec. 25, 1892. Pupil of 
 Anacker in Freiberg Seminary ; after years of 
 private study he made long and successful tours 
 (1852-5) ; thereafter settled in Dresden, being 
 in turn org. of the English Ch. , the Annenkir- 
 che, and the Dreikonigskirche. — Works : Opera 
 Loreley (not prod.) ; a high mass ; and sym- 
 phonies f. org. and orch.; 3 org. -concertos 
 ("Christmas," "Easter," "Whitsuntide"); 2 
 orchestral suites ; pieces f . 'cello w. org. , and 
 f. vln. w. org. 
 
 Fisch'er, Franz, 'cellist ; b. Munich, July 
 29, 1849 ; pupil of Hippolyt Muller. He wras 
 soloist at the Nat.l Th., Pesth in 1870, under 
 Hans Richter ; later at Munich and Bayreuth 
 under Wagner ; 1877-g, convt JCapellm. at Mann- 
 heim, then at Munich. 
 
 Fisch'er, Paul, b. Zwickau, Dec. 7, 1834 ; 
 d. Zittau; Mar. 5, 1894 ; since 1862, cantor at 
 the Johanneskirche in Zittau. In 1864 he 
 founded the Zittau Concertvcrein ; he was a 
 contributor to the ' ' Neue Zeitschrif t f Ur Musik" ; 
 
 I also edited the " Zittauer Liederbuch : eine 
 Liedersammlung fiir hohere Lehranstalten " 
 
 . (1864), and the " Zittauer Choralbuch " (1868). 
 
 Fisch'er, Adolf, fine 'cellist ; b. Brussels, 
 1 Nov. 22, 1847 ; d. in an insane asylum near 
 ; Brussels, Mar. 18, 1S9-1. A pupil of Servais in 
 ; Brussels Cons. In 1868 he made Paris his home, 
 f and undertook many artistic tours. 
 
 Fisch'er, Ignaz, b. 1828 ; d. Vienna, July 7, 
 - 1877, where for some years he acted as Kapellm, 
 i of the court opera. 
 
 Fisch'er, Josef, composer of the song 
 ; "Hoch Deutschland, herrliche Siegesbraut"; 
 ' b. 1828 ; d. Stuttgart, Sept. 27, 1885, as court 
 : musician. 
 
 Fisch'hof, Joseph, pianist ; b, Butschowitz, 
 ■ Moravia, Apr. 4, 1804 ; d. Vienna, June 28, 
 
 185 
 
 1857. Pupil in Vienna of Anton Halm (pf.) 
 and I. von Seyfried (comp.). Taught music 
 privately, with growing success, and in 1833 
 was app. prof, in the Vienna Cons. — Publ. a 
 string-quartet, mamy pf.-pcs. (rondos, variations, 
 fantasias, dances, marches, etc.) ; variations f. 
 ilute ; songs ; also a " Versuch einer Geschichte 
 des Klavierbaus" (1853). 
 
 Fissot, Alexis-Henri, b. Airaines (Somme), 
 Oct. 24, 1843 ; d. Paris, Jan. 29, i8g6. Ent. 
 P. Cons. 1852 (!), where he st. under Marmontel 
 (pf.), Benoist (org.), Bazin (harm.), and Ambr. 
 Thomas (cpt. and fugue) till i860, taking suc- 
 cessively all first prizes. Fine organist and 
 pianist ; comp. many pf.-pcs. (op. 3, 12 Pre- 
 ludes ; op. 7, 2 Ballades ; op. 10, Arabesques ; 
 3 Feuillets d' Album ; 12 Pieces de genre ; 3 
 Morceaux, op. 4 ; 3 Scherzi ; 2 Ballades ; 6 
 Arabesques ; Caprice heroique, op. 18 ; Allegro 
 symphonique, op. 20 ; etc. Prof, of piano at 
 P. Cons, since 1887 ; org. at St. -Vincent-de- 
 Paul. 
 
 Fitzenha'gen, Wilhelm Karl Friedrich, 
 
 'cellist ; b. Seesen, Brunswick, Sept. 15, 1848 ; 
 d. Moscow, Feb. 13, l8go. First 'cello in the 
 Imp. Russian Society of Music at Moscow, and 
 prof, in the Cons. He made many and brilliant 
 concert-tours. 
 
 Fitzwilliam Collection. A collection of 
 paintings, engravings, books, and musical MSS., 
 bequeathed to the IJniv. of Cambridge by Vis- 
 count Richard Fitzwilliam (d. 1816). The mus. 
 MSS. include especially valuable works : the 
 " Virginall-Booke of Queen Elizabeth"; an- 
 thems in Purcell's hand, sketches by Handel, 
 and many early Italian comp.s. Vincent Novello 
 edited and publ. 5 vol.s of the Italian sacred 
 music as ""The Fitzwilliam Music, etc."; J. A. 
 FuUer-Maitland and Dr. A. H. Mann have 
 made a complete catalogue (1893). 
 
 Flagler, Isaac Van Vleck, organist ; born 
 Albany, N. Y., May 15, 1844. First teacher, 
 H. W. A. Beale, at Albany ; also st. under 
 Edouard Batiste, in Paris, and others. Has 
 been org. and mus. dir. of the 2nd Dutch Ref. 
 Ch., Poughkeepsie ; ist Presby. Ch., Albany; 
 Plymouth Ch. , Chicago (&years) ; and ist Presby. 
 Ch., Auburn, N. Y., where he now (1899) re- 
 sides as a publisher of organ-music and choir- 
 books, and as concert-organist ; at Chautauqua 
 he has been org. and musical lecturer for 13 
 years. F. has also been org.-teacher and music- 
 teacher at Syracuse and Cornell Universities, 
 and at Utica Cons. Member of N. Y. MS. So- 
 ciety, and co-founder of the Amer. Guild of Or- 
 ganists. — Publ. works : Variations and other 
 pes. f. org.; music f. pf. and choir ; " The Or- 
 ganist's Treasury," "Flagler's New Coll. of 
 Organ Music," and "F.'s New Coll. for Choirs 
 and Soloists." 
 
 Flaxland, Gustave-Alexandre, b. Strass- 
 burg, 1821. Pupil of Paris Cons., and music- 
 teacher ; founded a music-publishing business 
 
FLEISCHER— FLORIO 
 
 in 1847, and, by acquiring copyrights f. comp.s 
 of Schumann and Wagner, made it prominent. 
 He sold out (to Durand et Schonewerk) in 1870, 
 and commenced making pianos. 
 
 Flei'scher, Reinhold, b. Dahsau, Silesia, 
 April 12, 1842. Pupil of the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music, and of the R. Akademie, at 
 Berlin ; 1870, org. at GOrHtz, and director of the 
 Singakademie ; 1885, "royal mus; director." — 
 Works: A cantata, Holda ; motets, songs, org.- 
 pcs., etc. 
 
 Flei'scher, Oskar, contemporary writer and 
 lecturer ; a pupil of Ph. Spitta ; is custodian of 
 the royal coll. of mus. instr.s at Berlin, and, 
 since l8g6, prof, extraordinary at the Univ., suc- 
 ceeding Spitta ; also teacher of music-history at 
 the Royal Hochschule f. Musik. — Publ. " Neu- 
 menstudien " (Part I appeared in 1895), and a 
 monograph on the lutenist Denis Gaultier (1886), 
 both in the " Vierteljahrsschrift f. Musik-Wiss." 
 
 Flem'ming, Friedrich Ferdinand, b. Neu- 
 hausen. Saxony, Feb. 28, 1778 ; d. Berlin, May 
 27, 1813, as a medical practitioner. Member 
 of Zelter's Liedertafel, for which he comp. 
 numerous excellent male choruses, among which 
 " Integer vitae " is a popular favorite. 
 
 Fl^gier, Ange, b. Marseilles, Feb. 25, 1846. 
 Pupil of Marseilles Cons., and from 1866-9 °f 
 Paris Cons. (Ambr. Thomas ; Bazin) ; returned to 
 Marseilles in 1870 ; now living in Paris. — Works : 
 Fatima, i-act comic opera (Mars. , 1875) ; Ossian, 
 lyric poem f. soli, ch., and orch. ; Fran(oise de 
 Rimini, cantata f . do. ; a i-act ' ' Fantaisie- 
 ballet"; an orchestral suite " Sctees antiques"; 
 a " Marche de gala"; many songs ; and a vol. 
 of pf.-pcs. 
 
 Floers'heim, Otto, b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Mar. 
 2, 1853 ; pupil of Ferd. Hiller at Cologne ; went 
 to New York in 1875, became editor of "The 
 Musical Courier" in 1880, and since 1894 has 
 been manager of its Berlin branch. For orch. 
 he has written a " Prelude and Fugue," "Alia 
 marcia," "Consolation," "Scherzo"; for org. 
 and orch., "Elevation"; and a number of pf.- 
 pcs. and songs. 
 
 Flori'dia (-Napolino), Pietro, b. Modica, 
 Sicily, Mar. 5, i860. St. at the R. Cons, of S. 
 Pietro a Majella, Naples, 1873-g, under B. Cesi 
 (pf.), P. Serrao and Lauro Rossi (cpt. and 
 comp.), and Polidori (sesth. and hist.). While 
 in the Cons., F. publ. several pf.-pcs., which 
 were very successful. In 1882 he brought out 
 at Naples a 3-act ' ' opera comica " Carlotta 
 Clepicr, the success of which encouraged serious 
 and assiduous study in retirement for 3 years, 
 when, instead of improving this dramatic first- 
 ling, he — burned it ! Made pianistic tours in 
 1885-6; settled in Palermo, 1888, where he was 
 prof, of pf. in the Cons, until 1890, when he re- 
 signed. In 1888 he became correspondent of 
 the " Gazzetta Musicale" (Milan), and in this 
 year publ. a Serenata (op. i), a Minuetto, a Blu- 
 ette, and a Scherzo ("Cache-cache!") f. orch. 
 
 In 1889, won ist prize of the Soc. del Quar- 
 tetto, Milan, for a grand symphony in 4 move- 
 ments. Travelled in Germany in 1892, visiting 
 Bayreuth ; then began writing his opera Maruzza 
 (text and music), prod, at Venice, Aug. 24, 
 1894, with success (later repeated at Turin 
 Messina, and Milan). F. has now (1899) finished 
 in collaboration w. Luigi lUica, a 4-act opera 
 
 La colonia libera (to be produced at Rome). 
 
 Other works : Many pf.-pcs. (" Orient," 3 pes.; 
 "Suite nella forma antica"; " Sei pezzi," op. 
 9) ; FestouvertUre f. orch. ; etc. Now living in 
 Milan. 
 
 Flo'rimo, Francesco, highly distinguished 
 musician and musicograph ; b. San Giorgio 
 Morgeto, Calabria, Oct. 12, 1800 ; d. Naples, 
 Dec. 18, 1888. In 1817 he entered the Col- 
 legio di Musica at Naples ; Fumo, Elia, Zin- 
 garelli, and Tritto were his teachers ; and from 
 1826-51 he was librarian there. He was Bel- 
 lini's dearest friend ; in 1876 he escorted the 
 latter's remains from Pere-la-Chaise, Paris, to 
 Catania, and publ. the pamphlet " Trasporto 
 delle ceneri di Bellini a Catania"; he also 
 founded the " Bellini Prize,"- a competition open 
 only to Ital. composers not over 30. — Wridngs; 
 " Cenno storico suUa scuola musicale di Napoli " 
 (Naples, 1869-71, 2 vol.s ; republ. 1880-84, in 
 4 vol, s, as " La scuola musicale di Napoli e i 
 suoi Conservator! "), a complete mus. hist, of 
 Naples, and of its conservatories, their teachers, 
 and pupils, etc.; also "Bellini, memorie e let- 
 tere" (Florence, 1882) ; " Riccardo Wagner ed 
 i Wagneristi " (Naples, 1876) ; an " Album Bel- 
 lini " (Naples, 1886), containing opinions by 
 many eminent musicians on Bellini's works ; 
 and a " Metodo di canto," adopted by the Cons. 
 (F. was also an excellent singing-teacher).— 
 Comp.s : Cantatas, church-music, orchestral 
 works ; several books of songs in Neapolitan 
 dialect, with Italian text added; etc. 
 
 Flo'rio, Caryl (pen-name of William James 
 Robjohn), b. Tavistock, Devon, Nov. 3, 1843. 
 A self-taught musician. Went to New York, 
 1857, and 1858-60 was the first solo boy-soprano 
 to sing at Trinity Church. Since then he has 
 sung on the stage, and been org. and choir- 
 master in various churches (Trinity, Newport; 
 Zion, N. Y. ; Mount Calvary, Baltimore; St 
 Luke's, N. Y. ; 2nd Baptist, Brooklyn ; Brick 
 Presby., N. Y.; now [1899] at All Souls', Bilt- 
 more, N. C.) ; has been opera-cond. in Havana 
 and N. Y. (Acad, of Mus.) ; Mus. Dir. Baptist 
 Female Inst., Indianapolis, and Wells Coll., 
 Aurora, N. Y. ; cond. of the old Vocal Soc, the 
 Amicitia Orch., and the Palestrina Choir, of N. 
 Y. ; at present, of the Choral Society, Asheville, 
 N. C. Has also been successful as an actor, 
 critic, player, and accompanist. — Works : 3 ope- 
 rettas. Inferno (1871), Les tours de Mercwe 
 (1872), and Suzanne (1876) ; 2 operas, GuUd 
 (1879), and Uncle Tom (Phila., i88z) ; (he also 
 wrote libretti to the operettas, and to Guldd)\ 3 
 cantatas, Songs of the Elements (1872), BriU 
 
 186 
 
FLOTOW— FOERSTER 
 
 of Triermain (1886), The Nighi at Bethlehem, 
 2 symphonies (G, and C min.), 2 overtures, 
 I quintet f. pf. and saxophones (a combina- 
 tion original with F.), 2 string-quartets, 2 
 quartets f. saxophones ; a pf. -concerto in F 
 min.; 4 sonatas f. vln. and pf. ; 2 pf.-sonatas ; 
 " Fairy Pictures " (4 pf.-duets) ; madrigals, part- 
 songs, and songs ; church-services, anthems, etc. 
 
 Flo'tow [-to], Friedrich, Freiherr von, opera- 
 composer ; b. Teutendorf , Mecklenburg, Apr. 
 27, 1812; d. Darm- 
 stadt, January 24, 
 1883. After study- 
 ing composition at 
 
 Paris, from 1827, /mn^ jHl 
 
 under Reicha, the ' ^ .*-. 
 
 July Revolution 
 (1830) caused him 
 to retreat to Meck- 
 lenburg, where he 
 wrote two small 
 works, Pierre et 
 Catherine (private- 
 ly perf., 1831) and 
 
 Die Bergknappen • if^/\ /W////f"ff\^ 
 (1835). Return- '^ \ / '' ' M'"' 
 
 ing to Paris, he 
 brought out S^ra- 
 
 phine (Chateau Royaumont, 1836), Rob Roy, and 
 Le naufrage de la Miduse (Paris, Renaissance 
 Th., 1839, his first incontestable success; also 
 given Homburg, 1845, as Die Matrosen). A 
 series of less fortunate ventures followed: La 
 duchesse de Guise (\ii/i,<S)\ Le forestier {i&i\o\ at 
 Vienna, 1847, as Der Forster; at London, 1848, 
 as Leoline) ; VEsclave de Camoens (1843, at the 
 Opera-Comique) ; and the ballet Lady Harriet 
 (Opera, 1843; afterwards rewritten as Martha). 
 ^hhAlcssandro Stradella (Hamburg, 1844 ; re- 
 written from a l-act " piece lyrique " Stradella, 
 given in Paris, 1837), ^his name became familiar 
 in Germany; after I'Ame en peine (Paris, Opera, 
 1846 ; in Ital. as // Boscajuolo, ossia L'Anima 
 delta Traditd) came his most genuinely and 
 widely popular work, Martha (Vienna, 1847). 
 The March Revolution (1848) drove him from 
 Paris; Die Grossfiirsiin (Berlin Opera, 1850) 
 was fairly succ, and Indra (Berlin, 1853) de- 
 cidedly so ; hvXRubezahl (Frankfort, 1854), Hilda 
 (1855), and AlHn {Der Miiller von Meran\ 
 (1856) failed. P'rom 1856-63, F. acted as in- 
 tendant of court music at Schwerin ; from 1863-8, 
 he was again in Paris. The operettas La Veuve 
 Grapin (Paris, 1859) and Pianella (Paris, i860), 
 the operas IVintermdrchen (Vienna, 1862), Zilda 
 (Paris, i&b6), and Am Runenstein (Vrague, 1868), 
 and the ballets Die Libelle (Vienna, 1866), and 
 Tannkonig (Darmstadt, 1867) belong to this 
 period ; for Schwerin he wrote music to a " Fac- 
 keltanz," but no operas. He settled on one of 
 his estates near Vienna in 1868, but made fre- 
 quent visits to Vienna, Paris, and Italy ; his last 
 years were spent in Darmstadt. In 1870 his ear- 
 lier triumphs were renewed with l' Ombre (Paris, 
 
 Op.-Com., 1870; in London, 1878, as The Phan- 
 tom). N'aida (Milan, 1873) ^.nd // fior d' Har- 
 lem (Turin, 1876) were revised from early works 
 never produced ; he rewrote Indra as VEnchaii- 
 teresse (Paris and London, 1878 ; in Ital. as Alma 
 V incancatrice ; in Ger. as Die Hexe) ; after his 
 death, 3 more operas were performed : Rosellana; 
 Der Graf Saint-M^grin (Cologne, 1884); and 
 Die Musikanten (Hanover, 1887). — Flotow had 
 a fund of fresh and pleasing melody and rhyth- 
 mic variety, and a good knowledge of stage- 
 effect ; the failure of many of his operas is due 
 to amateurish scoring and shallowness of senti- 
 ment. Yet Stradella and Martha still hold the 
 boards, despite Fetis' dismal prophecy: "Mais 
 tout cela sera bient6t oublie. " 
 
 Flu'gel, Gustav, b. Nienburg-on-Saale, July 
 2, 1812 ; from 1827-29 he took private lessons of 
 Fr. Schneider in Dessau, and attended his music- 
 school till 1830. After teaching at KSthen, 
 Magdeburg, Stettin (1840-50), etc., he became 
 teacher of music at Neuwied Seminary, with 
 (1856) the title of Royal Mus. Dir. Since 1859 
 he has been cantor and org. of the Schloss- 
 kirche, Stettin. — Works : 112 Choralvorspiele f. 
 org. ; many other organ-pcs. ; a concert-overture 
 f. orch.; a string-quartet; much pf. -music ; sa- 
 cred and secular part-songs f . mixed and male 
 chorus ; songs, etc. Is also a contributor to 
 several mus. papers. 
 
 Flii'gel, Ernest Paul, son of Gustav, born 
 Stettin, Aug. 31, 1844 ; taught by his father, and 
 (1862-3) at the R. Inst. f. Church-music, Berlin ; 
 also at the Akademie. Billow, Loschhorn, Kiel, 
 and Geyer gave him private lessons. He taught 
 in Treptow and Greifswald ; in 1867 became 
 organist and teacher at the Gymnasium in 
 Prenzlau ; in 1879, cantor at the Bernhardin- 
 kirche, Breslau. Here he founded the " I'lUgel- 
 Verein," a singing-society, and wrote for the 
 " Schlesische Zeitung." — Publ. the 121st Psalm 
 (op. 22), Mahomets Gesang (op. 24), a pf.-trio 
 (op. 25), pf.-pcs. (e.g., op. 16, 31, 32), organ- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 ' Foer'ster, Adolph Martin, born Pittsburg, 
 Pa., Feb. 2, 1854. Owes his first mus. train- 
 ing to his mother ; studied (1872-5) in Leipzig 
 Cons. (Richter, Wenzel, Papperitz, Coccius, 
 Schimon, Grill) ; taught 1875-6 at Ft. Wayne 
 (Ind.) Cons., then settled in Pittsburg, Pa., 
 where he still (1899) resides as a teacher of sing- 
 ing and pf . , being also a well-known composer. 
 — Publ. works: " Thusnelda," char, piece f. 
 orch., op. 10; 1st pf.-quartet, op. 21 ; pf.-trio, 
 op. 29 ; Suite f. vln. and pf., op. 36 ; pf.-suite, 
 op. 46 ; 2 concert-studies f. pf., op. 37 ; 12 Fan- 
 tasias f. pf., op. 38 ; "Among Flowers," II songs, 
 op. 28 ; many other songs (op. 30, op. 42, op. 
 45, op. 49) ; also pes. f. 'cello and pf., vln. and 
 pf., piano-comp.s, part-songs, etc. — Orchestral 
 works in MS. : " Faust " overture, op. 48 ; March- 
 P'antasia, op. 8 ; Festival Music, op. 9 ; Suite 
 No. I, " The Falconer," op. 31 ; Festival March, 
 op. 32 (at the May Festival, 1891, under Seidl) ; 
 
 187 
 
FOGLIANI— KORD 
 
 Symphonic Ode to Byron, op. 35 ; Dedication 
 March (dedication of Carnegie Hall, Pittsburg) ; 
 Suite No. 2, op. 47 ; 2 arias f. sopr. and orch. 
 — Also " Love-song " (op. 23), and " Hero and 
 Leander," op. 44 ; 2 string-quartets (op. 33 and 
 43) ; and 2nd pf.-quartet, op. 40. 
 
 Foglia'ni, Ludovici, theorist ; b. Modena, 
 2ndhalf of 15th cent. ;d. there abt. 1540. Famous 
 for his book " Musica theorica . . ." (Venice, 
 1529), in which he preceded Zarlino in declaring 
 the correct proportion of the major third to be 
 4:5, and in distinguishing between the major 
 and minor (greater and lesser) semitones. In 
 Petrucci's " Frottole" (1504-8) are some speci- 
 mens of his compositions. 
 
 Foignet, Charles-Gabriel, b. Lyons, abt. 
 1750; d. Paris, 1823. He composed some 25 
 comic operas for minor theatres in Paris ; also 
 taught singing, the harpsichord, and theory, and 
 was for some years Dir. of the Th. des jeunes 
 Artistes. 
 
 Foignet, Francois, son of the preceding ; b. 
 Paris, abt. 1780 ; d. Strassburg, July 22, 1845. 
 Prod, a number of comic operas, pantomimes, 
 and melodramas after 1799; also sang in tenor 
 and baritone roles. 
 
 Foley [Signor Foli], Allan James, bass 
 singer ; b. Cahir, Tiperary, Ireland, in 1842. 
 Pupil of Bisaccia, Naples ; from 1862-4 he sang 
 in opera at Catania, Turin, Milan, and Paris. 
 Sang at H. M. Th. , London, in 1865 ; then for 
 several years there, and in Covent Garden and 
 Drury Lane ; also in America, Austria, Russia, 
 Australia (1892), South Africa (1893), and again 
 in London in 1896. His voice is powerful, and 
 of wide compass. He is likewise a favorite 
 singer in oratorio and concert. 
 
 Folville, [Eugenie-Emilie-] Juliette, born 
 Liege, Belgium, Jan. 5, 1870. Her father, a dis- 
 tinguished lawyer and excellent musician, taught 
 her from 1874 (pf., solfeggio), and was her sole 
 teacher f . pf. ; her first lessons on the violin were 
 from Malherbes in Liege, and later she studied 
 further with O. Musin and Cesar Thomson. In 
 1879 Mile. F. made her debut at Liege as a 
 concert-violinist, and in the following year be- 
 gan composing. She has had a very successful 
 and brilliant career as concert-pianist and violin- 
 ist, composer, teacher, and conductor, having 
 given many concerts in towns in the North of 
 France and in Belgium, etc., and frequently 
 directing her own orchestral works ; she passed 
 the summer season of 1888 in London. Every 
 year she conducts, at Liege Cons., a concert 
 of ancient music, and has also given interesting 
 clavecin - recitals ; in January, 1898, she was 
 app. prof, of pf. at Liege Cons. — Works (in 
 chronological order) : 2 Sonatas f. pf. ; 2 books of 
 songs (" Rappelle-toi" and " Berceuse") ; pf.-quar- 
 tet ; 3 orchestral suites (" Scenes champetres," 
 "Scenes de lamer," " Sctoes d'hiver"); asc^ne, 
 " Noce au village," f. soli,, ch., and orch.; Chant 
 de Noel " Graduale pastorali," f. ch. and orch. 
 
 (Liege Cath., 1887); vln.-concerto; "Berceuse"f. 
 vln. ; Suite poetique f. vln. ; Esquisse sympho- 
 nique f. orch.; Eva, dram, scene f. sopr. and ch. 
 w. pf. ; a 2-act opera Atala (Lille, 1892 ; Rouen, 
 1893; V. succ.) ; numerous pieces f. org.; pf,. 
 music. 
 
 Fontaine, Mortier de. See Mortier. 
 
 Fontaine, Hendrik, bass concert-singer ; b. 
 Antwerp, Apr. 5, 1857 ; pupil of the Cons., and 
 singing-teacher there since 1883; prominent in 
 Lucifer, and other of Benott's oratorios. 
 
 Fonta'na, Giovanni Battista, very early 
 comp. f. vln.; d. Brescia, 1630. Sonatas f. vln. 
 w. bass, sonatas f. 2 vlns. w. bassoon, and one 
 sonata f. 3 vlns. were publ. by Reghino in 1641. 
 
 Foote, Arthur William, b. Salem, Mass., 
 Mar. 5, 1853 ; pupil of B. J. Lang (pf.), s! A. 
 Emery, and J. K. 
 Paine (comp.) ; took 
 degree of A.M. at 
 Harvard (for music) 
 in 1875. Since 1878, 
 organist of the First 
 Unitarian church, 
 Boston. — Publ. 
 Works: (l) For orch.: 
 " In the Mountains," 
 overture ; " F ran- 
 cesca da Rimini," 
 symphonic prologue ; 
 Suite f. strings, in E 
 minor ; Concerto f. 
 'cello ; Suite f. orch. 
 — (2) For ch. and orch.: "Farewell of Hiawa- 
 tha" (male ch.) ; "The Wreck of the Hes- 
 perus " (mixed ch.) ; " The Skeleton in Armor." 
 — (3) Chamber-music ; Pf. -quintet in A min.; 
 pf.-quartet in C ; pf.-trio in C min.; sonata f. 
 pf. and vln. in G min. ; 2 string-quartets (G min. 
 and E) ; detached pes. f. vln. and 'cello w. pf. — 
 (4) About 30 pf.-pcs., the principal ones being 2 
 suites (D min. and C min.). — About 40 songs. 
 — Various miscellaneous comp.s, as vocal duets, 
 quartets f. male voices, do. f. female voices; 
 church-music ; etc. 
 
 Forberg, Robert, music-publ.r ; b. Lutzen, 
 May 18, 1833 ; d. Leipzig, Oct. 10, 1880, where 
 he was estab. since 1862. 
 
 Forch'hammer, Theodor, b. Schiers, Gray 
 Cantons, July 29, 1847. Pupil of Stuttgart 
 Cons.; 1885, org. at Magdeburg cath., succeed- 
 ing G. A. Ritter; 1888, "Royal Mus. Dir." 
 Publ. (w. Brosig) v " Fuhrer durch die Orgel- 
 litteratur "(1890) ; wrote an organ-concerto, and 
 other organ-pcs., pf. -music, etc. 
 
 Ford, Ernest A. C, b. London, Feb. 17, 
 1858. Pupil of Sullivan in R. A. M., and of 
 Lalo in Paris. Conductor at the Empire The- 
 atre, London. — Works : Daniel 0' Rourke, opera 
 (1884), Nydia, duologue (1889), Joan, opera 
 (1890), Mr. Jericho, operetta (l893),_/a«< Annie, 
 or The Good-Conduct Prize, comic opera (Lon- 
 don, Savoy Th., 1893 ; mod. succ.) ; a cantats 
 
 188 
 
FORD— FORSTER 
 
 f . female voices, The Eve of the Fesia ; motet, 
 " Domine Deus" (f. 250th anniv. of Harvard 
 Univ.); music f . several ballets; songs, duets, etc. 
 
 Ford, Thomas, composer ; born England, 
 abt. 1580; d. Nov., 1648. Musician to Prince 
 Henry (son of James I.), and to Charles I. at 
 his accession. Wrote " Musicke of sundrie 
 kindes . . ." (1607) ; songs in Leighton's 
 "Teares"; canons, etc., in Hilton's "Catch 
 that catch can"; and the famous madrigal, 
 ' ' Since first I saw your face. " 
 
 For'kel, Johann Nikolaus, b. Meeder, n. 
 Koburg, Feb. 22, 1749 1 ^- Gottingen, Mar. 17, 
 1818. Chorister at Lilneburg ; 1766, " Chor- 
 prafect " at Schwerin. He also became a skil- 
 ful org. and harpist. In 1769 he began the 
 study of law in Gottingen, supporting himself 
 by teaching music. To musical history, how- 
 ever, he soon devoted his chief attention ; he 
 was app. Univ. organist, and (1778) Univ. 
 Musical Director ; in 1780 he was made Dr. 
 phil. hon. causa. — Works : " Ueber die Theorie 
 der Musik, sofern sie Liebhabern und Ken- 
 nern derselben nothwendig und niitzlich 
 ist" (1774); " Musikalisch-kritische Biblio- 
 thek" (1778-9, 3 vol.s) ; " Ueber die beste Ein- 
 richtung offentlicher Concerte" (1779); " Ge- 
 nauere Bestimmung einiger musikalischer Be- 
 griffe" (1780); "Musikalischer Almanach fiir 
 Deutschland" (1782, 1783, 1784, and 1789); 
 "AUgemeine Geschichte der Musik" (1788 to 
 1801, 2 vol.s — only to about the year 1550 ; his 
 materials for later times went to the publisher 
 Schwickert) ; " AUgemeine Litteratur der Musik, 
 Oder Anleitung zur Kenntniss musikalischer 
 Bucher" (1792 ; important as the pioneer work 
 of its class); "Ueber Joh. Seb. Bachs Leben, 
 Kunst und Kunstwerke" (1803 ; English, 1820). 
 F.'s unique transcriptions, in modern notation, 
 of Graphaus' " Missae XIII." (1539), and of the 
 "Liber XV. missarum " of Petrejus (1538; 
 masses by Okeghera, Obrecht, Josquin, and 
 others), were engraved, and a proof pulled ; but 
 the French invaders melted down the plates for 
 cannon-balls. The proof-sheets, corrected by F. , 
 are in the Berlin Library. — Publ. comp.s : Pf.- 
 sonatas and variations ; songs (Gleim). — In 
 MS. : The oratorio Hiskias ; 2 cantatas, Die 
 Macht del Gesangs and Die Hirten an der 
 Krippe zu Bethlehem ; symphonies, trios, cho- 
 ruses, etc. [RiEMANN.] 
 
 FoKmes, Karl Joseph, bass opera-singer ; 
 b. Mulheim-on-Rhine, Aug. '7, 1816 ; d. San 
 Francisco, Dec. 15, 1889. Debut at Cologne, 
 1841, as Sarastro {Magic Flute); from 1843-8 
 he was eng. at Mannheim ; 1852-7 at the Royal 
 Ital. Opera, London ; in 1857 he made his first 
 American tournie, and since then has vibrated 
 between Europe and America. 
 
 For'mes, Theodor, tenor stage-singer, bro- 
 ther of foregoing; b. Miihlheim, June 24, 1826 ; 
 d. Endenich, near Bonn, Oct. 15, 1874. Debut 
 atOfen, 1846 ; eng. at Vienna, Mannheim (1848), 
 and Berlin court opera (1851-66), Made a tour 
 
 in America with his brother. Lost his voice tem- 
 porarily ; after a brilliant reappearance, he be- 
 came insane, and died in an asylum. 
 Form'schneider. See GraphAus. 
 
 Forna'ri, Vincenzo, cond. and dram. comp. ; 
 b. Naples, May 11, 1848 ; pupil of Luigi Sira 
 (pf.) and Battista (comp.). — Operas : Maria di 
 Torre (Naples, 1872) ; Salammbb; Ziima (Naples, 
 1881) ; and the successful l-act opera-seria Un 
 dramma in vendemmia (Florence, 1896). 
 
 For'ner, Christian, b. Wettin, 1610 ; d. 
 there 1678. Organ-builder ; his organs at Halle 
 (Ulrichskirche) and Weissenfels (Augustusburg) 
 are still in use. About 1675 he invented the 
 " windgauge." 
 
 For'ster, Georg (I.), b. Amberg (date ?) ; d. 
 Nuremberg, Nov. 12, 1568. Matriculated at 
 Wittenberg in 1534; was medical practitioner 
 in Amberg, Wurzburg, Heidelberg, and Nu- 
 remberg (1544). Edited several valuable col- 
 lections of folk-songs •(Nuremberg, 1539-1556), 
 which he harmonized in 5 parts. 
 
 For'ster, Georg (II.), b. (?) ; d. Dresden, 
 Oct. 16, 1587. Cantor in Zwickau, 1556 ; in 
 Annaberg, 1564 ; double-bass player in Dresden, 
 1568; assL-JCapellm., 1581 ; first Kape Urn., 1585, 
 succeeding Pinelli. 
 
 For'ster, Nikolaus (called Fortius), con- 
 trapuntist at the court of Joachim I. of Bran- 
 denburg (1499-1535). One i6-part mass is 
 known by name. 
 
 For'ster (or Forster), Kaspar, b. Danzig, 
 1617 ; d. at the Olivan monastery, near D., in 
 March, 1673. He was a celebrated comp. and 
 theorist ; for years cond. at Copenhagen, and 
 sojourned for a time in Venice. No works of his 
 are extant. 
 
 For'ster, William (Sr.), violin-maker ; b. 
 Brampton, Cumberland, May 4, 1739 ; d. Lon- 
 don, 1S08. He went to London in 1759, and 
 estab. himself there as a publ.r and violin-maker 
 in 1781. He copied Stainer and Amati ; his 
 'cellos and double-basses are very rare and valu- 
 able. 
 
 For'ster, William (Jr.), son and successor 
 of foregoing ; b. London, Jan. 7, 1764 ; d. 
 there July 24, 1824. Some of his violins are 
 very fine. 
 
 For'ster, Adolph M. See Foerster. 
 
 For'ster, Christoph, organist ; b. Bebra, 
 Thuringia, Nov. 30, 1693 ; d. Rudolstadt, Dec. 
 6, 1745. Ducal Kapellm. at Merseburg ; in 
 1745 Kapellm. at Rudolstadt. — Works over 300 
 in number (cantatas, symphonies, overtures, or- 
 gan-music, pf.-pcs.). 
 
 For'ster, Emanuel AlOys, born Neurath, 
 Austrian Silesia, Jan. 26, 1748 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 
 12, 1823. A self-taught composer and excel- 
 lent teacher of theory, from 1776, in Vienna. — 
 Works : " Huldigungscantate," a Notturno con- 
 certante f. strings and wind, 48 quintets and 
 quartets f. strings, pf.-quartets, a pf.-sextet, 
 
 189 
 
FORSTER— FOURNIER 
 
 variations and sonatas f . pf . ; wrote ' ' Anleitung 
 zum Generalbass" (1802, '05, '24). 
 
 For'ster, Alban, violinist ; b. Reichenbach, 
 Saxony, Oct. 23, 1849 ; a pupil there of R. 
 Blume, laterof Dresden Cons. Leader of orch.s 
 at Karlsbad, Breslau, Stettin ; in 1871, court 
 musician at Neustrelitz, also conducting the 
 Singakademie ; 1881, teacher in Dresden Cons. , 
 and cond. of the Liedertafel ; since 1882, court 
 Kapellm. at Neustrelitz. — Works : Operetta Das 
 Flustern (Neustrelitz, 1875) ; 3-act comic opera 
 Die Madchen von Schilda (ib., 1887) ; opera 
 'j Lorle (Dresden, 1891) ; romantic-comic bal- 
 let-pantomime Trdiimerei in der Waldmiihle 
 (Zwickau, 1896) ; besides orchestral and cham- 
 ber-music (string-trios and quartets), violin- 
 music, instructive pf.-pcs., and songs. 
 
 For'ster, Joseph, b. Osojnitz, Bohemia, 
 Feb. 22, 1833. Pupil (1850-2) of the Prague 
 School of Organists ; organist in several churches, 
 since 1887 at the cathedral, Prague. Also prof, 
 of theory in Prague Cons." The promotion of a 
 cappella polyphonic music is his specialty. — 
 Works : Masses and requiems, organ-pcs. and a 
 treatise on harmony, 
 
 Forsyth' Brothers, music-publ.rs at London 
 and Manchester. 
 
 Fort'lage, Karl, b. Osnabruck, June 12, 
 1806 ; d. Jena, Nov. 8, 1881. Since 1846, prof, 
 of philos. at Jena. — Publ. "Das musikalische 
 System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt " (Leip- 
 zig, 1847), a standard work on ancient theory. 
 
 Fortsch, Johann Philipp, born Wertheim, 
 Franconia, May 14, 1652 ; d. Eutin, Dec. 14, 
 1732. A physician by profession, he adopted 
 music, sang in Hamburg, and (1680) succeeded 
 Theile at Gottorp as Kapellm. to the Duke of 
 Schleswig ; afterwards returning to the practice 
 of medicine. — Works : 12 operas, several clavi- 
 chord-concertos, etc. — Fr. Zelle, in the 3rd sup- 
 plement to the " Zur Geschichte der deutschen 
 Oper," has written a sketch of F.'s life and 
 works. 
 
 Foster, Myles Birket, organist and comp. ; 
 b. London, Nov. 29, 1851. From 1871, pupil 
 of Hamilton Clarke ; 
 later of .Sullivan, 
 Prout, and Westlake 
 at R. A. M. Org. 
 at Haweis' church, 
 1873 -1874; at the 
 Foundling Hospital, 
 1S80-92. Now mus. 
 editor for Messrs. 
 Boosey. — Works: 
 Evening Services in 
 C (male ch.) and A; 
 Communion Service 
 in li [7 ; A n t he m s , 
 etc. Children's can- 
 tatas Cinderella^ 
 Lampblack^ Beauty 
 and the Beast, The 
 Angels of the Bells, Bonnie Fishwife, Snow 
 
 Fairies, Coming of the King) ; numerous songs. 
 Also, in MS., a symphony in F jj min., " Isle of 
 Arran"; overtures; a string-quartet; a pf.. 
 trio ; etc. 
 
 Foster, Stephen Collins, b. Lawrenceville 
 (Pittsburg), Pa., July 4, 1826; d. New York, 
 Jan. 13, 1864. In music he was chiefly self- 
 taught, and studied assiduously ; at 7 he learned 
 to play the flageolet; in 1840 his first comp., 
 a waltz for 4 flutes, was performed, and in 1842 
 his first (publ.) song, " Open thy lattice, love," 
 was written. From 1845-6 he wrote "The 
 Louisiana Belle," "Old Uncle Ned," and "0 
 Susanna"; these were followed by "My old 
 Kentucky home," "Old dog Tray," " Massa's 
 in the cold, cold ground," "Gentle Annie," 
 "Willie, we have missed you," "I would not 
 die in spring-time," " Come where my love lies 
 dreaming," " Old black Joe," " Ellen Boyne," 
 (to the melody of which the words of "John 
 Brown's body" were afterwards set), "The 
 old folks at home'' (or "Down on the 
 Suwanee River"), "Nellie was a lady," "0, 
 boys, carry me 'long," "Nelly Bly," "Nancy 
 Till," "Laura Lee," "Maggie by my side," 
 " Beautiful dreamer" (1864, his last) ; etc. Fos- 
 ter generally wrote both words and music of his 
 songs, of which over 160 were published. Scores 
 of these are known in every American household, 
 and have become genuine folk-songs. Foster's 
 simple, but not trivial, melody touched the popu- 
 lar heart ; he occupies a unique position among 
 American composers. 
 
 Fouque, Pierre-Octave, b. Pau, Basses- 
 Pyrenees, Nov. 12, 1844 ; d. Apr. 21/22 (Sept. 
 23?) 1883. Pupil at Paris of Reinhold Becker 
 (harm.) and Chauvet (cpt.); from i86g, of Ambr. 
 Thomas at the Cons. — Works : Operettas, pf.- 
 pcs., songs and part-songs. Wrote " On Music 
 in England before Handel"; "J. F. Lesueur, 
 the Predecessor of Berlioz "; a biogr. of " M. J. 
 Glinka," and " Histoire du Theitre Ventadour." 
 He was librarian of the Cons., music critic for 
 the " Republique Franfaise," and contrib. to 
 " Le Menestrel" and the "Revue et Gazette 
 musicale." 
 
 Fournier, Pierre-Simon, cutter and founder 
 of music-type ; b. Paris,'Sept. 15, 1712 ; d. there 
 Oct. 8, 1768. Instead of the lozenge-shaped 
 types in the style of Hautin's (1525), F. intro- 
 duced round-headed notes, described in his "Es- 
 sai d'un nouveau caractere de fonte . . ." (1756); 
 he also publ. a " Traite historique et critique sur 
 I'origine et les progres des earact^res de fonte 
 pour I'impression de la musique . . ." (Paris, 
 1765). 
 
 Fournier, Emile-Eugene-Alix, b. Paris, 
 Oct. II, 1864; d. Joinville-le-Pont, Sept. 12, 
 1897. Pupil of Delibes and Dubois at P. Cons.; 
 took 2nd Gr. prix de Rome in 1891, and the 
 Prix Cressent in 1892 for the i-act opera Sira- 
 tonice (Gr. Opera, Paris, 1892). Since then he 
 had publ. a number of songs, and had finished 
 a 3-act opera Carloman (not prod.). 
 
 I go 
 
FOX— FRANCK 
 
 Fox, George, Engl, composer and dram, 
 baritone; b. 1854 (?); has sung with various 
 opera-troupes in London and the provinces, and 
 composed several popular operettas (Robert Ma- 
 caire, 1887; The Corsicaii Brothers, 1888; and 
 Nydia, 1 892 — all at the Crystal Palace), and can- 
 tatas {The Jackdaw of Rheinis, The Babes in 
 the Wood, The Fair Imogene, Lord Lovel, Wini- 
 fred Price, Gnbriel Grub, John Gilpin, Hamil- 
 ton Tighe, The Messenger-dove), and songs. 
 
 Fra'del, Charles [Karl], composer and pian- 
 ist ; b. Vienna, 1821, lived for years as a music- 
 teacher in New York ; also in London. He corap. 
 pf.-pcs. and songs. 
 
 Frances'co cie'co [cha'ko], ordegli organ!. 
 See Landing, Francesco. 
 
 Franchet'tj, Alberto (Baron), b. Turin, Sept. 
 18, i860 ; studied w. Nicol6 Coccon and Fortu- 
 nate Magi; then in Dresden under F. Draeseke, 
 and at the Munich Cons. — Works : 4-act opera 
 ("dram. Xegendi") Asraele C^rescia., 1888; also 
 in La Scala, Milan; v. succ); opera Cristoforo 
 Colombo (Genoa, Oct., 1892; succ); 3-act opera 
 seria Mor d'Alpe (Milan, La Scala, 1894 ; mod. 
 succ.)j 3-act opera // Signor di Pourceaugnac 
 (Milan, La Scala, 1897 ; mod. succ.) ; also a sym- 
 phony in E minor. 
 
 Franchi'nus. See Gafori. 
 
 Franchi-Verney, Giuseppe Ippolito, Conte 
 della Valetta; b. Turin, Feb. 17, 1848. In 1874 
 he gave up his career as a lawyer for music. In 
 1875 he founded, with others, a Quartet Society 
 (Societa della Quartetta) ; in 1876 he estab. the 
 "Accademia di Canto corale." From 1875-7, 
 under the pen-name of Ippolito Valetta, he wrote 
 for the " Gazzetta del Popolo"; later for " II 
 Risorgimento " and other papers. Among his 
 comp.s are a " lyric sketch," // Valdese (Turin, 
 1885), which was well received, and a ballet, // 
 Mulatto (Naples, i8g6 ; furore). Wrote a sym- 
 pathetic sketch on " Donizetti " (Rome, 1897, 
 pp. 15). He is a disciple of Wagner. In 1893 (?) 
 he married Teresina Tua. 
 
 Franchomme, Auguste, eminent 'cellist ; b. 
 Lille, Apr. 10, 1808; d. Paris, Jan. 21, 1884, A 
 pupil of Levasseur and Norblin in Paris Cons, 
 from 1825, taking first prize for 'cello-playing in 
 1826. Played in the Opera orch. (1827), and in 
 the Theatre Italien from 1828. He was intimate 
 with Chopin ; established soiries i. chamber-mu- 
 sic with Halle and D. Alard ; and in 1846 became 
 'cello-teacher in the Cons. — Works : A concerto, 
 variations, caprices, fantasias, nocturnes, ro- 
 mances, adagios, studies, etc., f. 'cello. 
 
 Franck, Melchior, b. Zittau, abt. 1580; d. 
 Koburg, June l, 1639, as court Kapellm. (since 
 1603). Prolific composer. — Publ. works: " Me- 
 lodiae sacrae" (a 4-12, 1600-7; 3 parts); " Mu- 
 sicalische Bergreyen " (1602); " Contrapuncti 
 compositi " (1602); " Teutsche Psalmen und 
 Kirchengesange " (1602); " Newe Paduanen, 
 Galliarden, etc." (1603); " Opusculum etlicher 
 newer und alter Renter Liedlein " (1603); 
 
 " Newes Quodlibet " (1604) ; "Farrago 6 voc." 
 (1604); "Teutsche [secular] Gesange und 
 Tantze " (1605); " Geistliche Gesange und Melo- 
 dien" (1608); " Newes Echo "(1608); " Cantica 
 gratulatoria," with other occasional pieces (1608— 
 9) ; " Neuemusicalische Intraden " (1608) ; ' ' Flores 
 musicales" (1610); Musicalische FrOhlichkeit" 
 (1610); " Tricinia nova " (1611); " Vincula na- 
 talitia" (1611) ; " Sechs teutsche Concerte von 
 achtStimmen" (1611); " Suspiriamusica"(i6i2); 
 " Opusculum etlicher geistlicher Gesange " 
 (1612); " Viridarium musicum " (a 6-10, 1613); 
 " Recreationes musicae " (1614); " Zween Grab- 
 gesange" (1614); " Zwey newe Hochzeitsge- 
 sange" (1614) ; " Threnodiae Davidicae " (1615); 
 ' ' Die trostreichen Worte aus dem 54. Capitel 
 Esaia" (37-15, 1615); " Deliciae amoris"(l6l5); 
 " Fasciculus quodlibeticus " (1615) ; "Geistlicher 
 musicalischer Lustgarten " (o 4-9, 1616); " Li- 
 lia musicalia " (1616); "Teutsches musicalisches 
 frohliches Convivium " (1621); " Laudes dei ves- 
 pertinae " (1622); " Newe teutsche Magnificat" 
 \a 2-8, 1622 ; 4 parts) ; " Gemmulae evangeliorum 
 musicae" (1623 and 1624; 2 parts); "Newes 
 liebliches musicalisches Lustgartlein" (a 5-8, 
 1623 ); "40 Teutsche lustige musicalische Tantze" 
 (1624); "Newes musicalisches Opusculum" 
 (1624); " Sacri convivii musica sacra " (1628) ; 
 " Rosetulum musicum" (1628); " Cithara eccle- 
 siastica et scholastica" (no date); " Psalmodia 
 sacra " (1631); " Dulces mundani exilii deliciae" 
 (1631) ; "Der5i. PsalmfUrvierStimmen"(l634); 
 " Paradisus musicus" (1636); "2neweEpice- 
 dia"(l63g). Vol. xvii. oi t\i& Monatshefte fiir 
 Musik-Geschichte contains a careful description 
 of his printed works, also of MSS. preserved in 
 public libraries. Aloys Obrist publ. a disserta- 
 tion on " Melchior Franck" in 1892. 
 
 Franck, Johann Wolfgang, b. Hamburg, 
 1641 ; d. in Spain, 1688 (or later). He was a 
 physician and opera-conductor at Hamburg ; 
 and produced 14 operas there (1679-86). He 
 publ. sonatas f. 2 vlns. and bass ; also " Geist- 
 liche Melodien"(l68i, 1685, 1700; republ. 1857 
 by D. H. Engel, with new words by Oster- 
 wald). 
 
 Franck, C6sar-Auguste, b. Liege, Dec. 10, 
 1822 ; d. Paris, Nov 8, 1890 Pupil of Liege 
 Cons, until 1837 ; 
 then, at the Paris 
 Conserv. , of Zim- 
 merman (pf.), Le- 
 borne (cpt.), and 
 B e n o i s t (org.), 
 succeeding the 
 
 las t-named , in 'ninr~rsis jJ^.jiiaBEBMKEi.^L' 
 
 1872, as prof, of '//.™^™S^^#^I^HH^^ 
 
 org. at the Cons., 
 
 and org. at Sainte- 
 
 Clotilde. In the 
 
 Cons, he took ist 
 
 prize f. pf. (1838) |«\ /Jl^m-^y 
 
 and 2nd prize f. 
 
 comp. (1839). — Works; The 4-act comic opera 
 
 191 
 
FRANCK— FRANZ 
 
 Hulda (Monte Carlo, 1S94 ; succ.) ; unfinished 
 4-act lyric drama Ghiselle (Monte Carlo, l8g6) ; 
 the oratorios Ruth et Boaz and La Redemption 
 (1871) ; a symph. poem w. chorus, Les beatitudes 
 (his finest work) ; a symph. poem Le chasseur 
 maudit ; a symph. p. f. pf. and orch., Les 
 Djinns ; a symphony in D min.; a sonata f. pf. 
 and vln.; pf.-pcs., chamber-music, songs, etc. — 
 Biographical; " QEuvre lyrique de C. F.," by 
 Destranges ; " C. F., Etude sur sa vie, son en- 
 seignement, ses oeuvres," by Gustave Derepas 
 (Paris, 1897, pp. 60). 
 
 Franck, Joseph, brother of Cesar-Auguste ; 
 b. Liege, abt. 1820 ; organist and teacher in 
 Paris ; has publ. cantatas, masses, motets, an 
 Ode to St. Cecilia (w. orch.), pf. -concertos, 
 studies f. pf., songs, etc.; also a " Manuel de la 
 transposition et de I'accompagnement du plain- 
 chant"; " Traite d'harmonie"; " L'art d'ac- 
 compagner le plain-chant," and a " Nouvelle 
 methode de piano facile." 
 
 Franck, Eduard, b. Breslau, Oct. 5, 1817 ; 
 d. Berlin, Dec. I, 1893. Was taught at Bres- 
 lau ; became teacher of pf. at the Cologne 
 Cons.; 1859, at the Bern School of Music, 
 where he was also Musical Director (the degree 
 of Dr. phil. was conferred on him by the Bern 
 Univ.) ; 1867-78, at the Stern Cons., Berlin ; 
 since then at Breslaur's Seminary for Piano- 
 teachers, Berlin. — Works : A symphony (op. 
 47) ; pf.-quintet (op. 45) ; a sextet (op. 41) ; a 
 pf. -concerto (op. 13) ; 2 pf. -trios ; a 'cello-sonata 
 w. pf. (op. 42) ; Duo f. 2 pfs. (op. 46) ; nine pf.- 
 sonatas ; etc. 
 
 Fran'cke, August Hermann, founder, in 
 1865, of a piano-factory at Leipzig. 
 
 Franco. It is probable that there were two 
 musicians named Franco . F. of Paris (F. the 
 Elder), mattre de chapelle at Notre-Dame, Paris, 
 abt. iioo (?) A.D.; and the more celebrated F. 
 of Cologne, b. Dortmund, prior of the Bene- 
 dictine Abbey at Cologne in 1 190, author of 2 
 treatises on music, " Musica et cantus mensura- 
 bilis," " Compendium de discantu," both printed 
 in Gerbert, " Scriptores." Both Francos, in the 
 notation of their compositions, were innovators 
 and progressives. 
 
 Francoeur, Francois, viohnist ; born Paris,. 
 Sept. 28, 1698 ; d. there Aug. 6, 1787. Entered 
 the Opera orch. in 1710 ; he became, success- 
 ively, chamber-musician to the King, one of the 
 " 24 violons du roi" (1730), chamber-composer 
 (1732), opera-inspector (conjointly with Franfois 
 Rebel, his inseparable friend), director of the 
 Opera (1751), and superintendent of the King's 
 music (1760). — Works : 2 books of violin-so- 
 natas ; with Rebel, he produced 10 operas. 
 
 Francoeur, Louis-Joseph, violinist, nephew 
 of Fran9ois ; b. Paris, Oct. 8, 1738 ; d. there 
 Mar. 10, 1804. Member of the Opera orch.; 
 1764 asst., 1767 first cond.; later director of 
 the Opera for a short time. — Works : Ismhne et 
 Lindor^ i-act opera (Opera, 1766) ; other operas 
 
 in MS. Also publ. " Diapason general de tons 
 les instr.s a vent . . ."(1772). 
 
 Frank, Ernst, b. Munich, Feb. 7, 1847 ; d. 
 insane at Oberdobling, n. Vienna, Aug. 17^ 
 1889. Pupil of Mortier de Fontaine (pf.) and 
 Fr. Lachner (comp.) ; he became court org. in 
 Munich, and cond. of rehearsals at the opera; 
 in 1868, Kapellm. at Wurzburg ; 1869, choms- 
 master at the court opera, Vienna, where he also 
 cond. the Singakademie and the Akademischer 
 Gesangverein. From 1872-7 he was court 
 Kapellm. at Mannheim ; here he brought out 
 (for the first time) G5tz's Der Widerspenstigen 
 Zdhmung (1874) ^nd Francesca da Rimini 
 iX&TJ ; completed by Frank himself). In 1877, 
 Otto Devrient, the new intendant of the Frank- 
 fort Th., had F. app. Kapellm. there ; on D.'s 
 dismissal in 1879 he resigned, but that same 
 year was called to Hanover to succeed v. BUlow 
 as o^exa.-Kapellm., as which he acted till 1887.— 
 Works : 3 operas, Adam de la Halle (Karlsruhe, 
 1880), Hero (Berlin, 1884), and Der Sturm (Han- 
 over, 1887; in 3 acts, after Shakespeare's " Tem- 
 pest ") ; has also publ. many delightful songs. 
 
 Fran'kenberger, Heinrich, born Wiimbach, 
 Schwarzburg-Sondei'shausen, Aug. 20, 1824; d. 
 Sondershausen, Nov. 22, 1885. Dramatic 
 comp., pupil of Plaidy, Becker, and Haupt- 
 mann in Leipzig Cons. In 1847, violinist in 
 the court orch., Sondershausen ; later, asst.- 
 Kapellm. — 3 operas, Die Hochzeit zu Venedig 
 (1847), Vineta (1851), and Der Giinstling (1863), 
 all at Sondershausen ; also pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 — Wrote " Anleitung zur Instrumentirung," a 
 " Harmonielehre," an " Orgelschule," and a 
 " Choralbuch." 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 
 17, 1706 ; d. Philadelphia, Apr. 17, 1790. He 
 invented the Harmonica (' ' musical glasses "), 
 and wrote entertainingly on Scotch music, on 
 the defects of [then] modern music, and other 
 topics. 
 
 Franko. See Franco. 
 
 Franz, Robert, song-composer ; b. Halle, 
 June 28, 1815 ; d. there Oct. 24, 1892. (His 
 family-name, Kntuth, was changed by royal 
 permission in 1847.) 
 His parents, after 
 fruitless endeavors 
 to make him aban- 
 don the study of 
 music, permitted 
 him to finish his 
 musical education 
 at Dessau, 1835-7, 
 under Fr. Schnei- 
 der. Returning to 
 Halle, and unable 
 to find a suitable 
 position, or even a 
 publisher for his 
 compositions, he 
 devo'ted six years to diligent study of Bacn, 
 
 192 
 
FRANZ— FRESCOBALDI 
 
 Handel, Beethoven, Schubert, etc. At length, 
 in 1843, his first set of 12 songs appeared, 
 warmly praised by Schumann, Liszt, Mendels- 
 sohn, and others ; he soon received the appoint- 
 ment of organist at the Ulrichskirche, and later 
 became cond. of the Singakademie , and musical 
 director at Halle Univ. , which conferred on him 
 the title of Mtis. Doc. in 1861. In 1868, deaf- 
 ness, and a complication of nervous disorders, 
 forced him to give up all his positions ; the 
 meagre income from his compositions was sup- 
 plemented by the generosity of his fellow-artists 
 in Germany (Frau Helene Magnus, Joachim, 
 Liszt, ei al.) and America (Otto Dresel, S. B. 
 Schlesinger, B. J. Lang), who gave a series of 
 concerts for his benefit, in 1872, realizing some 
 $25,000. — Franz is known as a song-composer 
 ^ar excellence, and published 257 songs remark- 
 able for the perfect fitness and exquisite finish 
 of the musical setting, and rivalling Schubert's 
 in beauty of melody, and Schumann's in romantic 
 expression. (His wife Marie, nie Hinrichs 
 [1828-91], also publ. several attractive songs.) 
 Other works: The 117th Psalm for 8-part 
 (double) ch. u, cappella ; a Kyrie f . 4-p. ch. a 
 capp. and soli ; a Liturgy for the Evang. service ; 
 6 chorals, 6 part-songs f. mixed ch., and 6 do. f. 
 male ch. — His revised arrangements of many 
 works by Bach and Handel (by Bach : St. Mat- 
 thew Passion, Funeral Ode, Magnificat, 10 
 cantatas, Christmas Oratorio, arias, duets, etc. ; 
 by HAndel : The Messiah, Jubilate in D, 
 "L' Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderate," and 
 many arias, etc.) are classical.- — Biographical 
 essays on Franz, by Ambros, Liszt, A. Saran, 
 J. Schafler, H. M. Schuster, and Dr. W. Wald- 
 mann (" Gesprache aus zehn Jahren," Leipzig, 
 1895), have appeared. 
 
 Franz, J. H.,is the pen-name of Count BoLKO 
 VON HOCHBEEG. 
 
 Franzl, Ignaz, violinist ; b. Mannheim, June 
 3, 1734 ; d. there 1803. In 1750 he joined the 
 Mannheim court orch., of which he became 
 leader and, in due course, Kapellmeister, accom- 
 panying the orch. on its removal to Munich in 
 1768. From 1784 he made several artistic tours 
 with his son ; 1790, director of Mannheim thea- 
 tre-orch. — Publ. violin-concertos, quartets, trios, 
 etc. 
 
 Franzl, Ferdinand, violinist, son and pupil 
 of Ignaz ; b. Schwetzingen, Palatinate, May 24, 
 1770; d. Mannheim, Nov., 1833. Entered the 
 Mannheim court orch. in 1782 ; from 1784 made 
 long tours with his father, and took further les- 
 sons of Pleyel and Richter (Strassburg), and 
 Padre Mattel (Bologna) ; in 1806 he succeeded 
 Cannabich as court Kapellm. at Munich, retiring 
 on a pension in 1827. — Works : 6 operas, none of 
 which is specially noteworthy ; much excellent 
 violin-music (8 concertos, a double-concerto f. 2 
 vlns., 4 concertinos) ; symphonies, overtures, g 
 string-quartets, 6 string-trios ; songs, etc. 
 
 Frederick II. (the Great), of Prussia ; b. 
 Berlin, Jan. 24, 1712 ; d. Potsdam (Sans Souci), 
 
 Aug. 17, 1786. He was a. flute-player of con- 
 siderable skill, and an amateur composer [an 
 opera, II re pastore ; overture to Acis and Gala- 
 ihea; soli f. flute ; arias, and marches {v. Selec- 
 ted Comp.s, publ. by Br. und H.]. K. F. 
 MuUer publ. " Friedrich der Grosse als Kenner 
 und Dilettant auf dem Gebiete d. Tonkunst" 
 (Potsdam, 1847) ; W. Kothe also publ. a " mu- 
 sical biography " of the monarch. (Also see C. 
 Pi-i. E. Bach, Quantz, and Graun.) 
 
 Fr^derix, Gustave, b. Liege, 1834 ; d. Brus- 
 sels, Aug. (?), 1894. Celebrated critical writer, 
 dramatic, musical, literary. Wrote for the 
 " Independance beige " since 1859 ; elected corr. 
 member of R. Belg. Acad, in 1885 ; full mem- 
 ber, 1889. 
 
 Frei'besrg, Otto, b. Naumburg, Apr. 26, 
 1846; St. 1860-3 ^t Leipzig Cons.; from 1865, 
 violinist in the court orch. at Karlsruhe. After 
 further study with Vincenz Lachner, he was app. 
 musical director at Marburg Univ.; in 1887, 
 mus. dir. and asst.-prof. of music at Gbttingen. 
 
 Frene, Eugfene-Henri, b. Strassburg, i860 
 (?) ; d. Paris, Dec. 7, 1896. Pupil of P. Cons.; 
 he conducted for a time the Alsatian Choral 
 Society of Paris ; also the theatre-orch. at 
 Ostend. — Opera ^«a»(/o» az'mt' (Paris, 1878 [?] ; 
 succ). ■ 
 
 Fres'chi, Giovanni Domenico, b. Vicenza, 
 1640 ; d. there 1690, as m. di capp, at the cathe- 
 dral. He produced 11 operas during a long 
 sojourn in Venice (1677-85) ; an oratorio, Giu- 
 diita ; masses a 5-6, and psalms a 2-6. 
 
 Frescobal'di, Girolarao, famous organist 
 and comp.; b. Ferrara, 1583 (baptized Sept. 9); 
 buried at Rome, 
 Mar. 2, 1644. After 
 studying under Luz- 
 zasco Luzzaschi at 
 Ferrara, he travelled 
 to Flanders ; was 
 probably organist at 
 Mechlin in 1607, and 
 publ. his first work, 
 a collection of 5-p. 
 madrigals, at Ant- 
 werp, 1608 (printed 
 by Phalese). About 
 1610 (1614?), he was 
 app. org. of St. 
 Peter's, at Rome, 
 succeeding Ercole Pasquini ; his fame was al- 
 ready such, that 30,000 people are said to have 
 attended his first performance. He held this 
 post until death, leaving Rome only once, from 
 1628-33, during which period he was court-org. 
 at Florence, and was represented in Rome by a 
 deputy. From 1637-41, Froberger, the Vien- 
 nese court-org., sojourned in Rome as a pupil 
 of Frescobaldi, the greatest organist of the first 
 half of the 17th century. As a composer, too, 
 F. occupies a very prominent place ; unrivalled 
 as a player, he introduced daring innovations in 
 
 13 
 
 193 
 
FREUDENBERG— FRIMMEL 
 
 harmony (foreshadowing our modern key-sys- 
 tem), new developments in fugal form, and im- 
 provements in notation. — Publ. works: " Fan- 
 tasie (J 2, 3 e 4 " (Milan, 160S, Book I) ; 
 " Ricercari et canzoni f rancesi " (Rome, 1615) ; 
 " Toccate e partite d'intavolatura di cembalo" 
 (Rome, 1615) ; " II 2° libro di toccate, canzoni, 
 versi d'inni, magnificat, gagliarde, correnti ed 
 altre partite d'iiitav. di cembalo ed organo " 
 (Rome, 1616 ; copies of different size — 58-94 pp. 
 — were struck off and sold during engraving) ; 
 " Capricci sopra diversi soggetti " (Rome, 1624 ; 
 republ. in Venice, 1628, with the "Ricercari" 
 of 161 5) ; 2 books of " Canzoni a 1-4 voci per 
 sonare e per cantare con ogni sorte d'istrumenti " 
 (Rome, 1620, 1637); " Arie musicali a piii voci " 
 (Florence, 1630); " Fiori musicali di toccate, 
 ICyrie, canzoni, capricci et ricercari in partitura 
 per sonatoricon basso per organo " (Rome, 1635, 
 containing several numbers previously publ. in 
 1628) ; a 4th vol. of the " Canzoni alia francese " 
 was publ. at Venice, 1645, from MSS. left by 
 Fr. (vol.s ii and iii are lost); other comp.s are 
 found in collections from 1618-25. A " Lamen- 
 tazione," and an " In te, Domine, speravi" for 
 double choir, are in MS. — Haberl has publ. a 
 selection of F.'s organ-pieces, prefaced by a 
 biogr. sketch. 
 
 Freu'denberg, Wilhelra, opera-composer ; 
 b. Raubacher Hiitte, n. Neuwied, Prussia, Mar. 
 II, 1838. He St. in Leipzig 1858-61; held vari- 
 ous positions as theatre Kapellm., and went to 
 Wiesbaden, 1865, as cond. of the Ceciha Sing- 
 ing-Society and the Synagogenverein. Here, ^ in 
 1870, he founded a Cons., and cond. the Singa- 
 kademie till 1886, when he establ. ,with Karl 
 Mengewein, a school for music at Berlin ; but 
 soon after went as opera-conductor to Augsburg 
 and (1889) Ratisbon.' — Operas: Die Pfahlbauer 
 (Mayence, 1877 ; burlesque) ; Die Nebenbuhler 
 (Wiesbaden, 1879 ; romantic) ; /Cleopatra {Mag- 
 deburg, 1882); Die Milhkim Wisperthale{)Aa.g- 
 deburg, 1883 ; comic) ; Der St. Katharinentag 
 (Augsburg, 1889; rom. -comic, 3 acts); Marino 
 Faliero (Ratisbon, 1889) ; Die Johannisnacht 
 (Vienna, 1896). — Also a symph. poem, " Ein 
 Tag in Sorrento"; incid. mus. to Romeo and 
 Juliet; overture " Durch Dunkel zum Licht"; 
 pf.-pcs. ; songs. 
 
 Frey [fri], M., court Kapellm. at Mannheim ; 
 d. Aug. 10, 1832 ; a skilful violinist, and publ. 
 some vln.-pcs. His opera, Jery und Bdtely, 
 was prod, at Mannheim abt. 1810. 
 
 Frey'statter [fri-], Wilhelm, b. 1836; d. 
 Munich, Jan. 23, 1892. Musical writer and critic 
 of distinction. 
 
 Fri'berth, Karl, b. WuUersdorf, Lower Aus- 
 tria, June 7, 1736 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 6, 1816. 
 Pupil of Bono and Gassmann, Vienna. Tenor 
 singer 1759-76 in the choir of Prince Esterhazy 
 at Eisenstadt ; then Kapellm. of the Jesuits' and 
 Minorites' churches at Vienna. — Works : 9 
 masses, a requiem, a Stabat Mater, graduals, 
 offertories, and 5 motets. 
 
 Frick (or Frike), Philipp Joseph, born n. 
 Wiirzburg, May 27, 1740 ; d. London, June 15 
 1798. Organist to the Margrave of Baden ; a 
 remarkable pianist and travelling performer on 
 Franklin's harmonica, he settled 1780 in London 
 where his concerts were very successful. — Pubi. 
 several mediocre theoretical works ; also pf.- 
 pcs. 
 
 Fricke, August Gottfried Ludwig, bass 
 opera-singer ; b. Brunswick, Mar. 24, 1829 ; d. 
 Berlin, June 27, 1894. Pupil of Meinhardt, 
 Brunswick, where his debut as Sarastro {Magic 
 Flute) took place in 185 1 ; sang at Bremen, 
 Konigsberg, Stettin, and (1856-86) first bass 
 roles at the Berlin court opera, succeeding 
 Zschiesche. 
 
 Frick'enhaus, Fanny {n^e Evans), pianist ; 
 b. Cheltenham, Eng. , June 7, 1849. Pupil of 
 G. Mount ; later of Aug. Dupont (Brussels 
 Cons.) and Wm. Bohrer. Since 1879, succ. 
 concert-player in London, etc.; in 1880 she 
 played Gotz's pf. -concerto for the first time in 
 London. Since 1884, she has given chamber- 
 concerts at Prince's Hall, with Jos. Ludwig. 
 
 Fried'heim, Arthur, b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 
 26, 1859. tupil of Rubinstein for one year, and 
 of Liszt for 8 years. A virtuoso of high rank, 
 especially as an interpreter of Liszt ; and a gifted 
 conductor. He made an American tour in 
 1894-5. Comp. concerto f. pf. and orch. (op, 
 I, B |7 maj.). 
 
 Fried'lander, Max, writer and bass concert- 
 singer ; b. Brieg, Silesia, Oct. 12, 1852. Pupil 
 of Manuel Garcia (London) and Stockhausen 
 (Frankfort). Debut 1880, at the London Mon- 
 day Pop. Concerts ; lived in Frankfort 1881-3, 
 since then in Berlin. 1882, Dr. phil. hon. c. 
 (Breslau). Editor of the Peters' ed. of Schu- 
 bert's songs ; wrote a biography of Schubert. 
 
 Frie'drich II. (der Grosse). See Frederick. 
 
 Fries, Wulf (Christian Julius), b. Garbeck, 
 Holstein, Ger., Jan. 10, 1825. Self-taught vio- 
 loncellist ; played in the Bergen th.-orch. from 
 1842, and at Ole Bull's concerts. Went to Bos- 
 ton, Mass., in 1847 ; in 1849 was founded [by A. 
 Fries (i. vln.), Gerloff (2. vln.), Ed. Lehmann 
 (i. viola), Oscar Greiner (2. viola), and W. Fries 
 ('cello)], the Mendelssohn Quintet Club, to which 
 he belonged for 23 years ; later a member of 
 the Beethoven Q. Club. F. also figured in the 
 Mus. Fund Society, and the Harvard Musical; 
 played in trios with Rubinstein, and still (1898), 
 at 73 years of age, takes part in frequent con- 
 certs all over the New England States, and gives 
 many lessons. As a thorough musician and fine 
 concert-'cellist, he has exercised a highly bene- 
 ficial influence. 
 
 Frike. See Frick, P. J. 
 
 Frim''mel, Theodor, b. Amstetten, Lower 
 Austria, Dec. 15, 1853. Student of medicine 
 and M.D. (Vienna). " Kustos- Adjunct" (asst.- 
 custodian) of the Imperial Library, Vienna. 
 Publ. 2 musico-historical essays: "Beethoven 
 
 194 
 
FRITZE— FROST 
 
 and Goethe "(1883), and " Neue Beethoveniana" 
 (1B87, with an authentic lilceness of B.; 2nd en- 
 larged ed., 1889). 
 
 Frit'ze, Wilhelm, pianist; b. Bremen, Feb. 
 17, 1842; d. Stuttgart, Oct. 7, 1881. Pupil of 
 Sobolewski, in Bremen ; of Leipzig Cons. ; and 
 of Billow and Weitzmann, Berlin. After pia- 
 nistic tours in France and Italy, he lived in Glo- 
 gau a year (1866), then in Liegnitz (1867-77) ^s 
 cond. of the Singakademie ; then studied in Ber- 
 lin under Kiel, and went to Stuttgart in 1879. — 
 Works : 2 oratorios, Fingal and David; a sym- 
 phony, " Die Jahreszeiten " ; music to Faust; a 
 vln. -concerto; a pf .-concerto ; a Sanctus, Bene- 
 dictus, and Agnus Dei, f. soli, mixed ch., and 
 orch. ; pf.-sonatas and other pes.; songs, part- 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Fritzsch, Ernst Wilhelm, b. Liltzen, Aug. 
 24, 1840; pupil (1857-60) of Leipzig Cons. ; lived 
 several years in Bern, and in 1866 took over the 
 music-publ.g firm of Bomnitz in Leipzig, since 
 carried on under his own name. A warm advo- 
 cate of progress in music, and of Wagner's ten- 
 dencies in particular, he publ. the latter's " Ge- 
 sammelte Schriften," has edited the radical 
 " Musikalisches Wochenblatt" since 1870, and 
 in 1875 started the " Musikalische Hausblatter." 
 By publishing the works of rising composers 
 (Rheinberger, Thierot, Svendsen, Grieg, Corne- 
 lius, v. Herzogenberg, Riemenschneider, etc.) he 
 has practically promoted modern musical devel- 
 opment. He is an excellent musician, and has 
 long been a member of the Gewandhaus Orch. 
 
 Fro'berger, Johann Jakob, the most famous 
 German organist of the 17th cent.; b. Halle (?), 
 1605 (?); d. Hericourt, Haute-Saone, France, 
 May 7, 1667. It seems probable that the Swed- 
 ish ambassador, passing through Halle (1620 ?), 
 was struck by the beauty of F.'s voice, and in- 
 duced the latter to go with him to Vienna, where 
 he entered the Imperial choir. It is uncertain 
 who his teacher was ; but from Jan. I to Sept. 30, 
 1637, he was court organist at Vienna, then re- 
 ceiving the sum of 200 florins to enable him to 
 study in Rome (1637-41) under Frescobaldi. He 
 again held the same post at Vienna from 1641- 
 45, and from 1653-7 ; after this he made long 
 concert-tours (to Paris and London), and spent 
 his last years in the service of the Duchesse Sy- 
 bille of Wurttemberg at her chiteau near Heri- 
 court. — Organ-works: Toccatas, fantasias, can- 
 zoni, fugues, etc., of which 3 MS. vol.s are in 
 the Vienna Library ; in Berlin are 2 printed vol.s, 
 "Diverse ingegnosissime, rarissime, et non maj 
 pii viste curiose partite di toccati, canzoni, ricer- 
 cari, capricci," etc. (1693 ; reprinted at Mayence 
 in 1695), and " Diverse curiose e rare partite 
 musicali," etc. (1696); also a vol. of " Suites de 
 clavecin" (n. d.). His comp.s are not palatable 
 to modern taste. A monograph on F. was publ. 
 by Fr. Beier in Waldersee's " Sammlung musi- 
 kalischer Vortrage " (Nos. 59 and 60) ; and 2 
 letters from Duchesse Sybille to Chr. Huygens 
 concerning him were publ. by E. Schebek 
 
 (Pr^ue, 1874). A MS. preface to Fuchs' the- 
 matic catalogue of Froberger's works (Berlin Li- 
 brary) also throws some light on his careor. 
 
 Fr6'(h)lich, Joseph, b. Wtirzburg, May 28, 
 1780 ; d. there Jan. 5, 1862. He founded the 
 students' "Akademische Eande" for vocal and 
 instr.l music, which became the "Akademisches 
 Musikinstitut " in 1804, out of which grew, 
 later, the present Royal School of Music. He 
 was director of the Institute till 1858 ; and also 
 Mus. Dir. of the University. — Publ. a biography 
 of Abbe Vogler ; a " Musiklehre mit Anwei- 
 sungen filrs Spiel aller gebrauchlichen Instru- 
 mente " (in 4 parts) ; separate Methods for all 
 instruments ; a Vocal Method ; and numerous 
 essays in various papers. — Comp. an opera, 
 Scipio ; masses, a Requiem, symphonies, part- 
 songs, songs. 
 
 Fromm, Emil, b. Spremberg, Niederlausitz, 
 Jan. 29, 1835 ; pupil of Aug. Wilh. Bach, Grell, 
 and Schneider at the R. Inst. f. Church-music 
 in Berlin. Cantor in Kottbus, 1859 ; " Royal 
 Mus. Dir." in 1866 ; org. at Flensburg, 1869. 
 Founder and cond. of the Flensburg Singverein. 
 — Works : 2 Passion Cantatas ; an oratorio, Die 
 Kreuzigung des Herrn ; male choruses, organ- 
 music, etc. 
 
 Fronti'ni, F. Paolo, b. Catania, Aug. 6, 
 i860 ; pupil of P. Platania at Palermo, and 
 Lauro Rossi at Naples. Dramatic comp. ; at 
 present Dir. of the Catania Mus. Inst. — Operas : 
 Nella (Catania, 1881); 3-act opera-seria Malia 
 (Bologna, 1893 ; succ.) ; Aleramo (not perf.). 
 Also the oratorio Sansone (1882), and numerous 
 songs and pf.-pcs. Ricordi published his collec- 
 tion of " Canti popolari siciliani." 
 
 Frosch'auer, Johann, an Augsburg printer 
 (end of 15th century), is believed to have been 
 the first to print music with movable types in 
 Michael Keinspeck's " Lilium musicae planae," 
 1498. 
 
 Frost, Charles Joseph, born Westbury-on- 
 Trym, Eng., June 20, 1848 ; pupil of his father 
 (org. at Tewkesbury), and of Geo. Cooper, Sir 
 John Goss, and Steggall. From 1865 he held 
 various appointments as org. , the last being at 
 St. Peter's, Brockley (1884) ; here he founded a 
 choral society in 1885. In 1877, Mus. Bac; in 
 1882, Mus. Doc., Cantab.; since i88o, also prof, 
 of organ at the Guildhall S. of Mus. Has given 
 many concerts, recitals, and lectures. — Works : 
 By the Waters of Babylon, cantata (1876) ; 
 NatharCs Parable, oratorio (1878); Harvest Can- 
 tata (1880) ; Psalms 92 and 137, f. soli, ch., and 
 organ ; Festival Te Deum ; church-music ; a 
 symphony; organ-music (55 hymn-tune volun- 
 taries, 40 preludes, 27 original pes., a sonata in 
 A) ; harmonium-music ; songs, part-songs. 
 
 Frost, Henry Frederick, b. London, Mar. 
 15, 1848. In 1856, chorister at St. George's 
 chapel, Windsor, assisting at all the royal func- 
 tions up to 1863. In 1865, organ-pupil of Seb. 
 Hart, London; in the same year he became org. 
 
 195 
 
FROTZLER— FOcHS 
 
 of the Chapel Royal, Savoy (resigned 1891); was 
 prof, of pf. at the Guildhall S. of Mus. 1880-8. 
 From 1874, he was critic for " The Weekly De- 
 spatch "; from 1877 (with Prout) of " The Acad- 
 emy," later of "The Athenfeum," and "The 
 Standard." Wrote a biography of Schubert for 
 the " Great Musicians " series; publ. the " Savoy 
 Hymn-tunes and Chants." 
 
 Frotz'ler, Carl [" Auer "], b. Stockerau, 
 Lower Austria, Apr. 10,1873. Of very precocious 
 development, he was taught by his father till 
 18S8, when he ent. the Vienna Cons, (having 
 already comp. a grand mass in B^), an offertory, 
 and miscellaneous pes. up to op. 21), studying 
 until i8gi under Franz Krenn. From 1887-93, 
 F. was also org. at the Pfarrkirche, Stockerau, 
 and chamber-virtuoso (pf.) to Prince Heinrich 
 Reuss IV. From 1893-7, ICapellm. to Count 
 Nicolaus Esterhazy at Totis, Hungary ; since 
 then, ICapellm. at the CityTh., Linz-on-Dan- 
 ubc. — Works ; 3 operas, Arnelda (Totis, 1894 ; 
 won prize of the Ger.-Amer. Opera Society in 
 Phila.), Der Liebesring (Totis, [?]), Mathias 
 Corvinusi^&s'CD., Royal Opera, l8g6 ; publ. 1897) ; 
 3 masses, several offertories, I symphony, a 
 Scherzo f. orch.. Suite f. orch. (all MS.) ; minor 
 pes. ("Tanzweisen," "Valsede concert, "f. pf.); 
 a " Festmarsch"; etc. 
 
 Frugat'ta, Giuseppe, pianist ; b. Bergamo, 
 May 26, i860. Pupil of Ant. Bazzini (comp.) 
 and C. Andreoli (pf.) at Milan Cons., where he 
 is now prof.; also prof, at the " Collegio reale 
 delle FanciuUe." — Pf.- works (a trio, sonata, 
 fantasia, " Schizzi di Valzer," Polonaise de con- 
 cert, 3 morceaux de cone. Moments poetiques, 
 etc.). 
 
 Friih, Armin Leberecht, b. Muhlhausen, 
 Thuringia, Sept. 15, 1820 ; d. Nordhausen, 
 Jan. 8, 1894. Pie invented, in 1857, the " Se- 
 meiomelodicon " (an apparatus for facilitating 
 elem. mus. instruction, consisting of a series of 
 note-heads, which, when pressed by the finger, 
 produce notes of corresponding pitch) ; he trav- 
 elled to introduce his invention to prominent 
 musicians, and established a factor)' in 1858, at 
 Dresden, but soon failed. He wrote an opera. 
 Die Bergknappen (Berlin, 1848). 
 
 Fry, William Henry, b. Philadelphia, Aug. 
 10, 1813 ; d. Santa Cruz, Sept. 21, 1864. Pupil 
 of 1j. Meignen in harm, and cpt. In 1845 he 
 brought out the opera Leonora at Philadelphia 
 and New York ; in 1863, Notre Dame de Paris 
 (Phila.). He also comp. the symphonies " Santa 
 Claus," " The Breaking Heart," " Childe Har- 
 old," and "A Day in the Country," besides a 
 Stabat Mater, several cantatas, and many songs. 
 A journalist by profession, he was for many 
 years the music critic of the N. Y. " Tribune." 
 
 Fuchs, Georg: Friedrich, b. Mayence, Dec. 
 3, 1752 ; d. Paris, Oct. g, 1821. Pupil of Can- 
 nabich at Mannheim. A clarinettist and band- 
 master at Zweibrilcken, he went to Paris in 1784, 
 
 and in 1795 was app. prof, of clarinet in the 
 Cons. — Compositions for wind. 
 
 Fuchs, Aloys, born Raase, Austrian Silesia, 
 June 6, 1799 ! <i- Vienna, Mar. 20, 1853. A 
 collector of mus. MSS. and portraits of musi- 
 cians, and a contributor to various periodicals in 
 Vienna and Berlin. His unique art-treasures 
 were dissipated after his death. 
 
 Fuchs, Karl Dorius Johann, distinguished 
 pianist, writer, and critic ; b. Potsdam, Oct. 22 
 1838. A pupil of his father, and of Hans v! 
 Bulow; later of Weitzmann and Kiel. He took 
 the degree of Dr. phil. at Greifswald, his dis- 
 sertation being ' ' Praliminarien zu einer Kritilc 
 der Tonkunst." From 1871-5 he lived in Ber- 
 lin as a concert-pianist, teacher, and critic ; 
 1875-g, in Hirschberg ; from i87g, in Danzig, 
 where he has been org. at the Petrikirche since 
 1886. — Publ. " Betrachtungen mit und gegen A. 
 Schopenhauer ■' (" Neue Berl. Musikzeitung") ; 
 " Ungleiche Verwandte unter den Neudeu- 
 tschen," and "Hellas" (1868); " Virtues und 
 Dilettant" (1869); " Die Zukunft des musiltal. 
 Vortrags" (1884, 2 parts; Part III to appear); 
 "Die Freiheit des mus. Vortrags" (1885); 
 " Praktische Anleitung zum Phrasieren" (1886, 
 with Hugo Riemann ; Engl, transl. New York, 
 1892). 
 
 Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk, b. Frauenthal, 
 Styria, May 5, 1842 ; st. w. Sechter at Vienna; 
 app. Kapellm. of the Pressburg opera in 1864; 
 held like positions at Cologne, Hamburg, Leip- 
 zig (Carola Th.), and (1880) at the Vienna Opera. 
 In 1893 he succeeded Hellmesberger provision- 
 ally as Dir. of Vienna Cons.; in 1894 the ap- 
 pointment was confirmed. — He prod, the opera 
 Zingara (Brunn, 1892), and arranged Handel's 
 Almira for Hamburg, also Schubert's Alfonso 
 und Estella and Gluck's Der betrogene Cadi for 
 Vienna. 
 
 Fuchs, Robert, brother of the preceding ; b. 
 Frauenthal, Feb. 15, 1847. Pupil of Vienna 
 Cons.; since 1875 prof, of theory there. — Publ. 
 a symphony (op. 37, in C), 3 interesting orch.l 
 serenades, a pf.-concerto, pf.-trios, pf.-sonatas, 
 sonata w. 'cello, 2 sonatas w. vln., string-quartet 
 in E (op. 58), a pf.-quartet, variations f. pf., etc. 
 His serenades f. string-orch. are peculiarly in- 
 teresting. He has also prod. 2 operas : The 
 3-act "Spieloper" Die Teufelsglocke (hevptig, 
 1893 ; mod. succ), and tlie romantic comic 
 opera Die Konigsbraut (Vienna, i88g ; success- 
 ful). 
 
 Fuchs, Albert, b. B^el, Aug. 6, 1858 ; pupil 
 of Leipzig Cons. (1876-g) ; from 1880, mus. di- 
 rector at Trier ; from 1883-g, he lived at Ober- 
 lossnitz, near Dresden ; since 1889, owner and 
 manager of the Wiesbaden Cons., succeeding 
 Taubmann. — Works : Hungarian Suite f. orch.; 
 pf.-sonata in F min.; 'cello-sonata; pf.-pcs.; 
 duets, songs, etc. 
 
 Fiichs, Ferdinand Karl, b. Vienna, Feb. n, 
 1811 ; d. there Jan. 7, 1848. A pupil of Vienna 
 
 196 
 
FUENTES— FORSTENAU 
 
 Cons., and a popular song-composer. — 3 operas : 
 Guttenberg and Der Tag tier Verlobung (both 
 Vienna, 1842), and Die Studenten von Sala- 
 manca (not perf.). 
 
 Fuen'tes, Don Pasquale, b. Albayda, Va- 
 lencia, early in the i8th century ; d. there Apr. 
 26, 1768, as maestro at the cathedral. Eminent 
 church-comp. (masses, Te Deums, motets, vil- 
 lancicos, etc.). 
 
 Fuen'tes, Francisco de Santa Maria de, a 
 
 Franciscan monk at Madrid, publ. (1778) a the- 
 oretical treatise, " Dialectos miisicos." 
 
 Fuer'tes, Mariano Soriano. See Soriano. 
 
 Fiih'rer, Robert, b. Prague, June 2, 1S07 ; 
 d. Vienna, Nov. 28, 1861. Pupil of Vitasek ; 
 org. at Strahow ; in 1830, head-teacher in the 
 Prague School for Organists ; 1839-45, A'a/fZ/OT. 
 at the cathedral, succeeding Vitasek ; then re- 
 sided in Salzburg, Gmunden, Ischl, and Vienna. 
 — Works : 20 masses ; other church-music ; 
 organ-pcs. (preludes, fugues, etc.); theoretical 
 works on the organ. 
 
 Fuhr'mann, Georg Leopold, publ. a work 
 on the lute, " Testudo Gallo-Germanica " (Nu- 
 remberg, 1615). A copy is in the " Landesbi- 
 bliothek" at Kassel. 
 
 Fuhr'mann, Martin Heinrich, b. abt. 1670 ; 
 d. abt. 1736 as Lutheran cantor in the Werder 
 Gymnasium, Berlin (since 1704) ; an admirer of 
 Mattheson, and an eminent theorist and critic. 
 He publ. a series of theoretical and polemical 
 treatises ; his earliest pedagogical work is " Mu- 
 sikalischer Trichter, dadurch ein geschickter 
 Informator seinen Informandis die edle Singe- 
 kunst nach heutiger Manier bald und leicht 
 einbringen kann " (Frankfort, 1706). 
 
 Fumagal'li; four brothers, natives of Inzago, 
 Italy : Disma, b. Sept. 28, 1826 ; d. Milan, 
 Mar. g, 1893. Pupil of, and from 1857 prof, in, 
 Milan Cons. A prolific composer of pf.-music 
 (over 250 numbers). — Adolfo, b. Oct. 19, 1828 ; 
 d. Florence, May 3, 1856. Excellent pianist, 
 pupil of Gaetano Medaglia, and later of Angeleri 
 and Ray at Milan Cons. (1837-47) ; then under- 
 took brilliant tours throughout Italy, France, 
 and Belgium, earning the sobriquet of the " Pa- 
 ganini of the pianoforte." He publ. a great 
 number of elegant and effective pf.-pcs., which 
 obtained extraordinary vogue. Filippo Filippi 
 wrote a sketch ' ' Delia vita e delle opere di 
 Adolfo Fumagalli" (Milan, Ricordi). — Polibio, 
 b. Oct. 26, 1830. Pianist ; composer f. pf. and 
 f. org. (fine organ-sonatas). — Luca, b. May 29, 
 1837 ; pupil of Milan Cons. ; fine concert-pian- 
 ist, played with great success in Paris (i860), 
 and has publ. much admired salon-music f . pf . ; 
 also prod, an opera, Ltdgi XI, at Florence, 
 1875. 
 
 Fu'mi, Vinceslao, born Montepulciano, Tus- 
 cany, Oct. 20, 1823 ; d. Florence, Nov. 20, 1880. 
 Pupil of Giorgetti in Florence for violin and 
 theory; then became an opera-cond., holding 
 
 positions in various Ital. cities, also in Constan- 
 tinople, Montevideo, and Buenos Ayres, finally 
 at Florence, in the Pagliano Th. As a cond. he 
 was renowned throughout Italy ; his comp.s 
 were an opera, Atala (Buenos Ayres, 1862), a 
 solemn march, a symphony, and the orch.l 
 works " La siesta della Senorita," " All'ombra 
 de' Palmizi," and "II sogno di Gretchen." A 
 coll. of folk-songs, of all times and nations, re- 
 mains unfinished. 
 
 Furlanet'to, Bonaventura (called Musin), 
 b. Venice, Mar. 27, 1738 ; d. there Apr. 6, 1817. 
 A pupil of Formenti and RoUa, he early began 
 composing and teaching ; was singing-teacher 
 and conductor in the female Cons. " Ospedale 
 della Pieta," for which he wrote several oratorios 
 and cantatas ; he was also known as a good org. 
 He became deputy maestro at S. Marco in 1794, 
 and 2nd maestro in 1797 succeeding Bertoni in 
 l8io as first maestro. In 1811 he was also app. 
 prof, of cpt. and fugue at the Istituto Filarmo- 
 nico. His church-comp. s (in MS.) bear witness 
 to his ability as a contrapuntist and harmonist. — 
 Fr. Caffi publ. "Della vita e del comporre di 
 B. Furlanetto " (Venice, 1820). 
 
 Fur'no, Giovanni, b. Capua, Jan. i, 1748 ; d. 
 Naples, June 20, 1837. Studied from 1755 in 
 the Cons, di S. Onofrio, Naples, succeeding his 
 teacher Cotumacci as prof, of thorough-bass ; 
 also taught at the Cons, della Pieta, S. Sebasti- 
 ano, and (1808-35) at S. Pietro a Majella ; among 
 his pupils were Bellini, Mercadante, Conti, 
 Costa, Curci, Lillo, Petrella, Lauro Rossi, L. 
 andF. Ricci, etc. — Operas: L' allegria disturbata 
 (1778) and L'impegno (1783). 
 
 Fursch-Ma'di, Emmy, dramatic soprano; b. 
 Bayonne, France, 1847 ; d. Warrenville, Somer- 
 set Co., N. J., Sept. 20, 1894. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons. ; her first opera-engageraent was in Paris, 
 when she made a hit as Marguerite in Gounod's 
 Faust ; in Brussels, soon after, she created the 
 role of Aida at Verdi's request. Visited America 
 in 1874 with the New Orleans French Opera 
 Company ; sang at Covent Garden 1879-81 ; at 
 N. Y. in the Acad, of Music and the Metropoli- 
 tan Opera House, where her final appearance 
 (Feb. 1894) was made as Ortrud in Lohengrin. 
 Both in London and N. Y. she was a prime 
 favorite. Her chief roles were Lucrezia Borgia, 
 Donna Anna, Aida, Leonora, Valentine, etc. 
 
 Fiirst'enau, Kaspar, born Munster, West- 
 phalia, Feb. 26, 1772; d. Oldenburg, May 11, 
 1819. Famous flute-virtuoso, first flute in the 
 Oldenburg court orch. 1794-1811. — About 60 
 publ. concertos, fantasias, rondos, etc., for flute. 
 
 Fiirst'enau, Anton Bernhard, son and pupil 
 of Kaspar ; b. Munster, Oct. 20, 1792 ; d. Dres- 
 den, Nov. 18, 1852. Solo concert-flutist from 
 the age of 7 ; travelled with his father from 
 1809 ; settled (1820) in Dresden as chamber-vir- 
 tuoso. His publ. works number about 150, and 
 are valuable contributions to flute-literature. 
 
 197 
 
fOrSTENAU— GABRIELI 
 
 Fursfenau, Moritz, son of Anton ; b. Dres- 
 den, July 26, 1824; d. there Mar. 25, 1889. 
 Flutist ; member of Dresden court orch. from 
 1842 ; librarian of the musical section in the 
 Royal Library from 1852 ; from 1858, flute- 
 teacher in the Cons. A profound student of 
 history, he publ. " Beitrage zur Gesch. d. konig- 
 lich sachsischen mus. Capelle" (1849); "Zur 
 Gesch. d. Musik u. des Theaters am Hof zu 
 Dresden " (1861-2, 2 vol.s) [a Supplement, by 
 Dr. Hans v. Brescius, entitled " Die Konigl. 
 Sachs, musikalische Kapelle von Reisziger bis 
 Schuch, 1826-98," was publ. at Dresden, 1898] ; 
 " Die Fabrication musikalischer Instrumente im 
 sachsischen Vogtland " (1870, with Th. Ber- 
 thold) ; alsoessaysandarticles in musical journals, 
 in " Mittheilungen des kgl. sachs. Alterthums- 
 vereins," in Mendel's " Musikal. Conversations- 
 lexikon," etc. 
 
 Furst'ner, Adolf, b. Berlin, Jan. 2, 1835 ; 
 founded (1868) a music-publishing house in Ber- 
 lin ; also purchased (1872) the business of C. F. 
 Meser in Dresden (publisher of Wagner's i?zV»0z', 
 Fl. Hollander, and Tannhduser). 
 
 Fux, Johann Joseph, composer and learned 
 theorist ; b. Hirtenfeld, Upper Styria, in 1660 ; 
 d. Vienna, Feb. 14, 1741. Nothing definite is 
 known concerning his teachers or course of study. 
 In i5g6 he was app. org. at the Schottenkirche, 
 Vienna ; in 1698 he was made court comp. ; in 
 1704, Kapellm. at St. Stephen's, and asst.-A'a- 
 pellm. to the court in 1713, succeeding Ziani as 
 first Kapellm. (the highest position attainable for 
 a musician) in 1715. This office he held, until 
 his death, under 3 successive emperors, and re- 
 ceived many marks of imperial favor. His 
 extant works number 405 ; very few have been 
 published. The one best known is his treatise 
 on counterpoint, " Gradus ad Parnassum," publ. 
 originally in Latin (Vienna, 1725), since then in 
 German, Ital., Fr., and Engl. (1791). Mozart 
 and Haydn studied it ; Cherubini and Albrechts- 
 berger adopted its method, which was sanctioned 
 by Piccinni, Martini, and Vogler ; yet it did not 
 recognize the modern system of tonality already 
 established when it was issued, but was grounded 
 on the old church-modes. — His compositions in- 
 clude 18 operas ; 10 oratorios ; 29 partitas (among 
 them the " Concentus musico-instrumentalis," 
 a 7) ; overtures ; much sacred music : 50 masses 
 (the Missa canonica is a contrapuntal master- 
 piece); 3 requiems, 2 Dies ir(E, 57 vespers and 
 psalms, etc., etc.; and 38 "sacred sonatas" a 3 
 (lost). — Biography by Kochel : " Joh. Joseph 
 Fux" (Vienna, 1872). 
 
 Ga'briel, Max; Kapellm., 1890, in Residenz 
 Th. at Hanover ; has prod, the 3-act operetta 
 Steffen Langer (Magdeburg, 18S9 ; succ.) ; 3-act 
 o^srAXSi Der Freiwerber ('HanoYe.r , 1890; succ.) ; 
 operetta £>er Garde- Uhlan (Breslau, '92 ; succ. ; 
 in Berlin, 1893, as £>er Garde-Husar). 
 
 Ga'briel, Mary Ann Virginia, composer; b. 
 Banstead, Surrey, Eng., Feb. 7, 1825 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Aug. 7, 1S77. A pupil of Pixis, Dohler, 
 Thalberg and Molique. Married Geo. E. March, 
 who wrote most of her libretti. — Works; 3 can- 
 tatas, Evangeline, Dreamland, and Graziella; 5 
 operettas, Widows Bewitched, Grass Widows 
 Shepherd of Cornouailles, Who's the Heir ? and 
 A Rainy Day; pf.-pcs., part-songs, and many 
 songs. 
 
 Gabrie'li, Andrea, born Venice (Canareggio 
 quarter), abt. 1510; d. there 1586. A pupil of 
 Adrian Willaert (the founder of the Venedan 
 school); chorister at S. Marco in 1536, and in 
 1566 succeeded Claudio Merulo as second org. 
 The most eminent org. of his time, he had many 
 distinguished pupils : his nephew Giovanni, 
 Hans Leo Hassler, and Jan Pieter Sweelinck[?] 
 (founder of the North German school of organ- 
 ists). He was a prolific comp., the following 
 works being still extant : Sacrae cantiones a 5 
 (1565 ; 2nd ed. 1584) ; " Cantiones ecclesiasticae" 
 04(1576; 2nd ed. 1589); "Cantiones sacrae" 
 a 6-16 (1578) ; masses a 6 (1570) ; 2 books of 
 madrigals a 5-6 (1572 and 1587-88) ; 3 books of 
 madrigals a 3-6 (1575, 1582, 1583) ; 2 books of 
 madrigals a 6 (1574, 1580; 2nd ed. 1586); 
 " Psalmi poenitentiales 6 vocum " (1583) ; " Can- 
 zoni alia francese per I'organo " (1571 and 1605) ; 
 sonatas a 5 (1586). Giovanni Gabrieli publ. 
 many of his organ-pieces in the " Intonazioni 
 d'organo" (1593), " Ricercari per I'organo" 
 (1595, three vol.s) ; also vocal music in the 
 " Canti concertati " a 6-16 (1587). Detached 
 pieces are in P. Phalese's " Harmonia celeste" 
 (1593), " Syraphonia angelica " (1594), and " Mu- 
 sica divina" (1595); a sonnet, in Zuccarini's 
 " Corona di dodeci sonetti" (1586). His festival 
 songs for double chorus, for the reception of 
 Henry IH. of France (1574), are in Gardane's 
 " Gemme musicali" (1587). 
 
 Gabrie'li, Giovanni, nephew and pupil of 
 Andrea ; b. Venice, 1557 ; d. there Aug. 12, 1612 
 or 1613 (on the former date his first position as 
 first organist at S. Marco, held since 1585 as 
 Merulo's successor; was taken by Giampaulo Sa- 
 vii ; the latter date is given on his monument). 
 Celebrated org. and teacher ; Heinrich Schiltz 
 was his pupil. As a composer, he stands at the 
 head of the Venetian school.-'— Publ. works; 
 " Madrigali a 6 voci o istromenti" (1585)1 
 " Madrigali e ricercari a 4 voci " (15S7) I "Ec- 
 clesiasticae cantiones 4-6 vocum" (1589) ; "Sa- 
 crae symphoniae " {a 6-16, for voices or instru- 
 ments, 1597) ; " Symphoniae sacrae, lib. 11, 6^ 
 19 voc." (1615) ; "Canzoni e sonate a 3-22 voci " 
 (1615). He included ten pieces of his own com- 
 position in the edition of the ' ' Canti concertati 
 (by Andrea and Giovanni G.) ; many are in An- 
 drea's " Intonazioni" and "Ricercari per lor- 
 gano" (1593-95) ; detached pieces in contem- 
 porary coU.s. Fine choruses for two and three 
 choirs (eori spezzati). — K. von Winterfeld wrote 
 
 lg8 
 
GABRIELI— GADE 
 
 " Johannes G. und sein Zeitalter " (1834 ; 2 vol.s, 
 and a vol. of music-supplements). 
 
 Gabrie'li, Domenico (called the "Meneghino 
 -del violoncello "), b. Bologna, abt. 1640 ; d. 
 there abt. 1690. An excellent 'cellist ; for sev- 
 eral years maestro at the Ch. of S. Petronio, and 
 (l683)president (principe) of the Philharm. Acad. , 
 Bologna. He prod, g operas ; 2 at Bologna and 
 7 at Venice. Posthumous publications: " Can- 
 tate avoce sola" (1691), " Vexillum pacis" (mo- 
 tets f. viola sola, with instr.l accomp. ; 1695), and 
 " Balletti, gighe, correnti e sarabande" for 2 
 vlns. and 'cello, w. basso continuo (2nd ed. 
 1703)- 
 
 Gabriel'li, Catterina, coloratura stage- 
 singer; b. Rome, Nov. 12, 1730; d. there in 
 Apr., 1796. Pupil of Padre Garcia and Porpora ; 
 debut at Lucca, 1747, in Galuppi's opera La 
 Sofonisba. She sang with brilliant success on 
 the principal Ital. stages, at Vienna (1751-65), 
 and St. Petersburg (1769) ; and again in Italy 
 1777-80, when she retired.' 
 ■ Gabriel'li, Francesca (called La Gabriel- 
 lina, or La Ferrarese, to distinguish her from 
 Catterina) ; b. Ferrara, 1755 ; d. Venice, 1795. 
 Celebrated prima donna buffa, pupil of Sac- 
 chini in Venice ; debut at Venice in 1774 ; she 
 sang at Florence, Naples, and London (1786), 
 where she spent some years ; after which she 
 sang in Turin. 
 
 Gabriel'li, conte [Count] Nicol6, b. Naples, 
 Feb. 21, 1814 ; d. there June 14, l8gl. Pupil 
 of Buonamici, Conti, Donizetti, and Zingarelli, 
 at Naples Cons. ; from 1854 he lived in Paris. — 
 Works : 22 operas and 60 ballets, prod, at Na- 
 ples, Paris, Lyons, Vienna, etc. , none of which 
 merit special mention. 
 
 Gabriel'ski, Johann Wilhelm, flutist; b. 
 Berlin, May 27, 1791 ; d. there Sept. 18, 1846. 
 Pupil of A. SchrOck. In 1814 he joined the 
 Stettin theatre-orch., and in 1816 was app. royal 
 chamber-musician at Berlin. He made extended 
 concert-tours, and wrote concertos, quartets, 
 trios, duos and solo-pcs. f. flute ; also songs. 
 
 Gabrielski, Julius, brother and pupil of pre- 
 ceding ; b. Berlin, Dec. 4, 1806 ; d. there May 
 16, 1878. Excellent flutist; from 1825, mem- 
 ber of the Berlin royal orch., in which his son 
 Adolf is at present first flute. 
 
 Gabus'si, Vincenzo, b. Bologna, 1800 ; d. 
 London, Sept. 12, 1846. Pupil of Padre Mat- 
 tel ; he taught singing and pf. -playing, and 
 went to London in 1825. He publ. a series of 
 songs, which won him the sobriquet, in Italy, of 
 the"nuovo Schubert." He also prod, several 
 operas. 
 
 Ga'de [gah'-dSh], Niels Wilhelm, b. Co- 
 penhagen, Feb. 22, 1817 ; d. there Dec. 2i,- 
 1890.' The founder of the Scandinavian school 
 of music was the only child of a joiner and instru- 
 ment-maker. His natural bent for music was 
 strengthened by early instruction on the violin, 
 and frequent attendance at the theatre ; so that 
 
 when, in his fifteenth year, he was set to learn his 
 father's trade, he bore it only half a year, then 
 declaring that he would be nothing but a musi- 
 cian. He was now taught by Wexschall, then 
 leader of the court 'orch., of which G. became 
 a member, and at the age of 16 was able to 
 appear as a concert-violinist ; he also received 
 instruction in theory from the organist Berg- 
 green, and eagerly studied the works of the 
 classics and of the new romantic school. From 
 1834-39, lis felt himself drawn more and more 
 to composition ; most products of this period, 
 however, were left in MS. In 1840 his overture 
 " Nachklange von 
 Ossian " attracted 
 general attention ; it 
 took the 1st prize at 
 the competition in- 
 stituted by the Co- 
 penhagen Mus. Soc. 
 in 1 841, and won for 
 the young composer 
 a royal stipend for 
 the further prose- 
 cution of his studies. 
 In 1842 the C min. 
 symphony appeared ; 
 its performance by 
 Mendelssohn (together with the " Nachklange ") 
 at a Gewandhaus concert insured Gade a favor- 
 able reception in Leipzig, whither he went in 
 1843, and where he remained, after a brief 
 sojourn in Italy, from 1844-8. An intimate of 
 Schumann and Mendelssohn, his genius rap- 
 idly expanded in a congenial atmosphere ; he 
 repeatedly conducted the Gewandhaus concerts 
 in Mendelssohn's absence, and succeeded him 
 as regular cond. at his death (Nov. 4, 1847) ; 
 but on the outbreak of the Schleswig-Holstein 
 war, in the spring of 1848, he returned to Copen- 
 hagen, where he thenceforward remained, sav- 
 ing a short visit to Birmingham, in 1876, to con- 
 duct his cantatas Zion and The Crusaders. At 
 Copenhagen he assumed the conductorship of 
 the Mus. Soc, and also a post as org.; in 1861 
 he succeeded Glaser as court conductor. An in- 
 dustrious composer, the foremost among the 
 northern romanticists, and unsurpassed as a con- 
 ductor, he wielded a commanding and highly 
 beneficial influence over musical affairs in and 
 far beyond the Danish capital. The title of 
 Prof, was conferred on him by the King, and 
 that of Dr. phil. hon. causa by the Univ. of C. ; 
 in 1886 he was made a Commander in the Order 
 of Danebrog. In 1876 the Danish government 
 voted him a life-pension. Despite more or less 
 invidious comparisons with Mendelssohn and 
 Schumann, Gade's style has originality of po- 
 etic conception, though it has been left to later 
 composers, to bring out in stronger relief the 
 specific traits of Scandinavian folk-music ; and 
 he was a master of the art of instrumentation. 
 Autobiographic " Aufzeichnungen und Brief e," 
 edited by Dagmar Gade (German transl., Basel, 
 1893). — 'Works : 
 
 199 
 
GADSBY— GAIL 
 
 Op. I, Nachklange von Ossian, orch.l overture ; op. 
 2, Fruhling^sblumen, f. pf. ; op. 3, Sange af Agnete 
 og" Havemanden (Andersen) ; op, 4, Nordiske Tone- 
 billeder, pf. 4 hands ; op. 5, Symphony No. i, in C min.; 
 op. 6, Sonata No. i, f. pf. and vln., in A ; op. 7, Im 
 Hochlande, overt, f. orch., in D-; op. 8, String-quintet 
 in E min.; op. 9, Nine Lieder im Volkston, f. 2 soprani 
 and pf.; op. 10, Symph. No. 2, in E ; op. 11, 6 songs f. 
 4-pt. male ch.; op, 12, Comala, cantata f. soli, ch., and 
 orch.; op. 13, 5 part-songs f. S. A. T. B.; op. 14, Over- 
 ture No. 3, in C : op. 15, Symp. No. 3, in A min.; op. 
 17. String-octet ; op. 18, 3 Klavierstiicke ; op. ig, Aqua- 
 rellen f._pf. (2 bks.) ; op. 20, Symphony No. 4, in B 6; 
 op. 21, Sonata No. 2, f. pf. and vln.; op. 22, 3 Ton- 
 stiicke f. org.; op. 23, Friiklingsphaniasie^ cantata; 
 op. 25, Symphony No. 5, in D min.; op. 27, Arabeske 
 f. pf.; op. 28, Sonata f. pf., in E min.; op. 29, Pf.-trio 
 "Novelletten," in A min.; op. 30, Erlkonigs Tackier 
 (Elverskud), cantata f. soli, ch., and orch.; op. 31, 
 Volkstanze, Phantasiestucke f. pf.; op. 33, 5 Lieder f. 
 male chorus; op. 34, Idyllen f. pf.; op. 35, FrUh- 
 Itngsbotschafi, cantata ; op. 36, Der Kinder Christa- 
 3end,f.pi.; op. 37, "Hamlet," concert-overture; op. 
 38, 5 songs f. male chorus; op. 39, "Michelangelo," 
 concert-overture ; op. 40, Die heilige Nacht^ cantata ; 
 op. 41, 4 Fantasiestucke f. pf.; op. 42, Pf.-trio in 
 F; op. 43, Zion^ cantata ; op. 45, Symphony No. 7, in 
 F ; op. 47, Symphony No. 8, in B min.; op. j8, Kalantis^ 
 cantata ; op. 49, ZioHy cantata ; op. 50, Die Kreuzfakrer 
 (Crusaders), cantata; op. 53, Novelletten, 4pcs. f . string- 
 orch.; op. 55, "Sommertag auf dem Lande," sjpcs. f. 
 orch.; op. 56, violin-concerto; op. 59, Sonata No. 3 f. 
 vln. and pf.;'op. 60, Psyche^ cantata; op. 61, "Holber- 
 giana," suite f. orch.; op. 62, Sonata f . vln. and pf., 
 in B b. 
 
 Gadsby, Henry Robert, b. Hackney, Lon- 
 don, Dec. 15, 1842. Chorister at St. Paul's, 
 1849-58 ; pupil of 
 Wm. Bayley, but 
 chiefly self-taught. 
 Org-, at St. Peter's, 
 Brockley ; in 1S84 
 he succeeded Mul- 
 lah as prof, of harm. 
 at Queen's College, 
 London ; is also 
 prof, at the Guild- 
 hall S. of M. A 
 leading English 
 com p. — Works : 
 
 Psalm cxxx ; sev- \^'-v^^^^^^r^^^?iSB^J*W''/ 
 eral cantatas {Alice 
 Brand ; The Lord 
 of the Isles ; Co- 
 lumbus ; The Cyclops)', music to Alcestis and 
 Andromache ; " Festival Service" in D, (2 8 ; 3 
 symphonies (in A, C, and D) ; overtures ("An- 
 dromeda," " The Golden Legend," " The 
 Witches' Frolic ") ; orchestral scene " The For- 
 est of Arden"; a string-quartet; Andante and 
 Rondo f. fl. and pf. ; services, anthems, part- 
 songs, etc. — Publ. a " Supplemental Book of 
 Exercises" for sight-singers ; and " Harmony" 
 
 (1884). 
 
 Gafo'rio (or Gafori, Gafuri, Gaffurio), 
 Franchino (Latinized " Franchinus Gafurius," 
 often simply "Franchinus"), celebrated theo- 
 rist ; b. Lodi, Jan. 14, 1451 ; d. Milan, June 24, 
 1522. Intended for the church, he studied the- 
 ology and music together ; lived in Mantua, 
 Verona, and (1477) Genoa ; he formed an inti- 
 macy with the fugitive Doge Prospero Adorno, 
 
 and fled with him to Naples. Here he met va- 
 rious distinguished musicians, and held public 
 disputations with Filippo da Caserta and G. 
 Spataro. The plague and the Turkish invasion 
 drove him to Lodi ; he was choirmaster at 
 Monticello for 3 years, made a short visit to 
 Bergamo, and in 1484 became singer and mas- 
 ter of the boys in Milan cath. , and first singer 
 in the choir of Duke Lodovico Sforza. In 1485 
 he also founded a music-school at Milan, which 
 prospered. His writings, valuable at the period, 
 and still important to musical history, were as 
 follows: " Theoricum opus harmonicae disci- 
 plinae" (Naples, 1480; 2nd ed. Milan, 1492, as 
 " Theoria musicae"); " Practica musicae sive 
 musicae actiones, in IV libris " (Milan, 1496 ; 
 his magnum optis, with examples of mensural 
 notation in block-print ; other editions 1497, 
 1502, 1512) ; "Angelicum ac divinum opus mu- 
 sicae . . . materna lingua scriptum " (Milan, 
 1508); " De harmonia musicorum instrumen- 
 torum opus " (1518, Milan, with biogr. of G. by 
 P. Meleguli) ; "Apologia Franchini Gafurii ad- , 
 versus Joannem Spatarium et complices musicos 
 Bononienses " (Turin, 1520 ; a satirico-polemical 
 effort, dictated by the old musician's overween- 
 ing vanity ; it added fuel to the heated confro- 
 versy between the Milanese and Bolognese 
 schools). 
 
 Gaglia'no, Marco di Zano'bi da, early 
 opera-comp. ; b. Florence (?) ; d. there Feb. 24, 
 1642. He was a pupil of L. Bali ; in 1602 he be- 
 came maestro at S. Lorenzo in Florence. — Publ. 
 works: Dafne, "opera in musica" (his most 
 important work ; first played at Mantua, 1607 ; 
 publ. Florence, 1608, and reprinted, with the 
 continuo written out, by R. Eitner in vol. x of 
 the ' ' Publikation alterer . . . Musikwerke ") ; 
 Masses a 5 (Venice, 1579); " Responsori della 
 settimana santa a 4 voci" (Venice, 1580; con- 
 sidered his finest work) ; 6 vol.s of Madrigals u 
 5 (1602-17) I " Musiche a i, 2 e 3 voci" (Ven- 
 ice, 1615, with continuo). 
 
 Gah'rich, Wenzel, b. Zerchowitz, Bohemia, 
 Sept. 16, 1794 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 15, 1864. A 
 law-student in Leipzig, he turned musician, 
 joining the Leipzig theatre-orch. as a violinist, 
 and (1825) the royal orch. at Berlin. His ballets 
 Don Qtiichoite, Die Insel der Liebe, Die See- 
 rduber, Aladdin^ etc., were very successful, and 
 he was app. ballet-master at the court opera 
 (1845-60). — Other works : 2 operas (not perf.); 
 2 symphonies; a pf. -quartet ; a concertino f. via. 
 and orch. ; 5 coU.s of dances ; songs, etc. 
 
 Gail, Edm6e-Sophie {nde Garre), talented 
 comp.; b. Paris, Aug. 28, 1775 ; d. there July 
 24, i8ig. Singing-pupil of Mengozzi ; made a 
 concert-tour through southern France and Spain ' 
 studied theory under Fetis, Perne, and Neukomni, 
 Sang in London, 1816 ; in Germany and Vt 
 enna, 1818. Married the Greek prof. Jean-Bap- 
 tiste Gall. — Operas : Les deux jaloux (1813) 
 Madem. de Launay a. la Bastille (1813) ; AngiU 
 
GALANDIA— GALLIARD 
 
 (1814, with Boieldieu) ; La m^prise (1814) ; La 
 sMnade (i8l8) ; vocal romances and nocturnes. 
 
 Galandia. See Garlandia. 
 
 Galeaz'zi, Francesco, b. Turin, 1758 ; d. 
 Rome in Jan., 1819. A skilful violinist, for 15 
 years leader of the concerts in the Teatro Valle, 
 Rome ; then violin-teacher at Aseoli. Publ. one 
 of the earliest known Methods for violin : ' ' Ele- 
 menti teorico-pratici di musica, con un saggio 
 sopra I'arte di suonare il violino . . " (Rome, 
 1791, 1796, in 2 parts ; Part I reprinted 1S17). 
 
 Galile'i, Vincenzo, celebrated rausicograph, 
 father of Galileo Galilei, the astronomer ; b. 
 Florence, abt. 1533 ; d. there abt. 1600. A skil- 
 ful lutenist and violinist, and well-versed in an- 
 cient Greek theory, he was a prominent member 
 of the artistic circle meeting at Count Bardi's 
 house ; his compositions for solo voice with lute- 
 accomp. may be regarded as the starting-point 
 of the monody successfully cultivated by Peri, 
 Caccini, etc., the founders of the "opera in 
 musica." A zealous advocate of (soi-disani) 
 Grecian simplicity in contrast with contrapuntal 
 complexity, he publ. a ' ' Discorso della musica 
 antica e della moderna" (Florence, 1581 ; to the 
 2nd ed. [1602] is appended a polemical "Di- 
 scorso intorno alle opere di messer Gioseffo Zar- 
 lino di Chioggia," which had appeared sepa- 
 rately in 1589) ; and " II Fronimo, dialogo sopra 
 I'arte del bene intavolare e rettamente suonare la 
 musica . . ." (Venice, 1583 ; 2nd ed., 1584) ; 
 all of considerable historical interest. 
 
 Galin, Pierre, b. Samatan, Gers, France, 
 1786; d. Paris (?), Aug. 31, 1821. He was 
 teacher of mathematics at the Lycee in Bordeaux, 
 and conceived the idea of simplifying musical 
 instruction by a method which he termed the 
 " Meloplaste," and explained in his work " Ex- 
 position d'une nouvelle methode pour I'enseigne- 
 ment de la musique" (1818 ; 2nd and 3rd ed. in 
 1824 and 1831). The method attracted atten- 
 tion, found warm advocates, and attained con- 
 siderable popularity. [See Chev£ and Paris.] 
 
 Gali'tzin [ga-le'-tsen], Nicolas Borisso- 
 vitch, a Russian prince who died at Kurski, 
 1866. To him Beethoven dedicated an overture 
 (op. 124) and 3 quartets (op. 127, 130, 132) ; they 
 also corresponded until the composer's death. 
 The prince was an amateur of fine attainments, 
 being a skilful 'cellist. 
 
 Gali'tzin, Georg (Prince Galitzin), son of the 
 preceding ; b. St. Petersburg, 1823 ; d. there 
 in Sept., 1872. Pie was Imperial Chamberlain. 
 As a cultivated musician, he established in Mos- 
 cow, in 1842, a choir of 70 boys ; later he also 
 maintained an orch., with which he travelled in 
 Germany, England, France, and America, to 
 introduce Russian music (more especially Glinka's 
 and his own). He wrote masses, orchestral 
 works, soli for various instr.s, choruses, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Gallay, Jacques-Frangois, b. Perpignan, 
 Dec. 8, 1795 ; d. Paris, Oct., 1864. Brilliant 
 
 horn-virtuoso ; pupil (1820-21) of Dauprat in 
 Paris Cons., where he took ist prize. Player in 
 the Odeon and (1825) Th. Italien ; member of 
 the royal " chapelle," and in 1832 chamber-musi- 
 cian to Louis Philippe ; in 1842 he succeeded 
 Dauprat as horn-prof, in the Cons. — Works : 
 Horn-quartets, -trios, -duos ; recreations, noc- 
 turnes, etudes, and concertos f. horn ; and a 
 " Methode complete de cor." 
 
 Gallay, Jules, b. Saint-Quentin, 1822 ; d. 
 Paris, Nov. 2, 1897. A wealthy amateur, he 
 became a good 'cello-player and a zealous student 
 of lutherie in all its forms. To this study we 
 owe the following valuable publications : " Les 
 Instr.s i archet a 1' Exposition universelle de 
 1867 "(Paris, 1867); "Les luthiers italiens aux 
 XVII^ et XVIII' siecles, nouvelle edition du 
 ' Parfait Luthier' (la Chelonomie) de I'abbe Sibire, 
 suivie de notes sur les maitres des diverses ecoles " 
 (Paris, 1869); a reprint of du Manoir's " Le 
 mariage de la musique avec la danse," with hist, 
 introd. and explan. notes (Paris, 1870) ; " Les 
 instr.s des ecoles italiennes, catalogue precede 
 d'une introd. et suivi de notes sur les principaux 
 maitres " (Paris, 1872). As a member of the 
 jury at Vienna, 1873, he edited the " Rapport 
 sur les instr.s de mus." \li archei\ (Paris, 1875). 
 
 Gal'lenberg, Wenzel Robert, Graf von, b. 
 Vienna, Dec. 28, 1783 ; d. Rome, Mar. 13, 1839. 
 An amateur composer in early youth, studying 
 under Albrechtsberger. In 1803 he married 
 Countess Giulietta Guicciardi (of whom Beetho- 
 ven was enamoured, and to whom the Sonata 
 Op. 27, No. 2 is dedicated). In Naples, shortly 
 after, he made the acquaintance of Barbaja, a 
 theatre-manager, wrote for him numerous suc- 
 cessful ballets, and from 1821-3 was his partner 
 when B. was director of opera in Vienna. He 
 attempted the management of the Karntnerthor 
 Th. in 1829, but failed, and was obliged to re- 
 turn to Italy, rejoining Barbaja. — Works ; About 
 50 ballets ; a sonata, marches, fantasias, etc., f. 
 pf. — On one of his themes, Beethoven wrote a 
 set of variations. 
 
 Galle'tius, Franciscus (real name Francois 
 Gallet), b. Mons, Hainault, toward the middle of 
 the i6th century ; contrapuntal comp. at Douai ; 
 publ. " Sacrae cantiones 5, 6 et plurimum vocum 
 . . . "(1586), and " Hymni communes Sanc- 
 torum ..." (1596). 
 
 Galliard, Johann Ernst, b. Celle, Hanover, 
 in 1687 ; d. London, 1749 ; pupil of A. Steffani 
 at Hanover. A skilful oboist, he went to Lon- 
 don, 1706, as chamber-mus. to Prince George of 
 Denmark ; succeeded Draghi as organist at 
 Somerset House ; and composed industriously. 
 Besides the music to numerous plays, masques, 
 and pantomimes, he wiote cantatas, a Te Deum, 
 a Jubilate, anthems, soli f . flute and 'cello, etc. ; 
 and set to music the " Morning Hymn of Adam 
 and Eve," from Milton's Paradise Lost, and 
 Hughes' opera Calypso and Telemachus (1712). 
 He also made some translations. 
 
GALLICO— GANASSI 
 
 Gal'Hco, Paulo, accomplished pianist ; b. 
 Trieste, May 13, 1868. When 15, he gave a 
 recital at Trieste ; then st. at Vienna Cons, un- 
 der Julius Eppstein, graduating at 18 with high- 
 est honors' — first prize (gold medal), also the 
 " Gesellschafts "-medal. After successful con- 
 certs in Italy, Austria, Russia, Germany, etc., 
 he settled in New York in 1892 as concert-pianist 
 and teacher. — Has publ. pf. -pieces and songs. 
 
 Galli'culus, Johannes, a Leipzig contra- 
 puntist contemporary with Luther ; motets and 
 psalms by him are in' collections by Graphaus, 
 Petrejus, and Rhaw. He also publ. " Isagoge 
 de compositione cantus" (1520 ; the editions of 
 1538 and '46 as " Libellus de comp. cantus "; the 
 ed.s of 1548, etc., again as " Isagoge," and with 
 musical examples in block-print). 
 
 Galli-Marie, C^lestine {n^e Marie de 
 I'Isle), b. Paris, fj'ov. , 1840. Dramatic mezzo- 
 soprano. Her father was an opera-singer. She 
 made her debut at Strassburg, 1859 ; sang in 
 Toulouse, i860, and in Lisbon, 1861 (Italian 
 opera), 'Si&Ti%\he. Bohemian Girl zX Rouen, 1862, 
 with such success that she was immediately eng. 
 for the Paris Opera-Comique. Debut there (1862) 
 as Serpina in La Serva padrona. She created 
 the roles of Mignon (1866) and Carmen (1875), 
 also several others, singing in upwards of 20 
 operas from 1862-78, and again in 1883-5. 
 
 Gal'lus, Jacobus, a native of Carniola, whose 
 real name was Jacob Handl (or Handl, Hahnel) ; 
 b. abt. 1550; d. Prague, July 4, 1591. Kapellm. 
 to the Bishop of Olmiitz, later imperial Kapellm. 
 at Prague. As a comp. he was an eminent con- 
 temporary of Palestrina and Orl. Lassus. Besides 
 detached pieces in Bodenschatz's " Florilegium 
 Portense," Proske's " Musica divina," and coll.s 
 of Schoberlein, Zahn, Becker, Rochlitz, and 
 others, the following printed works are extant ; 
 " Missae selectiores" (1580, a 5-8, four books), 
 " Musici operis harmoniarum, 4, 5, 6, 8 et 
 plurium vocum " (ist part 1586 ; 2nd, 3rd, 1587 ; 
 4th, 1590); " Moralia 5, 6 et 8 vocibus concin- 
 nata " (1586) ; " Epicedion harmonicum . . . , 
 Caspari Abb. Zabrdovicensis " (1589), " Har- 
 moniae variae4 vocum " (1591), " Harmoniarum 
 moralium " [4 voc] (1589-90,3 parts), " Sacrae 
 cantiones de praecipuis festis 4-8 et plurium 
 vocum "(1597), ' ' Mottettae quae praestant omnes" 
 (1610). Handel borrowed G.'s motet, " Ecce 
 quomodo moritur Justus," for his " Funeral An- 
 them." 
 
 Gal'lus, Johannes (Jean le Cocq, Maitre 
 Jean, Mestre Jhan), a Dutch contrapuntist ; 
 d. before 1543. He was m. di capp. to Duke 
 Ercole of Ferrara. Many pieces were publ. in 
 coll.s, and in a vol. of motets printed by Scotto 
 (i543)' He was long confounded with Jhan 
 Gero. 
 
 Gal'lus. See Mederitsch, Johann. 
 
 Galup'pi, Baldassare, surnamed il Bura- 
 nel'lo from the island of Burano, n. Venice, on 
 which he was b. Oct. 18 [correct], 1706 ; d. 
 
 Venice, Jan. 3, 1784. A pupil of his father, a 
 barber and violin-player ; in 1722 he brought out 
 at Vicenza an opera. La fede nelV ' incoslanm, 
 which, though a failure, attracted attention to 
 his talent ; he now studied hard under Lotti, and 
 in 1729 prod. Dorinda (Venice, Teatro S. An- 
 gelo) with brilliant success. His forte was 
 comedy-opera, which he cultivated with such 
 success as to earn the title of ' ' padre dell' opera 
 buffa." He was also a distinguished player on, 
 and composer for, the harpsichord. In 1741 he 
 visited England ; from 1762-4 he was maestro 
 at S. Marco, director of the Cons, degli Incura- 
 bili, and organist at various churches. From 
 1765-8 he acted as maestro to the Russian court 
 (Catherine II.); then resuming his post as direc- 
 tor of the Incurabili at Venice. His 54 operas 
 are now obsolete. He also wrote oratorios, a can- 
 tata, and other sacred music (all in MS.) ; one 
 fine sonata for harpsichord is included in Pauer's 
 " Alte Klaviermusik." 
 
 Gamba'le, Emmanuele, Milanese music- 
 teacher, wrote "La riforraa musicale . . . " 
 (1840), advocating a basic scale of 12 semitones 
 (Ger. transl. by Haser, 1843) ; this "reform" he 
 practically exemplified in his " La prime parte 
 della riforma musicale ..." (1846), wherein are 
 etudes written out in his new notation. He transl. 
 Fetis' work on Harmony into Italian. 
 
 Gambi'ni, Carlo Andrea, pianist ; b. Genoa, 
 Oct. 22, 1819 ; d. there Feb. 14, 1865. — Over 
 150 works, among them 4 operas ; an oratorio ; 
 Za Passione (by Manzoni) f. 4-part ch. and 
 orch.; a symphonic ode, " Cristoforo Colombo"; 
 masses and other church-music ; many pf.-pcs., 
 a pf.-trio, etc. 
 
 Gamiic'ci, Baldassare, b. Florence, Dec. 
 14, 1822 ; d. there Jan. 8, 1892. Pupil of C. 
 Fortini (pf .) and L. Picchianti (comp.). In 1849 
 he founded the ' ' Societa Corale del Carmine," 
 which later became the " Scuola Corale " of the 
 Mus. Inst.' at Florence, G. still remaining direc- 
 tor. — Works : Masses, a requiem, psalms, etc., 
 and pf.-pcs.; also publ. " Intorno alia vita ed 
 alle opere di Luigi Cherubini . . ." (Florence, 
 1869); " Rudimenti di lettura musicale . . . ," 
 several times reprinted ; many essays for the re- 
 ports of the Institute, one of special interest 
 being : ' ' Perche i greci non conoscevano la 
 molteplicita delle voci"; also contributions to 
 various mus. journals. 
 
 Ganas'si, Silvestro, b. Fontego, n. Venice, 
 about 1500, and hence named "del Fontego," 
 wrote two rare and valuable works : "La Fonte- 
 gara, la quale insegna di suonare il flauto ..." 
 (Venice, 1535 ; is a method for the 7-holedyMfe- 
 h-bec, and explains the graces) ; and ' ' Regula 
 Rubertina che insegna suonare de viola d'arco 
 tastada" (1542-3, in 2 parts; a Method f. viola 
 and bass-viol). Botji were printed by G. himself ; 
 only one copy of each is extant (in the Liceo 
 Filarmonico at Bologna). 
 
GAND— GARAUD:^ 
 
 Gand, Ch.-Nicolas-Eugfene, b. about 1826; 
 d. Boulogne-sur-Seine, Feb. 6, 1892. Renowned 
 violin-maker. 
 
 Gandillot, L6on, b. Paris, Jan. 25, 1862. A 
 writer of comedies and composer of vaudevilles 
 for minor Parisian stages ; his last pieces, the 
 vaudeville La Tortue (1897, Paris) and a 3-act 
 vaudeville Madame Jalouette {Vans, Dec, 1897), 
 have been fairly successful. 
 
 Gandi'ni, Antonio, b. Modena, Aug. 20, 
 1786 ; d. Formigine, Sept. 10, 1842. Pupil of 
 Mattel in Bologna. From 1814-42 he was 
 maestro to the Ducal Court at Modena, and 
 wrote 3 operas and several cantatas. 
 
 Gandi'ni, Alessandro (cav.), b. Modena, 
 1807 ;.d. there Dec. 17, 1871. Taught by his 
 father, Antonio G., and in 1828 brought out his 
 first opera, Demetrio, which was followed by 7 
 more. In 1842 he succeeded his father as maestro 
 to the Duke of Modena. He wrote a " History 
 of the Theatres of Modena from 1539 to 1^71 " 
 (Modena, 1873 ; 3 vol.s), augmented by a fourth 
 vol. — 1875-83 — compiled by Ferrari-Moreni and 
 Tardini (Modena, 1883). 
 
 Ganne, Louis-Gaston, born Buxieres-les- 
 Mines, AUier, Apr. 5, 1862. Pupil of Th. Du- 
 bois and CI. Franck at Paris Cons. ; a popular 
 composer of ballets, pantomimes, and divertisse- 
 ments ; also the vaudev. Tout-Paris (1891), a 
 comic opera Rabelais (1892), and the vaudev.- 
 operetta Les cotles des femmes (1893). He has 
 publ. about 50 light pf . -pes. , a dozen, for 4 hands, 
 numerous songs much in vogue, etc. He is chef 
 d'ordiestre of the balls at the Opera, and 1st chef 
 d'orchestre at the municipal Casino at Royan. 
 
 Gans'bacher, Johann, born Sterzing, Tyrol, 
 May 8, 1778 ; died Vienna, July 13, 1844. In 
 early youth he learned singing, the organ, piano, 
 'cello, and harmony; in 1801, at Vienna, he stud- 
 ied under Abbe Vogler and Albrechtsberger, and 
 then devoted himself to composition. He visited 
 Prague, and (1809) Dresden and Leipzig ; in 
 1810, resumed study under Vogler, at Darmstadt, 
 Weber and Meyerbeer being his fellow-pupils 
 and friends ; with Weber he went to Mannheim 
 and Heidelberg, and rejoined him later in 
 Prague. In Vienna G. also met Beethoven. He 
 served in the war of 1813, led a roving life for 
 several years, and finally (1823) settled in Vienna 
 as Kapellm. of the cathedral (Stephankirche), as 
 Preindl's successor. His 216 comp.s show little 
 originality, but solid workmanship. Only 2 
 masses, 2 requiems, and several small church- 
 works, also 3 terzettos f. 2 S. and T., Schiller's 
 Erwartung, and some pf . -sonatas and trios, have 
 been publ. Besides 15 other masses, and 2 other 
 requiems, 2 Te Deums, offertories, etc., he wrote 
 a symphony, serenades, marches, concerted pes. , 
 pf.-pcs., a " Liederspiel," music to £>ie Kreuz- 
 fahrer (by Kotzebue), songs, etc. 
 
 Gant'voort, Arnold J., b. Amsterdam, Hol- 
 land, Dec. '6, 1857. Went to America in 1876 ; 
 gave private lessons, and taught in various col- 
 
 leges (Bowling Green, Ky. ; Oxford, O. ; Piqua, 
 O.) ; in 1894, head of dept. for prep, public-school 
 music-teachers. Coll. of Mus., Cincinnati. Has 
 publ. a series of music-readers for public-school 
 children. Pres.t Ohio Mus. -Teachers' Assoc. 
 1891-4. 
 
 Ganz, Adolf, b. Mayence, Oct. 14, 1796 ; d. 
 London, Jan. n, 1870. Violinist; 1819, cond. 
 at Mayence ; 1825, Kafellm. to the Grand Duke 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt. — Of his 2 sons, Eduard 
 (b. Mayence, 1827 ; d. l86g) v/as a pianist, pupil 
 of Thalberg ; and Wilhelra (b. Mayence, Nov. 
 6, 1833), also a pianist, a pupil of Eckert (Ber- 
 lin) and Anschiitz (Koblenz), is prof, at the Lon- 
 don Guildhall Sch. of M.; he conducted the 
 ' ' Ganz " orchestral concerts in London from 
 1879-82, and has comp. fashionable salon-pcs. 
 f. pf. 
 
 Ganz, Moritz, 'cellist, brother of Adolf ; b. 
 Mayence, Sept. 13, 1806 ; d. Berlin, Jan. 22, 
 1868 ; joined the Berlin court orch. in 1827 as 
 first 'cello. An excellent player, he has written 
 good 'cello-music (concertos, fantasias, trios, 
 duets, etc.). 
 
 Ganz, Leopold, violinist, brother of Adolf, 
 b. Mayence, Nov. 28, 1810; d. Berlin, June 15, 
 1869. After concert-tours with Moritz, he joined 
 with him the Berlin court orch. in 1827, obtain- 
 ing the title (1836) and position (1840) of Con- 
 certmeister (leader). Publ. duos f. vln. and 
 'cello. 
 
 Garat, Pierre-Jean, famous concert-singer 
 and teacher ; b. Ustaritz, Basses-Pyrenees, Apr. 
 25, 1764; d. Paris, Mar. i, 1823. His remark- 
 able talent discovered itself early, and he had 
 lessons in singing from Franz Beck in Bordeaux, 
 whither the family had removed ; but his father 
 wished him to become a lawyer, and sent him to 
 the Univ. of Paris in 1780. Music, however, 
 had far greater attractions than the law ; G. neg- 
 lected his legal studies, and fell out with his fa- 
 ther, but was happily aided by the Count d'Ar- 
 tois, who made him his private secretary and in- 
 troduced him to Marie Antoinette, whose special 
 favor he enjoyed up to the Revolution. Now 
 obliged to earn his livelihood as a concert-singer, 
 he accomp. Rode to Hamburg ; after great suc- 
 cesses, they returned to Paris in 1794, and G. 
 sang (1795) at the Feydeau Concerts, where his 
 triumphs speedily procured him a professorship 
 of singing in the newly-opened Cons. For 20 
 years longer, his wonderful tenor-baritone voice, 
 trained to perfection in coloratura, and of re- 
 markable compass, rendered him the foremost 
 singer on the French concert-stage in every de- 
 partment of vocal music. Nourrit, Levasseur, 
 and Ponchard, were his pupils. 
 
 Garaud^, Alexis de, b. Nancy, Mar. 21, 
 1779 ; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 1852. He studied the- 
 ory under Cambini and Reicha, and singing un- 
 der Crescentini and Garat ; was a singer in the 
 imp. (later royal) choir from 1808-30, and prof, 
 of singing in the Cons, from 1816-41. — Publ. 3 
 
 203 
 
GARBRECHT— GARGIULO 
 
 string-quintets, many ensemble-pieces f. vln. , fl. , 
 cl., and 'cello, sonatas and var.s f. pf., a solemn 
 mass, solfeggi, vocalises, arias, duets, songs, 
 etc.; also a " Methode de chant" (i8og, op. 25 ; 
 2nd revised ed. as " M. complete de chant," op, 
 40) ; " Solfege, ou methode de musique " ; " Me- 
 thode complete de piano"; and " L'harmonie 
 rendue facile, ou theorie pratique de cette sci- 
 ence" (1835). 
 
 Gar'brecht, Fr. F. W. (d. 1875), founded 
 at Leipzig (1862) an establi.shment for engraving 
 and printing music, which has been owned by 
 Oskar Brandstatter since 1880. 
 
 Gar'cia [gar'-shah], Don Francisco Sa- 
 verio (Padre Garcia, called in Rome " lo Spa- 
 gnoletto"), b. Nalda, Spain, 1731 ; d. Saragossa, 
 ¥"eb. 26, i8og. He lived for some years in Rome 
 as a student and singing-teacher; in 1756 he 
 was app. maestro at Saragossa cath. A prolific 
 and influential church-comp., his works show a 
 marked contrast to the fugal style prevailing be- 
 fore, being more natural and simple. He wrote 
 masses and motets, chiefly in 8 parts. His most 
 noted pupil was Caterina Gabrielli. 
 
 Gar'cia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente, fa- 
 mous tenor, singing-teacher, and dram. comp. ; 
 b. Sevilla, Jan. 22, 1775 ; d. Paris, June 2, 1832. 
 A chorister in Sevilla cath. at 6, he was taught 
 by Ripa and Almarcha, and at 17 was already 
 well known as a singer, comp., and conductor. 
 After singing in Cadiz, Madrid, and Malaga, he 
 proceeded (1806) to Paris, and sang to enthusi- 
 astic audiences at the Theatre Italien (Opera- 
 Bouffe) ; in i8og, at his benefit, he sang his own 
 monodrama El poeta calculista with extraor- 
 dinary success. In Italy, from 1811-16, he pro- 
 fited by Auzani's advice, and improved his style 
 of singing by adopting the old Italian method. 
 In 1812 Murat app. him chamber-singer. On 
 his return to Paris, his disgust at the machina- 
 tions of Catalani, the manageress of the Th. 
 Italien, caused him to break his engagement and 
 go to London (1817), where his triumphs were 
 repeated. From 1819-24 he was again the idol 
 of the Parisians at the Th. Italien ; sang as first 
 tenor at tlie Royal Opera, in London, 1824-5, 
 and in this latter year embarked for New York 
 with his family (wife, son Manuel, and daughter 
 Maria [Malibran]), and the distinguished artists 
 Crivelli fils, Angrisani, Barbieri, and Rosich ; 
 from Nov. 29, 1825, to Sept. 30, 1826, they gave 
 79 performances at the Park and Bowery Thea- 
 tres, with evident artistic and apparent pecuniary 
 success. The troupe then spent 18 months in 
 Mexico, when G. returned to Paris, and after 
 some reappearances as a singer, devoted himself 
 wholly to teaching and composition. His operas 
 comprise 17 in Spanish, 18 in Italian, and 8 in 
 French, besides a number never performed, and 
 numerous ballets ; they are all quite forgotten. 
 He was a preeminently successful teacher ; his 
 two daughters, Mme. Malibran and Mme. Pau- 
 line Viardot-Garcia, Ad. Nourrit, Rimbault, and 
 Favelli were a few of his best pupils. 
 
 Gar'cia, Manuel, distinguished vocal teacher, 
 son of preceding ; b. Madrid, Mar. 17, 1805, 
 still living (1899). Intended for a stage-singer 
 (bass), he went to New York with his father 
 but in 1829 adopted the vocation of a singing- 
 teacher (in Paris) with conspicuous success. An 
 exponent of his father's method, he also care- 
 fully investigated the functions of the vocal or- 
 gans ; invented the laryngoscope, for which the 
 Konigsberg Univ. made him Dr. fhil. hon. 
 causa. In 1840 he sent to the Academy a 
 " Memoire sur la voix humaine," a statement of 
 the conclusions arrived at by various investi- 
 gators, with his own comments. He was app. 
 prof, at the Cons, in 1847, but resigned in 1850 
 to accept a similar position in the London R. A, 
 M. Among G.'s pupils were his wife, Eugenie, 
 Jenny Lind, Henriette Nissen, and Jul. Stock- 
 hausen. His " Traite complet de I'art du 
 chant" was publ. in 1847; a German ed., by 
 Wirth, appeared soon after. 
 
 Gar'cia, Eugenie (»/«■ Mayer), wife and 
 pupil of preceding ; b. Paris, 1818 ; d. there Aug. 
 12, 1880. Soprano stage-singer ; for several 
 years in Italian theatres, then (1840) at the 
 Opera-Com., Paris; 1842 in London; finally, 
 separated from her husband, she lived as a sing- 
 ing-teacher at Paris. 
 
 Gar'cia, Marie-F61icite. See Malibran. 
 
 Gar'cia, Mariano, b. Aoiz, Navarra, July 26, 
 i8og. Director of the Pampluna School of 
 Music, and a noteworthy composer of church- 
 music. 
 
 Garcin, Jules - Auguste - Salomon, born 
 Bourges, July 11, 1830 ; d. Paris, Oct. 10, 1896. 
 Violinist ; pupil, in Paris Cons., of Clavel and 
 Alard, also of Bazin (harm.) and A. Adam 
 (comp.). In 1856 he joined the Grand Opera 
 orch., becoming first solo violin and 3rd cond. 
 in 1871 ; in 1882, 2nd cond. of the Cons. Con- 
 certs (succeeding Altes) ; and was first cond. 
 (succeeding Deldevez) from 1885-92. From 
 i8go, also prof, of vln. at the Cons., as Mas- 
 sart's successor. — Works : A suite symphoniqve 
 f. orch., op. 25 ; a concertino f. via.; a concerto 
 and other pes. f . vln. ; etc. 
 
 Garda'no, Antonio (up to 1557 he wrote his 
 name Gardane), b. after (?) 1500; d. Venice, 
 1571 (?). One of the earliest and most cele- 
 brated Italian music-printers; from 1537 he re- 
 printed many cucrent publications, as well as im- 
 portant novelties, and compositions of his own ; 
 e.g., " Mottetti del frutto " (1539) and " Canzoni 
 francesi" (1564). After 1571 his 2 sons Ales- 
 sandro and Angelo carried on the business till 
 1575, when the former set up for himself in 
 Rome, while the latter remained in Venice till 
 his death (1610) ; his heirs continued publishing 
 under his name till 1650. 
 
 Gargiu'lo, (Chevalier) Enrico, mandolinist; 
 b. Bari, Italy, Mar. 31, 1865 ; son of the noted 
 operatic baritone Eugenio Gargiulo, who was 
 also his first teacher. Trained later by Adreano 
 
 204 
 
GARIBOLDI— GASPARO DA SAL6 
 
 Galanteand Bellisario (mandolin), and D. Burgio 
 (harm.). 
 
 Garibordi, Giuseppe, flutist and comp.; b. 
 Macerato, Italy, Mar. 17, 1833. Lived many 
 years in Paris, as a concert-player, and publ. 
 numerous pes. f. fl. and pf., and fl. solo. He 
 also brought out 3 operettas, and wrote songs. 
 
 Garlandia, Johannes de, French writer, 
 author of a treatise on plain song and mensural 
 music (abt. 1210-32), 2 versions of which were 
 printed by Coussemaker in his " Scriptores," 
 vol. i. 
 
 Garnier, Frangois-Joseph, oboist; b. Lauris, 
 Vaucluse, 1759 ; d. there abt. 1825. Pupil of 
 Sallantin at Paris ; in 1778 second, in 1786 first 
 oboe at the Grand Opera. — Publ. 3 oboe-concer- 
 tos ; 2 symphonies concertantes f . 2 oboes ; I do. 
 f. flute, ob., and bssn.; 6 duos f. ob. and vln. ; 
 and a " Methode pour le hautbois" (recent Ger- 
 man ed. transl. by P. Wieprecht). 
 
 Garrett, George Mursell, b. Winchester, 
 England, June 8, 1834 ; d. Cambridge, Apr. 8, 
 1897. A pupil of 
 Elvey and Wesley, 
 he was asst.-org. at 
 Winchester cath. 
 1851-4; org. of 
 Madras cath., ^^ 
 
 cX:c?nSbiM^£ WieikkW'i 
 
 in 1857; org. to the miK^M ^Xmil 
 Univ., 1873, sue- •§MU^\ggg^-:-'^l 
 ceeding 'Hopkins. =.■-?, 
 
 Tookdegreeof Mus. 
 Bac. 1857, of Mus. 
 Doc. 1867 ; also re- 
 ceived the degree of 
 M. A', propter me- 
 rita in 1878. From 1883, Univ. Lecturer on 
 harm, and cpt. ; he was Examiner in Mus. for 
 Cambridge Univ., cond. of St. John's Coll. Mus. 
 Soc, and solo pianist at its concerts ; also F. R. 
 C. 0., and member of Philharm. — Works : Ora- 
 torio The Shunammite (1882) ; 5 cantatas, 4 
 services, and other church-music ; part-songs, 
 songs, organ-pcs. , etc. 
 
 Gart'ner, Joseph, b. Tachau, Bohemia, 1796; 
 d. Prague, May 30, 1863. Organ-builder at 
 Prague. Publ. ' ' Kurze Belehrung iiber die innere 
 Einrichtung der Orgeln ..." (1832 ; 2nd ed. 
 1841). 
 
 Caspar van Weer'beke, b. Oudenaerde, 
 Flanders, abt. 1440 ; d. there (?). An eminent 
 contrapuntist, master of singing to the Duke of 
 Milan till 1490, when he returned to his native 
 town. His works (masses, motets, and lamen- 
 tations) are found in publications of the time, and 
 in the Papal Library. 
 
 Gaspa'ri, Gaetano, historiographer ; b. Bo- 
 logna, Mar. 14, 1807; d. there Mar. 31, 1881. 
 Entered the Liceo Musicale in 1820 (pupil of B. 
 Uonelli) ; took ist prize in comp. in 1827, and 
 was made honorary maestro of the institution in 
 
 1828. Until 1836 he was m. di capp. at Cento, 
 and then for a brief space at Imola, leaving this 
 position to aid his old teacher Donelli ; on the 
 latter's death (1839), instead of succeeding him, 
 G. was app. merely prof, of solfeggio (1840) ; not 
 until 1855 did his sterling merit win him the 
 post of Librarian to the Liceo, and prof, of 
 EESthetics. In 1857 (to 1866) he also became ni. 
 di capp. at the Church of S. Petronio. His 
 growing influence as an authority on music led 
 to his appointment, in 1866, as a member of the 
 Royal Deputation for historical research in Ro- 
 magna, and to him was assigned the report on 
 the musicians of Bologna. Thenceforward he 
 devoted himself to historical research. — Writ- 
 ings : " Richerche, documenti e memorie ri- 
 sguardanti lastoria dell'arte musicale in Bologna" 
 (1867); " Ragguagli suUa cappella musicale 
 della Basilica di S. Petronio in Bologna " (1869) ; 
 " Memorie . . dell'arte mus. in B. al XVI 
 secolo" {1875). Among his excellent comp.s 
 may be mentioned masses, a Miserere in 2 parts 
 w. small orch., a Miserere mei Deus a 5, w. 
 organ, and an Ave Maria f. children's voices, 
 w. pf. 
 
 Gaspari'ni (or Guasparini), Francesco, b. 
 Camaiore, n. Lucca, Mar. 5, 1668 ; d. Rome, 
 April, 1737. Pupil of Corelli and Pasquini in 
 Rome, where he taught for a time, and became 
 (abt. 1700) director of music at the Cons, della 
 Pieta, Venice. In 1735 he was app. tn. di capp. 
 at the Lateran, Rome. ' Between 1702-30 he 
 prod. abt. 40 operas at Venice, Rome, Vienna, 
 etc., with great success ; he also wrote masses, 
 motets, cantatas, psalms, an oratorio Moses, etc. 
 His chief work was a Method of thorough-bass 
 playing, " L'Armonico pratico al cembalo . " 
 (Venice, 1683 ; 7th ed., 1802), used in Italy for 
 nearly 200 years. His most famous pupil was 
 Benedetto Marcello. 
 
 Gaspari'ni, Michelangelo, celebrated con- 
 tralto singer and dramatic comp. ; b. Lucca, 
 1685 ; d. Venice, 1732. A pupil of Lotti, he 
 devoted himself to vocal teaching, and founded 
 a famous singing-school at Venice (Faustina 
 Bordoni was his pupil). He brought out 5 
 operas in Venice. 
 
 Gaspari'ni, Don Quirino, 'cellist and com- 
 poser ; from 1749-70, m. di capp. at the Turin 
 court, and (1776) maestro at the cathedral. 
 Wrote a Stabat Mater, motets, string-quartets. 
 
 Gaspa'ro da Said, family-name Bertolotti, 
 
 b. Sal6 (prov. of Brescia, Italy), abt. 1542 ; d. 
 Brescia (?), 1609. He came to Brescia abt. 
 1563, and settled there as a maker of viols, viole 
 da gamba, and contrabass viols, which gained 
 much celebrity ; his violins were not so good. 
 He is credited with having modernized the form 
 of the violin, giving the /-holes their present 
 shape, also its graceful curve to the scroll, and 
 prolonging and sharpening the 4 corners of the 
 bouts. His pupils were his first-born son, 
 Francesco ; Giovan Paolo Maggini ; and Giacomo 
 
 205 
 
GASSIER— GAUDENTIOS 
 
 Lafranchini. Dragonetti's favorite double-bass 
 was an altered viola contrabbassa of Gasparo's. 
 
 Gassier, L.-Edouard, dramatic baritone ; 
 b. France, 1822 ; d. Havana, Dec. 18, 1871. 
 Debut at the Opera-Comique, Paris, 1845 ; he 
 sang in Italy ; married (1848) the Spanish singer 
 Josefa Fernandez- [d. Madrid, Oct. 8, 1S66], 
 virith whom he sang successfully at Madrid, Bar- 
 celona, and Sevilla, then (1854) at the Th. Italien, 
 Paris, and in London and Moscow. 
 
 Gass'mann, Florian Leopold, b. Brux, 
 Bohemia, May 4, 1723 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 21, 
 1774. He had an excellent mus. education, but 
 his father insisted on his adopting a commercial 
 career ; G. therefore ran away from home when 
 12 years old, and made his way as a harper to 
 Padre Martini in Bologna, who taught him for 
 two years. After living at Venice in the service 
 of Count Leonardo Veneri, he was called by 
 Emperor Francis I. (1762) to Vienna as ballet- 
 comp.; in 1771 he succeeded Reutter as court 
 Kapellm., and founded the " Tonkunstler So- 
 cietat" (now the " Haydn") for the relief of the 
 widows and orphans of musicians. He wrote 
 23 operas, a quantity of orchestral and chamber- 
 music, and much church-music. His most fa- 
 mous pupil, Salieri, was the teacher of G.'s 2 
 daughters, Maria Anna and Maria Theresia 
 (Rosenbaum), distinguished opera-singers in Vi- 
 enna. 
 
 Gass'ner, Ferdinand Simon, violinist ; b. 
 Vienna, Jan. 6, 1798 ; d. Karlsruhe, Feb. 25, 
 1851. In 1816 violinist, later chorusmaster at 
 the National Th., Mayence ; 1818, mus. director 
 at Giessen Univ., which in 1819 made him Dr. 
 phil. a-nd lecturer on music; In 1826 he joined 
 the court orch. at Darmstadt, and afterwards 
 became teacher of singing and chorusmaster at 
 the Theatre. From 1822-35 he publ. the " Mu- 
 sikalischer Hausfreund" at Mayence ; and edited, 
 1841-5, the " Zeitschrift filr Deutschlands Mu- 
 sikvereine u. Dilettanten." — Wrote: " Partitu- 
 renkenntniss, ein Leitfaden zum Selbstunter- 
 richt ..." (1838; French ed., 1871, " Traite 
 de la partition ") ; and " Dirigent u. Ripienist" 
 (1846). He contributed to the Supplement of 
 Schilling's " Universallexikon der Tonkunst" 
 (1842) and compiled an " Universallexikon der 
 Tonkunst " (1849). He composed 2 operas, sev- 
 eral ballets, a cantata, songs, etc. 
 
 Gast, Peter. See KOselitz, Heinmch. 
 
 Gastal'don, Stanislas, b. Turin, Apr. 7, 
 1861. At the age of 17 he began publishing 
 nocturnes, ballabili^ and other pes. f. pf. , and 
 also songs, some of which have had great vogue 
 ("La musica proibita"; " Ti vorrei rapiti"; 
 " Frate Anselmo"; " Donna Clara") ; his i-act 
 opera-seria, // Pater (Milan, 1894), was quite 
 successful. He has also written 6 marches for 
 military band ; a pf. -fantasia, " La dansa delle 
 scimraie "; etc. 
 
 Gastinel, Leon - Gustave - Cyprien, b. Vil- 
 lers, n. Auxonne (Cote d'Or), Aug. 15, 1823. 
 
 Pupil of Halevy at Paris Cons. , taking ist Gr. 
 prix de Rome for his cantata Velasquez in 1846. 
 A successful comp. of comic operas, he has pro- 
 duced Le miroir (1853), I'Op&a aux fitiches 
 (1857), Titus et B^rMce (i860), Le buisson vert 
 (i86i), Le Barde (Nice, 1896), and the well- 
 received ballet Le rive (Grand Opera, 1890) ; 
 besides 3 operas not yet prod.: La Kermesse, 
 Euiath, and Ourania. Also 4 oratorios and 3 
 solemn masses, orchestral comp.s, chamber- 
 music, choruses, etc. 
 
 Gastol'di, Giovanni Giacomo, poet and 
 contrapuntist ; b. Caravaggio, abt. 1556 ; d. 
 Milan (?), 1622. He was made m. di cafp. at a 
 church in Mantua, and from 1592 in Milan. 
 Many, of his works were publ. between 1581- 
 1611 :'Canzoni, canzonetti, madrigals, masses, 
 psalms, vespers, balletli, concerti, etc., a 3-8. 
 
 Gatayes, Guillaume-Pierre-Antoine, b. 
 Paris, Dec. 20, 1774; d. there Oct., 1846. 
 Guitar-player and song-composer ; he publ. trios 
 f . guitar, fl. , and vln. ; duets f . 2 guitars, f . guitar 
 and pf . , f . guitar and vln. (or flute), f . harp and 
 horn, f. harp and guitar ; also guitar soli, and 
 harp-sonatas. Wrote 3 Methods f. guitar, and 
 one for harp. 
 
 Gatayes, Joseph-L6on, son of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Paris, Dec. 25, 1805 ; d. there Feb. i, 
 1877. Excellent harpist, and composer of soli, 
 duets, and etudes f. harp. Musical critic for sev- 
 eral Paris papers. 
 
 Gatayes, F61ix, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Paris, 1809. Orchestral comp. and good pianist, 
 chiefly self-taught ; for 20 years on concert-tours 
 in Europe, America, and Australia. Wrote fine 
 symphonies and overtures ; later devoted himself 
 to composing military music. 
 
 Ga'thy [-te], August, b. Liege, May 14, 
 1800 ; d. Paris, Apr. 8, 1858. Pupil of F. 
 Schneider in Dessau (1828-30) ; lived 1830-41 
 in Hamburg, editing a ' ' Musikalisches Conver- 
 sationsblatt"; also publ. (1835) a "Mus. Con- 
 versationslexikon " (2nd ed. 1840 ; 3rd ed., rev. 
 by Reissmann, 1873 ; a valuable work). From 
 1841, music-teacher in Paris. — Songs. 
 
 Gatty, Alfred Scott, b. Ecclesfield, York- 
 shire, Apr. 25, 1847. In 1880 he was app. 
 Rouge Dragon, Poursuivant of Arms, Heralds' 
 College, London. — Works : 2 operettas : Sani- 
 ford and Merton's Christmas Party (1880), and 
 Not at ILome {\%i6) ; "Little Songs for Little 
 Voices"; many songs ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Gaucquier, Alard (real name Dunoyer, La- 
 tinized Nuceus ; called du Gaucquier, and also 
 Insulanus [Roman name of Lille — L'lle being 
 Insula^. Famous contrapuntist of the i6th 
 century : Magnificat, 4 to 6 parts (1547) ; " Qua- 
 tuor missae 5, 6 et 8 vocum" (1581) ; band- 
 master to King Ferdinand I., Maximilian II., 
 and Archduke Matthias (later Emperor). 
 
 Gauden'tios, sumamed " the philosopher," a 
 Greek writer, presumably before Ptolemy. His 
 " Introductio harmonica," based on Aristoxenos, 
 
 206 
 
GAUL— GAZZANIGA 
 
 was published by Meibom, with a Latin transla- 
 tion, in the " Auctores septem " (1652). 
 
 Gaul, Alfred Robert, born Norwich, Eng., 
 Apr. 30, 1837. A chorister in the cathedral at 
 g, he was articled to Dr. Buck ; was org. at 
 Fakenham, Birmingham, and Edgbaston ; grad- 
 uated (1863) as Mus. Bac, Cantab.; became 
 cond. of the Walsall Philharmonic in 1887, and 
 is now teacher and cond. at The Birmingham 
 and Midland Inst., and teacher at King Ed- 
 ward's High School f . Girls and at the Blind Asy- 
 lum. — Works : An oratorio, Hezekiah (1861) ; 
 several cantatas, some of which (^Riith and The 
 Holy City) are popular in the U. S.; Passion 
 music; the g6th Psalm; an ode, "A song of 
 life"; glees, vocal trios and duets, songs and 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 Gaultier (or Gautier), Jacques [Gautier 
 d'Angleterre], b. Lyons, abt. 1600 ; d. Paris, 
 abt. 1670. Celebrated lutenist, pupil of Mesan- 
 gean ; royal lutenist at London, 1617-47, then 
 going to Paris. [Oskar Fleischer publ. in Books 
 I and 2 of the " Vierteljahrschrift flir Musik- 
 wissenschaft," for 1886, an interesting mono- 
 graph on the various Gaultiers.] 
 
 Gaultier, Denis, also a famous lutenist ; b. 
 Marseilles (1600-10 ?) ; d. Paris (date unknown). 
 In 1647 he establ. with his cousin Jacques a 
 school for lute-playing in Paris ; among their 
 pupils were Monton, Du Faux, Du But, and 
 Gallot. — 2 published collections of lute-music 
 compiled by him are extant : "Pieces de luth" 
 (l66o) and " Livre de tablature." 
 
 Gaultier, Pierre, b. Orleans, and a comp. for 
 lute, publ. some unimportant suites for lute 
 (1638). 
 
 Gaultier, Enn^mond, son of Jacques ; born 
 Vienne, Dauphine, in 1635 ; d. before 1680 ; was 
 royal chamber-lutenist at Paris in 1669, and 
 publ. 2 books of lute-pcs. in tablature. 
 
 Gaultier, Pierre, b. Cioutat, Provence, 1642 ; 
 drowned at Cette, 1697 ; he purchased the pat- 
 ent for an operatic enterprise at Marseilles, from 
 LuUy, the first performance being that of his 
 own opera, Le triomphe de la paix (1687). 
 
 Gaultier, Aloysius - Edouard - C a m i 1 1 e 
 (Abbe), b. Italy, abt. 1755 ; d. Paris, Sept. 19, 
 1B18. He was an innovator with regard to 
 mrthods for teaching the young ; and publ. 
 "Elements de musique propre a faciliter aux 
 enfants la connaissance des notes . . ." (1789). 
 
 Gauntlett, Henry John, b. Wellington, 
 Shropshire, July 9, 1805 ; d. Kensington, Lon- 
 don, Feb. 21, 1876. A lawyer by profession, he 
 was likewise an excellent musician, org. in sev- 
 eral churches, and Mus. Doc, Lambeth, 1843. 
 He was chiefly instrumental, with the assistance 
 of the organ-builder Wm. Hill, in introducing 
 the C organ, instead of the earlier F and G or- 
 gans, into England. He composed many an- 
 thems, hymns, songs, glees, and organ-pcs., and 
 publ. several valuable compilations of church- 
 music. 
 
 Gauthier, Gabriel, b. in the dept. of Saone- 
 et-Loire, France, in 1808 ; lost his sight when 
 II months old, and entered the Paris Inst, for 
 the Blind in 1818, where he was later instructor 
 (1827-40). I-Ie afterwards became org. of St.- 
 Etienne-du-Mont, Paris. — Publ. "Repertoire 
 des mattres de chapelle " (1842-5, 5 vol.s) ; 
 ' ' Considerations sur la question de la ref orme 
 du plain-chant . . ."(1843); and " Le meca- 
 nisme de la composition instrumentale . . ." 
 (1845). 
 
 Gautier, Jean-Frangois-Eugfene, b. Vau- 
 girard, n. Paris, Feb. 27, 1822 ; d. Paris, Apr. 
 3, 1878. Pupil of Habeneck (vln.) and Halevy 
 (comp.) at the Cons. ; 184S, 2nd cond. at the Th.- 
 Lyrique, and in 1864 chef de chant at' the Th. 
 Italien ; also prof, of harm, at the Cons., and in 
 1872 prof, of history. For several years he was 
 m. de chap, at Saint-Eugene. He also wrote for 
 various papers. — Works : 14 comic operas ; an 
 oratorio. La mart de Jisu ; a cantata, Le ij aoAt, 
 an Ave Maria, etc. 
 
 Gautier, Th^ophile, b. Tarbes, France, 
 Aug. 31, 1811 ; d. Paris, Oct. 23, 1872. He 
 edited for years the dramatic feuilleton of the 
 "Presse" and the " Moniteur Universelle"; 
 and publ. " Histoire de I'art dramatique en 
 France depuis 25 ans" (1859, 6 small vol.s). 
 
 Gaveaux, Pierre, b. Beziers, Herault, Aug., 
 1761 ; d. Paris, Feb. 5, 1825. A pupil of Franz 
 Beck at Bordeaux, and tenor at the church of 
 Saint-Severin ; opera-singer at Bordeaux, Mont- 
 pellier, and (1789) Paris (Opera-Comique). — 
 Works : 33 operas, chiefly for the Th. Feydeau. 
 
 Gavini^s, Pierre, brilliant violinist, styled by 
 Viotti " the French Tartini"; b. Bordeaux, May 
 26, 1726; d. Paris, Sept. 9, 1800. Self-taught 
 in a great measure, his expressive and elevated 
 style, formed upon that of the old Italian mas- 
 ters, created a profound impression at his debut 
 in a Concert Spirituel (1741) — a concert-enter- 
 prise established by himself and Gossec. He 
 settled in Paris as a concert-player and teacher ; 
 in 1795 he was app. prof, of vln. at the Cons. 
 He had numerous distinguished pupils, and is 
 considered, in France, the founder of the 
 French school of violiri-playing. He brought 
 out a 3-act comic opera, Le pritendu, in 1760 ; 
 and publ., f. vln., 5 concertos ; 6 sonatas ; " Les 
 24 Matinees," studies f. vln. in all the keys ; 3 
 more sonatas ; his celebrated ' ' Romance de Ga- 
 vinies"; etc. 
 
 Gaztambi'de, Joaquin, b. Tudela, Navarra, 
 Feb. 7, 1822 ; d. Madrid, Mar. 18, 1870. Pupil 
 of Madrid Cons., cond. of the Concerts and one 
 of the founders of the "Concert Society"; also 
 honorary prof, at the Cons. — Works : 40 zarzue- 
 las (operettas), which had immense success. — 
 Xavier Gaztambide, a younger relation, has 
 also written zarzuelas. 
 
 Gazzani'ga, Giuseppe, b. Verona, Oct., 
 1743 ; d. Crema, 1819. A pupil, at Naples, of 
 Porpora and Piccinni ; on going tP Venice in 
 
 207 
 
GEAR— GEHRING 
 
 1770, he met Sacchini, who helped him to bring 
 out his first opera, // finto cieco, at Vienna 
 (1770). He wrote 32 more operas, mostly for 
 Italian theatres ; his // convitato di pietra (Ber- 
 gamo, 1788 ; at Lucca, 1792, as Don Giovanni 
 Tenorio) is interesting as identical in subject 
 with Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 1791, G. was 
 app. m. di capp. of Crema cathedral, for which 
 he wrote considerable sacred music (masses, a 
 Stabat Mater, a Te Deum, etc.). 
 
 Gear, George Frederick, b. London, May 
 21, 1857. Concert-pianist andcomp.; pupil of 
 Dr. Wylde and J. F. Barnett ; gained a scholar- 
 ship in 1872 at the London Acad, of Mus., in 
 which he is professor. From 1876-92 he was 
 mus. dir. of the German Reed Company. — 
 Works : String-quartet ; 2 pf. -sonatas ; Scena f. 
 sopr. solo and orch.; 2 operettas, ^ Water-ctire 
 and Hobbies ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Gebauer, Michel Joseph, b. La Fere, Aisne, 
 in 1763 ; d. 1812, during the retreat from Mos- 
 cow. At 14 he was an oboist in the Royal Swiss 
 Guard ; and became an e.^pert violinist and viol- 
 player. In 1 791, oboist in the Garde Nationale ; 
 from 1794-1802, prof, at the Cons.; thereafter 
 bandmaster of the Garde des Consuls, and later 
 of the Imperial Guard, having to accompany the 
 army on various campaigns, during which he 
 studied and profited by German military music. 
 His marches for band (over 200) were very popu- 
 lar ; he publ. many duets for 2 vlns., f. vln. and 
 via., for 2 flutes, f. flute and horn, flute and bas- 
 soon, etc.; also quartets for fl., clar. ,horn, and 
 bassoon. — He had 3 brothers: 
 
 Gebauer, Francois-Ren^, b. Versailles, 
 1773 ; d. Paris, July, 1S45. Bassoonist, pupil 
 of his brother Michel, and of Devienne. Prof, 
 of bassoon at Cons., 1796-1802, and after 1825 ; 
 member of Grand Opera orch., 1801-26. — Works 
 for wind-instr.s: Quintets, quartets, trios, duets, 
 sonatas, etudes, and symphonies conceriantes ; 
 also overtures, military marches, and pot-pour- 
 ris. Wrote a Method f. bassoon. 
 
 Gebauer, Etienne-Francois, b. Versailles, 
 1777; d. Paris, 1823. Flutist, pupil of his brother 
 Michel, and of Hugot. Second flute in the Op.- 
 Com. orch., 1801 ; first flute, 1813-22. — Works : 
 Over 100 flute solos, etc. ; flute-duets, sonatas f . 
 fl. and bass, exercises f . fl. , airs varies f . clarinet. 
 
 Gebauer, Pierre-Paul, b. Versailles, 1775, 
 and died young. Publ. 20 horn-duets. 
 
 Geb'auer, Franz Xaver, b. Eckersdorf, n. 
 Glatz, 1784; d. Vienna, Dec. 13, 1822. From 
 i8i5, choirmaster at the Augustiner Hofpfarr- 
 kirche, Vienna; in i8ig he founded the cele- 
 brated "Concerts spirituels," being their first 
 cond. ; he was also a member of the " Gesell. d. 
 Musikfreunde," and a friend of Beethoven. — 
 Publ. songs and part-songs. 
 
 Ge'bel, Georg (Sr,), b. Breslau, 1685 ; d. there 
 1750. A runaway tailor's apprentice, he studied 
 under Winkler and Krause, became org. at Brieg 
 (1709), and at Breslau (1713). He invented a 
 
 clavichord with quarter-tones, and a clavicym- 
 balum with a pedal-keyboard. His numerous 
 comp.s (a Passion oratorio, cantatas, masses 
 psalms, canons up to jo parts, organ-pcs., clavi- 
 chord-music, etc.) are unpublished. 
 
 Ge'bel, Georg (Jr.), b. Brieg, Silesia, Oct. 
 25, 1709 ; d. Rudolstadt, Sept. 24, 1753. Pupil 
 of his father ; in 1729, 2nd org. at St. Maria 
 Magdalene, Breslau, and Kapellm. to the Duke 
 of Ols. In 1735 he joined Count Brtihl's orch. 
 at Dresden, where he met Hebenstreit, the in- 
 ventor of the Pantaleon, and learned to play 
 that instr. In 1747 he was app. Knpellvi. to 
 the Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. A very 
 prolific composer ; wrote, while in Rudolstadt, 
 12 operas, 2 Passions, 2 Christmas cantatas, sets 
 of cantatas for several years, more than 100 orch. 
 symphonies, partitas, and concertos, etc.; and in 
 Breslau a great variety of instr. 1 and vocal music. 
 
 Ge'bel, George Sigismund, brother of the 
 preceding ; d. 1775, Breslau, where he was org. 
 of the Elisabethkirche. — Preludes and fugues f. 
 org. 
 
 Ge'bel, Franz Xaver, b. Fiirstenau, n. Bres- 
 lau, 1787 ; d. Moscow, 1843. Pupil of Al- 
 brechtsberger and Abbe Vogler ; Kapellm. at 
 Leopoldstadt Th., Vienna, in 1810 ; later at 
 theatres in Pesth and Lemberg; from 1817, 
 piano-teacher in Moscow. — Works : Operas, a 
 mass, 4 symphonies, overtures, string-quintets 
 and -quartets, many pf.-pcs. , etc. 
 
 Geb'hard, Martin Anton, b. Bavaria, 1770. 
 A Benedictine monk at Benediktbeurn ; after 
 the suppression (1803) of the order, he became a 
 priest at Steinsdorf , where he was still living in 
 1831. His philosophical works ; " Versuch zur 
 Begriindung einer Wissenschaft, Chronometrie 
 genannt" (Nuremberg, 1808), and " Harmonie : 
 Erklarung dieser Idee in 3 Buchern und An- 
 wendung derselben auf den Menschen in alien 
 Beziehungen " (Munich, 1817), despite brilliant 
 originality, lead to no positive result. 
 
 Gebhar'di, Ludwig Ernst, b. Nottleben, 
 Thuringia, 1787 ; d. Erfurt, Sept. 4, 1862. Org. 
 and music-teacher at Erfurt Seminary. Publ. 
 several collections of organ-pcs. ; also, school- 
 songs, a Choralbuch, a Method f. org,, and a 
 Method of Thorough-bass (1828-35, 4 vol.s, fre- 
 quently republ.). 
 
 Gedalge, Andr6, b. Paris, Dec. 27, 1856. 
 Pupil of Cons. (Guiraud) in 1884 ; 2nd Grand 
 prix de Rome in 1885 ; took the Prix Cressent 
 in 1895 with the 2-act lyric drama HMene. Has 
 also comp. the music to Carre's pantomime Zf 
 petit Savoyard (Paris, 1891); " Vaux de Vire" 
 for solo, ch. and orch. (1895); a i-act op.-boufle 
 Pris au fii^ge (Paris, 1895 ; mod. succ); 2 sym- 
 phonies, several orch.l suites, a string-quartet, 
 pf.-pcs. etc. 
 
 Geh'ring, Franz, b. 1838; d. Penzing, n. 
 Vienna, Jan. 4, 1884 ; lecturer on mathematics 
 at Vienna Univ. Wrote the biogr. of Mozart 
 
 208 
 
GEIJER— GEN^E 
 
 for Hueffer's "Great Musicians"; contributed 
 several articles to Grove's " Dictionary." 
 
 Gei'jer, Erik Gustaf, b. Ransiitter, Werme- 
 land, Jan. 12, 1783 ; d. Upsala, Apr. 23, 1847. 
 Prof, of history at Upsala Univ. Publ. (with 
 Lindblad) a coll. of modern Swedish songs 
 (1824); was musical editor-in-chief of the 
 "Svenska Folkvisor" (1814-16, 3 vol.s ; 2nd 
 ed., 1846), a coll. of Swedish folk-songs. Has 
 publ. original songs in the Swedish vein. 
 
 Geis'ler, Johann Gottlieb, b. (?) ; d. Zittau, 
 Feb. 13, 1827. Author of a " Beschreibung 
 und Geschichte der neuesten u. vorzilglichsten 
 Instrumente und Kunstwerke fUr Liebhaber und 
 Kunstler" (1792-1800, in 12 parts; 2nd ed., 
 1811); it describes the Bogenklavier , among 
 other things. 
 
 Geis'ler, Paul, dramatic composer ; b. Stolp, 
 Pomerania, Aug. 10, 1856 ; pupil of his grand- 
 father (mus. dir. at Mecklenburg) and of Kon- 
 stantin Decker. Chorusmaster at the Leipzig 
 City Th., 1881-2, then with Angelo Neumann's 
 Wagner troupe ; 1883-5, Kapellm. at Bremen 
 (under Seidl) ; since then he has lived mostly in 
 Leipzig. — Works : The operas/wf^iJor^ (Bremen, 
 1884 ; text by Peter Lohmann) ; Hertha (Ham- 
 burg, 1891) ; Z)ie Hitter von Marienburg {Ham- 
 burg, i8gi) ; I'alm (Lilbeck, 1893) ; and Wir 
 siegen (i-act; Posen, 1898); music to the dramas 
 Schiffbrilchig and Unser taglick Brod gieb uns 
 heute (both Hamburg ; 1890) ; the symphonic 
 poems Der Rattenfdnger von Hameln (1880 ; 
 score published), Till Eulenspiegel, Mir a, Maria 
 Magdalena, Heinrich von Ofterdingeti, Ekke- 
 hard, Beowulf, Der Hidalgo, Walpurgisnacht, 
 Am Meere, Der ivilde Jdger, Der neue Tann- 
 hauser ; 2 "cycles" f. soli, ch. and orch., San- 
 sara and Golgotha ; orchestral episodes ; songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Geis'tinger, Maria [" Marie"] Charlotte 
 
 Cacilia, b. Graz, Styria, July 26, 1836. Brilliant 
 
 operetta-singer (soprano), chiefly in Vienna, but 
 
 also in Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, etc. In 1897 
 
 she sang with success in New York. Inimitable 
 
 in Strauss roles. 
 
 Ge'linek, Hermann Anton (called Cer- 
 
 , vetti), b. Horzeniowecs, Bohemia, Aug. 8, 
 
 1709 ; d. Milan, Dec. 5, 1779. A priest in the 
 
 Premonstrant Abbey at Seelau, who, wearied of 
 
 monastic discipline, fled to Naples, where he as- 
 
 ' ' sumed the name of Cervetti, and became noted 
 
 - - as a vioHnist. — Publ. works: Violin - concertos 
 
 and sonatas. Church-music and organ-pcs. in MS. 
 
 ^ ^ Ge'linek, Joseph, Abbe ; b. Selcz, Bohemia, 
 
 ; ' Dec. 3, 1758 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 13, 1825. On 
 
 ' '; Mozart's recommendation he became " Clavier- 
 
 meister" (pf. -tutor) in the family of Count Kin- 
 
 ^ ^ sky, whom he followed to Vienna ; here he publ. 
 
 ' ' a vast number of variations, fantasias, etc., on 
 
 popular themes (125 down to 1815), brilliant in 
 
 sound, but of slight artistic value. G.'s cham- 
 
 i i ber-music (trios, sonatas f. vln., and f. pf., etc.) 
 
 is on a par with the above. 
 
 14 aog 
 
 Gemini'ani, Francesco, violinist and writer ; 
 b. Lucca, abt. 1680 ; d. Dublin, Dec. 17, 1762. 
 A pupil of Scarlatti, Corelli, and Lunati (called 
 "il Gobbo"); in 1714 he settled in London, 
 where he won reputation as a teacher and con- 
 cert-player ; indeed, he is credited with having 
 introduced into England an improved (simplified) 
 system of violin-playing. He also publ. the 
 earliest known violin-method, "Art of Playing 
 the Violin" (1740; 2nd ed. entitled " The En- 
 tire new and Compleat Tutor for the Violin . . ."; 
 French and German translations) ; further (but 
 of minor importance) "Lessons f. the Harpsi- 
 chord," "Art of Playing the Guitar," " Guida 
 armonica" (1742, Engl.; also French and 
 Dutch), " Supplem. to the Guida armonica," 
 "Art of Accompaniment" (1755), "Rules for 
 playing in a true taste on violin, German flute, 
 violoncello, harpsichord . . . ", "Treatise on 
 Good Taste" (1747), "Treatise on Memory," 
 "The Harmonical Miscellany" (1755). — Violin 
 compositions (valuable) : 12 solos (op. I, 1716), 
 6 concertos (op. 2, 1735), 12 solos (op. 4, 1739), 
 6 concertos (op. 6, 1741), 6 do. (op. 7), 12 sona- 
 tas (op. II, 1758), 12 trios for 2 vlns. and 'cello ; 
 also 6 solos f. 'cello (op. 5). — Sonatas Nos. i, 2, 
 and 7 are reprinted (arr. by G. Jensen) ; also 
 some pf.-pcs. 
 
 Gemiin'der, August, celebrated violin-maker; 
 b. Ingelfingen, Wurttemberg, Mar. 22, 1814 ; d. 
 New York, Sept. 7, 1895. In 1846, he emigrated 
 to Springfield, Mass. , and estab. a shop. Went 
 to New York about i860. His reputation was 
 second to that of no contemporary maker. 
 Instr.s of his make were used by Wilhelmj and 
 Brodsky ; his copy of Sarasate's "Amati" was 
 pronounced by the owner equal to the original. 
 
 Genast', Eduard Franz, baritone stage- 
 singer ; b. Weimar, July 15, 1797; d. Wiesba- 
 den, Aug. 4, 1866. Debut 1814 at Weimar as 
 Osmin in Mozart's EntfUhrung; 1828, director 
 of Magdeburg theatre ; 1829, accepted a life- 
 engagement at the court theatre, Weimar. His 
 most successful role was Don Giovanni. — Works : 
 2 operas. Die Sonnemndnner and Die Verrdther 
 auf den Alpen; songs; also publ. " Aus dem 
 Tagebuch eines alten Schauspielers " (1862-6), 4 
 vol.s of memoirs (after losing his singing- voice, 
 he became an actor). 
 
 Gen^e, Franz Friedrich Richard, opera- 
 composer ; b. Danzig, Feb. 7, 1823 ; d. Baden, 
 n. Vienna, June 15, 1895. At first a medical 
 student, he took up music, and studied under 
 Ad. Stahlknecht at Berlin ; was Xhe^sXre-Kapellm. 
 (1848-67) at Reval, Riga, Cologne, Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle, Diisseldorf, Danzig, Mayence, Schwerin, 
 Amsterdam, and Prague ; from 1868-78, Ka- 
 pellm. at the Th. an der Wien, Vienna, then 
 retiring to his villa at Pressbaum, near Vienna. 
 He wrote (some with F. Zell) several of his own 
 libretti ; he also wrote libretti for Strauss, Suppe, 
 and MillOcker. — Operettas : Der Geiger aus 
 Tirol (1857), Der Musikfeind, Die General- 
 
GENERAL!— GERICKE 
 
 probe, Rosita, Der schviarze Prinz, Am Runen- 
 stein (with Fr. von Flotow, 1868), Der Seekadett 
 (1876), Nanon, Im Wunderlande der Pyramiden, 
 Die letzen Mohikaner, Nisida, Rosina, Zwil- 
 linge. Die Piraten, Die Dreizehn (1887). 
 
 Genera'li, Pietro (real name Mercandetti), 
 
 b. Masserano, Piedmont, Oct. 4, 1783 ; d. No- 
 vara, Nov. 3, 1832. He studied under G. Massi 
 at Rome, where he prod, his first opera, Gli 
 amanii ridicoli, in 1800. He brought out over 
 50 more in the chief Italian cities, Lisbon, etc., 
 the best being / baccanali di Roma (Venice, 
 1815). From 1817-20 he was cond. in Barcelona 
 theatre ; but his star was waning before Rossini's 
 brilliant successes ; he accepted the post of m. di 
 capp. at Novara cath., thereafter devoting him- 
 self chiefly to sacred music (an oratorio, // voto 
 di Jefte, 1827 ; also masses, psalms, etc.). A 
 sketch of his life, by Piccioli, " Elogio di P. 
 General!, " was publ. at Novara, 1833. 
 
 Genet, Eleazar (called il Carpentras'so, 
 or Carpentras, from his native place) ; see 
 Carpentras. 
 
 Geng'enbach, Nikolaus, b. Kolditz, Saxony ; 
 cantor at Zeitz. Wrote ' ' Musica nova, newe 
 Singkunst, sowohl nach der alten Solmisation, 
 als auch newen Bobisation und Bebisation " 
 (Leipzig, 1626). 
 
 Genss, Hermann, b. Tilsit, Jan. 6, 1856. 
 Pianist, pupil of Kohler and Alb. Hahn ; later 
 of Kiel, Grell and Taubert at the Royal Hoch- 
 schulefur Musik at Berlin. 1877, music-teacher 
 at Lilbeck ; 1880, at Hamburg ; i8go, teacher of 
 pf. and theory at Sondershausen Cons.; l8gl, 
 director of Schumacher Cons., Mayence ; 1893, 
 co-director of the Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons. , 
 Berlin. — Works : Chamber-music, orchestral 
 works, songs, etc. 
 
 Georges, Alexandre, b. Arras, France, Feb. 
 25, 1850. Pupil of the Niedermeyer School, 
 Paris, where he is now prof, of harmony. — 
 Works : 2 operas, Le Printemps (1888) and 
 Pohmes d'amour (1892) ; music to the dramas 
 Le nouveau Monde (1883), Axel (1894), and 
 Alceste (1891) ; also songs. 
 
 Gerard, Henri-Philippe, b. Liege, 1763 ; d. 
 Versailles, 1848. Studied for 5 years at Rome 
 under Gregorio Ballabene ; from about 1788 he 
 taught singing in Paris, and, from 1795, in the 
 Cons, for over 30 years. — Publ. a " Methode de 
 chant," in 2 parts, the second being " Considera- 
 tions sur la musique en general, et particuliere- 
 ment sur tout qui a rapport a la vocale ..." 
 (1819) ; and a simphfied " Traite methodique 
 d'harmonie . . " (1833 ; a resuscitation of 
 Rameau's theories). 
 
 Ger'ber, Heinrich Nikolaus, b. Wenigen- 
 Ehrich, n. Sondershausen, Sept. 6, 1702 ; d. 
 Sondershausen, Aug. 6, 1775. A law-student in 
 Leipzig from 1724-7, but also took organ-lessons 
 of J. S. Bach ; org. at Heringen in 1728, and to 
 the court at Sondershausen from 1731. He 
 
 comp. much organ-music and many pieces for 
 clavichord and pianoforte (all in MS.) ; invented 
 improvements in the organ, also a xylophone 
 with keyboard. 
 
 Ger'ber, Ernst Ludwig, celebrated lexicog- 
 rapher, son and pupil of the preceding ; b. 
 Sondershausen, Sept. 29, 1746 ; d. there June 30, 
 l8ig. He likewise studied law and music in 
 Leipzig, becoming a skilful 'cellist and org., in 
 which latter capacity he became (1769) his fa- 
 ther's assistant, and succeeded him in 1775. He 
 was also a chamber-musician. He was able to 
 visit Weimar, Kassel, Leipzig, and other cities, 
 and gradually gathered together a large collec- 
 tion of musician's portraits ; to these he appended 
 brief biographical notices, and finally conceived 
 the plan of writing a biographical dictionary of 
 musicians. Though his resources, in a small 
 town without a public library, and having to 
 rely in great measure on material sent him by 
 his publisher, Breitkopf, were hardly adequate 
 to the task he undertook, his " Historisch-bio- 
 graphisches Lexikon der Tonkiinstler " (Leipzig, 
 2 vol.s, 1790—92) was so well received, and 
 brought in such a mass of corrections and fresh 
 material from all quarters, that he prepared a 
 supplementary edition, " Neueshist.-biogr. Lexi- 
 kon der Tonkiinstler "(4 vol.s, 1812-14). Though 
 the former was intended only as a supplement to 
 Walther's dictionary, and both are, of course, out 
 of date, they contain much material still of value, 
 and have been extensively drawn upon by more 
 recent writers. He composed sonatas for pf., 
 choral-preludes f. org., and music f. wind-band. 
 The Viennese " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" 
 purchased his large library. 
 
 Ger'bert (von Hornau), Martin, b. Horb- 
 on-Neckar, Aug. 12, 1720 ; d. St.-Blaise, May 
 13. 1793- A student in the Benedictine monas- 
 tery at St.-B., he joined the order in 1736, be- 
 came a priest in 1744, then prof, of theology, 
 and 1764 Prince-Abbot of the monastery. His 
 writings on music were " De cantu et musica 
 sacra" (St.-B., 1774, 2 vol.s), " Vetus liturgia 
 alemannica"(i776, 2vol.s), " Monumentaveteris 
 liturgiae alemannicae" (1777, 2 vol.s), and 
 ' ' Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potis- 
 simum " (1784, 3 vol.s) ; the last is still one of 
 the most valued sources for the study of mus. 
 history, being a collection of treatises by most 
 noteworthy authors of the middle ages, given 
 verbatim et liUeratim — i.e., with all the mistakes 
 of the several originals. 
 
 Ge'ricke [ga'-rl-kSh], Wilhelm, b. Graz, 
 Styria, Apr. 18, 1845. He was a pupil of Des- 
 sofl in the Vienna Cons. 1S62-5, and then be- 
 came Kapellm. of the theatre at Linz ; 1874, 2nd 
 Kapellm. of the Vienna court opera (with Hans 
 Richter) ; in 1880, succeeded Brahms as cond. 
 of the " Gesellschaftsconcerte," and also cond. 
 the Singverein. From 1884-9 he was cond. of the 
 Boston (Mass.) Symphony Orch. (his successor 
 was Nikisch) ; returning to Vienna, he resumed 
 
 310 
 
GERLACH— GERSBACH 
 
 the direction of the " Gesellschaftsconcerte " 
 until 1895, when he was succeeded by R. v. Per- 
 ger. In i8g8 he re- 
 sumed the con- 
 ductorship of the 
 Boston Symphony 
 Orch., succeeding 
 Emil Paur. G. is 
 a remarlcably fine 
 conductor and an 
 efficient drill-mas- 
 ter. — Publ. works, 
 several Lieder, 
 choruses, and pf.- 
 pcs,; — in MS. ; Ope- 
 retta Schon Hann- 
 chen (Linz, 1865) ; 
 a Requiem ; a con- 
 cert-overture f. orch.; a septet, pf. -quintet, 
 string-quartet, pf.-trio, 2 sonatas f. vln. and pf. , 
 2 do. f. pf. , over 100 songs and choruses, etc. 
 
 Ger'lach, Dietrich, celebrated music-printer 
 of the i6th century at Nuremberg ; succeeded 
 Joh. v. Berg as Ulrich Neuber's partner in 1566 
 till the latter's death (1571) ; carried on the busi- 
 ness alone until his decease in 1574, when his 
 widow continued it till 1592. Catalogue of 
 works from his press was publ. Frankfurt-on- 
 M., 1609, by N. Stein. 
 
 Ger'lach, Theodor, b. Dresden, June 25, 
 1861. Pupil of Fr. WilUner ; student in Berlin 
 Univ. 1883 ; and attracted attention by a strong 
 work, the cantata "Luther's Lob der Musica. " 
 1884, in Italy ; 1885, Kapellm. in Sondershausen 
 Th. ; 1886, of German Opera in Posen. His 
 "Epic Symphony" caused his app. as Hofka- 
 fellm. in Coburg, 1891. In 1894, Kapellm. at 
 Kassel. — Works: Op. I, Var.s (F) on orig. 
 theme, f. 'cello and pf. ; op. 3, Serenade f. 
 string.-orch. ; op. 7, " Vaterlandslied " f. male 
 ch., ace. by wind-instr.s ; op. 9, 6 Lieder ; op. 
 
 10, " Bel frShlicher Laune,"4 4-part songs ; op. 
 
 11, " Alle Zeit treu bereit," military march ; 
 op. 12, " Ein Blick ins Frauenherz," 3 Lieder ; 
 op. 13, 5 Patriotic Songs f. male ch.; op. 14, 
 "Aus seliger Zeit," 10 songs f. tenor w. pf. ; 
 also " Eine Bismarckrose," for tenor or bass 
 solo. A 3-act opera, Matteo Falcone, of which 
 G. wrote text and music, was prod, at Hanover, 
 1898, with great success. 
 
 Ger'le, Konrad, a Nuremberg lute-maker, 
 famed as early as 1469, who died Dec. 4, 1521. 
 
 Ger'le, Hans, supposedly Konrad's son ; d. 
 Nuremberg, 1570. He was well known, as 
 early as 1523, as a violinist and maker of violins 
 and lutes. His works in tablature are histori- 
 cally valuable : " Lauten-Parthien in der Tabu- 
 lator" (1530) ; " Musica Teusch auf die Instru- 
 ment der grossen unnd kleynen Geygen auch 
 Lautten ..." (1532 ; a method for the viol ; 
 2nd ed. " Musica und Tabulatur, auff die In- 
 strument . . . [1546], gemert mit 9 teutscher 
 und 38 welscher auch FrantzOsischer Liedern 
 unnd 2 Mudeten ...");" Musica Teusch, 
 
 ander Theil " (1533); and "Ein newes sehr 
 kilnstliches Lautenbuch, darinen etliche Pre- 
 ambel und welsche Tentz, mit vier Stimmen 
 ■ ■ • " (1552). 
 
 Ger'nian, J. Edward, b. Whitchurch, Shrop- 
 shire, Engl., Feb. 17, 1862. Pupil of R. A. M., 
 1880-7, becoming an Associate and (1895) a 
 Fellow of the same. In 1889, Mus. Dir. at 
 Globe Th. , London. — Works : Operetta The 
 rival Poets (R. A. M., 1886) ; incid. mus. to 
 Richard III. , The Tempter, Romeo and Juliet, 
 and As you like it ; 2 symphonies (E min. and 
 A min.) ; " Gypsy" suite, and suite in D min., 
 f. orch.; Funeral March in D min.; Suite f. fl. 
 and pf., and pf. -suite in E min.; pieces f. vln. 
 and pf., oboe and pf., clar. and pf. , etc.; sere- 
 nade f. tenor, w. pf. and wind. ; songs, etc. 
 
 Ger'mer, Heinrich,b. Sommersdorf, Province 
 of Saxony, Dec. 30, 1837 ; in 1857, pupil of the 
 Berlin Akademie (composition). Resides in 
 Dresden as teacher of piano-playing. — Writ- 
 ings : " Die Technik des Klavierspiels " (1877) ; 
 "Die musikalische Ornamentik"; " Rhyth- 
 mische Probleme "; " Wiespielt man Klavier?"; 
 and a Method f. pf. His selection of studies 
 from Czerny is praised. 
 
 Gerns'heim, Friedrich, pianist and comp. ; 
 b. Worms, July 17, 1839 ; 1849, pupil of Rosen- 
 hain and Hauff at Frankfort ; 1852-5, of Leip- 
 zig Cons., then studying in Paris till 1861. He 
 now became mus. dir. at Saarbrilcken, and in 
 1865 was called to Cologne Cons, as teacher of 
 comp. and pf. In 1872 he received the title of 
 " Professor"; in 1874 he went to Rotterdam as 
 Dir. of the Cons, and cond. of the "Winter 
 Concerts"; since i8go, teacher at the Stern 
 Cons., Berlin, and cond. of the Stern Choral 
 Soc. — ^ Works : 4 symphonies (No. I in G min.. 
 No. 2 (?), No. 3 in C, No. 4 in B|>) ; overtures ; 
 many works f . male or mixed ch. and orch. ; a 
 pf. -concerto ; a violin-concerto in D (Fantasie- 
 stiick) ; a pf. -quintet, 3 pf. -quartets, 2 pf. -trios, 
 
 1 string-quintet, 3 string-quartets, 2 violin-sona- 
 tas w. pf.), a sonata f. pf. and 'cello, songs, etc. 
 
 Ge'ro, Jhan (Johann), m. di capp. at Or- 
 vieto cath., first half of i6th cent. — Publ. works : 
 
 2 books of madrigals a 3 (1541 and 1555) ; 2 do. 
 a 2, and French canzonets (1543 and 1552 ; to- 
 gether in 1582) ; motets in Petrucci's " Mottetti 
 della corona" (1519) ; many pieces in other col- 
 lections. 
 
 Gers'bach, Joseph, born Sackingen, Baden, 
 Dec. 22, 1787 ; d. Karlsruhe, Dec. 3, 1830, as 
 music-teacher at the evang. Teachers' Seminary. 
 — Publ. school-songs : " SingvOglein (30 2-part 
 songs), " Wanderv5glein " (60 4-part songs); 
 and, posthumously, " Liedernachlass," and 
 " Reihenlehre, oder Begrtlndung des musikali- 
 schen Rhythmus aus der allgemeinen Zahlen- 
 lehre " (1832). 
 
 Gers'bach, Anton, brother and pupil of Jo- 
 seph ; b. Sackingen, Feb. 21, 1801 ; d. Karls- 
 ruhe, Aug. 17, 184S, as his brother's successor 
 
GERSON— GEVAERT 
 
 at the Seminary. — Publ. a Method for pf., in- 
 structive pf.-pcs., quartets f. male and mixed 
 ch. , school-songs, a supplement to Joseph's 
 " Singvoglein," and a " Tonlehre, oder System 
 der elementarischen Harmonielehre." 
 
 Gerson, Jean-Charlier de, born Gerson, n. 
 Rethel, Dec. 14, 1363 ; d. Lyons, July 12, 1429. 
 Chancellor of Paris Univ., and a learned theo- 
 logian. His complete works (Amsterdam, 1706) 
 contain " De laude musices," " De canticorum 
 originali ratione," and " Disciplina puerorura." 
 
 Ger'ster, Etelka(Mme. Gardi'ni-Gerster), 
 accomplished stage-soprano ; b. June 16, 1857, 
 at Kaschau, Hungary ; through Hellmesberger's 
 good offices she became (1874-5) ^ pupil of Frau 
 Marchesi at the Vienna Cons., and made her 
 debut at Venice, Jan. 8, 1876, as Gilda in Rigo- 
 letto, with such success that her impresario, l3r. 
 Carlo Gardini, closed a favorable contract, under 
 which she sang at Marseilles, Genoa, and 
 (March, 1877) at KroU's Th., Berlin, where she 
 was greeted with tumultuous applause. She 
 married Gardini in Pesth, Apr. 16, 1877, and 
 has since then sung in the chief cities of Europe 
 and America (Amer. tours 1878, 1883, 1887). 
 Her wonderful voice (a high soprano) and great 
 skill in coloratura singing made her one of the 
 renowned singers of the century. In 1896 she 
 opened a school for singing, in IBerlin. 
 
 Gervaso'ni, Carlo, writer on music ; born 
 Milan, Nov. 4, 1762 ; d. there June 4, 1819. 
 For many years he was m. di capp. at the Chiesa 
 Matrice, Borgo Faro ; also a member of the Ital. 
 Acad, of Arts and Sciences. — Publ. " Scuola 
 della musica " (Parma, 1800; on the theory of 
 mus.) ; " Carteggio musicale" (1804; his auto- 
 biography occupies 30 pages) ; and " Nuova 
 teoria di musica ricavata dall' odierna practica 
 . . ." (1812). 
 
 Gervi'nus, George Gottfried, historian and 
 man of letters ; b. Darmstadt, May 20, 1805 ; d. 
 Heidelberg, Mar. 18, 1871, as University pro- 
 fessor. An enthusiastic admirer of Handel and 
 the other great masters, he was a founder of the 
 Leipzig Handel-Verein, and wrote " Handel 
 und Shakespeare. Zur Asthetik der Tonkunst " 
 (1868). — His widow, Victoria, publ. a selection 
 of songs from Handel's oratorios and operas, 
 entitled ' ' Naturgemasse Ausbildung in Gesang 
 und Klavierspiel " (1892). 
 
 Gesel'schap, Marie, b.Batavia, Java, 1874(7); 
 fine pianist ; studied with Xaver Scharwenka; 
 Berlin ; played (1894 ?) with great success in 
 New York, Boston, etc. ; in 1895, also in London. 
 
 Ge'sius (properly Goss), Bartholomaus, b. 
 Miincheberg, n. Frankfort-on-Oder, abt. 1555 ; 
 d. 161 3 as cantor at P"rankfort-on-0. A prolific 
 comp. of church-music ; publ. 1 588-1624 nu- 
 merous collections of psalms, hymns, chorals, 
 motets, masses, etc.; also a "Synopsis rausicae 
 practicae " (1609 ; 1615 ; 1618). 
 
 Gesual'do, Don Carlo, Prince of Venosa ; 
 born toward the middle of the i6th century ; d. 
 
 1614. Living at the epoch when the "new 
 music " (the homophonic style) made its appear- 
 ance, he was one of the most enlightened musi- 
 cians of the time, and, indeed, far in advance of 
 his age. Like Rore, Banchieri, and Vicentino, 
 he was a so-called ' ' Chromaticist " ; in his works 
 the counterpoint is enriched by ingenious expe- 
 dients, the melody led with greater skill, and the 
 music better adapted to the words. — Publ. 6 
 vol.s of madrigals a 5 (Genoa, 1585, each part 
 separately ; an edition in score was publ. in 
 1613). 
 
 Gevaert, Frangois-Auguste, eminent Bel- 
 gian comp. and musical scientist ; b. Huysse, u. 
 Oudenarde, 
 July 31, 1828. 
 Pupil of Som- 
 mere (pf.) and 
 Mengal (comp.) 
 at Ghent Cons., 
 1841-7, taking 
 the Gr. prix de 
 Rome for com- 
 position ; from 
 1843 he was also 
 org. at the Jes- 
 uit church. He 
 produced 2 op- 
 eras in 1848, 
 with some success ; lived in Paris for a year 
 (1849-50), where he was commissioned to write 
 an opera for the Th.-Lyrique, and then a year 
 in Spain, his ' ' Fantasia sobre motivos espafloles " 
 winning him the order of Isabella la Catolica ; he 
 also wrote a ' ' Rapport sur la situation de la mu- 
 sique en Espagne" (Brussels, 185 1). After a 
 short visit to Italy and Germany, he returned to 
 Ghent in 1852, and up to 1861 brought out 9 op- 
 eras in quick succession. In 1857 his festival can- 
 tata De nationale verjaerdag won him the Order 
 of Leopold. In 1867 he was app. chef de chant 
 at the Grand Opera, Paris ; in 1870, the German 
 investment caused him to return home, and since 
 1 871 he has been Director of the Brussels Cons,, 
 succeeding Fetis. — Compositions : The operas 
 Hugues de Somerghem and La com^die a la rilk 
 (Ghent, 1848) ; Georgette, ou le moulin de Fottte- 
 noy (Paris, Th.-Lyr., 1852) ; Le billet de Mar- 
 guerite (Paris, 1854) ; Les lavandieres de San- 
 tarem (Paris, 1855) ; Quentin Durward (Paris, 
 Op.-Com., 1858) \ Le diable aumoulini^ ., 1859); 
 Chdteau-Trompette (P., i860) ; La poulards de 
 Caux (P. , 1861) ; Les deux amours (Baden-Baden, 
 1861) ; Le capitaine Henriot (Paris, 1864) ; Pcf- 
 tinax (1884) ; also the cantatas Re tour de I'armk, 
 Jacques van Artevelde, and Le d/part (f. 3-part 
 chorus) ; a Missa pro defunctis and Super Jlti- 
 mina Babylonis (both f. male ch. and orch.); 
 overture " Flandre au lion"; ballads (" Philipp 
 van Artevelde," etc.) ; songs (many in the coll. 
 " Nederlandsche Zangstukken "). — Otherworks: 
 ' ' Leerbock van den Gregoriaenschen ZaBg 
 (1856); "Traite d'instrumentation " (1863 ; re- 
 vised and enlarged as " Nouveau traite de 
 
GEYER— GIANETTINI 
 
 I'instrum.," 1885 ; Ger. transl. by Riemann, 
 1887 ; the best work of its kind yet publ. ; of its 
 2nd part, " Orchestration," the first half was is- 
 sued in i8go) ; " Les origines du chant liturgique 
 de I'eglise latine" (l8go ; Ger. transl. by Rie- 
 mann ; throws new light on the Gregory tradi- 
 tion) ; " Les gloires d'ltalie " (songs from operas, 
 etc., of i6th- and 17th-century comp.s, with 
 pf.-accom., 1868); "Chansons du XV'siecle" 
 (1675); "Vade-mecum de I'organiste"; "La 
 Melopee antique dans I'eglise latine " (Gand, 
 l8g5, pp. 400 ; a monumental work). 
 
 Gey'er [gl-], Flodoard, b. Berlin, Mar. i, 
 1811 ; d. there Apr. 30, 1872. A theological 
 student, he took lessons in comp. with Marx : 
 founder (1842) and cond. of the academic Mdn- 
 nergesangverein J also a co-founder of the Ber- 
 lin Tonkiinstlerverein. Teacher of theory in the 
 KuUak-Stern Cons. (1851-66) ; received title of 
 "Professor" in 1856. He was mus. critic for 
 the " Spener'sche Zeitung," " Neue Berliner 
 Musikzeitung," and " Deutscher Reichsanzei- 
 ger." — Works : Operas, symphonies, chamber- 
 music, songs, etc. (nearly all in MS.). Also 
 a " Compositionslehre " (1862, Part I) ; and 
 " Ueber den Unterricht auf tonlosen Tasta- 
 turen " (Berlin, 1847). 
 
 Gheyn, Matthias van den, b. Tirlemont, 
 Brabant, Apr. 7, 1721 ; d. Louvain, June 22, 
 1785. For many years org. at St. Peter's, Lou- 
 vain, and town carilloneur ; he was celebrated 
 in both capacities. — Publ. " Fondements de la 
 basse continue " (lessons and sonatinas f. org. 
 and vln.) ; 6 Divertissements f. harpsichord 
 (abt. 1760) ; also pes. for organ and for carillon. 
 
 Ghiselin(g) (or Ghiselinus), Jean, Nether- 
 land contrapuntist (i5th-i6th cent.), perhaps 
 identical with Verbonnet, certainly not with G. 
 Bankers. — 5 masses in Petrucci's " Missae di- 
 versorum" (1503); 5 motets in the " Mottetti 
 della corona" (1505). 
 
 Ghislanzo'ni, Antonio, writer and dramatic 
 poet ; b. Lecco, Nov. 25, 1824 ; d. Caprino- 
 Bergamasco, July 16, 1893. Intended for the 
 church, his fine baritone voice led him to adopt 
 the career of a stage-singer (Lodi, 1846), which 
 he speedily abandoned, however, for literary 
 work. He became the manager of " Italia Mu- 
 sicale,''and was for years the editor of the Milan 
 " Gazzetta Musicale," to which he remained a 
 faithful contributor till death. He wrote over 
 60 opera-libretti, that of Aida being the most 
 famous ; publ. " Reminiscenzeartistiche" (which 
 contains notes on the pianist A. Fumagaili, an 
 episode entitled " La casa di Verdi a Sant' Aga- 
 ta," etc.). 
 
 Ghizeghem. See Hevne. 
 
 Ghizzo'lo, Giovanni, b. Brescia, 1560 (?). A 
 Franciscan monk, and m. di cafp. at Ravenna 
 cath., later at Milan and Venice. — Publ. 2 vol.s 
 of madrigals a 5, 4 vol.s of motets a 4, 3 of 
 Canzonette a 3, Vespri a 8, Psalms a 5 with bass. 
 
 complines a 4 and 9, masses, antiphones, falsi 
 bordoni, litanies, etc., from 1608-24. 
 
 Ghymers, Jules-Eugfene, b. Liige, May 16, 
 1835 ; pupil of Ledent (pf.) and Daussoigne- 
 Mehul (comp.) at Li^ge Cons., where he is 
 pf . -teacher. Formerly wrote for the "Guide 
 musical"; is now critic for the " Gazette de 
 Liige." 
 
 Ghys, Joseph, violinist ; b. Ghent, 1801 ; d. 
 St. Petersburg, Aug. 22, 1848. A pupil of La- 
 font at Brussels Cons. ; taught at Amiens and 
 Nantes, made tours in France (1832, etc.), Bel- 
 gium (1835), Germany and Austria (1837), and 
 northern Europe. — Works; Variations f. vln., 
 with pf. or orch.; " Le mouvement perpetuel," 
 f. vln. w. string-quartet ; violin-concerto in D ; 
 romances ; the etude " L'orage," for solo vln.; 
 etc. 
 
 Giac'che ; Giacchefto. See Berchem and 
 Buns. ' 
 
 Giacomel'li ; Geminiano, b. Parma, 1686 ; 
 d. Naples, Jan. Ig, 1743. Dramatic composer, 
 pupil of Capelli. After the successful perform- 
 ance of his o'psra. Ipermnestra at Parma in 1704, 
 the Duke of Parma sent him to study under 
 Scarlatti at Naples. He became a favorite 
 opera-composer ; entered the service of the em- 
 peror Charles VI. at Vienna, and returned to 
 Naples in 1 73 1. Of his 8 operas, Cesar e in 
 Egitio (Turin, 1735) was thought to be the best. 
 Other works ; Psalm viii f . 2 tenors and bass ; 
 concert-arias with contitiuo. 
 
 Gialdi'ni, Gialdino, b. Pescia, Nov. 10, 
 1843. Pupil of T. Mabellini at Florence. His 
 first opera, Rosmunda (prize-opera in a competi- 
 tion instituted by the Pergola Th., Florence), 
 given in 1868, was unsuccessful ; after prod. 2 
 " opere buffe," La Secchia rapita (Florence, 
 1872), and L'idolo cinese{\%'ji(), in collaboration 
 with other musicians, he gave up opera-writing, 
 and devoted himself to conducting, a career in 
 which he has been eminently successful. Latterly 
 he has again turned to dramatic composition, 
 producing the opera, J due soci (Bologna, 1892), 
 and a 2-act opera La Pupilla (Trieste, i8g6), 
 both succ. Has also written a " Preghiera di 
 sera" f. full orch.; a "Menuetto"f. strings; 
 and publ. " Eco della Lombardia," a collection 
 of 50 folk-songs. 
 
 Gianel'li, Pietro (Abbate), writer ; b. Friuli, 
 Italy, abt. 1770; d. Venice, 1822 (?). Publ. 
 ' ' Dizionario della rnusica sacra e profana " (Ven- 
 ice, 1801, 3 vol.s; 2nd ed. 1820, 8 vol.s; the 
 oldest Italian dictionary of music and biography, 
 of slight value) ; also a ' ' Gramraatica ragionata 
 della musica . . ." (Venice, 1801,2nd ed. 1820), 
 and a " Biografia degli uomini illustri della 
 musica," with portraits (only one fascicle ap- 
 peared, in 1822). 
 
 Gianetti'ni (or Zanettini), Antonio, b. 
 Venice, i64g ; d. Modena, end of Aug., 1721. 
 The reputation won by producing 3 operas in 
 
 213 
 
GIANOTTI— GIGOUT 
 
 \'enice, led to his appointment in 1686 as m. di 
 capp. at tlie court of Modena, where he remained 
 for life ; except in 1695, when he had leave of 
 absence to go to Hamburg, and brought out 
 three operas there. — Works : 6 operas ; 6 ora- 
 torios ; several cantatas ; a Kyrie a 5 ; and 
 Psalms a 4, with instr.s (Venice, T-Ti-i). 
 
 Gianot'ti, Pietro, a native of Lucca, was a 
 double-bass player at the Grand Opera, Paris, 
 where he died June Ig, l765.^Wrote duos, 
 trios, and sonatas f. vln. ; 'cello-sonatas ; duos f . 
 musettes or vielles ; also ' ' Le Guide du Com- 
 positeur" (1759), a theory of fundamental bass 
 ace. to Rameau. 
 
 Giardi'ni, Felice de', b. Turin, Apr., 1716; 
 d. Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796. Dramatic composer 
 and distinguished violinist ; choir-boy in Milan 
 cath., and a pupil of Paladini, later studying the 
 violin under Somio at Turin. After playing in 
 various theatre-orchestras in Rome, and at the 
 San Carlo, Naples, and giving small concerts, 
 he appeared in London (1744) with great suc- 
 cess; from 1748-9 he lived in Paris, becoming 
 a favorite of the court and aristocracy. Return- 
 ing to London in 1750, he succeeded Fasting in 
 1752 as leader at the Ital. opera, of which he be- 
 came the manager in 1756, and 1763-5 ; financial 
 losses induced him to return to concert-giving. 
 From 1774-80 he was leader at the Pantheon 
 concerts, 1782-3 at the Ital. opera ; after a so- 
 journ of 6 years in Italy, he tried to establish an 
 Ital. opera at London in 1790, but failed, took 
 his opera-troupe to Russia, and died there. — In 
 London he brought out 5 operas with indifferent 
 success, also an oratorio, Ruth (1752) ; he also 
 wrote 5 sets of violin solos, 6 duets, 6 sonatas f. 
 pf. and vln., 12 violin-concertos, 6 pf. -quintets, 
 12 string-quartets, several string-trios, songs, 
 catches, etc. His violin-music is excellent. He 
 owned and played on a vln. formerly Corelli's. 
 
 Gibbons, Rev. Edward, b. abt. 1570 ; d. abt. 
 1650. Mus. Bac. Oxon., 1592. Org. of Bristol 
 cath., 15.92-1611 ; of Exeter cath., 1611-44. — 
 Anthems, etc., in MS. at British Museum and 
 Oxford.— His brother, Ellis G. (d. abt. 1650), 
 was org. at Salisbury cath. 
 
 Gibbons, Orlando, brother of the preceding, 
 a noted org. and comp. ; b. Cambridge, Engl., 
 1583 ; d. Canterbury, June 5, 1625. In 1596, 
 he was a chorister at King's Coll., Cambr. ; org. 
 of the Chapel Royal, 1604 ; Mus. Bac. Cantab., 
 1606; Mus. Bac. and Doc, Oxon., 1622; org. 
 of Westminster Abbey, 1623. — Publ. "Fantasies 
 of III. parts . . . composed for viols " (1610, 
 the earliest engraved compositions in England ; 
 edited by E. F. Rimbault, and reprinted 1843) : 
 pieces for the virginal, in " Parthenia " (also re- 
 printed, 1843, Mus. Antiq. Soc.) ; a selection of 
 church-music (2 services, 2 sets of pieces, 6 
 hymn-tunes, 17 anthems), edited by Ouseley, was 
 reprinted in 1873 ; a selection of harpsichord-pcs. 
 has been republ. by Augener & Co. ; the tunes 
 to "Wither's Hymns" were reprinted by the 
 
 Spenser Society in 1881 ; the " First Set of Mad- 
 rigals and Motets," a 5 (London, 1612), has been 
 edited by Smart, and republ. in 1841 by the Mus. 
 Antiq. Soc. Many other church-compositions 
 remain in MS. 
 
 Gibbons, Christopher, son of Orlando ; b. 
 London, 1615 (bapt. Aug. 22); d. there Oct. 20, 
 1676. IPupil of Edward Gibbons, at Exeter ; 
 1638-61, org. of Winchester cath., but served 
 some years in the royalist army. Org. of the 
 Chapel Royal 1660-76, also private org. to 
 Charles II. Org. of Westminster Abbey 1660-5. 
 Mus. Doc. Oxon., 1664. — Some motets are in 
 .Dering and Playford's " Cantica sacra " (1674) ; 
 other comp.s in MS. 
 
 Gi'bel (or Gibe'Hus), Otto, b. Island of Feh- 
 marn (Baltic), 1612 ; d. Minden, 1682. Taught 
 by H. Grimm at Brunswick, he became cantor 
 at Stadthagen, Lippe, in 1634, and at Minden in 
 1642, later becoming school-rector. He publ. 
 several theoretical works : also " Geistliche Har- 
 monien von 1—5 Stimmen theils mit theils ohne 
 Instrumenten " (1671). 
 
 Gibelli'ni, Eliseo, b. Osimo, Ancona, abt. 
 1520 ; was until 1 58 1 AmxAv-maestro &\. Ancona. 
 — Publ. " Motetta super piano cantu "a 5 (1546); 
 Motets a 5 (1548) ; Madrigals u, 3 (1552) ; " In- 
 troitus missarum de festis ..."05 (1565); 
 and Madrigals a 5 (1581). 
 
 Gibert, Paul-C6sar, b. Versailles, 1717 ; d. 
 Paris, 1787. St. in Naples, and settled in Paris 
 as a teacher. — Publ. " Solfeges, ou lefons de 
 musique" (1783), and a " Melange musical " of 
 vocal pieces. He produced several operas at the 
 Comedie Italienne. 
 
 Gibert (or Gisbert, Gispert), Francisco 
 Xavier, priest ; b. Granadella, Spain ;d. Madrid, 
 Feb. 27, 1848. In 1800 he was maestro at Tara- 
 zona ; from 1804 (1808 ?) at Madrid. His church- 
 music is noteworthy. 
 
 Gide, Casimir, b. Paris, July 4, 1804 ; d. 
 there Feb. 18, 1868 ; pupil of Dourlen at the 
 Cons. ; from 1847, partner in the business of his 
 father (a bookseller). — 6 operas, prod, at Paris : 
 — Les trois Marie (1828), Le roi de 5««7f (1830), 
 Les trois Catherine (1830, with Adam), Lesju- 
 meaux de la R^ole (1831), I' Angelus (1834), and 
 Belphdgor (1858) — were quite successful ; he also 
 brought out 7 ballets. 
 
 Gigout, Eugfene, organ-virtuoso and sacred 
 comp. ; b. Nancy, France, Mar. 23, 1844. Began 
 mus. studies in the maitrise of Nancy cath. ; at 
 13 he entered the Niedermeyer School at Paris,_ 
 in which he subsequently taught for over 20 
 years. Also, for a time, pupil of Saint-Saens. 
 Since 1863, G. has been organist at the ch. of 
 St.-Augustin ; he has won fame as a coiicert- 
 organist in France, England, Germany, Switzer- 
 land, Spain, and Italy. In 1885 he founded at 
 Paris an organ-school subsidized by the govern- 
 ment, from which many excellent pupils have 
 
 214 
 
GIL— GINGUENE 
 
 graduated. As a comp. he is a devotee of the 
 severe style ; has publ. numerous large organ- 
 pieces! more than 300 Gregorian and plain-song 
 compositions, an 
 "Album Gregorien " 
 -in 2 vol.s, a vol. of 
 " Pieces breves," 
 and vocal morceaux. 
 Is an esteemed mus. 
 writer and critic ; 
 Commander of the 
 • order of Isabella la 
 Catolica ; officer of 
 public instruction 
 
 (since 1885) ; and '^HKHHS^BWIKV 
 Chev. of the Legion 
 of Honor (since 
 
 1895). ' """ir'^^/ 
 
 Gil, Francisco Assis, b. Cadiz, 1829 ; pupil 
 of Fetis at Paris ; prof, of harmony at Madrid 
 Cons. In 1850 he made a Span, transl. of Fetis' 
 " Harmony " ; in T856 he publ. a " Tratado ele- 
 mental teoricopratico de armonia.'' Also prod, 
 several operas at Madrid ; and wrote for Eslava's 
 " Gaceta musical" (1855-6). 
 
 Gil y Llagoste'ra, Caytan, b. Barcelona, 
 Jan. 6, 1807 ; first flute at Barcelona theatre and 
 cathedral. — Works : Symphonies, masses, a Re- 
 quiem, orcl\estral dances, and much flute-music. 
 
 Gilchrist, William Wallace, b. Jersey City, 
 N. J., Jan. 8, 1846. Organist, pupil of H. A. 
 Clarke at the Univ. 
 of Pennsylvania. He 
 taught for a year in 
 Cincinnati, returned 
 to Phila. in 1873, 
 and for 4 years was 
 choirmaster at St. 
 Clement's ch. ; since 
 1877.org. and choir- 
 master of Christ ch. , 
 Germantown, and 
 from 1882 teacher at 
 the Phila. Mus. 
 Acad. Is also the 
 cond. of several cho- 
 ral societies. Works: 
 Psalm xlvi, for 
 
 soh, ch., orch. and org. (Cincinnati Festival 
 Prize, 1882): "Song of Thanksgiving," f. ch. 
 and orch. ; a cantata. The Rose (1887) ; " Ode to 
 the Sun"; "Autumn Dreaming" (prize, 1880, 
 from N. Y. Mendelssohn Glee Club) ; also church- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 Giles, Nathaniel, b. n. Worcester, Engl., 
 ^bt. 1550 ; d. Windsor, Jan. 24, 1633. Chorister 
 of Magdalen Coll., Oxford, in 1559 ; Mus. Bac, 
 1585 ; org. and choir-master of St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor, 1595 ; in 1597 he succeeded 
 Hunnis as Master of the Children of the Chapel 
 Royal ; was made Mus. Doc. Oxon. in 1622. — 
 He wrote some pieces in Leighton's ' ' Teares or 
 Lamentacions of a SorrowfuU Soule" (1614) ; a 
 
 service and an anthem are in Barnard's " Church 
 Music "(1641) ; in Hawkins' " History of Music" 
 is a quaint " Lesson of Descant of thirtie eighte 
 Proportions of sundrie kindes"; other anthems 
 are in MS. 
 
 Gil'le, Carl, contemporary German conduc- 
 tor ; after acting as Kapellm. at the Court Th., 
 Schwerin, he succeeded Mahler as Kafellm. at 
 Hamburg City Th. in 1897. 
 
 Gilles (properly G. Brebos, called ' ' Maltre 
 Gilles," " Masegiles"), famous organ-builder at 
 Louvain and Antwerp in the i6th century ; d. 
 June 6, 1584. 
 
 Gillet, Ernest, b. Paris, Sept. 13, 1856 ; 
 pupil of the Niedermeyer School and of the 
 Cons. ; solo 'cellist at the Grand Opera. Now 
 living in London, and known as the writer of 
 salon-vaM%\c (" Loin du bal," etc). 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield, b. near Dublin, 
 Dec. 25, 1829; d. St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 
 1892. He went to Canada with an English 
 band, but soon settled in Salem, Mass., where 
 he cond. a military band. In 1859 he went to 
 Boston, and organized the famous " Gilmore's 
 Band." As bandmaster in the Federal army at 
 New Orleans {1864), he gave a grand mus. fes- 
 tival with several combined bands, introducing 
 the novel reinforcement of strong accents by 
 cannon-shots. He won wide renown by the 
 "National Peace Jubilee" (1869), and the 
 "World's Peace Jubilee" (1872), 2 monster 
 musical festivals held at Boston ; in the former, 
 G. led an orch. of 1000 and a chorus of 10,000 ; 
 in the latter, an orch. of 2000 and a chorus of 
 20,000 ; the orch. was reinforced by a powerful 
 organ, cannon fired by electricity, anvils, and 
 chimes of bells. After the second Jubilee, G. 
 went to New York, and, as a popular bandmaster, 
 travelled with his men throughout the U. S. and 
 Canada, and also (1878) to Europe. He also 
 led bands or orchestras in various summer-gar- 
 dens and resorts in and near N. Y. — Works : 
 Military music, dance-music; many • arrange- 
 ments for band. Some of his songs became 
 popular. 
 
 Gilson, Paul, Belgian comp.; b. Brussels, 
 1869 ; a self-taught musician, his cantata Sinai 
 won the Grand prix de Rome in 1892. His 
 opera Alvar was given at Brussels, 1896, with 
 moderate success ; he has also brought out an- 
 other cantata, Francesca da Rimini (1895); 
 symph. sketches. La mer (1892) ; a septet and 
 scherzo for wind-instr.s ; and completed Rag- 
 ghianti's unfinished opera Jean-Marie. — His 
 i-act opera Pauvres Gens was prod, at Brussels 
 (189-?). 
 
 Ginguen6, Pierre-Louis, b. Rennes, Apr. 
 25, 1748 ; d. Paris, Nov. 16, 1816. A writer on 
 the history of literature, member of the Academy, 
 etc. Touching music he publ. ' ' Lettres et 
 articles sur la musique" (1783; his collected 
 journalistic papers on the Gluck-Piccinni con- 
 
GIORDANI— GLAREANUS 
 
 troversy) ; the historical articles in the " Diet, de 
 mus." of the " Encyclopedie raethodique " (1791- 
 1818 ; only in vol. i) ; " Notice sur la vie et les 
 ouvrages de Piccinni " (1800 ; partial to Piccinni); 
 " Rapport . . . sur une nouvelle exposition de 
 la semeiographie, ou notation musicale des 
 Grecs " (1815). Interesting matter on Guido, 
 the Troubadours, etc. , is contained in his " His- 
 toire litteraire de I'ltalie" (1811-35, 14 vol.s). 
 
 Giorda'ni, Tommaso (real family-name 
 Carmine), b. Naples, abt. 1740; d. Dublin, 
 after 1816. In 1762 he appeared in buffo roles 
 at the Playmarket Th., London ; taught music 
 for a while, and then undertook the management 
 of an Italian opera-troupe at Dublin ; failing, he 
 remained in Dublin as a teacher. — Works : An 
 opera, Perseverance (Dublin, 1789) ; an oratorio, 
 Isaac; trios for flutes and bass, 5 books of flute- 
 duos, duos f. 'cello, pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 Giorda'ni, Giuseppe (called Giordanello), 
 brother of Tommaso ; b. Naples, 1744 ; d. Fermo, 
 Jan. 4, 1798. Prolific opera-comp.; fellow- 
 student of Cimarosa and Zingarelli at the Cons, 
 of Loreto. From 1772-82 he was a popular 
 teacher and comp. in London ; returning to 
 Italy, he was eng. in dramatic comp. till 1791, 
 when he was app. m. di capp. of Fermo cath. — 
 Works : About 30 operas (// Bacio, 1794, was 
 quite in vogue at London), 6 pf. -quintets, 3 pf.- 
 quartets, 6 string-quartets, 30 trios, 6 vln. -con- 
 certos, pf. -sonatas f. 2 and 4 hands ; preludes 
 and exercises for pf . ; soprano duets ; 5 books of 
 Canzonette I. solo voices ; other secular and 
 sacred music in MS. 
 
 Giorda'no, Umberto, b. Naples, 1869 (?). 
 Dramatic composer. — Works : A 4-act opera 
 seria Andrea Chenier (La Scala, Milan, 1896 ; 
 V. succ.) ; 2-act opera-seria Regina Diaz (Naples, 
 1894; unsucc.) ; and a 3-act "melodrama" 
 (opera) Mala vita (Rome, 1892 ; succ; in Milan, 
 1897, as // Void). 
 
 Giornovi'chi. See Jarnovic. 
 
 Gior'za, Paolo, b. Milan, 1838. Pupil of 
 his father (an organist and dram, singer), and La 
 Croix (cpt.). Devoted himself exclusively to 
 writing dances, marches, and ballet-music, in 
 which latter genre he has achieved great renown. 
 Among over 40 ballets, the most successful were 
 Un Fallo (1853), / Bianchi ed i Negri ('53), 
 // Giuocaiore ('54), II Conte di Motttecristo ('57), 
 Rodolfo ('58), Cleopatra ('59), La Contessa d^ILg- 
 mont ('59), Leonilda ('65), and Fiammella ("66), 
 all at La Scala, Milan ; Un Avventura di Carne- 
 vale a Parigi (Genoa, '63), Farfalletta (London, 
 '63) ; also La Capamia dello zio Tom^ Folgore^ 
 La Silfide a Pechino, Un ballo nuovo, Chertibini, 
 o la rosa di Posilippo, Pedrilla, etc. One opera, 
 Corrado^ console di jMilano (Milan, i860) was 
 unsuccessful. G. lived for some years in New 
 York, and is at present (1899) residing in London. 
 
 Gio'sa, Nicola de. See De Giosa. 
 
 Giovanel'li, Ruggiero, b. Velletri, abt. 1560 ; 
 d. Rome, abt. 1620. In 1587 he was maestro in 
 
 the ch. of San Luigi de' Francesi at Rome, later 
 in the Collegium Germanicum ; in 1594 he suc- 
 ceeded Palestrina as maestro at St. Peter's, and 
 in 1599 joined the Pontifical Chapel. One of 
 the most famous masters of the Roman School ; 
 of his works there have been printed 3 books of 
 madrigals (a 5 1586, '87, '8g) ; 2 of " Madrigali 
 sdruccioli "04 (1587) ; 2 books of motets a 5-8 
 (1592) ; Canzonette and Villanelle a 3 (1592, 
 1593) i slso scattered madrigals in the coll.s of 
 Scotto and Phalese. In the Vatican Library are 
 many sacred works in MS. — To G. was en- 
 trusted, by Pope Paul V., the preparation of a 
 new edition of Graduals (1614, 1615, 2 vol.s). 
 
 Giraldo'ni, Leone, distinguished baritone 
 stage-singer ; b. Paris, 1824 ; d. Moscow, Sept. 
 30 (?), 1897. Debut at Lodi, 1847 ; sang at La 
 Scala from 1850, and terminated Ills stage-career 
 at Rome in 1885. Taught for several years at 
 the Moscow Cons. — Publ. "Guido teorico-pra- 
 tica ad uso degli artisti cantanti " (Bologna, 
 1864; 2nd ed. 1884); and "Compendium, 
 Metodo analitico, filosofico e fisiologico per la 
 educazione della voce " (Milan, 1889). 
 
 Girard, Narcisse, b. Mantes, France, Jan. 
 27, 1797 ; d. Paris, Jan. 16, i860. A pupil of 
 Baillot (vln.) at Paris Cons., he was from 1830-2 
 m. de chap, at the Opera Italien, and 1837-46, 
 at the Opera-Comique, then succeeding Habe- 
 neck as cond. at the Grand Opera, also becom- 
 ing (1847) prof, of vln. at the Cons, and conduc- 
 tor of the concerts ; in 1856 he was app. general 
 mus. dir. of the Grand Opera.- — His two i-act 
 operas, Deux voleurs (Op.-Com., 1841), and Le 
 Conseildes Dix (1842), were short-lived. 
 
 Gladstone, Francis Edward, noted English 
 organist ; b. Summertown, n. Oxford, Mar. 2, 
 1845. Pupil of S. Wesley, 1859-64 ; has filled 
 positions as org. at Weston-super-Mare, Llan- 
 daff, Chichester, Brighton, London, and Nor- 
 wich. After embracing the Catholic faith, he 
 was choir-director at St. Mary of the Angels, 
 Bayswater, until 1894. In 1876 he took the 
 degree of Mus. Bac, Cantab. ; in 1879, Mus. 
 Doc; prof, of cpt., etc., at Trinity Coll., Lon- 
 don, in 1881 ; prof, of harm, and cpt. at R. C. 
 M. in 1883. — Works : Much church-music, an 
 overture, some chamber-music (all in MS.) ; also 
 organ-pcs., and " The Organ-Student's Guide." 
 
 Glarea'nus, Henricus (real name Heinrich 
 Lo'ris [Latinized Loritus]), b. Glarus (whence 
 his appellation), 1488 ; d. Freiburg, Baden, 
 March 28, 1563. After attending the Latin 
 School at Bern, he studied theology at Cologne, 
 also music (under, Cochlaus) ; here, in 1512, he 
 was crowned poet-laureate by Emperor Maxi- 
 milian I. After teaching and lecturing in Basel 
 and Paris, he settled in Freiburg, lectured on 
 history and literature, and died isolated and em- 
 bittered. — He wrote " Isagoge in musicen' 
 (Basel, 1516) ; his principal work is the " Dode- 
 cachordon " (1547); in it he contends for 12 
 church-modes instead of the usually-accepted 8 , 
 
 216 
 
GLASENAPP— GLEASON 
 
 it is also valuable as a source for the history of 
 mensural music, notation, and early music-print- 
 ing. — J. L. Wonegger publ. " Musicae epitome 
 ex Glareani Dodekachordo " (1557; 2nd ed. 
 1559; in German: " Uss Glareani Musik ein 
 Usszug . . . ", 1557). Glareanus' revised edi- 
 tion of Boethius' writings, edited by M. Rota, was 
 publ. in 1570. — Biographies of G. have been 
 written by Schreiber (Freiburg, 1837) and O. F. 
 Fritsche (Frauenfeld, 1890). 
 Gla'senapp, Carl Friedrich, b. Riga, Oct. 
 
 3, 1847. He studied philosophy at Dorpat ; 
 since 1875, head-master at Riga. A zealous 
 (and not strictly impartial) advocate of Wagner, 
 he wrote ' ' Richard Wagner's Leben und Wir- 
 ken" (Leipzig, 2 vol.s, 2nd ed. 1S82 ; 3rd ed., 
 1894 ; somewhat diffuse, but generally reliable) ; 
 also a " Wagner- Lexikon " (Stuttgart, 1883). 
 Contributor to the ' ' Bayreuther Blatter. " 
 
 Gla'ser, Karl Gotthelf, b. Weissenfels, May 
 
 4, 1784 ; d. Barmen, Apr. 16, 1829. St. at the 
 Thomasschule, Leipzig ; received his mus. train- 
 ing from J. A. Hiller, A. E. Miiller (pf. and 
 harm.), and Campagnoli (vln.). Studied law in 
 Leipzig Univ., but became (1814) a teacher, 
 musical director, and later music-dealer, in Bar- 
 men. — Publ. chorales, school song-books, pf.- 
 music ; a " Neue praktische Clavierschule " 
 (1817), a " Kurze Anweisung zum Choralspiel " 
 (1824), and " Vereinfachter . . . Unterricht in 
 der Theorie der Tonsetzkunst mittels eines musi- 
 kalischen Compasses" (1828). 
 
 Gla'ser, Franz, b. Obergeorgenthal , Bohemia, 
 Apr. 19, 1798 ; d. Copenhagen, Aug. 29, 1861. 
 Violin-pupil of Pixis at Prague Cons., and, at Vi- 
 enna, of Heydenreich (cpt.) ; in 1817, Kapellm. 
 at the JosephstadterTh., Vienna, in 1830 at the 
 Kenigstadtisches Th., Berlin ; ifrom 1842, royal 
 conductor at Copenhagen. Of his 13 operas, 
 Des Adlers Horst (Berlin, 1833) was most suc- 
 cessful ; he also wrote music for many dramas, 
 farces, melodramas, etc. ; a Festival Overture, 
 a Funeral Cantata, etc. 
 
 Glazou'now [Glazunov] [gla-tsoo'-nfiv], Al- 
 exander, b. St. Petersburg, Aug. 10, 1865. He 
 studied till 1883 
 at the Polytechnic 
 Inst, there, and 
 then devoted him- 
 self wholly to mu- 
 sic, having made 
 the acquaintance of 
 Balakirev and Rim- 
 sky - Korsakov in 
 1880, the latter 
 being his principal 
 teacher. In 1881 
 his first symphony 
 was produced, and 
 again in 1884 at 
 Weimar under 
 Liszt's auspices. At the Trocadero, in Paris, 
 he conducted his second symphony, and other 
 comp.s, in 1889 ; and, at London, his fourth 
 
 symphony (Philharra. concert). 1896-7 he cond., 
 with Rimsky-Korsakov and Liadov, the Rus- 
 sian Symphony Concerts at St. P. He is a 
 prolific instr.l comp. ; as the following list of 
 works shows : 
 
 Op. I, ist string-quartet (D maj.) ; op. z, suite on 
 S. A. C. H. A. (his nickname) f. pf.; op. 3, Overture 
 I on Greek themes ; op. 5, ist Symphony (E) ; op. 6, 
 Overture 2 on Greek themes; op. 7, Serenade f. orch.; 
 op. 8, EMgie f. orch., "A la m^moire d'un h^ros "; op. g. 
 Suite caract^ristique f. orch.; op. 10, 2nd string-quartet 
 (F) : op. II, Serenade f. small orch.; op. 12, Poeme ly- 
 rique f. orch.; op. 13, Symph. poem " Stenka Rasine " ; 
 op. 14, 2 pes. f. •rch., " Idyl " and (?) ; op. 15, 5 Novel- 
 lettes f . string- quartet ; op. 16, 2nd Symphony in F # 
 minor ; op. 17, Une Pens^e \ Franz Liszt (strings) ; 
 op. 18, Mazurka f. orch.; op. ig, "The Forest," symp. 
 picture f. orch.; op. 20, 2 pes. f. 'cello w. orch. 
 (Spanish Serenade) ; op. 21, Wedding-march f. orch.; 
 op. 22, Barcarolle and Novelette f. pf.; op. 23, Waltz 
 on " S-a-b-e-la " f. pf.; op. 24, Reverie f. horn and pf.; 
 op. 25, Prelude and 2 Mazurkas f. pf.; op. 26, Quatuor 
 slave ; op. 27, 2 Songs (by Pushkin, w. French transl.) ; 
 op. 28, "The Sea,'^fant. f. orch.; op. 2g, Rhapsodic 
 orientale f. orch.; op. 30, " Le Kremlin," tableau t. 
 orch.; op. 31, 3 Etudes f. pf.; op. 32, Meditation f. vln. 
 and pf.; op. 33, 3rd Symphony in (?) ; op. 34, " I.e Prin- 
 temps," f. orch.; op. 35, Suite f. string -quartet; op. 36, 
 Little Waltz f. pf.; op. 37, Nocturne f. pf,; op. 38, "In 
 modo religioso," quartet f. brass ; op. 39, String-quin- 
 tet ; op. 40, Columbian March f. orch. (iSgs); op. 41, 
 Concert Waltz f . pf . ; op. 42, 3 Miniatures (Pastorale, 
 Polka, Waltz) f. pf.; op. 43, Valse de salon f. pf.; op. 
 45, Overture " Carnaval," f. orch.; op. 46, "Chopin- 
 iana," orchestral suite ; op. 47, ist (Joncert-waltz f. 
 orch.; op. 48, 4th Symphony (E b) ; op. 49, 3 pes. f. pf. 
 (Prelude, CJaprice-Impromptu, (javotte) ; op. 50, Cor- 
 tfege solennei, f. orch.; op. 51, 2nd Concert-waltz f. 
 orch.; op. 52, Scfenes de Ballet, suite f. orch.; op. 53, 
 Fantasie f. orch.; op. 54, 2 Impromptus f. pf.; op. 55, 
 5th Symphony, in B b. 
 
 Besides these, there is another string-quartet, a 
 6th Symphony in C minor, an Elegie f . viola and 
 pf., etc.; also several pes. written jointly with 
 other composers. 
 
 Gleason, Frederick Grant, b. Middletown, 
 Conn., Dec. 17, 1848. Pupil of Dudley Buck 
 at Hartford ; in 1869 of Moscheles, Richter, 
 Plaidy, Lobe, etc., at Leipzig Cons. ; from 1870, 
 at Berlin, of Loeschhorn, Weitzmann, and 
 Haupt ; later took pf. -lessons with Beringer, in 
 London. In 1875, org. of the Asylum Hill 
 Cong. Ch., Hartford ; in 1876, of First Cong. 
 Ch., New Britain. In 1877 he was app. teacher 
 of pf. , org-., comp., and orchestration at the Her- 
 shey School of Music, Chicago ; in 1884 he was 
 elected examiner, director, and fellow of the 
 Am. Coll. of Musicians ; in 1896, pres.t of the 
 Chicago MS. Soc; and, in 1897, pres.t-general 
 of the American Patriotic Musical League. He 
 is a valued and much-sought teacher of comp. 
 and pf. in Chicago. 
 
 Works: op. 1, Three songs; op. 2, Organ-sonata in 
 C# min,; op. 3, Barcarole f. pf. ; op. 4, Episcopal 
 church-service ; op. 5, Set of songs ; op. 6, Episcopal 
 church-service ; op. 7, Otko Visconti^ grand rom. op. in 
 3 acts, text and music by G. (MS.; overture perf. in 
 Old Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1892) ; op. 8, Pf.-pes.; op. 
 g, Pf.-trio in C min.; op. 10, Quartet for female voices ; 
 op. II, " Ouverture tnomphale" f. org.; op. 12, Can- 
 tata "God, our Deliverer," f. soli, ch.. and orch.; op. 
 13, Pf.-trio No. 2, 'in A; op. 14, Pf.-trio No. 3, in D 
 niin.; op. 15, Cantata "The Culprit Fay," f. soli, ch., 
 and orch.; op. 16, Montezuma^ grand rom. op. in 3 acts 
 (text and music by G.) ; op. 17, " Praise-Song to Har. 
 
 217 
 
GLEICH— GLOGGL 
 
 mony,'' syraph. cantata f . soli, male ch., and orch.; op. 
 i8, Pf.-concerto in G min.; op. ig, Three Sketches f. 
 orch.; op. 20, "Auditorium Festival-Ode," symphonic 
 cantata f. tenor solo, ch., and orch.; op. 21, " Edris," 
 symph. poem (after the prologue to "Ardath" by 
 Marie Corelli) ; op. 22, Theme and Variations f. org.; 
 op. 23, Psalm Ixvii ; op. 24, Idylle f. organ. 
 
 Gleich, Ferdinand, b. Erfurt, Dec. 17, 
 1816 ; d. Langebriick, n. Dresden, May 22, 
 1898. He studied philosophy and music (under 
 Fink) at Leipzig ; since 1866, manager of a the- 
 atre-bureau in Dresden. His writings : "Weg- 
 weiser fUr Opernfreunde " (1857), " Handbuch 
 der modernen Instrumentirung fiir Orchester und 
 Militarmusikkorps" (i860, several editions), 
 " Die Hauptformen der Musik, popular darge- 
 stellt " (1862), " Charakterbilder aus der neuern 
 Geschichte der Tonkunst " (1863), and "Aus der 
 Bilhnenwelt" (1866), are of a light character; 
 he composed symphonies, pf.-pcs., songs, etc., 
 For 20 years he was critic for the " Dresdner 
 Anzeiger." 
 
 Gleich'mann, Johann Georg, b. Steltzen, n. 
 Eisfeld, Dec. 22, 1685 ; d. Ilmenau, 1770 ; in 
 1706, org. at Schalkau, near Koburg ; in 171 7, 
 at Ilmenau. He improved the Geigenwerk 
 (Bogenklavier), and constructed " Lautenclavi- 
 cymbals." 
 
 Gleiss'ner, Franz, b. Neustadt-on-the-Wald- 
 nab, 1760 ; d. Munich, after 1815 ; famous as 
 the first to print music by lithographic process, 
 the first work so printed being a set of songs by 
 Gleissner. He was then a partner of Falter, at 
 Munich ; in 1799 he est. a similar printing-office 
 at Offenbach for Andre ; went to Vienna to in- 
 troduce the invention, and thence to Munich. 
 
 Glin'ka, Michail Ivanovitch, the pioneer 
 Russian national composer ; b. Novospaskoi, 
 near Smolensk, Rus- 
 sia, June I [N. S.], 
 1804; d. Berlin, 
 Feb. 15, 1857. A 
 nobleman by birth, 
 he studied languages 
 in St. Petersburg 
 from 1817 ; some- 
 what later he studied 
 music under Bbhm 
 (vln.), and C. Mayer 
 (theory and pf.). In 
 1822 he also took 
 pf. -lessons of Field 
 at Moscow, and be- 
 came a brilliant pi- 
 anist ; his op. I was a set of pf. -variations on an 
 Ital. theme. From 1830 he passed four years in 
 Venice, Milan, Rome, and Naples for the sake 
 of his health, but improving the opportunity by 
 studying Italian vocal composition. In 1834 he 
 studied in Berlin with S. W. Dehn ; hitherto an 
 amateur composer, he began to feel a "mission " 
 for dramatic work, the first fruit of which was 
 the first Russian national opera, A Life for the 
 Czaj' {Zarskaja skisu^ or Ivan Sussanina)^ pro- 
 duced at St. P., Dec. 9, 1836, with great suc- 
 
 cess, and still a favorite in Russia. A second 
 opera, y?«j.r/«« and Lidlmilla (St. P., 1842), won 
 almost equal popularity ; the book is based on 
 Pushkin's poem, and was partially arranged by 
 the author. In both of these works Russian 
 musical themes and motives are skilfully em- 
 ployed, the coloris being national throughont. 
 In 1844, partly on account of his health, partly 
 from a wish to obtain a wider hearing for his 
 music, Glinka travelled to Paris, and gave or- 
 chestral concerts, which aroused Berlioz's en- 
 thusiasm, but were coolly criticized by Fetis. G.'s 
 success does not appear to have been striking, 
 for he soon left Paris, and spent 1845-7 in 
 Madrid and Sevilla ; his "Jota aragonese" (a 
 " capriccio brillante"f. orch.), and "Souvenir 
 d'une nuit d'ete a Madrid " (f. orch.), belong to 
 this period. After visiting Italy, he lived in 
 Warsaw and St. Petersburg for a time, and in 
 1851 set out for Spain again, but did not cross 
 the Pyrenees, and returned to Paris. From 
 1854-5 he lived near St. Petersburg, busied with 
 his autobiography and with ideas for a third 
 opera which was never written. He revisited 
 his old teacher, Dehn, at B., in 1856, and died 
 there in 1857. — Besides lexicographic articles, 
 information concerning Glinka's life and works 
 has been collected by Oscar Comettant in " Mu- 
 sique et Musiciens " (414) ; C. Cui, " La Musique 
 en Russie," in the Revue et Gazette musicale de 
 Paris {iSjS-tj) ; Fouque, "Etude sur Glinka"; 
 Laroche, in the " Russicher Bote" (1867-8); 
 Stassoff, in do. (1858) ; Serow, in the " Theater 
 und Musikbote" (1857), and in " Musik und 
 Theater" (1868) ; and Soloviev in " Musikalny 
 Listok" (1872). — Glinka's other comp.s in- 
 clude 2 unfinished symphonies ; 2 polonaises f. 
 orch. ; a tarentella f . orch. (with song and 
 dance); a fantasia f. orch., "La Kamarin- 
 skaja"; a septet; 2 string-quartets; a trio f. 
 pf . , clar. , and oboe ; some rondos, waltzes, and 
 sets of var. s f . pf . ; dramatic scenes ; vocal quar- 
 tets ; romances, songs. 
 
 Glog'gl, Franz Xaver, b. Linz-on-Danube, 
 Feb. 21, 1764 ; d. after 1832 ; Kafellm. at Linz 
 theatre when 18 years old ; in 1790, Kapellm. 
 at the cathedral, and town musical director. 
 — Writings : " Erklarung des musikalischen 
 Hauptzirkels" (1810 ; a short treatise on har- 
 mony); " AUgem. musikal. Lexikon" (1822; 
 only 248 pages printed); "Der musikalische 
 Gottesdienst " (1822). In 1824, the " Gesell- 
 schaft der Musikfreunde " acquired his collec- 
 tion of mus. instr.s. 
 
 Glog'gl, Franz, son of the preceding; b' 
 Linz, 1797 ; d. Jan. 23, 1872, at Vienna, where 
 he founded a music-business in 1843 (afterwards 
 purchased by Bosendorfer) ; from 1850-62 he 
 publ. the " Neue Wiener Musikzeitung." He 
 was archivist to the Ges. d. Musikfreunde, and 
 musical dir. at the ch. of St. Paul ; founded an 
 "Akademie d. Tonkunst " (1849-53), and later 
 a vocal school, " Polyhymnia." 
 
 218 
 
GLOVER— GLUCK 
 
 Glov'er, Sarah Ann, b. Norwich, Engl., 
 1785 ; d. Malvern, Oct. 20, 1867. To her is 
 due the invention of the Tonic Sol-fa system of 
 notation, afterwards modified and developed by 
 the Rev. John Curwen. — Publ. "A Manual of 
 the Norwich Sol-fa System ..." (1845) ; and 
 a " Manual containing a Development of the 
 Tetrachordal System" (London, 1850). 
 
 Glov'er, Stephen, b. London, 1812 ; d. 
 there Dec. 7, 1870. A music-teacher, and com- 
 poser of many popular songs and duets, part- 
 songs, trios, etc. ; also ja/i3«-music f . pf. 
 
 Glov'er, William Howard, born London, 
 June 6, 1819; d. New York, Oct. 28, 1875. 
 Violinist, pupil of WagstafI ; later a member of 
 English Opera orch. After artistic tours in 
 Italy, Germany, and France, he founded a school 
 for music and drama in London ; also sang in 
 opera. In 1868 he settled in N. Y. — Works : 
 Grand opera Ruy Bias (London, Gov. Garden, 
 1861) ; the operettas The Coquette (1845 ?), 
 y4«nzK/a(i855 ?), Once too of ten {litz), Palomita ; 
 the cantata Tain 0' SAanter (^iSsi) ; orch. 1 overt. 
 Manfred ; 12 romances f. pf., and other pf.- 
 pcs. ; vocal quartets, duets, and songs. — G. was 
 for some years critic for the " Morning Post." 
 
 Gluck, Christoph Wilibald (Ritter von), 
 renowned dramatic composer ; b. Weidenwang, 
 near Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate, on July 
 2 (according to au- 
 thenticated certificate 
 of baptism), 1714 ; 
 d. Vienna, Nov. 25, 
 1787. His father 
 was head-gamekeep- 
 er to Prince Lobko- 
 witz. G. received el- 
 ementary instruction \ 
 in the village school 
 of Eisenberg. * At 
 twelve he was sent; to 
 the Jesuit college at. 
 Komotau (1726-32), 
 learning to play the 
 violin, harpsichoV-d, and organ ; he was also a 
 chorister in the church of St. Ignaz. At eighteen 
 he went to Prague to continue his musical 
 studies. To maintain himself, he played at rural 
 dances, gave concerts, and sang and played in the 
 various churches ; in the Polish convent of St. 
 Agnes he was noticed by Father Czernohorsky, an 
 eminent musician, who undertook his further in- 
 struction. Under his tuition G. became proficient 
 in singing, and playing the 'cello, which was his 
 favorite instrument. In 1736 he went to Vienna, 
 and found a patron in Prince Melzi, who had pre- 
 viously heard him in the palace of Prince Lobko- 
 witz. Melzi took him to Milan, and confided him 
 to the teaching of Sammartini, who completed his 
 instruction in harmony and counterpoint. After 
 four years' study, Gluck began dramatic writing, 
 and produced Ar l aser se at La Scala in 1741 
 with such success, that he was commissioned to 
 compose for other theatres, and produced Demo- 
 
 /«o«/«' (Milan, 1742), iJcOTrfWi; and Ipermeneslra 
 (Venice, 1742), Arlamene (Cremona, 1743), 
 Siface (Milan, 1743), Fedra (Milan, 1744), and 
 Poro, or Alessandro nell' Indie (Turin, 1745). 
 His reputation became Pluropean ; he was in- 
 vited to London in 1745, and wrote two operas 
 for the Haymarket, then being run in opposition 
 to Handel. La Caduia del Gigantic a tribute to 
 the Duke of Cumberland on the defeat of the 
 Pretender, was given — Jan. 7, 1746. A reproduc- 
 tion of Arlamene was followed by a pasticcio, 
 Piramo e Tisbe, but without success. Handel 
 privately declared that Gluck knew no more 
 counterpoint than his cook ; indeed, up to this 
 time his operas were typically Italian. The 
 pasticcio was composed of his most successful 
 arias, with other words ; and its failure, though 
 mortifying, had a salutary effect. It led him to 
 a serious study of the cause, and to a change of 
 style. He next visited Paris to hear Rameau's 
 operas, and returned via Hamburg and Dresden 
 to Vienna, where he cultivated the acquaintance 
 of literary men, and applied himself to the study 
 of musical aesthetics. La Semiramide ricono- 
 sciula (Vienna, 1748), to a poem by Metastasio, 
 was more dramatic and grandiose than its pre- 
 decessors, and foreshadowed the coming reform. 
 In 1749, G. was invited to Copenhagen to 
 write a festival cantata, Filide (score in the Ber- 
 lin Royal Library). In 1750, he visited Italy, 
 and there produced Telemaco (Rome, 1750), La 
 ciemenza di Tito (Naples, 1751), // trionfo di 
 Camillo and Antigono (Rome, 1755), La Danza 
 (Laxenburg festival, 1755), and // trionfo di 
 Clelia (Bologna, 1762). From 1754-64, G. was 
 director of the court opera, Vienna, and during 
 that period wrote L'eroe cinese (Vienna, 1755), 
 Vinnocenza giustificata and // re pastore 
 (Vienna, 1756), Telide, in 3 acts (Vienna, 1760), 
 a great number of new arias for old operas re- 
 vived for performance, and several French 
 vaudevilles for the amusement of the court ; of 
 these the Le cadi dup/[i'jbi), and La rencontre 
 impre'vue (1764), were played on German stages 
 as Der betrogene Cadi and Die Pilgrimine von 
 Mekka. Orfeo ed Euridice (1762), Alceste 
 (1767), Paride ed Elena (1769), the libretti by 
 Calzabigi, were brilliant successes, notwithstand- 
 ing the hostile criticism they provoked. The 
 other works of this period, to words by Meta- 
 stasio (two of which, // Parnasso co7ifuso and 
 La Corona, were performed by members of the 
 reigning family [1765]), were much inferior. In 
 Calzabigi, G. found a poet who shared his strong 
 dramatic mood ; and the dedicatory epistles 
 [given in extenso by F^Tls] to Alceste and 
 Paride ed Elena expressed G.'s views, which 
 may be summarized thus : The true mission of 
 music is to second the poetry, by strengthening 
 the expression of the sentiments and increasing 
 the interest of the situations, without interrupt- 
 ing and weakening the action by superfluous 
 ornaments to tickle the ear and to display the 
 agility of fine voices. — The harsh and carping 
 criticism of his countrymen, contrasted with the 
 
 2ig 
 
GNECCO— GODARD 
 
 encouragement of the bailli du RoUet of the 
 French Embassy at Vienna in 1772, who made 
 an adaptation of Racine's Iphig^nie en Atilide for 
 Gluck, influenced him to set out for Paris, after 
 unsatisfactory rehearsals in Vienna in 1772. 
 Here, with indomitable energy, he paved the 
 way for the triumph of his views by introduc- 
 tions, public notices, compliments to authors, 
 etc. Du Rollet's letter to the administration of 
 the Opera, explaining in detail G.'s new system, 
 was the signal for an outburst of heated oppo- 
 sition on the part of the partisans of Italian 
 opera. It required all the influence of Marie 
 Antoinette, the dauphiness, whose teacher in 
 singing and harpsichord-playing G. had beer, 
 to bring about the first representation of 7p/ti- 
 g/nie en Aulide, which took place April ig, 
 1774, with great success. Orpheus {kng., 1774), 
 Alceste (1776), and Arniide (iTli), created equal 
 enthusiasm and equal opposition. Piccinni was 
 invited to Paris to contest G.'s supremacy, and 
 composed and produced his Roland, during the 
 time that G. was engaged upon an adaptation of 
 the same poem. Furious at being forestalled, 
 G. burned his sketches and wrote an intemperate 
 letter to du Rollet, the publication of which 
 reopened the war with redoubled fury. Abbe 
 Suard, Arnaud, et al., for Gluck, — d'Alembert, 
 La Harpe, Marmontel, Ginguene, for Piccinni, 
 wrote pamphlets and newspaper articles (a list 
 may be found in the supplement to Fetis). 
 With the production of his masterpiece, Iphig/- 
 nie en Tauride {lihretto by Guillard), on May 18, 
 1779, the supremacy of Gluck was established ; 
 though Piccinni (who had been simultaneously 
 commissioned to compose this opera) still dared 
 contest it, thus inviting overwhelming defeat 
 (cf. Piccinni). G.'s last opera, £cAa et Nar- 
 cisse (Sept. 21, 1779), produced little impres- 
 sion. In 1780 he retired to Vienna, but his 
 strength was failing ; in 1784, he had a sHght 
 attack of apoplexy, and a second attack three 
 years later terminated his life. — Besides operas, 
 G. wrote a De profundis for ch. and orch.; 7 
 odes for one voice, with pf . ; 6 overtures ; and 
 left an incomplete cantata. Das Jilngste Ge}-icht, 
 which Salieri finished. Among numerous biog- 
 raphies, sketches and notices may be mentioned 
 " Memoire pour servir a I'histoire de la revolu- 
 tion operee dans la musique par M. le Chevalier 
 G." (Leblond ; 1781) ; " Ueber den Ritter G. 
 und seine Werke" (Siegmeyer ; 1825) ; " Notice 
 sur Christophe G." (Miel ; 1840); " Chr. W. 
 Ritter von G." (A. Schmid ; 1854); "Gluck 
 und die Oper " (Marx ; 1863); " G. et Piccini" 
 (Desnoiresterres ; 1872). 
 
 Gnec'co, Francesco, b. Genoa, 1769 ; d. 
 Milan, 1810 ; a prolific and quite successful 
 opera-composer of slight originality. His best- 
 known work is Laprova d'un' opera seria (Milan, 
 La Scala, 1805). 
 
 Gobbaerts, Jean-Louis, b. Antwerp, Sept. 
 28, 1835; d. Saint-Gilles, n. Brussels, May 5, 
 1886. Fine pianist, pupil of Brussels Cons. 
 He publ. abt. 1,200 numbers of pf.-pcs., mostly 
 
 light music, and some quite popular. He used 
 
 3 pseudonyms: "Streabbog" (Gobbaerts re- 
 versed), "Ludovic," and "Levi." 
 
 Gob'bi, Henri, b. Pesth, June 7, 1842 ; pupil 
 of Rob. Volkmann and Liszt ; resides in Pesth 
 as a music-teacher and critic. — Works : Pf,-pcs. 
 in the Hungarian vein ; male choruses ; a festi- 
 val cantata celebrating the 50th anniversary of 
 Liszt's career in public ; etc. 
 
 Gob'bi, Aloys, brother of Henri ; b. Pesth, 
 Dec. 20, 1844; resides there as a player on and 
 teacher of the violin. 
 
 Gb'bel, Kari (Heinrich Eduard), b. Berlin, 
 Mar. II, 1815 ; d. Bromberg, Oct. 26, 1879. 
 Pianist ; Kapellm. at Danzig Th. ; from 1B40, 
 conductor of the Bromberg Gesangverein. — 
 Works : The " Singspiel " Die Alpenhiitte (Ber- 
 lin, 1835); 2 operas, Chrysalide (1840?), and 
 Frithjof (i860) ; chamber-music, choral works, 
 songs; also a "Compendium filr den Musik- 
 unterricht, insbesondere fur das Clavierspiel " 
 (Bromberg, 1873). 
 
 Gock'el, August, noteworthy pianist ; born 
 Willibadessen, Westphalia, 1831 ; d. there 1861. 
 A pupil of Mendelssohn and Plaidy at Leipzig 
 Cons. (1845) ; made a concert-tour in the U. S. in 
 1853-5. — A. pf. -concerto is his best work ; other 
 publ. pf.-pcs. are of minor importance. 
 
 Godard, Benjamin (- Louis - Paul), distin- 
 guished composer ; b. Paris, Aug. 18, 1849 ; d. 
 Cannes, Jan. 11, 
 1895. He was at first 
 a V i o 1 i n-p u p i 1 o f 
 Richard Hammer, 
 and played in public 
 at the age of 9 ; then 
 studied at Paris Cons, 
 under Reber (corap.) 
 and Vieuxtemps 
 (vln.), and with the 
 latter twice visited 
 Germany. In 1865 
 his first publ. work 
 (a violin-sonata) ap- 
 peared, and was fol- 
 lowed by a series of 
 chamber-composi- 
 tions (violin-sonatas, a trio, string-quartets), re- 
 ceiving the Prix Chartier from the Institut de 
 France " for merit in the department of cham- 
 ber-music." His first dramatic venture was the 
 l-act opera Les bijoux de Jeannette (Paris, 1878) ; 
 since then he produced Pedro de Zalamea (Ant- 
 werp, 1884), 4 acts ; Jocelyn (Brussels, 1888), 
 
 4 acts ; Le Dante (Paris, Op. -Com., 1890), 
 4 acts, mod. succ; Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1891); 
 and the very successful 3-act opera La Vivandiin 
 (Paris, Op.-Com., Apr. i, 1895), given 11 weeks 
 after G.'s death, the last 2 acts orchestrated by 
 Paul Vidal. 2 other operas, Les Guelphes and 
 Ruy Bias, have not been perf . ; G. also wrote 
 incid. mus. to Mucli. Ado about Nothing (Paris, ■ 
 1887). Besides the above, must be mentioned 
 the following symphonies ; Symphonic - ballet 
 
GODDARD— GOETSCHIUS 
 
 (1882) ; S. gothique ('83) ; S. orientale ('84) ; S. 
 legendaire, with soli and chorus (1886) ; S. in 
 B minor; and " Le Tasse" [Tasso], dram, 
 symph. w. soli and ch., took the prize of the city 
 of Paris in 1878; — the orch. suites "Seines 
 poetiques" and " Lanterne magique " ; the 
 " Ouverture dramatique " (1883) ; the lyric scena 
 "Diane et Acteon"; the "Concerto roman- 
 tique" f. vln.; a pf. -concerto ; various pieces 
 and etudes f. pf.; and more than 100 songs. 
 
 God'dard, Arabella, noted pianist ; b. St.- 
 Servan, n. Saint-Malo, Brittany, Jan. 12, 1838. 
 As a child of 4, she played in her native place ; 
 at 6, she was taught by Kalkbrenner at Paris ; 
 at 8 she played before Queen Victoria, and publ. 
 6 pf.-waltzes, being then a pupil of Mrs. Ander- 
 son and Thalberg. At 12, she played in the 
 Grand National Concerts, and studied for the 
 next three years with J. W. Davison, her future 
 husband (i860). Now, after several important 
 concerts in England, she made the tour of Ger- 
 many, playing at Leipzig in the Gewandhaus 
 (1855). From 1873-6, she made the tour of the 
 world, incl. India, Australia, and America. Re- 
 tired from concert-giving in 1880, and has since 
 lived at Tunbridge Wells. — Some pf.-pcs., and 
 a ballad, were publ. in 1852-3. 
 
 Godebrye. See Jacotin. 
 
 Godefroid, Jules-Joseph, fine harpist ; b. 
 Namur, Belgium, Feb. 23, 1811 ; d. Paris, Feb. 
 27, 1840. Wrote for harp and pf. ; also 2 comic 
 operas, Le diadeste, and La chasse royale. — His 
 brother, 
 
 Godefroid,(Dieudonn€-Joseph-Guillaurae-) 
 
 F6Iix, also a celebrated harpist ; b. Namur, July 
 24, 1818 ; d. Villers-sur-Mer, July 8, 1897. Pu- 
 pil of Paris Cons. (1830). Lived long in Paris, 
 but of late years in Brussels. His harp-pieces 
 are well liked, and his ja/oB-music for pf. is good. 
 He prod. 3 operas. La harpe d'or. La derniere 
 bataille, and La fille de Saul. 
 
 Godfrey, Daniel, b. Westminster, Engl., 
 Sept. 4, 1831 ; pupil and P'ellow of the R.A.M., 
 in which he is prof, of military music. Band- 
 master of the Grenadier Guards, 1856 ; travelled 
 with his band in the U. S., 1872. Has comp. 
 waltzes ("Mabel," "Guards," "Hilda," etc.), 
 and made many arrangements for military band. 
 
 Godow'ski [god-off'-ske], Leopold, born 
 Wilna (Vilno), Russ. Poland, Feb. 13, 1870. 
 Brilliant pianist ; debut 1879, on tour through 
 Poland and Russia, after 2 years' study in Wilna ; 
 St. 1881-4 in the R. Hochschule, Berlin, under 
 Rudorfl, and toured America 1884-5 ; went to 
 Paris, 1886, and studied w. Saint-Saens 1887-90; 
 2nd Amer. tour, l8go-l. In 1894, dir. of pf.- 
 dept. at Broad St. Cons., Phila. ; since 1895, 
 head of pf. dept. in Chicago Cons., also con- 
 certizing in various cities every season. Began 
 composing at 7 ; has upwards of 100 MS. works ; 
 publ. Moto perpetuo (2 different pes.), Polonaise 
 in C, Valse brillante in E, Marchen, Valse ro- 
 
 mantique, Menuet in E, and Valse-Scherzo, f. 
 pf., also an arr. f. left hand of Chopin's £tude 
 op. 25, No. 6 ; and 2 songs. 
 
 Goep'fart, Christian Heinrich, b. Weimar, 
 Nov. 27, 1835 ; d. Baltimore, Md., June 6, 
 1890. Organist and composer ; pupil of J. G. 
 T5pfer at Weimar. From 1873 he cond. choral 
 societies, etc., in the U. S. 
 
 Goep'fart, Karl Eduard, son of preceding ; 
 b. Weimar, Mar. 8, 1859. Since 1891, cond. of 
 the Mus. Union at Baden-Baden. He has 
 comp. an opera {Sarasiro, in 3 acts, a sequel to 
 Mozart's Magic Flute ; text by G. Stommel) , 
 orchestral and choral works, etc. 
 
 Goep'fart, Otto Ernst, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Weimar, July 31, 1864 ; since 1888, 
 town cantor there. Composer of vocal music. 
 
 Goe'ring, Theodor, b. Frankfort-on-Main, 
 Oct. 2, 1844. He was for some time mus. critic 
 for the Augsburg "Abendzeitung ;" lived 1880-3 
 in Paris, whence he wrote articles for Gold- 
 stein's " Musikwelt ;" later in Munich. Now 
 mus. correspondent of the Cologne "Zeitung." 
 
 Goes, Damiao de, b. Alemquer, Portugal, 
 1501 ; d. Lisbon, 1573. He was ambassador to 
 France, Italy, Poland, and Denmark ; also lived 
 in Rome and Louvain. He wrote a " Tractado 
 theorica da musica" (MS.) ; also motets a 3-6 
 (MS., in Lisbon); one or two motets were 
 printed in collections. 
 
 Goe'the [gO'-tSh], Wolfgang von, the illus- 
 trious poet ; b. Frankfort-on-Main, Aug. 28, 
 1749 ; d. Weimar, Mar. 22, 1832. Although he 
 could not comprehend Beethoven, and even 
 snubbed him, he had ideas of his own on music 
 (see " Briefwechsel zwischen G. und Zelter 
 . . .", Berlin, 1833); Ferd. Hiller also shows this 
 in his " Goethes musikalisches Leben" (1883). 
 
 Goe'the, Walther Wolfgang von, grand- 
 son of the poet ; b. Weimar, Apr. 9, 1818 ; d. 
 Leipzig, Apr. 15, 1885. He studied music in 
 Leipzig under Mendelssohn and Weinlig ; his 
 official position in Weimar was chamberlain to 
 the Grand Duke. He prod. 3 operettas in Wei- 
 mar : Anselmo Lancia, oder das Fischermad- 
 chen (1839), Der Gefangene von Bologna (1846), 
 and Elfriede (1853) ; ^Iso publ, 10 books of 
 songs, and 4 books of pf.-music. 
 
 Goetschius, Percy, b. Paterson, N. J., Aug. 
 30, 1853. Pupil, 1873-8, in Stuttgart Cons., of 
 Lebert and Pruckner (pf.), and Faiszt and 
 Doppler(harm., cpt. , and instrumentation). He 
 taught the English classes there from 1876, also 
 often acted as Faiszt's substitute ; took charge 
 of all the female classes in 1885, then receiving 
 the title of " Royal Prof." from the King of 
 Wurttemburg. He also became concert-critic 
 for the " Schwabischer Merkur"; later opera- 
 critic for the " Neues Tageblatt"; and contrib- 
 uted to various Ger. mus. papers. In 1890, G. 
 accepted a call to Syracuse (N. Y.) Univ. as 
 prof, of harm., history, and advanced pf.-play- 
 
GOETZ— GOLDE 
 
 ing ; in l8g2, on leaving Syracuse, the Univ. 
 bestowed on iiim the title of Mus. Doc. honoris 
 causa ; he then took charge of the composition 
 dept. at the N. E. Cons., Boston, also giving 
 lectures on mus. hist. , etc. Since l8g6, private 
 teacherof harm, and comp. in Boston, also writing 
 essays to Amer. mus. journals ; and since Sept., 
 1897, org. of the First Parish ch., Brookline. 
 — Publ. works : " The Material used in Mus. 
 Comp." (Stuttgart, 1882 ; N. Y., l88g, '92, '95 ; a 
 most valuable contribution to the science of har- 
 mony) ; " The Theory and Practice of Tone-re- 
 lations" (Boston, 1892, '94, '96); "Models of 
 the Principal Mus. Forms" (Boston, 1895); 
 "Syllabus of Mus. History" (1895); "The 
 Homophonic F"orms of Mus. Comp." (N. Y., 
 1898 ; a masterly analysis of the Group-forms 
 and Song-forms, and the best extant work on the 
 subject). — G. has formed many pupils of note, 
 incl. heads of mus. dept.s in several prominent 
 educational institutions. — Publ. compositions : 
 2 Concert-Fugues (in C and E) f . pf. ; Wedding- 
 march f . pf . (or organ) ; Minuet f . pf. ; 7 Char- 
 acter-pcs. in waltz-rhythm f. pf. ; Concise Fin- 
 ger-exercises f. pf. ; "The Lord is my shep- 
 herd," anthem f. mixed ch., accomp. For the 
 Cotta Ed. (Stuttgart, 1889) he made a "Critical 
 Revision of Mendelssohn's Complete Pf. 
 Works." 
 
 Goetz, Hermann, gifted composer ; b. Ko- 
 nigsberg, Prussia, Dec. 17, 1840 ; d. Hottingen, 
 n. Zurich, Dec. 3, 
 1876. From his i8th 
 year, he took private 
 lessons of Louis Kbh- 
 ler at Konigsberg in 
 pf. -playing and har- 
 mony, and also con- 
 ducted various ama- 
 teur mus. societies ; 
 from 1860-3 he stud- 
 ied in the Stern Cons. , 
 Berlin, under Stern 
 (conducting and 
 score -reading), von 
 Bulow (pf.), and H. 
 Ulrich (cpt. and 
 comp.). In 1863 he became Th. Kirchner's 
 successor as org. at Winterthur, Switzerland ; 
 he founded and cond. a singing-society, con- 
 ducted operas, composed, and also gave private 
 lessons, even as far away as Zurich, where he 
 settled in 1867, retaining, however, the organ at 
 W. Made ill by overexertion, he withdrew to 
 Hottingen in 1870. — His most famous work, 
 and one of the finest among modern dramatic 
 ■compositions, is the opera Die Zahmung der 
 Widerspenstigen [Taming of the Shrew], 
 (Mannheim, Oct. 11, 1874) ; of a second opera, 
 Francesca von Rimini (Mannheim, Sept. 30, 
 1877), the unfinished 3rd act was scored by 
 Ernst Frank. He also wrote a symphony in F ; 
 comp. Schiller's Nanie ("Auch das SchSne muss 
 sterben") f. ch, and orch.; a " Frfihlingsouver- 
 
 tiire"; Psalm 137, f. sopr. solo, ch., and orch,; 
 " Es liegt so abendstill der See," f. tenor solo 
 male ch., and orch.; a vln. -concerto ; a pf.-con- 
 certo in B[7 ; a pf.-quintet w. double-bass, in C 
 min. ; a pf.-quartet in E (op. 6) ; a pf.-trio in G 
 min. (op. i) ; a pf. -sonata, 4 hands ; 3 easy pf,. 
 pes. with vln. (op. 2); "Lose Blatter," g pf.- 
 pcs. (op. 7) ; other pf.-music ; 2 books of songs 
 (op. 4 and op. 12) ; etc. 
 
 Goet'ze. See GOtze. 
 
 Gogavi'nus, Anton Hermann, a Dutch 
 writer ; physician at Venice, and a friend of Zar- 
 lino's. Publ. the first Latin transl. of the " Har- 
 monicae " of Aristoxenos and of Ptolemy ; also 
 fragments of Aristotle and Porphyry (1552). 
 
 Gold'beck, Robert, pianist ; b. .Potsdam, 
 Apr. 19, 1839. Studied at first with Kohler; 
 then in Brunswick under H. Litolff, later (1851) 
 in Paris. After brilliant concerts in London, he 
 began publishing his compositions f. pf., and 
 prod, an operetta. The Soldier's Return (Lon- 
 don, 1856). From 1857-67 he lived in New 
 York, teaching and composing ; in 1867 he 
 founded a conservatory in Boston, but went 
 next year to Chicago to establish a second Cons., 
 of which he was director till 1873, then going to 
 St. Louis, where he cond. the Harmonic Society, 
 and was co-director of the Beethoven Cons, Re- 
 turned to N. Y. in 1885. — Works : 2 operas, 
 Saratoga and Newport (1888) ; cantata, The 
 Song of the Brave Man; orch.l comp.s (Bur- 
 ger's " Leonore," Elegie, Idylle, etc.); symphony 
 "Victoria "; 2 pf. -concertos (in G min. and C) ; 
 string-sextet; pf.-quintet; abt. 140 pf.-works; 
 choruses, songs, etc.; also "Three Graduating 
 Courses" (f. pf., voice, and 'cello, in 6 vols). 
 
 Gold'berg, Johann Gottlieb [Theophilus], 
 
 remarkable org. and clavichord-player ; b. Kon- 
 igsberg, abt. 1730; d. Dresden (?), 1760 (?), as 
 chamber-musician to Count Bruhl. He was a 
 pupil of P'riedemann Bach, and later of J, S, 
 Bach, who praised him highly. He was an ex- 
 traordinary improviser and sight-reader ; though 
 a fine comp. , his works (2 concertos, 24 Polo- 
 naises, and a sonata with minuet and 12 varia- 
 tions, f. clav. ; 6 trios f, flute, vln,, and bass; a 
 motet, a cantata, a Psalm) have never been publ, 
 
 Gold'berg, Joseph Pasquale, singing- 
 teacher; b, Vienna, Jan, i, 1825 ; d, there Dec, 
 20, 1890, At first a violin-pupil of Mayseder 
 and Seyfried, he made long artistic tours while 
 young ; then studied singing under Rubini, 
 Bordogni, and Lamperti, and appeared as a bass 
 singer at Genoa, 1843, in Donizetti's La Regina 
 di Golconda. After singing some years in Italy, 
 he settled in Paris as a concert-singer and teacher; 
 he went to London in 1861, His two sisters, 
 Fanny G.-Marini and Catherine G.-Strossi, 
 are also singers. — He published some songs; 
 also " La marcia trionfale " for Victor Emman- 
 uel's entry into Rome. 
 
 Gol'de, Adolf, born Erfurt, Aug, 22, 1830; 
 d. there Mar, 20, 1880. Pupil, 1851, of Marx 
 
GOLDMARK— GOLLMICK 
 
 (comp.) and Haupt (org.) at Berlin ; teacher of 
 pf. at Stern's Cons.; in 1872 he succeeded his 
 father, Joseph Golde, as director of the Soller 
 Singing Society at Erfurt. — Works : Symphony 
 in B minor ; other orcli.l pes. ; popular salon- 
 music f. pf. 
 
 Gold'mark, Karl, b. Keszthely, Hungary, 
 May 18, 1832. Violinist, pianist, and opera- 
 composer ; pupil of 
 Jansa (vln.) at Vi- 
 enna in 1844; 1847-8 
 at the Cons, un- 
 der Bohm (theory) ; 
 thenceforward chief- 
 ly self-taught. He 
 gave his first public 
 concert at Vienna in 
 1858, playing a pf.- 
 concerto of his own ; 
 this was soon fol- 
 lowed by a pf.-trio, 
 a pf. quartet, pf.- 
 duos, and string- 
 quartets ; the con- 
 cert - overture ' ' Sa- 
 
 kuntala" (op. 13), and a "Scherzo, Andante, 
 and Finale f. orch." (op. 19), attracted general 
 attention, and his first opera (op. 27), Die Koni- 
 gin von Saba (Vienna, Mar. g, 1875), made him 
 famous. Since then he has brought out 3 more 
 operas. Merlin (Vienna, Nov. Ig, 1886), and 
 Das Heimchen am Herd [Dickens' ' ' Cricket on 
 the Hearth "] (Vienna, Mar. 21, l8g6), the latter 
 being especially successful ; also Die Kriegs- 
 gefangene, in 2 acts (Vienna Court Opera, Jan. 
 17, 1899). Der Fremdling has not yet (1899) 
 been produced. — Works: Op. 5, "Sturm 
 und Drang," charac. pes. f. pf. ; op. 12, 3 
 pes. f. pf. 4 hands; op. 13, Overture " Sakun- 
 tala"; op. 14, 2 male choruses: " Ein arraer 
 Mann," and " Esrauschtder Wald"; op. 18, 12 
 songs f . vocal solo w. pf . ; op. 20, " O wenn es 
 wahr ist," f. voice and pf. ; op. 21, 4 songs w. 
 pf. ; op. 22, Dances f . pf. 4 hands ; op. 26, Sym- 
 phony "Landliche Hochzeit."; op. 27, Opera 
 Die Konigin von Saba ; op. 28, Concerto f. vln.; 
 op. 33, pf.-trio ; op. 34, 4 songs w. pf. ; op. 35, 
 Symphony 11, in Y.\) ; op. 36, " Im Frllhling," 
 overture f. orch. ; op. 37, 8 songs ; op. 38, over- 
 ture to " Prometheus Bound "; op. 39, Sonata f. 
 pf. and 'cello, in F; op. 43, Suite 11 f. vln. and 
 pf., in Et> ; op. 44, Overture to " Sappho"; op. 
 45, Scherzo f. orch., in A. 
 
 Gold'ner, Wilhelin, b. Hamburg, June 30, 
 1839 ; studied in the Leipzig Cons. ; now living 
 in Paris as a pianist and composer of j-a&»-music. 
 
 Gold'schmidt, Sigismund, b. Prague, Sept. 
 28, 1815 ; d. Vienna, Sept. 26, 1877. Pupil of 
 Thomaschek in Vienna, and of Dreyschock in 
 Paris, where he lived as a concert-pianist from 
 1845-9, then returning to Prague to manage his 
 father's banking-business. — Works : Overtures, 
 pf.-sonatas, songs. 
 
 GQld'schmidt, Otto, fine pianist; b. Ham- 
 burg, Aug. 21, 1829 ; at first a pupil of Jakob 
 Schmitt andF. W. Grund, then of Mendelssohn at 
 the Leipzig Cons. , and of Chopin at Paris (1848). 
 In 1849 he played in London at a concert given 
 by Jenny Lind ; accompanied her on her Ameri- 
 can tour (185 1), and married her at Boston, Feb. 5, 
 
 1852 ; from 1852-5 they lived in Dresden, from 
 
 1858 until her death (1887) in London. He was 
 made an hon. member of the London Philh. Soc. 
 in 1861, became vice-principal of the R. A. M. 
 in 1863, and founded the Bach Choir in 1875. 
 He also cond. mus. festivals at Dusseldorf (1863) 
 and Hamburg (l856). — Works : An oratorio, 
 Ruth (Hereford, 1867) ; pf.-concerto (op. 10) ; 
 pf.-trio (op. 12) ; 12 studies f. pf. (op. 13) ; 12 
 songs w. pf.-accomp. (op. 8 and g) ; part-songs ; 
 also, with Benedict, the " Choral-book for Eng- 
 land." 
 
 Gold'schmidt, Adalbert von, b. Vienna, 
 
 1853 ; composer, pupil of Vienna Cons. He is 
 not a professional musician, but a studious ama- 
 teur and ardent Wagnerite ; his cantata Die sie- 
 ben TodsUnden (Berlin, 1875 '< poem by Hamer- 
 ling) gained him sudden and wide notoriety ; 
 an opera, Helianthus (Leipzig, 1884) was also 
 well received ; he brought out a trilogy, Gaea, in 
 i88g, and has publ. songs, pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 Gold'schmidt, Hugo, b. Breslau, Sept. 19, 
 
 1859 ; took the degree of Dr. jur. in 1884 ; 
 studied singing under Stockhausen at Frankfort, 
 1887-90 ; became co-director of the Scharwenka- 
 Klindworth Cons, at Berlin in 1893. — Writings: 
 "Die italienische Gesangsmethode des 17. 
 Jahrh.s " (1890) ; " DerVokalismus des neuhoch- 
 deutschen Kunstgesangs und der Bilhnen- 
 sprache " (1892) ; also articles in mus. journals. 
 
 Golinel'li, Stefano, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Bologna, Oct. 26, 1818 ; pupil of B. Donelli and 
 N. Vaccai. Encouraged by Ferd. Hiller (1842), 
 he undertook concert-tours in Italy, France, 
 England, and Germany. Returning to Bologna, 
 he taught pf.-playing, and became pf.-prof. in 
 the Liceo Musicale. Retired in 1870. — Works, 
 nearly 300 in all ; the greater part f. pf. (5 sona- 
 tas, 3 toccatas, 24 preludes [op. 23], 24 preludes 
 [op. 69], 12 studies [op. 15], etc., which are 
 held in high estimation in Italy). 
 
 Goll'mick, Karl, b. Dessau, Mar. ig, I7g6 ; 
 d. Frankfort-on-M., Oct. 3, 1866; son of the 
 tenor Friedrich Karl G. [b. Berlin, Sept. 27, 
 1774 ; d. Frankfort-on-M., July 2, 1852]. While 
 a theological student at Strassburg, he took les- 
 sons, in music of Spindler, and in 1817 settled in 
 Frankfort as a teacher of French. He was eng. 
 by Spohr as drummer in the City Th. ; for a time 
 he was also chorusmaster, and was pensioned in 
 1858. For pf. he composed rondos, variations, 
 potpourris, etc., f. 2 and 4 hds. ; and also publ. 
 a " Praktische Gesangschule"; " Leitfaden fur 
 junge Musiklehrer"; " Kritische Terminologie 
 fUr Musiker u. Musikfreunde " (1833; 2nd ed., 
 
 223 
 
GOLLMICK— GOODWIN 
 
 1839); " Musik. Novellen u. Silhouetten" (1842); 
 "Karl Guhr" (1848) ; " Fetis . . . als Mensch, 
 Critiker, Theoretiker u. Componist" (1852); 
 " Handlexikon derTonkunst" (1858); " Auto- 
 biographie" (1866), and fugitive articles. 
 
 Goll'mick, Adolf, pianist, son of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Frankfort-on-M., Feb. 5, 1825 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 7, 1883. Pupil of his father, Rief- 
 stahl, Wolff, and Kessler. Settled in London in 
 1844. — Works : 3 comic operas, Doiia Constanza, 
 The Oracle, and Balthasar ; two " operatic can- 
 tatas," The Blind Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal 
 Green, and Tke Heir of Lynne; a symphony ; 
 overture and marches f. orch.; pf.-pcs., songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Gortermann, (Georg) Eduard, b. Hanover, 
 Aug. 19, 1824 ; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Dec. 29, 
 1898. Pupil of A. C. Prell, and (1847-9) of 
 Menter at Munich, and of Lachner (comp.). 
 After long concert-tours (1850-2), he became 
 (1852) mas. dir. at Wilrzburg ; in 1853, second, 
 and in 1874, first Kapellm. at the City Th., 
 Frankfort-on-M. A celebrated 'cellist, and comp. 
 f. 'cello (6 concertos, sonatas w. pf., " Morceaux 
 caracteristiques " \v. pf., " Danses allemandes" 
 vi. pf., "Adagio" w. orch., " £legie " w. pf.) ; 
 also a symphony in A minor (op. 20), 2 " Fest- 
 spiel-Ouvertiiren " (op. 24 and 94), songs, etc. 
 
 Gortermann, Johann August Julius, b. 
 Hamburg, July 15, 1825 ; d. Stuttgart, Apr. 4, 
 1876. Fine 'cellist ; 1850-62, teacher at Prague 
 Cons. ; 1862, first 'cello at Stuttgart ; retired 1870. 
 
 Gol'terraann, August, b. 1826 ; d. Schwerin, 
 Nov. 2, i8go, as court pianist. 
 
 Gom'bert, Nicolas, b. Bruges, abt. 1495 ; d. 
 after 1570. Flemish contrapuntist, one of Jos- 
 quin Despres' most eminent pupils ; in 1530, 
 master of the boys at the Imperial Chapel, 
 Madrid ; probably maestro there later ; the gift 
 of a sinecure office in the Netherlands, from his 
 patron Charles V., enabled him to retire in his 
 old age. In church-music Fetis styles him a 
 forerunner of Palestrina ; but he was especially 
 fond of secular and pastoral music, with a de- 
 cidedly sentimental leaning, and refreshing sim- 
 plicity and directness ; while in his sacred works 
 he discarded rests, thus rendering his polyphony 
 more connected and fuller than that of his pre- 
 decessors. — Works ; 2 bocks of motets a 4 (Book 
 I, n. d., 2nd ed. 1540; Book II, 1541; both 
 often republ.) ; 2 books of m.otets a 5 (Book I, 
 1541, '51 ; Book II, 1541, '52 ; also together, 
 1552) ; a book of masses a 5 (1549), a book of 
 chansons a 5-6 (1544, Book V of the chansons 
 printed by Tilman Susato). Numerous motets 
 of G.'s are in Gardano's " Mottetti del frutto" 
 and " Mottetti del fiore"; many others in col- 
 lections of the i6th cent. In the Munich library 
 are motets and chansons in MS. Eitner's " Bib- 
 liographic der Musik-Sammelwerke " (Berlin, 
 1877) names abt. 250 works in 90 collections 
 betw. 1529-73 ; Fetis' catalogue, and its Supple- 
 ment in Ambros (vol. iii), should be consulted. 
 
 Go'mes, Antonio Carlos, Brazilian opera- 
 composer ; b. Campinas, Brazil, July n, 1839; 
 d. Para, Sept. 16, 
 1896. Pupil of Lau- 
 ro Rossi in Milan 
 Cons. First stage- 
 work, in Portu- 
 guese, A noite do 
 castello (Rio de Ja- 
 neiro, 1861) ; then 
 Se sa minga [No- 
 body knows !] (Mi- 
 lan, Teatro Fossa- 
 ti, 1867; a " rivi- 
 sta " in Milanese 
 dialect, the ' ' Song 
 of the Needle-gun " 
 becomingimmense- 
 ly popular) ; a sec- 
 ond " review," Nella Luna (1868) ; a 4-act bal- 
 let-opera Guarany (Milan, La Scala, 1870 ; fairly 
 successful) ; Fosca (ibid., 1873 ; a failure) ; SaU 
 vator Rosa (Venice, Carlo Felice, 1874 ; success- 
 ful) ; Maria Tudor (Milan, 1877 ; successful) ; 
 LoSchiavoCKio, 1889; very succ.) ; Condor (ihii., 
 1891 ; unsucc.) — Also a hymn to celebrate Amer- 
 ican independence, "II saluto del Bresile" 
 (Phila. , 1876), and the cantata Colombo for the 
 Columbus Festival in 1892. In 1895 he was app. 
 ■ Dir. of Para Cons. ; sickness detained him in Lis- 
 bon, and he died a few months after reaching 
 Para. — Biogr. sketch (in Portuguese) by E. Vi- 
 eira (Rio de Janeiro, 1S97). 
 
 Goodrich, Alfred John, theorist ; b. Chile, 
 Ohio, May 8, 1847. With the exception of a 
 year's instruction, in harm, and pf. -playing, from 
 his father, he is wholly self-taught. After teach- 
 ing theory for some years in the Grand Cons., 
 N. Y. , G. succeeded John Howard (voice) and 
 A. K. Virgil ( pf. and theory) at the Fort Wayne 
 Cons., Ind. (1876). Since then he has been Di- 
 rector of the vocal dept. in the Beethoven Cons. , 
 St. Louis, and for 2 years of the mus. dept. at 
 Martha Washington College, Abingdon, Va. At 
 present (1899) residing at Chicago as a writer 
 and teacher ; is a regular contributor to leading 
 mus. periodicals, more especially the N. Y. "Mu- 
 sical Courier," in which he has publ. manyinter- 
 esting essays. — Publ. works : " Music as a Lan- 
 guage" (1880), "The Art of Song" (1888); 
 "Complete Mus. Analysis" (1889); "Analyti- 
 cal Harmony" (1894), "Theory of Interpreta- 
 tion " (1898 ; puijl. by subscription). 
 
 Goodwin, Amina Beatrice, b. Manchester, 
 Engl. (date?). Pianist of precocious talent, 
 taught by her father, and played in public at 6. 
 Studied later at Leipzig (Reinecke, Jadassohn), 
 and Paris (Delaborde) ; and finally with Liszt 
 and Frau Schumann. Founded a Pianoforte 
 College for ladies in 1 895 , at London. She ranks 
 high as a concert-player ; has written some pf.- 
 pcs., also " Practical Hints on the Technique and 
 Touch of Pf. -playing" (London, 1892). .Mar- 
 ried an American, Mr. W. Ingram-Adamsfe 
 
 224 
 
GOOVAERTS— GOSSEC 
 
 Goovaerts, Alphonse-Jean-Marie-Andr^, 
 
 b. Antwerp, May 25, 1847. In i£66 he became 
 asst. -librarian at Antwerp ; is a profound student 
 of mus. history, and a reformer of the church- 
 music in his native city, having est. an amateur 
 cathedral-choir for performing works by Pale- 
 strina and the Netherland contrapuntists. In 
 1887 he was app. royal archivist at Brussels. — 
 Writings : " La musique d'eglise ..." (1876 ; 
 in Flemish as " De Kerkmusieck "), in which he 
 replies to attacks on his attempted reforms ; and 
 " Histoire et bibliographie de la typographic 
 musicale . . . " (1880 ; took the gold medal of 
 the Belgian Academic) ; a monograph on ' ' Pierre 
 Phalese " ; and minor works. He has also publ. 
 considerable excellent church-music, as well as 
 Flemish songs, pes, f. pf. and vln., etc. 
 
 Gop'fert, Karl Andreas, b. Rimpar, n. 
 Wiirzburg, Jan. l5, 1768 ; d. Meiningen, Apr. 
 II, 1818. A pupil of Meissner in clarinet-play- 
 ing, he became, in 1788, first clarinet at Meinin- 
 gen, and later director of the military music 
 there. — Works : An opera, Der Stern des Nor- 
 dens ; 4 concertos f . clar. ; a symphonie concer- 
 tante f. clar. and bassoon ; 5 quartets f . clar. and 
 strings ; much other chamber-music f . wind ; 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Gop'fert, Karl Gottlieb, violinist ; b. Wee- 
 senstein, n. Dresden, 1733 ; d. Weimar, Oct. 3, 
 1798. Played in Frankfort, Leipzig, and Ber- 
 lin ; settled in Weimar, 1770, where he was 
 chamber-virtuoso, conductor, and leader. J. F. 
 Cranz was his pupil. — Works : 6 Polonaises f. 
 vln. 
 
 Gordigia'ni, Giovanni Battista, b. Man- 
 tua, July, 1795 ; d. Prague, Mar. 2, 1871. Pupil 
 of Milan Cons. ; sang in opera and concert, 
 taught singing in Ratisbon, and in 1822 went to 
 Prague,' where he was vocal teacher in the Cons, 
 until he died. — Works : 2 operas, Pygmalion 
 (Prague, 1845), and Consuelo (1846) ; church- 
 music, canzonets, songs, and 12 cavalry marches. 
 — His brother, 
 
 Gordigia'ni, Luigi, renowned comp. of Tus- 
 can popular songs ; b. Modena, June 21, 1806 ; 
 d. Florence, May i, i860. He brought out 7 
 operas, a ballet, an oratorio, and 3 cantatas ; but 
 his fame rests on his Canti popolari toscani ; m 
 1836 he happened upon a volume of old Tuscan 
 folk-poems, which he set tc music, and which 
 became extraordinarily popular. 67 of these 
 songs, in 2 vol.s, are publ. by Ricordi in the se- 
 ries "Canti popolari italiani." 
 
 Go'ria, Alexandre-Edouard, pianist ; b. 
 Paris, Jan. 21, 1823 ; d. there July 6, i860. A 
 pupil of Paris Cons. 1830-g (Laurent, Zimmer- 
 man, Dourlen). Took ist pf.-prize in 1835. He 
 became a teacher and composer, and publ. many 
 pf.-pcs. of a brilliant and popular style. 
 
 Gor'no, Albino, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Casalmorano (Cremona), Italy ; st. Milan Cons., 
 tsk'ng 3 gold medals at graduation. Pianist and 
 accomp. to Adelina Patti on Amer. tour 1881-2. 
 
 Then eng. as piano-prof, at Cincinnati Coll. of 
 Music. — Works : 2-act opera Cuore e Patria 
 (Milan Cons., 1881 [?]) ; fantasia f. pf., org. and 
 orch., "La festa del Montanari"; fant. f. pf. 
 and orch., "Arabian legend"; cantata Gari- 
 baldi; " Marinaresca " f. pf. and orch.; scherzo 
 f . 2 pfs. ; concert-studies f. pf . ; nocturne f. pf . ; 
 many songs. 
 
 Go'roldt, Johann Heinrich, b. Stempeda, n. 
 Stolberg (Harz), Dec. 13, 1773 ; d. after 1835 
 at Quedlinburg (?), where he was mus. dir. from 
 1803. —Writings : " Leitfaden zum Unterricht 
 im Generalbass und der Composition " (1815-16, 
 2vol.s ; 2nd ed. 1828) ; " Die Kunst, nach Noten 
 zu singen" (2nd ed. 1832) ; "Die Orgel ..." 
 (1835) ; " t)ber Kirchenmusik " (1830) ; a Method 
 f. Horn (1830) ; he also comp. pf.-music, cho- 
 rales f . men's voices w. org. , and other church- 
 music in MS. 
 
 Gorria, Tobio. Pen-name of Arrigo Boito. 
 
 Gor'ter, Albert, b. Nuremberg, Nov. 23, 
 1862. Intended for a medical career, but em- 
 braced music as a profession ; studied from 1878 
 at the R. Music School in Munich, under Carl 
 Barmann, Jr., and Bussmeyer (pf.), and Rhein- 
 berger (org. and cpt.), taking 3 prizes for com- 
 position. Studied one year in Italy ; took part 
 in the Bayreuth Festivals as asst.-cond.; was 
 eng. as cond. in turn at Regensburg, Trier, El- 
 berfeld, Breslau ; then for 3 mos. at Stuttgart as 
 2nd Kapellm. to Zumpe ; from 1894-9 he was 
 asuX.-Kapellm. to Mottl at the Karlsruhe Court 
 Th. , then succeeding Panzner as Kapellm. at the 
 Leipzig City Th. — Works : Text and music of the 
 opera Harold, and of the 3-act comic opera Der 
 Schatz des Rhampsinit (Mannheim, 1894) ; 2 
 symphonic poems, choral works, pf.-pcs., songs, 
 ballads, etc. (Der Schatz d. P., and 2 bks. of 
 songs, are publ.). 
 
 Goss, John, b. Fareham, Hants., Engl., 
 Dec. 27, 1800 ; d. Brixton (London), May 10, 
 1880. A son of Joseph Goss, the org., he be- 
 came a chorister of the Chapel Royal, under J. 
 S. Smith, in 1811 ; in 1821, org. of Stockwell 
 chapel I 1824, org. of St. Luke's, Chelsea ; 1838- 
 72, org. at St. Paul's Cath., succeeding Attwood. 
 From 1856-72 he was comp. to the Chapel 
 Royal as Knyvett's successor ; was knighted in 
 1872 ; received the degree of Mus. Doc. Can- 
 tab, in 1876. — Works : Church Service in A ; 
 Burial Service in E minor ; 4 Te Deums ; many 
 anthems, and other church-mus. ; 13 glees, and 
 2 madrigals ; 2 orch. overtures (in F and Ejj) ; 
 other orch. mus. — He also publ. " Parochial 
 Psalmody" (1827); " Church Psalter and Hymn 
 Book" (1862); "The Organist's Companion" 
 (4 vol.s) ; collections of voluntaries ; " Coll. of 
 Chants, Ancient and Modern " (1841, w. W. 
 Mercer) ; " Introd. to Harm, and Thorough- 
 bass " (1833, often reprinted). 
 
 Gossec [Goss6], Francois- Joseph, b. 
 Vergnies, Belgium, Jan. 17, 1734 ; d. Passy, n. 
 Paris, Feb. 16, 1829. A chorister at Antwerp 
 
 15 
 
 225 
 
GOTTSCHALG— GOTZE 
 
 cath. from 1741-49, he then st. the vln. and 
 comp. for 2 years, and went to Paris in 1751 
 with letters to Rameau, througli whom he be- 
 came cond. of the private orch. of La Popeli- 
 niere, then fermier-gin^ral. In 1754 his first 
 symphonies (the first of their kind in France, 
 and 5 years before Haydn's) were publ.; his first 
 string-quartets followed in 1759. In 1762, G. 
 became the cond. of Prince Conti's orch. at 
 Chantilly, a post which the fame of his Requiem 
 (1760) aided him to obtain ; he soon turned his 
 attention to dramatic comp., beginning with a 
 i-act opera, Le faux Lord [i^b^) ; his first real 
 stage-success was Les Picheurs, also in i-act 
 (Comedie Italienne, 1766) ; at the same theatre 
 were prod. Toinon et Toinette (1767), and Le 
 double de'guisement (1767) ; and at the Opera Sa- 
 Hnus {tT}'i)^ Alexis et Daphni(\']']'^, Philemon 
 et Baucis [ballet] (1775), Hylas et Sylvie (j^Tlt), 
 La fete du village {iT]i), Th/s/e {i^&z), Rosine 
 (1786), Les visitandines (with Trial), and La 
 reprise de Toulon (1796) ; also Berthe (Brussels, 
 1775), Les sabots et le cerisier (Th. des Jeunes 
 El^ves, 1803), Le P&igourdin and Nitocris (not 
 perf.). These works won him a high position 
 among French dramatic composers. In 1770 
 he founded the Concerts des Amateurs ; in 1773 
 he reorganized the Concerts Spirituels, at first 
 directing them conjointly with Gavinies and Le- 
 duc airU, then alone till 1777. From 1780-2 he 
 was asst.-cond. at the Academic de Musique 
 (Gr. Opera). In 1784 he established and be- 
 came the manager of the Ecole Royale de 
 Chant, the germ of the Conservatoire, at the in- 
 auguration of which latter (1795) G. was app. 
 inspector (with Cherubini and Lesueur), being 
 likewise made a member of the new Institut de 
 France. From 1799— 1804, and 1809-15, he was 
 on the commission for examining the operas 
 handed in at the Grand Opera ; in' 181 5 he re- 
 tired to Passy. — G.'s chief claim to eminence 
 lies in the dept. of instrumental comp. ; his 26 
 orchestral symphonies mark an epoch in French 
 art and an important enlargement of orch.l re- 
 sources ; his string-quartets were received with 
 unbounded enthusiasm ; and the Requiem above 
 mentioned contains new and striking effects. 
 Besides these must be noted a " Symphonic con- 
 certante " for 11 instruments; overtures, sere- 
 nades, quartets f. fl. and strings, string-trios, and 
 violin-duets. He also wrote 3 oratorios (Saiil, 
 La Nativii^^ VArche d^alliance)^ masses w. 
 orch., 2 Te Deums, and motets; and the choruses 
 to V^&cm€s Atlialie and Rochefort's £,lectre. — 
 G., himself of humble origin, and an enthusias- 
 tic republican, was one of the most popular 
 comp.s of the revolutionary era, to which his 
 festival plays Offrande h la patrie (1792), and Le 
 camp de Grand- Pr^ ; the " Chant du 14 Juillet " 
 (on the storming of the Bastile), and many 
 hymns, marches, etc., belong. 
 
 Gott'schalg, Alexander Wilhelm, b. Me- 
 
 chelrode, n. Weimar, Feb. 14, 1827 ; pupil 
 (1842), in the Teachers' Seminary at Weimar, of 
 
 Topfer (org. and harm.), and Wettig (pf.) ; Liszt 
 also aided him. In 1847, teacher in Tiefurt • 
 from 1870-81, he was Topfer's successor in the 
 Seminary, also court org., and (1874) teacher of 
 mus. hist, in the " Musik- und Orchesterschule." 
 From 1865 he edited the " Urania "; from 1885 
 the " Chorgesang "; and from 1872 he was also 
 critic for Dittes' " Padagogischer Jahresbe- 
 richt. " He publ. (with Liszt) a ' ' Repertorium 
 fur die Orgel " (a coll. of the finest modern 
 organ-music) ; also a ' ' Kleines Handlexikon 
 der Tonkunst " (1867). 
 
 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pianist ; b. New 
 Orleans, La., May 8, 1829 ; d. Rio de Janeiro 
 Dec. 18, 1869. He 
 studied in Paris 
 from 1S41-6 under 
 Halle and Stamaty 
 (pf.) and Maleden 
 (harm.), and began 
 composing at 16 
 (the "Bananier" 
 was one of his first 
 essays). After his 
 pianistic debut in 
 1845, he made bril- 
 liant tourneys 
 through France, 
 Switzerland, and 
 (1852) Spain ; his 
 triumphs were re- 
 peated in 1853 in the U. S. Beginning in New 
 Orleans, he traversed the length and breadth of 
 the land, playing his own pf.-works, and con- 
 ducting his orchestral works at grand festivals. 
 Max Strakosch, later celebrated as the impre- 
 sario of Patti, now engaged him for a compre- 
 hensive American tour, during which he visited 
 Cuba, California (1865), and nearly every note- 
 worthy town in Spanish America ; he died worn 
 out by excessive exertion. — G. was a great vir- 
 tuoso of individual type, and most admired in 
 his performances of his own works for pf. ; no 
 other player has so brought out their peculiar 
 charm and characteristic " Spanish " warmth of 
 color, and they have lapsed into almost total 
 neglect. — Works : 2 operas, Charles IX, and 
 Isaura de Salerno (never performed) ; 2 sym- 
 phonies, "La nuit des tropiques," and " Monte- 
 video"; Gran Marcha solemne (to the Emperor 
 of Brazil), Escenas campestres cubanas, and 
 Gran Tarantella, all for full orch. ; some go pf.- 
 compositions ; and abt. 12 songs. — Compare 
 "Life and Letters of L. M. G.," by Octavia 
 Hensel (Boston, 1870) ; " Gottschalk," by Fors 
 (Havana, 1880) ; and " Notes of a Pianist . . .", 
 by R. E. Petersen (Phila., 1881). 
 
 Gotz, Franz. See Goetz. 
 
 Gotz, Hermann. See Goetz. 
 
 Got'ze, Johann Nikolaus Konrad, violin- 
 virtuoso ; b. Weimar, Feb. 11, 1791 ; d. there 
 Dec. 5, 1861. He was taught the violin byG. 
 Spohr at Gotha, Aug. MuUer at Weimar, and 
 
 226 
 
GOTZE— GOUNOD 
 
 (1813) Kreutzer at Paris. Settled in Weimar ; 
 was mus. dir. to the Grand Duke 1826-48, and 
 chorusmaster at the opera ; also gave concerts in 
 Vienna, etc. He prod. 4 operas at Weimar, 
 also vaudevilles and melodramas ; wrote much 
 chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Gbt'ze, Franz, b. Neustadt-on-Orla, May 10, 
 1814; d. Leipzig, Apr. 2, 1888. A pupil of 
 Spohr (vln.) at Kassel, he joined the Weimar 
 court orch. in 1831 ; then studied singing, and 
 was leading opera-tenor at Weimar from 1836-52. 
 From 1853-67, he taught singing in the Leipzig 
 Cons.; he explained his resignation in a pam- 
 phlet, " Funfzehn Jahre meiner Lehrthatigkeit " 
 (1868). He remained in Leipzig as a. private 
 singing-teacher. — His daughter, 
 
 Got'ze, Auguste, b. Weimar, Feb. 24, 1840 ; 
 taught in the Dresden Cons, from 1870-75 ; 
 then est. a singing-school in Dresden, and in 
 i8gi was eng, at the Leipzig Cons. She is a 
 much-sought vocal teacher (Frau Moran-Olden 
 was one of her pupils) ; has publ. " €fber den 
 Verfall der Gesangskunst " (1884); also some 
 stage-poems under the pen-name "Auguste 
 Weimar. " 
 
 Got'ze, Karl, composer ; b. Weimar, 1836 ; 
 d. Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887. A pupil of Top- 
 ferand Gebhardi, later of Liszt ; in 1855, chorus- 
 master at the Weimar opera ; then theatre-cond. 
 at Magdeburg, Berlin (1869), Breslau (1872), 
 and Chemnitz (1875). — Works : The operas 
 Eine Abschiedsrolle ; Die Korsen (Weimar, 
 1866); Gusfav Wasa, der Held des Nordensi^ ., 
 1868) ; Judith (Magdeburg, 1887) ; a symph. 
 poem "Eine Somraernacht" (op. 20); other 
 orchestral music ; pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 Got'ze, Heinrich, teacher and composer ; b. 
 Wartha, Silesia, Apr. 7, 1836. He was a vocal 
 pupil of Franz Gotze at the Leipzig Cons. ; los- 
 ing his voice, he taught music in Russia, and 
 Breslau ; in 18 71 became teacher in the Lieben- 
 thal Seminary, and in 1885 obtained a similar 
 post at Ziegenhals, Silesia ; he was made Royal 
 Mus. Dir. in l88g. — Works : 2 serenades and 6 
 sketches f. string-orch. ; a 4-part mass w. orch. ; 
 pes. f. org. and pf . ; songs, choruses, etc. 
 Wrote " Populare Abhandlungen Uber Klavier- 
 spie!" (1879), and " Musikalische Schreibiibun- 
 gen " (exercises in mus. dictation). 
 
 Got'ze, Emil, brilliant dramatic tenor ; b. 
 Leipzig, July ig, 1856 ; a pupil of Prof. Gustav 
 Scharfe at Dresden, where he was eng. 1878-81 
 at the court theatre, then at the Cologne theatre, 
 afterwards singing as a " star "in the chief Ger- 
 \ man cities. 
 
 Got'ze, Otto ; in 1896, Kapellm, at Essen- 
 on-Ruhr ; has prod, a successful opera, Riscatto 
 (Sondershausen, 1896). 
 
 Got'ze, Franz ; contemporary comp. ; has 
 ^ brought out a 3-act Volksoper, Utopia (Stettin, 
 "1892), and a i-act opera, Die Rose von Thiessow 
 • (Glogau, 1895). 
 
 Goudimel, Claude, renowned church-com- 
 poser ; b. Vaison, n. Avignon, France, abt. 
 1505 ; killed at Lyons, in the St. Bartholomew 
 massacre, Aug. 24, 1572. Said to have been a 
 pupil of J. Despres. Before 1540 he establ. a 
 music-school in Rome ; the number of his dis- 
 tinguished pupils (Palestrina, Animuccia, Bet- 
 tini, Nanini, Ales. Merlo [della Viola], etc.) won 
 him the sobriquet of "father of the Roman 
 School." In 1555 G. was in Paris as a partner 
 of the music-printer N. Duchemin ; their partner- 
 ship was dissolved in 1556. Strange to say, 
 none of his works were publ. in Italy ; his (pre- 
 sumably) oldest comp.s are MS. masses and 
 motets {a 5-12) in the Vatican and at Vallicella. 
 There were publ. a few motets in Susato's 4th 
 book of motets (1554) ; Odes of Horace (1555) ; 
 4-part ' ' Chansons spirituelles de Marc-Antoine 
 de Muret " (1555) ; a 5-part " Magnificat ex octo 
 modis " (1557) ; " Missae tres a Claudi G . . ." 
 (1558) ; " Les psaumes de David ... en forme 
 de motets " (16 psalms a 4, 1562) ; "Les psaumes 
 mis en rime franfaise, par Clement Marot et 
 Theodore de Beze" (1565) ; " La fleur des chan- 
 sons des deux plus excellents musiciens de notre 
 temps, a savoir de Orlande de Lassus, et de D. 
 Claude Goudimel . . . " (1574) ; in the coll. of 
 chansons, made by Le Roy and Ballard, some of 
 G.'s chansons are in Books vi and viii (1556, 
 1557)- — As G.'s settings of the Psalms had been 
 approved by the Sorbonne (1561), it is probable 
 that he was murdered, not as a convert to Prot- 
 estantism, but on account of machinations of 
 envious rivals. 
 
 Gould, Nathaniel Duren, b. Chelmsford, 
 Mass., Mar. 26, 1781 ; d. Boston, May 28, 1864. 
 Pupil of Reuben Emerson. Conductor of sing- 
 ing-schools in N. H. and Mass.; of the Middle- 
 sex Mus. Society (1807) ; went to Boston in 1819. 
 Besides editing several coU.s of hymn-tunes, he 
 publ. a " History of Church-music in America" 
 (1853), a work of but slight value. 
 
 Gounod, Charles-Fran9ois, one of the most 
 eminent of French sacred and dramatic com- 
 posers;b. Paris, June 
 17, 1818 ; d. there 
 Oct. 17, 1893. His 
 father, Jean-Fran- 
 9ois Gounod, painter 
 and engraver of tal- 
 ent, winner of the 
 Paris Fine Arts 
 Academy's 2nd Prix 
 de Rome (1783), 
 died when the boy 
 was in his fifth year. 
 His mother, a most 
 accomplished wom- 
 an, first contributed 
 to his literary, artistic and musical education, and 
 early sent him, an already proficient pianist, to 
 the Lycee Saint-Louis. In 1836, he entered the 
 Paris Conservatory, st. harmony w. Reicha, cpt. 
 and fugue w. Halevy, and comp. w. Lesueur 
 
 227 
 
GOUNOD— GOUVY 
 
 and Paer. He won the 2nd Prix de Rome w. 
 his cantata Marie Stuart and Rizzio in 1837, 
 and in 1839, his cantata 7'Vr«a«rf won the Grand 
 Prix de Rome by 25 votes out of 27. In Rome 
 he St. ecclesiastical music, particularly the works 
 of Palestrina, and in 1841 a grand orchestral 
 Mass a 3 was performed at the ch. of San Luigi 
 dei Francesi. In 1842, during a visit to Vienna, 
 he conducted a Requiem of his own, in the 
 church of St. Charles, which produced a pro- 
 found impression. Returning to Paris, he be- 
 came precentor and organist of the Missions 
 Atrangeres ; had serious intentions of taking 
 holy orders, and was even called I'AW Gounod ; 
 a publisher, in 1846, bringing out a series of 
 rehgious choruses, entitled Offices of the Holy 
 "Week, by "Abbe Charles Gounod." For five 
 years he remained in seclusion, almost forgotten, 
 when the performance of parts of his Messe 
 solennelle at one of Hullah's London Concerts 
 evoked such high praise in the English and 
 French press that G. shortly after prod, a sym- 
 phony in Eb, and was commissioned to write 
 a work for the Grand Opera. Sapho, a 3-act 
 opera, was perf. April 16, 1851 ; but, despite 
 excellent musical numbers, was not a theatrical 
 success. Revised and reproduced in 1884, it 
 was equally unsuccessful. Choruses to Ponsard's 
 tragedy Ulysse (1852), La Nonne sanglante, 
 5-act grand opera (1854), Le M^decin malgri hci, 
 com. -op. (1858), also failed to realize expecta- 
 tions. From 1852-60, he was conductor of the 
 "Orpheon," the united male singing-societies 
 and vocal schools of Paris, and for them com- 
 posed several choruses, and 2 masses a 4. G.'s 
 success came with Faust in 1859, which procured 
 him European fame, and remains his master- 
 piece. PhiUvion et Baucis (i860). La Reine de 
 Saba (1862), Mireille (1864), La Colombe (1866), 
 were of ordinary interest. The success of Faust 
 was revived with Romio et Juliette (1867), consid- 
 ered in France superior to Faust. In 1870, 
 during the Franco-German war, G. removed to 
 London. He there founded Gounod's Choir, a 
 mixed choral society, and gave large concerts at 
 the Philharmonic and Crystal Palace, where, in 
 1871, at the opening of the exhibition, he pro- 
 duced Gallia., an elegiac cantata to words from 
 the Lamentations of Jeremiah. The entr'actes 
 to Legouve's Les deux Reines (1872), and to 
 Barbier's Jeanne d' Arc (1873), were well re- 
 ceived. In 1875, he returned to Paris, and, in 
 1877, Cinq Mars was produced at the Opera- 
 Comique, and in 1878, Polyeucte at the Opera, 
 but these and his last dramatic work, Le tribut 
 de Zamora (1881), were inferior to his previous 
 triumphs. The last years of his life were mainly 
 devoted to sacred composition. La Redemption 
 (Birmingham, 1882), a sacred trilogy, of which 
 he wrote the music and French words, and Mors 
 et vita (Birmingham, 1885), another sacred tril- 
 ogy, the Latin text of which he arranged from 
 the Catholic liturgy, have become standard works. 
 G.'s comp.s are of a highly poetic order, more 
 spiritualistic than realistic ; in his finest lyrico- 
 
 dramatic moments he is akin to Weber, and his 
 modulation even reminds of Wagner ; his instru- 
 mentation and orchestration are frequently 
 original and masterly. To the works mentioned 
 must be added: "Messe solennelle a Ste.-Cecile," 
 and the mass " Angeli custodes " (18S2), " Messe 
 i Jeanne d'Arc " (1887), a fourth Mass (1888), a 
 Stabat Mater w. orch., the oratorio Tobie., Les 
 Sept Paroles de Jdsus., Jhus sur le lac de TibM- 
 ade, a Te Deura, Pater Noster, Ave Verum, and 
 O Salutaris ; the cantatas A la Frontiere (1870, 
 Gr. Opera), Le vin des Gaulois et la dense ds 
 I'ipee, and much instrumental and vocal music, 
 French and English songs, etc. Among his 
 posthumous works should be mentioned 2 operas, 
 Mattre Pierre (incomplete) and George Dandin 
 (said to be the first comic opera set to & frost 
 text) ; an Ave Maria for his daughter's birthday ; 
 and a solemn mass for the inaug. of the new 
 organs at St. Peter's, Rome. He also wrote a 
 " Methode de cor a pistons," contributed /««;&- 
 tons of musical philosophy and criticism to 
 various Paris journals, and publ. a book, "Le 
 Don Juan de Mozart." In l856, on the death 
 of Clapisson, G. was elected member of the 
 Institut de France. He was also a commander 
 of the Legion of Honor. — Biographies: "Ch. 
 Gounod, Portraits contemporains," by Jules 
 Claretie (Paris, 1875) ; " Autobiographie de Ch. 
 Gounod," by Mme. Georgina Weldon (London, 
 Wm. Reeves, 1875) ; his autobiographical " Me- 
 moires" (Paris, 1895); " Ein Lebensbild," by 
 Paul Voss (Leipzig, 1895) ; etc. 
 
 Gouvy, Louis-Theodore, b. Goffontaine, n. 
 Saarbrilcken, Rhenish Prussia, July 2, 1819; d. 
 Leipzig, Apr. 21, 1898. Pianist and composer; 
 1840, law-student in Paris ; turned to music, St. 
 3 yrs. w. Elwart, also in Berlin (1843) and Rome, > 
 returning 1846 to Paris, and giving his first and ' 
 very successful concert of his own works in 1847. 
 His works are often performed both in Germany 
 and in Paris, where he lived till lately (1894?), ^ 
 as a private teacher and composer, since then 
 in Oberhomburg. In Germany, especially, his ; 
 dramatic scenes for soli, chorus and orch. have . 
 great vogue. He was made chev. of the Legion ■' 
 of Honor in 1896. — Works : Missa brevis f . soli, ; 
 ch. and orch., op. 72 ; Requiem f. do., op. 70; i 
 a sacred cantata, Golgotha; a Stabat Mater ; the ; 
 dram, cantatas Oedipus auf Kolonus (op. 75)i ■ 
 Lphiginie en Tauride (op. 76), and Ekkka^ 
 (op. 85), f. soli, ch. and orch.; Fruhlinp ,. 
 Erwachen f. sopr. solo, male ch., and ""^''■Jl 
 (op. 73) ; AsUga, lyrico-dram. scene ; an opera, |, 
 Der Cid (not perf. , though accepted 1863 at '^ 
 Dresden) ; 7 symphonies (the last is op. 87, in G;*) 
 min.) ; 2 concert-overtures (op. 14 and 15)1 ^"j ■ 
 octet f. wind ; a sextet f . flute and strings ; a pf.- j_ ( 
 quintet (op. 24) ; a string-quintet ; 5 string-quar-j|«( 
 tets ; 5 pf. -trios ; a serenade f. 5 stringed instr.sjffil; 
 pieces f. 'cello and pf., and f. vln. and pf-iP'''|j 
 sonatas f . 2 and 4 hands ; Phantasie f. i P'Sj ' * 
 (op. 69) ; serenades, characteristic pes., anil |*l 
 studies, f. pf.; vocal duets, odes, and many <itfii 
 
 228 
 
GOW— GRAMMANN 
 
 songs. — His compositions are graceful and 
 melodious. 
 
 Gow, George Coleman, b. Ayer Junction, 
 Mass., Nov. 27, i860. Studied music under 
 B. C. Blodgett of Pittsfield, and E. B. Story of 
 Worcester; graduate (A.B.) of Brown Univ., 
 1884, and of Newton Theol. Seminary, l88g, 
 when he become instructor of harm, and pf. 
 at Smith College, Northampton, Mass. During 
 leave of absence (1892-3), G. spent a year in 
 Berlin, studying mainly with Ludwig Bussler. 
 In 1895 he was app. Prof, of music at Vassar 
 Coll., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. — Publ. 1st book of 
 songs, 1884 ; since then several sets of songs 
 and duets, and several part-songs, etc. ; also an 
 excellent text-took on notation and harmony, 
 "The Structure of Music" (N. Y., 1895). 
 
 Gow, Niel, violinist and comp. ; b. Inver, 
 Dunkeld, Scotland, Mar. 22, 1727 ; d. there 
 Mar. I, 1807. His teacher, John Cameron, 
 was a retainer in the Grandtully family. A 
 favorite player at the balls, etc., in Scottish 
 towns, he excelled in the execution of native 
 music.^ — Works : Six collections of " Strathspey 
 Reels" (1784, '88, '92, 'gg, 1808, '22). — His son 
 Nathaniel (1763-1831), also a violinist and 
 comp., was for a time (from 1791) leader of the 
 Edinb. Concerts ; he had a music-business in 
 Edinburgh. Best known as the comp. of the 
 song " Caller Herrin." — Niel G., Jr. (1795- 
 1823), son of Nathaniel, was a talented violinist 
 and comp. ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"; "Flora 
 McDonald's Lament," etc.). 
 
 Graan, Jean de, gifted violinist, a pupil of 
 Joachim ; b. Amsterdam, Sept. 9, 1852 ; d. 
 The Hague, Jan. 8, 1874. Monograph by 
 Kneppelhoub: "Eenberoemde Knaap." 
 
 Gra'ben-Hoff'mann, Gustav (properly 
 Gustav Hoffmann), b. Bnin, n. Posen, Mar. 7, 
 1820. By profession a teacher, his love for 
 music caused him to embrace the latter profes- 
 sion ; studied for the opera (1843) in Berlin, 
 but had better fortune with song-composing ; 
 after teaching in Potsdam, studying in Leipzig 
 under Hauptmann, and living in Dresden (1858) 
 and Schwerin (1868), he settled (1869) in Berlin 
 as a singing-teacher. — Works : Many songs 
 ("500,000 Teufel" had great ' vogue) ; part- 
 songs, duets, solfeggi, pf.-music ; also " Die 
 Pflege der Singstimme " (1865) ; " Das Studium 
 ,c|;S? Oesangs " (1872) ; " Prakti.sche Methode als 
 Grundlage fiir den Kunstgesang " (1874). 
 
 Gra'dener, Karl Georg Peter, b. Rostock, 
 Jail. 14, 1812 ; d. Hamburg, June 10, 1883. 
 Gave up study in Gottingen for music (his 'cello- 
 teacher was Mattstadt) ; was for 3 years solo 
 'cellist and quartet-player in Helsingfors ; for 
 10 yrs. mus. dir. at Kiel Univ., and cond. of a 
 choral society ; during this period he wrote nu- 
 merous fine choral works [oratono Johannes der 
 Taufer). He founded and directed (1851-61) 
 a singing-academy at Hamburg, and cond. nu- 
 merous concerts, at several of which his own 
 
 works filled the programs ; taught singing and 
 theory at Vienna Cons. (1862-5), and thereafter 
 at the Hamburg Cons. ; elected President of the 
 Hamburg " Tonkunstler-Verein." He was a fine 
 and original harmonist, and a master of form. — 
 Works: 2 symphonies ; overture to "Fiesco"; 
 I pf.-concerto ; a Romanza f. vln. and orch.; I 
 string-octet; 5 pf. -quintets ; 3 string-quartets; 
 I string-trio ; 2 pf.-trios ; 3 vln. -sonatas ; i 
 'cello-sonata w. pf. (op. 59 ; one of his best 
 work.s) ; a sonata for pf. and vln. (D min.) ; and, 
 f. pf., " Phantastische Studien," " Fliegende 
 Blatter," " Blattchen," " Traumereien," etc. 
 Also a " Harmonielehre " (1877), and musical 
 essays in periodicals, coll. as " Gesammelte 
 Aufsatze " (Hamburg, 1872). — In MS. 2 operas : 
 Konig Harald and Der Mullerin Hochzeit. 
 
 Gra'dener, Hermann (Theodor Otto), son 
 of preceding; b. Kiel, May 8, 1844. Pupil of 
 his father, and of the Vienna Cons. ; in 1862, org. 
 at Gumpendorf n. Vienna ; 1864, violinist in 
 Vienna court orch.; 1873, harmony-teacher in 
 Horak's Pf . School ; ditto for some years in 
 Vienna Cons.; and from 1899 Bruckner's suc- 
 cessor as lector for harmony and counterpoint at 
 the Vienna Univ. He also conducts the Vienna 
 Singakademie. — Works : Capriccietta f. orch. 
 (op. 4); Sinfoniettaf. orch. (op. 14); " Lustspiel- 
 Ouverture " (op. 28) ; string-octet (op. 12) ; 
 string-quintet (op. 23); pf.-quintet (op. 6) ; pf.- 
 trio in D min. (op. i) ; 5 Impromptus f. pf. and 
 strings (op. 11) ; 5 Intermezzi f. vln. and pf. (op. 
 g) ; Sonata f. 2 pfs. (op. 18) ; other pf.-music, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Graew. See Bacfart. 
 
 Graffi'gna, Achille, b. San Martino Dal- 
 I'Argine, Italy, May 5, 1816 ; d. Padua, July ig, 
 i8g6. Pupil of Milan Cons.; at 18, conductor 
 in theatre at Cagliari, and successively in various 
 other Italian theatres, also (1845) opera-director 
 in Odessa, and (1872) manager and conductor 
 of an opera-troupe in Paris. Finally, singing- 
 teacher in Padua. — Works : 9 or 10 operas, none 
 strikingly successful ; songs. 
 
 Gra'finger. See Grefinger. 
 
 Gram'^mann, Karl, dram. comp. ; b. Liibeck, 
 Mar. 3, 1844 ; d. Dresden, Jan. 30, 1897. 
 From 1867-71 pupil of Leipzig Cons.; lived in 
 Vienna as a comp. until 1885, and since then at 
 Dresden. 2 operas. Die Schatzgrdber and Die 
 Eisjungfrau, were written while he was a youth 
 studying in the gymnasium ; his other works are 
 the operas Melzisine, op. 24 (Wiesbaden, 1875) ; 
 Thusnelda undder Triumphzug des Germanicus, 
 op. 2g (Dresden, 188 1) ; Das Andreasfest, op. 
 35 (Dresden, 1882) ; the 2-act opera Ingrid, op. 
 57, and the i-act opera Das Irrlicht, op. 58 
 (both prod, on the same evening at Dresden, 
 i8g4) ; a " Trauercantate " f. soli, ch., and 
 orch.; 2 symphonies; string-quartets and trios, 
 vln. -sonatas, pf.-music, songs, etc. — G. was a 
 disciple of Wagner. 
 
 229 
 
GRANDI— GRAZIANI 
 
 Gran'di, Alessandro de', b. Venice (?) ; d. 
 Bergamo, 1630. Church-comp. of the Venetian 
 school, pupil of G. Gabrieli. In 1597, m. di 
 capp. at the Accad. della Morte in Ferrara ; in 
 1617, singer at San Marco, Venice ; in 1620 suc- 
 ceeded Negri as -i\ct-maestro there, and in 1627 
 became m. di c. at Santa Maria Maggiore, Ber- 
 gamo, where he died of the plague. — Works : 
 MadrigaH concertati ; Litanies ; Vesper psalms ; 
 Te Deums ; Tantum ergos ; 6 vol.s of Motets 
 a 2-4 ; Messe concertate a, 8 ; Mottetti concer- 
 tati a 2, 3, and 4 ; Salmi concertati a 3 ; and 3 
 vol.s of Motets a 1-4, w. 2 violins. All publ. 
 1607-40. 
 
 Grandval, Mnie. Marie-F61icie-C16mence 
 de Reiset, Vicomtesse de, noted composer ; b. 
 Saint Remy-des-Monts (Sarthe), France, Jan. 
 20, 1830. At first a pupil of Flotow, later of 
 Saint-Saens, in composition. Her debut as a 
 composer was with a Mass and a Stabat Mater 
 (perf. in various churches) ; she has prod, the 
 operas Piccolino [after Sardou's "La Penitente"] 
 (Op. -Com., 1868); Les fiances de Rosa(^\x.-\jyx., 
 1863) ; Atala (Paris, 1888) ; Mazeppa, in 5 acts 
 (Bordeaux, 1892) ; and others ; has in MS. Le bou- 
 clier de diaiiiant. — An oratorio, La fille de Jaire, 
 won the Prix Rossini ; she has a " drame sacre," 
 Sainte-Agnh, in MS.; has prod, several sym- 
 phonic works, and many songs. Mme. de G. 
 has used the pen-names Tesier, Valgrand, Jas- 
 per, Banger, etc. 
 
 Graninger, Charles Albert, pianist and 
 cond. ; b. Cincinnati, Jan. 2, 1861 ; ent. Cincinn. 
 Coll. of Music in 1879. Dir. of several mus. 
 societies, notably the Orpheus Club (since 1891) 
 and the Arion (of Columbus, O., for 2 years). 
 Organist ; now in 2nd Presb. Ch. ; also prof, 
 in Cincinnati Coll. of Music. 
 
 Granjon, Robert, celebrated music-printer 
 and typefounder at Paris (1523), Lyons (1559), 
 and Rome (1582), is particularly noteworthy for 
 having engraved round note-heads (instead of 
 the lozenge-shaped ones then in vogue), and for 
 doing away with the ligatures, etc. 
 
 Graphaus, Hieronyraus, celebrated music- 
 printer and typefounder in Nuremberg (from 
 1533). where he died May 7, 1556. He ex- 
 changed his patronymic Resch for Formschneider 
 (Type-cutter), later assuming the Greek form of 
 the latter appellation. 
 
 Gratia'ni. See Graziani, Bonifazio. 
 
 Grau'mann, Mathilda. See Marchesi. 
 
 Graun, Karl Heinrich, b. Wahrenbruck, 
 Prussian Saxony, May 7, 1701 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 
 8, 1759. Pupil at the Kreuzschule, Dresden 
 (1713-20), of Grundig (voice) and Chr. Petzold 
 (org. and pf.), and sang in the " Rathskapelle " 
 as a soprano ; while his voice was changing, he 
 St. comp. under J. Chr. Schmidt, and frequently 
 attended opera-performances (then directed by 
 Lotti). In 1725 he was eng. as operatic tenor 
 at Brunswick ; but within a year his first ven- 
 ture as a dramatic comp. (Pollidoro, VT16) won 
 
 him success ; he was app. •fice-ICapellm., and 
 composed 5 more operas for Brunswick. The 
 Crown Prince Frederick (" the Great") induced 
 G. in 1735 to come to Rheinsberg, where he set 
 to music many cantatas written (in French verse) 
 by his gifted patron. On Frederick's succession, 
 Graun was commissioned to establish Ital. opera 
 in Berlin, of which he was made Kapellm. For 
 this company he composed 28 operas, among 
 yN^Azh. Rodelindaiil/^T.), Artaserse (1743), Catone 
 in Utica (1744), Alessandro nelV Indie (1745), 
 Adriano in Siria and Deniofoonte (1746), 
 Mitridate (1751), Semiramide (1754), E'^io 
 (1755), and Merope (1756), were some of the most 
 successful ; for years, Hasse was the only rival 
 comp. whose operas had a hearing in Berlin. As 
 a church-comp., Graun is still better known to- 
 day ; his Passion Oratorio, Der Tod Jesu (1755), 
 is still, by virtue of a bequest, perf. yearly at 
 Berlin ; a Te Deum (1756), commemorating the 
 battle of Prague, is equally fine. Other works : 
 
 2 Passion cantatas ; about 25 other church-can- 
 tatas w. orch. ; and 20 Latin motets a 4. voci a 
 cappella ; funeral music for Duke Aug. Wilh. 
 of Brunswick (1738) and for King Fr. Wilh. I. 
 of Prussia (1740); church-melodies for every 
 day in the year (2 sets). His instrumental music 
 (12 concertos f. harpsichord w. strings ; flute- 
 concertos ; a concerto f. fl., vln., gamba and 
 'cello ; trios, organ-fugues, etc.) is of less value, 
 and unpublished. 
 
 Graun, Johann Gottlieb, violin-virtuoso, 
 brother of preceding; b. Wahrenbruck, abt. 1698; 
 d. Berlin, Oct. 27, 1771. Studied with his 
 brother in the Kreuzschule, Dresden, also the 
 violin under Pisendel, and later under Tartini at 
 Padua. In 1728 he was leader in Crown Prince 
 Frederick's orch. at Rheinsbeck ; from 1740, 
 leader in the royal orch. at Berlin. — Works : 40 
 symphonies, 20 vln. -concertos, 24 string-quar- 
 tets, string-trios, etc. 
 
 Graup'ner,Christoph, b. Kirchberg, Saxony, 
 in Jan., 1683; d. Darmstadt, May 10, 1760. 
 Pupil of Kuhnau at the Thomasschule, Leip- 
 zig ; in 1706, accompanist, at Hamburg, to the 
 opera under Keiser ; 1710, vict-Kapellm., and 
 in 171 1 Kapellm., at Darmstadt. A diligent 
 comp. , even engraving some of his own music ; 
 he was blind for 10 years before his death. — 
 Works: 6 operas prod, in Hamburg: Didoii'joi); 
 Die lusiige Hochzeit (1708), with Keiser ; Her- 
 cules und Theseus {x'jo'S), Antiochus und Stra- 
 tonice (1709), JBellerophon {iiot)), Simson (1709); 
 
 3 for Darmstadt : Berenice und Lucio (1710), 
 Teleniach (1711), and Bestdndigkeit besiegt Be- 
 irug (1719). For harpsichord: "Acht Par- 
 thieen fiir Clavier " (1718), " Monatliche Clavier- 
 frilchte " (1722), "Acht Parthieen fur das Cla- 
 vier" (1726), "Die vier Jahreszeiten " (l733); 
 also a " Hessen-Darmstadtisches Choralbuch." 
 An immense number of MS. comp.s are in the 
 Library at Darmstadt. 
 
 Grazia'ni, (Padre) Tommaso, b. Bagnaca- 
 vallo, Papal States. Maestro at the Franciscan 
 
 230 
 
GRAZIANI— GREGOIR 
 
 Monastery, Milan. — Publ. Masses « 5 (1569), 
 Vesper psalms a 4 (1587), Madrigals a 5 (1588), 
 Complines a 8 (1601), " Sinfonie, partenici, lita- 
 nie fl 4, 5, 6 and 8 voci " (1617), " Responses to 
 St. Franciscus, with Salve " (1627). 
 
 Grazia'ni (or Gratiani), Bonifacio, b. Ma- 
 rino, Papal States, abt. 1606 ; d. Rome, June 15, 
 1664, where he was maestro in the Seminario 
 Romano and in the Jesuit ch. — Publ. works 
 (posth.) : 7 vol.s of Motets a 2-6 ; 6 vol.s do. 
 a I] I vol. of Psalms a 5, w. org. ; i vol. of Salmi 
 concertati ; 2 vol.s of Masses a 4-6 ; Litanies 
 a 3-8 ; Vespers ; ' ' Musiche sacre e morali con 
 basso d'organo " — all works of real value. 
 
 Grazia'ni, Ludovico, dramatic tenor, b. 
 Fermo, Italy, in Aug., 1823 ; d. there in May, 
 1885. He sang in the chief Ital. cities, also in 
 Paris (1858), London, Barcelona, and Vienna 
 (i860), meeting with great success. For him 
 Verdi wrote the part of Alfredo (Traviaia). 
 
 Grazia'ni, Francesco, brother of Ludovico ; 
 b. Fermo, Apr. 16, 1829. Baritone stage-singer, 
 successful in Italy, Paris (1854, and 1856-61 at 
 the Theatre ItaHen), New York (1855), London, 
 and St. Petersburg (1861-4). 
 
 Grazzi'ni, Reginaldo, b. Florence, Oct. 15, 
 1848 ; studied at the R. Cons, there, under T. 
 Mabellini. After serving as an opera-cond. in 
 Florence, he was app. Director of the Civic 
 School of Music at Reggio d'Emilia, and theatre- 
 cond. ; the following year he became prof, of mus. 
 'theory, and artistic director, in the Liceo Bene- 
 detto Marcello, Venice. Talented comp. — Works: 
 A sacred cantata (1875); a mass a 3, w. orch. ; 
 symphonies ; a Marcia solenne (1887) ; pf.- 
 music ; and (in MS.) an opera. 
 
 Great'orex, Thomas, b. North Wingfield, 
 Derby, Engl., Oct. 5, 1758; d. Hampton, n. 
 London, July 18, 1831. Pupil of Dr. B. Cooke 
 (1772) ; chorister at Concert of Antient Music 
 (1778) ; org. of Carlisle cath. (1780-4) ; after 
 travelling in Holland and Italy, he taught in 
 London (1789-93), when he became cond. of the 
 C. of A. M. He revived the Vocal Concerts 
 (1801), and from 1819 was org. of Westminster 
 Abbey. — Works: 12 glees (1832); Psalms; 
 chants; "A Selection of Tunes . . ." (London, 
 1829) I " Parochial Psalmody" (no date). 
 
 Gre'co (or Grec'co), Gaetano, b. Naples, 
 abt. 1680 ; d. (?). Pupil of Ales. Scarlatti, at 
 the Cons, de' Poveri di Gesu Cristo, and suc- 
 ceeded him as teacher there in 1717, passing 
 later to the Cons, of San Onofrio, where Per- 
 golesi, Vinci, and Francesco Durante were his 
 pupils. — Works : Litanies a 4, w. 2 vlns., viola, 
 bass and org. ; harpsichord-music ; toccatas and 
 fugues f. org. ; etc. 
 
 Greef, Wilhelm, b. Kettwig-on-Ruhr, Oct. 
 l8, 1809 ; d. Mors, Sept. 12, 1875. With L. 
 Erk (his brother-in-law) he publ. school song- 
 books, and new editions of Rinck's preludes, 
 postludes, and " Choralbuch." 
 
 Green, Samuel, b. London, 1730 ; d. Isle 
 worth, Sept. 15, 1796. Renowned organ-builder, 
 who adapted the " Venetian " swell to the organ. 
 His instruments were exported to Russia, the 
 West Indies, etc. 
 
 Greene, Maurice, b. London, 1696 (or 1695); 
 d. there Sept. i, 1755. Chorister in St. Paul's 
 cath., under King ; studied with R. Brind, be- 
 came (1716) org. of St. Dunstan's, of St. Andrew's, 
 Holborn (1717), and of St. Paul's Cath. (1718). 
 In 1727 he succeeded Croft as org. and comp. 
 to the Chapel Royal, and in 1730 was Tudway's 
 successor as prof, of music at Cambridge, receiv- 
 ing the title of Mus. Doc; in 1735, master of 
 the King's Band. Later he made a great coll. 
 of old English sacred music ("Cathedral Music," 
 edited by Boyce). — Works : 2 oratorios, Jephthah 
 (1737)1 and The Force of Truth (1744) ; a dram, 
 pastoral, Florimel, or Love's Revenge (1737) ; 
 a masque, The Judgment of Hercules (1740) ; 
 an opera, Phmbe (1748) ; " 40 Select Anthems in 
 Score," a 2-8 (1743 ; 2 vol.s); Spencer's " Amo- 
 retti " f. voice, harpsichord, and vln. ; several 
 odes; catches, canons, songs, organ -pieces, 
 harpsich. -music ; Church Service in C ; Te 
 Deum in D ; etc. 
 
 Greene, Harry Plunket, bass singer ; b. OM 
 Connaught House, County Wicklow, Ireland, 
 June 24, 1865. Destined for the bar, he em- 
 braced music ; studied in Stuttgart, 1883-6, un- 
 der Hromada and Goetschius, and 6 months 
 under Vannuccini at Florence ; later, in London, 
 under J. B. Welch and Alf. Blume. Debut 
 Jan. 21, 1888, in Handel's Messiah; debut in 
 opera at Covent Garden, June 2, 1890. His song- 
 recitals are very popular ; and he has under- 
 taken several artistic tours to the U. S. , where 
 he made a most favorable impression. 
 
 Gre'finger (or Grafinger), Johann Wolf- 
 gang, Viennese comp. of the i6th century, pupil 
 of Hof haimer. ■ — Works : ' ' Aurelii Prudentii 
 Cathemerinon," 4-part odes (1515) ; and single 
 motets in collections. He edited the rare 
 " Psalterium Pataviense . . ." (1512). 
 
 Gregh, Louis, music-publ. in Paris ; has 
 prod, the pantomime Les Instantanh (Paris, 
 1894) ; a 4-act vaudev.-operette Un lycie de 
 jeunes jilles (Paris, 1892) ; a vaudev.-operette 
 Fatard, Patard et Cie. (Paris, 1893) ; an op.- 
 com. Le capitaine Roland (Paris, 1895) ; and the 
 pant.-ballet ^r/^«i' (Nice, 1892; Paris, 1896). 
 
 Gregoir, Jacques - Mathieu - Joseph, b. 
 
 Antwerp, Jan. 18, 1817 ; d. Brussels, Oct. 29, 
 1876, where he had settled in 1848 as a teacher 
 and comp. Fine pianist, pupil of Henri Herz 
 and Chr. Rummel. — Works: An opera, Le 
 Gondolier de Venise (Antwerp, 1847) ; Lauda 
 Sion and Faust, for ch. and orch.; a pf. -con- 
 certo (op. 100) ; many pf.-pcs. and pf.-etudes ; 
 duos and fantasias f. vln. or 'cello and pf. (writ- 
 ten in collaboration with Leonard, Servais, and 
 Vieuxtemps). 
 
 231 
 
GREGOIR— GRETRY 
 
 Gregoir, Edouard - Georges - Jacques, b. 
 
 Turnhout, n. Antwerp, Nov. 7, 1822 ; d. Wyne- 
 ghem, June 28, l8go. St. with his brother (J. -M.- 
 Jos. Gr.), and under Rummel at Biebrich ; gave 
 pf.-concerts, and in 1842 travelled with Teresa 
 and Maria MilanoUo ; but settled about 1851 in 
 Antwerp as a composer and writer. He left his 
 library to the Antwerp Music School. — 8 operas: 
 La Vie (Antwerp, 1848) ; De Belgen en 18^8 
 (Brussels, 1851) ; Marguerite d'Autriche (Ant- 
 werp, 1850) ; La dernihre nuit du comte d'Eg- 
 mont (Brussels, 1851) ; Leicester (Brussels, 
 1854) ! Willem Benkels, Flemish op/ra comique 
 in I act (Brussels, 1856) ; Willem de Zwyger 
 (1856) ; La belle Bourbonnaise (i860?) ; an his- 
 torical symphony, " Les Croisades"; a sym- 
 phonic oratorio, Z« Ddluge ; an overture, 
 " Hommage a Henri Conscience"; overture in 
 C ; music f . org. and f . pf . ; over 100 male cho- 
 ruses ; harmonium-pcs. ; violin-music ; songs. — 
 Writings : " Etudes sur la necessite d'intro- 
 duire le chant dans les ecoles priraaires de 
 la Belgique "; "■ Essai historique sur la musique 
 et les musiciens dans les Pays-Bas " (1861) ; 
 " Histoire de I'orgue" (1865, with biogr. notes 
 on Belgian and Dutch organists and organ- 
 builders) ; " Galerie biographique des artistes- 
 musiciens beiges duXVIIP etdu XIX ^ siecles" 
 (1862 ; 2nd ed. 1885) ; " Notice sur I'origine du 
 celebre compositeur Louis van Beethoven " 
 (1863); "Les artistes-musiciens neerlandais" 
 (1864) ; " Du chant choral et des festivals en 
 Belgique" (1865); " Schetsen van nederland- 
 sche toonkunstenaars meest alien wenig of tot 
 hiertoe niet gekend"; "Notice historique sur 
 les societes et ecoles de musique d'Anvers " 
 (i86g) ; " Recherches historiques concernant 
 les journaux de musique depuis les temps les 
 plus recules jusqu'a nos jours" (1872); "No- 
 tice biographique d' Adrian Willaert "; " Reflex- 
 ions sur la regeneration de I'ancienne ecole de 
 musique flamande et sur le theatre flamand "; 
 " Les artistes-musiciens beiges auXIX* siecle : 
 reponse a un critique de Paris " (1874); " Docu- 
 ments historiques relatifs a I'art musical et aux 
 arti.stes musiciens" (1872-76 ; 4 vol.s) ; " Pan- 
 theon musical populaire" (1S77-79 ; 3 vol.s); 
 " Notice biographique sur p\ J. Gosse dit Gos- 
 sec"(i878); "1830-80: I'art musical en Bel- 
 gique sous les regnes de Leopold I et Leopold 
 II " (i87g) ; " Des gloires de I'Opera et la mu- 
 sique i Paris " (3 vol.s ; vol. i, 1880, embraces 
 the period 1392-1750). 
 
 Grego'rovitch, Charles, gifted violinist, b. 
 St. Petersburg, Oct. 25, 1867. Pupil of Wie- 
 niawski, also of Dont (Vienna), and Joachim 
 (Berlin). Has played in most European capi- 
 tals ; in America 1896-7. 
 
 Gregory I., "the Great,'' b. Rome, 540; 
 Pope from 590-604 ; celebrated in mus. history 
 as the reformer of the R. C. Church Musical 
 Ritual. By his order, and under his supervision, 
 a collection was made (599) of the music em- 
 ployed in the different churches ; the various 
 
 offertories, antiphons, responses, etc., were re- 
 vised, and regularly and suitably distributed 
 over the entire year, in an arrangement which 
 remains practically intact to this day (Gregorian 
 Chant). To him is also ascribed the introduc- 
 tion or establishment of the 4 Ecclesiastical 
 Modes and the 4 parallel Plagal Modes. 
 
 Grell, Eduard August, b. Berlin, Nov. 6, 
 1800 ; d. Steglitz, n. Berlin, Aug. 10, 1886. 
 Pupil of his father (an organist), and of J. C. 
 Kaufmann, Ritschl, and Zelter. Org. of the 
 Nikolaikirche, Berlin, in 1817 ; entered the 
 Singakademie in that year, and became vice- 
 director in 1832 ; court-cathedral org. in 1839, 
 member of the Berlin Academy in 1841, choir- 
 master at the cathedral 1843-45 I in 1851 he 
 succeeded Rungenhagen as teacher of comp. 
 at the Akademie ; he became a member of the 
 Academical Senate, also chief cond. of the Sing- 
 akademie, retiring from this post in 1876. In 
 1838 he was created Royal Music-Director ; in 
 1858, Professor ; and in 1864 received the order 
 pour le mirite. In 1838 the Univ. of Berlin 
 bestowed on him the honorary title of Dr. phil. 
 G. was highly respected as a learned musician 
 and an excellent teacher and conductor. He 
 considered vocal music the only music worthy of 
 the name ; consequently, excepting an overture 
 and a few org. -preludes, his comp.s are vocal. — 
 Works : An admirable Mass (16 parts) ; an ora- 
 torio. Die Israelilen in der Wiiste ; a Te Deum ; 
 psalms a 8 and 11 ; cantatas, motets, hymns, 
 Christmas songs, duets, songs ; also an arrange- 
 ment, f. 4-part male chorus, of the Evangelical 
 Gesangbuch (1883). G.'s views on vocal and 
 instr. music are laid down in his " Aufsatze und 
 Gutachten " (Berlin, 1887). 
 
 Greni6, Gabriel-Joseph, b. Bordeaux, 1757 ; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 3, 1837. Inventor of the orgue 
 expressif (harmonium), from which the orgue 
 expressif ol Erard was developed. 
 
 Gresnich [not -nick], Antoine-Fr^d^ric, 
 dramatic composer ; b. Liege, Mar. 2, 1755 ; 
 d. Paris, Oct. 16, 1799. He st. at the College 
 Li^geois, Rome, and with Sala at Naples, where 
 he prod, operas before 1780 ; visited London in 
 1784 and 1785, his success causing the Prince 
 of Wales to appoint him dir. of mus. in 1786; 
 he returned to Paris in 1791, and in 1793 was 
 chef d'orchestre of the Grand Th., Lyons, where 
 the success of his V Amour a Cyth^re opened the 
 way for him in Paris. Here, from 1795-99, he 
 brought out 16 operas, the last, Lionidas ou lis 
 SpartiateSy failing at the Grand Opera. His 
 works include over a score of operas and consid- 
 erable chamber-music, ariettas, duos, songs, etc. 
 
 Gr6try, Andr£-Ernest-Modeste, dramatic 
 composer ; b. Liege, Feb. 8, 1741 ; d. Mont- 
 morency, n. Paris, Sept. 24, 1813. His father 
 was violinist in the St. -Denis Collegiate Church, 
 where, at six years of age, the boy was placed as 
 chorister. The severity of the masters was not 
 conducive to his advancement ; his father with- 
 
 232 
 
GRETRY 
 
 drew him from the choir and placed him with 
 Leclerc, under whose tuition he became a pro- 
 ficient reader, and Renekin. An Italian com- 
 pany was then performing operas of Pergolesi, 
 Galuppi, etc., in Liege ; these performances con- 
 tributed greatly to the development of his musi- 
 cal instinct. He commenced composing with 
 such evidence of ability that he was placed un- 
 der Moreau, m. de chap, of St. Paul's, for les- 
 sons in counterpoint. But, unable to restrain 
 his eagerness to write, he could not apply him- 
 self to a severe course of study ; though he pro- 
 duced 6 symphonies at Liege in 1758, and in 
 1759 wrote a mass, which so interested the Canon 
 du Harlez that he procured G. the means to 
 study in Rome. Arriving there in 1759, he en- 
 tered the College de Liege, where he studied cpt. 
 and comp. under 
 Casali and Martini 
 for 5 years. But G. 
 was an unsatisfac- 
 tory pupil, being too 
 impatient of the ab- 
 stractions of sci- 
 ence ; he had an 
 irresistible leaning 
 towards dramatic 
 music and declama- 
 tory melody. His 
 first dramatic essay, 
 the intermezzo Le 
 Vendemminlrice, 
 was well received at Rome, 1765 ; and G. was 
 praised by Piccinni. But a perusal of the score of 
 Monsigny's \Rose et Colas showed him that comic 
 opera was his real vocation. After 9 years in 
 Rome, he set out for Paris, via Geneva, where 
 he remained a year in hopes of inducing Voltaire 
 to write him a libretto. Failing in this, he wrote 
 new music to Favart's Isabelle et Gertrude for 
 the Geneva Theatre, which was very successful. 
 Following Voltaire's advice, he went to Paris, 
 where two years elapsed in difficulties, before 
 Du Rozoy, an amateur, gave him the libretto of 
 Les mariages Samnites. This got no further 
 than rehearsals, but secured him the patronage 
 of Count Creutz, the Swedish minister, who ob- 
 tained for him Marmontel's comedy Le Huron ; 
 produced at the Opera-Comique, 1768, it com- 
 menced a series of successes seldom equalled :— 
 Lucile and his popular Le tableau parlant{i-](>i^) ; 
 Les deux avares, Sylvain, and VAmitU h 
 I'/preuve (1770) ; Zdmire et Azov, I'Ami de la 
 maison (1771) ; Le Magnifique (1773) ; La Rosiere 
 de Salency (1774) ; C^phale et Procris and La 
 fausse magie (1775) ; Les mariages Samnites [re- 
 vised] (1776) ; Matroco and Les Av^nements im- 
 privus{i-]-]fj ; Lejugementde Midas and I'Amant 
 jaloux (1778) ; Aucassin et Nicolette (1779) ! the 
 grand o^txa. Andromaque (1780) ; ^milie, la belle 
 esclave [as the fifth act of a ballet. La fHe de 
 Mirza] (Opera, 1781) ; La double ^preuije [Coli- 
 nette li la cour\ and V Embarras des richesses 
 (1782) ; Theodore et Pauline \l'£preuve villa- 
 geoise\ Richard Cceur de Lion., the grand opera 
 
 La caravane du Caire (1784 ; libretto by Louis 
 XVIIL, then Comte de Provence; perf. 506 
 times) ; Panurge dans I'tle des lanternes (1785) ; 
 Les m^prises par ressemblatice (1786) ; Le co7nte 
 d'Albert, La suite dti comte d Albert, and Le 
 prisonnier anglais \Clarice et Belt07i] (1787) ; 
 Amphitryon (1788) ; Le rival confident, Raoul 
 Barbe-Bleue, and Aspasie (1789) ; Pierre le 
 Grand {i-jijo); Guillauine Tell {\it)\); Basile 
 \A trompeur, trompeur et dem{\ and Les deux 
 convents [C^cile et Dermance^ (1792) ; La rosiire 
 rifpublicaine (1793) ; Joseph Barra, Callias, Denys 
 le tyran. La fete de la raison (1794 ; during the 
 Revolution) ; Lisheth, Le barbier de village, and 
 Anacrion chez Polycrate (1797) ; Elisca (1799) ; 
 Za casque et les colombes (1801) ; Delphis et Mopsa 
 and Le manage (1803). Gretry produced fifty 
 operas ; their merit lies in their melodies and 
 their dramatic expression. He was not deeply 
 versed in harmony ; still, despite meagre har- 
 monization, his orchestration is frequently clever 
 and very effective. His operas suffered tempo- 
 rary eclipse when Mehul and Cherubini entered 
 the field ; public interest was revived by the 
 magnificent tenor Elleviou in 1801 ; the changes 
 in operatic music during the next 30 years 
 caused their subsequent neglect. Richard Cmur 
 de Lion is still played in Paris. Nevertheless, 
 Gretry — ' ' the Moliere of music," as he was called 
 • — founded the school of P'rench comedy-opera, 
 of which Boieldieu, Auber, and Adam have been 
 such distinguished alumni. Further proof of his 
 lack of technical knowledge appears in - his 
 " Methode simple d'harmonie " (1802). His 
 " Memoires ou Essais sur la musique " (1789 ; 
 3 vol.s) set forth his views on the paramount 
 importance of the just declamation of every syl- 
 lable set to music. During his lifetime G. was 
 greatly honored. In France and abroad he was 
 elected a member of most artistic and learned 
 institutions which admitted musicians. The 
 Prince-Bishop of Liege made him privy-coun- 
 cillor in 1784. In 1785 a street in Paris was 
 named after him. In 1795 he was admitted to 
 the Institut, and was one of the three first chosen 
 to represent the department of musical composi- 
 tion. The same year he was appointed Inspector 
 of the Conservatoire, but resigned in a few 
 months, feeling incompetent for the post. His 
 bust was placed in the foyer of the Grand Opera, 
 and a marble statue in the entrance-hall of the 
 Opera-Comique. In 1802 Napoleon made him 
 Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and granted 
 him a pension of 4,000 francs in compensation 
 for losses during the Revolution. He bought 
 " I'Ermitage," Rousseau's former residence at 
 Montmorency, and lived there in retirement. He 
 occupied his last years in writing ' ' Reflexions 
 d'un Solitaire," which his friends did not deem 
 expedient to pubUsh. " De la Verite," a high- 
 pitched avowal of republican tenets, with remarks 
 on the feelings, and the best means of exciting 
 and expressing them by music, appeared in 1803. 
 Gretry was married and had several children, 
 but survived them all. His daughter, Lucille, 
 
 233 
 
GREULIGH— GRIEG 
 
 born in 1770, produced two successful operas, 
 the first at thirteen years of age. She married 
 unliappily, and died in 1792. G. left six operas 
 which have never been performed: Alcindor et 
 Zaide^ Zim^o, Zelmar, Rlectre^ Diog^ne et Alex- 
 andre^ and Les Manres en. Esfagne. Two of 
 his operas, Zimire et Azor and Richard Cmur de 
 Lion., were adapted for the English stage. His 
 Giiillaume Tell created interest on its revival in 
 Paris, when Rossini produced his opera of the 
 same name. Besides dramatic works, G. wrote 
 a De Profundis, Confiteor, a Requiem, motets, 
 6 symphonies, prologues, epilogues, divertisse- 
 ments, 6 pf. -sonatas, 6 string-quartets and two 
 quartets for pf., flute, violin, and bass. — A com- 
 plete ed. of his works was begun in 1883 (pub- 
 lishers, Breitkopf and Hartel). — Biographical "G. 
 en famille" by his nephew, A. J. Gretry (1815) ;■ 
 "Notice biographique sur A. G." (Saegher ; 
 1869) ; also by Ed. Gregoir(i883), Brunet (1884), 
 etc. 
 
 Greu'Hch, Karl Wilhelm, b. Kunzendorf, n. 
 Lowenberg, Silesia, Feb. 13, 1796 ; d. 1837 in 
 Berlin, where he had lived since 18 16 as comp. 
 and teacher (pupils : Prince Georg von Cumber- 
 land [Georg v.], C. Eckert, Henriette Sontag). 
 Besides pf.-comp.s, he publ. a Method f. pf. 
 
 Greu'Hch, Adolf, b. Posen, 1819 ; d. Mos- 
 cow, 1868, as teacher at the Catharina Inst. His 
 pf. -works show much talent. 
 
 Greu'Hch, Adolf, b. Schmiedeberg, Silesia, 
 1836 ; d. July 20, 1890, at Breslau, where, since 
 1884, he had been Brosig's succes.sor as cathedral 
 Kapellm. Pupil of Brosig, Mosewius, Baum- 
 gart, and P. Lustner ; 1857, chorister and bass 
 soloist in the cath. ; 1870, cath. organist. — 
 Works : Much sacred music. 
 
 Grieg', Edvard Hagerup, Norwegian com- 
 poser and pianist ; b. Bergen, June 15, 1843. 
 His mother, a woman of musical culture, and a 
 gifted pianist, was 
 his first instructor. 
 At the suggestion of 
 Ole Bull, Grieg en- 
 tered the Leipzig 
 Cons, in 1858 ; for 
 four years he studied 
 harm, and cpt. un- 
 der Hauptmann and 
 Richter, comp. un- 
 der Rietz and Rei- 
 necke, and piano- 
 forte-playing under 
 Wenzel and Mo- 
 scheles. The works 
 of Mendelssohn and Schumann gave the pre- 
 vailing tone to musical Leipzig ; but Grieg, 
 while profiting by them, was strong enough to 
 preserve his Scandinavian individuality. This 
 he demonstrated in 1863, when he studied in 
 Copenhagen under Gade, and came under E. 
 Hartraann's influence. Of great importance in 
 Grieg's career was his intimacy with the young 
 
 Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak, whose 
 premature death cut short their crusade (as Grieg 
 himself wrote) ' ' against the effeminate Mendels- 
 sohnian-Gade Scandinavianism, turning with 
 enthusiasm into the new well-defined path along 
 which the Northern school is now travelling." 
 In 1867 Grieg founded a Musical Union in 
 Christiania, which he conducted until 1880. 
 Previous to this, in 1865, he had visited Italy, 
 and did so again in 1870, associating much witii 
 Liszt in Rome. He also made artistic journeys 
 to Germany, especially Leipzig, where his visits 
 were protracted ; at a Gewandhaus concert in 
 1879, he perf. his own pf.-concerto, op. 16. 
 Since 1880, excepting time spent on professional 
 tours, he has lived chiefly in Bergen ; but has 
 latterly cond. the Philh. Concerts at Christiania. 
 In 18S8 he visited London, and at a Philharm. 
 concert played his piano-concerto and conducted 
 his op. 34 (2 melodies f. string-orch.). He re- 
 visited England in 1889, 1894, 1896; in 1894 
 the honorary degree of Mus. Doc, Cantab, was 
 bestowed on him. Grieg's importance as a com- 
 poser lies in the fact that he did what Gade ap- 
 parently shrank from ; he imbued his music with 
 a strong strain of Scandinavian tonality, so that, 
 without innovations in form, his works possess 
 marked racial characteristics to which is due 
 much of their charm. His shorter piano-pieces 
 are among the most charming compositions of 
 their kind (e.g., the delightful liumoresken). 
 Many of his songs, full of poetic feeling, are 
 equally popular ; the same may be said of his 3 
 violin-sonatas. — Ernest Closson wrote a sketch, 
 " Edv. Gr. et la musique scandinave " (Fisch- 
 bacher ; Paris, 1892). 
 
 Op. I, 4 Clavierstucke ; op. 2, Lieder for Alto; op. 3, 
 
 LPoetische Tonbilder for pf.; op. 4, 6 Lieder; op. 5, 4 
 ieder ; op. 6, Humoresken f. pf.; op. 7, Sonata I. pf., 
 in E min.; op. 8, do. in F, f . pL and violin ; op. 9, Ro- 
 manzen und Balladen f. pf.; op. 10, 4 Romanzen (vocal); 
 op. II, Concert-overture "In Autumn"; op. 12, Ly- 
 rische Stuckchen f. pf.; op. 13, Sonata in G, f. pf. and 
 violin ; op. 14, 2 Symphonische Stucke for pianoforte 
 4 hds.; op. 15, Romanzen f. pf.; op. 16, pf.-concerto in 
 A min.; op. 17, Norwegische Volkslieder und TSnze, f. 
 pf.; op. 18, 8 Lieder ; op. 19, Bilder aus dem Volksleben 
 [3 Neue Humoresken], f. pf.; op. 20, "Vor der Klos- 
 terpforte," for solo, female voices and orch.; op. 21, 
 4 Lieder ; op. 22, 2 Songs for male voices and orch.; op. 
 23, " Peer Gynt," Suite No. i f . pf. 4 hds. ; op. 24, Ballade 
 f. pf.; op. 25, 5 Lieder ; op. 26, 4 Lieder ; op. 27, string- 
 quartet in G min.; op. 28, *' AlbumblStter f. pf.; op. 
 2g, Improvvisata, 2 pieces f. pf. ; op. 30, "Album fiir 
 Mannerchor"; op. 31, " Landerkennung " for male 
 chorus and orchestra; op. 32, "DerEinsame" [Bergen^ 
 riickte] for baritone, string-orch., and 2 horns; op. 33, 
 12 Lieder ; op. 34, 2 Elegische Melodien f. string-orch.; 
 op. 35, " Norwegische Tanze"f. orch.; op. 36, Sonataf. 
 pf. and 'cello; op. 37, Walzer-Capricen f. pf.; op. p8, 
 ''Lyric Pieces" f. pf.; op. 38, "New Lyric Pieces' |. 
 pf.; op. 39, 12 Lieder; op. 40, "Aus Holberg's Zeit,, 
 suite for string-orch.; op. 41, pf. -transcriptions of his 
 own songs ; op. 42, " Bergliot," melodrama w. orch.; 
 op. 43, " Lyrische Stuckchen" f. pf.; op. 44, Lieder 
 (aus Fjeld und Fiord) ; op. 45, Sonata in C min., f. pf- 
 and vln.; op. 46, " Peer Gynt," Suite i ifor crchestn) ; 
 op. 47, " Lyrische StUcke" f. pf.; op. 48, 6 Lieder; op. 
 49, 6 Lieder ; op. 50. " Olav Trygvason," f . solo, ch. and 
 orch.; op. SI, Romanze w. var.s, f. 2 pfs. 4 hds.; op. 52, 
 6 songs, transcriptions f . pf . ; op. 53, Zwei Melodien f. 
 string-orch.; op. 54, "Lyrische Stucke"; op. 55, "P^^"' 
 Gynt," Suite 2, f. orch,; op. 56, "Sigurd Jorsalfar, f. 
 
 234 
 
GRIEPENKERL— GRISAR 
 
 orch.; op. 57, " Lyrische Stiicke " i. pf. ; op. 58^5 Lieder ; 
 op. 59, 6 Lieder ; op. 60, 5 Lieder ; op. 6i, 7 Children's 
 Songs; op. 62, " Lyrische Stliclce" f. pf.; op. 63, Zwei 
 nordische Weisen, f. string-orch. ; op. 64, Symphonic 
 Dances, f. pf. 4 hands; op. 65, ''Lyrische Stijclce" f. 
 pf., Boole 8 ; op. 66, Popular Norwegian Melodies f. pf ; 
 op. 67, song-cycle (Garborg's "Haugtussa.") — (Op. 4, 
 5, 18, 21, 25, 26, 33, and 39 are 'contained in the five 
 Grieg Albums of the Schirmer Editions). — Without 
 opus-number : Arrangement of 2nd piano-part to four 
 sonatas by Mozart. 
 
 Grie'penkerl, Friedrich Konrad, b. Peine, 
 Brunswick, 1782 ; d. Brunswick, Apr. 6, 1849, 
 as prof, at the Carolinum. Till 1816 he taught 
 in the Fellenberg Inst., Hofwyl, Switzerland. — 
 Works : " Lehrbuch der Aesthetik " (1827, based 
 on Herbart) ; and an edition of J. S. Bach's 
 instr.l comp.s (jointly w. Roitzsch). 
 
 Grie'penkerl, Wolfgang Robert, amateur 
 musician, son of precedingf ; b. Hofwyl, May 4, 
 1810 ; d. Brunswick, Oct. 17, 1868, in poverty. 
 1839, teacher of art-history at the Carolinum, 
 Brunswick ; 1840-7, teacher of literature at the 
 Military School. — Publ. "Das Musikfest, oder 
 die Beethovener" (a novel, 1838) ; " Ritter Ber- 
 lioz in Braunschweig" (1843) ; " Die Oper der 
 Gegenwart" (1847); and papers in the " Neue 
 Zeitschrift fUr Musik." 
 
 Gries'bach, John Henry, b. Windsor, June 
 20, 1798 ; d. London, Jan. 9, 1875. Son of the 
 'cellist J. C. Griesbach. Pianist (pupil of Kalk- 
 brenner) and composer ; 'cellist (from 1 8 10-18) 
 in the Queen's Band. Dir. of the London 
 Philh. Soc. — Works : An oratorio, Daniel 
 (1854); overture and music to The Tempest; 
 an operetta, James /. , or the Royal Captive ; 
 operas The Goldsmith of West Cheap and Eblis 
 (unfinished) ; a mus. drama, Baby Ruins ; over- 
 tures f. orch.; cantatas, anthems, songs. — Also 
 "An Analysis of Mus. Sounds " (no date) ; " Ele- 
 ments of Mus. Notation" (n. d.) ; " Pf. Stu- 
 dent's Companion" (1825) ; other works in MS. 
 
 Grie'singer, Georg August, Secretary to the 
 Saxon Embassy at Vienna ; d. Leipzig, Apr. 27, 
 1828. A friend of Haydn, he wrote the earliest 
 biography of H. (1810), on which Framery 
 founded his " Notice sur Jos. Haydn " (i8io). 
 
 Grill, Franz, d. Odenburg, Hungary, abt. 
 1795 ; publ. 12 sonatas f . pf . and vln. (in Haydn's 
 style), 12 string-quartets, and a caprice f. pf. 
 
 Grill, Leo, b. Pesth, Feb. 24, 1846 ; pupil of 
 Franz Lachner in Munich ; since 1871, teacher 
 of choral singing and theory at Leipzig Cons. ; 
 also composer (overture " Hilarodia," 1892). 
 
 Grillet, Laurent, b. Sancoins, Cher, France, 
 May 22, 1851. Pupil of Auguste Martin ('cello), 
 E. Mangin (harm.), and E. Ratez (cpt. and 
 fugue). Has been chef d'orchestre of various 
 minor theatres and orchestras ; since 1886, of the 
 Nouveau-Cirque, Paris. — Works : Several bal- 
 lets, pantomimes, and the 3-act comic opera 
 Graciosa (Paris, 1892) ; pes. f. voice, pf., and 
 orch.; also " Les Ancetres du Violon" (i8g8), 
 an historico-critical study on primitive stringed 
 instr.s. — He was one of the founders of the 
 
 "Association Artistique" and of the " Socie'te 
 des instr.s anciens." 
 
 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von, b. 
 Ratisbon, Dec. 26, 1723 ; d. Gotha, Dec. 18, 
 1807. From 1747 till 1793 he lived in Paris on 
 intimate terms with Diderot, Rousseau, d'Alem- 
 bert, etc., and was co-editor of the great " En- 
 cyclopedie." He espoused the cause of the Buf- 
 fonists (the supporters of the Ital. opera buffa, 
 pitted against those of the old French opera 
 seria), and his " Lettre sur Omphale" (1752) 
 opened hostilities. As correspondent of the 
 Duchess of Gotha from 1753, he wrote many let- 
 ters containing interesting details on contempo- 
 rary French music and literature (publ. 1812-14, 
 in 17 vols., as " Correspondance litteraire, philo- 
 sophique et critique "). 
 
 Grimm, Karl, ist 'cello at the court theatre, 
 Wiesbaden, for half a century ; b. Hildburg- 
 hausen, Apr. 28, 1819 ; d. Freiburg, Silesia, Jan. 
 9, 1888. Wrote much good 'cello-music. 
 
 Grimm, Karl Konstantin Ludwig, excellent, 
 harpist ; b. Berlin, Feb. 17, 1820 ; d. there May 
 23, 1882, as 1st harp of the court orch. and royal 
 Kammervirtuos. 
 
 Grimm, Julius Otto, pianist and comp. ; b. 
 Pernau, Livonia, Mar. 6, 1827. Pupil of Leip- 
 zig Cons. ; founded a vocal society in Gbttingen ; 
 went to Milnster, Westphalia, as cond. of the 
 Cacilienverein ; in 1878, R. Mus. Dir. at Mtin- 
 ster Academy. — Works : I symphony, in D min. ; 
 2 suites in canon-form, f . string-orch.^(very fine) ; 
 pf.-pcs. ; songs. 
 
 Grim'raer, Christian Friedrich, b. Mulda, 
 Saxony, Feb. 6, 1800 ; d. June, 1850. Composer 
 of songs and ballads (new edition by Rob. 
 Franz, 1878). 
 
 Grisar, Albert, dramatic composer ; b. Ant- 
 werp, Dec. 26, 1808 ; d. Asni^res, n. Paris, June 
 15, 1869. Intended for a mercantile career, he 
 ran away from his Liverpool employer, and 
 studied for a short time (1830) with Reicha in 
 Paris. Returning to Antwerp, he brought out 
 Le Mariage impossible at Brussels in 1S33, and 
 obtained a government subsidy for further study 
 in Paris. In 1836 he prod. Sarah at the Opera- 
 Comique ; then VAn mille (ib. , 1837), La Suisse 
 h Trianon (Varietes, 1838), Lady Melvil (Re- 
 naissance, 1838), I'Eau merveilleuse (ib., 1839), 
 Le Naufrage de la MMuse (ib., 1839, w. Flotow 
 and Pilati), Les travestissements (Op. -Com., 
 1840), and I'Op^ra a la cour (ib., 1840, w. Boiel- 
 dieu). In 1840 he repaired to Naples for further 
 serious study under Mercadante ; returning to 
 Paris in 1848, he brought out Gilles ravisseur 
 (Op.-Com., 1848), Les Porcherojis (ib., 1850), 
 Bonsoir, M. Pantalon (ib. , 1852), Le carilloneur 
 de Bruges (ib. , 1852), Les amours du Diable 
 (Th.-Lyr., 1853), Le chien du jardinier (Op.- 
 Com., 1855), Voyage autour de ma chambre {ih.^ 
 1859) ; Le Joaillier de St. James [revision of Lady 
 Melvir\ (ib. , 1862), La chatte merveilleuse (Th.- 
 Lyr., 1862), B^gaiements d' amour (ib. , 1864), 
 
 235 
 
GRISART— GRUA 
 
 Doiize innocentes (Bouffes, 1865). He left, be- 
 sides, 12 finished and unfinished operas ; also 
 dramatic scenes, over 50 romances, etc. His 
 statue (by Brackeleer) was placed in the vestibule 
 of the Antwerp Th. in 1870. 
 
 Grisart, Charles-Jean-Baptiste, Parisian 
 comp. (contemporary) of light operas, produced 
 in minor theatres, the last being the l-act opera 
 Le petit Bois (1893) and the l-act opera Voila le 
 roi! (1894). Has also written many pf.-pcs. , 
 masses, melodies, etc., and a quantity of tran- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Gri'si, Giuditta, great dramatic mezzo- 
 soprano ; b. Milan, July 28, 1805 ; d. at her 
 husband's villa near Cremona, May i, 1840. 
 Pupil of Minoja and Banderali at Milan Cons.; 
 sang on principal Italian stages, and at Paris, 
 until her marriage with Count Barni, in 1834, 
 when she retired. 
 
 Gri'si, Giulia, sister of Giuditta ; b. Milan, 
 July 28, 1811 ; d. Berhn, Nov. 2g, 1869. A 
 pupil (1824) of Giacomelli at Bologna (later of 
 Mme. Pasta, and Marliani), she developed into 
 a fine dramatic soprano ; sang in Italy till 1832, 
 and from 1834-49 was prima donna assohtta in 
 Paris and London. She married Count Melcy 
 in 1836 ; with her second husband, Mario, she 
 made a not especially successful tour of the U. S. 
 in 1854. 
 
 Gro'ninger, S. van, b. Deventer, Holland, 
 June 23, 1851. Pupil of Raif and Kiel at the 
 Berlin " H(Jthschule." Concert-pianist ; lived 
 as teacher in ZwoUe, The Hague, and is now 
 (1899) in Leyden. — Works: Pf. -quartet ; Suite 
 f . 2 pfs. ; etc. 
 
 Gros'heim, Georg Christoph, b. July i, 
 1764, at Kassel, where he lived in poverty, 
 dying 1847. — Publ. works : 2 operas, Titania 
 and Das heilige Kleeblatt (both perf . at Kassel 
 abt. 1800); "Hector's Abschied " f. 2 solo 
 voices and orch.; "Die 10 Gebote," w. orch.; 
 organ-preludes ; pf. -fantasias and variations, 
 school-songs, and a coll. of popular melodies ; 
 a " Reformirtes hessisches Choralbuch," and a 
 pf. -score of Gluck's Iphigenia in Aiilis, w. Ger. 
 transl. He edited a mus. paper, "Euterpe" 
 (1797-8); and publ. "Das Leben der Kunst- 
 lerin Mara" (1823); " Uber Pflege und An- 
 wendung der Stimme " (1830) ; " Chronol. Ver- 
 zeichniss vorziigl. Beforderer und Meister der 
 Tonkunst" (1831) ; " Fragmente aus der Ge- 
 schichte der Musik " (1832) ; etc. 
 
 Grosjean, Jean-Romary, organist ; b. Ro- 
 chesson, Vosges, France, Jan. 12, 1815 ; d. St.- 
 Die, Feb. 13, 1888. In 1837, org. at Remire- 
 mont ; in 1839, at St.-Die cathedral. His 
 "Album d'un organiste catholique . ," in 
 
 2 vol.s, is valuable, and contains some original 
 music. He also publ. a complete edition of the 
 " Noels" of Lorraine, with the folk-melodies. 
 
 Grosjean, Ernest, nephew of preceding ; 
 b. Vagney, Dec. 18, 1844 ; organist at Verdun. 
 
 Has publ. many comp.s for organ and f. pf . , 
 also a " Theorie et pratique de I'accompagne- 
 ment du plain-chant." 
 
 Gross, Johann Benjamin, b. Elbing, West 
 Prussia, Sept. 12, 1809 ; d. St. Petersburg, of 
 the cholera, Sept. I, 1848. 'CeUist in Count 
 Liphard's quartet at Dorpat 1833-5; then, till 
 1847, 1st 'cello in the Imp. Th., St. Petersburg. 
 — Publ. 4 string-quartets ; a 'cello-sonata w, 
 bass, and another w. pf. ; and a concertino, 
 duets, and various solo-pcs. f. 'cello. 
 
 Gros'si, G. F. See Siface. 
 
 Gros'si, Carlotta (real name Charlotte 
 Grossmuck), stage - singer {coloratura) ; b. 
 Vienna, Dec. 23, 1849 ; st. in the Cons, there, 
 was eng. at the Opera 1868-9, ^nd from i86g- 
 78 at the Berlin Opera ; then returned to Vienna. 
 
 Grove, Sir George, eminent English musi- 
 cograph ; b. Clapham, Surrey, Aug. 13, 1820. 
 By profession a 
 successful civil 
 engineer, he be- 
 came secretary 
 of the Society of 
 Arts in 1850 ; in 
 1852, Sec. to the 
 Crystal Palace 
 Co.; and in 1873, 
 a member of its 
 Board of Direc- 
 tors. He wrote 
 valuable analyti- 
 cal programs for 
 the Crystal Pal- 
 ace concerts. For 
 15 years he edited " Macmillan's Magazine." 
 In 1882 the Prince of Wales app. him Director of 
 the Royal Coll. of Mus., at the opening of which," 
 in 1883, he was knighted by the Queen. In 
 1875 the Univ. of Durham created him D.C.L.; 
 in 1885 he was made LL.D., Glasgow ; in 1887 
 the Bach-Gesellschaft of Leipzig elected him as 
 a committee-member. He resigned the director- 
 ship of the R. C. M. in 1894. His chief work 
 is the monumental " Dictionary of Music and 
 Musicians" (Macmillan : London, 1879-89:4 
 vol.s), of which he was editor-in-chief, and to 
 which he contributed liberally. He wrote an 
 Appendix to Hellborn's "Life of Schubert" 
 (English edition, 1869) ; also publ. " Beetho- 
 ven and His Nine Symphonies" (1896); and 
 has been a frequent contributor to the mus. 
 press. 
 
 Grii'a, Paul, son of court Kapellm. C. L. P. 
 Grua at Mannheim [b. 1700 ; d. 1755] ; b- 
 Mannheim, Feb. 2, 1754 ; d. Munich, July 5, 
 1833. Sent by the Elector to study under Padre 
 Martini at Bologna and Traetta at Venice, he 
 rejoined the Electoral Court, then at Munich, in 
 1779, as Kapellm. and councillor. — Works : An 
 opera, Telemaco (Munich, 1780) ; 31 orchestral 
 masses ; 29 offertories and motets ; 6 vespers ; 6 
 Misereres ; 3 Requiems ; 3 Stabat Maters ; 3 Te 
 
 236 
 
GRUBER— GROtZMACHER 
 
 Deums; psalms, responses, etc.; also concertos 
 f. pf., clar., flute, etc. 
 
 Gru'ber, Johann Sigismund, a lawyer ; b. 
 Nuremberg, Dec. 4, 1759 ; d. there Dec. 3, 1805. 
 — Works: " Literatur der Musik" (1783; not 
 equal to Forkel's) ; ' ' Beitrage zur Literatur der 
 Musik " (1785) ; and " Biographien einiger Ton- 
 kunstler" (1786). 
 
 Gruen'berg, Eugene, violinist ; b. Lemberg, 
 Galicia, Oct. 30, 1854. Pupil at Vienna Cons, 
 of Heissler(vln.), Bruckner and Dessoff (comp.), 
 and Hellmesberger (chamber and orch.l music). 
 Was for nearly 10 years a member of the Leip- 
 zig GewandhausOrch. ; then, for 7 yrs. (till 1898), 
 of the Boston Symph. Orch., also (for 3 yrs.) 
 vln. -teacher at the Boston Cons., succeeding 
 Eichberg. Now (1899) teacher of vln., via., 
 and ensemble-playing at the N. Engl. Cons., 
 having resigned from the Symph. Orch. During 
 25 years, G. has played under the most noted 
 conductors of the period. — Works : A ballet, 
 "Tanzbilder" (perf. under composer at Leip- 
 zig City Th.) ; symphony in A min. (do. do., at 
 Gewandhaus) ; "Suite im antikenStil" f. vln. 
 and pf. ; sonata f. do.; cadenza to Brahms' vln.- 
 concerto ; 2 scenes de ballet ; 2 Vienna dances, 
 and others; songs. — Also, "The Violinist's 
 Manual" (N. Y., 1897); "Theory of Violin- 
 playing " (in press) ; studies f . vln. ; fugitive es- 
 says in various journals. 
 
 ■ Griin, Friederike, dramatic soprano ; b. 
 Mannheim, June 14, 1836 ; sang there in the 
 opera-chorus, undertook solo parts at Frankfort, 
 and was later eng. at Kassel (1863) and Berlin 
 (l866-g). Married the Russian Baron von Sad- 
 ler in 1869 ; studied under Lamperti at Milan, 
 sang the role of Elsa at Bologna, and continued 
 her successful career on other stages. 
 
 Griin'berg, Paul Emil Max, excellent vio- 
 linist ; b. Berlin, Dec. 5, 1852 ; joined the court 
 orch. at Meiningen, was then leader at Sonders- 
 hausen, and later at the Landestheater, Prague. 
 Now (1899) residing as a teacher in Berlin. 
 
 Grixn'berger, Ludwig, b. Prague, Apr. 24, 
 1839 ; d. there Dec. 12, i8g6. Pupil of Franz 
 Skroup and Josef Kisch, later (1855) of Reichel 
 and Rietz, at Dresden. A fine pianist, and the 
 composer of the l-act opera Die Heimkehr 
 (Prague, 1894 ; succ.) ; incidental music to Theo. 
 Lowe's drama Konigstraum ; " Nordische Suite 
 und Humoreske" f. orch.; a suite f. vln. and 
 'cello (op. i6a) ; 2 string-quartets (op. 31, 37), 
 several poetical "characteristic" pf.-pcs. f. 2 
 and 4 hands, and a great number of songs. 
 
 Grund, Friedrich Wilhelm, composer and 
 teacher ; b. Hamburg, Oct. 7, 1791 ; d. there 
 Nov. 24, 1874. He founded the Singakademie 
 at Hamburg in 1819, and cond. the Philh. Con- 
 certs (1828--62). — Works : 2 operas (not perf.) ; 
 cantata Die Aufersiehung und Himmelfahrt 
 Christi ; mass f . 8 voices a cappella ; sym- 
 phonies ; overtures ; octet f . pf . and wind ; quin- 
 
 tet f. ditto; pf. -quartet ; sonatas f. pf., vln., 
 and 'cello ; pf.-sonata, 4 hands ; pf.-sonatinas ; 
 pt. -studies (praised by Schumann) ; songs, etc. 
 Griin'feld, Alfred, b. Prague, July 4, 1852. 
 Pianist, pupil of Hoger and KrejiSi, later of ICul- 
 lak's Academy in Berlin. Settled 1873 in Vienna, 
 where he is Kammervirtuos ; makes extended 
 concert-tours : in 1883 to Moscow and St. Peters- 
 burg ; also to France, the U. S., etc. — Works f. 
 pf. : Op. 15, Octave-study ; op. 31, Minuet ; op. 
 35, Humoresque ; op. 37, Spanish Serenade ; op. 
 38, Barcarolle ; op. 39, Impromptu. 
 
 Griin'feld, Heinrich, brother of Alfred ; fine 
 'cellist; b. Prague, Apr. 21, 1855. Pupil of Prague 
 Cons. ; went to Berlin in 1876, taught inKullak's 
 Acad, for 8 years, gave many concerts with X. 
 Scharwenka and G. Hollander, and was app. 
 'cellist to the Emperor in 1886. 
 
 Griitz'macher, Friedrich Wilhelm Lud- 
 ■wig, admirable 'cellist, composer, and teacher ; 
 b. Dessau, Mar. I, 
 1832. From his 
 father, chamber- 
 raM%\€\s.-a{Kammer- 
 musiker) atDessau, 
 he had his first mus. 
 training ; his other 
 teachers were K. 
 Drechsler ('cello), 
 and Fr. Schnei - 
 der (theory). At the 
 age of 16 he joined 
 a small orch. in 
 Leipzig ; here he 
 was ' ' discovered " 
 by David, and in 
 1849 was app. 1st 
 'cello of the Gewandhaus orch., succeeding Coss- 
 mann, and 'cello-teacher at the Cons. ; in i860 
 he was app. chamber-virtuoso in Dresden, where 
 he still (1899) lives. He is a renowned concert- 
 player, and has made long concert-tours. Among 
 his pupils are his younger brother Leopold G. , 
 O. Bruckner, W. Fitzenhagen, E. Hegar, and 
 F. Hilpert. — Works : Concerto f. 'cello and 
 orch. ; Variations f. ditto ; many pes. and stud- 
 ies f. 'cello ; orchestral music ; chamber-music ; 
 pf.-pcs. ; songs. 
 
 Griitz'macher, Leopold, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Dessau, Sept. 4, 1835 ; also a pupil of 
 Drechsler ('cello) and Schneider (theory), later 
 of his brother ; played in the Gewandhaus and 
 theatre-orch. at Leipzig ; then became 1st 'cello 
 in the Schwerin court orch., and afterwards at 
 the Prague Landestheater^ the Meiningen court 
 orch., and (since 1876) at Weimar with the title 
 ol Kammervirtuos.- — Numerous comp.s f. 'cello. 
 
 Griitz'macher, Friedrich, son and pupil of 
 Leopold ; b. (?). After serving as ist 'cello in 
 the Sondershausen court orch., he joined the 
 theatre-orch. in Pesth (1890), where from 1892-4 
 he was also 'cello-prof, at the Cons. In 1894 he 
 went to Cologne, as solo 'cellist in the Gurzenich 
 
 237 
 
GUARNERI— GUGLIELMI 
 
 Orch. and teacher at the Cons., succeeding 
 Hegyesi. 
 
 Guarne'ri (latinized Guarne'rius), a famous 
 family of violin-makers at Cremona, Italy. — 
 Pietro Andrea, head of the family, b. abt. 
 1630, was a pupil of Nicol6 Amati, and worked 
 1650-95. His violins, labelled Andreas Guar ne- 
 ritts Cremon(E sub titolo SanctiB Theresicz 16 — , 
 are much inferior to those of his nephew, Gius. 
 Antonio. — Giuseppe, son of the preceding, b. 
 1660, worked 1690-1730 ; his best instr.s are 
 from 1690-1710. He imitated Stradivari models ; 
 his label was Joseph Guarnerins filius Andrece 
 fecit Cremon(s sub titolo St. TheresicE 16 — , 
 Pietro, Andrea's second son, b. abt. 1670, 
 worked in Cremona 1690-1700, then at Mantua 
 till 1725. — Pietro, son of Giuseppe, worked 
 1725-40, and made violins and violoncelli after 
 his father's models. — Giuseppe Antonio, known 
 as Guarneri del Gesii from the "I H S" 
 often appearing on his labels ; b. June 8, 1683, 
 d. abt. 1745. He was the most celebrated of 
 the family ; his father, though a brother of An- 
 drea, was not an instr.-maker. He worked for 
 himself 1725-45 ; the violins of his medium 
 period vie with the best of Stradivari. His 
 instr.s Bear the label: Joseph Guar7terius, Andrea 
 Nepos CremoncE ij — , IBS. The violins of 
 his later period are so poor as to raise doubts 
 of their origin — a fact explained (?) by various 
 legends, such as his having been driven to drink 
 by an unfaithful wife, or having had, during a 
 long term of imprisonment, to work with inferior 
 materials. 
 
 Gu'dehus, Heinrich, distinguished dramatic 
 tenor; b. Altenhagen, Hanover, Mar. 30, 1845. 
 His father was a village schoolmaster, and G. 
 also taught in two seminaries for a time ; but 
 took singing - lessons at Brunswick of Frau 
 Schnorr v. Karolsfeld, who sent him to the 
 court Intendant von Hulsen, at Berlin, by whom 
 he was eng. for the court opera for 3 years, from 
 Sept. I- 1870. His debut as Nadori(y(^j-TOWfl), 
 injan., 1871, was successful ; but in 1872 he left 
 Berlin to study with Louise Ress at Dresden ; 
 reappeared in public in 1875, singing at Riga, 
 Llibeck, Freiburg (Baden), and Bremen (1878) ; 
 sang at Dresden court opera iS8o-go (creating the 
 role of Parsifal at Bayreuth, 1882), in German 
 opera in New York 1890-91, and then rejoined 
 the Berlin court opera. 
 
 Guenin, Marie-Alexandre, violinist and 
 comp. ; b. Maubeuge (Nord), France, Feb. 20, 
 1744 ; d. Paris, 1819. Pupil of Capron (vln.) 
 and Gossec (comp.) in Paris ; 1777, mus. in- 
 tendant to the Prince of Conde ; 1778, member 
 of the royal orch.; 1780-1800, solo violin at the 
 Grand Opera. A prolific comp. of mediocre 
 talent (14 symphonies, 6 string-quartets, 18 vln.- 
 duets, 6 sonatas f. 2 vlns., i concerto f. viola, 3 
 duets f. 'cello, and 3 sonatas f. clavecin and vln.). 
 
 Guer'cia, Alfonso, comp. and singing-mas- 
 ter ; b. Naples, Nov. 13, 1831. Pupil, for comp., 
 
 of Mercadante. Composed many popular songs, 
 and a fairly succ. opera Rita (Naples, 1875); 
 also sang baritone parts in opera for a time. 
 Since 1859, teacher of advanced vocal students 
 in the CoUegio di San Pietro a Majella, Naples. 
 
 Gu^rin, Emmanuel, called Gu^rin atni ; b. 
 Versailles, 1779 ; d. (?). In 1796, entered the 
 Paris Cons.; 1799-1824, 'cellist at the Th. Fey- 
 deau ; pensioned 1824. — Publ. numerous duets, 
 variations, and sonatas, for one or two 'celli. 
 
 Guerre'ro, Francisco, b. Sevilla, Spain, 
 1528 ; d. there 1599. Pupil of Morales ; in 1546, 
 maestro at Jaen cathedral, and 1550 choir-singer 
 at Sevilla cath. Of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem 
 in 1588 he wrote in " El viage de Jerusalem que 
 hizo Fr. G. . . . " (1611). Publ. " Psalmorum 
 4 voc. liber i, accedit missa defunctorum 4VOC." 
 (1559 ; 2nd ed., w. Ital. title, 1584) ; " Canticum 
 beatae Mariae quod magnificat nuncupatur, per 
 8 musicae modus variatum " (1563); " Liber i. 
 missarum " (1566; contains 9 masses and 3 
 motets) ; "Libro di Mottetti a 4, 5, 6 e 8 voci"; 
 and 2 5-part Passione in Eslava's " Liro Sacro- 
 Hispana." 
 
 Gueymard, Louis, fine dramatic tenor ; b. 
 Chapponay (Isere), France, Aug. 17, 1822; d. 
 Corbeil, n. Paris, July, 1880. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons. ; eng. 1848-68 at the Grand Opera. 
 
 Gueymard, Pauline, n^e Lauters, wife of 
 Louis ; mezzo-soprano stage^singer ; b. Brussels, 
 Dec. I, 1834, and trained in the Cons, there; 
 debut 1855 at the Th.-Lyrique, Paris ; has sung, 
 since 1855, at the Grand Opera. 
 
 Gugliel'mi, Pietro, celebrated and prolific 
 dram. comp. ; b. Massa di Carrara, Italy, in 
 May, 1727 (1720?); d. Rome, Nov. ig, 1804. 
 His first music-teacher was his father [Pietro G,, 
 m. di capp. to the Duke of Modena] ; he then st. 
 at Naples under Durante in the Cons, di S. 
 Loreto ; and brought out his first "opera. (?) at 
 Turin in 1755. This was followed by nearly 200 
 more dramatic works ; after conquering the 
 principal Ital. stages, he acted for some years as 
 Kapellm. to the Elector at Dresden (1762), then 
 went to Brunswick, and from 1772-77 was in 
 London. Returning to Naples, he found the 
 operatic field occupied by two rivals, Paisiello 
 and Cimarosa, and his own works nearly forgot- 
 ten ; but, by extraordinary efforts, he regained 
 the public favor. His most noteworthy operas 
 were I viaggiatori ridicoli (1772), La Frascatam 
 (1773), La Serva innamorata (1778), La belh 
 pescatrice (1779), I fratelli Pappa Mosca (1783), 
 La pasiorella nobile (17S3), La Didone (1785), 
 Enea e I^avinia (1785), / due gemelli (1787). 
 App. maestro at the Vatican in 1793, he turned 
 to church-music, composing the oratorios La 
 morte d'Abele, Betulia liberafa. La distrmione 
 di Gerusalemme , Debora e Sisara (1794, consid- 
 ered by Zingarelli to be his masterpiece), and 
 Le lagrime di S. Pietro ; also an orchestral mass 
 a 5, a Miserere a 5, a Psalm a 8, 6 divertisse- 
 
 238 
 
GUGLIELMI— GUILMANT 
 
 ments for clavichord, vln., and 'cello, pieces f. 
 clavichord, etc. — His son was 
 
 Gugliel'mi, Pietro Carlo, (called Gugliel- 
 mi'ni to distinguish him from his father,) b. 
 Naples, abt. 1763 ; d. Massa di Carrara, Feb. 
 28, 1827. A pupil of the Cons. S. Maria di 
 Loreto, he likewise became a noted opera com- 
 poser, producing 25 operas in Naples and Mi- 
 lan ; lived several years as a vocal teacher in 
 London ; and abt. 1810 became m. di 'capp. to 
 the Duchess of Massa di Carrara. 
 
 Qui de Chalis, (Guido, abbot of the Cister- 
 cian monastery at Chalis, Burgundy,) wrote, 
 towards the end of the 12th century, a treatise 
 on " Cantus planus" (" De cantu ecclesias- 
 tico") ; also " Discantus ascendit duas voces "; 
 printed by Coussemaker in his "Scriptores" 
 (vol. ii, 163) and " Histoire de I'harmonie au 
 moyen ^ge " (p. 225), respectively. 
 
 Guidet'ti, Giovanni, b. Bologna, 1532 ; d. 
 Rome, Nov. 30, 1592. After taking holy 
 orders, he became Palestrina's pupil, and in 
 1575 v/as app. cappellano (a clerical beneficiary) 
 and chorister in the Papal choir. For several 
 years he worked with Palestrina on a revised 
 edition of the Gradual and Antiphonary ; but 
 this work being forestalled by the publication of 
 Leichtenstein's edition (Venice, 1580), he turned 
 his attention to other fields, and publ. " Di- 
 rectorium chori ad usum sacro-sanctae basi- 
 licae Vaticanae . . ." (Rome, 1582, and other 
 ed.s) ; " Cantus eccl. passionis Domini Nostri 
 Jesu Christi, secundum Matthaeum, Marcum, 
 Lucam et Joannem " (Rome, 1586) ; "Cantus 
 eccles. officii majoris hebdomadae . . ."(Rome, 
 1587; new ed. i6ig) ; and " Praefationes in 
 cantu firmo . . ." (Rome, 1588). 
 
 Gui'do d'Arez'zo [Guido Areti'nus], fa- 
 mous reformer of mus. notation and vocal 
 instruction ; b. Arezzo, Italy, abt. 995 ; d. (prob- 
 ably) at Avellano, May 17 (?), 1050 (?). Con- 
 cerning his parentage and early life there is no 
 authentic information. He became a monk in 
 the Benedictine monastery of Pomposa, near 
 Ferrara ; here his superior musical ability, and 
 especially his method of vocal teaching, aroused 
 the envy of his fellow-monks, and even of the 
 abbot ; so that G. left the monastery and (ace. 
 to some authorities) wandered from place to 
 place, disseminating his new ideas, or (ace. to 
 others) repaired to the Benedictine monastery of 
 Arezzo. However this may be, his fame spread, 
 and reached the ears of Pope John XIX., who 
 called him to Rome, in order to learn his novel 
 system of teaching. After this, it is probable 
 that G. became (1029 ?) Prior of the Camaldolite 
 fraternity at Avellano, where he died. — After 
 the ascription of all possible reforms, and even 
 the invention of music itself, to Guido, by ear- 
 lier historians, some later writers, with an excess 
 of caution, have gone to the opposite extreme of 
 denying him all originality. But it is certain 
 that he introduced the staff of four lines, retain- 
 
 ing the red /-line and the yellow f-line of his 
 predecessors, and drawing between them a black 
 a-line, above them a black f-line, and writing the 
 mensural notes (which he did not invent) in reg- 
 ular order on these lines and in the spaces : 
 
 New black line e 
 
 Old yellow line c 
 
 New black line a 
 
 Old red line f 
 
 He also added new lines above or below these, 
 as occasion required ; thus, wherever his inven- 
 tion was adopted, it finally did away with all un- 
 certainty of pitch. It is likewise highly prob- 
 able, that he invented the system of Solmisation, 
 the syllables being derived from the song to St. 
 John : 
 
 Ut queant laxis i?esonare fibris, 
 Mira. gestorum FamuM tuorum, 
 Solve polluti Lahii reatum, 
 Sancte Joannes. 
 
 Whether he practically applied this invention in 
 the hexachordal system of Mutation is disputed. 
 Fetis considers his chief merit to have been his 
 method of teaching vocal intervals by the aid of 
 a sliding graduated scale adapted to the ancient 
 monochord. 
 
 Guido de Chilis. See Gui de ChAlis. 
 
 Guignon, Jean-Pierre, b. Turin, Feb. 10, 
 1702 ; d. Versailles, Jan. 30, 1775 ; was the last 
 to bear the title of " roi des violons et maitre 
 des menetriers " (relinquished by the younger 
 Dumanoir in 1695). G. came to Paris, studied 
 the violin, entered the King's service in 1733, 
 and by ingratiating himself with the monarch, 
 persuaded him to issue letters patent reviving 
 the absurd and obnoxious office [the prerogative 
 of which, as claimed by the elder Dumanoir, 
 was to require all musicians, even organists, to 
 obtain diplomas as dancing-masters^a fee to be 
 paid for the privilege, of course]. But the par- 
 liament was stormed with petitions and memori- 
 als innumerable, and G. was forced to "abdi- 
 cate " in 1773. — He comp. several books of 
 concertos, sonatas, and duos f. vln. 
 
 Guilmant, Alexandre-F^lix, eminent or- 
 ganist and composer ; b. Boulogne, Mar. 12, 
 1837. Org.-pupil of 
 his father [Jean- 
 Baptiste G., b. 
 Boulogne, 1793 ; d. 
 there i8go] ; later of 
 Lemmens ; st. harm, 
 with G. Carulli. 
 Eager student of 
 mus. literature and 
 organ, practising 8- 
 10 hours at a time ; 
 at 12, often substi- 
 tute for his father at 
 the church of St.- 
 Nicholas ; at i5, 
 org. at St. -Joseph ; 
 at 18, his first comp. , a solemn mass, was prod. ; 
 at 20, choirmaster at St. -Nicholas, teacher in 
 Boulogne Cons., and cond. of a mus. soc. His 
 
 239 
 
GUINDANI— GUNGL 
 
 fine playing at the inaugurations of the organs 
 at St.-Sulpice and Notre-Dame, Paris, caused 
 his app. as org. of Ste. Trinite in 1S71, suc- 
 ceeding Chauvet. 1893, chev. of Legion of 
 Honor. 1896, organ-professor at Paris Cons. 
 His concert-tours in England, Italy, Russia, 
 and (i8g3, 1897-8) the United States have been 
 extremely successful. His comp.s are modern 
 and highly original: Belsazar, "lyric scene" 
 f. soli, ch., and orch.; symphony f. org. and 
 orch.; 4 org. -sonatas ; Christus vincit, hymn f. 
 ch. , orch., harps, and org.; Marche funebre et 
 chant seraphique ; many concert-pieces f. org.; 
 also motets, masses, and choruses. 
 
 Guinda'ni, Eduardo, composer ; b. Valli 
 Rocca (Cremona), 1854 ; d. Cremona, July, 
 1897. Pupil of Milan Cons. — Opera Agnese 
 (Piacenza, Feb. 27, 1878 ; succ). 
 
 Guiraud, Ernest, b. New Orleans, June 23, 
 1837; d. Paris, May 6, 1892. A precocious 
 composer, pupil of his father [Jean-Baptiste 
 G., Prix de Rome at Paris Cons., 1S27], a music- 
 teacher. He visited Paris at 12 ; at 15 he pro- 
 duced the opera Le roi David in New Orleans. 
 Returning to Paris, he St. in the Cons, under 
 Marmontel (pf.), Barbereau (harm.), and Halevy 
 (comp.), taking the Grand prix de Rome, 1859, 
 for his cantata Bajazet et le jotteitr de Jlilte. 
 Studied in Rome 1860-3 I served in the cam- 
 paign of 1S70-1 ; later played at the Concerts 
 Populaires, and brought out an orch. suite in 
 1872 which secured him a high position as a 
 comp. ; in 1876 he was app. prof, of harm, and 
 accomp. at the Cons. — Operas : Sylvie (Paris, 
 Op.-Com., 1864); En prison i^Yi.-'Lyx . , i86g) ; 
 Le Kobold (Ot>. -Com., 1870); Mine. Tur lupin 
 (Th. de I'Athenee, 1872) ; Gretna Green [ballet] 
 (Gr. Opera, 1873) ; Piccolino (Op.-Com., 1876) ; 
 La galante aventure (ib. , 1882) ; Gli avventu- 
 rieri (?) ; and the posthumous opera Brunhilde 
 (edited by Saint-Saeus, and prod., as FrMigonde, 
 at Paris, 1895) ; also a solemn mass, an over- 
 ture, etc. 
 
 Gum'bert, Ferdinand, b. BerHn, Apr. 21, 
 1818 ; d. there Apr. 11 (6?), 1896. Pupil of E. 
 Fischer and Clapius. Began his artistic career 
 as tenor singer at Sondershausen Th.; 1840-42, 
 baritone singer at Cologne Th. St. comp. under 
 Constantin Kreutzer, on whose advice he left 
 the stage, and settled in Berlin as comp., vocal 
 teacher, and, later, mus. critic. — Works : About 
 500 songs, some eminently popular ; his ope- 
 rettas, prod, in Berlin : Die sehone Schusterin 
 (1S44), Die Liunst, geliebt zu werden (1850), Der 
 klcine ZiegenJurt (1854), Bis der Rechte koinint 
 (1856), Karolina, etc., were not so successful. 
 Transl. libretti of numerous modern Fr. and It. 
 operas ; also songs. Wrote " Musik, Gelesenes 
 and Gesammeltes '' (i860). 
 
 Gum'peltzhaimer, Adam, b. Trostberg, Ba- 
 varia, 1559 ; d. 1625 at Augsburg, where he had 
 been cantor since 1581. A pupil of the monk 
 Jodocus EnzmuUer, he became a famous 
 
 church-composer and theorist. — Comp.s: "Er- 
 ster" and " Zweiter Theil des Lustgartleins 
 teutsch nnd lateinischer Lieder von 3 Stimmen " 
 (1591 ; i6n ; often republished); "Erster" 
 and " Zweiter Theil des Wurtzgartleins 4-stim- 
 miger geistlicher Lieder" (1594; 1619 ; etc.); 
 " Psalmus L octo vocum " (1604); " Partitio 
 sacrorum concentuum ..." (1614 and 1619, 2 
 parts) ; " 10 geistliche Lieder mit 4 Stimmen"' 
 " 2 ditto "; "5 geistl. L. m. 4 St. von der Him- 
 melfahrt Jesu Christi "; " Newe teutsche geistl. 
 Lieder m. 3 u. 4 St." (1591, 1592); numerous 
 motets. — He revised and edited H. Faber's 
 "Compendium musicae " under the title of 
 " Comp. mus., pro illius tironibus a M. Heinrico 
 Fabro latine conscriptum et a Christophoro Rid 
 in vernaculum sermonem conservum . , ." 
 (Augsburg, 1591, and 11 other editions). 
 
 Gura'pert, Friedrich Adolf, horn-player; b. 
 Lichtenau, Thuringia, Apr. 27, 1841. Pupil of 
 Hammann in Jena ; from 1864, first horn in the 
 Gewandhaus Orch., Leipzig. — Works; " Prak- 
 tische Hornschule"; a " Solobuch " f. horn 
 (difficult passages from operas, sj'mphonies, 
 etc.); " Hornquartette " (2 books) ; " Horiistu- 
 dien "; and orchestral studies f. clar., oboe, bas- 
 soon, trumpet, and 'cello. 
 
 Gum'precht, Otto, b. Erfurt, Apr. 4, 1823. 
 Law-student in Breslau, Halle, and Berlin ; took 
 degree of Dr. juris ; but in 1849 accepted the 
 editorship of the mus. feuilleton in the " Na- 
 tionalzeitung," and became an eminent critic and 
 writer. — Works: " Musikalische Charakterbil- 
 der" (1869); " Neue Charakterbilder " (1876); 
 " Richard Wagner und der Ring des Nibe- 
 lungen" (1873); " Unsere klassischen Meister" 
 (2 vol.s, 1883-85); and " Neuere Meister" (2 
 vol.s, 1883) ; the last two are continuations of 
 the "Charakterbilder." 
 
 Griin'berg, Eugen. See Gruenberg. 
 
 Gungl (or Gung'l) [g66ng'-gl], Joseph, b. 
 Zsambek, Hungary, Dec. I, 1810 ; d. Weimar, 
 Jan. 31, 1889. At first oboist in, then band- 
 master of, the 4th Austrian Artillery ; made long 
 tours with his band, playing chiefly his own 
 dances and marches. In 1843 heestabl. anorch. 
 of his own in Berlin ; made a moderately suc- 
 cessful trip to America in 1849 ; was created • 
 Royal Mus. Director in 1850 ; in 1858 was app. 
 bandmaster to the 23rd Austrian Infantry at 
 Brunn ; lived in Munich 1864-76, and then set- 
 tled in Frankfort. — Works : Over 300 numbers 
 of marches and dances, the latter vying in popu- 
 larity with those by Strauss. 
 
 Gungl, Virginia, daughter of Joseph ; opera- 
 singer ; debut Court Opera, Berlin, 1871 ; now 
 eng. at Frankfort. 
 
 Gungl, Johann, nephew of Joseph ; b. Zsam- 
 bek, Mar. 5, 1828 ; d. Pecs, Hungary, Nov. 27, 
 1883. Also a favorite comp. of dance-music; 
 gave concerts in Berlin 1843-5, 3°^ ^' ^'' P^'^'*' 
 
 240 
 
GUNN— HABENECK 
 
 burg 1845-54 ; retired in 1862 to FUnfkirchen, 
 Hungary. 
 
 Gunn, John, writer and 'cellist ; b. Edinburgh 
 (?), 1765 (?) ; d- there abt. 1824. From 1789, 
 teacher of 'cello at Cambridge and London ; re- 
 turned to Edinburgh 1795. — Works: Pf.-method; 
 "40 favorite Scotch Airs, adapted for vln., Ger. 
 flute, or 'cello . . ."; "Theory and Practice of 
 Fingering the V.cello ..." (1793); "Art of 
 Playing the German Flute on new principles"; 
 " School for the Ger. Flute "; " An Essay, theor. 
 and pract., on the Application of Harmony, 
 Thorough-bass and Modulation to the V.cello " 
 (Edinb., 1801); " An Historical Enquiry respect- 
 ing the Performance of the Harp in the High- 
 lands of Scotland, from the Earliest Times until 
 it was discontinued about the year 1734 ..." 
 (Edinb., 1807). 
 
 Giin'ther [-ter], Hermann. See Herther. 
 
 Glin'ther, Otto, b. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 1822 ; d. 
 there Sept. 12, 1897. A lawyer by profession, 
 from 1867-72 he was a salaried member of the 
 Leipzig Town Council, became a member of the 
 Executive Committee of the Gewandhaus, and 
 Director of the Cons., and succeeded Schleinitz 
 in i88l as president of both. He resigned the 
 presidency of the Gewandhaus a few years ago, 
 and devoted himself wholly to the Cons. ; during 
 his administration the new Cons. -building was 
 erected (1887), and to his efforts are due the es- 
 tablishment of the students' orch. and the opera- 
 school. 
 
 Giin'ther- Bach'mann, Karoline, actress 
 and stage-singer ; b. Dusseldorf, Feb. 13,1816 ; 
 d. Leipzig, Jan. 17, 1874. Member of the Leip- 
 zig Th. from 1834 till her decease ; at first as 
 soubrette and in comedy, from 1859 in comic 
 elderly roles. 
 
 Gunz, Gustav, b. Gaunersdorf, Lower Aus- 
 tria, Jan. 26, 1831 ; d. Frankfort, Dec. 12, 1894. 
 Stage-tenor, and a distinguished oratorio- and 
 concert-singer ; pupil of HoUub in Vienna, also 
 of Delsarte and Jenny Lind ; long a member of 
 the Hanover Opera ; from 1864-70, of the Ital. 
 opera, London, and, from 1880, teacher of sing- 
 ing at the Hoch. Cons., Frankfort. In 1894 he 
 received the title of " Professor." 
 
 Gu'ra, Eug^en, eminent dramatic baritone ; b. 
 Pressern, n. Saatz, Bohemia, Nov. 8, 1842. He 
 first St. at the Polytechnic and the Akademie, 
 Vienna ; then in the Munich Cons., making his 
 debut in 1865 at Munich as Count Liebenau 
 (IVaffenschmied), which led to an immediate 
 engagement there. Afterwards he sang in Bres- 
 lau (1867-70), Leipzig (1870-6), where he became 
 a popular idol, and received a tremendous ova- 
 tion at his farewell performance as Hans Sachs 
 in Die Meistersinger ; Hamburg (1876-83), and 
 Munich (1883-95), then retiring from the stage. 
 —His son, Hermann, is also a fine baritone. 
 
 Gur'litt, Cornelius, b. Altona, u. Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 10, 1820. Dratnatic comp., a pupil 
 
 of Reinecke the elder, and of Weyse at Copen- 
 hagen. Org. of the Altona Hauptkirche in 1864 ; 
 army musical director in the Schleswig-Holstein 
 campaign ; prof, in Hamburg Cons., and Royal 
 Mus. Director in 1874. — Works : Scheik Hassan, 
 4-act opera (not perf.) ; Die romische Mauer 
 (Altona, i860) ; Rafael Sannio, operetta ; a 
 string-quartet ; 3 vln. -sonatas, l 'cello-sonata, 
 and 2 sonatinas f. 'cello ; pf. sonatas, and many 
 instructive pieces f. pf. ; duets and songs. 
 
 Giirr'Iich, Joseph Augustin, b. Munster- 
 berg, Silesia, 1761 ; d. Berlin, June 27, 1817. 
 He studied theology in the Jesuit Latin School, 
 Breslau ; became org. of the Catholic Hedwigs- 
 kirche, Berlin, in 1781 ; in 1790, double-bass 
 player in the court orch.; in i8ji, asst.-cond., 
 in 1S16, court Kapellm. — Works : 4 operas, 13 
 ballets, incidental music to several plays, an ora- 
 torio, 4 cantatas, pf.-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Gut'mann [goot'-], Adolf, b. Heidelberg, 
 Jan. 12, iSig ; d. Spezia, Oct. 27, 1882. Pupil 
 and friend of Chopin ; von Lenz considered his 
 playing bad, but other critics praised him. He 
 was a prolific comp. of pf.-music. 
 
 Gy'rovretz [ghe'-ro-vets], Adalbert, b. Bud- 
 weis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763 ; d. Vienna, Mar. 
 ig, 1850. Originally a law-student, he studied 
 music with his father, a choirmaster ; became 
 secretary to Count FUnfkirchen, with whom he 
 went to Vienna, where his symphonies won favor 
 through Mozart's aid. He studied for 2 years 
 under Sala, at Naples ; went to Paris and Lon- 
 don, where he prod, an opera, SetniramideiiTtji), 
 and returned to Vienna in 1793. As a lawyer 
 speaking six languages, he acted as secretary of 
 legation in various German cities. From 1804-31, 
 Kapellm. of the Court Opera at Vienna, retiring 
 on a small pension. He was an extraordinarily 
 productive composer ; one of his operas, Der 
 Augenarzt (Vienna, 181 1), enjoyed long-con- 
 tinued popularity ; but his comp.s are now gen- 
 erally forgotten. — Works : 30 operas and ope- 
 rettas ; 40 ballets ; 60 symphonies ; 12 serenades; 
 3 quintets; 44 quartets; 24 trios ; 36 pf. -sonatas ; 
 12 nocturnes ; 19 masses ; also cantatas, part- 
 songs, songs ; overtures, marches, dances, etc. 
 
 H 
 
 Haan. See Dehann. 
 
 Ha'beneck, Frangois-Antoine, B. Mezi^res 
 (Ardennes), France, June i (Jan. 23 ?), 1781 ; d. 
 Paris, Feb. 8, 1849. His father, a native of 
 Mannheim, and member of a French regimental 
 band, taught him the violin, and H. composed 
 quite extensive works without theoretical teach- 
 ing. Entering Baillot's class in the Paris Cons, 
 in 1801, he won the first prize, in 1804, for vio- 
 lin-playing ; then joined the Opera-Comique 
 orch., but soon entered the Opera orch., and be- 
 came leader under Kreutzer. From 1806 until 
 the (temporary) suspension of the Cons., H. con- 
 
 16 
 
 241 
 
HABERBIER— HAFFNER 
 
 ducted most of the concerts ; in 1828 he became 
 the permanent concert-director, and made the 
 concerts famous. He was Director of the Grand 
 Opera 1821-4, and succeeded Kreutzer in 1826 
 as conductor, holding this position 20 years. He 
 was also app. prof, of vln. at, and Inspector- 
 General of, the Cons. ; among his pupils were 
 Alard and Leonard. By introducing Beethoven's 
 symphonies to the French public, he did inesti- 
 mable service to the cause of good music. — Publ. 
 works : 2 vln.-concertos ; 3 duos concertants f. 
 2 vlns.; one set of orch.l variations; a set of 
 variations f. string-quartet ; a nocturne f. 2 vlns. 
 on motives from La Gaz::a ladra ; 3 caprices f . 
 vln. solo w. bass; polonaises f. vln. and orch. ; 
 and fantasias f. vln. and pf. 
 
 Ha'berbier, Ernst, accomplished pianist ; b. 
 Konigsberg, Oct. 5, 1813 ; d. Bergen, Norway, 
 Mar. 12, l86g, while playing at a concert. A 
 pupil of his father, an organist, he left home in 
 1832, a well-equipped pianist, and went to St. 
 Petersburg, where he had good fortune as a con- 
 cert-giver and teacher, becoming court pianist 
 in 1847. Gave concerts in London in 1850 ; 
 then retired to Christiania, and perfected what 
 he considered a novel system of pf.-technique — 
 the division of difficult passages between the two 
 hands (Scarlatti and Bach had done the same 
 thing). After brilliant concerts in Copenhagen, 
 Kiel, and Hamburg, he appeared at Paris in 
 1852, and created a seneation. Thereafter he 
 made tours through Germany, Russia, and Den- 
 mark, and in 1866 settled in Bergen as a teacher. 
 — BriUiant pf.-music (Etudes-Poesies, op. 53). 
 
 Ha'berl, Franz Xaver, eminent theorist, 
 mus. editor, and historiographer ; b. Oberellen- 
 bach. Lower Bavaria, Apr. 12, 1840. St. in. the 
 Boys' Seminary at Passau, and took holy orders 
 in 1862 ; 1862—7, cathedral-A'ff/f//OT. and mus. 
 dir. at the Seminary ; 1867-70, org. at Sta. Ma- 
 ria deir Anima, Rome ; 1871-82, cathedral- A«- 
 pellm. at Ratisbon, where he founded, in 1875, 
 a world- renowned school f. church-music. He 
 is an authority on Catholic church-music, past 
 and present. In 1872 he assumed the editorship 
 (vacated by Schrems' death) of the collection 
 " Musica divina"; and has edited the periodical 
 " Musica sacra " since Witt's death in 1888. He 
 founded a Palestrina Society in 1879, and (since 
 vol. ix) was editor-in-chief of Breitkopf and Har- 
 tel's complete edition of Palestrina's composi- 
 tions (32 vol.s finished in 1894), which he aided 
 not only by his experience and learning, but also 
 by rare MSS. from his personal collection. In 
 l88g H. received the title of Dr. theol. hon. 
 causa from the Univ. of Wiirzburg. — Works : 
 ' ' Anweisung zum harmonischen Kirchenge- 
 sang" (1864) ; " Magister choralis " (1865, and 
 8 subsequent editions ; also transl. into Eng- 
 lish, French, Italian, and Spanish) ; " Lieder- 
 Rosenkranz" (1866); " CaeciHen - Kalender " 
 (1876-85; also in enlarged form as " Kirchen- 
 musikalisches Jahrbuch ") ; " Bertalotti's Solfeg- 
 gien " (1880) ; " Wilhelm Dufay " (i88s) ; " Of- 
 
 ficium hebdomadae sanctae " (1887, in German): 
 "Die romische schola cantorum und die papst- 
 lichen Kapellsanger bis zur Miye des 16. Jahrh." 
 (1887); " Psalterium vespertinum " (1888); 
 "Bibliographischer und thematischer Musikka- 
 talog des papstlichen Kapellarchivs im Vatikan 
 zu Rom " (1888). 
 
 Ha'bermann, Franz Johann, b. Kbnigs- 
 warth, Bohemia, 1706 ; d. Eger, Apr. 7, 1783. 
 He St. in Italy ; became mattre de chap, to the 
 Prince of Conde in Paris, 1731 ; then maestro di 
 capp. to the Grand Duke at Florence ; going to 
 Prague, he wrote an opera for Maria Theresa's 
 coronation, was Kapellm. of two churches, and 
 gave many lessons ; in 1773 he became mus. dir. 
 in the Dekanatkirche at Eger. He publ. 12 
 masses and 6 litanies, and left in MS. 2 oratorios, 
 also symphonies, sonatas, and church-music. 
 
 Ha'bert, Johannes Evangelista, b. Ober- 
 plan, Bohemia, Oct. 18, 1833 ; d. Gmunden, 
 Sept. I, 1896. From 1861 he was org. at Gmun- 
 den, and comp. masses, offertories, organ-pcs., 
 pf.-music, and songs. He was a writer on 
 music, and the editor of " Denkmaler der Ton- 
 kunst in Oesterreich " (Vienna ; vol. i, 1894), a 
 collection containing comp.s from the 15th to 
 the end of the i8th century. 
 
 Ha'ckel, Anton, b. Vienna, Apr. 17, 1779 ; 
 d. there July i, 1846. Amateur composer, 
 government official in the dept. of buildings. 
 Comp. church- and military music, and many 
 songs (the ballad "Die nachtliche Heerschau" 
 had great vogue). 
 
 Hackh, Otto (Christoph), b. Stuttgart, 
 Sept. 30, 1852. Pupil 1871-5, at Stuttgart 
 Cons., of Pruckner and Speidel (pf.), and Sei- 
 friz (harm, and comp.) ; also 1887-8 of A. de 
 Kontski (pf.) at New York. From 1872-5 H. 
 was Speidel's first asst. -teacher ; 1877-8, con- 
 cert-tours in S. Germany, Tyrol, and Switzer- 
 land ; taught and concertized in London during 
 1878 ; tours in 1879 ; went to New York in 1880, 
 where, until 1889, he was head of pf.-dept. in 
 the Grand Cons. Then, after private teaching 
 for 2 years, he spent 3 years in Europe to recover 
 from nervous exhaustion. Since 1895, teacher 
 in New York and Brooklyn. — One of the most 
 fecund of contemporary pf. -composers, H. has 
 publ. some 200 pieces for solo pf., pf. 4 hands, 
 and pf. w. orch., incl. salon-^oxVs in modern 
 brilliant style, instructive comp.s, dance-music, 
 etc. ; many of these, and also many of his very 
 numerous songs, are extremely popular. 
 
 Hadria'nus. See Adriansen, 
 
 HafTner, Johann Christian Friedrich, b. 
 
 Oberschonau, n. Suhl, Mar. 2, 1759; d. Upsala, 
 Sweden, May 28, 1833. Organist, pupil of 
 Vierling at Schmalkalden ; student at Leipzig 
 Univ. 1776, and proof-reader for Breitkopf; then 
 cond. of a travelling opera-troupe, and (-17M 
 org. at Stockholm in the German church.,, also 
 
 242 
 
HAGEMANN— HAIZINGER 
 
 accompanist at the opera, receiving 1787 the 
 title, and 1793 the office,, of court Kapelliii. (due 
 tQ the success of his operas Elektra, Alkides, and 
 Rinaldo, written in Gluck's style). From 1808- 
 20, cath..org. at Upsala, and from 1820 mus. 
 dir. of the Univ. He took great interest in 
 Swedish national music ; publ. Swedish Folk- 
 songs with accomp., and revised the melodies of 
 the Geijer-Afzelius coll.; edited a " Svensk 
 Choralbok" (2 parts, 1819-21), in which he re- 
 stored the choral melodies of the 17th century, 
 and added preludes (1822) ; also arr. a coll. of old 
 Swedish songs in 4 parts (1832-3 ; he finished 
 only two books). 
 
 Ha'gemann, Fran5ois Willem, b. Zutphen, 
 Holland, Sept. 10, 1827. In 1846, royal org. 
 at Appeldoorn ; in 1848, cond. at Nijkerk. St. 
 for a while (1852) at the Brussels Cons., lived at 
 Wageningen as a teacher, became org. at Leeu- 
 warden in 1859, town mus. dir. at Leyden in 
 i860, and is now org. of the Willemskerk at 
 Batavia. — Pf. -music. 
 
 Ha'gemann, Maurits Leonard, brother of 
 preceding ; b. Zutphen, Sept. 25, 1829. Violinist 
 and pianist ; pupil, at Brussels Cons. , of Fetis, 
 Michelot, and de Beriot, graduating in 1852. 
 After playing first vln. in the Ital. opera orch. 
 at Brussels, he became mus. dir. at Groningen 
 (1853-65), and from 1865-75 director of the 
 Cons, and the Philh. Soc. at Batavia; since 1875, 
 mus. dir. at Leeuwarden, where he founded a 
 Cons, of which he is the director. — Works : 
 Oratorio Daniel (MS.) ; a festival cantata f. 
 female ch. ; several vocal works w. orch. (" Com- 
 fort of Night," "Bird of passage," "Even- 
 song"); pf.-pcs. and songs. 
 
 Ha'gen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, b. 
 
 Schmiedeberg, Ukraine, Feb. 19, 1780 ; d. Ber- 
 lin, June n, 1856, as prof, of German literature 
 at the Univ. — Publ. " Minnesinger" (1838-56, 
 in 5 vol.s ; in vol. iii. are Minnegesdnge in 
 notation according to the Jena Codex and other 
 sources, with a treatise on the music of the 
 Minnesinger) ; ' ' Melodien zu der Sammlung 
 deutscher, vlamischer und franzGsischer Volks- 
 lieder" (1807 ; with BUsching). 
 
 Ha'gen, Johann Baptist, b. Mayence, 1818 ; 
 d. Wiesbaden, 1870; was successively A'o/?//ot. 
 at the theatres in Detmbld (1836), Bremen (1841), 
 Wiesbaden (1856), Riga (1865), and again at 
 Wiesbaden (1867). 
 
 Ha'gen, Adolf, son of Joh. Bapt. ; b. Bremen, 
 Sept. 4, 1851 ; joined the royal theatre-orch. in 
 Wiesbaden as violinist in l866 ; was mus. dir. 
 at Danzig and Bremen (18 7 1-6) ; Kapellm. at 
 Freiburg, Baden, 1877-9 ; with Sucher at the 
 Hamburg Tli. (1879-82) ; court Kapellm. in 
 Dresden (1883), and succeeded Willlner as artis- 
 tic manager of the Cons, there in 1884. — Works : 
 The 2-act comic opera Zwei Komponisten oder 
 ein Schdferspieliii Versailles (Harnhnrg, 1882) ; 
 and a i-act operetta Schwarznaschen. 
 
 Ha'gen, Theodor, b. Hamburg, Apr. 15, 
 1823 ; d. New York, Dec. 21, 1871. He lived 
 in N. Y. from 1854 ^s a teacher and critic; 
 edited the " N. Y. Weekly Review." — Publ. 
 " Civilisation und Musik" (1845, under the pen- 
 name " Joachim Fels") ; " Musikalische Novel- 
 len " (1848) ; also pf.-music and songs. 
 
 Ha'ger, Johannes (pen-name of "Hofrath' 
 Johannes, Freiherr von Hasslinger-Has- 
 singen), b. Vienna, Feb. 24, 1822 ; d. there 
 Jan. 9, 1898. Pupil of Mendelssohn and Haupt- 
 mann. Besides several successful essays in 
 chamber-music, he prod. 2 operas, lolanthe 
 (1849) and Marfa (1886), at the Vienna Court 
 Th. ; also an oratorio, Johannes der Taiifer. 
 
 Hahn, Bernhard, b. Leubus, Silesia, Dec. 17, 
 1780 ; d. Breslau, 1852, as cathedral-A'a/f/Zm. — ■ 
 Publ. " Gesange zum Gebrauch bei sonn- und 
 wochentagigen Gottesdienst auf katholischen 
 Gymnasien " (1820) ; and " Handbuch zum Un- 
 terricht in Gesang fur Schiller auf Gymnasien 
 und Burgerschulen " (1829). He composed 
 vocal church-music and school-songs. 
 
 Hahn, Albert, b. Thorn, West Prussia, 
 Sept. 29, 1828 ; d. Lindenau, n. Leipzig, July 
 14, 1880. Teacher in Berlin (1856), mus. dir. 
 in Bielefeld (1867-70), lived in Konigsberg, and 
 returned to Berlin (1875) ; in 1876 he started a 
 music paper, " Die Tonkunst," advocating the 
 "chromatic" reform (scale of 12 equal semi- 
 tones). 
 
 Hahn, Reynaldo, b. Caracas, Venezuela, 
 Aug. 9, 1874. Pupil of Massenet at Paris 
 Cons. Residing (1B98) in Paris. — Works ; A 3- 
 act " idylle polynesienne," L'lle du Rive (Paris, 
 Op.-Comique, Mar. 23, 1898) ; incidental music 
 to I' Obstacle (by Daudet), and other stage-pcs. ; 
 numerous songs ; pf.-pcs. f. 2 and 4 hands. 
 
 Hah'nel. See Gallus, Jacobus. 
 
 Hainl, Georges-Fran5ois, noted 'cellist ; 
 b. Issoire, Puy-de-Dome, Nov. 19, 1807 ; d. 
 Paris, June 2, 1873. Pupil of Norblin in Paris 
 Cons. (1829) ; took ist 'cello-prize in 1830. He 
 then travelled ; in 1840 accepted the post of ist 
 chef d'orchestre at the Grand Theatre, Lyons, 
 and in 1863 a similar position at the Grand 
 Opera, Paris (Gevaert being his assistant). He 
 also cond. the Cons, concerts for some years, 
 and the court concerts (with the title of Mattre 
 de chapelle impirtale). — Works : An essay " De 
 la musique a Lyon depuis 1712 jusqu'i 1852 " 
 (1852) ; 'cello-music. 
 
 Hai'zinger, Anton, tenor opera-singer, b. 
 Wilfersdorf, Lichtenstein, Mar. 14, 1796 ; d. 
 Vienna, Dec. 31, i86g. At first a singing- 
 master in Vienna, where he was taught by Sa- 
 lieri, he was eng. for the Th. an der Wien by 
 Count Palffy in 1821. Some years later, after a 
 succession of starring-tours to principal German 
 cities, he was eng. at Karlsruhe for life, at the 
 court theatre. His subsequent excursions to 
 Paris and London were very successful. He 
 returned to Vienna in 1850. 
 
 843 
 
HALE— HAL^VY 
 
 Hale, Philip, b. Norwich, Vt., Mar. 5, 1854. 
 Took music-lessons from early youth, and as a 
 boy played the organ in the Unit, ch., North- 
 ampton, Mass. Graduate of Yale Univ., 1876 ; 
 admitted to the Albany bar, 1880. First studied 
 music seriously with D. Buck in 1876 ; st. in 
 Europe 1882-7 (organ with Haupt, Faiszt, 
 Rheinberger,and Guilmant, — comp.with Urban, 
 Bargiel, Rheinberger, and Guilmant, — pf. with 
 Raif and Scholz). Was organist 1879-82 at 
 St. Peter's, Albany ; 1887-g at St. John's, Troy ; 
 since i88g, of First Religious Soc, Roxbury, 
 Mass. From 1887-g, also cond. of the Schu- 
 bert Club, male chorus, at Albany. Critic for 
 the " Boston Home Journal," i88g-9l ; " Eos- 
 ton Post," i8go-gl ; "Boston Journal," since 
 i8gl ; is, since 1897, ed. of -the Boston " Mus. 
 Record," and 1892-1898, Boston correspondent 
 of the " Mus. Courier," N. Y. Has given lec- 
 tures on mus. subjects at Columbia Univ. (N. 
 Y.), and in various other cities. H. is known 
 as one of the most forceful and brilliant writers 
 for the Amer. mus. press ; his articles in .the 
 "Looker-on," "Music Review," "Mus. Her- 
 ald," " Mus. Courier," etc., are valuable contri- 
 butions to mus. literature, and often tinged 
 with unique humor. 
 
 Hale (or Halle). See Adam de la Hale. 
 
 Halevy, Jacques - Francois - Fromental - 
 filie, gifted dramatic composer ; b. Paris, May 
 27, lygg ; d. Nice, 
 March 17, 1862. 
 His parents were 
 Jews. At ten he 
 entered the Paris 
 Cons, as an ele- 
 mentary pupil of 
 Cazot. In i8iohe 
 studied piano with 
 Lambert ; in 18 11, 
 harmony with Ber- 
 ton ; and counter- 
 point for five years 
 with Cherubini. At 
 seventeen he was 
 allowed to compete 
 for the Prix de Rome ; he won it in i8ig with 
 his cantata Herminic. He had previously com- 
 posed an opera, Les BoMmiennes (never perf.), 
 published a pf. -sonata for 4. hands, and set to 
 music the 130th Psalm in Hebrew, the De Pro- 
 fundis. During his three years' stay in Italy 
 he made great progress, writing another opera, 
 etc. In 1822, on his return to Paris, he made 
 vain attempts to get his grand opera Pyg- 
 malion and Les deux pavilions (comic) pro- 
 duced. It was not until 1827 that he brought 
 out a one-act comic opera, V Artisan, at the Th. 
 Feydeau ; though with little success. The same 
 year he succeeded Daussoigne as prof, of har- 
 mony and accomp. at the Cons. ; following Fetis 
 as prof, of cpt. and fugue in 1833, and taking a 
 class of advanced composition in 1840. In 1827 
 he was engaged as cembalist at the Itahan 
 
 Opera. In 1828, with Rifaut, he composed Le 
 Roi et le Bdtelier in honor of Charles X. In 
 1829, Clari (with Malibran ss prima donna) was 
 a success at the Th. Italien ; Le dilettante 
 d'' Avignon was produced the same year, and in 
 1830 the grand ballet Manon Lescaut, H. was 
 now app. chef de chant at the Opera, a post re- 
 tained during 16 years. In 1831 La langue 
 musicale vtas prod, at the Op.-Com.; La tenta- 
 iion (1832 ; ballet-opera, with Gide), at the 
 Opera ; Les Souvenirs de Lafleur (1832) ; and 
 the same year a completion of Herold's unfin- 
 ished Ltcdovic, which proved very successful. 
 In 1835 La Juive (grand opera in 5 acts, H.'s 
 masterpiece) was prod, at the Opera on Feb. 
 23, and soon obtained great vogue throughout 
 Europe. Six months later appeared I'^clair, a 
 sparkling comic opera. To add to his growing 
 reputation, H. was created Chevalier of the 
 Legion of Honor. On the death of Reicha 
 (1836) H. succeeded him as one of the three 
 musical members of the Academic ; and in 1854 
 was appointed secretary for life. With La 
 Juive H. attained not only the zenith of his 
 powers, but also of his triumphs. In 1836 the 
 blazing apparition of Les Huguenots paled the 
 milder fires of the French composer, and Meyer- 
 beer became the idol of the hour. La Juive was 
 followed by Gtddo et Ginevra (1838) ; Les Treize 
 (1839) ; Le Drapier (1840) ; La Reine de Chypre, 
 a brilliant success, and Le Guitarero (1841); 
 Charles VI (1843) ; Le Lazzarone (1844) ; Les 
 mousquetaires de la reine (1846). He collabo- 
 rated with Adam, Auber, and Carafa in Les 
 premiers pas for the inauguration of the National 
 Opera (1847). Le Val d' Andorre was given in 
 1848 (adapted for the English stage in London, 
 1850) ; La Fie aux roses, in 1849; La Dame de 
 pique, 1850. In 1850 H. conducted in London 
 an Italian opera. La Tempesta. Le Juif errant 
 was produced in 1852 ; Le Nabab, 1853 ; 
 Jaquarita, 1855 ; Plnconsolable [under nom-de- 
 plume " Albert"], 1855; Valentine d'Aubigny, 
 1856 ; and Za Magicienne, 1857. — H. was more 
 inclined to aim at a high ideal than to please 
 the popular taste. His music possesses true 
 emotional and dramatic power, and is "melodi- 
 ous, but combined with so many details and 
 refinements of harmony and instrumentation" 
 that it could not be appreciated by the general 
 public ; though he held a high rank among 
 artists. — Besides his operas, he wrote a pf.- 
 sonata for 4 hands, romances, nocturnes, part- 
 songs for male voices ; scenes from Prometheus 
 Unbound (1849) ; the cantatas Les plages du 
 JVil and Italic (1859) \ a"<i l^f' the almost finished 
 scores of two operas, Vanina d'Ornano (com- 
 pleted by Bizet) and Le DHuge. In the Paris 
 schools his ' ' Le9ons de lecture musicale " was 
 adopted as the text-book for singing. ' ' Souve- 
 nirs et portraits" (1861) and " Derniers souve- 
 nirs et portraits" (1863) were collections of the 
 funeral orations that, as Secretary of the Acade- 
 mic, he had delivered at the obsequies of de- 
 ceased members. — Short biographies of H. were 
 
 244 
 
HALIR— HALLSTROM 
 
 published by his brother Leon (1862), E. Mon- 
 nais (1863), and A. Pougin (1865). 
 
 Halir' [-leer], Karl, distinguished violinist ; 
 b. Hohenelbe, Bohemia, Feb. i, 1859. A 
 pupil of Bennewitz at Prague Cons. ; later of 
 Joachim in Berlin (1874-6). After playing as 
 1st violinist in Bilse's orch., and short engage- 
 ments at Konigsberg and Mannheim, he was 
 app. in 1884 leader of the court orch. at Wei- 
 mar, where he still (1899) resides. His first 
 tourn^e in the United States (1896-7) was very 
 successful. — His wife Theresa {n^e Zerbst), b. 
 Berlin, Nov. 6, 1859, married in 1888, is a fine 
 soprano (pupil of Otto Eichberg). 
 
 Hall, Charles King, b. London, 1845 (?) ; 
 d. there, Sept. I, 1895. English composer and 
 theoretical writer ; org. successively at St. Paul's 
 (Camden Sq.), St. Luke's, and Christ Ch. — 
 Wrote "School for the Harmonium"; "Har- 
 monium Primer " (Novello). — Compositions : 
 Much church-music, many songs, and pf.-pcs.; 
 also numerous operettas for German Reed's en- 
 tertainments at St. George's Hall, among them 
 being Foster-brothers, Doubleday's Will, and 
 A Tremendous Mystery (books by F. C. Bur- 
 nand) ; The Artful Atttomaton, and A Strange 
 Host (books by A. Law) ; Grintstone Grange 
 and A Christmas Stocking {hooks b. G. i Becket) ; 
 The Naturalist (book by C. Carr). These were 
 his most popular works. 
 
 Halle. See Adam de la H. 
 
 Hal'le, Johann Samuel, b. Bartenstein, 
 Prussia, 1730 ; d. Jan. 9, 1810. Professor of 
 history at the Berlin military school. Author of 
 " Theoretische und praktische Kunst des Orgel- 
 baus" (1779; also in vol. vi of his " Werk- 
 statte der Kunste " ; Brandenburg, 1799). 
 
 Hall6, (Sir) Charles (real name Karl Halle), 
 renowned pianist and conductor : b. Hagen, 
 Westphalia, Apr. 
 II, 1819 ; d. Man- 
 chester, Engl., 
 Oct. 25, 1895. 
 Son of the town 
 Kapellm., he was 
 an infant prodigy. 
 St. w. Rink at 
 Darmstadt, 1835. 
 In 1836, went to 
 Paris, where he 
 made a brilliant 
 reputation, and for 
 twelve years was 
 in friendly asso- 
 ciation with Che- 
 rubini, Chopin, 
 Liszt, Kalkbrenner, etc. The Revolution of 
 1848 drove him to London, where he repeated 
 his Parisian success, and became a fashionable 
 teacher. In 1853, was dir. of the " Gentlemen's 
 Concerts," Manchester; in 1857, est. there the 
 subscription-concerts, with the famous " Charles 
 Halle"s Orchestra. " His chief activity lay in 
 
 Manchester, but he was closely connected with 
 the London Popular Concerts, gave Beethoven 
 recitals as early as 1861, performing all B.'s so- 
 natas in eight matinees, and in 1880 gave orch. 
 concerts in London, producing Berlioz's Faust. 
 In 1876 he cond. the 2nd grand triennial festival 
 at Bristol. In 1890 and 1891 he visited Aus- 
 tralia with his wife {nh Neruda), whom he mar- 
 ried in the year of his knighthood, 1888. In 
 1884 Edinburgh University conferred on him 
 the hon. degree of Mus. Doc. — Works : Several 
 comp.s, and a method, f. pf. — Autobiography, 
 London, 1897. 
 
 Hallen', Anders, notable Swedish dram, 
 comp., b. Gotenburg, Dec. 22, 1846. Pupil of 
 Reinecke (Leipzig, 1866-68), Rheinberger (Mu- 
 nich, 1869), Rietz (Dresden, 1870-1). Cond. of 
 the Musical Union, Gotenburg, 1872-8, also from 
 1883 ; in the interim living principally at Berlin ; 
 1892, cond. of Royal Opera at Stockholm. — 
 Works : 2 operas, Harald der Viking (Leipzig, 
 1881 ; Stockholm, 1883) ; Hex/alien [Der Hex- 
 enfang] (Stockholm, i8g6 ; v. succ.) ; 2 Swedish 
 Rhapsodies, op. 17 and 23 ; Vom. Pagen und der 
 Konigstochter, ballad-cycle f. chorus, solo, and 
 orch. ; Trauvikonig ttnd seiti Lieb, do'. ; Das 
 Aehrenfeld, f . female ch. w. pf. ; Vineta, choral 
 rhapsody w. pf. ; Symph. poem " Ein Sommer- 
 marchen " (i88g) ; Romance f. vln. w. orch.; 
 German and Swedish songs. 
 
 Hal'ler, Michael, church-comp.; b. Neusaat 
 (Upper Palatinate), Jan. 13, 1840. Educated at 
 Matten monastery, and at the Ratisbon semi- 
 nary for priests. Took holy orders in 1864, st. 
 sacred mus. under Schrems, and was app. pre- 
 fect of the Ratisbon Cathedral Choristers' Insti- 
 tution. Kapellm. , in succession to Wesselack, at 
 the " Realinstitut " in 1866, and teacher of vocal 
 comp. and cpt. at the school of church-music. — 
 Works : 14 masses, motets a 3-8, psalms, lita- 
 nies, a Te Deum ; melodramas, string-quartets, 
 etc. Completed the third-choir parts of six 
 comp.s a 12 of Palestrina, which had been lost 
 (vol. xxvi of the complete edition). Peda- 
 gogic writings : " Kompositionslehre fiir den 
 polyphonen Kirchensang " ; " Modulation in den 
 Kirchentonarten"; also contributed historical 
 articles to Haberl's " Kirclfcnmusikalische Jahr- 
 bijcher. " 
 
 Hall'striim, Ivar, Swedish dram. comp. ; b. 
 Stockholm, June 5, 1826. St. law ; became pri- 
 vate librarian to the Crown Prince, the present 
 King of Sweden. In 1 861, succeeded Lindblad 
 as dir. of the school of music. Works exhibit 
 strong national characteristics ; Hertig Magnus 
 (Stockholm, 1867), his 1st opera, w. 20 nos. in 
 minor keys, and The Enchanted Cat (1869) were 
 coldly received, but success was achieved with 
 Mountain King (1874), Bride of the Gnome 
 (1875), Vikings' Voyage (1877), Nyaga (1885 ; 
 book by "Carmen Sylva"), Per Swinaherde 
 (1887), and the romantic opera Granada' s Daugh- 
 ter (fitockhoXm., 1892); "The Flowers," idyl f. 
 
 245 
 
HALM— HAMMERSCHMIDT 
 
 soli, ch., and orch. (i860, prize of Stockholm 
 Musical Union). 
 
 Halm, Anton, pianist, teacher, and comp. ; b. 
 Altenmarkt, Styria, June 4, 1789 ; d. Vienna, 
 Apr. 6, 1872. Until 181 1, lieutenant in the Aus- 
 trian army. Settled in Vienna as pf. -teacher 
 and comp. ; was one of Beethoven's intimate 
 friends. — Publ. works : Mass ; 3 string-quartets ; 
 6 pf. -trios ; 3 'cello-sonatas ; pf. -sonatas, rondos, 
 and many fine etudes ; etc. 
 
 Ha'mel, Marie-Pierre, organ-expert ; b. 
 Auneuil (Oise), France, Feb. 24, 1786 ; d. Beau- 
 vais, after 1870. St. music and vln. from an 
 early age, but was self-taught in the art of 
 organ-building. In his 13th year, with school- 
 boy implements, he manufactured a small organ 
 of three octaves, and at 14 years of age restored 
 the l6th-cent. organ of Clermont village ch. so 
 satisfactorily that he was specially compli- 
 mented and thanked by the churchwardens. 
 Did not follow the profession of organ-building, 
 but later rebuilt the grand organ of Beauvais 
 cath. (5 claviers, 84 stops). He was made 
 Membre de la Commission des Arts et des Monu- 
 ments, and prepared reports on the state of 
 nearly all the principal organs in France for the 
 Ministry of Public Instruction and Worship. 
 Founded the Beauvais Philharmonic Society, one 
 of the first to introduce Beethoven's symphonies 
 in France. Author of a valuable work, " Nou- 
 veau Manuel complet du facteur d'orgues, ou 
 traite theorique et pratique de I'art de construire 
 les orgues, contenant I'orgue de Dom Bedos et 
 tous les progr^s et perfectionnements de la fac- 
 ture jusqu'a ce jour, precede d'une notice his- 
 torique sur I'orgue, et suivi d'une Biographic des 
 principaux facteurs d'orgues franyais ou etran- 
 gers " (Roret : Paris, 1849). 
 
 Ha'mel, Eduard, violinist, pianist, and comp. ; 
 b. Hamburg, 1811. Violinist f. many years in 
 the orch. of the Grand Opera, Paris. Returned 
 to Hamburg in 1846 as teacher of vln. and pf. 
 — Works: Malvina, opera; pf. -quartets, pf.- 
 pcs. ; ballads, songs, etc. 
 
 Ha'mel, Margarethe. See Schick. 
 
 Ha'merik, Asger, b. Copenhagen, Apr. 8, 
 1843. Son of a prof, of divinity, who dis- 
 couraged his musical leanings, he instructed 
 himself in the art, and at 15 became the pupil 
 of Gade, Matthison- Hansen, and Haberbier. In 
 1862, pf.-pupil of Billow at Berlin, and at Paris 
 in 1864 met Berlioz, who went with him to 
 Vienna in 1866-7. H. was a member of the 
 musical jury of the Paris Exhibition, and received 
 a gold medal for his richly orchestrated Hymne 
 de la Paix. He wrote two operas, Tovelille and 
 HJalm-ar and Jngehorg, fragments of which were 
 perf. in Paris and Copenhagen. H. visited 
 Italy in 1869, and at Milan (1870) prod, an 
 Ital. opera, La Vendetta. In 1871, app. di- 
 rector of the Conservatory of the Peabody Insti- 
 tute, and of the Peabody symphony concerts, 
 Baltimore. In 1890 H. was knighted by the 
 
 King of Denmark. — Works (besides the operas 
 mentioned) : Der Wanderer (1872), a festival 
 cantata to commemorate the new Swedish 
 constitution (1866); an " Oper ohne Worte" 
 (1883); choral work, " Christliche Trilogie" (a 
 pendant to a "Trilogie judaique" brought out 
 in Paris); five symphonies (1880-91) ; five "Nor- 
 dische Suiten " f . orch. ; 'cello and pf. fantasia ; 
 concert romance f. 'cello and orch.; pf.-quartet 
 (op. 61) ; several cantatas, vocal pes., etc. 
 
 Hamilton, James Alexander, theorist and 
 prolific writer ; b. London, 1785 ; d. there Aug. 
 2, 1845. Son of a dealer in second-hand books, 
 his education was neglected ; but naturally intel- 
 ligent, voluminous reading from his father's stock 
 supplied the lack of instruction. Unfortunately 
 of intemperate habits, he was always in want, 
 selling for a few pounds the copyright of ele- 
 mentary works which passed through numerous 
 editions. He died in utter misery. — Writings : 
 "Modern Instruction for the Pf." (still pub- 
 lished) ; "Catechism of Singing"; "Catechism of 
 the Rudiments of Harmony and Thoroughbass"; 
 " Catechism of Counterpoint, Melody, and Com- 
 position," "Catechism of Double Counterpoint 
 and Fugue"; Catechism on Art of Writing for 
 an Orchestra and of Playing from Score"; 
 " Catechism of the Invention, Exposition, De- 
 velopment, and Concatenation of Musical Ideas"; 
 " A New Theoretical Musical Grammar"; "Dic- 
 tionary comprising an Explication of 3,500 Ital- 
 ian, French, etc. Terms" (3rd ed., 1848). Also 
 translated Cherubini's " Counterpoint and 
 Fugue," Baillot's " Methode de Violon," Fro- 
 lich's " Kontrabassschule," Vierling's " Anlei- 
 tung zum Praludieren," etc. 
 
 Ham'ma, Benjamin, comp., cond., and 
 teacher ; b. Friedingen, Wurttemberg, Oct. 10, 
 1831. St. com. w. Lindpaintner at Stuttgart; 
 went to Paris, thence to Rome. Till 1870, 
 cond. and teacher at Konigsberg, now director of 
 the new school of music at Stuttgart. — Works; 
 Opera, Zarrisko ; pf.-pcs. , part-songs, songs, 
 etc. — His brother, 
 
 Ham'ma, Franz Xaver, pianist, comp., and 
 org., b. Wehingen, Wurttemberg, Dec. 3, 1835 ; 
 was org. of the St. Anna Ch., Basel, and dir. of 
 the Cdcilienverein there, later org. at Obersta- 
 dion, Wurttemberg ; now mus.-teacher at Metz. 
 — Works: A vocal method, org.-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Ham'merschraidt, Andreas, org. and comp. ; 
 b. Brux, Bohemia, 1611 ; d. Zittau, Oct. 29, 1675. 
 St. cpt. at Schandau w. cantor Stephan Otto. 
 Org. of St. Peter's, Freiberg, 1635, and from 
 1639, at Zittau, where a statue was erected to 
 his memory. Of marked originality, his numer- 
 ous works are of importance in the mus. history 
 of the 17th century. They are : " Instrumen- 
 talischer erster Fleiss" (1636) ; " Musikalischer 
 Andachten i. Theil, das ist : Geistliche Con- 
 certen, mit 2, 3 und 4 Stimmen mit Generalbass 
 (1638) ; ditto, part 2, " Geistliche Madrigalien, 
 mit 4, 5 und 6 Stimmen mit Generalbass" 
 
 246 
 
HAMPEL— HAT^TDEL 
 
 (1641) ; ditto, part 3, " Geistliche Symphonien," 
 f. two voices w. instr.s (1642) ; ditto, part 4, 
 "Geistliche Motetten und Concerte, von 5, 12 
 und mehr Stimmen mit doppeltem Generalbass " 
 (1646) ; " Dialog! oder Gesprache zwischen Gott 
 und einer glaubigen Seek " (vol. i, a 2-4, w. 
 continuo, 1645 [1652] ; vol. ii, Opitz's transla- 
 tion of "The Song of Solomon," a 1-2, w. 2 
 vlns. and continuo, 1645 [1658]) ; " XVII Mis- 
 sae SAcrae," a 5-12 (1633); " Paduanen, Gail- 
 larden, Balletten, etc." (1648 and 1650, two 
 parts); " Weltliche Oden" (1650, two parts); 
 " Lob- und Danklied aus dem 84. Psalm," a 9 
 (1652); " Chormusik, fiinfter Theil" (1652); 
 " Motettae unius et duarum vocum " (1646) ; 
 Musikalisches Bethaus"; " Musikalische " (part 
 2, " Geistliche II) "Gesprache Uber die Evange- 
 lia," a 4-7, w. continuo (1655—56, two parts) ; 
 " Fest-, Buss- und Danklieder" (5 vocal and 5 
 instr.l parts and continuo, 1659) ; "Kirchen- und 
 Tafelmusik" (sacred concertos, 1662) ; and 
 " Fest- und Zeitandachten " {a 6, 1671). 
 
 Ham'pel, Hans, pianist and comp. , b. Prague, 
 Oct. 5, 1822 ; d. there Mar. 30, 1884. St. under 
 Wenzel Tomaschek, and became org. at Prague. 
 Comp.s: A Requiem: pf.-works ("Das Ent- 
 zucken," op. 8; "Lieb Aennchen," op. 10; three 
 rhapsodies, op. 16 ; Clavierfuge, op. 21 ; varia- 
 tions f. left hand, op. 26 ; concert- waltzes); etc. 
 
 Hanboys (or Hamboys), John, English mus. 
 theorist of the 15th century. Mus. Doc, one 
 of the first Englishmen on whom the degree was 
 conferred. Coussemaker printed his Latin trea- 
 tise, " Summa super musicam continuam et dis- 
 cretum," in his " Scriptores," vol. i, p. 416. 
 
 Hand, Ferdinand Gotthelf, b. Plauen, 
 Saxony, Feb. 15, 1786 ; d. Jena, Mar. 14, 1851. 
 St. at Leipzig Univ. under the celebrated Greek 
 scholar G. Hermann. In 1817, app. prof, of 
 Greek, etc., at Jena. — Publ. "Aesthetik der Ton- 
 kunst" (Jena, 2 vols., 1837-41 ; 2nd ed. Leipzig, 
 1846). 
 
 Han'del (or Handel, Handl). See Gai.lus. 
 
 Han'del (also spelt Hendel, Hendeler, Han- 
 deler, or Hendtler, by various branches of the 
 family), Georg- 
 Friedrich [at 
 first spelt Hen- 
 del, in England ; 
 in his later period, 
 he himself adopt- 
 ed the quasi an- 
 glicized form of 
 Qeorge Fride- 
 ric Handel]; 
 b. Halle, Feb. 23, 
 1685 ; d. London, 
 April 14, 1759. 
 His father, a bar- 
 ber, afterwards 
 surgeon and valet 
 to the Prince of 
 Saxe-Magdeburg, at the age of 62 [Spitta] mar- 
 ried a second wife, Dorothea Taust, daughter of 
 
 the pastor at Giebichenstein, n. Halle. Their 
 second son was the composer. Handel was in- 
 tended for a lawyer ; but, in spite of his father's 
 strenuous opposition, he secretly taught himself 
 to play the harpsichord. In 1692, at 7 years of 
 age, his father took him on a visit to an elder 
 step-brother, valet at the court of Saxe-Weissen- 
 fels ; here the boy gained access to the chapel- 
 organ, and was heard by the Duke, who insisted 
 on his receiving a good musical education. Un- 
 der Zachau, org. of Plalle cathedral, he studied 
 cpt., canon, and fugue, and practised the oboe, 
 spinet, harpsichord, and organ ; he comp. 6 
 sonatas f. 2 oboes and bass, became asst. -organ- 
 ist to his teacher, and for three years wrote a 
 motet for every Sunday. In 1696 his father 
 took him to Berlin, where his remarkable skill in 
 playing and improvising on the organ and harp- 
 sichord excited the admiration of Ariosti and 
 the jealousy of Bononcini. The Elector Fried- 
 rich offered to defray the expenses of his musical 
 education in Italy ; but Handel's father declined, 
 and returned with the boy to Halle. The fol- 
 lowing year (1697) the fatlier died, and H., after 
 completing his studies at the gymnasium, entered 
 Halle Univ. (1702-3) as stud. jur. (in pious 
 fulfilment of his father's desire), occupying, at 
 the same time, the position of organist at the 
 Moritzburg Calvinistic cathedral, with a salary 
 of $50 a year. In 1703, however, he went to 
 Hamburg, where he was engaged as violino di 
 ripieno by Keiser, the director of the German 
 opera. When Keiser was temporarily obliged 
 to hide from his creditors, H. took his place at 
 the harpsichord with such skill that he was eng. 
 permanently as clavecinist. His friendship with 
 Telemann, the composer, and Mattheson, sub- 
 sequently his biographer, was begun here. He 
 wrote a Passion to words by Postel, and brought 
 out two operas, Almira and Nero (1705) ; he 
 was also commissioned by Keiser's successor, 
 Saurbrey, to write Florindo ttnd Daphne (1708), 
 an opera filling two evenings. In 1706, with 
 200 ducats saved from music-teaching, H. went 
 to Italy, visiting Florence, Venice, Rome, and 
 Naples., In Florence (1707) he brought out his 
 first Italian opera, Rodrigo, with Tesi, the after- 
 wards famous singer, in the leading role. In 
 Venice (1708), Agrippina created a furore and 
 spread his fame throughout Italy. In Rome he 
 prod, two oratorios, La Risurrezione and // 
 Trionfo del Tempo e del Disiftganno, with the 
 famous violin-virtuoso Corelli as leader ; and in 
 Naples the serenata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo, re- 
 markable for its bass solo for a voice of 2 octaves 
 and a fifth in compass. He made the acquaint- 
 ance of Lotti, and Domenico Scarlatti, with 
 whom he vied at the harpsichord and organ, S. 
 admitting his supremacy at the latter. In Naples 
 he met Alessandro Scarlatti, whose works exer- 
 cised a strong influence on H. It was with re- 
 gret that, in 1709, he returned to Germany. He 
 accepted the post of Kapellm. to the Elector of 
 Hanover, replacing Steffani, wlTo had recom- 
 mended him as his successor. In 17 10 he visited 
 
 247 
 
HANDEL 
 
 England. His opera ^zKo/afc, " composed " in 
 2 weeks by piecing together a number of arias, 
 etc., of earlier date,- was prod, at the Haymarket 
 Th. with such success that he was pressed to 
 remain in England, but had to return to his 
 duties. In 1712 he again obtained leave of ab- 
 sence, with the proviso " that he should engage 
 to return in a reasonable time," and travelled to 
 London. Two new operas, // Pastor Jido and 
 Teseo, were not specially successful ; but an ode 
 for the Queen's birthday, and a Te Deum and 
 Jubilate in celebration of the Peace of Utrecht, 
 won him public and royal favor, with an annuity 
 of ;^200 ; and H. conveniently forgot his Hano- 
 verian position. On Queen Anne's sudden death 
 in 1714, however, the Elector of Hanover became 
 George I. of England, and was not inclined to 
 regard his absentee Kapellm. with favor. The 
 intercession of Baron Kilmanseck, and the pro- 
 duction of the " Water-Musick " by an orch. at 
 a royal aquatic fete, procured him regal grace, 
 with a confirmation of his annuity. In 1716 he 
 went to Hanover in the suite of the King, and 
 remained till 1718. He there corap. his one 
 German oratorio, tht Passion, to the words of 
 Heinrich Brockes' poem. In 1718 he returned 
 to England, and succeeded Dr. Pepusch as chapel- 
 master to the Duke of Chandos, in whose service 
 he composed his first great English oratorio, 
 Esther, the secular oratorio Acis and Galatea, 
 and the Chandos Te Deums and Anthems. He 
 ■^as also music-master to the Prince of Wales' 
 daughters, and wrote for Princess Anne his ist 
 coll. of "Suites de Pieces" for harpsichord 
 \The Lessons\, which include the air w. varia- 
 tions, " The Harmonious Blacksmith." He was 
 app. dir. of the new Royal Academy of Music, 
 established chiefly for the prod, of Italian opera, 
 and in 1720 successfully brought out Radamisto, 
 with Senesino and the celebrated Margherita 
 Durantasti in the chief roles (prod, in Hamburg, 
 1721, as Zenobid). His success excited the envy 
 of Bononcini and Ariosti, who had also been 
 invited to London, and who each had a follow- 
 ing among the supporters of the R. Academy. 
 Matters were not improved by H.'s independent 
 spirit, blunt manners, and sharp tongue. Two 
 factions arose, one supporting Bononcini and 
 the other H., the rivalry extending to the singers 
 on either side. This went on for several years ; 
 although H.'s work was the better, B. was more in 
 popular favor, and might have continued so, but 
 he was caught in an act of plagiarism {v. Lotti) 
 which compelled him to leave England in humili- 
 ation (1731). During this period, H. produced 
 the operas Floridante (1721), Ottone, Giulio 
 Cesare, Flavio (1723), Tamerlano (1724), Rode- 
 linda{j.l2^, Scipione,Alessandro{iT2ii),Admeio, 
 Riccardo Priniofj-Tii), Siroezx\A Tolemeo(T.']2%). 
 In 1726 he received lettere of naturalization, 
 and in 1727 comp. the 4 grand anthems for the 
 coronation of George II. and Queen Caroline. 
 In 1729, after a visit to Germany and Italy, H. 
 associated himself with Heidegger, the propri- 
 etor of the King's Theatre, and inaugurated the 
 
 season with Lotario, followed by Partenopi 
 (1730)1 Poro and Ezio (1731), Sosarme and Or- 
 lando (1732), when the partnership ended. In 
 1732 H. gave a special production of his revised 
 oratorio Esther, with success, followed by Acis 
 and Galatea. In 1733 he brought out, besides 
 the above, the oratorios Deborah and Athaliah, 
 at Oxford, where he publicly played the organ 
 and excited as much admiration by his perform- 
 ance as by his comp.s ; he received the degree 
 of Mus. Doc. hon. causa. The same year, H. 
 undertook the sole management of opera, but 
 his manners and methods, a quarrel with his 
 principal singer, Senesino, and a raising of 
 prices, caused many of his chief subscribers to 
 suspend their support and start a rival troupe, 
 " The Opera of the Nobility," with Porpora, and 
 afterwards Hasse, as corap. and cond. They 
 took possession of the King's Theatre, and Han- 
 del first went to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and then 
 to Covent Garden, but in 1737 failed, the rival 
 house also having to close for want of support. 
 The operas of this period were Terpsichore 
 (1734), Ariodante and Alcina (1735), Atalanta 
 (1736), Arminio, Giustino, and Berenice (1737); 
 the ode Alexander' s Feast [Dryden] was also 
 prod, at Covent Garden in 1736, and the revised 
 Trionfo del tempo e della vcrita in 1737. H.'s 
 superhuman efforts to hold his own, and his 
 many difficulties during this period, caused a 
 failing of his strength ; a stroke of paralysis in- 
 capacitated one of his hands, his brain was over- 
 taxed, and, by the urgent advice of his friends, 
 lie went to Aix-la-Chapelle, whence he returned 
 to London in November, 1737, with improved 
 health. Heidegger had meantime formed a new 
 company from the ruins of the two, and for 
 this venture H. wrote several operas: Fara^ 
 mondo, Serse {xTi'S), Jupiter in Argos (notpirt.), 
 Imeneo (1740), and Deidamia (1741). This last 
 date marks a decisive turning-point ; he now 
 abandoned stage-composition for the work to 
 which he owes enduring fame — oratorio. The 
 oratorios Saul and Israel in Egypt had been 
 performed in I73g, also another important work, 
 the Ode for St. Cecilia's Day, and, in 1740, the 
 ode " L'allegro, il penseroso, ed il moderate." 
 In 1741, at the invitation of the viceroy of Ire- 
 land, H. visited Dublin, and there produced his 
 immortal Messiah on the 13th April, 1742. His 
 cordial reception in Ireland greatly compensated 
 for previous disasters. On his return to London, 
 he again became the popular favorite. The 
 Messiah was followed by Samson, the Dettingen 
 Te Deum, Semele, Joseph (1743) ; Belshazzar, 
 and Heracles (1744). This year he was again 
 involved in monetary troubles, and a year and a 
 half elapsed before his Occasional Oratorio and 
 Judas Maccaba:us were brought out (I74^) I 
 then appeared Joshua (1747), Solomon (1748)1 
 Susannah (1748), Theodora (1749), The Choice 
 of Hercules (1750), a.nd.Jephthah{l-]^2 ; his last). 
 In 1750, for the third time, H. had retrieved his 
 fortunes, and revisited his native country. In 
 1752, during the composition oijephthah, he was 
 
 248 
 
HANDL— HANISCH 
 
 afflicted with failing eyesight, and underwent 
 three unsuccessful operations for cataract, total 
 blindness being the result. He continued his 
 musical performances under the direction of his 
 pupil John Christian Smith, and accompanied 
 his oratorios, on the organ, up to 1759. On 
 April 6, The Messiah was given as the final per- 
 formance of the season, H. presiding at the or- 
 gan ; on the 14th, the Saturday between Good 
 Friday and Easter, he died. He was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey, where a monument by Rou- 
 billac marks his grave. K. had a commanding 
 presence, and his features were animated and dig- 
 nified. His health was usually robust. Of fear- 
 less independence, he was of a choleric tempera- 
 ment, and prone to forcible outbreaks, but he 
 was easily restored to good humor, and possessed 
 a fund of humor, and a ready wit. His liberality 
 and charitableness were renowned. He remained 
 unmarried, and was never known to have fallen 
 in love. 
 
 The grandeur and sustained power of H.'s 
 oratorio-style, the expressive simplicity of his 
 melody and the breadth and clarity of the har- 
 monic structure, form a wonderful and (at his 
 time) unexampled artistic whole. He is unques- 
 tionably one of the " great masters." His Mes- 
 siah took England, and after her the rest of the 
 musical world, by storm. At the first London 
 performance, when the grand " Hallelujah 
 Chorus " rang out, the entire audience rose like 
 one man, carried away by lofty enthusiasm : — 
 thus originated the custom of standing during 
 this chorus. Many of the treasures of Handel 
 are locked to the general public on account of 
 the incomplete instrumentation of the original 
 scores ; Mozart, Mendelssohn, Franz, Brahms, 
 and others, have provided additional accompani- 
 ments to several of these works, thus rendering 
 possible their adequate performance. — Handel 
 was peculiarly fortunate in coming to England 
 just as the ebb of English national stage-music 
 afterthe death of Purcell (from whom H. learned 
 much) was turning toward the flood tide of 
 Italian opera. His own dramatic works, also 
 strongly influenced by Keiser in Hamburg and 
 the two Scarlattis in Italy, vie with the finest of 
 the period, and the best of them bear comparison 
 with his oratorios. Precisely contemporary with 
 J. S. Bach, he was quite outside the latter's 
 sphere of influence, and no communication ex- 
 isted between them. — Of purely instrumental 
 comp.s, H. wrote a considerable number ; FOR 
 HARPSICHORD : " The Lessons," in 3 sets ; 6 
 fugues ; 4 minuets and a march ; the ' ' Forest 
 Musick" (Dublin, 1742); short pieces; — for 
 -STRINGS, etc.: The "Water Musick" (171 5) ; 
 the "Fireworks Musick" (1749); 4 sets of 6 
 organ-concertos (1738, '40, '60, '61) ; 3 organ- 
 concertos (1797) ; numerous string-trios (sonatas); 
 concertone in g parts, f. 2 solo vlns. , 'cello, oboe, 
 and string-orch. (1741) ; concerto f. trumpets 
 and horns ; do. f. horns and side-drums (MS.); 
 sonata f. 2 vlns.; sonatas f. vln., via., and oboe; 
 etc.— Many original MSS. of his works he be- 
 
 queathed to his amanuensis, Joh. Chr. Schmidt; 
 the latter's son, H.'s pupil, presented them to 
 George III. They are still in Buckingham 
 Palace library, and comprise 32 vol.s of operas, 
 21 of oratorios, 7 of odes and serenatas, 12 of 
 sacred music, II of cantatas and sketches, and 5 
 vol.s of instrumental music. — In the Fitzwilliam 
 Collection at Cambridge are 7 vol.s containing 
 rough draughts, notes and sketches for various 
 works; also a complete Chandos anthem, "O 
 praise the Lord with one consent." 
 
 An edition of H.'s works in 36 volumes, by 
 Arnold, was publ. by command of George III., 
 in 1786, but is incomplete and incorrect. A 
 monumental edition of his works, completed in 
 100 vol.s, was undertaken in 1856 by the German 
 Handel Society, under the editorship of Dr. 
 Chrysander. — Biographical: Mattheson (1740, 
 in the " Ehrenpforte ") ; "Memoirs of the Life 
 of the late G. Y . Haendel," Mainwaring (1760 ; 
 German, with notes by Mattheson, 1 761 ; French, 
 by Arnauld and Suard, 177S) ; " G. F. Handel's 
 Stammbaum," Forstemann (1844); "The Life 
 of Handel," Scholcher (1857) ; " G. F. H.," 
 Chrysander (incomplete, 1858-67, when the first 
 half of vol. iii appeared, extending to 1740) ; 
 "Handel und Shakespeare," Gervinus (1868); 
 " Life of G. F. H.," Rockstro (1883). 
 
 Handl. See Gallus. 
 
 Hand'lo, Robert de, English musician of 
 the 14th century ; wrote a commentary on 
 Franco of Cologne's treatise on measured music, 
 entitled " Regulae cum maximis magistri Fran- 
 conis cum additionibus aliorum musicorum." 
 (Printed in Coussemaker's " Scriptores," i ) 
 
 Hand'rock, Julius, teacher and comp. ; b. 
 Naumburg, June 22, 1830 ; d. Halle, Jan. 5, 
 1894. Wrote instructive pf. -works. 
 
 Ha'nel von Cro'nenthal, Julia, noteworthy 
 composer ; b. Graz, 1839. Wife of the Mar- 
 quis d'Hericourt de Valincourt. St. in Paris. — 
 Works : 4 symphonies, 22 pf.-sonatas, string- 
 quartet, nocturnes, songs without words, dances, 
 marches, etc. At the Paris Exhibition of 1867, 
 she was awarded a medal for her orchestral ar- 
 rangements of Chinese melodies. 
 
 Hanf'stangel, Marie (n^e Schroder), cele- 
 brated dramatic soprano ; b. Breslau, Apr. 30, 
 1848. St. at Baden-Baden w. Mme. Viardot- 
 Garcia. In 1866, eng. at the Th.-Lyrique, 
 Paris ; debut as Agathe in Der Freischutz, Feb. 
 27, 1867. On the declaration of the Franco- 
 German war, returned to Germany, and was 
 eng. at the court opera, Stuttgart (1871). Mar- 
 ried in 1873. St. again in 1878, at Florence, 
 w. Vannucini. In 1882, eng. at the StaditheaUr, 
 Frankfort ; retired 1897. 
 
 Ha'nisch, Josepli, org. and comp. ; b. Rat- 
 isbon, 1812 ; d. there Oct. 9, 1892. St. w. his 
 father, and Proske, with whom he went to Italy 
 as assistant (1834-6). From 1839, org. of Rat- 
 isbon cath., being also org. and choirmaster of 
 the Niedermiinsterkirche ; and app. teacher at 
 
 249 
 
HANKE— d'HARDELOT 
 
 the School of Sacred Music in 1875. — Works : 
 Missa auxilium Christianorum ; Quatuor hymni 
 pro festo corporis Christi ; Filnf lateinische Pre- 
 digtgesange ; org.-accomp. to the Graduate and 
 Vesperale Romanum ; org. -pes. , etc. 
 
 Han'ke, Karl, dram, comp.; b. Rosswalde, 
 Schleswig, 1754 ; d. Hamburg, 1S35. Self- 
 taught, at 22 yrs. of age he was app. Kapellm. 
 to Count Haditz, at Rosswalde. Married his 
 pupil, the distinguished singer Stormkin. In 
 1786, court Kapellm. a.t Schleswig. In 1789, 
 his wife died ; in 1791, he married Berwald, an- 
 other fine singer, and founded a music-school at 
 Flensburg, where he became cantor and direc- 
 tor. Finally city mus. director in Hamburg. — 
 Comp.s : Operas, ballets, prologues, epilogues, 
 and incid. mus. to plays ; orch.l symphonies, 
 concertos, instr.l sextets, quartets, trios, duets 
 (abt. 300 f. 2 horns), vln. and flute solos, church- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 Hans'lick, Eduard, influential writer and 
 mus. critic ; b. Prague, Sept. 11, 1S25. St. law 
 at Prague and Vi- 
 enna ; took degree 
 of Dr. jur. in 1 849, 
 qualifying himself 
 for an official posi- 
 tion. But he had 
 already studied mu- 
 sic under Toma- 
 s c h e k at Prague ; 
 from 1848-9 was 
 mus. critic for the 
 " Wiener Zeitung," 
 and soon adopted a 
 literary career. His 
 first work, " Vom 
 Musikalisch - Scho- 
 nen ; ein Beitrag zur Revision der Aesthetik der 
 Tonkunst " (Leipzig, 1854 ; 9th ed. 1896), has 
 done more to discredit silly sentimentalism in 
 mus. criticism than any other book. Its leading 
 idea is, that the beauty of a mus. comp. lies 
 wholly and specifically in the music itself ; i. e., 
 it is immanent to the relations of the tones, 
 without any reference whatever to extraneous 
 (non-musical) ideas : Briefly, music expresses, in 
 itself, musical ideas, and can express no others. 
 This work has been transl. into French (1877), 
 Spanish (1879), English (1891), Italian (Milan, 
 1894), and Russian (1895) From 1855-64, H. 
 was musical editor of the " Presse "; since then 
 of the " Neue freie Presse "; he became lecturer 
 on mus. hist, and Eesthetics at Vienna Univ., 
 prof, extraordinary in 1861, and, in 1870, full 
 professor, retiring in 1895, and succeeded by G. 
 Adler. At the Paris Expositions of 1867 and 
 1878, and the Vienna Exp. of 1873, H. was a 
 juror in the department" of music. — Other 
 writings: " Geschichte des Concertwesens in 
 Wien " (1869) ; " Aus dem Concertsaal " (1870 ; 
 2nd ed. 1896) ; " Die moderne Oper" (1875 ; 
 vol. vii publ. 1896) ; " Musikalische Sta- 
 tionen " (1880); "Aus dem Opernleben der 
 
 Gegenwart" (1884); "Suite: Aufsatze iiber 
 Musik und Musiker" (1885; 2nd ed. 1898); 
 " Concerte, Componisten u. Virtuosen " (1886) ; 
 " Musikalisches Skizzenbuch " (1888); "Musi- 
 kalisches u. Litterarisches " (1889) ; " Aus dem 
 Tagebuch eines Musikers " (1892) ; ' 'Aus meinetn 
 Leben " (1894, 2 vol.s) ; " Filnf Jahre Musik" 
 (1896). He also edited Th. Billroth's posth. 
 essay, " Wer ist musikalisch? " (1895 ; 2nd ed. 
 1896) ; and wrote the letterpress for the illus- 
 trated " Galerie deutscher Tondichter" (1873), 
 and " Galerie franz. u. ital. Tondichter" (1874). 
 
 Hanssens, Charles-Louis-Joseph (a&i'), 
 dram, comp.; b. Ghent, May 4, 1777 ; d. Brus- 
 sels, May 6, 1852. St. w. Vauthier, Verheym, 
 and Femy (Ghent) ; in Paris w. Berton. App. 
 chef d'orchestre of an amateur theatre at Ghent, 
 afterwards of a company giving operatic per- 
 formances in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and 
 Utrecht. In 1804, went to Antwerp and Ghent 
 in the same capacity. In 1825, invited to 
 Brussels as orch.l dir. of the Th. de la Mon- 
 naie ; in 1827, dir. of the Royal orch.; in 1828, 
 app. Inspector of the Cons. He lost both posi- 
 tions through the political events of 1830, but in 
 1835-38 was again opera-conductor, and also in 
 1840, when he was ruined through the failure of 
 the enterprise. — Works : Operas, masses, and 
 sacred vocal music. 
 
 Hanssens, Charles-Louis (cadet), violoncel- 
 list, and distinguished Belgian comp. ; b. Ghent, 
 July 12, 1802 ; d. Brussels, Apr. 8, 1871. At 
 ten, member of the orch. of the National Th., 
 Amsterdam, and at twenty was app. vice-^a/rf- 
 meesier. In 1824, 'cellist, later asst.-cond., of 
 the orch. in the Brussels Th. In 1827, app. 
 prof, of harm, at the Cons. The political events 
 of 1830 also caused his retreat to Holland. In 
 1834, solo 'cellist at the Theatre Ventadour, 
 Paris, later becoming comp. and asst.-cond. 
 In 1835, directed French opera at The Hague, 
 again in Paris, then at Ghent. P'rom 1848-69, 
 cond. Th. delaMonnaie, Brussels, also(i85i-4) 
 dir. of the Opera, and prof, at the Conservatory. 
 Prolific composer. — Works : 8 operas, ballets, 
 symphonies, overtures, orch.l fantasias, 'cello-, 
 vln.-, clarinet-, and pf.-concertos, string-quar- 
 tets, " Symphonic concertante " £. clar. and vln., 
 masses, cantatas, a capp. choruses, etc. 
 
 Harcadelt. See Arcadelt. 
 
 d'Hardelot, Guy [Mrs. Rhodes], contempo- 
 rary composer of charming songs (chiefly French j 
 a few to Engl, texts, and all w. Engl, transla- 
 tions), was born at the Chateau d'Hardelot, 
 about 7 miles from Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. 
 With her first publication, the melancholy and 
 dramatic "Sans toi," her artistic reputation 
 was established. The long list of her lyrics, 
 ranging from gayest humor to pathetic senti- 
 ment, includes " Sous les branches," "A vous !^^ 
 " Chanson de la mie," " The Bee's Courtship," 
 " Avec toi!" " Valse des libellules," " Nuit 
 d'ete," "La nuit aux bois," "La Fermi^re,' 
 
 250 
 
HARKNES— HART 
 
 "Little Boy Blue," "Vos yeux,'" " Mignon," 
 "Say yes!" " Tristesse," "True-love Land," 
 "Almond-blos- 
 soms," " Quand 
 on aime,"and "A 
 Bunch of Violets." 
 Calve, Melba, 
 Plan9on, and 
 others, have made 
 striking concert- 
 success with these 
 songs. Mme. 
 d'Hardelot resides 
 in London ; she 
 has visited Ameri- 
 ca once, with 
 
 Mme. Calve. Her sole attempt in larger forms 
 is the operetta Elle et Lui. 
 
 Hark'nes. See Senkrah. 
 
 Harm'ston, John William, b. London, 
 1823 ; d. Liibeck, Aug. 26, 1881. St. w. Stern- 
 dale Bennett, and in 1848 settled as mus. -teacher 
 in Liibeck. — Much pf.-music (op. 193, " Le jet 
 d'eau"; op. 211, " Les Naiades"; etc.); pieces 
 for vln. and 'cello ; songs, etc. 
 
 Harper, Thomas, trumpet-virtuoso ; b. 
 
 • Worcester, Engl., May 3, 1787; d. London, 
 Jan. 20, 1853. St. w. Elvey ; entered the ser- 
 vice of the East Indian Company for 18 yrs., 
 
 II and was app. their mus. inspector for life. 
 
 From 1821, principal soloist at Drury Lane Th., 
 
 the King's Th., Ital. Opera, Philharmonic, and 
 . Ancient Concerts, etc. — Left 3 sons : Thomas, 
 
 who succeeded him ; Charles, distinguished 
 = horn-player ; and Edward, pianist. 
 
 Har'raden, Samuel, b. Cambridge, Engl., 
 
 1821 (?) ; d. Hampstead, July 17, 1897. Pupil 
 .; of Walmisley ; 1841, org. of St. Luke's, Man- 
 3 Chester ; in 1846, at the "Old Mission Ch.", 
 : Calcutta. His influence was great on the mus. 
 
 - life of the town ; he founded the first Glee Club, 
 became an enthusiastic student of Hindoo music, 
 prof, at the Hindoo Coll. of Mus., and at the 
 
 " Free School. For his attainments in Hindoo 
 music he was made " Mus. Doc." by the Bengal 
 R. Acad, of Mus. 
 
 Harriers-Wippern, Luise [n^e Wippern), 
 
 • operatic singer ; b. Hildesheim, 1837 ; d. Gro- 
 bersdorf, Silesia, Oct. 5, 1878. DAut 1857, 
 Royal Opera, Berlin, as "Agathe" in Der Frei- 
 schiltz. Also sang in Vienna, and London, but 
 permanently engaged for Berlin. Her superb 
 voice was heard to advantage both in dramatic 
 and lyrical parts. In 1868, after long illness, 
 
 - she retired with a pension. 
 
 Harris, (Sir) Augustus, b. Paris, 1852 ; d. 
 Folkestone, Engl., June 22, 1896. One of the 
 most celebrated and successful impresarii of the 
 igth century. An actor by profession, he was 
 engaged, soon after his debut as Macbeth, at 
 ,, Manchester, 1873, by Col. Mapleson as stage- 
 manager. In 1879 he leased Drury Lane Th., 
 where he won brilliant success with spectacular 
 
 plays and pantomimes ; in 1887, he took up 
 Italian opera, and secured control successively 
 of H. M.'sTh., the Olympia, and variousprovin- 
 cial stages. He also cultivated French and Eng- 
 lish opera with almost uniform success. 
 
 Harris, William Victor, song-composer ; b. 
 New York, Apr. 27, 1869. Pupil of Charles 
 Blum (pf.), 1879-86 ; of Wm. Courtney (voice), 
 1887-91 ; of Fred.k Schilling (harm, andcomp.), 
 1890-92 ; and of Anton Seidl (conducting), 1895- 
 96. From 1889-95, org. at various churches in 
 Tuxedo Park, Brooklyn, and New York ; 1893-4, 
 cond. Utica Choral Union ; 1892-5 re'p^titeur 
 and coach at Metropolitan Opera, N. Y. ; 1893-4, 
 cond. Utica Choral Union ; 1895-6, asst.-cond. 
 to Seidl at the Brighton I3each Summer Con- 
 certs. Now (1899) living in N. Y. as a vocal 
 instructor, accompanist, and composer. In MS. 
 he has a pf. -suite ; several songs ; a cantata f. 
 soli, ch. , and org. ; and an operetta. Mile. Maie et 
 M. de Sembre ; has publ. 4 quartets f. women's 
 voices, 2 f. men's voices, and a score of songs 
 which are well-known and well-liked. 
 
 Harrison, Annie Fortescue (wife of Lord 
 Arthur William Hill), English contemporary 
 composer. — Works : The hit Husband, operetta 
 (London, 1884) ; a cantata. The Ferry-girl (St. 
 George's Hall, 1883) ; many patriotic songs, and 
 others ; pf.-music. 
 
 Harriss, Charles Albert Edwin, comp. and 
 organist ; b. London, Dec. 15, 1862. At eight 
 he was chorister at St. Mark's, Wrexham, where 
 his father (Edwin H.) was organist. Ouseley 
 scholar at St. Michael's Coll., Tenbury, in 1875 ; 
 asst.-org. at St. Giles', Reading, in 1880; org. 
 at Welshpool, and private org. to the Earl of 
 Powis, in 1881. Since 1883 he has lived with 
 his father at Montreal, Canada ; at first as org. 
 and regens chori at Christ Ch. Cathedral, later 
 at the Ch. of St. James the Apostle, now 
 famed for excellent music. Also founded a glee 
 and madrigal society. — Works : Opera Torquil 
 (Montreal, 1896) ; cantata Daniel before the 
 King (1890) ; many anthems ; pf.- and org.- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 Hart, James, bass singer and comp. ; d. May 
 8, 1718. To 1670, singer at York Minster, 
 then Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and lay 
 vicar of Westminster Abbey. Comp. several 
 songs publ. in " Choice Ayres, Songs, and Dia- 
 logues," 1676-84; "The Theater of Musik," 
 1685-87 ; " Banquet of Music," 1688-92. — His 
 son (presumably). 
 
 Hart, Philip, organist of various London 
 churches ; d. abt. 1749 ; comp. anthems, org.- 
 fugues, mus. f. Hughes' " Ode in Praise of 
 Musick " (1703), and for " The Morning Hymn" 
 from Milton's " Paradise Lost," Book V (1729). 
 
 Hart, John Thomas, English violin-maker ; 
 b. Dec. 17, 1805 ; d. London, Jan. i, 1874. 
 Pupil of Gilkes, he made a complete study of 
 Italian violins, became a famous expert, and car- 
 
 251 
 
HART— HARTVIGSON 
 
 ried on an extensive commerce in old instr.s. — 
 His son, 
 
 Hart, George, b. London, Mar. 28, 1839 ; d. 
 there Apr. 25, 1891; wrote the valuable works 
 " The Violin, its famous Makers and their Imi- 
 tators " (London ; Dulau, 1875, and other edi- 
 tions ; French, l885), and " The Violin and its 
 Music " (London ; Novello, 1881). 
 
 Har'tel. [Music-publisher.] SeeBREiTKOPF 
 UND Hartel. 
 
 Har'tel, Gustav Adolf, violinist and com- 
 poser ; b. Leipzig, Dec. 7, 1836 ; d. Homburg, 
 Aug. 28, 1876. In 1857, Kapellm. at Bremen, 
 in 1863 at Rostock, in 1S73 at Homburg. — 
 Works : Opera, Die Carabiners ; 3 operettas ; 
 variations and fantasias f. vln. ; "Trio burlesque " 
 f. 3 vlns. w. pf. ; etc. 
 
 Har'tel, Benno, pianist and comp. ; b. Jauer, 
 Silesia, May i, 1846. Pupil of Ploppe (pf.), 
 Jappsen (vln.), Kiel (comp.). 1870, app. teacher 
 of theory in the Berlin Royal High School for 
 music. — Publ. works : pf.-pcs., songs. In MS.: 
 An opera, over 300 canons, and other vocal mus., 
 orch.l music, etc. 
 
 Har'tel, Luise {nde Hauffe), pianist ; b. Du- 
 ben, Jan. 2, 1837 ; d. Leipzig, Mar. 20, 1882. 
 Wife of Dr. Hermann Hartel of Breitkopf und 
 Hartel {q. v."). 
 
 Hart'mann, Johan Peder Emilius, cele- 
 brated Danish dramatic comp.; b. Copenhagen, 
 May 14, 1805. Of German descent, his grand- 
 father (d. 1763) was royal chamber-mus. at Co- 
 penhagen. His father, org. at Copenhagen 
 (1800-50), gave him early instruction in music, 
 although he was destined for and studied law. 
 He held a public position, was also asst.-org. to 
 his father, and taught in the Copenhagen Cons. 
 Weyse noticed the young man's ability, and en- 
 couraged him with his advice. In 1832 he prod, 
 his ist opera, Ravnen elkr BroderprSven ; then 
 followed The golden Horns {y^^:^, The Corsairs 
 (1835), and Liden Kirsten (1846). In 1836, he 
 .visited Germany, France, and Switzerland. In 
 1S40, he was app. dir. of the Copenhagen Cons., 
 and in 1849, ""'^^ made Royal Capelmester. To 
 celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of his musical 
 career, in 1874, a grand concert was given, a 
 Hartmann scholarship founded, and he received 
 the " Danebrog" order. On the jubilee of the 
 Copenhagen Univ., the honorary degree of Ph. D. 
 was conferred on him. Gade was his son-in-law. 
 One of his latest works is op. 71, " Weissagung 
 der Wala," f. male ch. and orch. (1894). He 
 has also comp. overtures, symphonies, cantatas, 
 incid. mus. to plays, a vln. -concerto, pf.-pcs., 
 song-cycles, etc. — His son, 
 
 Hart'mann, Emil (Jr.), also a talented comp., 
 was b. Copenhagen, Feb. 21, 1836 ; d. Copen- 
 hagen, July 19, 1898. Instructed by his father, 
 also by Gade, his brother-in-law. In 1861, org. 
 at Copenhagen ; in 1871, app. court-org. His 
 health compelled him to retire in 1873. Resided 
 
 at Sollerod, n. Copenhagen. — Works : Severa 
 operas, Elverpigen (1867), The Nixie, The Cor 
 sicans (comic) ; .Sofa/iyi)/ (Copenhagen, 1893?) 
 Runenzauber, i act (Hamburg, 1896 ; succ.) • i 
 choral work, "Winter und Lenz " ; a ballet 
 Fjeldstuen ; overture, orchestral suite, three sym 
 phonies, vln. -concerto, a 'cello-concerto, pf.-trio 
 serenade f. pf., 'cello, and clarinet, etc. 
 
 Hart'mann, Ludwig, pianist, composer, and 
 mus.-critic ; b. Neuss-on-Rhine, 1836. Son and 
 pupil of Friedrich Hartmann (song-comp., b. 
 1805). Also St. at Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles 
 and Hauptmann), and in Weimar, iB 56-7 (Liszt). 
 Settled in Dresden. Prominent Wagnerian cham- 
 pion. — Works: Pf.-music and songs. In MS. 
 an opera, Konig Helge. 
 
 Hart'mann, Arthur, b. Philadelphia, July 
 23, 1882. Violinist. H;as played with success 
 in London, Paris, Vienna, etc. 
 
 Har'tog, Edouard de, b. Amsterdam, Aug. 
 15, 1826. St. w. Hoch, Mme. Dulcken, Dshler, 
 and Bartelmann ; then in Paris w. Elwart and 
 Litolff, and from 1849-52 w. Heinze and Damcke. 
 Settled in Paris in 1852, as a teacher of pf., 
 comp., and harmony. The same year, and also 
 in 1857 and 1859, made himself known by his 
 orch.l comp.s. Prod, his first comic opera (in 
 MS. since 1853), Le mariage de Don Lope (Th. 
 Lyrique, 1865). He is a member of the Nether- 
 land Mus. Soc, and is decorated with the orders 
 of Leopold, and the Oaken Crown. Was a con- 
 tributor to Pougin's Supplement to Fetis' "Bio- 
 graphic universelle." — Works : Opera, V Amour 
 et son TISle (Brussels, 1873); the 43rd psalm, f. 
 soli, ch., and orch.; 2 string-quartets; suite f. 
 strings; Meditations f. vln., 'cello, organ, harp, 
 and pf. ; songs, pf.-pcs., etc. In MS., operas, 
 symphonic preludes, orch.l sketches, etc. 
 
 Har'tog, Jacques, comp. and writer ; b. Zalt- 
 Bommel, Holland, Oct. 24, 1837. St. w. Carl 
 Wilhelm at Crefeld, and Ferd. Hillerat Cologne. 
 Prof, of mus. history at the Amsterdam School 
 of Music. Contributes to the " Centralblatt " 
 (Leipzig), the " Musikwelt," and the " Neue 
 Zeitschrift fur Musik" (Bonn). Transl. into 
 Dutch Lebert and Stark's " Klavierschule," 
 Langhans' " History of Music,'' and Breslauer's 
 " Methodik des Klavierunterrichts." — Comp.s; 
 Operetta, mass, concert-overture, vln. -concer- 
 tino, etc. 
 
 Hart'vigson, Frits, pianist ; b. Grenaa, Jut- 
 land, May 31, 1841. St. w. Gade, Gebauer.and 
 Ree ; from 1859-61, w. Bulow at Berlin. Settled 
 in London in 1864, where he has since resided, 
 with the exception of two years passed io St. 
 Petersburg (1873-5). In 1873, app. pianist to 
 the Princess of Wales ; in 1875, mus. -prof, at the 
 Norwood College for the Blind. From 1879-88, 
 he was incapacitated from public recitals, by a 
 slight failure in the nerve-power of the left arm. 
 In 1887, became pf.-prof. at the Crystal Palace. 
 — Anton, his brother, b. Aarhus, Oct. 16, 1845, 
 
HASE— HASSE 
 
 a pupil of Tausig and Edmund Neupert, also 
 resides in London as pianist and teacher. 
 Ha'se, (Dr.) Oskar von. See Breitkopf 
 
 UND HARTEL. 
 
 Ha'ser, August Ferdinand, b. Leipzig, 
 Oct. 15, 1779; d. Weimar, Nov. i, 1844, Edu- 
 cated at the Thomasschule, and student of di- 
 vinity at the Univ., Leipzig. In 1817, mus.- 
 teacher to the Dulce of Weimar's family, and 
 became church musical director, teacher of music 
 in the Weimar Training-School, chorusmaster 
 of the Court Opera, and finally theaXTS-Kapellm. 
 — Works : Oratorio, Der Triumph des Glaubens 
 (Weimar, 1828 ; Birmingham, 1S37 ; words by 
 Klopstock) ; masses, Te Deums, Paternosters, 
 requiems, misereres, etc.; also orch.l music, 
 overtures, etc.; 3 operas, pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 — Writings: " Versuch einer systematischen 
 Uebersicht der Gesanglehre " (1820); "Chor- 
 gesangschule " (1831). — His sister, 
 
 Ha'ser, Charlotte Henriette, celebrated 
 singer ; b. Leipzig, Jan. 24, 1784 ; d. (?); made 
 her debut at the Dresden Opera, and afterwards 
 sang at Vienna and in Italy. In 1813, married 
 a lawyer named Vera, at Rome. Her youngest 
 brother, 
 
 Ha'ser, Heinrich, prof, of medicine at Jena ; 
 b. Rome, Oct. 15, 1811 ; wrote " Die mensch- 
 liche Stimme, ihre Organe, ihre Ausbildung, 
 Pflege und Erhaltung " (1839). 
 
 Ha'sert, Rudolf, pianist and doctor of the- 
 ology ; b. Greifswald, Feb. 4, 1826. Intended 
 for a lawyer, he turned to music through Robt. 
 Franz's influence, and from 1848-50 St. pf. w. 
 Kullak, and comp. w. Dehn, at Berlin. He 
 made successful artistic tours, visiting Stock- 
 holm, Gothenburg, Christiania, Copenhagen, 
 Paris (1855), and Weimar, where he met Liszt ; 
 settled in Berlin in i860 as teacher, virtuoso, and 
 composer. In 1870, he passed the gov.t exam, 
 in theology, and became minister in the .Straus- 
 berg penitentiary. In 1873, he came into the 
 family-Hving at Gristow, n. his birth-place, and 
 has resided there since, as pastor. 
 
 Has'ler (or Hassler), Hans Leo von, cele- 
 brated org. and comp.; b. Nuremberg, 1564; 
 d. Frankfort, June 5, 1612. The eldest of 3 
 sons of Isaac Hassler, town-musician of Nurem- 
 berg. St. w. his father, and was a fellow-pupil 
 of G. Gabrieli under Andrea Gabrieli in Venice 
 (15B4). Was the first notable German comp. 
 who went to Italy for study. 1585-1601, org. 
 to Count Octavianus Fugger at Augsburg. 
 1601-8, court-mus. in Prague to Emperor Ru- 
 dolf II., who ennobled him. In 1608, received 
 an appointment at the court of the Elector of 
 Saxony ; he died of phthisis while travelling. — 
 One of the most famous composers of his epoch, 
 with Gumpeltzhaimer, Erbach, Melchior, and 
 Franck, H. is considered one of the founders 
 of German music ; the style of his works is 
 strongly influenced by the two Gabrielis. — 
 Comp.s : " Canzonette a4 voci" (1590) ; " Can- 
 
 tiones sacrae . . . 4, 8 et plur. voc." (1591, 
 1597, 1607); " Madrigali a 5-8 voci "(1596); 
 " Newe teutsche Gesang nach Art der welscheh 
 Madrigalien und Canzonetten " (a 4-8 ; 1596, 
 1604, 1609); " Missae 4-8 vocum " (1599); 
 " Lustgarten newer deutscher Gesang, Balletti, 
 Galliarden und Intraden mit 4-8 Stiraraen " 
 (1601, 1605, 1610) ; " Sacri concentus, 5-12 
 voc." (1601, 1612) ; " Psalmen und christliche 
 Gesange " (a 4, "fugweis," 1607; new ed. in 
 score, 'i.'Tli); " Kirchengesange, Psalmen und 
 geistliche Lieder" (a 4, "simpHciter," 1608, 
 1637); "Litaney deutsch Herrn Dr. Martini 
 I^utheri " (a 7, f. double chorus, 1619) ; " Venus- 
 garten oder neue lustige liebliche Tantze teut- 
 scher und polnischer Art" (1615). Motets of 
 his are in collections of the period. Also see 
 Eitner's " Chronol. Verzeichniss " of H.'s 
 printed works. — His brother Jakob, b. Nurem- 
 berg, 1566 ; d. Hechingen (?), 1601, was org. 
 to (jraf Eytel Friedrich von Hohenzollern-Her- 
 bingen. A famous virtuoso, he also comp. 
 much sacred music. — The third brother, Kas- 
 par, b. Nuremberg, 1570 ; d. there 1618 as 
 org., edited a collection of church-mus. , " Sym- 
 phoniae sacrae" (Nuremberg, 1598-1600). 
 
 Has'linger, Tobias, Viennese mus.-publ.; 
 b. Zell, Upper Austria, Mar. i, 1787 ; d. Vienna; 
 June 18, 1842. St. mus. w. Gloeggl, Kapellm. 
 at Linz ; in 1810 went to Vienna as bookkeeper 
 in Steiner's music-establishment, later became 
 partner, and, on Steiner's retirement in 1826, 
 sole proprietor. Cond. the business thenceforth 
 under his own name ; was on intimate terms with 
 the most famous musicians of Vienna, especially 
 Beethoven, whose musically-addressed letters to 
 H. (such as " O Tobias Dominus Haslinger," in 
 canon-form) are still extant. — He was succeeded 
 by his son Karl, b. Vienna, June 11, 1816 ; d. 
 there Dec. 26, 1868, a brilliant pianist and indus- 
 trious comp. — Works ; Wanda^ opera, and over 
 100 comp.s of various kinds. Carried on the 
 business as " Karl H., late Tobias "; the present 
 proprietor is Schlesinger (Lienau) of Berlin, who 
 bought it from the widow in 1875. 
 
 Has'se, Nikolaus, abt. 1650, org. of the 
 Marienkirche, Rostock. Under the title " De- 
 liciae Musicae" (1656), publ. his own comp.s, 
 consisting of Allemandes, Courantes, Sarabandes, 
 f. stringed instr.s, clavecin or theorbo (2nd part, 
 and "Appendix," 1658). 
 
 Has'se, Johann Adolph, dram, comp.; b. 
 Bergedorf, n. Hamburg, Mar. 25, 1699 ; d. 
 Venice, Dec. 16, 1783. His father, a school- 
 master and org., first instructed him. In 1717, 
 at 18 yrs. of age, he went to Hamburg, where 
 Ulrich Konig, the poet, recommended him to 
 Keiser, dir. of the Hamburg Opera, as tenor, a 
 position he held for 4 years. Kbnig's good of- 
 fices again, in 1722, secured him an appointment 
 at the Brunswick theatre, where H. successfully 
 prod, his ist opera, Antigonus {ii2'i). In 1724, 
 he went to Italy for study with Porpora, whom 
 he soon left for A. Scarlatti. He secured Italian 
 
 253 
 
HASSE— HASTREITER 
 
 fame with // Sesostrate (Naples, 1726), written 
 after the success (1725) of a serenade for two 
 voices, sung by Farinelli and Signora Tesi. He 
 was app. (1727) prof, at the Scuola degl' Incu- 
 rabili, Venice, for which he wrote a celebrated 
 Miserere. His talents, vocal and instrumental, 
 and his handsome appearance, made him a society 
 favorite, and he became known as " il caro Sas- 
 sone " (the amiable Saxon). Attalo, re di Bitinia 
 (Naples, 1728), was also a success. In 1730, at 
 Venice, he married the celebrated cantatrice 
 Faustina Bordoni, for whom he comp. the operas 
 Dalisa and Artascrse. In 1731, August II. 
 app. him Kapellm. and opera-dir. at Dresden, 
 his wife being eng. as prima donna. Their 
 rivalry with Porpora and his pupil Regina Min- 
 gotti ensued, and H. did not altogether shine in 
 his efforts to place them at a disadvantage. He 
 frequently obtained leave of absence, and visited 
 Venice, Milan, and Naples, where he prod, 
 several operas, also going to London, where 
 Handel reigned supreme. Recognizing Han- 
 del's superiority, he did not contest the position, 
 but returned to Dresden in 1739, when Por- 
 pora and the Mingotti had left, and remained 
 there with his wife, popular favorites, till 1763. 
 By the siege of Dresden, in 1760, H. suffered 
 great losses ; his MSS., prepared for a complete 
 cd. of his works by command of the King of 
 Poland, being destroyed. At the conclusion of 
 the war, from economy, opera was suppressed, 
 and H. and his wife were dismissed without 
 pension, retiring to Vienna. Here he comp. 
 several new operas to Metastasio's libretti, in 
 successful rivalry with Gluck, and in his 75th 
 year prod, at Milan (1744) his last opera, Rug- 
 giei-o, for the marriage of Archduke Ferdinand. 
 A dramatic serenade, Ascanio in Alba, by Mo- 
 zart (then 13 yrs. of age), being performed at the 
 same time, " This boy will throw us all into the 
 shade," was the elder's truthful prediction. The 
 last ten years of his life were spent in Venice. 
 His facility and fertility of composition were 
 astounding, and he possessed a ceaseless flow 
 of delightful melody. " Pallido e il sole," and 
 " Per questo dolce amplesso," from his Artaserse, 
 were the two airs which Farinelli sang every 
 evening for 10 years, to soothe Philip of Spain's 
 melancholy. Hasse's works include over 100 
 operas ; 10 oratorios ; 5 Te Deums w. orch. ; a 
 requiem, masses, magnificats, misereres, litanies, 
 motets, psalms, cantatas, clavier-sonatas, flute- 
 concertos, clavier-concertos, etc. A valuable 
 collection of his WSS. is in the Dresden Library. 
 
 Has'se, Faustina {nie Bordoni), wife of the 
 preceding, and a famous dram, mezzo-soprano 
 of noble birth ; b. Venice, 1693 (1700) ; d. there 
 17S3. St. w. Gasparini and B. Marcello ; in 
 1716, achieved fame by her debut in PoUarolo's 
 Ariodante, and became widely-known as the 
 " New Syren." In 1719 sang at Venice with 
 Cuzzoni and Bernacchi ; in 1722 at Naples and 
 Florence, where a medal was struck in her 
 honor. In 1724, while singing at Vienna, 
 
 Handel eng. her for his London opera (1726-8), 
 where she outrivalled Cuzzoni. In 1729, she re- 
 turned to Venice, and married Hasse, her life 
 thenceforward being bound up in his, and both 
 dying in the same year. In her zenith, she was 
 unrivalled in the brilliance and finish of her 
 vocalization. 
 
 Has'se, Gustav, popular song-composer; b. 
 Peitz, Brandenburg, Sept. 4, 1834. St. at Leip. 
 zig Cons. ; afterwards in Berlin w. Kiel and F. 
 KroU. Settled in Berlin as music-teacher. 
 
 Has'selbeck, Rosa. See Sucher. 
 
 Has'selt-Barth, Anna Maria Wilhelmine 
 («/i? van Hasselt), renowned soprano, b. Am- 
 sterdam, July 15, 1813. St. at Frankfort, at 
 Carlsruhe w. J. Fischer, and in Florence (1829) 
 w. Romani. Debut at Trieste (1831). Sang on 
 various Italian stages, and at Munich, 1833-38. 
 In 1838, eng. at the Karnthnerthor Th., Vienna, 
 until her retirement with pension. 
 
 Hass'ler. See Hasler. 
 
 Hass'ler, Johann Wilhelm, notable pf.- 
 comp. ; b. Erfurt, Mar. 29, 1747; d. Moscow, 
 Mar. 25 (29?), 1822. Son of a cap-maker, he 
 followed his father's trade, while studying the 
 pf. and organ with his uncle, Kittel, and became 
 org. of the Barfusserkirche, Erfurt, at the age 
 of 14. During his apprenticeship wanderings, 
 he gave concerts in the leading German towns. 
 At Erfurt, in 1780, he founded winter concerts, 
 and established a mus. -business. His wife 
 Sophie, an esteemed singer, took part in these 
 concerts, and after his departure to England, 
 and to Russia, where, in 1792, he was app. Imp. 
 Kapellm. at St. Petersburg, dir. the concerts, 
 and also the mus. business, till 1797, when these 
 enterprises failed, and she started to rejoin her 
 husband, but returned, and remained in Erfurt 
 the remainder of her life. In 1794, H. went to 
 Moscow, and remained there much sought after 
 as a teacher. His works form an interesting 
 link in pf.-comp. betw. Bach and Beethoven, 
 and consist of the well-known D min. gigue, 
 sonatas, concertos, fantasias, variations, org.- 
 pcs. , songs, etc. 
 
 Hass'linger-Hass'ingen. See Hager. 
 
 Hastings, Thomas, b. Washington, Litch- 
 field Co., Conn., Oct. 15, 1787 ; d. New York, 
 May 2, 1872. A self-taught musician, teacher, 
 and writer ; 1823-32, editor of the Utica, N. Y., 
 ' ' Recorder '" ; then settled in New York as an 
 organizer of church-choirs and teacher of psalm- 
 ody. His writings, " The History of Forty 
 Choirs" (1854), and "Dissertation on Musical 
 Taste" (1822; 2nd enlarged ed. 1853), throw 
 light on mus. development in the United States. 
 He composed simple hymn-tunes and anthems. 
 
 Hast'reiter, Helene, fine dramatic contralto; 
 b. Louisville, Ky., Nov. 14, 1S58. St. under 
 Lamperti, Milan. Married Dr. Burgunzio, an 
 Italian physician. Home is now (1896) Genoa, 
 
 254 
 
HATTON- -HAUPTMANN 
 
 She is a great favorite in Italy ; some of her 
 leading roles are Orfeo, Euridice, Dalilah, Senta, 
 and Ortrud. 
 
 Hatton, John Liphot, cond. and comp., b. 
 Liverpool, Oct. 20, 1809 ; d. Margate, Sept. 20, 
 1886. Excepting rudimentary instruction, was 
 self-taught. Went to London in 1832 ; app. 
 cond. at Drury Lane Theatre, 1842, and prod. 
 The Queen of the Thames^ his first operetta. 
 The same year went to Vienna, and in 1844 
 prod, there the opera Pascal Bruno. Visited 
 America in 1848. Mus. Dir. at the Princess' 
 Th., Lond., 1S53-8. Comp. much incid. mus. 
 to stage-plays, publ. a number of successful 
 songs under the pen-name of " Czapek," a can- 
 tata Robin Hood (1856), another opera. Rose, or 
 Love's Ransom (1864), and a sacred drama, 
 Hezekiah (1877). 
 
 Hatt'staedt, John J., b. Monroe, Mich., 
 Dec. 2g, 1851. After study with several Amer. 
 and Ger. teachers, he taught pf.-playing at 
 Detroit, St. Louis, and for 11 years at the 
 Chicago Coll. of Mus., where he also lectured 
 on mus. history. Since 1886, Director of the 
 Amer. Cons., Chicago, teaching pf., and con- 
 ducting a Teachers' Normal Dep.t. He is an 
 occasional contributor to the press, and has 
 publ. a " Manual of Musical History." 
 
 Hauck, Minnie, b. New York, Nov. 16, 
 1852. Dramatic soprano; debut as "Norma" 
 in N. Y. , i86g ; enthusiastically received in 
 London, the same year, in Ital. opera ; eng. 
 1870 as prima donna of Vienna Court Opera ; 
 1873-5, Berlin ; has sung repeatedly in all Euro- 
 pean capitals, and in America. Principal roles : 
 Zerlina, Mignon, Rosine, Margaretha, Ai'da, 
 Fille du Regiment, Carmen, Katherine (in 
 Goetz's Widerspenstigen), etc. 
 
 Hau'er, Karl Heinrich Ernst, b. Halber- 
 , stadt, Oct. 28, 1828 ; d. BerHn, Mar. 16, 1892. 
 Son of the cantor and teacher, from 1844 he 
 attended the Halberstadt Gymnasium. For two 
 years he studied with Marx (Berlin), and for 
 three years (distinguishing himself in comp.) at 
 the Royal Akademie (Bach, Rungenhagen, and 
 Grell). In 1853, won a silver medal with an 
 orchestrated Psalm a 8. App. mus. -teacher at 
 the Andreas Gymnasium, 1856 ; organist of the 
 Markusicirche, 1866. — Comp.s : Ave Maria a 6 
 a cappella ; Paternoster f. solo and chorus ; 
 "Luther Hymns," motets, sacred songs ; quar- 
 tets f. male and mixed voices, secular songs, etc. 
 
 Hauff, Johann Christian, theorist and comp. ; 
 b. Frankfort, Sept. 8, 1811 ; d. there Apr. 30, 
 l8gi. One of the founders and first professors 
 of the Frankfort School of Music. Wrote a 
 "Theorie der Tonsetzkunst " (1863-9; 3 '^°^-^ 
 in 5 parts). Orchestral and chamber-music. 
 
 Hauf'fe, Luise. See HArtel, Luise. 
 
 Haupt, Karl August, organ-virtuoso ; b. 
 Kunern, Silesia, Aug. 25, 1810 ; d. Berlin, July 
 4. 1891. Pupil of A. W. Bach, Klein, and 
 Dehn (Berlin), 1827-30. Org. in succession of 
 
 various Berlin churches ; app. 1849 to the Pa- 
 rochialkirche, and became famous for his fine 
 improvisations in the style of J. S. Bach. Was 
 one of the experts consulted for the specification 
 of the Crystal Palace grand organ. Teacher of 
 theory and organ-playing for some years at the 
 " Kbnigliches Kirchenrausik-Institut," Berlin, 
 and on A. W. Bach's death (1869) he was app. 
 director of the musical section of the senate of 
 the Akademie, at the same time receiving the 
 title of Professor. Taught many distinguished 
 pupils, including over 35 contemporary Amer- 
 ican organists. — In MS., numerous org.-comp.s. 
 Publ. part-songs, songs, and a valuable " Cho- 
 ralbuch" (1869). 
 
 Haupt'mann, Moritz, eminent theorist and 
 comp.; b. Dresden, Oct. 13, 1792 ; d. Leipzig, 
 Jan. 3, 1868. His 
 father was State- 
 architect, and hoped 
 to bring up his son 
 to that profession. 
 But the results of 
 his musical studies, 
 pf . and harm. 
 (Grosse), vln. 
 (Scholz), comp. 
 (Morlacchi), evinced 
 such talent that no 
 obstacle was allowed 
 to interfere with its 
 development. In 
 1811 he went to 
 
 Gotha to study vln. and comp. under Spohr, and 
 became his life-long friend. In 1812 he was 
 violinist in the Dresden court orch., became 
 mus. -teacher to the family of the Russian gov- 
 ernor of Dresden, Prince Repnin, and in 1815 
 went with them to Russia, where he stayed five 
 years. Returning to Germany, he was admitted 
 into Spohr's court, orch. at Kassel, in 1822. 
 He exhibited remarkable ability as instructor in 
 cpt. and comp., and in 1842, on the recommen- 
 dation of Mendelssohn and Spohr, was app. can- 
 tor and Musikdirector at the Thomasschule, as 
 Weinlig's successor, and prof, of cpt. and comp. 
 at Leipzig Cons., retaining these posts until his 
 death. A master of classic musical form, he 
 followed a fundamental rule, that " unity of idea 
 and perfection of form " were indispensable in 
 all comp.s, and exemplified it in his own music, 
 which is remarkable for architectonic symmetry 
 of form and purity of part-leading ; his vocal 
 music, especially the motets, is particularly 
 beautiful. Still, although a finished composer, 
 he is more famous as a theorist and teacher ; 
 among his numerous distinguished pupils were 
 Ferd. David, BurgmlUler, Kiel, the Baches, Jo- 
 achim, Sullivan, von Billow, Cowen, etc. The 
 scientific foundation of modern musical theory, 
 amplified by A. v. Oettingen (" Harmoniesys- 
 tem in dualer Entwickelung," 1866), Riemann 
 (" Handbuch der Harmonielehre," etc.), and 
 others, is laid by H. in " Die Natur der Har- 
 
 255 
 
HAUPTNER— HAUSMANN 
 
 monik und Metrik" (1853, 2nd ed. 1873 ; Engl. 
 1888). Hisother writings are : " Erlauterungen 
 zu J. S. Bach's Kunst der Fuge " (Peters) ; 
 " Ueber die Beantwortung des Fugenthemas " 
 (printed in the ' ' Wiener Recensionen ") ; also 
 short essays in various mus. periodicals, many of 
 which were collected and publ. by H.'s son as 
 "Opuscula" (1874). In 1868 a posthumous 
 work, " Die Lehre von der Harmonik," ap- 
 peared (edited by Oscar Paul). H.'s " Briefe 
 an Franz Hauser" (ed. by A. Schone ; 1871, 2 
 vol.s) and "Briefe an L. Spohr, und andere " 
 (ed. by F. Hiller, 1876) have also been publ. — 
 Comp.s. : Opera Maihilde (Kassel, 1826) ; 
 string-quartets, vln. -duets, vln. -sonatas ; also 2 
 masses, motets, part-songs f. mixed voices, 
 canons « 3 f. sopr. voices, duets, and songs f. 
 solo voice. 
 
 Haupt'ner, Thuiskon, b. Berlin, 1825 ; d. 
 there Feb. g, 1889. St. at the Berlin Royal 
 Academy, and in 1850 became Kapellm. at the 
 Vorstadtisches Th.; 1854-S, St. at the Paris 
 Cons. Was a teacher in Berlin (1861), at the 
 Basel school of music (1863), and for some years 
 directed the Singakademie, Potsdam. Publ. a 
 "Deutsche Gesangschule " (1861). — Comp.s: 
 Operettas, farces, vaudevilles. 
 
 Hausch'ka, Vincenz, gifted 'cellist and bary- 
 tone-player ; b. Mies, Bohemia, Jan. 21, 1766; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 13, 1840. Pupil of his father, 
 a school-teacher ; became chorister in Prague 
 cath. St. theory with Zbger, 'cello with Christ. 
 App. 'cellist to Count Joseph von Thun in 
 Prague (1782) ; made successful concert-tours 
 through Germany. — Works : In MS., numerous 
 comp.s f . 'cello, barytone, etc. ; publ. 9 sonatas 
 f. 'cello and bass, and a book of vocal canons 
 03- 
 
 Hau'se, Wenzel, prof, of double-bass at 
 Prague Cons.; b. in Bohemia, abt. 1796. Publ. 
 an excellent " Contrabassschule " (Hilscher, 
 Dresden, 1828 ; in French and German, Mainz, 
 1829) ; also 3 collections of noteworthy studies 
 for the instr. 
 
 Haus'egger, Friedrich von, b. Vienna, Apr. 
 26, 1837. Pupil of Salzmann and Otto Dessoff ; 
 also std. law, and became a barrister at Graz. 
 In 1872, qualified as teacher of history and 
 theory of mus. at the Univ. of Graz. A con- 
 tributor to mus. periodicals, his " Musik als 
 Ausdruck " (Vienna, 1885) is a valuable addition 
 to mus. aesthetics. Other writings: "Richard 
 Wagner und Schopenhauer"; "Vom Jenseits 
 des liiinstlers" (1893). 
 
 Hau'ser, Franz, bass-baritone opera-singer ; 
 b. Crasowitz, n. Prague, Jan. 12, 1794 ; d. 
 Freiburg, Baden, Aug. 14, 1870. Pupil of 
 Tomaczek. Sang with conspicuous success at 
 Prague (1817), Kassel, Dresden, Vienna (1828), 
 London (1832), Berlin (1835), Breslau (1836), 
 and retired from the stage the following year. 
 Travelled in Italy, was vocal-teacher at Vienna, 
 and from 1846-64 dir. and singing-teacher at 
 
 Munich Cons., retiring at its reorganization 
 
 (1865) with a pension. From 1867, lived at 
 Freiburg. A man of culture and an enthusi- 
 astic admirer of J. S. Bach, he formed a re- 
 markable collection of that master's works 
 which included some valuable autographs. His 
 " Gesanglehre fur Lehrende und Lernende" 
 
 (1866) is a recital of his personal experiences as 
 a singing-teacher. Correspondence with Men- 
 delssohn and Hauptmann has been publ. 
 
 Hau'ser, Miska [Michael], violin-virtuoso ; 
 b. Pressburg, Hungary, 1822 ; d. Vienna, Dec. 
 9, 18S7. Pupil of Josef Matalay and Kreutzer; 
 also St. at Vienna Cons. , under Mayseder and 
 Sechter. From 1840-61, made concert-tours 
 through Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, 
 Russia, France, England, North and South 
 America, Australia, India, Egypt, Turkey, etc., 
 being well received everywhere. Made his last 
 pubHc appearance in Cologne (1874). — Works: 
 Operetta, Der blinde Leiermann (abt. i860) ; fan- 
 tasias, rondos, variations, and many other vln.- 
 comp.s. His book " Aus dem Wanderbuch 
 eines osterreichischen Virtuosen " (Leipzig, 
 1858-g, 2 vol.s) was a reprint of his letters to 
 the " Ostdeutsche Post" (Vienna) on his great 
 American journey. 
 
 Hau'ser, Johann Ernst, b. Dittchenroda, 
 n. Quedlinburg, 1803. Teacher at Quedlinburg 
 Gymnasium. — Works: " Musikalisches Lexi- 
 kon"(i828, 2 vol.s; 2nd ed. 1833; only Ter- 
 minology) ; " Der Musikalische Gesellschafter " 
 (1830, Anecdotes) ; " Elementarbuch fiir die al- 
 leresten Anfange des Pianofortespiels" (1B32 ; 
 1836 as " Neue Pianoforteschule ") ; "Musi- 
 kalisches Jahrbilchlein (1833) ; " Geschichte des 
 christlichen, inbesondere des evangelischen Kir- 
 chengesangs" (1834). 
 
 Haus'mann, Valentin. Five musicians in 
 direct lineal descent bore this name : V. i, the 
 eldest ; b. Nuremberg, 1484, comp. chorales, 
 and was a friend of Luther and of Kcifellm., 
 Joh. Walter. His son, V. ii, was org. and 
 councillor at Gerbstadt, and an industrious 
 comp. of motets, canzonets, and dances (intrade, 
 paduane, etc.). V. iii, son of preceding, org. 
 at Lobejiln, was an expert in org. -construction. 
 His son, V. iv, occupied the posts of chapel- 
 mus. to the Kothen court ; org. of Alsleben Ch., 
 and wrote a treatise on solmisation. V. v, Bar- 
 tholomaus, son of preceding ; b. Lobejun, 1678, 
 became cath. -org. at Merseburg and Halle, and 
 d. as org. and burgomaster at Lauchstadt after 
 1740. In MS. several theoretical works. 
 
 Haus'mann, Robert, 'cellist ; b. Rottlebe- 
 rode, Harz Mts., Aug. 13, 1852. To 1869, st. 
 at the Brunswick Gymnasium. 1869-71, pupil 
 of Theodor MuUer at the Berlin " Hochschule," 
 and finished studies with Piatti in London. 1872- 
 6, at Dresden, 'cellist of the " Hochber?" quar- 
 tet ; became teacher at the Berlin Royal "Hoch- 
 schule." Since 1879, member of the Joachim 
 quartet. 
 
 256 
 
HAUTIN— HAYDN 
 
 Hautin (or Haultin), Pierre, b. La Rochelle, 
 abt. 1500 ; d. Paris, 1580, was the earliest French 
 founder of musical types. He made his first 
 dies, for the printing of Attaignant's 20 books 
 of motets, in 1525. 
 
 Hawes, William, Engl. comp. and cond. ; 
 b. London, June 21, 1785 ; d there, Feb. 18, 
 1846. 1793-1801, Chapel Royal chorister ; 1802, 
 violinist at Covent Garden'; became Gentleman 
 of the Chapel Royal in 1805 ; vicar-choral and 
 Master of Choristers at St. Paul's, 1814 ; Mas- 
 ter of the Children of the Chapel Royal, 1817 ; 
 and lay-vicar of Westminster Abbey, 1817-20. 
 From 1824-36, director of English opera at the 
 Lyceum. He adapted and prod, many operas 
 for the English stage, and also comp. comic 
 operas, glees, madrigals, etc. 
 
 Hawkins, (Sir) John, Engl, writer and 
 musicograph ; b. London, Mar. 30, 1719 ; d. 
 at Spa, May 14, 1789. By profession an attor- 
 ney, he was also an ardent mus. dilettante ; he 
 became a member of various societies, and wrote 
 cantatas s^t to music by John Stanley. A 
 wealthy marriage (1753) rendered him independ- 
 ent, and he devoted his leisure to literature, 
 more especially that of music. In 1770 he 
 publ. anonymously " An Account of the Institu- 
 tion and Progress of the Acad, of Ancient 
 Music." He was knighted in 1772. The re- 
 sult of 16 years' labor was his " General History 
 of the Science and Practice of Music" (1776; 
 5V0I.S 4to, containing 58 portraits of musicians ; 
 republ. by Novello, I'jJS, 2 vol.s 8vo.). The 
 1st vol. of Burney's " General History of Music" 
 appeared at the sa.ne time as H.'s complete 
 work, and was then considered superior. For 
 the other three vol.s of his work, Burney drew 
 on H., who was; indebted to Cooke for the tran- 
 scription of th;e old notation, etc., and to Boyce 
 for the selection of the musical illustrations. 
 Burney was brilliant, and the better musician, 
 but frequently careless and inaccurate ; while 
 H.,more ^instaking and conscientious, made 
 his compilation more reliable as a work of refer- 
 ence ; Burney's never reached a. 2nd edition. 
 H. died of paralysis, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey. The monograph on Corelli 
 (" Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleas- 
 ure, "Apr., 1777) was not new, butareprint from 
 H.'s principal work. 
 
 Hay'dn, (Franz) Josef, renowned comp.; 
 
 hrau-on-the-Leitha, Lower Austria, Mar. 
 
 lapt. April l), 1732 ; d. Vienna, May 31, 
 
 He was the second son of Matthias 
 
 dn, a wheelwright, the sexton and organ- 
 
 of the village church, and a fine tenor 
 
 ger. His mother, Maria Koller, was a daugh- 
 
 of the market-inspector, sang in the village 
 
 oir, and had been cook in the household of 
 
 [ount Harrach, the lord of the village. Of 
 
 eir twelve children, three became musicians. 
 
 n Sundays and holidays there was music at 
 
 lome, the father accompanying the voices on 
 
 17 
 
 the harp, which he played by ear. At 5 years 
 of age, Josef's musical aptitude was noticed by 
 a paternal cousin, Johann Matthias Frankh, a 
 good musician, Chorregent and Schulrector at 
 Hainburg. He took the boy home with him 
 and gave him elementary instruction, taught him 
 Latin, singing, and to play the violin and other 
 instr.s. George Reutter, Hofcompositeur and 
 Kapellm. at St. Stephen's, Vienna, had his at- 
 tention drawn to the boy's talent, and engaged 
 him as chorister for St. Stephen's, undertaking 
 his further education. H. was 8 years of age 
 when he went to Vienna. Besides the daily 
 service, and 2 hours' choir-practice, he studied 
 religion, Latin, writing, and arithmetic. He 
 also received instruction in singing, and on the 
 violin and clavier, from Finsterbusch and Gegen- 
 bauer. Harmony and comp. were supposed to 
 be taught by Reutter, who did not trouble him- 
 self about the mat- 
 ter. Still, unaided, 
 H. applied himself 
 assiduously to 
 comp., and at 13 
 wrote a mass ; 
 though ridiculed, in- 
 stead of encouraged, 
 by Reutter, he per- 
 sisted, and spent a 
 little money, begged 
 from his father for 
 the renewal of his 
 clothing, in the pur- 
 chase of Fux's 
 ' ' Gradus ad Par- 
 nassum " and Mat- 
 
 theson's " Volkommener Kapellm.," the princi- 
 ples of which he labored to master. In 1748 his 
 voice began to break, and he was supplanted by 
 his brother Michael, who had joined him in 1745. 
 Reutter made a practical joke which H . played 
 on a fellow-student a pretext for punishment 
 and dismissal. Some poor but kindhearted 
 friends gave him shelter ; he also obtained a few 
 pupils, and a sympathetic Viennese tradesman 
 lent him 150 florins ; he was thus enabled to 
 rent an attic-room for himself, together with a 
 rickety harpsichord. Here he could practise un- 
 interruptedly, and Emanuel Bach's first 6 so- 
 natas became his chief source of study. He 
 also assiduously practised the violin, but was (in 
 his own words) "no conjuror on any instru- 
 ment, though able to play a concerto." In the 
 same house lived Metastasio, the poet, who 
 taught him Italian, and recommended him as 
 musical instructor to a Spanish family, the de 
 Martines, for their daughter Marianne. Through 
 playing her accompaniments at the house of 
 Porpora, her singing-teacher, he became ac- 
 quainted with that surly old master, and in the 
 performance of various menial services gained 
 his good-will sufficiently to receive some valuable 
 instruction in comp. from him, and a recommen- 
 dation to the Venetian ambassador for a stipend, 
 which was granted, of 50 francs a month. H, 
 
 257 
 
HAYDN 
 
 went with Porpora to the baths of Mannersdorf , 
 and made the acquaintance of Bonno, Wagen- 
 seil, Dittersdorf, and Gluck. He was now 20 
 years of age, and had composed 6 trios, sonatas, 
 and other instr.l music, his ist Mass in F, and 
 a comic opera, Dej' neue krttmme Teufel^ prod, 
 at the Stadttheater, 1752 (a satire on the lame 
 baron Affligio, official director of the court opera, 
 and suppressed after the 3rd representation, but 
 afterwards given in Prague, Berlin, and other 
 cities). H. received 24 ducats for this work, of 
 which the libretto alone has been preserved. 
 One of his sonatas earned the good graces of 
 Countess Thun, who engaged him as harpsi- 
 chordist and singing-master. He also met Baron 
 Karl Josef Fiirnberg, for whom he comp. his 
 1st quartet (1753), which was followed by seven- 
 teen others within a year. These two wealthy 
 friends introduced him to Count Ferdinand 
 Maximilian Morzin, who, in 1758, app. H. Mu- 
 sikdirector and Kaminercompositeur at Lukavec, 
 n. Pilsen. In 1759 Prince Paul Anton Ester- 
 hazy heard his Ist symph. in D, and asked the 
 count to give him his composer ; in 1760 H. 
 entered his service as and Kapellm. at Eisen- 
 stadt, after the death of Werner becoming ist 
 Kapellm. The same year, H. married Maria 
 Anna, the eldest daughter of an early benefactor, 
 Keller, a wig-maker. He was in love with tjie 
 second daughter, but she entered a convent, 
 and H. was induced to marry the sister. Of an 
 extravagant, vixenish, incompatible tempera- 
 ment, she made their married life miserable. 
 In 1762 the "great" Esterhazy, Prince Niko- 
 laus, succeeded his deceased brother, and under 
 his r^ghni; the status of music and musicians was 
 much improved. For the Prince's new palace at 
 Esterhaz, besides the daily music, H. had to 
 provide two weekly operatic performances and 
 two formal concerts ; while in his service, H. 
 comp. some 30 symphonies, 40 quartets, diverti- 
 menti, 6 string-trios, a concerto f. French horn, 
 12 orch.l minuets, clavier-works of all descrip- 
 tions, and nearly all his operas, besides other 
 vocal comp.s. His music became known 
 throughout Europe ; the official gazette alluded 
 to him as "our national favorite." In 1780 he 
 was elected member of the Modena Philhar- 
 monic Society ; in 1784 Prince Henry of Prussia 
 sent him a gold medal and his portrait ; in 1785 
 he was commissioned to write a mass. The Seven 
 Words on the Cross, for the Cathedral of Cadiz ; 
 in 1787 King Friedrich Wilhelm II. gave him 
 a diamond ring ; and many other distinctions 
 were conferred upon him. During his stay at 
 Esterhaz, his friendship for Mozart developed. 
 In 1790 Prince Nikolaus died, and his son 
 Anton curtailed the chapel-music, retaining H., 
 however, a.% Kapellm., and increasing his stipend 
 of 1,000 florins by an additional 400. He was 
 virtually independent ; his time was his own, 
 and he added to his income by the sale of his 
 works. For some time he had received pressing 
 invitations to visit London. lie had settled in 
 Vienna, when Salomon appeared with a tempt- 
 
 ing offer, and induced him to accompany him, 
 although his friends, especially Mozart, tried to 
 dissuade him. In 1791 he arrived in England, 
 and remained there eighteen months, feted and 
 petted by royalty and the nobility, the artistic 
 " lion " of a brilliant and successful season. In 
 July, Oxford conferred on him the inevitable 
 hon. degree of Mus. Doc. ; and his best orch.l 
 works, the " Salomon symphonies," were written 
 during this visit. During his absence, Mozart 
 had died (Dec. 5, 1791). In 1792 H. returned 
 ■via Bonn to Frankfort, for the coronation of 
 Emperor Franz II., and went thence to Vienna, 
 also visiting his native place to witness the un- 
 veiling of a monument erected in his honor by 
 Count Harrach, his mother's former employer. 
 In this year he gave Beethoven the lessons with 
 which the latter was so dissatisfied. In 1794 he 
 revisited London ; his former triumphs were re- 
 peated, and though pressed by the King to make 
 England his home, he' returned to his native land 
 in affluence, at the invitation of a new Prince, 
 to reorganize the Esterhazy chapel, as Kapellm. 
 But his fame, though great, was not yet in its 
 zenith. In 1797 he comp. the Austrian Na- 
 tional Anthem, "The Emperor's Hymn." In 
 1798, in his sixty-fifth year, was prod, his im- 
 mortal oratorio Die Schopfung ( The Creation), 
 and in 1801, Die Jahreszeiien [The Seasons). 
 But his health began to fail, and thenceforward 
 he lived in retirement. Only once did he again 
 appear in public, in 1808, at a special perform- 
 ance of the Creation ; but he had to be carried 
 out before the finish, friends and pupils, among 
 whom was Beethoven, surrounding liim to take 
 leave, B. bending to kiss 'he old man's hands 
 and forehead. He lingered until 1809, when his 
 end was hastened by the shock of the bombard- 
 ment of Vienna by the French. He was buried 
 in the Hundsthurm churchyard; eleven years 
 later he was reinterred at EisenStadt. In 1887 
 a splendid monument was erected to H. in 
 Vienna. 
 
 Although of unprepossessing per^nal appear- 
 ance, stern, dignified in aspect, ancXlaconic in 
 speech, lie was of a humorous, agrneable, and 
 amiable temperament, and artisticalx liberal- 
 minded. The religious side of his clsracter is 
 shown in the inscriptions of all his scoies, with 
 the motto " In Nomine Domini " or " tWi Deo 
 Gloria," and all ending with " Laus Deo^ 
 
 Haydn is justly called the father of iRdern 
 orchestral music ; he taught each instr. to *eak 
 with an individuality of expression unkno^^ to 
 previous eras ; his melodic vein is original%id 
 inexhaustible ; the frank gayety and extravaajnt 
 fun of "Papa Haydn's" lighter music v| ' 
 straight to the hearts of the impressionable T 
 ennese, and lent new vivacity to European ci 
 cert-halls ; in his moods of tenderness or ' 
 passion he is a worthy forerunner of Beethov^ 
 His genius expanded the ' ' sonata-form '' 
 the modern symphony and quartet (though 
 the latter Bononcini appears to have an equi 
 claim to independence of invention) ; in orator! 
 
 258 
 
HAYDN— HAYES 
 
 he rivals Handel in majesty and power. And to 
 all this, which in itself stamps him as one of the 
 greatest composers of all times, must be added 
 the marvellous fertility — prodigality — of his crea- 
 tive resources. The list of his comp.s is enor- 
 mous. It comprises 125 Symphonies {incl. 
 overtures ; H. himself reckoned his 66 diverti- 
 menti, cassations, sextets, etc., as symphonies), 
 the meagre instrumentation of the earliest 
 (strings, 2 oboes, 2 horns) contrasting strongly 
 with that of the 12 "English" symphonies 
 (strings, flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 
 horns, 2 trumpets, 2 kettle-drums) and others of 
 his maturity. Some having distinctive titles are 
 the "Farewell" {Abschiedssymphonie, 1772), 
 the "Fixe S." {Feuersymph., 1774), the "Toy 
 Symph." (Kinder symfh.)^ " La Chasse" (1780), 
 the "Oxford" (1788 ; perf. at Oxford in 1791), 
 the " Surprise " (Symph. mit dem Paukenschlag, 
 I7gi), " S. with the drum-roll" (S. mit dem 
 Paukemuirbel, 1795), "The 7 Words on the 
 Cross" [Die 7 Worte am Kreuz^ 1785 ; written 
 for Cadiz Cathedral as a " passione instrumen- 
 tal " for Good Friday ; rearranged later as a 
 quartet, and again [by Ml Haydn] as an ora- 
 torio). — Other instr.l works : 9 vln. -con- 
 certos, 6 'cello-concertos, 16 concertos for other 
 instr.s (lyre, barytone, double-bass, flute, horn), 
 77 string-quartets, 32 trios for strings and other 
 instr.l combinations {excl. pf.), 175 numbers f. 
 barytone, 4 vln. -sonatas, 6 duets f. vln. and via., 
 7 nocturnes f. lyre ; numerous minor pes. ; — f. 
 harpsichord or pf. : 20 concertos, 38 pf. -trios (35 
 w. vln. and 'cello, 3 w. flute and 'cello), 53 so- 
 natas and divertimenti ; 4 sonatas w. vln. ; 9 
 minor ' pes. — Vocal : 3 oratorios {Creation ; 
 Sectsons ; Jl ritorno di Tobid)^ several cantatas, 
 14 masses, 2 Te Deums, a Stabat Mater, 13 
 offertories, motets, arias, etc. ; Operas ; Der 
 neue krutnme Teufel [as above] ; La vera co- 
 stanza (written 1776 for the Vienna Court Th., 
 but not perf. there ; prod, as Laurette in Paris, 
 1791) ; LoSpeciale, i-act comic' opera (Esterhaz, 
 1768; Vienna, private perf., 1770; revived, as 
 Der Apotheker, at Dresden Court Th., 1895); 
 4 Italian comedies, 14 Ital. opere buffe (incl. 
 Lo Speciale), and 5 marionette-operas (all prob- 
 ably prod, at Eisenstadt and Esterhaz) ; Orfeo 
 (written in London ; unfinished) ; music to sev- 
 eral plays ; 22 detached arias ; a cantata f . solo 
 voice and pf., "Ariana a Naxos"; a cantata f. 
 vocal solo and barytone, " Deutschlands Klage 
 auf den Tod Friedrichs des Grossen"; " The 10 
 Commandments " in canon-form (later, with dif- 
 ferent words, as " Die 10 Gesetze der Kunst ") ; 
 [36 German songs; 12 canzonets; the Austrian 
 National Hymn ; other songs ; collections of 
 Scotch and Welsh folk-songs ; vocal duets, trios, 
 etc. 
 
 Biographical : ' ' Brevi notizie storiche della 
 
 vita e delle opere di Giuseppe H.," by S. 
 
 Mayr, 1809; " Biographische Nachrichten von 
 
 i J. H.," A. K. Dies, 1810 ; " Biographische No- 
 
 gtizen liber Josef H.," G. A. Griesinger, 1810 ; 
 
 Le Haydine," G. Carpani, 18 12 and (enlarged) 
 
 1823 ; "J. H. in London 1791 and 1792," Th. 
 G. Karajan, 1861 ; " Mozart and li. in Lon- 
 don," K. F. Pohl, 1867 ; the only really com- 
 prehensive work is "Josef H.," K. F. Pohl; 
 vol. i., 1st half, Leipzig, 1875 ; 2nd half, 1882 ; 
 (completed, on the death of Pohl in 1887, by 
 E. V. Mandyczewski). Haydn's London Note 
 Book is given in extenso in Krehbiel's " Music 
 and Manners" (New York, 1898). 
 
 Hay'dn, Johann Michael, organist and sa- 
 cred composer, brother of preceding ; b. Rohrau, 
 Sept. 14, 1737; d. Salzburg, Aug. 10, 1806. 
 Soprano chorister, with remarkable voice three 
 octaves in compass, at St. Stephen's, Vienna, 
 1745-55, replacing his brother Josef. St. vln. 
 and organ, and became asst.-org. ; in 1757, 
 Kapeltm. at Grosswardein ; in 1762, Concert- 
 meister and director at Salzburg to Archbishop 
 Sigismund, and, in 1777, organist of the Cathe- 
 dral and St. Peter's church there. Pie married 
 the daughter of Kapellm. Lipp, Maria Magda- 
 lena, an excellent soprano-singer, extolled by 
 Mozart for her virtues. By the French occupa- 
 tion of Salzburg in 1800 he lost his property, 
 but his brother and friends liberally assisted him, 
 and the Empress Maria Theresa rewarded him 
 handsomely for a mass composed at her com- 
 mand, in which she sang the soprano solos. 
 He opened a sphool of composition, and edu- 
 cated many distinguished pupils, incl, Reicha 
 and Carl M. v. Weber. In 1833 Martin Bi- 
 schofsreiter, a Benedictine monk, published 
 " Partitur-Fundamente," a coll. of thorough- 
 bass exercises written by M. H. for his scholars. 
 He comp. a mass and vespers for Prince Ester- 
 hazy, who twice offered to make him vice-,^a- 
 pellm. of his chapel ; but H. refused, hoping 
 the Salzburg chapel would be reorganized. He 
 was elected a member of the Stockholm Acad- 
 emy. A prolific composer, his best works were 
 his sacred comp.s, which his brother held in 
 high estimation, ranking them above his own. 
 He was chary of publication, and declined 
 Breitkopf und Hartel's frequent advances. — ■ 
 Works : Vocal l About 360 church-comp.s, in- 
 cluding oratorios, masses, cantatas, 2 requiems, 
 graduals, etc. ; also operas, operettas, 4-part 
 songs, songs, and canons in 4 and 5 parts. 
 Instr.l: 30 symphonies, i sextet, 3 quintets, 
 serenades, marches, 12 orch.l minuets, a vln.- 
 concerto, 50 short organ-pcs., etc. — A "Bio- 
 graphische Skizze," by Schinn and Otter, was 
 publ. at Salzburg (1808). 
 
 Hayes, William, Engl. org. and comp.; b. 
 Hanbury, Worcestershire, in Dec, 1706 ; d. 
 Oxford, July 27, 1777. Chorister at Gloucester 
 cath. ; org. of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury, 1729-31 ; 
 then of Worcester cath., 1731-4. Became org. 
 of Magdalen Coll., Oxford, in 1734 ; Mus. Bac. 
 1735 ; Univ. prof, of mus., 1742 ; Mus. Doc. 
 1749. In 1763, cond. the Gloucester Mus. Fes- 
 tival. — Comp.s ; Psalms, odes, glees, canons,, 
 catches, ballads, cantatas ; a masque, Circe ; 
 etc. Wrote " Remarks on Mr. Avison's Essay 
 
 259 
 
HAYES— Hi^DOUIN 
 
 on Mus. Expression" (1758); "Anecdotes of 
 the Five Music Meetings" (1768) ; and was co- 
 editor of Boyce's " Cath. Mus." — His son and 
 pupil, 
 
 Hayes, Philip, b. Oxford, Apr., 1738 ; d. 
 London, Mar. 19, 1797. Ciiorister at Magdalen 
 Coll., 1749-51 ; became Mus. Bac. Oxon., 1763 ; 
 Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 1767 ; org. of 
 New College, Oxford, 1776 ; org. of Magdalen 
 Coll. and Univ. Prof, of Mus. in succession to 
 his father, 1777, the same year becoming Mus. 
 Doc. Org. of St. John's Coll., 1790. — Comp.s : 
 Oratorio Prophecy (Oxford, 1781) ; a masque 
 Telemachus ; odes, anthems, services, psalms, 
 glees ; 6 concertos f. org., harpsich. , or pf. 
 (1769); and edited " Harmonia Wiccamica" 
 (London, 1780). 
 
 Haym (or Hennius), Gilles, Belgian comp. 
 of the i6th century. Singer and canon of the 
 St. John's Collegiate Church, Liege ; then Ka- 
 pellm. to the Elector Prince-Bishop of Cologne, 
 later to the Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg. Publ. 
 masses, motets, hymns, etc. (Cologne and Ant- 
 werp, 1620-51). 
 
 Haym (Ital. Aimo), Niccol6 Francesco, 
 
 of German parentage ; b. Rome, abt. 1679 ; d. 
 London, Aug. 11, 1729. Received a brilliant 
 education ; distinguished himself in music and 
 poetry, and became a fine 'cellist. In 1704, set- 
 tled in London, rearranged operas, and wrote li- 
 bretti for Clayton, Dieupart, Bononcini, Ariosti, 
 and Handel. — Publ. comp.s : 2 books of sona- 
 tas f. 2 violins and bass. 
 
 Hays, William Shakspeare, Amer. song- 
 comp.; b. Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1837. Wrote 
 his first song at 16 years of age, and has publ. 
 nearly 300, which have had an enormous total 
 sale of several millions. The most widely- 
 known are : Evangeline^ My Southern Sunny 
 Home, Write me a Letter from Home, Driven 
 from Home, Mollie Darling, etc. 
 
 Heap, Charles Swinnerton, pianist and 
 cond.; b. Birmingham, Engl., Apr. 10, 1847. 
 As winner of the Mendelssohn scholarship, from 
 1865-7 pupil of Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, 
 riauptmann, Richter, and Reinecke ; 1867, org.- 
 pupil of Best, at Liverpool. Mus. Bac, Cam- 
 bridge, 1871 ; Mus. Doc, 1872. Cond. of 
 Birmingham Philharmonic (1870-86), Stafford, 
 and other Societies, and of Wolverhampton 
 Musical Festival. Since 1888, cond. of the N. 
 Staffordshire Festivals ; from 1895, also con- 
 ducted the Birm. Fest. Choral Soc, and since 
 1897 has been chorusmaster of Birm. Festival. 
 He is well known, as an organist, concert-giver, 
 and teacher, and in 1884 was app. Examiner for 
 Mus. Degrees at Cambridge. — Comp.s: Oratorio 
 The Captivity ; cantatas The Voice of Spring 
 (1882), The Maid of Astolat (1886), and Fair 
 Rosamond (1890) ; 2 overtures ; a quintet f. pf. 
 and wind ; a pf.-trio ; soriatas f. pf., f. pf. and 
 
 vln., and f. pf. and clar. ; anthems, pf. -music, 
 organ-pcs., part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 He'benstreit, Pantaleon, violinist; b. Eisle- 
 ben, 1660 ,(g ?) ; d. Dresden, Nov. 15, 1750. 
 Was a dancing-master at Leipzig, but fled from 
 his creditors to Merseburg, where the idea of 
 improving the dulcimer was suggested to him, 
 and he invented the instr. with which he made 
 long and brilliant concert-tours and which Louis 
 XIV. named the " Pantalon," after its originator's 
 Christian name. As a precursor of the pf., it has 
 disappeared in the process of evolution. In 
 1706 H. was app. Kapellm. and dancing-master 
 to the court at Eisenach ; in 1714, "pantalon" 
 chamber-musician at the Dresden court. 
 
 Hecht, Eduard, pianist and comp. ; b. Diirk- 
 heim (Rhine Palatinate), Nov. 28, 1S32 ; d. 
 Didsbury, n. Manchester, Mar. 7, 1887. Pupil 
 of his father, prof, of singing at Frankfort ; also 
 of J. Rosenhain. In 1851, went to Paris, and 
 publ. his first comp.s. Settled in England 
 (1854) as choral cond. at Manchester. From 
 1875, prof, of harm, at Owens College, Man- 
 chester. — Chamber-music ; salon-rav&\c, marches, 
 caprices, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Heck'el, Wolf, lutenist, living at Strassburg 
 in the i6th century. Publ. a " Lautenbuch " 
 (Strassburg, 1562), a valuable and interesting 
 coll. of old German, French, and Italian songs, 
 dances, fantasias, ricercari, pavanes, and salte- 
 relles, arr. f. 2 lutes. A copy of this rare work is 
 in the Hamburg town-library. 
 
 Heck'mann, Georg Julius Robert, gifted 
 violinist ; b. Mannheim, Nov. 3, 1848 ; d. Glas- 
 gow, Nov. 29, 1891, during a concert-tour. St. 
 at Leipzig Cons, under David, 1865-7. Cond. 
 of the "Euterpe," Leipzig, 1867-70. Made 
 artistic tours, 1872-5 ; and in 1881, leader of a 
 renowned string-quartet in Cologne. — His wife 
 Marie {n^e Hartwig) was an excellent pianist; 
 b. Greiz, 1843 ; d. Cologne, July 23, i8go. 
 
 H^douin, Pierre, lawyer and litt&ateur ; b. 
 Boulogne, July 28, 1789; d. Paris, Dec, 1868. 
 In 1809 St. law in Paris, became an advocate, 
 and for 30 years practised in Boulogne. In 
 1842, app. chef du bureau at the Ministry of 
 Public Works, and settled in Paris. A predi- 
 lection for music and the arts was fostered by 
 his relationship with Monsigny the composer, 
 and he occupied his leisure moments with litera- 
 ture, especially that of music, and in composi- 
 tion. He wrote novels, contributed to the " An- 
 nales archeologiques," " Annales romantiques," 
 and to several mus. periodicals ; comp. nocturnes, 
 romances, and songs, also writing the words, 
 and furnished the libretti of several operas. — 
 Mus. writings: " Eloge historique de Mon- 
 signy" (1S21), "Gossec, sa vie et ses ouvrages" 
 (1852), " De I'Abandon des anciens composi- 
 teurs," "Ma premiere visite k Gretry," "Richard 
 Cceur de Lion de Gretry," "Lesueur,'' "Meyer- 
 beer a Boulogne-sur-Mer," " Paganini," "Joseph 
 
 260 
 
HEERINGEN— HEINICHEN 
 
 Dessauer " (publ. in the " Menestrel "), " Trois 
 anecdotes musicales" (on Lesueur, Mile. Duga- 
 zon, and Gluck) in his " Mosaique " (1S56 ; a 
 publ. coll. of his miscellaneous articles) ; ' ' Gluck, 
 son arrivee en France" (1859) ; etc. 
 
 Hee'ringen, Ernst von, b. Grossmehlza, n. 
 Sondershausen, 1810 ; d. Washington, Dec. 24, 
 1855. In 1850 he tried to introduce a new no- 
 tation, which abolished the [5 and #, gave white 
 notes for the 7 fundamental tones, black for the 
 5 intermediate, and simplified time-signatures, 
 clefs, etc. Mortified at his want of success, he 
 emigrated to America. 
 
 He'gar, Friedrich, b. Basel, Oct. 11, 1841. 
 Pupil (1857-60) of Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz, 
 David, and Plaidy, at Leipzig Cons. In i86o, 
 leader of the Bilse Orch. in Warsaw ; lived 
 awhile in Paris and London ; then (1861) became 
 mus. dir. in Gebweiler, Alsatia ; and in 1S63 
 settled in Zurich, where he is still (1899) active as 
 cond. of orch. and chorus. He became cond. of 
 the Subscription Concerts, and also of the Choral 
 Soc. ("Gemischter Chor Zurich ") in 1865, and 
 raised both to a high artistic level. In 1875 he 
 founded a Cons. (" Musikschule ") at Zurich; 
 among its famous alumni are Frau Herzog- 
 Welti, now of the Berlin Court Opera, and 
 Willy Rehberg. — Works: Op. i, 3 pf.-pcs. ; 
 op. 2, Hymne an die Musik, f. ch. and orch.; 
 op. 3, vln. -concerto in D ; op. 4, " Morgen in 
 Walde," f. male ch.; op. 5, " Das Abendmahl," 
 f. male ch.; op. 7, 4 songs ; op. 8, 3 songs f. 
 male ch.; op. g, "Die beiden Sarge," f. male 
 ch.; op. 10, 3 songs; op. n, "In den Alpen," 
 f. male ch.; op. 12, 3 mixed ch.s ; op. 13, 
 "Waldlied," f. male ch.; op. 14, Waltz f. vln. 
 w. pf. ; op. 15, "Rudolf V. Werdenberg," f. 
 malech. ; op. i5, Manasse, dram, poem f. soli, 
 ch. and orch. [v. succ] ; op. 17, " Todtenvolk," 
 f. male ch. ; op. 18, male ch. ; op. ig, 5 songs f . 
 solo voice ; op. 20, " Hymne an den Gesang," f. 
 male ch.; op. 21, 2 songs f. male ch.; op. 22, 
 "Weihedes Liedes," f. male ch.; op. 23, male 
 ch.; op. 24, "Die Trompete v. Gravelotte," f. 
 male ch.; op. 25, Festouverture f. orch., in F ; 
 op. 26, 4 songs f. solo voice. 
 
 He'gar, Emil, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Basel, Jan. 3, 1843. St. at Leipzig Cons. In 
 1866, 'cello-teacher at the Cons., and 1st 'cello 
 in the Gewandhaus Orch. An excellent player, 
 nervousness compelled him to abandon the instr. 
 He then studied singing, and is now vocal-teacher 
 at the Basel School of Music, and a concert- 
 singer. — Julius, another brother, is ist 'cello in 
 the Zurich " Tonhalle " orch. 
 
 Heg'ner, Anton, fine 'cellist ; b. Copen- 
 hagen, Mar. 2, 1861 ; st. in Copenh. Cons.; 
 played with great success in Copenh. (1875), 
 etc., Berlin (1892), N. Y. (1894), etc. Now 
 (l8gg) teaching in N. Y. — Works : 4 quartets ; 
 I pf.-trio ; many soli f. 'cello, violin ; abt. 60 
 songs ; also 2 concertos f. 'cello (op. 17, in A ; 
 op- 23, in D min.). 
 
 Heg'ner, Otto, b. Basel, Nov. 18, 1876. St. 
 there with Fricker, Ruber, and Glaus. Made 
 his pianistic debut as a youthful prodigy at 
 Basel, Baden-Baden, etc. Appeared in England 
 and America in 1888, and at the Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, 1890. Has comp. pf.-pcs. 
 
 Hei'de, von der. See von der Heide. 
 
 Hei'den. See Heyden. 
 
 Hei'dingsfeld, Ludwig, talented comp.; b. 
 Jauer, Prussia, Mar. 24, 1854. Pupil of Stern 
 Cons., Berlin, where he is now teacher. Mus. 
 dir. at Glogau, 1878 ; at Liegnitz, 1884. — 
 Works: Orch. comp.s, pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 Hei'nefetter, Sabine, celebrated soprano 
 opera-singer ; b. Mayence, Aug. 19, 1805 
 (1809?) ; d. Illenau, Nov. 18, 1872. Of humble 
 parentage, she was noticed, as a strolling harpist, 
 by a Frankfort musician, who gave her lessons. 
 Her debut was successful, and in 1825 she went 
 to Spohr at Cassel, who further instructed her. 
 Sang in Berlin and Paris, where she st. with 
 Tadolini. Achieved brilliant success in Vienna, 
 Milan, and other cities. Her last appearance 
 was at Frankfort in 1844. Among her chief 
 roles were Donna Anna {Don Giovaimi) and 
 Zelmira. In 1853 she married a Mons. Mar- 
 quet of Marseilles. She died insane. Her five 
 sisters also sang with success on various stages : 
 Clara (Mme. Stockel), b. Mayence, Feb. 17, 
 1816 ; d. (also insane) Vienna, Feb. 23, 1857 ; 
 Kathinka, b. 1820 ; d. Dec. 20, 1858 ; Fatima 
 (married to the nobleman Miklowitz); Eva, and 
 Nanette. 
 
 Hei'nemeyer, Ernst Wilhelm, celebrated 
 flutist ; b. Hanover, Feb. 25, 1827 ; d. Vienna, 
 Feb. 12, 1869. Son and pupil of the distin- 
 guished flutist and Hanoverian royal chamber- 
 mus.. Christian H. [1796-1872]. From 1845- 
 7, he was a member, with his father, of the royal 
 orch., Hanover. In 1847, went to. St. Peters- 
 burg as 1st flute in the Imp. orch. and instruc- 
 tor at the Theatre-school. Pensioned in 1859, 
 he returned to Hanover, but settled in Vienna in 
 1866. — Works: Concertos and other flute- 
 comp.s, much esteemed. 
 
 Hei'nichen, Johann David, b. Krbssuln, n. 
 Weissenfels, Apr. 17, 1683 ; d. Dresden, July 
 16, I72g. Pupil of Schelle and Kuhnauatthe 
 Thomasschule, Leipzig ; also St. law, and prac- 
 tised as a lawyer at ^Weissenfels. Returning to 
 Leipzig, he comp. operas, and publ. a work on 
 thorough-bass ; " Neu erfundene und griindliche 
 Anweisung . . ." (1711) ; 2nd ed. as "Der 
 Generalbass in der Composition, oder Neu er- 
 fundene," etc. (1728). Councillor Buchta, of 
 Zeitz, supplying the funds, H. accompanied 
 him to Italy, where (1713-18) he studied, and 
 prod, several operas, mostly in Venice ; also for 
 a time was eng. by and travelled with the Prince 
 of Anhalt-KOthen ; was app. (1718) Court 
 Kapellm. to Augustus the Strong, at Dresden. — 
 Comp.s (in the Royal Library, Berlin) : Re- 
 quiem masses, Kyrie and Gloria, Te Deum, 
 
 261 
 
HEINRICH— HELLER 
 
 cantatas, etc. ; (in the Royal Library, Dresden) : 
 3 operas, 57 cantatas, 11 concertos, 7 masses, 2 
 requiems, and 6 serenades. 
 
 Hein'rich XXIV., Prince Reuss j. L., b. 
 Dec. 8, 1855, has written a symphony, a so- 
 nata f. pf . and vln. , a string-quintet, an octet f . 
 strings, clar., horn, and bassoon ; etc. Is a good 
 pianist. 
 
 Hein'rich, Johann Georg, b. Steinsdorf, 
 n. Hainau (Silesia), Dec. 15, 1807 ; d. Sorau, 
 Jan. 20, 1882. Org. at Schwiebus, and in 1846 
 at .Sorau. App. royal mus. dir., 1872. — Comp. 
 cantatas, psalms, chorals, and org. -pes. Writ- 
 ings : An " Orgellehre " (1861), and " Der Or- 
 gelbau-Revisor. " 
 
 Hein'richs, Johann Christian, b. Hamburg, 
 1760. St. at Lubeck and Riga, and settled in 
 St. Petersburg. Wrote " Entstehung, Fort- 
 gang und jetzige Beschaffenheit der russichen 
 Jagdmusik " (1796). 
 
 Hein'richs, Anton Philipp, b. Schonbuchel, 
 Bohemia, Mar. 11, 1781 ; d. New York, May 3 
 (Nov. 23 ?), i85i. Spent a life of remarkable 
 vicissitudes, and was known as " Father H." 
 Publ. songs, pf.-pcs., and instr.l works of merit. 
 
 Hein'roth, Johann August Giinther, b. 
 
 Nordhausen, June ig, 1780 ; d. Gottingen, June 
 2, 1846. Son and pupil of Christoph Gottlieb 
 Heinroth, for 62 years org. at Nordhausen. In 
 1818, app. mus. dir. of Gottingen Univ., in 
 succession to Forkel, and instituted academical 
 concerts. With Jacobson, he reorganized the Is- 
 raelitish liturgy, and comp. several melodies 
 still sung in the synagogues. He also attempted 
 the introduction of a simplified notation by fig- 
 ures. — Comp.s: 169 choral melodies f. 4 voices 
 (1829) ; 6 3-part songs ; 6 male choruses. 
 Writings: " Gesangunterrichts - Methode fiir 
 hohere und niedere Schulen " (1821-23, 3 parts); 
 " Volksnoten oder vereinfachte Tonschrift ..." 
 (1828), " Kurze Anleitung, das Clavierspiel zu 
 lehren " (1828), " Musikalisches Hilfsbuch fiir 
 Prediger, Cantoren und Organisten " (1833) ; 
 contributions to G.Weber's "Cacilia," Schil- 
 ling's *' Universallexikon," etc. 
 
 Heintz, Albert, b. Eberswalde, Prussia, Mar. 
 21, 1822. Org. of the " Petrikirche," Berlin. — 
 Works : Articles on the themes in Wagner's op- 
 eras ; paraphrases of Wagnerian themes f. pf. 2 
 and 4 hands. 
 
 Hein'ze, Gustav Adolf, composer ; b. Leip- 
 zig, Oct. I, 1820. Son and pupil of Wilhelm 
 Heinrich H. fb. 1790], clarinet-player in the' 
 Gewandhaus orch. St. pf . with W. Haake. At 
 15 was clarinettist in the Gewandhaus. In 1840, 
 St. comp. with Kotte (Dresden), and made con- 
 cert-tours. In 1844, became 2nd Kapellm. at 
 the Breslau Th. and prod, operas on his wife's 
 libretti, Lorelei (1846), and Die Ruinen von Tha- 
 randt (1847) (FfcTls ascribes these to the father). 
 In 1850, app. Kapellm. of German Opera, Am- 
 
 sterdam ; in 1853, dir. of the Euterpe Liedertafel; 
 in 1857, °f the Vincentius Concerts, and in 1868 
 of the Excelsior church-mus. singing-society. — 
 Works : The oratorios Auferstehung, Sankta 
 Cacilia, Der Feenschleier, and Vincentius von 
 Paula ; 3 masses, 3 overtures, numerous canta- 
 tas, hymns, songs, and male choruses. 
 
 Hein'ze, Sarah {n/e Magnus), talented pian- 
 ist ; b. Stockholm, 1839. St. with Kullak, AI. 
 Dreyschock, and Liszt. Lived in Dresden, then 
 Hamburg ; from i8go, again in Dresden. 
 
 Hei'se, Peder Arnold, b. Copenhagen, Feb. 
 II, 1830; d. there, July 5 (Sept. 16?), 1879. 
 Student at Copenhagen Univ. ; also pupil of Lund 
 (pf.), Gade, and Berggreen ; 1852-3 pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons.; 1857-65 mus. -teacher at Soro 
 Acad. Returned to Copenhagen, and after 5 
 years' unsuccessful endeavors prod, his first 
 opera. The Pasha's Daughter (i86g). It met 
 with success, as also ICi7ig and Marshal (!%■]%).. 
 Other comp.s: Ballad "Dornroschen," and many 
 songs. Posthumous work, ' ' Medieval Romances 
 and Songs " (Leipzig, 1893). 
 
 Hei'ser, Wilhelm, b. Berlin, Apr. 15, 1816 ; 
 d. Friedenau, n. Berlin, Sept. 9, 1897. Opera- 
 singer at Stralsund, Rostock, Berlin ; 1853-66, 
 bandmaster of the Fusilier Guards at Berlin ; 
 later singing-teacher. Best known as a composer 
 of songs (over 500 are publ.) ; " Zieht im Herbst 
 die Lerche fort," " Zerdriicij' die Thrane nicht 
 in deinem Auge," and others are remarkably 
 popular. 
 
 Hell'er, Stephen, pianist, teacher, and com- 
 poser ; b. Pesth, May 15, 1815 ; d. Paris, Jan. 
 14, 1888. His fa- 
 ther intended him 
 for a lawyer, and 
 he was educated 
 at the College of 
 the Piaristes. His 
 first instructor in 
 piano-playing was 
 F. Brauer. At nine 
 years of age he 
 performed in pub- 
 lic with such suc- 
 cess that he was 
 sent to Vienna to 
 study under Czer- 
 ny ; but it was An- 
 ton Halm who continued his tuition. As early 
 as 1827 he gave concerts in Vienna, and from 
 1829-32 made a concert-tour with his father 
 through Hungary, Poland, and Germany. At 
 Pesth he received a few elementary harmony-les- 
 sons from Czibulka. At Augsburg he was taken 
 ill, and was adopted by a wealthy family, who 
 furthered his musical instruction and with whom 
 he remained, perfecting himself in composition, 
 until 1838, when he went to Paris. He became 
 the friend of Liszt, Chopin, Berlioz, and others, 
 and as a concert-player and teacher was in high 
 repute. His first compositions, written in Augs- 
 
 262 
 
HELLMESBERGER— HELM 
 
 burg, and published at Leipzig and Hamburg, 
 had received the praise of Schumann, and slowly 
 but surely began to gain favor. In 1 849 he vis- 
 ited London, where his thoughtful and refined 
 playing charmed a large circle, though nervous- 
 ness prevented frequent appearances in public. 
 Again in 1862 he played at the Crystal Palace 
 with Halle. The rest of his life was spent in 
 Paris. His music, solely for pf . , is distinguished 
 for elegance and refinement, varied and forceful 
 rhythms, exquisite melody, bold and original 
 thematic treatment, and, above all, for a poetic 
 sentiment to which distinctive titles in many 
 cases give the key. In pianistic style he far out- 
 shines Mendelssohn, though he does not reach 
 the rugged intensity of Schumann or the pa- 
 thetic charm of Chopin. There are several hun- 
 dred (generally short) pf.-pieces comprised in 
 over 150 opus-numbers : — Characteristic pieces 
 (" Traumbilder," op. 79 ; " Promenades d'un 
 solitaire," op. 78, 80, 8g ; " Nuits blanches " [or 
 "Blumen-, Frucht-, und DornenstilckeJ'], op. 82 ; 
 " Dans les bois," op. 86, 128, 136 ; " Eglogues," 
 op. 92 ; " 3 Bergeries," op. 106 ; "Voyage au- 
 tour de ma chambre," op. 140 ; " Tablettes d'un 
 solitaire," op. 153 ; " Herbstblatter," op. 109 ; 
 " Balletstucke,"op. iii ;"3 Ballades, "op. 115; 
 "3 Preludes," op. 117; " Tarentelles," op. 53, 
 61, 85, 137 ; etc.) ; admirable etudes (op. 125, 47, 
 46, 45, 90, 16 — here progressively enumerated) ; 
 other ballades, notably " La Chasse," op. 29 ; 4 
 sonatas, 3 sonatinas, waltzes, " Landler," ma- 
 zurkas, scherzi, caprices, nocturnes. Songs with- 
 out Words, variations, etc., etc. — A biograph- 
 ical sketch of H. appeared in Westermann's 
 " Monatshefte," 1859, by L. Hartmann. H. 
 Barbadette also published a sketch (1876 ; Eng- 
 lish, 1877). 
 
 Hell'mesberger, Georg, Sr., renowned vio- 
 lin-teacher ; b. Vienna, Apr. 24, 1800 ; d. Neu- 
 waldegg, n. Vienna, Aug. 16, 1873. His father, 
 a country school-master, gave him his first mus. 
 instruction ; he succeeded F. Schubert as soprano 
 chorister in the Imperial chapel ; in 1820, became 
 a pupil of the Conservatory, under Bohm (vln.) 
 and E. Forster (comp.) ; in 1821, became asst.- 
 teacher ; in 1825, titular prof. ; in 1833, prof. 
 Made successful concert-tours through Austria, 
 Hungary, and Bohemia. In 1829, succeeded 
 Schuppanzigh as cond. of the Imperial Opera ; 
 in 1830, member of the court chapel ; in 1867, 
 was pensioned. He formed many distinguished 
 pupils, including Ernst, Hauser, Joachim, and 
 his own sons, Georg and Joseph. — Comp.s : 
 String-quartet, 2 concertos, variations, and so- 
 los f. vln. — His son and pupil, 
 
 Hell'mesberger, Georg, Jr., b. Vienna, 
 Jan. 27, 1830 ; d. Hanover, Nov. 12, 1852. 
 St. comp. with Rotter. Made successful con- 
 cert-tour through Germany and England. At 
 21, app. Concertmeister of the Hanover Royal 
 orch., and prod. 2 operas, Die Biirgschaft and 
 Diebeiden Koniginnen. — In MS., symphonies. 
 
 etc. — His daughter Rosa, in 1883, made her 
 debut as a singer at the Court Opera, Vienna. 
 
 Hell'mesberger, Joseph, Sr., distinguished 
 violin-virtuoso, another son of Georg H., Sr. ; 
 b. Vienna, Nov. 23, 1829 ; d. there Oct. 24, 
 1893. From 1849-87 he was ist violin of the 
 celebrated " Hellmesberger Quartett." In 1851, 
 was app. artistic cond. of the " Gesellschaft der 
 Musikfreunde " (till 1859, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Herbeck), and Dir. of the Cons, till 
 1893, where he was violin-prof. 1851-77; Con- 
 certmeister at the Imperial Opera, i860 ; solo 
 violinist in the court orch. 1863 ; Hofkapellm., 
 iSyy. From 1849-87 he led a famous string- 
 quartet, which opened a new era for chamber- 
 music in Vienna. Decorated with the Legion 
 of Honor, as president of the jury for mus. 
 instr.s, at the Paris Exhibition of 1855. On his 
 25th anniversary as Dir. of the Cons, he re- 
 ceived the freedom of the city of Vienna. 
 Comp.s of an educational character. — His son, 
 
 Hell'mesberger, Joseph, Jr., violinist and 
 dram, comp.; b. Vienna, Apr. 9, 1855 ; was 
 2nd vln. in his father's quartet, 1875 ; solo vio- 
 linist in the Imperial and the Opera orch.s, and 
 prof, at the Cons., in 1878. Kapellm. at the 
 Opera Comique and at the " Karltheater "; cond. 
 of the ballet-mus., and leader, at the Court 
 Opera, 1884; Court Opera Kapellm., 1886 ; in 
 1887 he succeeded his father as leader of the 
 quartet. — Works : 6 operettas, prod. (1880-90) 
 at Vienna, Munich, and Hamburg ; Kapitdn 
 Ahlstroniy Der Graf von Gleichen, Der schone 
 Kurfiirst Rikiki, oder Nelly, das Blumenmad- 
 chen (1887) ; Das Orakel ('i acts ; Vienna, 1889) 
 and Der bleiche Cast ; the ballet Fata Morgana ; 
 a 2-5ct ballet, Die verwandelte Kalze (1888) ; 
 the l-act pant. -ballet Meissner Porcellan (Leip- 
 zig, 1890) ; the i-act ballet Das Licht (Leipzig, 
 1891) ; the ballet Die filnf Sinne (Vienna, 
 (1893) ; etc. — His brother, 
 
 Hell'mesberger, Ferdinand, b. Vienna, 
 Jan. 24, 1863. 'Cellist in the court orch. from 
 1879 ; in his father's quartet from 1883. App. 
 teacher at the Cons., 1885 ; solo 'cellist at the 
 Court Opera, 1886. 
 
 Hell'wig, Karl Friedrich Ludwig, org. 
 and comp.; b. Kunersdorf, n. Wrietzen, July 
 23, 1733 ; d. Berlin, Nov. 24, 1838. Learned to 
 play several instr.s without a teacher ; st. theory 
 and comp. with Schneider, Gurrlich, and Zelter. 
 From 1793, member of the Berlin Singakade- 
 mie ; in 1803, vice-cond.; in.1813, org. of Ber- 
 lin cath. Became mus. -teacher in several pub- 
 lic institutions. — Works : Operas, Die Berg- 
 knappen, Don Sylvia (Berlin, 1822) ; masses, 
 motets, psalms, chorals ; songs, and male cho- 
 ruses. ' 
 
 Helm, Theodor, musical critic ; b. Vienna, 
 Apr. g, 1843. Son of a physician, he studied 
 law, and entered the government service, but 
 abandoned this in 1867 for mus. criticism. Con- 
 tributed to the "Tonhalle," 1868; and since 
 
 263 
 
HELMHOLTZ— HENNEN 
 
 1870 to the " MusikalischesWochenblatt.'' Mus. 
 critic to the "Wiener Freradenblatt " (1867), 
 "Pester Lloyd" (since 1868), the "Deutsche 
 Zeitung " (since 1885). His criticisms are highly- 
 esteemed. In 1874, app. teacher of mus. his- 
 tory and ;esthetics at Horak's School of Music. — 
 Publ. " Beethovens Streichquartette : Versuch 
 einer technischen Analyse im Zusammenhang 
 mit ihrem geistigen Gehalt " (1885 ; a reprint 
 from the " Musikal. Wochenblatt," 1873). 
 
 Helm'holtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdi- 
 nand, distinguished physician, physiologist, and 
 physicist ; b. Potsdam, Aug. 31, 1821 ; d. Char- 
 lottenburg, Sept. 8, 1894. His father was a 
 professor in the Potsdam Gymnasium, and there 
 H. received his education. His mother, Caro- 
 line Penn, was of English extraction. He stud- 
 ied medicine in the Military Institute of Berlin, 
 graduated M.D. .andwas attached to the staff 
 of La Charite hospital (1842). In 1843 he was 
 appointed military surgeon at Potsdam ; was re- 
 called to Berlin as teacher of Anatomy (for artists) 
 at the Academy of Fine Arts (1848) ; 1849, Prof, 
 of Physiology at the University of Konigsberg ; 
 1855, Prof, of Anat. and Physiology at Bonn ; 
 1858, Prof, of Physiol, at Heidelberg ; elected 
 correspondent of the Berlin Academy of Sci- 
 ences (Physical section) in 1870 ; and app. Pro- 
 fessor of Physics at Berlin in 1871. His prin- 
 cipal publications, which enjoy a world-wide 
 reputation, have been translated into various 
 languages ("The Conservation of Force," 1847 ; 
 " Manual of Physiological Operations," 1856-66 ; 
 "Popular Scientific Lectures," 1865-76). The 
 work of most interest to musicians, and indis- 
 pensable for students of musical science, is his 
 " Sensations of Tone as a PhysiologicarBasis 
 for the Theory of Music " [Lehre von den To- 
 nempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage 
 filr die Theorie der Musik] (Brunswick, 1863 ; 
 4th ed. 1877 ; translated into English, by Ellis, 
 1875). By a long series of careful experiments, 
 H. established a sure physical foundation for 
 the phenomena manifested by musical tones, 
 either single or combined. He supplements 
 and completes the theories of Rameau, Tartini, 
 Wheatstone, Corti, and others, furnishing im- 
 pregnable formulEE for all classes of consonant 
 and dissonant tone-effects, and proving with 
 scientific precision what Hauptmann and his 
 school sought to establish by laborious dialectic 
 processes. The laws governing the differences 
 in quality of tone {timbre, tone-color) in differ- 
 ent instr.s and voices, covering the whole field 
 of harmonic, differential, and summational tones ; 
 the physiology of the major triad ; the nature 
 and limits of musical perception by the human 
 ear — these are the chief results at which H. 
 has arrived. His explanation of the nature of 
 the minor triad, and of dissonances, has been 
 supplemented by the works of von Oettingen 
 and H. Lotze (in theory) and Hugo Riemann 
 (in practice). H.'s magnum opus likewise re- 
 views at length, from a scientific standpoint, the 
 
 ), and numerous tales and 
 
 scales of the Arabians, Persians, Greeks, etc.; 
 develops a theory of the pitch of vowel-sounds 
 (important for vocalists) ; deduces a series of 
 "sound-colors" {Klangfarben) corresponding 
 to the arrangement of the solar spectrum ; etc. 
 
 Henderson, William James, b. Newark, 
 N. J., Dec. 4, 1855. 
 Graduate, 1876, of 
 Princeton. Chiefly 
 self-taught in music ; 
 wrote scores of nu- 
 merous light operas. 
 1883 reporter, 1887 
 mus. critic, on " N. 
 Y. Times " ; ' lecturer 
 on mus. hist, in N. 
 Y. Coll. of Music. 
 Has written a ' ' Story 
 of Music," "Prel- 
 udes and Studies," 
 "What is Good 
 Music?" (1898), 
 " How Music Devel- 
 oped "(New York, i8gi 
 stories ; contributor to most leading magazines. 
 
 Hen'kel, Michael, sacred comp. ; b. Fulda, 
 June 18, 1780 ; d. there Mar. 4, 1851. Pupil 
 of Vierling ; became town-cantor, chamber-mus. 
 to the Prince-Bishop, and mus. -teacher at the 
 Gymnasium of his native place. — Works ; Nu- 
 merous masses, chorals, etc.; pieces for org., 
 pf. , strings, and other instr.s. — His son and 
 pupil, 
 
 Hen'kel, Georg Andreas, {Dr.fhil.,) b. 
 Fulda, Feb. 4, 1805 ; d. there Apr. 5, 1871. 
 St. law at Marburg Univ.; 1830-7, org. at Ko- 
 burg ; in 1837, app. mus. -teacher in the Fulda 
 seminary. — Works : Masses, motets, male cho- 
 ruses ; pf.- and org.-mus. ; symphonies, over- 
 tures, etc. — His brother, 
 
 Hen'kel, Heinrich, pianist ; b. Fulda, 
 Feb. 14, 1822. Pupil of his father, also st. 
 with Aloys Schmitt, and theory with Kessler 
 and Anton Andre. Lived in Fulda and Leip- 
 zig, then settled in Frankfort in 1849, as teacher 
 in the Musikschule. In 1883 was named Royal 
 Musikdirector. — Comp.s : Songs and choruses ; 
 pf.- and vln.-pcs.; etudes, etc., f. vln. — Also 
 publ. a pf.- Method, " Vorschule des Klavier- 
 spiels " (technical studies), a biography of Aloys 
 Schmitt, an abridged ed. of A. Andre's " Lehr- 
 buch der Tonsetzkunst " (1875), " Mittheil- 
 ungen aus der musikal. Vergangenheit Fuldas." 
 — His son, 
 
 Hen'kel, Karl, studied at the Beriin Hoch- 
 schule, and settled in London as a vln. -teacher ; 
 is a specialist in finger-exercises. 
 
 Hen'nen, Arnold, pianist and comp., b. 
 Heerlen, Holland, 1820. First pf. -prize, Liege 
 Cons., 1845. Went to Paris, 1847 ; settled in 
 London, 1850 ; now lives at Heerlen. — Comp.s; 
 Concertos, and other pf.-music. — His brother, 
 
 264 
 
HENNEN— HENSELT 
 
 Hen'nen, Frederik, violinist, b. Heerlen, 
 Jan. 25, 1830. First vln.-prize, Liege Cons., 
 1846; medal, 1847. 1850-71, soloist in various 
 prominent London orchestras. Retired to Str)'t- 
 hagen,n. Heerlen. — Comp.s: Vln.-pcs. — His son 
 Charles, b. Dec. 3, 1861, is a violinist at Ant- 
 werp. 
 
 Hen'nen, Mathias (brother of Arnold), pian- 
 ist, b. Heerlen, 182S. First pf.-prize,LiegeCons., 
 1852 ; since i860, is teacher at Antwerp, and 
 prof, at the Cons. — Works: Church and orch.l 
 music ; comp.s for pf., vln., and 'cello. 
 
 Hen'nes, Aloys, b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 8, 
 1827 ; d. Berlin, June 8, 1889. A post-office 
 oificial for S years, from his 17th year he St. for 
 some time with Killer and Reinecke at the Rhen- 
 ish School of Music, Cologne. Lived as pf.- 
 teacher at Kreuznach, Alzey, Mayence, Wies- 
 baden, and from 1872 at BerHn. In iS8l, app. 
 teacher at X. Scharwenka's Cons. — Works : 
 " Klavierunterrichtsbriefe," containing clever 
 educational pes. — His daughter, Therese, b. 
 Dec. 21, i86l, was a " youthful prodigy "; in 
 1873 she St. with KuUak. From 1877-8, met 
 with great success as a pianist in London. 
 
 Hen'nig, Karl, b. Berlin, Apr. 23, 1819 ; d. 
 there, Apr. 18, 1873. In 1847, org. of St.Paul's; 
 from 1851, of the Sophienkirche. Also dir. of 
 the Lyra male chorus. In 1863, named royal 
 mus.-dir. — Comp.s : Cantatas, psalms, Lieder, 
 male choruses. — His son, 
 
 Hen'nig, Karl Rafael, b. Jan. 4, 1845 ; a 
 law-student of mus. tendencies, he became a pupil 
 of Richter (Leipzig) and Kiel (Berlin). In 1868, 
 app. teacher of the "Wandelt" Institute of Mus., 
 BerHn; from 1869-75, org. of St. Paul's ch., 
 Posen, where he founded the successful " Hen- 
 nig " Vocal Soc. in 1873. In 1877, app. mus.- 
 teacher to the Institute f. Female Teachers ; in 
 1883, app. Royal mus. dir. ; in 1892, R. Profes- 
 sor. — Comp.: Cantata (igoth Psalm), pf.-sonata, 
 songs, male and female choruses, etc. — Writ- 
 ings : " Methodik des Schulgesangunterrichts," 
 Die Gesangsregister auf physiologischer Grund- 
 lage," and profound analyses of Beethoven's oth 
 Symphony and Missa Solemnis. 
 
 Hen'nius. See Haym, Gilles. 
 
 Hen'schel, (Isidor) Georg, comp. and bari- 
 tone singer, b. Breslau, Feb. 18, 1850. Pupil of 
 Wandelt and Schaeffer at Breslau, Moscheles 
 and Wenzel (pf), Gotze (singing), and Reinecke 
 (theory and comp.), at Leipzig Cons., 1867-70. 
 In 1870, St. in Berlin with Kiel (comp.) and 
 Adolf Schulze (singing). Undertook concert- 
 tours through Europe; 1877-80, lived in London ; 
 1881-4, cond. of the Boston Symp. Orch. ; since 
 1885, settled in London ; founded the " London 
 Symphony Concerts"; 1886-8, prof, of singing 
 at the Royal Coll. of Mus.— Comp.s : Opera, 
 Friedrich der Schone ; comic operetta, A Sea 
 Change, or Lovers Castaway ; an oratorio ; ' ' Zi- 
 
 geuner " serenade f. orch. ; Canon-Suite f. string- 
 orch. ; psalms, part-songs, songs, etc. — His wife, 
 Lillian H. {nie Bai- 
 ley), b. State of Ohio, 
 Jan., i860, an excel- 
 lent soprano-singer 
 (Lieder), was a pupil 
 of her uncle, C. 
 Hayden, Mme. 
 Viardot, and of ti. 
 Henschel, whom she 
 married in 1881. 
 She has since been 
 associated with 
 him in vocal recitals 
 and on concert- 
 tours. 
 
 Hen'sel, Fanny Cacilia, b. Hamburg, Nov. 
 14, 1805 ; d. Berlin, May 14, 1847. Eldest sister 
 of Mendelssohn, she married the Prussian court 
 painter H. in 1829. A brilliant pianist and 
 composer. Brother and sister were devotedly 
 attached, and the shock of her sudden death was 
 so overwhelming that M.'s health declined, and 
 he died six months after. — Comp.s: " Garten- 
 lieder"; part-songs, songs; pf.-trio. 
 
 Hen'sel, Octavia, (pseudonym of Mrs. G. A. 
 Fonda,) writer on music ; d. May 12, 1897, n. 
 Louisville, Ky., aged 60. Wrote "Life and 
 Letters of Louis Moreau Gottschalk " (Boston, 
 1870) ; " The Story of Rheingold "; etc. 
 
 Hen'selt, Adolf von, distinguished pianist 
 and comp. ; b. Schwabach, Bavaria, May 12,1814; 
 d. Warmbrunn, 
 Silesia, Oct. 10, 
 1889. First St. pf. 
 and harm, with 
 Geheimrathin von 
 Fladt at Munich. 
 In 1831, an allow- 
 ance from King 
 Ludwig I. enabled 
 him to continue 
 pf. -Study with 
 Hummel at Wei- 
 mar, whence he 
 went to Vienna, 
 and learned theory 
 for 2 years, under 
 Sechter. Assidu- 
 ous study and practice injured his health, and in 
 1836 he was ordered to Carlsbad. In 1837 he 
 made a short tour through Germany, and aroused 
 the greatest-enthusiasm. He married at Breslau 
 the same year, and went to St. Petersburg in 
 1838. He was appointed chamber-pianist to the 
 Empress, and mus. -teacher to the princes. Later 
 he was app. inspector of mus. instruction of the 
 Imperial educational institutions for girls, and 
 received the Order of Vladimir. His playing 
 was of the most poetically inspired character, 
 and highly individuahzed, his technical specialty 
 being the legato execution of widely-extended 
 
 265 
 
HENTSCHEL— HERING 
 
 chords and arpeggios, for the practice of which 
 he composed extremely difficult extension-studies. 
 His principal works are : The celebrated F rain, 
 pf. -concerto ; Etudes, op. 2 and op. 13 ; " Poerae 
 d'Amour," op. 3 ; " Friihlingslied," op. 15 ; Im- 
 promptu, op. 17 ; Ballade, op. 31 ; Paraphrases 
 de Concert (39 works with opus-no., and 15 
 without) ; a pf.-trio ; a 2nd pf.-part to a selec- 
 tion from J. B. Cramer's Etudes, etc. — A very 
 sympathetic character - sketch is that by von 
 Lenzin "Diegrossen Pf.-VirtuosenunsrerZeit " 
 (Engl. ed. N. Y., 1899.) 
 
 Hent'schel, Ernst Julius, b. Langenwaldau, 
 n. Liegnitz, July 26, 1804 ; d. Weissenfels, Aug. 
 4, 1875. Principal of the Weissenfels training- 
 school. Editor and co-founder of the mus.- 
 journal "Euterpe." Publ. school song-books, 
 and a book of chorales. 
 
 Hent'schel, Franz, b. Berlin, Nov. 6, 1814 ; 
 d. there. May 11, 1889. St. with Grell, A. W. 
 Bach, and Marx. Theatre mus. dir. at Erfurt 
 (1843), Altenburg (1845), Berlin (the " Urania," 
 private theatre, 1848-51). Resided in Berlin as 
 a mus. -teacher. — Works : Opera, Die Hexen- 
 reise ; operettas; marches, etc., f. orch. ar)d 
 military band ; concertos f. wind-instr.s ; pf.- 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
 Hent'schel, Theodor, b. Schirgiswalde, 
 Upper Lusatia, Mar. 28, 1830 ; d. Hamburg, 
 Dec. 19, 1892. Chorister in Dresden ; st. with 
 Reissiger and Ciccarelli, then in Prague Cons. 
 Concert-pianist at Leipzig, and became theatre 
 Kapellm. there ; i86o-go at Bremen, since 1890 
 at Hamburg. — Works : Operas, Matrose und San- 
 ger (Leipzig, 1857) ; Der Konigspage (Bremen, 
 1874) ; Die Braut von Lusignan, oder die sclwne 
 Meliidne (Bremen, 1875) ; Lancelot (Bremen, 
 1878) ; Des Konigs Schwerdt (Hamburg, i8gi) ; 
 overtures and symphonic marches f. orch.; pf.- 
 music, songs ; mass f. double chorus ; etc. 
 
 Her'bart, Johann Friedrich, eminent prof, 
 of philosophy; b. Oldenburg, May 4, 1776; d. 
 Gottingen, Aug. 14, 1841. St. at Jena under 
 Fichte ; became preceptor at Bern. In 1805, 
 app. prof, of philosophy at Gottingen, 1809-35 
 at Konigsberg ; 1835 (to his death) again at 
 Gottingen. He st. music from a mathematical 
 standpoint, and the determination of the propor- 
 tions of intervals is treated of in his ' ' Psycholo- 
 gische Bemerkungen zur Tonlehre " (1811), and 
 the Eesthetics of music in the 9th chap, of his 
 " Encyclopredia of Philosophy." While of in- 
 terest to advanced musicians, they contribute 
 but little to the knowledge of the natural laws of 
 creative music. 
 
 Her'beck, Johann Franz von, b. Vienna, 
 Dec. 25, 1831 ; d. there Oct. 28, 1877. Son of 
 a poor tailor, he became soprano chorister at the 
 " Heiligenkreuz " monastery. St. harm, with 
 Rotter a few months, but virtually educated 
 himself. A man of high ambition, he became 
 choir-director of the Piaristenkirche, Vienna, 
 
 1853; chorusmaster to the Vienna Mdnnerge- 
 sangverein, 1856 ; prof, at the Cons., and chorus- 
 master of the Singverein, 1858 ; cond. to the 
 " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde," 1859 '< chief 
 court Kapelbn., 1866 ; director of the Imperial 
 opera, 1871, but resigned this position on account 
 of intrigues and various annoyances, and re- 
 sumed conductorship of the " Gesellschaft," two 
 years before his death. As a conductor he was 
 held in high esteem, and left an indelible im- 
 press of his individuality on music in Vienna. 
 — Works : Part-songs, some for male voices with 
 horn-quartet, and some with orchestra, also 
 several sets for mixed chorus ; graduals, a mass 
 f. male voices, and a grand mass ; symphonies, 
 Symphonic Variations, "Tanzmomente" f. orch., 
 and a string-quartet. — Biographical: "Johann 
 Herbeck, ein Lebensbild," by his son, Ludwig 
 H. (1885), contains portrait, and catalogue of 
 his works. 
 
 Herbert, Victor, b. Dublin, Ireland, Feb. i, 
 1859, is a grandson of Samuel Lover, the famous 
 Irish novelist. At seven he was sent to Germany 
 to begin his musical education. His first posi- 
 tion of prominence was that of principal violon- 
 cello-player in the Court Orch. at Stuttgart, and 
 he was heard in many important concerts 
 throughout Europe before accepting in 1886 an 
 engagement as solo 'cellist in the Metropolitan 
 Orch. in New York. Here H. has been pro- 
 minently connected with the best orchestral or- 
 ganizations, and as soloist and conductor has 
 become favorably known in the principal cities 
 of the United States. For a number of years 
 he was 1st 'cello in the Theodore Thomas Orch., 
 and more recently in Anton Seidl's orch., where 
 he was also associate-conductor ; in 1894 he was 
 app. bandmaster of the famous 22nd Regt. band, 
 succeeding P. S. Gilmore ; he was chosen con- 
 ductor of the Pittsburg, Pa., Orch. (70 per- 
 formers) in 1898, a position he now (1899) holds. 
 As a composer he has written several works for 
 orch. ; a 'cello-concerto ; and songs ; also an ora- 
 torio, Tlie Captive, written for and perf . at the 
 Worcester, Mass., Festival; and the comic 
 operas Frince Ananias, The Wizard of the Nile, 
 The Serenade, The Idol ' j Eye, and The Fortune- 
 teller, all perf. with success. 
 
 He'ring-, Karl Gottlieb, b. Schandau, Sax- 
 ony, Oct. 25, 1765 ; d. Zittau, Jan., 1853. Pupil 
 of Meissen Coll. ; became student of theology 
 and pedagogy at Leipzig Univ. From 181 1 to 
 his death, principal of Zittau seminary, and chief 
 teacher of harmony. — Writings: " Praktisches 
 Handbuch zur Erlernung des Clavierspielens " 
 (1796), "Neue praktische Clavierschule fUr 
 Kinder" (1805), " Neue sehr erleichterte Gene- 
 ralbass-Schulefur junge Musiker"(i8o5), "Neue 
 praktische Singschule fiir Kinder" (1807-1809, 
 4 small books), "Praktische Violinschule " 
 (1810), "Praktische Praludienschule " (1810), 
 " Kunst, das Pedal fertig zu spielen'' (1816), 
 " Gesanglehre fiir Volksschulen" (1820); and 
 several choral-books. — Comp. instructive pf.- 
 
 266 
 
HERING— HERMANN 
 
 pes., variations, exercises, etc. In 1830 he 
 founded a " Musikalisches Jugendblatt fur Ge- 
 sang. Clavier und Flote," continued by his son, 
 
 He'ring, Karl Eduard, b. Oschatz, Saxony, 
 May 13, 1809 ; d. Bautzen, Nov. 25, 1879. St. 
 with his father at Zittau, and at Leipzig Univ. 
 with Weinlig and Pohlenz. In 1839, ^PP- °^S- ^^ 
 Bautzen. Publ. pf .-pes. , part-songs, songs, a coll. 
 of school -chorales, and a " Buch der Harmonic " 
 (l86i). In MS. : Oratorios, Der Erloser (Leip- 
 zig, 1834), Die heilige Nacht, David, Salomo, 
 Ckristi Leid und Herrlichkeit ; a mass (prod, at 
 Prague) ; two operas ; masses, cantatas, hymns, 
 etc. 
 
 He'ring, Karl Friedrich August, violinist ; 
 b. Berlin, Sept. 2, l8ig ; d. Burg, near Mag- 
 deburg, Feb. 2, 1889. St. with H. Ries and 
 Rungenhagen (Berlin), Lipinski (Dresden), and 
 Tomaschek (Prague). Made concert-tours, be- 
 came violinist in the Berlin royal chapel, founded 
 the Sonatenverein in 1848, and a music-school in 
 1851. App. royal mus. dir. — Comp.s ; Sym- 
 phonies, overtures, masses, chamber-mus., songs. 
 — Author of educational works : " Methodischer 
 Leitfaden fiir Violinlehrer " (1857), " Ueber R. 
 Kreutzers EtUden " (1858), and an elementary 
 Violin-Method. 
 
 He'rion, Abraham Adam, b. Schonau in the 
 Odenwald, Jan. 31, 1807 ; d. Dresden, Aug. 12, 
 1893. Pupil of M. Hauptmann in Kassel ; set- 
 tled in Dresden as pf. -teacher and comp. His 
 pf.-pcs. are now generally forgotten. 
 
 Heritte-Viardot, Louise-Pauline-Marie, b. 
 Paris, Dec. 14, 1841. Daughter of Louis Viardot 
 and Pauline Garcia. Vocal-teacher at St. Peters- 
 burg Cons.; later at Dr. Hoch's Cons., Frank- 
 fort ; then lived in Berlin as a singing-teacher. 
 She married Consul-General Heritte. — Comp.s : 
 Opera Lindora (Weimar, 1879), cantatas, 2 pf.- 
 quartets, vocal exercises, etc. 
 
 Her'mann, Matthias, surnamed Verrecoi- 
 ensis ( Verrecorensis) from his presumed birth- 
 place Warkenz or Warkoing, Holland. One of 
 the Netherland contrapuntists of the l6th cent, 
 not to be confounded with Matthias Le Maistre. 
 — Works: " Cantuum 5 voc, quos motetta vo- 
 cant" (i vol., 1555); detached motets; "Die 
 Schlacht vor Pavia" (" Battaglia [I]Taliana") 
 a musical battle - sketch, reprinted in several 
 coU.s ; etc. 
 
 Her'mann, Johann David, brilliant pianist, 
 b. in Germany abt. 1760 ; d. Paris, 1846. In 
 1785, settled in Paris, and became mus. -teacher 
 to Marie Antoinette. — Comp.s : Pf.-concertos, 
 sonatas, potpourris, etc. 
 
 Her'mann, Johann Gottfried Jakob, b. 
 
 Leipzig, Nov. 28, 1772 ; d. there Dec. 31, 1848. 
 Celebrated philologist and Hellenic scholar. Pu- 
 pil of Leipzig and Jena Univ.s. In 1798, app. 
 prof, of philosophy at Leipzig Univ.; in 1805, 
 prof, of elocution ; in 1809, prof, of poetry. 
 Wrote valuable works on metre : " De metris 
 
 poetarum Graecorum et Romanorum" (1796), 
 " Handbuch der Metrik " (1798), "Elementa 
 doctrinae metricae " (i8l6), " Epitome doctrinae 
 metricae" (1816 and '44), and " De metris Pin- 
 dari" (1817). 
 
 Her'mann, Friedrich, violinist, comp., and 
 distinguished teacher ; b. Frankfort, Feb. I, 
 1828. In 1843 pupil, at Leipzig Cons., of 
 David (vln.), Hauptmann and Mendelssohn 
 (comp.). From 1S46-75, viola-player in the 
 Gewandhaus and theatre-orchestras. In May, 
 1848, vln.-teacherat the Cons. In 1883 was app. 
 Royal Saxon prof. — Comp.s : Symphony (Ge- 
 wandhaus, 1852) ; quartet f. wind instr.s, terzet 
 f. 3 vins., duo f. vln. and 'cello, etc. He edited 
 Peters' and Augener's valuable publications of 
 classical works f. stringed instr.s. 
 
 Her'mann, Reinhold Ludwig, violinist and 
 dram, comp.; b. Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Sept. 
 21, 1849. Pupil, at Stern Cons., Berlin, of 
 Ehrlich (pf .), Kiel (comp.), and Stern (singing). 
 From 1871—78, singing-teacher and cond. in 
 New York ; 1878-81, dir. of Stern Cons., Ber- 
 lin ; then returned to N. Y.; 1884, cond. of 
 " Liederkranz"; 1887, prof, of sacred history at 
 the Theol. Seminary; 1S98, cond. of Handel and 
 Haydn Soc, Boston. — Works: Romantic opera 
 Vineta (1872 ; Breslau, 1895, mod. succ.) ; 
 heroic opera Lancelot ; 3-act opera Spielmanns- 
 ^/«V/J (Kassel, 1894) ; 4-act grand opera Wulfrin 
 (Cologne, 1896, mod. succ.) ; cantatas {Brauf 
 von Messina, The Bridge of Sighs [Hood], Thx. 
 Spirits of the Thay, Sancta Cacilia, The Buried 
 Song) ; overtures ; pf.-concerto ; suites, sonatas ; 
 vocal sextets, quintets, quartets, etc. ; songs. 
 
 Her'mann, Robert, b. Bern, Switzerland, 
 Apr. 2g, 1869. Gifted composer. Destined 
 for a medical career, he sf. at Geneva Univ. 
 1887-go, but finally obtained his father's per- 
 mission to become a musician, and entered 
 Frankfort Cons, in 1891. Until then, he had 
 been wholly self-taught (zither, pf., comp.), 
 and had already developed an obstinate origi- 
 nality (noticed and encouraged by Grieg), who 
 made him burst the irksome bonds of conserva- 
 tory-teaching in a few months. He applied him- 
 self (on Grieg's advice) to the study of master- 
 works ; St. with Humperdinck one year (1893- 
 4), and then went to Leipzig (where some of his 
 scores were publ.), and thence to Berlin, where, 
 on Nov. 7, 1895, his Symphony in C, and a 
 Concert-overture in D were brought out by the 
 Philh. Orch. The division of opinion among 
 the Berlin critics sufficiently proves that H.'s 
 music has remarkable features. He is now 
 (1899) living as a composer in Leipzig. — Works : 
 Petites Variations pour rire, f. pf. and vln. (no 
 opus-no.) ; op. I, 12 Kleine Lieder f. mezzo- 
 sopr. ; op. 2, 5 pf.-pcs.; op. 3, Roraanza and 
 Scherzino f. pf. and vln.; op. 4, Concert-over- 
 ture (D rain.) f. orch.; op. 5, 6 Lieder ; op. 6, 
 Pf.-trio (D min.) ; op. 7, Symphony No. i (C), 
 f. orch.; op. 8, pf. -quintet ; op. 9, 6 songs. 
 
 267 
 
HERMANNUS— H:^R0LD 
 
 Herman'nus (surnamed) Contrac'tus on 
 account of his paralyzed limbs ; b. Sulgau, Swa- 
 bia, July i8, 1013 ; d. Alleshausen, n. Biberach, 
 Sept. 24, 1054. Son of Hermann, Graf von 
 Vohringen. Distinguished pupil of St. Gallen 
 Abbey; became a monk in Reichenau monas- 
 tery. His best-known work (containing valuable 
 historical notices on music) is a chronology from 
 the foundation of Rome to 1054. It has been 
 republ. several times, and is to be found in 
 Peres' (Pertz's) " Monumenta " (vol. v). Two 
 small treatises, supposed to have been lost, were 
 found in the Imperial Library, Vienna, by Ger- 
 bert, and publ. in his " Scriptores " (ii). The 
 1st, " Musical," is an exposition of the Greek 
 modes, and gives an example of Hucbald's no- 
 tation of the preceding cent. The 2nd, " Versus 
 Hermanni ad discernendum," contains the key 
 of an original notation by Greek and Latin letters. 
 In the indication of a change in pitch, it had 
 an advantage over neume-notation. H.'s nota- 
 tion is written above the neume-notation in some 
 MSS. of the nth and 12th centuries in the 
 Munich Library. 
 
 Her'mes, Eduard, b. Merael, May 15 (?), 
 1818. A merchant-composer in Konigjsberg 
 (Prussia) ; has written songs and part-songs f. 
 male ch. 
 
 Her'mesdorfr, Michael, b. Trier (Treves), 
 Mar. 4, 1833; d. there Jan. 17, 1885. Entered 
 the priesthood, and was app. org. of Trier cath. 
 Founded the Choral Society, chiefly for the ex- 
 position of Gregorian Church-Song, on which he 
 was an authority by virtue of his study of origi- 
 nal sources. He edited the " Gradual ad usum 
 Romanum cantus S. Gregorii" publ. (Leipzig, 
 1876-82, 10 nos.) in the monthly supplements of 
 the " Cacilia" journal (H. and Bockeler, Aix), 
 but died before its ("ompletion. Revised the 2nd 
 ed. of Luck's coll. of sacred comp.s (4 vol.s) ; 
 publ. a German transl. of the " Micrologus" of 
 Guido d'Arezzo ; a " Kyriale," and " Harmonica 
 cantus choralis " a 4 ; a graduale, anthems, and 
 ' ' Praefatio " (prayers used in the Trier diocese) ; 
 and 3 masses of his own comp. 
 
 Herm'stedt, Johann Simon, celebrated 
 clarinettist ; b. Langensalza, n. Dresden, Dec. 
 29, 1778 ; d. Sondershausen, Aug. 10, 1846. 
 Pupil in the Annaberg school for soldiers' 
 children. St. with Knoblauch and Baer. ist 
 clarinet in the regiment at Langensalza. In 
 iSoo, app. Kafellm. at Sondershausen. Made 
 improvements in his instr. ; comp. concertos, 
 variations, etc., f. clar. Spohr wrote a clarinet- 
 concerto for him. 
 
 Hernan'dez, Pablo, Spanish comp. ; b. Sara- 
 gossa, Jan. 25, 1834. Chorister at Nuestra Dama 
 del Pilar, and pupil of Valentin Meton (org., pf., 
 and harm.) and Rabanals (vln.). In 1856, en- 
 tered the Madrid Cons, under Eslava ; became 
 org. of the Royal Basilica of Nuestra Dama 
 d'Atocha, and was app. (1863) auxiliary prof, at 
 the Cons. — Works ; Zarzuelas ; a Mass, Mise- 
 
 rere and Ave, Te Deum, Lamentations, motets ; 
 symphony, overture, 6 organ - fugues ; and a 
 Method for Organ. 
 
 Hernan'do, Rafael Jos6 Maria, b. Madrid, 
 May 31, 1822. 1837-43, pupil of R- Carnicer 
 at Madrid Cons. In 1843, went to Paris, comp. 
 a Stabat Mater and other works which were perf. 
 by the Society de Ste.-Ce'cile, but was unsuccess- 
 ful in his endeavors to prod, a 4-act Italian op- 
 era at the Theatre Italien. After his return to 
 Madrid, from 1848-53, he successfully prod, the 
 zarzuelas Las sacerdotisas del sol, Palo de ciego, 
 Colegiales y soldados, El duende, Bertoldo y Com- 
 parsa, etc. ; also collaborated with Barbieri, Ou- 
 drid, and Gaztambide in Escenas de Chamberi, 
 and Don Simplicio Bobadilla. An enterprise 
 was formed for the exploitation of comic operet- 
 tas, the Theatre des Varietes taken, and H. was 
 app. dir. and comp. In 1852 he was app. sec. 
 of Madrid Cons., later prof, of harmony, and 
 founded a Mutual Aid Mus. Soc. of which he 
 was elected secretary. — Other comp.s : Grand 
 mass, cantatas, hymns, etc. 
 
 H6rold, Louis- Joseph-Ferdinand, dramatic 
 composer and pianist; b. Paris, Jan. 28, 1791 ; 
 d. at Themes, n. Paris, 
 Jan. 19, 1833. His 
 father, Fran9ois-Jo- 
 seph H. [pupil of Ph. 
 E . Bach] , a pianoforte- 
 teacher and composer 
 of merit, did not desire 
 his son to become a 
 musician, and sent 
 him to the Hix school, 
 where his aptitude for 
 music was noticed by 
 Fetis, then assistant- 
 teacher there. But 
 after his father's death 
 (1802), H. could follow his natural bent ; in 1806 
 he entered the Conservatoire, studying the piano 
 under Louis Adam, and winning first prize for 
 pf .-playing in 1810. He studied harmony under 
 Catel, and (from 181 1) composition under Mehul ; 
 in 1812 his cantata Mile, de la VallUre gained 
 the Prix de Home (the MS. score is in the Con- 
 servatory Library with works composed during 
 his three years' study in Rome). From Rome 
 he went to Naples, where he became pianist to 
 Queen Caroline ; here he produced his first opera, 
 La gioventu di Enrico Quinto (1815), which was 
 well received. From Naples he went to Vienna, 
 and after a few months' stay returned to Paris in 
 1815, where he finished the score of Boieldieu's 
 Charles de France, an op&a d' occasion, produced 
 at the Opera-Comique, 1816. Its flattering re- 
 ception led to the production of Les Rosihes 
 (18 17), which, as well as La Clochette, which 
 followed in the same year, was very successful. 
 Unable for a time to obtain good original libretti, 
 he now wrote pf .-fantasias and minor pieces, and 
 produced a few operas {Le premier venu, 1818 ; 
 Les Troqueurs, 1819 ; V Amour platonique, 1819 
 
 268 
 
HERRMANN— HERVfi 
 
 [only rehearsed] ; and VAuteur mart et vivant, 
 1820), the ill-success of which caused him to dis- 
 trust his natural talent, and to imitate, in several 
 succeeding stage-works, the style then in vogue 
 —that of Rossini. With the 3-act comic opera 
 Marie (1826) H. returned, however, to his true 
 element, and won instant and brilliant success. 
 Meantime (1824) he had obtained the post of 
 pianist at the Italian Opera, but soon reliquished 
 it for that of chorusmaster (1824-6) ; during this 
 period he brought out Les Muletiers, I'Astk/nie, 
 VendSme en Espagne, Le Roi Reni, and Zf Lapin 
 blanc. In 1827 he was appointed chef du chant 
 at the Grand Opera, for which he wrote several 
 poetic and graceful ballets {Astolphe et Joconde, 
 La Somnambule, Lydie, La Belle au Bois dor- 
 mant, and La fille mat gard/e) ; La Somnam- 
 bule furnished Bellini with the subject of his 
 popular opera. In 1828 H. was received into 
 the Legion of Honor. In 1829 appeared V Illu- 
 sion, a one-act opera, full of charming numbers. 
 Emmeline (1830) was a failure, but the brilliant 
 success of Zampa (1831) placed H. in the first 
 rank of French composers. He wrote I'Auberge 
 d'Atcrey (1830) jointly with Carafa ; La Mar- 
 quise de Brinvilliers (1831) in collaboration with 
 Auber, Batton, Berton, Blangini, Boieldieu, 
 Carafa, Cherubini, and Paer ; and als6 produced 
 La mMicine sans riMecin (1832), a one-act opera. 
 His last work, Le Pri aux clercs (1832), has had 
 remarkable vogue in France. Shortly after the 
 production of Zampa his health had begun to 
 decline, and he died of consumption in his forty- 
 second year. His unfinished opera Ludovic was 
 successfully completed by Halevy. — Herold's 
 pf.-music, comprising 55 opus-numbers, con- 
 sists of sonatas, caprices, rondos, divertisse- 
 ments, fantaisies, variations, and potpourris. — 
 Busts of H. by Danton and Demesnay are in 
 tht foyer of the New Opera house ; one by Charles 
 Gauthier is in the library of the Conservatoire. 
 " Herold, sa vie et ses ceuvres," by Jouvin 
 (Paris, Heugel, 1868, 8vo), is the best of the many 
 biographical notices that have appeared. 
 
 Herrmann, Gottfried, violinist and pianist, 
 b. Sondershausen, May 15, i8o8 ; d. Lubeck, 
 June 6, 1878. Vln. -pupil of Spohr at Kassel, 
 and St. comp. with Hauptmann. He became 
 iirst violin at Hanover ; and, under Aloys Schmitt, 
 developed into a talented pianist. Organized a 
 quartet-party, with his brother Karl, at Frank- 
 fort ; in 1831, was app. org. and dir. of the 
 Marienkirche, Lubeck ; in 1844, Kafellm. to the 
 Sondershausen court ; in 1852, cAy-Kapellm. of 
 Lubeck, also directing the Lubeck theatre and 
 the Hamburg Bach-Verein. — Works: Operas, 
 orch.l and chamber-music, songs, etc. — His niece 
 and pupil, Klara H., gifted pianist, residing 
 at Lubeck, also a student of Leipzig Cons. , is 
 the daughter of his brother Karl ['cellist, d. 
 Stuttgart, Nov. 12, 1894]. 
 
 Her'schel, Friedrich Wilhelm, eminent 
 astronomer (a»f/«V/ Sir William Herschel, K. 
 C. H., D. C. L.) ; b. Hanover, Nov, 15, 1738 ; 
 
 d. Slough, n. Windsor, Aug. 23, 1822. Son of a 
 military musician, at 14 years of age he entered 
 the band of the Hanoverian guards as oboist, 
 and was stationed at Durham when that regiment 
 came to England. Became org. of Halifax 
 parish ch. ; in 1766, of the Octagon Chapel, Bath. 
 Devoted his leisure to astronomy, constructed 
 the great " Herschel" telescope, discovered the 
 planet Uranus, was app. "Astronomer Royal" 
 (1781), and abandoned the musical profession. 
 Received the honor of knighthood and an Oxford 
 degree. Comp.s : A symphony, and 2 concertos 
 f. Wind-instr.s. 
 
 Her'tel, Johann Christian, viola-da-gamba 
 virtuoso ; b. Oettingen, Swabia, 1699 ; d. Stre- 
 litz, Oct., 1754. St. singing and the gamba ; 
 pf., vln., and comp. with Kaufmann at Merse- 
 burg, later with Hess at Darmstadt. Became 
 1st violin of Eisenach court-chapel ; from 1742- 
 53, ducal Concertmeister at Mecklenburg-Stre- 
 litz. — In MS., symphonies, overtures, vln. and 
 bass concertos, sonatas, trios, etc. ; only 6 sona- 
 tas were publ. 
 
 Her'tel, Johann Wilhelm, violinist, pianist, 
 and comp.; b. Eisenach, Oct. 9, 1727 ; d. Schwe- 
 rin, June 14, 1789 ; son and pupil of Joh. Chr. ; 
 also St. vln. withBenda. In 1757, Concertmeister 
 and comp. to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , 
 subsequently Kapellm. In 1770, private secretary 
 to Princess Ulrike, and councillor at Schwerin. 
 — Works : 8 oratorios, descriptive of the princi- 
 pal events in the life of Christ ; 12 symphonies ; 
 6 pf. -sonatas ; I pf .- concerto ; songs. Also 
 compiled, with translations and notes, " Samm- 
 lung musikalischer Schriften, grosstentheils aus 
 den Werken der Italiener und Franzosen ..." 
 (1757-8, 2 parts). 
 
 Her'tel, Peter Ludwig, b. Berlin, Apr. 21, 
 1817. Son of Karl H., violinist [17S4-1868J, 
 and pupil of Greulich(pf.), Rietz(vln.), Schneider 
 and Marx (comp.). In 1858, app. court comp., 
 in i860 dir. of ballet, at the Berlin Royal Opera. 
 — Works: Symphonies, overtures, but principally 
 ballet-mus. (Z>«e lustigen Musketiere (1852), Flick 
 und Flock (1858), Sardanapal (1865), Ellinor 
 (i86g), Fantaska, Die 4. Jahreszeiten, etc.) 
 
 Her'ther, F., pen-name of Hermann Giin- 
 ther, M.D. (brother of Dr. Otto Gilnther) ; b. 
 Leipzig, Feb. 18, 1834; d. there Feb. 13, 1871. 
 — Opera, Der Abtvon St. Ca//f» (Berlin, 1864). 
 
 Hertz'berg, Rudolph von, b. Berlin, Jan. 6, 
 1818 ; d. there Nov. 24, 1893. Pupil of L. Ber- 
 ger and S. Dehn ; 1847, singing-teacher ; 1858, 
 " KOnigl. Musikdirektor " ; i86l-8g, cond. of 
 Domchor (cathedral choir), with title " Pro- 
 fessor," succeeding Neithardt. Editor (as Franz 
 Commer's successor) of the valuable coll. work 
 " Musica Sacra." 
 
 Herv6(properly FlorimondRonger), a dram, 
 comp., the creator of French operetta ; b. Hou- 
 dain, n. Arras, June 30, 1825 ; d. Paris, Nov. 4, 
 
 269 
 
HERVEY— HERZOG 
 
 1892. Chorister and scholar of St.-Roch, he be- 
 came org. at various churches in Paris. With 
 his friend Kelm, in 1848, he sang in Don Qui- 
 choitc et Sancho Pan(a, an interlude of his own 
 comp. , at the Opera National. In 1859, chef 
 d'orchestre at the Palais Royal Th. In 1855 
 he opened the " Folies-Concertantes,'' a small 
 theatre for the production of pantomimes, say- 
 K^to (musical comediettas for two persons), etc., 
 and, with phenominal activity, developed the 
 light French operetta from these diminutive and 
 frivolous dramatic comp.s, writing both libretti 
 and music, and frequently appearing in the dual 
 capacity of actor and orch.-cond. In 1856 he 
 resigned, and (1856-69) was connected with 
 theatres in Paris, Marseilles, Montpellier, and 
 Cairo; 1 870-1, cond. of Covent Garden Prom- 
 enade Concerts, London ; 1871-4, mus.-dir. of 
 The Empire Th. He wrote over 50 operettas, 
 which, however, were eclipsed by those of Of- 
 fenbach. Some of the best-known are : Vade 
 au Cabaret^ Le compositeur toqu^^ Fiji et Nini 
 (these 3 at the Fol.-Conc, 1855-6) ; Femme h 
 vendre (1858) ; V Oiil crev^ (1867) ; Le petit 
 Faust {nitq) ; F/a-F/a {1S&6) ; La noce h Nini; 
 La Roussotte (coUab. with Lecocq) ; Le roi Chil- 
 pMc^ and Les Bagatelles. One of his latest, 
 Bacchanale (Paris, '92), was a fiasco. Other 
 works are the 3-act operetta Mimi ; two 3-act 
 operas-bouffes, Le Rubicon and Frivoli; and the 
 i-act opera-comique I'Elixir. — He also publ. 
 pf.-pcs. , songs, and dances. 
 
 Hervey, Arthur, composer and writer ; b. of 
 Irish parentage at Paris, Jan. 26, 1855. Pupil 
 of Berthold Tours 
 (harm.)andEdouard 
 Marlois (instrumen- 
 tation). At first in- 
 tended for the dip- 
 lomatic service, he 
 embraced a musical 
 career in 1880 ; was 
 for a time critic 
 for " Vanity Fair " ; 
 since 1892 on the 
 staff of the London 
 " Morning Post." — 
 Works: A i-act 
 opera. The Fairy's 
 
 /■ujZ-^ojT (London, 1885) ; dram, overture " Love 
 and Fate " (i8go) ; Suite f. orch. (MS.) ; Ro- 
 mance f. vln. and orch. ; pf.-music ; he is also a 
 song- writer of repute: " 6 Liebeslieder," 8 "Neue 
 Liebeslieder," and 6 other songs, " Herzens- 
 stimmen," all by Heine ; "Lbve of my life," 
 " May Song," " Once," " Mine all," etc. — Au- 
 thor of "Masters of French Music" (London, 
 1894). 
 
 Herz, Jacques Simon, b. Frankfort, Dec. 
 31, 1794 ; d. Nice, Jan. 27, 1880. Of Jewish 
 parentage ; went to Paris when young ; in 1807 
 ent. the Cons., studying the pf. with Pradher. 
 Became a distinguished pianist and teacher in 
 
 Paris ; taught for some years in London ; re- 
 turned to Paris in 1857, as acting-prof, for his 
 brother Henri, at the Cons. — Comps. : Much pf .. 
 mus. ; vln. -sonatas, and a horn -sonata. — His 
 brother, 
 
 Herz, Henri, brilliant pianist; b. Vienna, Jan. 
 6, 1806 ; d. Paris, Jan. 5, 1888. Taught by his 
 father, and by Hun- 
 ten at Koblenz ; 
 later (1816) by Pra- 
 dher, Reicha, and 
 Dourlen at the 
 Paris Cons., and 
 won 1st pf. -prize ; 
 improved himself 
 in Moscheles' style 
 after that virtuoso's 
 visit in 182 1 ; was 
 in high repute as a 
 fashionable teacher 
 and composer, his 
 comp.s realizing 3 
 and 4 times the 
 price of those of the 
 best musicians. In 1831 he made a brilliant tour 
 of Germany with the violinist Lafont ; visited 
 London in 1834 ; and at his first concert Mo- 
 scheles and Cramer played duets with him. In 
 1842, wasapp. pf.-prof. at the Paris Cons. Lost 
 considerably by partnership with a pf . -manufac- 
 turer Klepfer, and thereupon undertook a con- 
 cert-tour through the United States, Mexico, and 
 the W. Indies (1845-51). Returning, he estab- 
 lishfed a successful pf. -manufactory, his instr.s re- 
 ceiving 1st prize at the Paris Exhibition of 1855. 
 Resigned professorship at the Cons, in 1874. H. 
 acknowledged that he catered to the popular 
 taste ; of his numerous works (over 200), at 
 which Schumann frequently poked fun, only his 
 Etudes, and a Pf.-Method, are likely to survive. 
 They include pf. -concertos, variations, sonatas, 
 rondos, vln. -sonatas, nocturnes, dances, marches, 
 fantasias, etc. " Mes voyages en Amerique" 
 (1866) is a reprint of his letters to the Monitiuf^, 
 Universel, describing his American tour. 
 
 Herz'berg, Anton, pianist, b. Tarnow, Gali- 
 cia, June 4,1825. St. withBocklet and Preyer 
 in Vienna. Made concert-tours through Hun- 
 gary, Prussia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, France, 
 Holland, and England, and received various dec- 
 orations. In 1866, settled in Moscow as pf.- 
 teacher. — Works : About 130 pes. of salon- 
 music. 
 
 Her'zog, Johann Georg, organ-virtuoso, b. 
 Schmolz, Bavaria, Sept. 6, 1822. Pupil of Boden- 
 schatz, and of the Seminary at Altdorf , Bavaria. 
 1841-2, teacher at Bruck, n. Hof ; 1842, org. of 
 Munich Protestant ch., cantor in 1848; org.-' 
 prof, at the Cons., 1850; mus. director at Er- 
 langen Univ., 1854; in 1866, Dr. phil.; later, 
 professor, retiring in 1888. Resides at Munich. 
 — Organ-works : " Praludienbuch," " Kirch- 
 liches Orgelspiel " (3 parts), " Chorale mit Vor-, 
 
 270 
 
HERZOG— HEUBERGER 
 
 Zwischen- und Nachspielen," " Evangelisches 
 Choralbuch" (3 books), " Chorgesange fUr den 
 kirchlichen Gebrauch " (5 books), " Geistliches 
 und Weltliches" (collections), " Orgelschule," 
 fantasias, etc. 
 
 Her'zog, Emilie, brilliant colora iur a-singer 
 and soubrette ; b. Diessenhofen, Thurgau, abt. 
 i860. Pupil of the Zurich School of Music 
 under K. Gloggner, 1876-8 ; at Munich, under 
 Ad. Schimon, 1878-80. Made her theatrical 
 debut as the Page in Zes Nuguenots, at Munich, 
 (1879?). In i88g, eng. for the Berlin Court 
 Opera. 
 
 Her'zogenberg, Heinrich von, pianist and 
 comp., b. Graz, Styria, June 10, 1843. Pupil of 
 Dessoff at Vienna Cons., 1862-4. Lived at Graz 
 until 1872, then removed to Leipzig, and with 
 P. Spitta, F. V. Holstein, and A. Volkland 
 founded the Bach-Verein in 1874 ; in 1875 he 
 succeeded Volkland as its dir. In 1885, app. 
 prof, of comp. at the Berlin ' ' Hochschule fiir 
 Musik," as successor to F. Kiel ; he retired in 
 1892, and was succeeded by M. Bruch. Is 
 president of the " Meisterschule " for comp., and 
 a member of the Akademie. — Works : Oratorio 
 Die Geburt Christi ; symphonic poem, " Odys- 
 seus"; 2 symphonies (C min. and Bt)); " Deut- 
 sches Liederspiel" f. soli, ch., and pf. 4 hands ; 
 " Der Stern des Liedes," f. ch. and orch. ; " Die 
 Weihe der Nacht," f. alto solo, ch., and orch.; 
 96th Psalm, op. 34 ; Il6th Psalm, f. double ch. 
 and orch.; 94th Psalm, op. 60, f. soli, ch., and 
 orch.; " Nannas Klage," op. 59 ; a cantata, Co- 
 lumbus ; 2 pf. -trios and two string-trios, op. 27 ; 
 3 string-quartets ; a quintet for wind-instr.s ; 
 pf.-works f. 2 and 4 hands ; Variations for 2 pf .s, 
 on a theme from Brahms ; 3 songs, 2 duets, I 
 part-song. — His wife, Elizabeth, n^e von 
 Stockhausen, talented pianist, b. 1848, d. San 
 Remo, Jan. 7, 1892. 
 
 Hess, Joachim, organist and carillonneur of 
 St. John's Ch., Gouda, Holland, for 44 years, 
 1766-1810. An erudite and industrious musician. 
 Writings: " Korte en eenvoudige handleiding 
 tot het leeren van clavecimbel of orgelspel" 
 
 I (1766, etc.); " Luister van het orgel" (1772); 
 " Korte schets van de allereerste uitvinding en 
 
 ; verdere voortgang in het vervaardigen der 
 orgeln" (1810) ; " Dispo.sitien der merkwaar- 
 digste kerk-orgeln '' (1774); and " Vereischten 
 in eenen organist" (1779). — His brother, A. H. 
 H., was a distinguished org. -builder at Gouda. 
 
 Hes'se, Ernst Christian, viola-da-gamba 
 '. virtuoso ; b. Grossen-Gottern, Thuringia, Apr. 
 
 14, 1676 ; d. Darmstadt, May 16, 1762. Court 
 • secretary for Hesse-Darmstadt ; then, at the 
 ;, Prince's expense, he st. in Paris with Marin 
 ;, Marais and Forqueray ; made concert-tours and 
 ,' played at the Viennese and Dresden courts. 
 
 '^Ti-'i-\% Kapellm. at Vienna. — In MS.; Sona- 
 
 tasand suites f. gamba, and other instr.l mus. ; 
 
 much church-music. 
 
 Hes'se, Adolf (Friedrich), organ-virtuoso ; 
 b. Breslau, Aug. 30, 1809 ; d. there Aug. 5, 1863. 
 Son of an organ-builder ; pupil of Berner and E. 
 Kohler. The Breslau authorities granted him a 
 sum which enabled him to visit Leipzig, Kassel, 
 Hamburg, Berlin, and Weimar, his talents gain- 
 ing him the acquaintance and instruction of 
 Hummel, Rinck, and Spohr. In 1827, app. as- 
 sist.-org. at St. Elizabeth's ch., Breslau, and in 
 1831, org. of St. Bernard's. Visited Paris in 
 1844, for the inauguration of the new org. of St.- 
 Eustache, and astonished the Parisians by his 
 pedal-playing. In 1846 visited Italy, and Eng- 
 land in 1852, performing on the organs in the 
 Crystal Palace, and protesting against their un- 
 equal temperament. For many years dir. of the 
 Breslau symphony concerts. — Works : Oratorio 
 Tobias; dta.m.ca.xit3.tSiHerzogErnstv. Schwaben, 
 I. soli, male ch., and orch., op. 21 ; other canta- 
 tas ; 6 symphonies, 4 overtures, motets, pf.-con- 
 certo, string-quintet, 2 strg. -quartets, and pf.- 
 pcs. ; organ-comp.s (preludes, fugues, fantasias, 
 etc.), and an " Orgelschule " (Practical Organ- 
 ist). 
 
 Hes'se, Julius, b. Hamburg, Mar. 2, 1823 ; 
 d. Berlin, Apr. 5, 1881. He originated and suc- 
 cessfully introduced a new measurement for pf.- 
 keys, and publ. " System des Klavierspiels." 
 
 Hes'se, Max, mus.-publ. ; b. Sondershausen, 
 Feb. 18, 1858. In 1880, founded a publishing- 
 house at Leipzig, and in 1883, the printing estab- 
 lishment Hesse u. Becker, for music and books. 
 
 Hetsch, (Karl Friedrich) Ludvrig, pianist 
 and violinist ; b. Stuttgart, Apr. 26, 1806 ; d. 
 Mannheim, June 26, 1872. Pupil of Abeille and 
 Weiss, and protege of the King of Wurttemberg. 
 In 1835, mus. dir. at Heidelberg ; in 1846, 2nd 
 Kapeilm. of Munich Court Th. — Works : Opera 
 Ryno (Stuttgart, 1833) ; oratorios, symphonies, 
 chamber and vocal music, Lieder ; his 130th 
 Psalm and a duet f. pf . and vln. won prizes. 
 
 Heu'berger, Richard Franz Joseph, dram, 
 comp.; b. Graz, Styria, June i8, 1850. St. mu- 
 sic under good masters ; he was by profession a 
 civil engineer, and obtained the Government cer- 
 tificate in 1875. In 1876 devoted himself to mu- 
 sic. App. Chormeister of the Vienna academical 
 Gesangverein, and in 1878 cond. of the Sing- 
 akademie. — Works: Operas, Abenleuer einer 
 Neujahrsnacht{h&xpz\%, 1886) ; Manuel Venegas 
 (do., 1889), remodelled as the 3-act grand opera 
 Mirjam, oder Das Maifest (Vienna, '94 ; succ); 
 " Tanzspiel" (ballet) in 3 acts, Die Lautenschla- 
 ^^wz (Prague, '96 ; succ); cantata, "Gehtesdir 
 wohl, so denk' an mich," f. soli, male ch., and 
 orch., from " Des Knaben Wunderhorn " ; over- 
 ture to Byron's " Cain" ; rhapsody from Riick- 
 ert's " LiebesfrilhHng," f. mixed ch. and orch.; 
 suite in D, f. orch.; a symphony ; orch.l varia- 
 tions on a theme by Schubert ; serenades f . orch. , 
 op. 7 ; part-songs, songs. His last dram, works 
 are 2 operettas, Der Opernball (Munich, 189S ; 
 succ.) and Ihre Excellenz, Vienna, 1899). 
 
 271 
 
HEUBNER— HEYMANN 
 
 Heub'ner, Konrad, talented comp. ; b. Dres- 
 den, iS6o. Pupil of the " Kreuzschule " there ; 
 also of Leipzig Cons. (1878-9), and, at the Univ., 
 of Riemann. St. under Nottebohm at Vienna, 
 and in 1881 under Wtillner, Nicode, and Blass- 
 mann at Dresden. In 1882, cond. of the Lieg- 
 nitz Singakademie ; in 1884, assist. -cond. of the 
 Berlin Singakademie. In 1890, succeeded R. 
 Maszkowski as dir. of the Koblenz Cons, and 
 Mus. Soc. — Works ; Overtures, symphony in A 
 (1892), quintet f. pf., 2 vlns., via., and 'cello ; pf. 
 and vln. -sonata ; pf.-trio (op. 9) ; songs, etc. 
 
 Heu'gel, Jacques-Leopold, b. La Rochelle, 
 1815 ; d. Paris, Nov. 12, 1883. Ed. and publ. 
 from 1834 of " Le Menestrel." Founder and 
 dir. of the Paris mus. -publ. establ. " H. et 
 Cie.," well known for its excellent publications, 
 which include the famous " Methodes du Con- 
 servatoire " in all branches. 
 
 Heu'mann, Hans, song-comp. ; b. Leipzig, 
 Aug. 17, 1870. From his i8th year he filled 
 temporary engagements as a double-bass player 
 or tuba-player in orch.s at Kassel, Geneva, St. 
 Petersburg, Vienna, and London ; studying when 
 his means permitted with W. Rust at Leipzig 
 Cons., and Kretschmer at Dresden; later (on 
 Brahms' recommendation) with von Herzogen- 
 berg at Berlin. He has publ. over 100 songs, 
 and is equally at home in the simple " folk- 
 song," the powerful, dramatic "ballade," and 
 the playful or passionate love-song. Has also 
 publ. a suite in sonata-form f . violin and pf . ; 
 psalms f. alto w. organ ; etc. Resides in Berlin. 
 
 Hewitt, John H., b. New York, 1801. 
 From 1845, resided at Baltimore. — Works : Ora- 
 torios, among which Jephtha is especially note- 
 worthy ; operas, ballads, songs, etc. 
 
 Hey, Julius, singing-teacher ; b. Irmelshau- 
 sen. Lower F"ranconia, Apr. 29, 1832. First St. 
 painting, but turned to music, and was a pupil of 
 P'ranz Lachner (harm, and cpt.) and F. Schmitt 
 (singing). He became an ardent Wagnerian 
 after his introduction to the master by King Lud- 
 wig II., and worked under the direction of Bulow 
 at the Munich School of Music (estab. by the 
 King in accordance with Wagner's plans). After 
 Bulow's departure (i86g), he vainly essayed, from 
 a German national standpoint, a reform in the 
 cultivation of singing, but met with so many ob- 
 stacles that he resigned when Wagner died 
 (1883), and devoted himself to finishing the im- 
 portant method of singing " Deutscher Gesangs- 
 unterricht " (4 parts ; 1886). It contains a c6m- 
 plete and logical exposition of Wagner's views 
 on vocal training. Part I relates to Speech ; 
 Part II, to the Development of Tone in, and the 
 Formation of. Women's Voices ; Part III, do. 
 do. of Men's Voices ; Part IV, letterpress ex- 
 planations. This work was written with the ul- 
 terior motive of forming a " Stilbildungschule " 
 (school for the formation of style), which Wag- 
 ner and H. were convinced could alone bring 
 about the needed reform. Many pupils of H. 
 
 are to be found in the principal German theatres. 
 Wagner considered him " the chief of all sing- 
 ing-teachers." Settled 1887 in Berlin. — Comp.s : 
 Songs, duets, 16 easy songs f. children, etc. 
 
 Hey'berger, Joseph, b. Hettstadt, Alsatia, 
 June 18, 1831 ; d. Paris, Feb., 1892. Till 
 1871, teacher, org., and cond. at Milhlhausen ; 
 then chorusmaster at the Opera-Com., Paris. 
 Prof, of solfeggio in Paris Cons. ; composer. 
 
 Hey'den, Sebald, b. Nuremberg, 1498 
 (1494?) ; d. there July 9, 1561. In 1519 app. 
 cantor of the Hospital school, in 1537 rector 
 of the ch. of St. Sebald. — Works : " Musicae, 
 i.e. artis canendi libri duo" (1527 ; 3rd ed., as 
 " De arte canendi," etc., 1540), an important 
 treatise on measured music ; similar to it are 
 " Stichiosie musicae, sen rudimenta musicae" 
 (1529), " Musicae stichiosis, worin vom Ur- 
 sprung und Nutzen der Musik . . . ," or " In- 
 stitutiones musicae" (1535). — His son Hans, 
 b. Nuremberg, 1540; d. there 1613, org. of the 
 ch. of St. Sebald, invented the " Geigenclavi- 
 cimbal " (" Nilrnbergisch Geigenwerk "), which 
 he described in " Musicale instrumentum refor- 
 matum " (1610). 
 
 Hey'drich, Bruno, b. Leuben, n. Lommatzsch, 
 Saxony, in 1865. Pupil of Dresden Cons. 
 1879-82, taking prizes as a double-bass player, 
 pianist, and comp.; was for one year double- 
 bass in Bulow's Weimar orch. , and for 4 years in 
 Dresden court orch. ; also pursued vocal studies, 
 at first under Prof. Scharfe, then Hey (Berlin) 
 and V. Milde (Sondershausen) ; his debut at the 
 Sondershausen th. as " Lyonel " was successful ; 
 after short engagements at Weimar (1888), 
 Stettin ('89), Magdeburg ('90), and Aachen ('91), 
 he succeeded Emil Gotze as dramatic tenor in 
 Cologne (1892-6); now (1899) dram, tenor at 
 Brunswick. Wagner roles are his forte. — Works : 
 "Amen: Opern-Drama in einem Akte und 
 einem musikalisch-pantomimischen Vorspiele 
 Reinhards Verbrechen" (Cologne, 1895; v. 
 succ.) ; over 30 songs (" Kusslieder," Schwiir- 
 mereien," " Liebeslieder," etc.). 
 
 Hey'mann-Rheineck [Karl August Hey- 
 mann], pianist and comp. ; b. Burg-Rheineck on 
 the Rhine, Nov. 24, 1852. St. at Cologne 
 Cons., and at the R. Hochschule, Berlin, under 
 Rudorff (pf.) and Kiel (comp.) ; since 1875, 
 teacher at the Hochschule. — Comp.s ; Pf.-pcs. 
 (Novelletten, op. 5 ; Fantasiestucke, op. 3) and 
 songs (" Einen Brief soil ich schreiben"). 
 
 Hey'mann, Karl, pianist ; b. Filehne, Posen, 
 Oct. 6, 1854. [His father, Isaac H., was can- 
 tor successively at Filehne, Graudenz, Gnesen, 
 and now at Amsterdam.] Pupil of Hiller, 
 Gernsheim, Breunung, at Cologne Cons., and 
 of Kiel at Berlin. Ill-health compelled him to 
 abandon the career of a virtuoso, on which he 
 had successfully entered ; but in 1872 he re- 
 appeared with Wilhelmj, and became mus. dir. 
 at Bingen. He was app. court pianist to the 
 
 272 
 
HEYNE— HILES 
 
 Landgrave of Hesse, and from 1877-80, was 
 teacher at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort. — Comp.s : 
 Pf.-concerto ; also " Elfenspiel," " Mummen- 
 schanz," "PhantasiestUcke," and other brilliant 
 and efEective pieces for piano. 
 
 Heyne van Ghizeghem (also Hayne, or 
 Ayne, "Henry"), a chapel-singer at the court 
 of Charles the Bold of Burgundy about 1468 ; 
 composed motets in Netherland contrapuntal 
 style, some of which are printed in Petrucci's 
 "Odhecaton" (1501). 
 
 Hiebsch, Josef, violinist and teacher ; b. 
 Tyssa, Bohemia, Oct. 7, 1854 ; d. Karlsbad, 
 May 10, 1897. Chorister of the Dresden Royal 
 Chapel, 1866, and at the Leitmeritz Seminary, 
 i86g. Vln.-pupil of Dont, Vienna. Settled as 
 a music-teacher in Vienna. — Writings : ' ' Leit- 
 faden fur den elementaren Violinunterricht " 
 (1880; enlarged ed., 1884); 12 books of vocal 
 duets of like character, ' ' Methodik des Gesang- 
 unterrichts" (1882; 1893); "Methodik des 
 Violinunterrichts " (1887) ; " AUgemeine Musik- 
 lehre " (i8go) ; and " Lehrbuch der Harmonic " 
 (1893). 
 
 Hientzsch, Johann Gottfried, b. Mokrehna, 
 n. Toigau, Aug. 25, 1787 ; d. Berlin, July i, 
 1856. Pupil of the Thomasschule, and the 
 Univ., at Leipzig. As a teacher, he lived for 
 some years in Switzerland, with Pestalozzi, to 
 learn that master's method. In 1817, app. 
 mus. -teacher at the Neuzelle Seminary ; in 
 1822, director of the Breslau Seminary ; in 
 1833, at Potsdam ; 1852-4, dir. of the Berlin 
 Institute for the Blind. From 1828-37 he ed- 
 ited the Eutonia, an educational mus. journal 
 and in 1856 commenced a new paper. Das mu- 
 sikalische Deutschland, which reached only 3 
 numbers. He publ. collections of church-melo- 
 dies for school use ; also treatises on singing. 
 
 Hieronymus de Moravia, abt. 1260 Domin- 
 ican friar of the Rue St.-Jacques monastery, 
 Paris. One of the earliest writers on measured 
 music. Coussemaker printed his treatise " De 
 musica" in the " Scriptores," i. 
 
 Hignard, (Jean-Louis-) Aristide, b. Nantes, 
 May 20, 1822 ; d. Vernon, Mar. 20 (?), i8g8. 
 Pupil of Halevy in Paris Cons., 1845-50, taking 
 the 2nd Gr. Prix de Rome. He was an earnest 
 composer of lofty aims; but was able to bring out 
 only works of secondary importance, with the 
 exception of Hamlet, a " tragedie lyrique " prod, 
 at Nantes, 1888. His other stage-works were 
 the comic operas, Le Visionnaire (i act ; Nantes, 
 1851) ; Le Colin-Maillard (l act ; Paris, Th.- 
 Lyr., 1853) ; Les compagnons de la Marjolaine 
 (i act ; ibid., 1855) ; M. de Chimpanz^ (i act ; 
 Bouffes-Par. , 1858); Le nouveau Pourceaugnac 
 (l act ; ibid., i860) ; I'Auberge des Ardennes 
 (2 acts ; Th.-LjT., i860); ax^&Les Musiciens de 
 Vorchestre (2 acts ; Bouffes-Par., 1861). 2 "ope- 
 rettes de salon," Le Joueur d'orgue and A la 
 porte, and 2 more comic operas never perf . , Les 
 Mules deFleurette and La mille et unieme Nuit, 
 
 complete the list. He also publ. " Valses ro- 
 mantiques " and " Valses concertantes " f. pf. 4 
 hands ; choruses f . men's and women's voices ; 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Hil'dach, Eugen, b. Wittenberge-on-the- 
 Elbe, Nov. 20, 1849. — A fine baritone singer, 
 he was twenty-four years of age before he began 
 vocal lessons. Pupil at Berlin of Frau Prof. EI. 
 Dreyschock, he met and married another pupil, 
 
 Hil'dach, Anna, n^e Schubert, a powerful 
 mezzo-soprano ; b. KOnigsberg, Prussia, Oct. 5, 
 1852. From 1880-6, both were teachers with 
 Fr. Willlner at the Dresden Cons. Now devote 
 themselves to concert-singing. 
 
 Hil'debrand, Zacharias, b. Saxony, 1680 ; 
 d. 1743 ; a clever organ-builder, and G. Silber- 
 mann's best pupil. He built the organs of the 
 Dresden Catholic ch., and of St. Wenceslaus, 
 Naumburg. His equally eminent son, Johann 
 Gottfried H., built the great organ of St. 
 Michael's ch., Hamburg. 
 
 Hiles, John, English organist, b. Shrews- 
 bury, 1810 ; d. London, Feb. 4, 1882. Org. at 
 Shrewsbury, Portsmouth, Brighton, and London. 
 Comp. pf.-pcs. and songs ; also wrote didactic 
 works, catechisms of the pf., org., harm., thor- 
 ough-bass, part-singing, and a Dictionary of 
 Musical Terms (1871). 
 
 Hiles, Henry, b. Shrewsbury, Dec. 31, 1826. 
 Brother and pupil of the preceding. Filled 
 various positions as 
 organist. 1852-9, 
 owing to ill-health, 
 he spent in travel- 
 ling. In 1862, Mus. 
 Bac.Oxon; 1864-7, 
 org. of St. Paul's, 
 Manchester; Mus. 
 Doc. in 1867. In 
 1876, app. lecturer 
 on harm, and comp. 
 at Owens College, 
 Manchester; in 
 1879, at Victoria 
 University. In 1882 
 was co-founder of 
 the National Society 
 of Professional Mu- 
 sicians ; later, prof, of harm, and comp. at R . Man- 
 chester Coll. of Music. From 1885, editor of the 
 Quarterly Musical Review. Writings : ' ' Gram- 
 mar of Music " (2 vol.s ; 1879) ; " Harmony of 
 Sounds " (3 editions, 1871, '72, '78); "FirstLes- 
 sons in Singing (1881); " Part Writing, or Mod- 
 ern Counterpoint " (1884); " Harmony versus 
 Counterpoint" (1894). Comp.s: 2 oratorios, 
 David (i860) and The Patriarchs (1872) ; the 
 cantatas Fayre Pastoral, The Crusaders, and 
 Watchfulness ; psalms, anthems, services, part- 
 songs; an operetta, War in the Household [liic,); 
 and an historic opera, Harold {li^'i ; not perf.) ; 
 also odes, and music f. org. and pf. 
 
 18 
 
 273 
 
HILF— HILLER 
 
 Hilf, Arno, celebrated violin-virtuoso ; b. Bad 
 Elster, Saxony, Mar. 14, 1858. Pupil of his 
 father, Wilhelm Christoph H., and from 1872 
 of the Leipzig Cons, under David, Rbntgen, 
 and Schradieck. Second Concertmeisler and 
 teacherat Moscow Cons, in 187S, and at Sonders- 
 hausen in 1888. The same year, he succeeded 
 Petri as leader of the Gewandhaus orch. , Leipzig. 
 Also leader of an excellent quartet. 
 
 Hill, William, English organ-builder ; b. 
 London, 1800 ; d. there Dec. 18, 1870. With Dr. 
 Gauntlett, introduced the CC compass. Men- 
 delssohn frequently said that the organ of St. 
 Peter's, London, built by PL, was the finest in 
 the world. 
 
 Hill, William Ebsworth, b. London, 1817 ; 
 d. Hanley, Apr. 2, 1895. Celebrated violin- 
 maker, grandson of Joseph Hill. Took gold 
 medals at World's Fairs in Paris and London. 
 
 Hill, Thomas Henry Weist, violinist and 
 conductor ; b. London, Jan. 3, 1828 ; d. there 
 Dec. 26, 1891. Pupil of Sainton at R. A. M. 
 Made concert-tours in America and Europe. 
 Member of the orchestras of the Opera, Philh., 
 and Sacred Harmonic. In' 1879, cond. at Alex- 
 andra Palace ; 1880, Principal of the Guildhall 
 School of Music- — Pieces for vln. and f . 'cello ; 
 and a " Civic' Anthem." 
 
 Hill, Ureli C, b. New York, 1802 (?) ; d. 
 Sept., 1875. Violinist, a pupil of Spohrat Kas- 
 sel (1836). Founder and first President of the 
 N. Y. Philh. Soc. (1842), playing with the first 
 violins. 
 
 Hill, Junius Welch, b. Hingham, Mass., 
 Nov. 18, 1840. Pupil, in Boston, of J. C. D. 
 Parker. Entered Leipzig Cons, i860 (Moscheles, 
 Plaidy, Richter, Reinecke, Hauptmann), study- 
 ing (also privately) until 1863. After occupy- 
 ing, since 1 860, important positions as organist 
 and directorat Tremont Temple, ShawmutCh., 
 Tremont St. Methodist Ch., and Harvard Ch. 
 (Brookline), in Boston, he was app. Prof, of 
 Music at Wellesley College, where he raised the 
 standard of music to a very high degree of excel- 
 lence, giving (during 13 years) more than 200 
 concerts of real artistic merit (with fine soloists, 
 quartets, and orchestras). H. resigned his posi- 
 tion in 1897, and now devotes himself to teach- 
 ing, with marked success. He has publ. numer- 
 ous female choruses, and edited several valuable 
 instructive coll.s f. pf. ; among them being 
 "Treasures of Lyric Art," "Arabesques," 
 " Mosai'ques," "Characteristic Piano-pieces," 
 etc. 
 
 Hill, Karl, baritone stage- and concert-singer; 
 b. Idstein, Nassau, 1840 ; d. insane in an asylum 
 at Sachsenberg, Mecklenburg, Jan. 21, 1893. A 
 post-office official, he occasionally appeared as a 
 concert-singer, but in 1868 went on the stage, 
 was attached to the Schwerin court th., and also 
 sang at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, and the Glir- 
 xenich Concerts, Cologne. Held in high esteem 
 
 by Wagner, he sang the role of Alberich at Bay- 
 reuth in 1876. 
 
 Hill, Wilhelm, pianist ; b. Fulda, Mar. 28, 
 1838. Pupil of H. Henkel and Hauff. In 1854 
 he settled in Frankfort, where his opera Alona 
 was awarded the 2nd prize in the comDetition 
 for the inauguration of the new opera-house. 
 Has publ. vln. -sonatas, op. 20 and 28 ; trios, 
 op. 12 and 43 ; pf.-quartet, op. 44 ; songs, pf.. 
 pes., etc. 
 
 Hil'le, Eduard, b. Wahlhausen, Hanover, 
 May i6, 1822 ; d. Gbttingen, Dec. 18, 1891. 
 From 1840-2, student of philosophy at Gottingen; 
 also learned music under Heinroth. For several 
 years lived as mus. -teacher at Hanover, was 
 cond. of a male choral society, and founded the 
 " Neue Singakademie." Visited Berlin, Leip- 
 zig, Prague, Vienna, etc., for study, and founded 
 the "Singakademie" at Gottingen, where, in 
 1855, he had been app. academical mus. dir. 
 He revived the academical concerts. — Comp.s : 
 Songs and part-songs. 
 
 Hil'le, Gustav, excellent violinist, b. Jeri- 
 chow-on-Elbe, n. Berlin, May 31, 1851. Studied 
 1864-8 at KuUak's Acad., BerHn, under R. 
 Wiierst (theory) ; 1 869-74 at the Hochschule f . 
 M., under Joachim (vln.). Lived in Berlin, as 
 a solo-player and comp., till 1879, when he was 
 invited to join the Mendelssohn Quintet Club 
 of Boston, Mass. ; after 9 months' touring, he 
 accepted an engagement at the Mus. Acad, in 
 Phila. , a position still (1898) held. — Works; 5 
 vln. -concertos w. orch.; I Doppelconcert f. 2 
 vlns. ; I canonic vln. -suite ; 2 suites f. solo vln.; 
 2 sonatas f. pf. and vln.; many pes. f. solo pf. ; 
 songs, etc. Last opus-number (1898) is 63. 
 
 Hil'lemacher, two brothers ; Paul-Joseph- 
 William^(b. Paris, Nov. 25, 1852) and Lucien- 
 Joseph-Edouard (b. Paris, June 10, i860) ; 
 both studied at the Cons. , and took the ist Grand 
 prix de Rome, the elder in 1876, the younger in 
 1880. Well-known composers, they are remark- 
 able for writing all their scores in collaboration. 
 — Works : Symphonic legend Loreley (1882; won 
 City of Paris prize) ; 4-act opera St. M/grin 
 (Brussels, 1886; succ); l-act com. op. Uneaven- 
 ture d' Arlequin (Brussels, 188S) ; orch. suite 
 "La Cinquantaine " ; i-act com. op. Le Rigi- 
 ment qui passe {'R.oy2in, 1894); music to Haran- 
 court's H^ro et Liandre (1893) ; 3-act lyr. drama 
 Le Drac (prod. Karlsruhe, l8g6, as Der Fhith- 
 geist). — Also songs, etc. 
 
 Hil'ler (Hiiller), Johann Adam, dram, 
 comp. ; b. Wendisch-Ossig, n. Gorlitz, Dec. 25, 
 1728 ; d. Leipzig, June 16, 1804. His father, a 
 schoolmaster, cantor, and parish-clerk, d. when 
 the boy was 6 years of age. His fine soprano 
 voice obtained him free instruction at the Gorlitz 
 Gymnasium, whence he proceeded to the Kreuz- 
 schule, Dresden, as a pupil of Homilius (pf. and 
 thorough-bass), and later (1751) to the Univ. at 
 Leipzig. While in Leipzig, he earned a meagre 
 subsistence as flutist and singer in Doles' grand 
 
 274 
 
HILLER 
 
 concerts, and as a music-teacher. In 1754 he 
 became tutor to the son of Count Briihl at Dres- 
 den, whom he accompanied in 1758 to Leipzig. 
 Here he finally settled, and devoted himself to a 
 revival of the Subscription Concerts in 1763. 
 These developed into the famous " Gewand- 
 haus" concerts, of which he was app. cond. In 
 1771 he founded a singing-school, and from 
 1789-1801 was Cantor and Masikdirector of the 
 Thomasschule as successor of Doles. As com- 
 poser, cond., teacher, and author his industry 
 was astonishing. — H. was the originator of the 
 " Singspiel," the precursor of German " comedy- 
 opera," which had a distinct development, con- 
 temporaneously with Italian opera buffa and 
 French op.-com. A pecular (and not wholly un- 
 justifiable) notion of his was, toletthe "gentry" in 
 his dramatic works sing arias and the like, while 
 to persons of low degree were given simple 
 songs, etc. His Singspiele, all prod, at Leipzig, 
 were the following: Lottchen am Hofe (1760) ; 
 Der Teufelist los (ist part, Der lusiige Schuster, 
 1768 ; 2nd part. Die verwandelten IVeiber, 
 1766) ; Lisnart und Dariolette (1767) ; Die 
 Liebe auf dem Lande ; Der Dorfbarbier, Die 
 Jttgd, Die Musen (1772) ; Der Erntekranz, Der 
 Krieg (1773) ; Die Jtibelhochzeit^ Das Grab des 
 Mufti (iTT<)) ; -Pottis, oder Das geretiete Troja 
 (1782). The songs of these operettas became, 
 and many of them are still, exceedingly popular. 
 Among his other comp. s may be mentioned : A 
 Passion cantata, funeral music in honor of Hasse, 
 the looth Psalm, symphonies and partitas. He 
 edited Ch. Felix Weisse's " Lieder fUr Kinder," 
 also ' ' 50 geistliche Lieder f iir Kinder," ' ' Choral- 
 Melodien zu Gellerts geistlichen Oden," " Vier- 
 stimmige Chorarien," a ' ' Choralbuch," cantatas, 
 etc. His writings include: " Wochentliche 
 Nachrichten und Anmerkungen, die Musik 
 betreffend " (1766-70, the earliest musical paper) ; 
 " Lebensbeschreibungen beruhmter Musikge- 
 lehrten und Tonkilnstler" (1784); " Nachricht 
 von der Auffuhrung des Handel'schen Messias 
 in der Domkirche zu Berlin, ig. Mai 1786"; 
 " Ueber Metastasio und seine Werke" (1786); 
 "Anweisung zum musikalisch richtigen Ge- 
 sang" (1774); "Anweisung zum musikalisch 
 zierlichen Gesang" (17S0) ; "Anweisung zum 
 Violinspiel" (1792). He prepared the 2nd ed. 
 of Adlung's "Anleitung zur musikalischen Ge- 
 lahrtheit " (with comments, 1783), arranged Per- 
 golesi's Stabat Mater for four-part chorus, and 
 publ. Handel's Jubilate, Haydn's Stabat Mater, 
 Graun's "Tod Jesu," and Hasse's " Pilgrime 
 auf Golgatha." — Biography by Carl Peiser (Leip- 
 zig, 1895). — His son and pupil, 
 
 Hil'ler, Friedrich Adam, violinist and tenor 
 singer; b. Leipzig, 1768 ; d. Konigsberg, Nov. 
 23, 1812. App. mus. dir. of Schwerin th., 
 1790 ; of Altona th. 1796 ; in 1803 became 
 Kapellm. of Kbnigsberg th. — Works : 4 operet- 
 tas, 6 string-quartets, grand pf.-sonata, and 
 other instr.l and vocal works. 
 
 Hil'ler, Ferdinand von, distinguished com- 
 
 poser, conductor, pianist and writer ; b. Frank- 
 fort, Oct. 24, 1811 ; d. Cologne, May 12, 1885. 
 Scion of a wealthy Jewish family, he early be- 
 came a pupil of Hofmann (vln.), Aloys Schmitt 
 (pf.), and VoUweiler (harm, and cpt.) ; at 10 
 he played a Mozart concerto in public, and at 12 
 began composition. From 1825 he was a pupil 
 of Hummel at Weimar ; accompanied him to 
 Vienna in 1827 (where his op. 4, a string-quartet, 
 
 was publ.), and, as a 
 
 boy of 15, saw Bee- 
 thoven on his death- 
 bed. From 1828-35 
 he lived in Paris, 
 teaching for a time 
 in Choron's School 
 of Music, but after- 
 wards living inde- 
 pendently, perfect- 
 ing himself as a 
 p ianist and com- 
 poser, and on inti- 
 mate terms with cele- 
 brated musicians. He gave conjcTts with Fetis 
 and Baillot, and shone as an interpreter of Bee- 
 thoven. In 1836, oahisfather's death, he returned 
 to Frankfort, and during Schelble's illness cond. 
 the Cacilien-Verein. Aided by Rossini, in 1839 
 he (unsuccessfully) prod, his opera Romilda at 
 Milan, and commenced an oratorio. Die Zersto- 
 rung yerusa/ems,v/hich impressed Mendelssohn, 
 who invited him to Leipzig to superintend its 
 production at the Gewandhaus (1840). In 1841, 
 at Rome, he studied church-music under Baini. 
 During one winter (1843-4) he cond. the Gewand- 
 haus concerts at Leipzig. At Dresden he prod, 
 the operas Traum in der Christnacht (1845) 
 and Conradin (1847). In 1847 he was app. 
 municipal Kapellm. at Diisseldorf, in 1850 at 
 Cologne, and organized the Cons. As cond. of 
 the Gurzenich Concerts, and of the Lower Rhine 
 festivals, he became the most notable musical 
 figure in the Rhenish provinces. During the 
 season of 1852-3 he cond. the Opera Italien at 
 Paris. In 1849 he was elected a member of the 
 Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin ; in 1868 
 Bonn Univ. gave him the hon. title of Dr. In 
 1884 he retired. — Although he freely expressed 
 his antipathy to many features of the "new 
 school " of German music, he was liberal-minded, 
 and placed many of Wagner's works on his con- 
 cert-programs. His easy circumstances, classical 
 training, and artistic and friendly association 
 with Spohr, Hauptmann, and especially Men- 
 delssohn, naturally influenced his style, which 
 also has a strong leaning toward romanticism ; 
 his compositions, numbering over 200, are not so 
 remarkable for originality and profundity as for 
 their elegant form, flowing melody, sparkling 
 rhythm, and clarity of harmony. They include 
 6 operas (the 3 noted above, and Der Advokat, 
 Cologne, 1854 ; Die Catacomben, Wiesbaden, 
 1862 ; and Der Deserteur, Cologne, 1865) ; 2 
 oratorios (Saul, 1858, was the second) ; 6 can- 
 tatas {Lorelei, Nal und Damajanti, Israels Sie- 
 
 ■ 275 
 
HILLER— HIRN 
 
 gesgesang, Prometheus, Rehecca, Prim Papagei) ; 
 a ballad {^Richard Lowenherz, 1883) f. soli, ch., 
 and orch. ; psalms, motets, etc. ; quartets for 
 male chorus, mixed chorus, and female chorus ; 
 over 100 songs f. solo voice w. pf., over 30 duets 
 w. pf., 24 3-part songs f. female voices and pf., 
 29 4-part songs ; pf. -music (concertos in A[j, 
 FJf min. and C ; sonatas ; suites, " Moderne," 
 " Serieuse "; about 30 numbers of smaller pes.; 
 etudes ; " Operette ohne Text" f. 4 hands) ; 
 fine chamber-music (vln. -sonatas, canonical suite 
 f. pf. and vln., Concertstiick in A min. f. pf. 
 and 'cello, 'cello sonatas, five pf.-trios, 3 pf.- 
 quartets, 5 string-quartets) ; 3 overtures, 3 sym- 
 phonies, etc. He was also a very successful 
 lecturer, and a contributor to the " Kblnische 
 Zeitung "; some of his papers were publ. in col- 
 lected form as " Die Musik und das Publikum " 
 (1864) ; " L. van Beethoven" (1871); " Aus dem 
 ■Tonleben unsrer Zeit" (1868, 2 vol.s ; new 
 series, 1871). Other writings are : " Musika- 
 lisches und Personliches " (1876); " Briefe von 
 M. Hauptmann an Spohr und andre Componis- 
 ten" (1876); "Felix Mendelssohn-Eartholdy, 
 Briefe und Erifinerungen " (1876) ; " Briefe an 
 eine Ungennannte " (1877); " Kiinstlerleben " 
 (1880); "Wie hSren wir Musik?" (1880); 
 "Goethe's musikalisches Leben " (i88o) ; and 
 " Erinnerungsblatter " (1884). 
 
 Hirier, 'Paul, b. Seifersdorf, n. Liegnitz, 
 Nov., 1830. In 1870, assist. -org., and since 
 1881 org. of St. Maria-Magdalena, Breslau. — 
 Works : Pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 HilKmer, Friedrich, b. Berlin, abt. 1762 ; d. 
 there May 15, 1847. Viola-player in the court 
 orch. in i8n ; pensioned in 1831. Occupied 
 himself in improving and constructing stringed 
 and keyed instr.s. Invented the "Alldrey," 
 " Tibia," and an improved " Polychord." 
 
 Hil'pert, W. Kasimir Friedrich, b. Nurem- 
 berg, Mar. 4, 1841 ; d. Munich, Feb. 5, 1896. 
 Fine 'cellist, pupil of Friedr. Griitzmacher and 
 Leipzig Cons.; co-founder (with Jean Becker) 
 and (1867—75) member of the famous " Floren- 
 tiner Quartett." Later solo 'cellist in Imp. 
 orch. at Vienna, then in the Meiningen orch.; 
 1884, teacher at the Royal Music-school, Munich. 
 
 Hil'ton, John, English comp. of the 17th 
 century, buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster, 
 Mar. 21, 1657. Graduated Mus. Bac, Cam- 
 bridge, 1626. App. org. and parish-clerk of St. 
 Margaret's, Westminster (1628). Works : Faire 
 Oriana, beautie's Queene, 5-part madrigal in 
 the " Triumphes of Oriana" (London, 1601) ; 
 " Ayres, or Fa-las for 3 voyces" (1627; re- 
 printed by the Mus. Antiq. Soc.) ; " Catch that 
 catch can, or, a Choice collection of catches, 
 rounds, and canons for 3 or 4 voyces " (1652) ; 
 2 services in G min. ; Elegy ; anthems. The 
 British Museum has other MSS. 
 
 Him'mel, Friedrich Heinrich, pianist and 
 comp., b. Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, Nov. 
 20, 1765 ; d. Berlin, June 8, 1814. A student 
 
 of divinity, he also cultivated music. Friedrich 
 Wilhelm II., hearing him play the pf., gave him 
 a stipend to continue his mus. studies in Dres- 
 den, with Naumann. On his return, the excel- 
 lence of his comp.s gained him further royal 
 favor; he was named royal chamber-comp.; 
 studied in Italy for two years, and there prod. 2 
 operas, // primo navigatore (Venice, 1794) and 
 Seniiramide (Naples, 1795). He succeeded 
 Reichardt as court Kapellm. at Berlin in 1795 ; 
 in 1798 he went to St. Petersburg, where he 
 prod, his opera Alessandro ; lived at Riga 
 in 1799 ; '" 1800 returned to Berlin via Sweden 
 and Denmark, and in 1801 visited Paris, Lon- 
 don, and Vienna. After the battle of Jena, he 
 went with the court to Pyrmont, then to Kassel 
 and Vienna, subsequently returning to Berlin. 
 His operas were very popular, and include 
 Vasco di Gama, Ital. op. (Berlin, 1801); operetta 
 Frohsinn und Schwdrmerei(\%o\); Fanc/wn, das 
 Leiermddchen, his most successful work (1804); 
 Die Sylphen (1806); Der ICobold (SfisnnsL, 181 1). 
 Many of his songs had great vogue ("An 
 Alexis," " Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben," 
 etc.). He also comp. : Oratorio, Isacco figura 
 del Redeniore {I'jr)!); cantata, /.a Danza {i'jg2) ; 
 Paternoster, a mass, vespers, psalms ; a con- 
 certo, sonatas, fantasias, rondos, etc., f. pf.; 
 quartet f. pf., flute, vln., and 'cello ; sextet f. pf., 
 2 violas, 2 horns, and 'cello. 
 
 Hin'ke, Gustav Adolf, b. Dresden, Aug. 
 24, 1844 ; d. Leipzig, Aug. 4, 1893. A fine 
 oboist, son of Gottfried H. [d. 1851]. Pupil 
 of Dresden Cons. (Hiebendahl, oboe) ; in 1867, 
 first oboist in theatre-orch. and Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig. Said to have introd. the bass tuba 
 into the Dresden orch. 
 
 Hin'richs, Franz, b. Halle-on-the-Saale, 
 abt. 1820 ; d. Berlin, Oct. 25, 1892, as a judge 
 of the Supreme Court (Oberjustizratli). Comp. 
 songs in the style of his friend and brother-in- 
 law, Robert Franz, and wrote an essay on " R. 
 Wagner und die neue Musik " (1854). — His sis- 
 ter, Marie H., b. 1828 ; d. Halle, May 5, 1891 ; 
 wife of R. Franz, was also a song-composer. 
 
 Hip'kins, Alfred James, F.S.A., author- 
 ity, lecturer, and expert performer on ancient 
 mus. instr.s ; b. Westminster, June 17, 1826. 
 He was connected in business with the Broad- 
 woods ; to his indefatigable researches are due 
 many valuable contributions to the " Encyclo- 
 pedia Britannica " and Grove's " Dictionary of 
 Music." He wrote, besides, a "Guide to the 
 Loan Collection of Mus. Instr.s, etc., at the 
 Albert Hall" (1885); "Musical Instr.s, His- 
 toric, Rare, and Unique " (1888) ; " The Stand- 
 ard of Musical Pitch" (1896); and "A De- 
 scription and History of the Pianoforte, and the 
 Older Keyboard Stringed Instr.s" (1896). 
 
 Hirn, Gustav Adolf, distinguished physicist ; 
 b. Logelbach, n. Colmar (Alsatia); Aug. 21, 
 1815 ; d. Colmar, Jan. 14, 1890, as dir. of the 
 meteorological institute. A voluminous writer 
 
 276 
 
HIRSCH— HODGES 
 
 on physics, in "La musique et I'acoustique " 
 (1878) he combats the idea that the beautiful 
 in music is explicable by purely physical laws. 
 
 Hirsch, Carl, b. Wemding, Bavaria, Mar. 
 17, 1858. St. in Munich ; has held the follow- 
 ing positions : 1876-8, teacher in the Violin- 
 makers' School at Mittenwald ; 1878-80, at the 
 King Max Music-school, Tegernsee ; i88o-2, 
 regens chori at Erding ; 1882-4, cantor, mus. 
 dir., etc., at Sigmaringen; 1884-5, Kapellm, 
 at St.-Imier, Switz. ; 1885-7, church mus.-dir. 
 at Munich ; 1887-92, Music-director at Mann- 
 heim ; 1892-3, do. at Cologne ; since 1893, do. 
 at Elberfeld (Dir. of the " Gesangschule," the 
 "Liedertafel," the Mixed Chorus, the Instru- 
 mental Soc.y, and the Philharm. concerts). — 
 Works: H. is one of the most prolific among 
 present-day male-ch. composers ; his a-cappella 
 choruses, numbering several hundred, are prime 
 favorites in Germany. His cantatas have also 
 received the stamp of popular approval : Can- 
 tata Die Krone im Rhein, f. male ch. and orch. 
 (op. 45) ; cantata Landsknechtsleben (op. 74) ; 
 " Lieder-Cantate " in 4 parts, Reiterlebcn, f. 
 soH, male ch. and orch. (op. 106) ; " Der Rat- 
 tenfanger V. Hameln," f. solo voices, male ch., 
 boys' voices, orch. and org. (op. iii) ; " We- 
 rinher," dram, poem f. S. A. T. B. soli, mixed 
 ch., and orch. (op. 119) ; " Bilder aus der alten 
 Reichsstadt," f. soli, male and boy-ch., orch. 
 and org. (op. 120); " Vagantensang," song- 
 cycle f. soli, male ch., and orch.; " Der Trom- 
 peter von Sackingen," dram, cantata in 6 scenes, 
 f. soli, male ch., orch., and org. (op. loi) ; " An 
 das Meer," Concerts luck f. male ch. and orch. 
 (op- 75); " Fahr' wohl," ballade f. soli, mixed 
 ch., and orch. (op. 51). — Also numerous songs. 
 
 Kirsch, (Dr.) Rudolf, musical critic, comp., 
 and poet ; b. Napagedl, Moravia, Feb. i, 1816 ; 
 d. Vienna, Mar. 10, 1872. His " Galerie der 
 lebenden Tondichter" (1836) is remarkable 
 for its original criticisms ; he also wrote " Mo- 
 zart's Schauspieldirector " (1859), an apology 
 for Mozart. Comp. vocal pes., etc. 
 
 Hirsch'bach, Hermann, instrumental com- 
 poser ; b. Berlin, Feb. 29, 1812 ; d. Gohlis, n. 
 Leipzig, May 19, 1888. Pupil of Birnbach. 
 Settled in Leipzig (1842), and founded and ed- 
 ited the " Musikalisch-kritisches Repertorium " 
 (1843-5). His caustic and intemperate criti- 
 cisms made him so many enemies that he aban- 
 doned the musical for a mercantile career. He 
 was an original and prolific composer of char- 
 acteristic music. — Comp.s : 13 string-quartets 
 (LebensHlder, op. i ; etc.) ; 2 string-quintets w. 
 2 violas, and 2 string-quintets w. 2 'celli ; 2 quin- 
 tets w. clarinet and horn ; septet, octet, 14 sym- 
 phonies, overtures, and 2 operas. Das Leben ein 
 . Traum and Othello. 
 
 Hirsch'feld, Robert, b. Moravia, 1858. 
 Graduate of Breslau and Vienna Universities, 
 also St. at the Vienna Cons. From 1882, was 
 lecturer at the Cons.; in 1884, app. teacher of 
 
 mus. aesthetics, and the same year took his de- 
 gree of Dr. phil. (dissertation, "Johannes de 
 Muris "). He wrote a noteworthy polemical 
 pamphlet against Hanslick, in defence of old 
 a-cappella music, and founded the ' ' Renaissance- 
 Abende" to promote its cultivation. 
 
 Hitz'ler, Daniel, b. Haidenheim, Wilrttem- 
 berg, 1576 ; d. Stuttgart, Sept. 4, 1635. Magis- 
 trate and church-councillor at Stuttgart. Author 
 of " Newe Musica oder Sing Kunst " (1628), 
 combating the bocedisation of Calvisius, and fa- 
 voring bebisation. He also publ. a collection of 
 figurate chorales (1634). 
 
 Ho'brecht [Obrecht, Obreht,Obertus, Ho- 
 bertus], Jakob, distinguished Netherland con- 
 trapuntist, and one of the most famous musicians 
 of the 15th cent.; b. Utrecht, abt. 1430; d. 
 Antwerp, abt. 1506. In 1465 he was app. Cath. 
 Kapellm. at Utrecht ; in 1492, succeeded Bar- 
 bireau as Kapellm. at Notre-Dame, Antwerp, 
 and received a chaplaincy in 1494. He was a 
 prolific and facile composer ; his masses, motets, 
 hymns, etc. , are to be found in various collec- 
 tions of the period, in MS. in the Munich Royal 
 Library, and in the archives of the Papal chapel. 
 Petrucci printed " Missae Obreht" (1503), con- 
 taining the masses " Je ne demande," " Gre- 
 corum," " Fortuna desparata," "Malheur me 
 bat," " Salve diva parens "; and his " Missae di- 
 versorum" (vol. i) contains H.'s mass "Si 
 dedero." 
 
 Hoch'berg, Bolko (Graf von), pseudonym J. 
 H. Franz, dram. comp. ; b. at Fiirstenstein 
 Castle, Silesia, Jan. 23, 1S43. Instituted, and 
 for several years maintained, the " Hochberg" 
 quartet, at Dresden ; in 1876 founded the Silesian 
 music-festivals. In 1886 he was appointed 
 general intendantof the Prussian Court Theatres. 
 — Works : Operas, Claudine von Villabella 
 (Schwerin, 1864) ; Der Wiihrwolf (or Die Fal- 
 iensteiner) (Hanover, 1876) ; symphonies, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Hodges, Edward, b. Bristol, Engl., July 20, 
 1796 ; d. Clifton, Sept. I, 1867. Org. of Clifton 
 ch., and later of St.. James, and St. Nicholas, 
 Bristol. In 1825, Mus. Doc, Cantab. Contrib- 
 uted to the " Quarterly Musical Magazine," and 
 "The Musical World." In 1838, went to Can- 
 ada as org. at Toronto ; in 1839, became org. 
 of St. John's Episcopal Chapel, New York ; in 
 1846, app. org. of Trinity Ch., inaugurating the 
 new organ built after his specifications ; returned 
 to England in 1863. He wrote "An Essay on 
 the Cultivation of Church Music" (N. Y., 1841), 
 and comp. I Morning and Evening Service, 2 
 anthems, and other church-music. — His daugh- 
 ter, Faustina Hasse H., d. New York, Feb., 
 1896, formerly organist in Brooklyn, and (1878) 
 of two churches in Philadelphia, composed songs 
 andinstr.lpcs. — His son. Rev. John Sebastian 
 Bach H., D.D., rector of St. Paul's Ch., Balti- 
 more, is also a fine organist. 
 
 277 
 
HOFFMAN— HOFMANN 
 
 Hoffman, Richard, b. Manchester, Eng!., 
 May 24, 1831. Pianist, taught by his fathej 
 and by de Meyer, 
 Pleyel, Moscheles, 
 Rubinstein, Doh- 
 ler, Thalberg, and 
 Liszt. Has lived 
 in New York since 
 1S47, where he was 
 f oryears at the head 
 of the pianistic fra- 
 ternity. In 1848 he 
 made a tour in the 
 United States, with 
 Burke, the violinist; 
 he accompanied 
 Jenny Lind on her 
 tours, as solo pian- 
 ist, and played with Gottschalk ; also with von 
 Billow at the latter's first concerts in N. Y. 
 (1875). A distinguished pianist and remarkable 
 sight-reader ; a successful and popular teacher ; 
 and a noteworthy composer (op. 124 has been 
 publ.), chiefly of pf.-music, part-songs, songs, 
 anthems, etc. 
 
 Hoffmann, Eucharius, b. Heldburg, Fran- 
 conia ; cantor, and later co-rector, at Stralsund. 
 Composer and didactic writer. — Works : " Doc- 
 trina de tonis seu modis musicis," etc. (1582) ; 
 " Musicae praecepta ad usum juventutis" (1584); 
 ' ' Deutsche Sprilche aus den Psalmen Davids 
 mit vier Stimmen" (1577), " Geistliche Epitha- 
 lamia" (1577), etc. 
 
 Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor [Amadeus] 
 Wilhelm [he added Amadeus to his Christian 
 names from love of Mozart], celebrated writer, 
 poet, composer, and caricaturist ; b. KBnigs- 
 berg, Jan. 24, 1776 ; d. Berlin, June 25, 1822. 
 While a law-student, he studied music with the 
 organist Podbielski ; was app. assessor at Posen, 
 but on account of an irrepressible penchant for 
 offensive caricaturing, was removed to Plozk in 
 1802 ; in 1803, obtained a position at Warsaw, 
 but in 1806 the war cut off his resources, and he 
 became a music-teacher. He was app. mus. 
 dir. of the Bamberg th. in 1808 ; in 1810, con- 
 tributed piquant articles to the Leipzig Allge- 
 nieine musikalische Zeitung under the pen-name 
 of " Kapellmeister Johannes Kreisler" (republ. 
 as " Phantasiestucke in Callot's Manier," with 
 preface by Jean Paul ; 2 vol.s, 1814). From 
 1813-14, he cond. the orch. of Sekonda's 
 " Schauspielergesellschaft " at Leipzig and 
 Dresden. From 1816 to his death, he occupied 
 a judicial position in Berlin. A man of won- 
 derful versatility, he was admired by Beethoven, 
 Weber, Schumann, and Carlyle. — Comp.s : 
 Operas: Scherz, List und Rache\Q,o^\h^ (Posen, 
 1801) ; Der Renegai (Plozk, 1803) ; Faustine 
 (ib., 1804) ; Die ungeladenen Gdsie^ oder der Ca- 
 nonicus von Mailand (y^arsa-w, 1805) ; Liebeund 
 Eifersucht (ib., 1807) ; Der Trank der Unsterb- 
 lichkeit (Bamberg, 1808) ; Aurora (ib., 1811) ; 
 Undine [his best] (Berlin, 1816) \ Julius Sabinus 
 
 (MS., only Act i). — Also a ballet, Harlekin ; 
 music to plays, etc. ; a mass. Miserere, and other 
 vocal works ; a symphony, an overture, a quin- 
 tet f. harp and strings, pf.-sonatas, etc. 
 
 Hoffmann, Heinrich August, called H.von 
 Fallersleben, distinguished poet and philolo- 
 gist; b. Fallersleben, Hanover, Apr. 2, 1798; 
 d. at Castle Korvei, Jan. 29, 1874. In 1823, 
 app. librarian, in 1830, assist. -prof . , and, in 1835, 
 prof. -in-ordinary of German, at Breslau Univ. 
 His political views caused his dismissal and exile 
 in 1842. In 1848 he returned to Prussia, and 
 afterwards became librarian to Prince Lippe at 
 Korvei. — Works: " Geschichte des deutschen 
 Kirchenlieds " (1832; 2nd ed. 1854); "Schle- 
 sische Volkslieder mit Melodien " (1842) ; " Kin- 
 derlieder" (1843) ; " Deutsche Gesellschaftslie- 
 der des 16.-17. Jahrhunderts " (1844). 
 
 Hoffmann, Carl, b. Prague, Dec. 12, 1872 ; 
 St. violin-playing in Prague Cons. 1885-92 ; 
 then founded, with Suk, Nedbal, and Wihan, 
 the " Bohemian String-quartet," now (1899) 
 famous in Germany, Austria, etc., in which he 
 plays I St violin. 
 
 Hoff meister, Franz Anton, composer ; b. 
 Rotenburg-on-the-Neckar, 1754 ; d. Vienna, 
 Feb. 10, 18 1 2. St. law in Vienna ; became a 
 church Kapellm. , and founded a book, art, and 
 music business, in 1784. With Kuhnel he es- 
 tablished a " Bureau de Musique" (now C. F. 
 Peters) at Leipzig in 1800. In 1805 he re- 
 turned to Vienna and devoted himself to com- 
 position. — Works : g operas, a Paternoster, 
 symphonies, serenades, and other orch.l pes.; 
 30 concertos, 18 quintets, 156 quartets, 44 trios, 
 96 duos, f. flute ; 12 pf.-sonatas, 5 pf. -quartets, 
 II pf. -trios ; 42 string-quartets, 18 string-trios ; 
 variations, nocturnes, etc., f. various instr.s; 
 much ch. -music ; and songs. 
 
 Hof haimer [Hofheimer, Hofhaimer, Hoff- 
 haymer], Paulus von, b. Radstadt, Salzburg, 
 1459 ; d. Salzburg, 1537. Cuspinien and Lus- 
 cinius both wrote of him as an unrivallfed or- 
 ganist and lutenist, and the best composei" of 
 the age. He was court org. and corap. at 
 Vienna; in 1515 he was ennobled by Emperor, 
 Maximilian I., at the same time being made 
 Knight of the Golden Spur by the King of 
 Hungary, and in 1518 received the freedom of 
 the town of Augsburg. Among his distin-. , 
 guished pupils were Johann BUchner of Con- 
 stance, Conrad of Speier; Schachinger of Padua, 
 Wolfgang of Vienna. — Works: " Harmoniae 
 poeticae " (odes of Horace and other Latin poets 
 set f. 4 voices ; 33 by H., and 11 by L. Senfl, 
 1539 I republ. by Achtleitner, 1868) ; German 
 Lieder, a 4, in various collections of the period ; 
 in MS. in the Vienna Library, chorals and lute- 
 music ; in the Berlin Royal Library, org. -music, 
 copied by Kleber (1515). 
 
 Hofmann, Christian, cantor at Krossen 
 abt. 1668. — Publ. " Musica synoptica," etc. 
 (guide to the art of singing, 1670), which went 
 
 278 
 
HOFMANN— HOHNSTOCK 
 
 through several editions, both in Latin and 
 German. 
 
 Hof'mann, Heinrich (Karl Johann), dram, 
 comp. ; b. Berlin, Jan. 13, 1842. Pupil of Kul- 
 lak's Akademie under 
 Grell, Dehn, and 
 WUerst. Became fa- 
 mous as a pf. -virtuoso 
 and teacher ; but after 
 the success of his 
 opera Cartouche (^ec- 
 lin, 1869), and his 
 orch.l works, " Hun- 
 garian Suite " (1873) 
 and " Frithjof" sym- 
 phony (1874), he de- 
 voted himself to com- 
 position. He has 
 received the title of ^ 
 "Professor," and is a 
 member of the Berlin 
 R. Acad, of Arts. — Works : Operas Cartouche; 
 Der Matador (Berlin, 1872); Armin (Dresden, 
 1872); Aennchen von Tharau{Ha.mb\iTg, 1878) ; 
 lVilhelmvonOranien{\h., 1882); Donna Diana 
 (BerHn, 1886); and the comic opera Zz^//)/ (Stettin, 
 1889); the "secular oratorio" Prometheus{i%<)(i); 
 the cantata " Seligsind die Todten " (op. 64) f. 
 alto solo, ch., and orch.; choral works f. solo, 
 female (or mixed) ch., and orch. (" Nonnenge- 
 sang," op. 21 ; " Marchen vonderschBnen Melu- 
 sine," op. 30 ; " Aschenbrodel," op. 45 ; " Fest- 
 gesang," op. 74; the Musikdrama " Editha," 
 op. 100; " Nornengesang ") ; "Johanna von 
 Orleans," f. soli, male ch., and orch. (1892) ; 
 "Champagnerlied" f. male ch. and orch. (op. 17) ; 
 " Lieder Raouls le Preux an lolanthe von Na- 
 varre," f. baritone and orch. ; " Die Verlassene," 
 vocal scene f. sopr. and orch. (op. 118) ; part- 
 songs f. mixed and male ch. ; — for orchestra, 
 3 Charakterstucke, the suites " Hungarian" and 
 "In Schlosshof," the "Schauspiel" overture, 
 " Bilder aus Norwegen," a scherzo " Irrlichter 
 und Kobolde," a Serenade (f. strings, op. 72), a 
 " Tirauermarsch"; — F. pianoforte, the beauti- 
 ful duets " Italienische Liebesnovelle," " Lie- 
 besfrUhUng," " Silhouetten aus Ungarn," 
 "Ekkehard," " Steppenbilder," "Suite hon- 
 groise," " Der Trompeter von Sakkingen," 
 "Aus meinem Tagebuche," and many more ; 
 numerous charact. pes.; pf. -quartet ; pf.-trio ; 
 ConcertstUck f. flute (op. 98) ; an octet (op. 80), 
 a sextet (op. 65), a string-quartet, a 'cello-seren- 
 ade, a violin-sonata ; etc. — In Hofmann's music 
 sensuous charm and perfection of finish prepon- 
 derate over individualism. 
 
 Hofmann, Richard, b. Delitzsch, Prussian 
 Saxony, April 30, 1844. His father was mu- 
 nicipal mus. dir. Pupil of Dreyschock and 
 Jadassohn ; settled in Leipzig as a mus. -teacher. 
 Has publ. instructive comp.s f. pf., strings, 
 and wind-instr.s ; a. valuable and exhaustive 
 " Praktische Instrumentationsschule " (7 parts ; 
 
 Leipzig, 1893); a catechism of mus. instr.s; and 
 Methods for the various orchestral instr.s. 
 
 Hof'mann, Josef, concert-pianist, b. Cracow, 
 Jan. 20, 1877. Pupil of his father Casimir 
 [prof, of harm, and comp. at Warsaw Cons., 
 cond. of W. opera] till 1892 ; 1892-4 of Rubin- 
 stein. Played in public at 6 ; at 9 made tour of 
 Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden ; played 
 also in Vienna, Paris, London, and 1887-8 in 
 America (52 concerts in 2^ mos.). Rested then 
 in Berlin till debut in Dresden, 1894; after which 
 he played in London, Berlin, Vienna, etc. — 
 Works : Pes. f. pf . (Hainauer, Breslau). 
 
 Hofmeister, Friedrich; b. 1781 ; d. Sept. 
 30, 1864. Founded, in 1807, the music-business 
 at Leipzig which bears his name. From 1838, 
 publ. the Musikalisch - litterarischer Monatsbe- 
 richt, a monthly classified list of the musical works 
 appearing in Germany. His son and successor, 
 Adolf H., b. abt. 1818 ; d. Leipzig, May 26, 
 1870, publ. a 3rd and enlarged ed. of Whistling's 
 " Handbuch der musikalischen Litteratur" 
 (1845), and supplementary vol. s (from issues of 
 the Monatsbericht). These excellent works are 
 continued by the firm, under the proprietorship 
 of Albert Rothing, b. Leiipzig, Jan. 4, 1845. 
 
 Ho'garth, George, b. Carfrae Mill, n. Ox- 
 ton, Berwickshire, 1783 ; d. London, Feb. 12, 
 1870. St. law and practised in Edinburgh. Was 
 an amateur musician, 'cellist and comp., and be- 
 came a mus. critic and historian. From 1830 
 contributed to the " Harmonicon." In 1834 
 settled in London as sub-editor and mus. critic 
 of the "Morning Chronicle"; from 1846-66 
 mus. critic of the " Daily News." In 1850 was 
 app. sec. to the Philharmonic Soc.y. Comp. 
 glees and songs. Wrote " Musical Histoi-y, 
 Biography, and Criticism" (1835 ; 2nd ed. in 2 
 vol.s, 1838) ; " Memoirs of the Musical Drama" 
 (1838 ; 2nd ed. 1851 as " Memoirs of the Opera 
 . . ."); "How's Book of British Song ..." 
 (2 vol.s, London, 1845); "The Philharmonic 
 Soc.y of London, 1813-62" (1862). He was 
 son-in-law of Thomson (Beethoven's Scotch pub- 
 lisher), and father-in-law of Charles Dickens. 
 
 Hohl'feld, Otto, violin-virtuoso, b. Zeulen- 
 roda, Voigtland, Mar. 10, 1854 ; d. Darmstadt, 
 May 10, 1895. Was a pupil of cantor SoUe ; later 
 at the Greiz seminary under cantor Urban and 
 dir. Regener ; then for 3 years at Dresden Cons, 
 under Rietz, Lauterbach, and Kretschmer. Be- 
 came member of the Dresden court orch., and 
 in 1877 was app. Concertmeisler at the Darm- 
 stadt court th. Made several successful con- 
 cert-tours. — Works : String - quartet, op. I ; 
 " Zigeunerklange " f. pf. , op. 2 ; Elegie f. trom- 
 bone w. org. , op. 3 ; Elegie f . vln. , op. 4 ; songs. 
 
 Hohn''stock, Carl, violinist, pianist, and 
 comp.; b. Brunswick, 1828; d. there Aug. 5 (?), 
 1889. He came of a musical family, with whom 
 he made a professional European tour in 1846. 
 In 1848 he went to America, established him- 
 self at Philadelphia as mus. -teacher, and gave 
 
 279 
 
HOL— HOLMES 
 
 concerts ; here the degree of Mus. Doc. was con- 
 ferred upon him. In i860 he returned to Bruns- 
 wick and settled in Blankenburg. — Comp.s 
 (mostly unpubl.) : Symphonies, overtures, pf. and 
 vln. -concertos, and vocal music. 
 
 Hoi, Richard, pianist, org., and comp.; b. 
 Amsterdam, July 23, 1825. Pupil of Martens 
 (org.) and of Bertelman (harm, and cpt.). After 
 travelling in Germany he became mus. -teacher 
 at Amsterdam, was app. director of the choral 
 society " Amstels Mannenchor" in 1856, and of 
 the Society for the Promotion of Music in 
 1857. In 1862 he succeeded Kufferath as city 
 mus. dir. at Utrecht.' In 1869, became cath.-org. , 
 and in 1875 dir. of the School of Music. He is also 
 cond. of the "Diligentia" Concerts at The Hague, 
 and of the Classical Concerts at the People's Pal- 
 ace, Amsterdam. He has received various or- 
 ders ; was elected Officer of the French Academy 
 (1878), and is a member of several learned socie- 
 ties. His compositions belong to the modern 
 romantic German school, and include an oratorio 
 David, op. 81; an opera Floris V. (Amsterdam, 
 18?); the i-act opera Wit de branding {Kmstex- 
 dam, 1894; not succ); masses, songs, chamber- 
 music, 2 symphonies, (in C min. and D min.), 
 overtures, and other orch.l mus., several ballads 
 f. soli, mixed ch. and org. (e.g., " De vliegende 
 Hollander," op. 70); fine male choruses w. orch. , 
 etc. , also a cappella ; female choruses ; etc. H . is 
 also a contributor to the Dutch mus. journal 
 "Cicilia," and is the author of a monograph 
 on J. P. Sweelinck (" Swelingh, jaarboekje aan 
 de toonkunst in Nederland gewijd " (1859-60). 
 
 Holden, Oliver, the composer of the hymn- 
 tune " Coronation," was a resident of Charles- 
 town, Mass., and a carpenter by trade. Before 
 1792 he gave up this occupation to become a 
 music-teacher, music-seller, and publisher ; and 
 comp. many other psalm-tunes, anthems, and 
 odes of a commonplace character. He died in 
 1834. 
 
 Hol'lander, Jans (de HoUandere), or Jean 
 de Holland, Netherland contrapuntist. His 
 chansons a 4-6 are printed in the ist and 12th 
 books of Tylman Susato's collections, publ. 
 1543 and 1558. — His son, 
 
 Hol'lander, Christian Janszone, b. prob- 
 ably at Dordrecht, Holland, abt. 1520 ; d. prob- 
 ably at Munich, abt. 1570. From 1549-57 was 
 Kapelmeester at St. Walburg, Oudenarde ; then 
 entered the service of Ferdinand I., remaining 
 after the latter's death (1564) with Maximilian 
 II. — Works : ' ' Cantiones variae " a 4-8 (Munich, 
 1570); " Neue teutsch geistliche und weltliche 
 Liedlein" a 4-8 (1570; 2nd ed. 1575); " Tri- 
 cinia " (1573) ; motets in various collections ; etc. 
 
 Hol'lander, Alexis, pianist ; b. Ratibor, Si- 
 lesia, Feb. 25, 1840. Pupil of Schnabel and 
 Hesse at Breslau, and cond. of the Gymnasium 
 scholars' singing-society. From 1858-61, st. at 
 the Berlin Royal Akademie under Grell and A. 
 W. Bach ; privately under K. Bohmer. In 1861, 
 
 became instructor at KuUak's Academy ; in 1864, 
 cond. of a choral society, and in 1870 of the 
 " Cacilienverein." In 1888 H. was named Pro- 
 fessor. — Works : Sarabande and Gavotte f. pf., 
 op. 23 ; 6 Intermezzi f. left hand alone, op. 31 • 
 Introd. and Fugue, op. 37 ; op. 39 and 45, pf.. 
 pes.; " Musik. Bilderbuch," op. 41 ; Suite f. vl. 
 and pf., op. 40; Pf.-quintet (G min.), op. 24; 
 songs (op. 29, op. 30, op. 32, op. 43) ; duets (op.' 
 16, 20, 34) ; Songs for male ch. (op. 26, 42), 
 mixed ch. (op. 17, 35, 36), female ch. (op. 33 
 38). 
 
 Hol'lander, Gustav, talented violinist; b. 
 Leobschiitz, Upper Silesia, Feb. 15, 1855. Taught 
 by his father, a physician, he played in public 
 when very young ; was from 1867-9 ^ pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons. (David), and 1869-74 of the Kgl. 
 Hochschule, Berlin, under Joachim (vln.), and 
 Kiel (theory). In 1874, principal vln.-teacher at 
 Kullak's Academy, and royal chamber-musician ; 
 made a concert-tour in Austria with Carlotta 
 Patti. From 1871-81 he gave subscription-con- 
 certs of chamber-music with X. Scharwenka and 
 H. Griinfeld at Berlin. In 1881, orch. leader of 
 the Gurzenich concerts, and teacher at the Cons., 
 Cologne; in 1884, leader at the Stadttheater ; 
 succeeded Japha as leader of the " Professoren- 
 Streichquartett," and in 1894 was app. Dir. of 
 the Stern Cons., Berlin ; in 1896, eng. as Con- 
 certmeister of a new orch. in Hamburg. His 
 concert-tours in Belgium, Holland, and Germany 
 have been very successful. — Works (for vln. and 
 pf.) : Spinnerlied, op. 3 ; Am Strande, op. 8 ; 
 Romanze, op. 10 ; Standchen, op. 11 ; Wiegen- 
 lied, op. 12; "Robin des bois" [Weber], op. 
 l8 ; Don Juan Fantasy [Mozart], op. ig ; Im- 
 promptu, op. 32 ; Spanische Serenade, op. 49 ; 
 " Waldmarchen," op. 50. 
 
 Hol'lander, Victor, b. Leobschiitz, Apr. 20, 
 1866. Pupil of Kullak.— Works : Pf.-pcs. and 
 the i-act comic opera Carmosinella (Frankf.-on- 
 M., 1888, succ); I-act operetta The Bey of 
 Morocco (London, 1894, succ). 
 
 Hol'ly, Franz Andreas, pianist, org., and 
 dram, comp.; b. Luba, Bohemia, 1747 ; d. Bres- 
 lau, May 4, 1783. Mus. dir. of the Kotzen- 
 theater, Prague, until 1769 ; at Koch's Th., 
 Berlin, to 1775 ; later at Waser's, Breslau. Comp. 
 for them ' ' Singspiele " (German operettas) whicli 
 became very popular : Der Bassa von Tunis 
 (Berlin, 1774), Die Jagd, Das Cartnermadchen, 
 Der Zauberer, Das Gespenst, Der Tempel des ' 
 Schicksals, Der lustige Schuster, etc 
 
 Holmes, Edvvard, b. near London, 1797 ; d. 
 United States, Aug. 28, 1859. A pupil of V. 
 Novello, he became a pf.-teacher. In 1827 he 
 visited Germany, and publ. "A Ramble among 
 the Musicians of Germany . . ." (1828 ; 3rd ed. 
 1838), which obtained him the position of mus. 
 critic of "The Atlas." Other works: "The 
 Life of Mozart " (1845 ; 2nd ed. E. Prout, 1878) ; 
 ' ' Life of Purcell, " for Novello's ' ' Sacred Music''; 
 "Analytical and Thematic Index of Mozart's 
 
 280 
 
HOLMES— HOLZBAUER 
 
 Pf.-works"; articles for the "Musical Times" 
 and other journals. In 1849 he settled in America 
 as editor and mus. critic. 
 
 Holmes, William Henry, English pianist; 
 b. Sudbury, Derbyshire, Jan. 8, 1812 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Apr. 23, 1885. Pupil of the R. A. M. from 
 its establishment in 1822 ; he won two medals, 
 became assist, pf.-professor in 1826, and later 
 principal professor for piano. Formed many 
 distinguished pupils, including Sterndale Ben- 
 nett, the two Macfarrens, and Davison. — Works : 
 The Elfin of the Lake^ opera ; symphonies ; a 
 pf. -concerto, a sonata f . pf . and vln. , pf.-sonatas, 
 and songs. 
 
 Holmes, Alfred, violin-virtuoso ; b. London, 
 Nov. g, 1837 ; d. Paris, Mar. 4, 1876. Pupil of 
 his father, a self-taught musician. In 1846 was 
 principal soprano chorister at the Oratory ; made 
 his debut with his brother Henry in 1847 ; they 
 visited Brussels in 1853 ; Darmstadt, Leipzig, 
 Kassel, Vienna, etc., 1856-7; Sweden, 1858-9; 
 played in Copenhagen in i85o, in Amsterdam in 
 1861, and settled in Paris in 1864, making an- 
 other tour to Russia, Belgium, Holland, and 
 Germany, in 1867. — Works : Opera Inez de Cas- 
 tro {Varis, 1875); symphonies "Jeanne d'Arc," 
 " The Youth of Shakspere," "Robin Hood," 
 "The Siege of Paris," "Charles XII.," and 
 " Romeo and Juliet "; overtures " The Cid " and 
 " The Muses " (London, 1874). 
 
 Holmes, Henry, b. London, Nov. 7, 1839, 
 the equally famous and talented brother of the 
 preceding, was associated with him until 1865. 
 He then visited Copenhagen, Stockholm, etc., 
 and returning to London, became vln.-prof. at 
 the Royal College of Music. — Comp. : 4 sym- 
 phonies, 2 cantatas {Praise ye the Lord and 
 Christmas'), vln. -concerto, concert - overture, 2 
 string-quintets, vln. -pes., and songs. 
 
 Holmes (properly Holmes), Augusta Mary 
 Anne, b. Paris, Dec. 16, 1847, of Irish parents. 
 At first a pianist, 
 she devoted her- 
 self to the study of 
 comp. under Lam- 
 bert, Klose, and 
 Cesar Franck ; 
 brought out a 
 psalm, "In Exitu" 
 (1873) ; a I - act 
 ' ' symphony' ' H&o 
 et Uandre (1874, 
 Chatelet); an An- 
 dante pastoral 
 (1877); the sym- 
 phonies " Lut^ce" 
 (1879) and " Les 
 Argonautes" (1880); a symph. poem "Les 7 
 Ivresses"(i883); symph. " Irlande " (1885); an 
 ode triomphale " Patrie"(i889) ; and in 1895 the 
 4-act lyric drama /;« montagne noire{Gr. -Opera), 
 which last had hardly a succh d'estime. Besides 
 over 100 songs, Mme. H. has also prod, an alle- 
 gorical cantata, " La Vision de laReine"; and 
 
 
 the symphonies (I. soli, ch., and orch.) Lutin, 
 Hymne a la Paix; and symphonic poems Roland 
 (Orlando Furioso), Pologne, Au Pays bleu. In 
 MS. 2 operas, Astarte and Lancelot du Lac. 
 
 Hoist, Edvard, b. Copenhagen, 1843 ; d. 
 New York, Feb. 4(?), 1899. He settled in N. Y. 
 about 1874, and was in turn an actor, stage- 
 dancer, dancing-master, and playwright ; all the 
 time being also a diligent composer of songs and 
 pf. -pieces of a light description, pieces for mili- 
 tary band ("Marine Band March," " Battle of 
 Manila," etc.), and a comic opera Our Flats 
 (N. Y., 1897) — in all over 2,000 works. One of 
 his comedies was Hot Water. 
 
 HoFstein, Franz (Friedrich) von, dram. 
 comp.; b. Brunswick, Feb. 16,. 1826; d. Leip- 
 zig, May 22, 1878. At the desire of his father, 
 an officer of high rank, he entered the army after 
 a course at the Brunswick cadet school, where 
 he studied mus. theory under Richter. While a 
 lieutenant, he privately prod, an operetta, Zwei 
 Nachte in Venedig{i'&ns)- After the Schleswig- 
 HSlstein campaign he wrote the 5-act grand 
 opera Waverley, and sent it to Hauptmann at 
 Leipzig, who advised him to adopt a musical 
 career. In 1853 he resigned his position in the 
 army, and became a pupil of Hauptmann's at 
 Leipzig Cons. From 1856-9 he travelled for the 
 purpose of study, visiting Rome, Berlin, and 
 Paris, finally settling in Leipzig, where he de- 
 voted himself to composition. He was also a poet 
 and artist, and wrote his own libretti. — Works : 
 Operas Der Haideschacht{J)xes&&i\,\'i>(i^; Der 
 Erbe von Morley, com. opera (Leipzig, 1872) ; 
 Die Hochldnder{yi3.n.-ahf::\m, 1876) ; and Marino 
 Faliero (unfinished ; a few numbers publ. sepa- 
 rately) ; overtures Ij)relei and Frau Aventiure ; 
 " Beatrice," scene f. sopr. solo w. orch. ; a pf.- 
 trio ; other chamber-music ; part-songs f . mixed 
 and male voices ; songs. He left a valuable 
 legacy for the benefit of indigent mus. students. 
 — His " Nachgelassene Gedichte " were publ. 
 in 1880. 
 
 Hol'ten, Karl von, pianist and comp.; b. 
 Hamburg, July 26, 1836. Pupil of J. Schmitt, 
 Ave-Lallemant, and Gradener, and 1854-6 at the 
 Leipzig Cons. Since 1874, instructor at the 
 Hamburg Cons. — Comp.s : K Kinder symphonic, 
 vln.-sonata, pf. -concerto, trio, pf. -pes., songs. 
 
 Hol'yoke [hol'-yok], Samuel, composer of 
 church-music, and teacher of vocal and instr. 
 music, was b. at Boxford, Mass., 1771 ; d. Con- 
 cord, N. H., 1816. His hymn-tune " Arnheim" 
 still survives. 
 
 Holz'bauer, Ignaz, dram. comp. ; b. Vienna, 
 I711 ; d. Mannheim, Apr. 7, 1783. Destined 
 for the law, he secretly taught himself music 
 with the aid of Fux's " Gradus ad Parnassum." 
 On Fux's advice he went to Italy, but owing to 
 illness was obliged to return. Parental opposi- 
 tion overcome, he became Kapellm. to Count 
 Rottalin Moravia, and at the Vienna Court Th. 
 in 1745. In 1747 he made a concert-tour through 
 
 281 
 
HOLZEL— HOPKINS 
 
 Italy with his wife, an excellent singer; in 1750, 
 became court Kapellm. at Stuttgart, and in 1753 
 at Mannheim. He again visited Rome (1756), 
 Turin (1757), and Milan (l75g), for the produc- 
 tion of various operas. An erudite musician, 
 his works were held in high esteem, and highly 
 eulogized by Mozart. They include eleven 
 Italian operas : // figlio delle selve (Schwet- 
 zingen court th. , 1735), Alessandro neW Indie 
 (Milan, 1759), La clemenza di Tito (Mannheim, 
 1780), etc. ; a German opera, GUnlhcr von 
 Sc/iwarziurg' {Mannheim, 1776); 5 oratorios, 26 
 orch.l masses a 4 (l German) ; 37 motets; 196 
 instrumental symphonies, 18 string-quartets, 13 
 concertos f. various instr.s ; etc. 
 
 Hol'zel, Karl, b. Linz-on-Donau, Apr. 8, 
 1808 ; d. Pesth, Jan. 14, 18S3. A singing- 
 teacher at Pesth, he comp. many popular songs. 
 
 Hol'zel, Gustav, b. Pesth, Sept. 2, 1813 ; d. 
 Vienna, Mar. 3, 1883. Filled several positions 
 as operatic buffo-bass, and was pensioned in 
 1869. Visited America in 1870. Comp. popu- 
 lar songs, pf.-pcs., etc. 
 
 Holzl, Franz Severin, b. Malaczka, Hun- 
 gary, Mar. 14, 1808 ; d. Fiinfkirchen, Aug. 18, 
 1884. Pupil of Kessler and Seyfried, Vienna ; 
 in 1843, app. Cath. Kapellm. at Fiinfkirchen. 
 In 1852 he received the gold medal for art and 
 science for his grand mass in D. Comp.s: An 
 oratorio Noah (1844), much church-music ; Die 
 Colonna, rom. op. (1847) ; a symphony, over- 
 tures, chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Ho'meyer, Paul Joseph Maria, famous or- 
 ganist ; b. Osterode, Harz, Oct. 26, 1853. His 
 grandfather, Joh. Just. Adam H., edited a 
 Roman Catholic choral-book, " Cantus Gregori- 
 anus"; his father, Heinrich H. [b. 1832; d. 
 Dec. 31, 1891], was org. at Lamspringe. He 
 St. at the Josephinum Gymnasium, Ilildesheim ; 
 at the Leipzig Cons, and Univ.; and was also a 
 pupil of his uncle J. M. H. [d. Oct. 5, 1894], 
 org. at Duderstadt. Is now org. at the Ge- 
 wandhaus, and teacher of org. and theory at the 
 Leipzig Cons. 
 
 Homi'lius, Gottfried August, eminent org. 
 and ch.-comp. ; b. Rosenthal, Saxony, Feb. 2, 
 1714 ; d. Dresden, June I, 1785. Pupil of J. S. 
 Bach. App. org. of the Frauenkirche, Dresden, 
 in 1742 ; cantor at the Kreuzschule, and mus. 
 dir. of the three principal churches, in 1755.' — 
 Publ. works: A "Passion" cantata (1775); a 
 Christmas oratorio. Die Freude der Hirten ilber 
 die Gehurt fesu (1777) ; Seeks deutsche Arien 
 (1786).— In" MS. in the Berlin Royal Library, 
 and in the Dresden Kreuzchor archives ; Passion 
 ace. to St. Mark ; ch.-mus. f. each Sunday and 
 Feast-day in the year ; motets, cantatas, fugued 
 chorals, a Thorough-bass Method, 2 choral- 
 books, etc. 
 
 Hood, Helen, composer; b. Chelsea, Mass., 
 June 28, 1863. St. with B. J. Lang (pf.) and 
 Chadwick (comp.) in Boston ; and in Berlin one 
 year with Moszkowski (pf.). Resides in Boston. 
 
 —Works (publ. if not marked MS.) : Op. 1^ 4 
 songs; op. 2, 2 songs; op. 3, "The Robin," 
 part-song ; op. 5, 2 part-songs (MS.) ; op. 6, 5 
 pes. f. vln. and pf. ; op. 7, "Song-Etchings" 
 (6 songs) ; op. 8, 3 pf.-pcs.; op. 9, 3 songs.- op. 
 10, 3 pes. f. vln. and pf. ; op. 11, pf.-trio (MS.); 
 op. 12, 2 pes. f. 2 vlns. and pf.; op. 13, 2 songs ; 
 op. 14, 4 songs ; op. 15, Te Deum in E^ (MS.); 
 op. 16, string-quartet in D; op. 18, Sacred songs. 
 Hook, James, Engl. org. and comp. ; b. 
 Norwich, June 3, 1746 ; d. Boulogne, 1827. Pu- 
 pil of Garland, org. of Norwich cath., he became 
 mus. dir. at Marylebone Gardens, London, 1769- 
 73, and at Vauxhall Gardens, 1 774-1 820. He 
 was org. at St. John's, Horsleydown, for many 
 years. An industrious composer of songs (over 
 2,000 songs, catches, and cantatas) ; the songs 
 " Within a mile of Edinboro' Town" and "Sweet 
 Lass of Richmond Hill " are about the only ones 
 now remembered. His other works include an 
 oratorio. The Ascension (1776), operas, pf. -sona- 
 tas, org. -concertos, rondos, and transcriptions, 
 and an instruction-book, " Guida di musica" 
 (1796), for pf. 
 
 Hope'kirk, Helen, Scotch pianist and comp. ; 
 b. n. Edinburgh, where she st. under Lichten- 
 stein and A. C. Mackenzie ; then for 2 years at 
 Leipzig, later with Leschetizki at Vienna. Pian- 
 istic debut at Gewandhaus, Leipzig, Nov. 28, 
 1878 ; she gave many concerts in Great Britain 
 and (1883-4) ill the U. S. She resides in Edin- 
 burgh. — Works : Concertsiiick f. pf. and orch. 
 (1894) ; orchestral pes. ; a pf.-concerto ; sonata f. 
 pf. and vln. ; serenade f . pf . ; over 100 songs (the 
 serenade and some songs have been publ.). 
 
 Hop'ffer, Ludwig Bernhard, dram, comp.; 
 b. Berlin, Aug. 7, 1840; d. Niederwald,n. Rudes- 
 heim, Aug. 21, 1877. St. at Kullak's Akademie,' 
 1857-60. 1872-5 visited Southern Germany, 
 Switzerland , and Italy. — Works : 2 operas, Fritjoj 
 (Berlin, 1871) and Sakuntala ; festival-play .Sa?-- 
 barossa (Berlin, 1871) ; Der Student von Prag, 
 comic opera ; the choral works Fharao, Darihu- 
 las Grabgesang, and the 23rd psalm ; sym- 
 phonies, overtures, chamber-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Hopkins, Edward John, b. Westminster, 
 June 30, 1818. Chorister of the Chapel Royal 
 (under Wm. Hawes) 
 1826-33 ; then pupil 
 for harm, and cpt. 
 of T. F. Walmisley. 
 A self-taught organ- 
 ist, his first appoint- 
 ment was at Mit- 
 cham ch. (1834-38); 
 the next, St. Peter's 
 (Islington), whence 
 he went (1841) to 
 St. Luke's (Berwick 
 St.), and finally 
 (1843) to the Tem- 
 ple Church, London 
 (retired i8g8 ; successor Dr. Walford Davies), 
 where he raised the mus. services to a very high 
 
 282 
 
HOPKINS— HORNSTEIN 
 
 degree of excellence. He is a member of the 
 chief British raus. associations, and in 1882 re- 
 ceived the title of Mus. Doc. from the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, and in 1886 from Trinity 
 Coll., Univ. of Toronto, Canada. His comp.s 
 for the church are of sterling quality ; some an- 
 thems — " Out of the deep " (1838), " God is gone 
 up" (1840), " Thou shalt cause the trumpet of 
 the jubilee to sound " (1887) — have taken prizes ; 
 his very numerous hymn-tunes and chants have 
 made his name a household word in Great Brit- 
 ain ; his church-services are favorites. His book 
 "The Organ; its History and Construction," 
 written in cooperation with Rimbault, is a stand- 
 ard work (seditions : 1855, 1870, 1877, London). 
 He contributed valuable articles to Grove's Diet, 
 of Mus., and has edited many series of English 
 compositions, ancient and modern. 
 
 Hopkins, Edivard Jerome, b. Burlington, 
 Vt., Apr. 4, 1836 ; d. Athenia, N. J., Nov. 4, 
 1898. Excepting 6 lessons in harmony, from 
 T. E. Miguel, he was a wholly self-taught musi- 
 cian. Had a regular position as org. at 10 ; be- 
 gan composing at 4. Studied at the Univ. of Vt. , 
 and at the New York Medical Coll. (chemistry, 
 for 3 years) ; from his 20th year he devoted him- 
 self wholly to music. Played in various N. Y. 
 churches down to l86g ; founded (1856) "The 
 Amer. Music Assoc." for perf. native works ; 
 lounded and supported (1865-87) the N. Y. 
 "Orpheon Free Schools" (over 30,000 pupils) ; 
 founded and edited the " N. Y. Philh. Journal " 
 (1868-85). He originated the popular ' ' Lecture- 
 Concerts " ; made many concert-tours in the 
 U. S., also to England (i8go) ; and was an 
 indefatigable composer. — Works : Symphony 
 " Life," f. full orch. ; "Child's Symphony," f. 
 string-orch. ; pf. -concerto ; pf.-trioinD ; 2 org.- 
 preludes and fugued fantasias ; the very original 
 works " Easter Festival Vespers " (f. 3 choirs, 
 echo-choir, 2 org.s and orch., harp obbl., and 
 Cantor Priest), "Bible Opera" (f. 2 troupes, 
 one singing, one speaking), a School-Opera 
 Toffeeand Old Munch, a "Piano-Trio-Concerto" 
 (or " Trio w. orch."), a Fantasia on an original 
 theme (f. 5 pfs.) ; also 2 operas, Samuel {H. Y., 
 1877) and Dumb Love j an Andante grazioso in 
 G, Adagio cantabile in D, Allegro moderato in 
 A, Siciliano in G, and other pf. -music ; etc. (in 
 all over 700 works, few of which are publ.). 
 Also 2 coU.s of church-music, and an " Orpheon 
 Class-book." 
 
 Hoplit. See Pohl, Richard. 
 
 Ho'rik, Wenzel [Vidav] Emanuel, b. 
 Mscheno-Lobes, Bohemia, Jan. i, 1800 ; d. 
 Prague, Sept. 5, 1871. Pupil of Josef Schubert 
 and the Prague Gymnasium ; st. comp. and theory 
 from the works of Tiirk, Vogler, Albrechtsber- 
 ger, and Cherubini. Org. and. choirmaster, in 
 succession, of various churches in Prague ; as a 
 teacher and ch.-comp. he was highly esteemed. 
 
 Ho'rik, Eduard, b. Holitz, Bohemia, 1839 ; 
 d. Riva, Lake of Garda, Dec. 6, 1892. Co-founder 
 
 of, and teacher at, the "Horak"' Pianoforte- 
 School, Vienna. In collaboration with Fr. Spigl, 
 he publ. " Der Klavierunterricht in neue, natiir- 
 liche Bahnen gebracht " (1892, 2 vol.s.). 
 
 Ho'r^k, Adolf, b. Jankovic, Bohemia, Feb. 
 15, 1850. With his brother, the preceding, 
 he founded, and taught at, the "Horak" Pf.- 
 School, Vienna. — Publ. : " Die technische 
 Grundlage des Klavierspiels," and (with his 
 brother) a " Klavierschule " (2 vol.s). 
 
 Horn, Karl Friedrich, b. Nordhausen, Sax- 
 ony, Apr. 13, 1762; d. Windsor, Engl., Aug. 5, 
 1830. Pupil of Schroter; at 20 years of age he 
 went to London, and with the patronage of 
 Count Briihl, Saxon Ambassador, became a fash- 
 ionable teacher. To 1811 he was music-master 
 to Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. In 1823 
 he succeeded Sexton as org. of St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor. With Wesley he prepared an 
 English ed. of Bach's " Wohltemperirtes Cla- 
 vier"; also wrote a treatise on thorough-bass; 
 comp. pf. -sonatas, 12 sets of pf. -variations w. 
 accomp. of flute or violin, and " MiHtary Diverti- 
 mentos." — His son and pupil, 
 
 Horn, Charles Edward, b. London, June 
 21, 1786; d. Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1849. In 
 1809 made his debut, and for several years lived 
 in London as opera-singer and composer. In 
 1833 he went to America and prod, several 
 operas at the Park Th., New York. His voice 
 failing, he became a music-teacher, and later an 
 importer and publisher of music. He prod, an 
 oratorio. The Remission of Sin ; returned to 
 England in 1843, and in 1845 this oratorio, re- 
 named Satan, was perf. by the Melophonic 
 Soc.y. He was app. mus. dir. of the Princess' 
 Th.; returned to America in 1847, and became 
 cond. of the Handel and Haydn Soc.y, Boston. — 
 Works : Another oratorio, Daniel's Prediction 
 (1848); a cantata, Christmas Bells ; 26 Engl, 
 operettas (1810-30); canzonets, glees, songs, etc. 
 
 Horn, August, b. Freiberg, Saxony, Sept. 
 I, 1825; d. Leipzig, Mar. 25, 1893. Pupil of 
 Mendelssohn at the Leipzig Cons. From 1862-8, 
 lived at Dresden, then settled in Leipzig, and be- 
 came favorably known by his pf.-arrangements 
 of symphonies, operas, etc., for 2 and 4 hands. 
 — Works: A i-act comic opera. Die Nachbarn 
 (Leipzig, 1875); orch.l music (overture ; " Fest- 
 marsch"); pf-pcs. ; his part-songs f. male chorus, 
 and songs, were very successful. 
 
 Hor'neman, Johan Ole Emil, vocal comp.; 
 b. Copenhagen, 1809 ; d. there May 29, 1870. 
 His " Tappere Landsoldat " became a national 
 melody. 
 
 Hor'neman, Christian F. Emil, son and 
 pupil of the preceding; b. Copenhagen, Dec. 
 17, 1841. Also St. at Leipzig Cons., 1857-60. 
 Dir. of school of music in Copenhagen. Has 
 comp. overtures ("Aladdin," " Heldenleben"), 
 pf. -caprices, songs, etc. 
 
 Horn'stein, Robert von, b. Stuttgart, Dec. 
 6, 1833; d. Munich, June ig, i8go. Pupil of 
 
 283 
 
HORSLEY— HUBAY 
 
 Leipzig Cons.; teacher at the Munich Royal 
 School of Music. — Works; Opems, Adam und 
 Eva, Der Dorfadvokat; incid. mus. to Shake- 
 speare's As You Like It and Mosenthal's Debo- 
 rah; pf.-pcs., songs, etc. 
 
 Hors'ley, William, b. London, Nov. 15, 
 1774; d. there June 12, 1858. Org. of various 
 churches in London; in 1800 he graduated Mus. 
 Bac, Oxon. His suggestion resulted in the 
 foundation of the Concenlores Sodales (1798- 
 1847), to some extent a revival of the catch- and 
 glee-clubs. He publ. "An Explanation of Mus. 
 Intervals, and of the Major and Minor Scales" 
 (1825); " Introd. to . . . Harm, and Modula- 
 tion" (1847); edited a collection of glees, etc., 
 by Callcott (with biography and analysis), Book 
 i of Bird's " Cantiones Sacrae," and publ. 5 col- 
 lections of glees, 40 canons, a coll. of psalm- 
 tunes with interludes, sonatas, pf.-pcs. , songs, 
 etc. — His son and pupil, 
 
 Hors'ley, Charles Edward, born London, 
 Dec. 16, 1822; d. New York, May 2, 1876, also 
 St. with Moscheles (pf.), Hauptmann and Men- 
 delssohn (comp.). Became org. of St. John's, 
 Netting Hill, London; in l86S went to Austra- 
 lia, and later to America. Contributed interest- 
 ing articles on music in America to the " Mus. 
 Standard," London. — Comp. 3 oratorios, Gideon, 
 David, Joseph; ode Euie7-pe, f. soli, ch. , and 
 orch. (1870; for opening of Melbourne Town 
 Hall); mus. to Milton's Comus ; instr.l and pf.- 
 pcs., songs ; and wrote a " Text-Book of Har- 
 mony," publ. posthumously. 
 
 Hor'witz, Benno, violinist and comp.; b. 
 BerHn, Mar. 17, 1855. Pupil of the V^oysMiocli- 
 schule, and of Kiel and Albert Becker. — 
 Works: Symph. poem "Dionysos"; choral 
 works; chamber-music, part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Hostin'sky, Ottokar, writer on musical 
 aesthetics; born Martinoves, Bohemia, Jan. 2, 
 1847. Pupil of the Prague Gymnasium ; also 
 St. law and philosophy. From 1867-8 continued 
 the study of philosopliy at Munich, and took de- 
 gree of Dr. fhil. at Prague. After residence 
 in Salzburg and Munich, and a visit to Italy in 
 1875, in 1877 he passed the teacher's examina- 
 tion for jesthetics and the history of music, at 
 Prague Univ.; in 1884 he was app. prof, of 
 Eesthetics. — Works : A brief biography of Wag- 
 ner (in Bohemian; 1871); "Das Musikalisch- 
 Schone und das Gesammtkunstwerk vom Stand- 
 punkt der formalen Aesthetik " (1877, German); 
 "Die Lehre von den musikalischen Klangen " 
 (1879, German"); " Ueber die Entwickelung und 
 den jetzigen Stand der tschechischen Oper" 
 (1880) ; and " Ueber die Bedeutung der prak- 
 tischen Ideen Herbarts flir die allgemeine Aes- 
 thetik" (1883). 
 
 Hoth'by (or Hothobus, Otteby, Era Otto- 
 bi), Johannes, English Carmelite monk ; d. 
 London, Nov., 1487, was famous for his skill in 
 the science of music. From 1467-86 he lived as 
 a teacher in the Carmelite monastery of St. Mar- 
 
 tin, Lucca. MS. copies of his works are in 
 libraries at Ferrara, Bologna, Paris, and in the 
 British Museum. Coussemaker printed his 
 treatise " De proportionibus et cantn figurato," 
 etc., in his " Scriptores ", iii ; and his " Calliopea 
 leghale " (Italian) in " Histoire de I'harmonie," 
 
 Hotteterre, Louis, nicknamed " Le Re- 
 main," from having lived in Rome, was the 
 finest flutist of his period, and chamber-musician 
 at the courts of Louis XIV. and XV. His 
 father, Henri H. (d. 1683), was a famous instr.- 
 maker, player on the musette, and also court 
 mus.; and another son, Nicolas H. (d. 1695), 
 was a celebrated bassoonist and oboist. Louis 
 wrote : " Principes de la flute traversi^re ou 
 flute d'Allemagne, de la flute h. bee ou flute 
 douce et du hautbois " (probably 1699 ; republ. 
 several times); "Methode pour la musette" 
 (1738) 1 " L'art de preluder sur la fliite traver- 
 siere, sur la flute a bee, etc." (1712 ; 2nd ed., 
 under title " Methode pour apprendre, etc.,"abt. 
 1765) ; also comp. sonatas, duos, trios, suites, 
 rondes (chansons a danser), and menuets for 
 flute. 
 
 Ho'ven, J. Pen-name of Vesque von POTt- 
 
 LINGEN. 
 
 Hoivard, George H., b. Norton, Mass., Nov. 
 12, 1843. Pupil of John W. Tufts (theory), and 
 B. F. Baker (singing), at the Boston Music 
 School, where he afterwards taught 1864-9. St. 
 1869-70 in Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, Richter, 
 Papperitz), then in Berlin under Haupt and 
 Kullak (pf.). He again taught in Boston and 
 (1874) in London ; then for several years in the 
 Mich. Cons, of Music at Olivet, Mich., and 
 1882-4 ill the N. E. Cons, at Boston, where he 
 gave 41 lectures. In 1891 he organized the 
 Boston School for Teachers of Music, of which 
 he is the Director, and in which he leads the 
 classes in psychology. He is widely known as 
 a teacher and lecturer of exceptional ability. — 
 Publ. comp.s : Songs. — In MS. : Organ-pcs., 
 anthems, and sacred songs. 
 
 Hrimaly, Adalbert, violinist, comp., and 
 cond.; b. Pilsen, Bohemia, July 30, 1842. Pupil 
 of Mildner at the Prague Cons. He was app. 
 cond. of the Gothenburg orch. in 1861, at the 
 National Th., Prague, in 1868, at the German 
 Th. there in 1873, and at Czernowitz, Bukowina, 
 in 1875. His opera Der verzauberte Prim 
 (1871) is in the repertory of the National Th., 
 Prague. — Publ. (Prague, 1895) " Tonale und 
 rhythmische Studien fur die Violine." 
 
 Hu'bay [Huber], Karl, b. Varjas, Hungary, 
 July I, 1828 ; d. Pesth, Dec. 20, 1885. Cond. 
 of the National Th., Pesth, and vln.-prof. at the 
 Cons. — Works: Operas, Szekler Mddchen(\9:S'S), 
 Lustige Kumpane, and Des Konigs j^«w(i875). 
 His son and pupil, 
 
 Hu'bay, Jeno (also known as Eugen Hubef 
 in Germany), famous violinist ; b. Budapest, 
 Sept. 14, 1858. Also St. with Joachim at Ber- 
 lin. Gave concerts in Hungary (1876) ; and 
 
 284 
 
HUBER— HUE 
 
 scored a success at a Pasdeloup concert, Paris. 
 Became principal vln.-prof. at Brussels Cons. 
 (1882), and in 1886 at Pesth Cons., in succession 
 to his father. Married, 1894, Countess Rosa 
 Cebrian. — Works: 2-act opera Der Geiffenmacher 
 von Cremona (Pesth, Nov. 10, 1893 ; v. succ.) ; 
 4-act opera Alienor (Pesth, 1892) ; Hungarian 
 opera A Falu Rossza {Der Dorjlumf) (Buda- 
 pesth, 1896 ; succ.) ; songs ; a symphony ; a 
 "Concerto dramatique " f. vln., op. 21; " So- 
 nate romantique " f. pf . and vln.; " Szenen aus 
 derCzarda" (op. 9, 13, 18, 32-34, 41) f. pf. and 
 vln.; " Les Fileuses," f. vln. and pf., op. 44, No, 
 3 ; and other vln. -pes. 
 
 Hu'ber, Felix, distinguished Swiss vocal 
 composer and poet ; d. Berne, Feb. 23, 1810. 
 Publ. . 6 " Schweizer Lieder," " Lieder flir eid- 
 genOssische Krieger," " Lieder fur Schweizer 
 Junglinge," etc. 
 
 Hu'ber, Ferdinand, another popular Swiss 
 song-composer ; b. Oct. 31, 1791 ; d. St. Gallen, 
 Jan. 9, 1863. His songs were highly praised by 
 Mendelssohn. 
 
 Hu'ber, Karl. See Hubay, Karl. 
 
 Hu'ber, Joseph, dram. comp. ; b. Sigma- 
 ringen, Apr. 17, 1837 ; d. Stuttgart, Apr. 23, 
 l885. Pupil, at Stern Cons., Berlin, of L. Ganz 
 (vln.), Marx (theory), and at Weimar of E. 
 Singer and P. Cornelius. He became violinist 
 in the Prince of Hechingen's orch. at Lowen- 
 berg ; in 1864 was app. Concertmeister of the 
 Euterpe orch., Leipzig ; in 1865, violinist in the 
 royal orch., Stuttgart. — ^Works (in which the in- 
 fluence of Liszt and P. Lohmann is seen): 2 op- 
 eras. Die Rose von Libanon and Irene (both 
 publ., but not perf.); 4 one-movement sympho- 
 nies, songs, instr.I music, etc. 
 
 Hu'ber, Hans, dram. comp. ; b. Schonewerd, 
 n. Olten, Switzerland, June 28, 1852. St. at 
 Leipzig Cons. (1870-4) under Richter, Reinecke, 
 and Wenzel ; was private mus. -teacher at Wes- 
 serling for two years, then at the music-school 
 at Thann (Alsatia), later at the Basel Music 
 School. In 1892, Basel Univ. gave him the 
 hon. title of Dr. phil., and in 1896 he was app. 
 Director of the Music School, succeeding Bagge. 
 — Works : 3-act opera WeltfrUhling (Basel, 
 1894 ; succ.) ; opera Gvdrun (Basel, 1896 ; v. 
 succ); cantatas. Pandora, f. soli, ch., and orch., 
 op. 66 ; Aussohnung, i. male ch. and orch.; " 6 
 Lieder imVolkston,"op. 29, f. malech. ; " Frtih- 
 lingsliebe " (7 Lieder), op. 25 ; " Stimmungen " 
 (7 Gedichie), op. 53; violin-sonatas (op. 18, 42, 
 and 67) ; trios (op. 30, 65) ; 'cello-sonata, op. 33 ; 
 pf.-concertos in C min., op. 36, and G maj. ; 
 vln. -concerto, op. 40; overtures, "Lustspiel" 
 overture, op. 50; " Tell " symphony, op. 63; 
 .suite f. pf. and vln., op. 82; " Triophantasia,"op. 
 84; " Sommernachte " serenade, op. 87; suite 
 f. pf. and 'cello, op. 89 ; pf.-quartet, op. no ; 
 pf.-quintet, G min., w. 2 vlns., viola, and 'cello, 
 op. Ill ; pf. -sonatas, suites f. 2 and 4 hands, 
 fugues, string-quartets, a new " Wohltempe- 
 riertes Clavier " (4 hands), etc. 
 
 Hu'ber, Eugen. See Huday, JenO. 
 
 Hu'bert, NikoUi Albertovitch, b. Mar. 7, 
 1840; d. Sept. 26, 1888. Prof, of theory at 
 Moscow Cons.; in i88i became Director as suc- 
 cessor to N. Rubinstein. Also contributed bril- 
 liant mus. articles to the Wedemosti (" Moscow 
 News "). 
 
 Huber'ti, L6on-Gustave, distinguished com- 
 poser ; b. Brussels, Apr. 14, 1843. Pupil of 
 Brussels Cons. , where he won the Prix de Rome 
 in 1865. From 1874-8 he was Dir. of Mons 
 Cons. ; from 1880-9, prof, and inspector of sing- 
 ing in the schools of Antwerp. He is now 
 (1899) prof, at Brussels Cons., and Dir. of the 
 Mus. -school of St.-Josse-ten-Noode-Schaerbeek. 
 In l8gl he was elected a member of the Belgian 
 Academy, and in 1893, chevalier-of the Legion 
 of Honor. — Works : 3 oratorios, pen laatste 
 Zonnestraal (1874), Bloemardinne, and Willem 
 van Oranjes dood ; the dram, poem Verlichting 
 ("Fiat lux"), f. soli, ch., org., and orch.; the 
 symph. poem Kinderlust eti Leed, f. ch. and 
 orch.; and several other works of the same class ; 
 — F. ORCH. ALONE: a Symphonic funebre, a Suite 
 romantique, a sfhie de genre " In den Gaarde," 
 and Triomffeest (w. org.) ; also various festival 
 marches, etc.; a score of vocal soli with orch. 
 accomp.; numerous French, Flemish, and Ger- 
 man songs w. pf. ; an "Andante et inter- 
 mezzo," f. 4 flutes and orch.; a pf. -concerto ; 
 F. PF. SOLO ; an Etude, a Conte d'enfant, a Ta- ' 
 rentelle. Impromptu, Historiette, Etude ryth- 
 mique, and Valse lente ; and an a cappella male 
 chorus, "Van Maerlantszang." 
 
 Hucbald' [Hugbal'dus, Ubaldus, Uchu- 
 baldus], b. abt. 840; d. St.-Amand, n. Tour- 
 nay, June 25 (or Oct. 21), 930, or June 20, 932. 
 Pupil of his uncle Milo, mus. dir. at the St.- 
 Amand monastery. At 20 years of age, owing 
 to his uncle's jealousy, he retired to Nevers, 
 where he established a singing-school. He 
 continued his studies at St. -Germain d'Auxerre 
 abt. 86c, and in 872 succeeded his uncle at St.- 
 Amand. In S83 he dir. a similar school at St.- 
 Bertin, and abt. 893, with Remi d'Auxerre, was 
 called by the Archbishop of Rheims to reestab- 
 lish the old church-schools in the diocese. On 
 the death of the Archbishop (June, 900), H. re- 
 turned to St.-Amand. His " Harmonica insti- 
 tutio" or " Liber de musica'' contains the ear- 
 liest known examples of notation practically 
 illustrating the rising and falling of pitch ; 
 parallel lines being employed, and the distances 
 of whole notes and semitones shown at the be- 
 ginning by s = semitonum, t = tonus. The fol- 
 lowing works, printed in Gerbert's "Scrip- 
 tores," vol. i, are (probably wrongly) ascribed 
 to H.: " De Harmonica institutione," " Musica 
 enchiriadis," fragments entitled "Alia musica," 
 and ' ' Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis 
 modulandis." 
 
 Hue, Georges-Adolphe, b. Versailles, May 
 6, 1858. Pupil, in Paris Cons., of Reber and 
 
 285 
 
HUEFFER— HULLMANDEL 
 
 Paladilhe ; took 1st Grand prix de Rotne in 
 1879, and the Prix Cressent in 1881 ; now liv- 
 ing in Paris as teacher and comp. — Works : Les 
 Fantins, 2-act op. com. (Op. -Com., 1881) ; 
 " Rubezahl," syraph. legend in 3 parts (Con- 
 certs Colonne, 1886); " Feerie dramatique " 
 La Belle an bois dormant (Paris, 1894 ; succ.) ; 
 Resurrection, "episode sacre'' (Cons. Concerts, 
 1892) ; Le Berger, ballade, and a Fantaisie f. 
 vln. (1893) ; a pantomime, Caur brisi ; also i 
 symphony, a symphonic overture, choral works, 
 songs ; 2 operas, Vazanta (3 acts) and Le Roi de 
 Paris (4 acts), have not been perf. 
 
 Hueffer, Francis, b. Munster, 1843 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Jan. 19, i88g. St. modern philology and 
 music in London, 
 Paris, Berlin, and 
 Leipzig. The Got- 
 tingen Univ. con- 
 ferred upon hira the 
 degree of Ph. D. 
 for his first publica- 
 tion (i86g), a critical 
 edition of the works 
 of Guillem de Ca- 
 bestant, troubadour 
 of the I2th cent. 
 In 1869 he settled 
 in London as a 
 writer on music, and 
 from 1878 was mus. critic of the Times. He 
 warmly espoused the cause of national English 
 opera, and wrote the libretti of Mackenzie's 
 Colomba and The Troubadour , also of Cowen's 
 Sleeping Beauty. Other works: "Rich. Wag- 
 ner and the Music of the Future " (1874), 
 "The Troubadours: a History of Provincial 
 Life and Literature in the Middle Ages" (1878), 
 "Musical Studies" (1880; reprints of his arti- 
 cles from The Times and Fortnightly Review 
 [Ital. transl. by Visetti, Milan, 1883]); "Ital- 
 ian and other Studies" (1883); he also trans- 
 lated the correspondence of Wagner and Liszt 
 into English. 
 
 Hugo von Reut'lingen, surnamed " Spech- 
 zhart"; b. 1285(1286?) ; d. 1359 (1360?). Priest 
 at Reutlingen, Wiirttemberg ; wrote in 1332 a 
 didactic poem in 635 verses on ecclesiastical 
 mus., entitled " Flores musicae omnis cantus 
 Gregoriani " (Strassburg, 1488, etc.). It was 
 transl. into German by Karl Beck and publ. by 
 the " Litterarischer Verein" (Stuttgart, 1868). 
 [See " Monatshefte fur Musikgeschichte," ii, 
 57, with list of errata in new ed. 11, no. J 
 
 Hul'lah, John Pyke, b. Worcester, June 27, 
 i8i2 ; d. London, Feb. 21, 1884. Pupil of W. 
 Horsley (1829) ; st. singing under Crivelli at the 
 Royal Academy of Music (1833). First became 
 known as a comp. of opera, producing The Vil- 
 lage Coi^zi^W^j [libretto by Charles Dickens] (Lon- 
 don, 1836), The Barbers of Bassora (1 837), and 
 The Outpost (i&jfi). In 1841, with the sanction 
 of the national education committee, he opened 
 his " Singing-school for Schoolmasters" at Ex- 
 
 eter Hall. The system of tuition was the French 
 one of Wilhem, which H. had st. in Paris 
 (1840), and modified to suit English require- 
 ments. Notwithstanding jealous and bitter 
 criticism, it became si successful and popular 
 that from 1840-60 
 25,000 persons 
 passed through its 
 classes. In 1847 
 his scholars and ad- 
 mirers erected, and 
 presented him 
 with, St. Martin's 
 Hall for the public 
 performances of his 
 pupils. Inaugu- ,fM 
 rated 1850, it was 
 burned in i860. 
 From 1844-74 H. 
 was prof, of sing- 
 ing at King's Col- 
 lege, and later held 
 similar positions at 
 Queen's and Bedford Colleges. On the death 
 of Horsley (1858) he was app. Charter House 
 organist. He cond. the R. A. M. concerts, 
 1870-3, and for several years the annual con- 
 cert of the Metropolitan School-children at the 
 Crystal Palace. In 1872, app. Inspector of 
 Training Schools. Received the hon. degree of 
 LL.D. from Edinb. Univ. in 1876, and was 
 elected member of the Cecilia Soc, Rome, and 
 of the Acad, of Mus., Florence. He edited 
 some admirable collections of vocal music, and 
 Wilhem's " Method of Teaching Singing, 
 adapted to English use." Wrote "A Grammar 
 of Vocal Music"; "A Grammar of Harmony"; 
 "A Grammar of Counterpojnt " ; " The History 
 of Modern Music" (1862); "The Third or 
 Transition Period of Musical History " (1865) ; 
 "The Cultivation of the Speaking Voice"; 
 "Music in the House" (1877) ; and numerous 
 historical and scientific mus. essays publ. in va- 
 rious periodicals. Besides the operas mentioned, 
 he comp. motets, anthems, concerted vocal 
 music, and many songs, of which ' ' that we 
 two were Maying," " The Storm," and " Three 
 Fishers " still remain popular. 
 
 Hurler, J. A. See Hiller. 
 
 HuU'mandel, Nicholas-Joseph, celebrated 
 pianist and performer on the harmonica ; b. 
 Strassburg, 1751 ; d. London, Dec. 19, 1823; 
 nephew of the famous horn-virtuoso, Rodolphe; 
 He first St. music in the Strassburg Oath, 
 school ; became a pupil of the ' ' Hamburg 
 Bach " (Ph. Em.) ; went in 1775 to Milan, in 
 1776 to Paris, and for ten years was a fashion- 
 able teacher. In 1787 he made a wealthy mar- 
 riage and retired, but the Revolution drove him 
 to London, and he again gave lessons. Napo- 
 leon restored a portion of his property, and he 
 again retired into private life. H.'s playing 
 and compositions had considerable influence on 
 French art of the period. He publ. 12 p''- 
 
 286 
 
HOLLWECK— HUMMEL 
 
 trios, op. 1-2 ; 14 vln.-sonatas w. pf., op. 3, 4, 
 5, 8, 10, 11; 6 pf.-sonatas, op. 6; Divertisse- 
 ment, op. 7 ; and 2 sets of airs and variations 
 for solo pf., op. 9 
 
 Hiill'weck, Ferdinand, b. Dessau, Oct. S, 
 1824; d. Blasewitz, n. Dresden, July 2-|., 1887. 
 Fine concert- violinist. Pupil of Fr. Schneider ; 
 in 1884, 2nd leader of Dresden court-orch. 
 Teacher in Dresden Cons. ; retired 1886. Publ. 
 educational works f . vln. 
 
 Hiill'weck, Karl, b. Dresden, Apr. 15, 1852 ; 
 son of Ferd. H". Pupil of Fr. Grutzmacher 
 ('cello) from 1865-70; harm, and cpt.. Ad. 
 Reicheland G. Merkel ; pf., G. Schraole. 1870, 
 "aspirant" in Dresden court orch.; 1877, full 
 member (Kammermusikus), and, till 1882, 
 teacher of 'cello, Dresden Cons. — Works : Ma- 
 zurka f. 'cello and pf. , op. 6; Arioso f. 'cello 
 and org. (or pf.), op. 7 ; Capricci of. 'cello and 
 pf., op. 9. 
 
 Hiils'kamp, Henry [Gustav Heinrich], 
 
 pf. -maker ; b. Westphalia. In 1850 he estab- 
 lished a manufactory at Troy, N. Y. , and gained 
 prizes (New York, 1857, and London, 1862). 
 In l865 he moved the factory to New York. 
 His "symmetrical " pf.s have a good name. 
 
 Humfrey [Humphrey, Humphrys], b. Lon- 
 don, 1647 ; d. Windsor, July 14, 1674. Impor- 
 tant early English comp. , lutenist, and lyricist. 
 In 1660, Chapel Royal chorister, and became 
 known as a comp. In 1664 Charles II. sent 
 him to Paris to study under Lully, and also to 
 Italy. During his absence (1666) he was app. 
 Gentleman of the Chapel Royal ; in 1672 he 
 succeeded Cooke as master of the Chapel Royal 
 children, and comp. (with Purcell) for the King's 
 private string-orch. Two years later he died at 
 the early age of 27. He introd. new and beau- 
 tiful effects, after Lully 's style, into his comp.s, 
 and had a predilection for minor keys. — Works : 
 Evening .Service in E min. ; 2 odes f . the King's 
 Birthday ; anthems, songs. 
 
 Hura'mel, Johann Nepomuk, celebrated 
 pianist and comp. ; b. Pressburg,.Nov. 14, 1778 ; 
 d. Weimar, Oct. 17, 
 1837. Son and pupil 
 of Joseph H., mu- 
 sic-master of the 
 Wartberg Military 
 School. In 1786 
 the father was app. 
 Kapellm. of Schika- 
 neder's Th., Vienna, 
 and there Mozart in- 
 terested himself in 
 young H., took him 
 into his house, and 
 for two years in- 
 structed him. He 
 made his debut in 
 1787 at a concert given by Mozart in Dresden. 
 From 1788-93 he accomp. his father on profes- 
 sional concert-tours as pianist, visiting Germany, 
 
 Denmark, Scotland, England, and Holland. On 
 his return to Vienna he applied himself to 
 serious study in cpt. under Albrechtsberger, and 
 profited by the counsel of Haydn and Salieri in 
 comp. From 1804-11, he acted as deputy- 
 Kapellm. for Haydn, in Prince Esterhazy's ser- 
 vice. From 1811-16 he taught and comp. in 
 Vienna ; in 1816, was app. court Kapellm. at 
 Stuttgart, and in 1819 at Weimar. He obtained 
 frequent leaves of absence for professional 
 tours ; in 1822 he went to St. Petersburg with 
 the Grand Duchess Marie Paulovna ; in 1825 to 
 Paris, where he was made Chevalier of the 
 Legion of Honor ; in 1826 visited Belgium and 
 Holland, in 1827 Vienna, in 1828 Warsaw, and 
 France again in 1829. In 1830 and '33 he went 
 to England, and cond. a season of German opera 
 at the King's Th., London. The last years of 
 his life were marked by ill-health and much 
 suffering. He was one of the most famous pf.- 
 virtuosi and extemporists of his period, and at 
 one time was considered the equal of Beethoven. 
 His comp.s are distinguished for excellence of 
 construction and brilliancy of ornament. They 
 number 124, and include 4 operas, cantatas, bal- 
 lets, now forgotten ; 3 masses f. 4 voices, orch., 
 and org., in BI7, E[>, and D, a Graduale and 
 Offertorium, still in use in Austrian churches ; 
 a long list of pf.-comp.s, — 7 concertos and some 
 sonatas remain standard pes., — and much con- 
 certed music, of which the septet in D min., op. 
 74, is considered a masterpiece. H.'s " Anwei- 
 sung zum Pianofortespiel " (1828), an elaborate 
 instruction-book, and one of the first to give a 
 sensible method of fingering, appeared too late 
 to be of much use. — His wife, Elisabeth H., 
 n^e Rockl, b. 1793, d. Weimar, March, 1883, 
 was an opera-singer. 
 
 Hum'rael, Joseph Friedrich, b. Innsbruck, 
 Aug. 14, 1841. Pupil of Munich Cons. From 
 1861-80 theatre- A'rt/c/Aw. at Glarus, Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Innsbruck, Troppau, Linz, Briinn, 
 and Vienna. Since 1880, dir. of the Mozarteum, 
 Salzburg, mus. -teacher at the Training College, 
 and cond. of the Liedertafel. 
 
 Hum'mel, Ferdinand, comp. ; b. Berlin, 
 Sept. 6, 1855. Son and pupil of a musician, at 
 the age of 7 he was a harp virtuoso ; from 1864- 
 7 made a concert-tour of Europe with his father, 
 and was the recipient of a royal grant for ad- ^ 
 ditional study. Pupil at KuUak's Akademie 
 (1868-71) ; 1871-5 at the Royal High School of 
 Music under Rudorff and Grubau (pf.) ; at the 
 Akademie school f. comp. under Kiel and' Bar- 
 giel. — Works : 3 l-act operas, Mara (Berlin, 
 1893 ; succ.) ; Ein treuer Schelm (Prague, 1894) ; 
 Ani;la (Berlin, 1S94, un.succ.) ; a 3-act opera, 
 Assarpai (Gotha, 1898; succ.); " Marchen- 
 Schwank " Das heilige Lacfien (Berlin, 1892) ; 
 " Marchendichtungen " f. solo and 3-part female 
 chorus : Rumpelsiihchen, Frau Holle, Hansel 
 und Gretel, Die Meerkonigin, Die Nayaden ; 
 overture, op. 17; "Columbus" and "Jung 
 Olaf " f . soli, mixed chorus, and orch. ; songs ; 
 
 287 
 
HUMPERDINCK— HUTSCHENRUIJTER 
 
 4 'cello-sonatas ; Phantasiestucke f . 'cello and 
 pf. (" Marchenbilder " and " Waldleben ") ; 
 Notturno f. 'cello, harp, and harmonium ; pf.- 
 quintet ; pf. -quartet ;pf.-trio ; vln. -sonata, horn- 
 sonata, pf. -suite f. 4 hands ; Concertstiick f. pf., 
 op. I ; 2 concert-polonaises f. pf., and other pf.- 
 pcs. — A concert-fantasia f. harp and orch. and 
 a symphony, in MS., have been frequently per- 
 formed. 
 
 Hum'perdinck, Engelbert, b. Siegburg, n. 
 Bonn, Sept. i, 1854. St. architecture in Cologne, 
 where Ferd. Hiller persuaded him to devote 
 himself to music. Ent. Cologne Cons., st. 
 harm, and comp. with Hiller, Gernsheim, and 
 Jensen ; pf . (Seiss and Mertke) ; 'cello (Rens- 
 burg and Ehlert). After 4 years, won Mozart 
 scholarship at Frankfort ; then st. 2 years at 
 Munich with Franz Lachner, also in Cons, 
 under Rheinberger and Barmann. Publ. sev- 
 eral comp.s, Humoreske i. orch. and Die Wall- 
 fahrt nach Kevelaar f . chorus. In 1878 he won 
 the Mendelssohn prize (3,000 marks) in Berlin ; 
 in 1880, Meyerbeer prize (7,600 marks) ; visited 
 Italy and France ; prof, in Barcelona Cons., 
 1885-6 ; then returned to Cologne and taught 
 there till 1887, when he went to Mayence in the 
 employ of Schott and Co. ; in i8go he was called 
 to the Hoch Cons., Frankfort. He was a spe- 
 cial protege of R. Wagner in Bayreuth, 1881-2 ; 
 made pf.-arr.s of his music-dramas, and as- 
 sisted in the preparation of Parsifal for the 
 stage. — The 2-act fairy-opera Hansel und Gretel 
 [prod, at Milan, 1897, as Nino e Rita~\ (Weimar, 
 Dec. 23, Munich, Dec. 30, 1893), first brought 
 his name prominently before the mus. world at 
 large. Dornroschen (Frankfort, 1895?); Die 
 Kdnigskinder(i%<)()); Die "j Ceislein, "Marchen- 
 spiel fiir die Kleinen"; Symphony in C ; incid. 
 mus. to Der Richter vonZalamea, 1896; ' ' Moorish 
 Rhapsodic" f. orch., l8g8. In 1896 he gave up 
 his post of musical critic on the Frankfort " Zei- 
 tung," and retired to Boppard-on-Rhine. 
 
 Hun'eker, James Gibbons, musical writer 
 and critic ; b. Philadelphia, Jan. 31, i860. He 
 studied piano-play- 
 ing with Michael 
 Cross at Philadel- 
 phia, also from 1878 
 in Paris with Theo- 
 dore Ritter ; theory 
 with Leopold Dou- 
 treleau. Settled in 
 New York, where, 
 since 1S88, he has 
 been teacher of pf. 
 at the National Cons. 
 He is musical critic 
 and feuilletoniste for 
 the " Musical Cou- 
 rier " ; and has publ. 
 " Mezzotints in Modern 
 1899 ; a coll. of essays, etc. 
 " Mus. Courier "). 
 
 Hun'ke, Joseph, b. Josefstadt, Bohemia, 
 
 Music" (New York, 
 reprinted from the 
 
 1801 ; d. St. Petersburg, Dec. 17, 1883 ; choir- 
 master of the Russian court chapel-choir ; wrote 
 numerous sacred compositions, also methods of 
 Harmony and Composition (both in Russian). 
 
 Hiin'ten, Franz, b. Koblenz, Dec. 26, 1793; 
 d. there Feb. 22, 1878. Pupil of his father, an 
 organist, then at the 
 Paris Cons. (1819) 
 under Pradher (pf.), 
 Cherubini (cpt.), and 
 Reicha (harm.). His 
 pleasing and popular 
 pf. -works were re- 
 munerated with ex- 
 traordinary prices. 
 Works : " Methode 
 nouvelle pour le 
 piano," op. 60 ; pf.- 
 trio, op. 14 ; duos f . pf. 
 and vln., op. 22, 23 ; 
 serenades , divertisse- 
 ments, rondos, fantasias, etc. His brothers, 
 Wilhelm H., pf.-teacher at Koblenz, and Peter 
 Ernst H., do. at Duisburg, also comp. pf.-music 
 of similar character. 
 
 Hurel de Lamare, Jacques-Michel, cele- 
 brated 'cellist ; b. Paris, May i, 1772 ; d. Caen, 
 Mar. 27, 1823. Pupil of Duport the younger. 
 'Cellist at the Th. Feydeau, Paris (1794) ; i8oi-g, 
 made a tour of Germany and Russia ; retired in 
 1815. 4 'cello-concertos publ. under his name 
 were the work of his friend Auber. 
 
 Huss, George J., b. Roth, n. Nuremberg, 
 Bavaria, Sept. 25, 1828. Pupil of his father, 
 Joh. Mich. Huss (pf.) and Lambrecht (org.). 
 Went to America 1848 ; became org. of the 
 First Presb. Ch. of Elizabeth City, N. J.; later 
 of the Second Presb. and South Park Presb. 
 Ch.s in Newark. Moved to New York in 1856, 
 where he was org. of the University Place Presb. 
 Ch. 1858-68. He is principally engaged as a 
 pf.-teacher. Various sacred and secular comp.s, 
 most in MS. 
 
 Huss, Henry Holden, comp. and concert- 
 pianist; b. Newark, N. J., June 21, 1862. Pupil 
 of his father (pf.) and O. B. Boise (cpt. and 
 comp.), also, 1882-5, of Munich Cons. Now 
 (1899) living in New York as a teacher of pf., 
 comp., and instrumentation. — Publ. works i Pf.- 
 concerto in B maj., pf.-pcs. (Ballade "Haiden- 
 roslein," 3 Bagatelles, 3 Intermezzi, etc.), org.- 
 music, an anthem, an Ave Maria, songs, etc, 
 In MS. he has a Rhapsody f. pf. and orch. in 
 C ; "Festival Sanctus " f. ch., orch., and org.; a 
 vln. -concerto in Dmin. ; Romanzeand Polonaise 
 f. vln. w. orch. ; a pf.-trio ; a scene f. sopr, and 
 orch., "Cleopatra's Death"; etc.; all of which 
 have been publicly perf. w. success. 
 
 Huts'chenruijter, Willem, b. Rotterdam, 
 Dec. 25, 1796 ; d. there Nov. 18, 1878. Pup" 
 of Hummel and Romberg, he also St. vln. under 
 Dahmen, and afterwards the horn and trumpet, 
 on which he became a famous performer. A 
 
 288 
 
HOtTENBRENNER— ILINSKI 
 
 member of the city band, in 1821 he founded 
 the music-corps of the Civic Guard, and in 1822 
 became cond. of both. In 1826 he founded the 
 "Eruditio musica," and eventually became dir. 
 of the Euterpe Choral Soc. , of the Musis Sacrum 
 See, prof, at the School of Mus., Kapelm. of 
 St. Dominick's Ch. , municipal mus. dir. at Schie- 
 dam, and organized a church-choir ; was app. 
 hon. Kapelmeester at Delft, elected a member of 
 the Accad. di Santa Cecilia, Rome, and decorated 
 with the order of the Oaken Crown in 1818. — 
 Works : Opera, Le Roi de Bohlme; 4 sym- 
 phonies ; 2 concert-overtures ; overture f . wind- 
 instr.s; over 150 works, original and arranged, 
 f. wind-band ; " Concertstuck " f. 8 kettledrums 
 w. orch. ; several masses, cantatas, songs, etc. — 
 His son Willem, b. March 22, 1828, was also a 
 celebrated horn-virtuoso. 
 
 Hiiftenbrenner, Anselm, b. Graz, Styria, 
 Oct. 13, 1794 ; d. Ober-Andritz, n. Graz, June 5, 
 1868. At 7 years of age, pupil of Gell, the 
 Catb. org., in singing, pf., and harm. In 1815, 
 law-student at Vienna ; st. comp. with Salieri. 
 Schubert was his fellow-pupil, and praised his 
 comp.s ; and he was intimate with Beethoven, 
 who died in his arms. From 18 16 he made suc- 
 cessful appearances as a pianist ; in 1820 he re- 
 tired to his estates at Graz, and, from 1825, 
 cond. the Styrian Musikverein. — Works : 4 
 operas, 9 masses, 3 requiems, 5 symphonies, 10 
 overtures, 3 funeral marches, 2 string-quartets, 
 a string-quintet ; sonatas, 24 fugues, and other 
 pf.-comp.s ; 300 male quartets and choruses; 
 over 200 songs ; etc. 
 
 Hykaert (or Ycaert), Bernhard, Belgian 
 musician and erudite theorist of the 15th cent.; 
 abt. 1480, cantor of the royal chapel at Naples. 
 —Works : 2 Lamentations (publ. by Petrucci, 
 1506); in MS., Kyrie, Gloria, and 3 secular 
 songs.. 
 
 Hyl'lested, August, brilliant concert-pianist 
 and comp. ; born, of Danish parents, at Stock- 
 holm, Swedeni June 17, 1858. Began study of 
 pf. when 5 years old, and played in public as 
 early as 1863. He was taught in Copenhagen 
 by Holger Dahl until 1869, and then made a 
 very successful concert-tour through Scandi- 
 navia. He now entered the Royal Cons, at 
 Copenhagen, studying with Edm. Neupert (pf.), 
 Gade (comp. and orchestr.), T. P. E. Hartmann 
 (cpt.), W. Tofte (vln.), and Carl Attrup (org.). 
 Made 2nd Scandinavian tour in 1875 as solo 
 pianist and asst.-dir. of the orch. In 1876 he 
 was app. org. of the Cath., and dir. of the Mus. 
 Soc. "Nykjjzibing Falster." In 1879 he studied 
 with Th. Kullak (pf.) and Fr. Kiel (comp.) in 
 Berlin, going thence to Liszt. Gave concerts in 
 Great Britain and Ireland 1883-4 ; in 1885, at 
 Steinway Hall, N. Y., and travelled through the 
 Eastern States and Canada ; 188C-91, asst.-dir. 
 of Chicago Mus. College ; 1 891-4, dir. of piano 
 dept. in the Gottschalk Lyric School. From 
 1894-7 in Europe, concertizing in Scandinavia, 
 Germany, France, and England (in London H.'s 
 
 iq 289 
 
 symph. poem " Elizabeth," f. full orch. and 
 double chorus, was perf. under his own leader- 
 ship). In 1897 H. returned to Chicago. He is 
 court pianist to the Princess Louise of Denmark ; 
 has received flattering testimonials from Euro- 
 pean sovereigns. — Publ. works: For pf., 6 
 pieces. Mazurka in D[j, Album-leaf, Scandin. 
 Dances, Faust Fantasie, Variations, Melody, 
 Fantasia on Scotch melodies. Grand Polonaise, 
 Valse sentimentale. Impromptu in F, Suite 
 romantique, Suite de ballet, several transcrip- 
 tions ; Songs : My love is like a red, red rose. 
 Album-rhyme, The Fallen Angel, Ave Maria, 
 Serenade (voice, pf., and vln.). — MS. works: 
 Op. 2, Variations serieuses f. pf. ; op. 25, Suite 
 f. pf. "in old style"; op. 27, Sonata f. pf. ; 
 Grand Polonaise in E|j ; 2 pf. -trios (in B min. 
 and E). For orch.: Music to the "romantic 
 play" Die Rheinnixe ; Symph. poem f. full orch. 
 and double ch. ; " Suite romantique "; " Marche 
 triomphale"; etc. 
 
 I 
 
 I'bach, Johannes Adolf, b. Oct. 20, 1766 ; 
 d. Sept. 14, 1848. In 1794, founded a pf. and 
 org. manufactory at Barmen ; from 1834, with 
 his son C. Rudolf, traded under the name of 
 "Ad. Ibach und Sohn"; from 1839, as "Ad. 
 Ibach S6hne," when his son Richard joined. 
 From 1862 the .firm was known as " C. Rud. & 
 Rich. Ibach," to distinguish it from another 
 business founded by a third son, Gustav J. 
 The same year C. Rudolf died, and in l86g his 
 son Rudolf (d. Herrenalb, Black Forest, July 
 31, 1892) continued .the pf. -factory alone as 
 " Rudolph Ibach Sohn," estab. a branch at 
 Cologne, gained medals for the excellence of his 
 instr.s, and became purveyor to the Prussian 
 court. Richard I. continued the organ-factory. 
 
 riiffe, Frederick, b. Smeeton - Westerby, 
 Leicester, Engl., Feb. 21, 1847. Since 1883, 
 organist and choirmaster of St. John's Coll., 
 Oxford, and conductor of Queen's Coll. (Eg- 
 glesfield) Mus. Soc. — Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1873; 
 Mus. Doc, 1879. — Works: Oratorio, The Vi- 
 sions of St. John the Divine (publ. 1880) ; Even- 
 ing Service in D, f. men's voices ; Lara, cantata 
 f. male ch. and orch. (1885); "Sweet Echo," f. 
 8-p. ch. and orch. (1893) ; " Morning," a pastoral 
 f. sopr. solo, ch., and orch. (1896) ; Concert-over- 
 ture in E ; Festal Overture in D ; Serenade f. 
 string-orch., in G; Prelude and fugue f. org.; 
 pf.-sonata, and other pes.; " Critical Analysis of 
 Bach's Well-tempered Clavichord" (London, 
 1896 ; 4 Parts). 
 
 Ilin'ski, Count Jan Stanislaw, Polish poet 
 and church-composer ; b. Castle Romanov, 1795 ; 
 d. (?). Studied composition under Salieri, Kauer, 
 and Beethoven at Vienna, where he produced a 
 Mass in 1826. After a military and diplomatic 
 career, he became, in 1853, a senator, and privy 
 councillor and chamberlain to the Tsar. — Works : 
 3 masses, 2 requiems, a Te Deura, a Stabat 
 
IMMYNS— ISAAK 
 
 Mater, a De profundis, a Miserere, all f. full 
 orch. ; a symphony ; overtures to Schiller's dramas, 
 and one to Howald's Leuchtthurm ; Grand March 
 f. 2 orchestras ; 2 pf. -concertos ; 8 string-quar- 
 tets ; Rondo f. vln. and orch.; pf.-pcs.; songs. 
 
 Im'myns, John, English attorney and lutenist; 
 b. 1700 (?) ; d. London, Apr. 15, 1764. He 
 founded the Madrigal Soc. in 1741, and in 1752 
 became lutenist to the Chapel Royal ; was also 
 a member of the Acad, of Antient Music, and 
 amanuensis to Dr. Pepusch. A connoisseur and 
 collector of early music. He taught himself, at 
 40, to play the lute. — His son, John, org. of 
 Surrey Chapel, London, died 1794. 
 
 d'lndy, Paul - Marie - Theodore -Vincent, 
 
 composer and pianist ; b. Paris, Mar. 27, 1851. 
 Pupil of Cesar Franck in comp. , and of the Conser- 
 vatory (organ-class) 
 from 1873-5. Be- 
 came chorus-mas- 
 ter under Colonne 
 in 1875 ; played or- 
 chestral drum-parts 
 for 3 years, to obtain 
 training in details 
 of instrumentation. 
 He is a successful 
 comp. ; President 
 of various concert- 
 societies ; Chev. of 
 the Legion of 
 Honor ; mus. In- 
 spector of Paris 
 schools ; etc.-^— 
 Works : A tripar- 
 tite symphonic poem 
 
 " I Piccolomini," was prod. 1874 by Pasdeloup) ; 
 a " Symphonic sur un air montagnard fran^ais," 
 and a third, " Jean Hunyade "; a Ugende i. orch., 
 *'Sauge fleurie"; legende syniphonique^ "La 
 foret enchantee" (i8g6) ; overture to Antoine et 
 CliopAtre ; "La Chevauchee du Cid," f. orch.; 
 a symphonic pf. -concerto ; a Suite " dans le style 
 ancien" f. strings, trumpet, and 2 flutes; pf.- 
 quartet in A ; pf. -music (Poemes des raontagnes ; 
 Tableaux de voyage ; Lac vert, and Valse ; etc.); 
 Scene i. baritone and orch. ; Lied f . 'cello and 
 orch.; romances, and sacred songs. — In 1882 he 
 brought out a i-act comic opera, Attendez-moi 
 soils I'orDie, at the Opera-Comique, with slight 
 success; in 1895 fragments of the 3-act mus. 
 drama Fervaal, of which he wrote both text and 
 music, were prod, at the Concerts de I'Opera, 
 and the entire work was successfully prod, at 
 Brussels in 1897. 
 
 Ingegne'ri, Marco Antonio, b. Venice (or 
 Cremona), about 1540 ;d. Ferrara (?), 1603. It 
 is thought that he was a pupil of Willaert and 
 Zarlino. In 1576 he was m. di capp. at Cremona 
 cathedral ; afterwards to the Duke of Mantua. 
 Monteverde was his pupil. — Publ. works : A 
 book of Masses a 5-8 (1573) ; a second, a 5 
 (1587) ; 4 of Madrigals 04-5 (1578, '79, '80, '84) ; 
 "Sacra? canfiones" a 5 (1576); " Sacrae can- 
 
 ' Wallenstein " (Part II, 
 
 tiones" a 7-16 (1589). The 27 celebrated Re- 
 sponses, generally attributed to Palestrina (in 
 vol. 32 of Br. and H.'s ed. among "doubtful"), 
 are by I. The full title of the work in which 
 they were originally publ. is : " Ing. Marc 
 Antonio ; Responsoria hebdomadae | sanctae, I 
 Benedictus et Improperia Quatuor vocibus | et 
 miserere sex vocibus | Marci Antonii Ingegne- 
 rii I nunc primum in lucem edita. — Venetiis 
 MDLXXXVIII. Apud Riciardum Amadinum." 
 Many other Motets and Madrigals appeared in 
 collections of the time. 
 
 Insan'guine, Giacomo, called Monopoli 
 from the town where he was born in 1744 \ d. 
 Naples, 1795. Pupil of C. Cotumacci at the 
 Cons, di San Onofrio, Naples ; then his master's 
 assistant, and, from 1774, second teacher of cpt. 
 He soon relinquished this position, and devoted 
 himself to dramatic composition. — Works : About 
 20 operas, written for Naples ; among the most 
 successful were Lo Fumaco revotato (about 1756 ; 
 his firstling) ; Didbne (1772) ; Adriano in Stria 
 (1773) ; ^ 'voii di Davide (1775) ; Astuzie per 
 amore (1777); Medonte (1779); Calipso l^lii). 
 His befet work is, however, the 71st Psalm for 
 3-part *h. and orch. ; he also comp. other psalms, 
 hymns, masses, etc. 
 
 Ir'gang, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Ilirschberg, 
 Schleswig, Feb. 23, 1836. Pupil of Grell and 
 A. W. Bach at the School of Comp. of the 
 R. Acad., Berlin, 1856-9. He then taught in 
 Proksch's school at Prague ; in 1863 he founded 
 at Gorlitz a school for pf .-playing and theory, to 
 which was added, in 1871, a mus. seminary for 
 ladies. Organist of Trinity Ch. , Gorlitz, from 
 1878. — Publ. an " Allgemeine Musiklehre" 
 (1865; several editions); a " Harmonielehre"; 
 and piano-pieces. 
 
 I'saak [e'zahk], Heinrich (or Isaac, Izak, 
 Yzac, Ysack ; in Italy, Arrigo Tedesco 
 [Henry the German] ; Low Lat. Arrighus), an 
 eminent contrapuntist, probably of German 
 origin ; b. about 1450 ; d. about 1517. From 
 circa 1477-90 he was in the service of Lorenzo 
 de' Medici, surnamed the " Magnificent," in the 
 capacities of organist, maestro di cappella, and 
 of teacher to Lorenzo's children. He afterwards 
 spent several years in Rome, and finally was 
 called to the court of Maximilian I., at Vienna, 
 as " Symphonista regis," occupying this position 
 until his death. He is one of the most impor- 
 tant composers of the period. A notable peculi- 
 arity of his works is the frequent appearance of 
 the melody in the soprano, at that time a com- 
 paratively unusual device. — Works : 23 Masses 
 a 4-6, 10 being publ. (5 by Petrucci, in "Misse 
 Henrici Izac," 1506; 2 by Rhaw, in "Opus 
 decern raissarum 4 vocum," 1541 ; 2 by Ott, m 
 Graphaus' " Missae XIII," 1539 ; and I by Pe- 
 trejus, in "Liber quindecim missarum," 1539) i 
 those in MS. are in the libraries at Vienna (8), 
 Munich (4), and Brussels (i). Motets and 
 Psalms by I. were printed in some 40 collections 
 from 1501-64 iff. Eitner, " Bibliographie der 
 
 290 
 
ISIDORUS— JACKSON 
 
 Musiksammelwerke"; Berlin, 1877). His part- 
 songs, some of which were publ. in Ott's "115 
 guter newer Liedlein " {1544), and others in 
 Forster's " Auszug guter teutscher Liedlein" 
 (1539). ^'■^ agreeable to modern ears, and re- 
 markable for the clearness and ease of the part- 
 writing ; one of the most beautiful of German 
 chorals, " Nun ruhen alle Walder," is sung to 
 the melody of I.'s " Inspruk, ich muss dich las- 
 sen." He also wrote Introits, Graduals, and the 
 like ; and a "sacred drama," S. Giovanni e S. 
 Paolo. 
 
 Isido'rus (Hispalen'sis), Saint, b. at Carta- 
 gena about 570 ; d. as Bishop of Sevilla, Apr. 4, 
 636. The first 9 chapters of his " Originum 
 sive etymologiarum libri XX " contain important 
 information on music ; Gerbert printed the mus. 
 matter in his " Scriptores," vol. i., as " Senten- 
 tiae de musica." 
 
 Isnar'di, Paolo, b. Ferrara about 1525 ; d. 
 (?). Superior of the monastery at Monte Cas- 
 sino ; m. di capp. at Ferrara. Wrote Masses, 
 Motets, Psalms, Madrigals, and Falsibordoni, 
 publ. between 1561-94. 
 
 Isouard, Niccol6, called Niccolb de Malte 
 because b. at Malta in 1775 ; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 
 1818. Against the wish of his father, who de- 
 sired him to enter the banking business, he 
 studied music at Palermo with Amendola, and 
 at Naples with Sala and Guglielmi. In 1795 I., 
 under the pen-name " Niccol6," brought out his 
 first opera, Vawiso ai maritati, at Leghorn, 
 with slight success ; Artaserse (Florence, 1795) 
 was better received, and had the practical effect 
 that he was recalled to Malta as organist of the 
 church of St. John of Jerusalem, and later became 
 m. di capp. to the Knights. On the suppression 
 of the order by the French, I. brought out 
 several Italian operas in the temporary theatre 
 at Malta ; in 1799 Gen. Vaubois took him to 
 Paris as his private secretary ; and here his career 
 as a dramatic composer fairly began. In 16 
 years he produced 33 French operas and operet- 
 tas, the way to success being smoothed by the 
 friendship and cooperation of R. Kreutzer. 
 
 La Statue , ou la feTn-me avare (1B02), Michel Ange 
 (1802), Les Confidances {z&o^ , Le Baiser et la quittance 
 (1803), Le Medecin turc (1803), V Intrigue aujc _fenetres 
 (1805), Le Dejeuner de gar^ons (1805), La Ruse inutile 
 (1805), L^once (1805), La Prise de Fassaw (1806), Idala 
 (1806), Les Rendez-vous bourgeois (1807), Les Crdan- 
 ciers {1807), Un Jour Ic Paris (1808), Cimarosa (1808), 
 VIntrigue au stfrail (i8og), Cendrillon (iBio), La Vic- 
 iime des arts (1811), La FHe du village (1811), Le Billet^ 
 de loterie {iZi.i), Le Magicien sans magie (iSii), Lulli 
 '€t Quinault (1812), Le Prince de Catane (1813), Le 
 Franfais ii Venise (1813), Le Sihge de M^ziires (1814J, 
 Joconde (1814), Jeannot et Collin (1814), Les deux 
 maris (1816), and VUne pour V autre (i8t6), Aladin, 
 oula lampe merveilleuse (posth .,finishedby Benincori), 
 was given in 1822. 
 
 Of these, Cendrillon, Joconde, and Jeannot el 
 Collin were the best ; the improvement noted in 
 his later works was due in part to keen rivalry 
 with Boieldieu ; the latter was finally elected in 
 1817 to succeed Mehul in the Academy, and I., 
 who had aspired to the chair, was so mortified 
 
 by his failure that he abandoned work, plunged 
 into dissipation, and died next year. — His music 
 combines simplicity with finish of style and 
 suave melody ; he was fortunate in his libretti, 
 which, like his scores, never descend to vulgar- 
 ity. He was an excellent musician, and pos- 
 sessed fine dramatic taste ; but he was not par- 
 ticularly original. — While in Malta, he also 
 wrote numerous masses, cantatas, motets, 
 psalms, etc. 
 
 Israel, Karl, writer; b. Heiligenrode, Elec- 
 toral Hesse, Jan. g, 1841 ; d. Frankfort-on-M., 
 Apr. 2, 1881. Studied in the Leipzig Cons., 
 and settled in Frankfort, becoming an influen- 
 tial critic. — Writings ; " Musikalische Schatze 
 in Frankfurt am M." (1872), and " Musikalien 
 der standischen Landesbibliothek zu Kassel " 
 (1S81), both important in mus. bibliography; 
 valuable bibliographic articles in the "Allg. 
 mus. Zeitung," 1873-4; ai><i a " Frankfurter 
 Concertchronik von 1713-1780" (1876). 
 
 Ivry, Paul-Xavier-D6sir6, Marquis de 
 Richard d', b. Beaune, Cote d'Or, Feb. 4, 
 1829; has lived since 1854 in Paris. Amateur 
 dramaticcompo.ser, pupilof A. Hignard and Le- 
 borne. Operas: Fatma and Quentin Metzys 
 (1854), La Maison du docteur (Dijon, 1855), 
 Omphale et Pinilope, Les Amants de V^rone 
 (1867), under the pen-name "Richard Irvid"; 
 revised, and extended to 5 acts, at the Th. Ven- 
 tadour, in 1878); in MS. (1888) the 4-act opera 
 Persdvh-ance d' amour. — Also a concert-overture, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Izac. See IsAAK. 
 
 J 
 
 Jachet. See Berchem. 
 
 J ach'mann - Wagner. See Wagner, Jo- 
 hanna. 
 
 Jackson, Edwin W., an English justice of 
 the peace, publ. in German (Payne: Leipzig, 
 1866) an interesting and valuable essay, " Finger- 
 und Hahdgelenk-Gymnastik zur Ausbildung 
 und Starkung der Muskeln fiir musikalische 
 
 . . . Zwecke." As a .complete manual of 
 finger-gymnastics it cannot be too warmly recom- 
 mended. English transl. (New York). 
 
 Jackson, John P., contemporary English 
 writer. — Works: "Album of the Passion Play 
 at Oberammergau . . . 1873"; an illustrated 
 handbook on Wagner's " Ring of the Nibelung " 
 (London, 1882); Engl, translations of /'a?-rt/a/. 
 Die Meistersinger, etc. 
 
 Jackson, Samuel P., b. Manchester, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 5, 1818; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., July 
 27, 1885. Son of the organ-builder James J., 
 he went to America in 1825, and learned his 
 father's trade ; his teachers in music were Mo- 
 ran (pf.) and Thornton (harm.) From 1830-42 
 he played the organ at St. Clement's Ch. ; at St. 
 Bartholomew from 1842-61 ; later at Christ Ch., 
 
 2gi 
 
JACKSON— JADASSOHN 
 
 Ch. of the Ascension, and the Anthon Memorial 
 Ch. A well-known teacher of pf., organ, and 
 harmony ; for many years music-proof reader to 
 G. Schirmer, New York. Besides a variety of 
 excellent vocal sacred music, he publ. "Gems 
 for the Organ," and 4 books of very popular 
 " Organ-Voluntaries." 
 
 Jackson, William (I), Engl, organist and 
 comp.; b. Exeter, May 28, 1730; d. there July 
 12, 1803. Pupil of Sylvester, the org. of Exeter 
 Cathedral, and of J. Travers in London. After 
 teaching for years at Exeter, he became (1777) 
 org. and choirmaster at the cathedral. Besides 
 the operas The Lord of the Manor (1780) and 
 Metamorphoses (1783), he comp. odes (Warton's 
 " Ode to Fancy," Pope's " The Dying Christian 
 to his Soul," and " Lycidas") and a large num- 
 ber of songs, canzonets, madrigals, pastorals, 
 hymns, anthems. Church-services, etc. ; also 
 sonatas f. harpsichord. — Writings: " 30 Letters 
 on Various Subjects" (London, 1782); "Obser- 
 vations on the Present State of Music in Lon- 
 don " (1791) ; and "The Four Ages, together 
 with Essays on Various Subjects " (1798). 
 
 Jackson, William (II), organist and comp. ; 
 b. Masham, Yorks., Engl., Jan. g, 1815 ; d. 
 Bradford, Apr. 15, 1866. A self-taught musi- 
 cian, he became org. at Masham in 1832 ; won 
 first prize, Huddersfield Glee Club, in 1840 ; in 
 1852, est. a music -business, and became org. of 
 St. John's Ch., at Bradford ; later, took the 
 organ at Horton Chapel, was cond. of Bradford 
 Choral Union, and chorusmaster of Bradford 
 Festivals. — Works ; 2 Oratorios, Deliverance of 
 Israel from Babylon and Isaiah; 2 Cantatas, 
 The Year and The Praise of Music ; the 103rd 
 Psalm f. solo, ch. , and orch. ; sacred music, glees, 
 part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Jacob, Benjamin, b. London, 1778; d. there 
 Aug. 24, 1829. P'amous organist, pupil of 
 Willoughby, Shrubsole, and Arnold (1796). Or- 
 ganist at various churches, finally at Surrey 
 Chapel (1794-1825). With Wesley and Crotch, 
 he gave organ-recitals to immense audiences 
 from 1808-14. He cond. a series of oratorios in 
 1800, and the Lenten Oratorios at Covent Gar- 
 den in 1818. — Works: "National Psalmody" 
 (London, 1S19), and other collections; also glees, 
 songs, and an arr. of the Macbeth music. 
 
 Jacob, F. A. L. See Jakob. 
 
 Jacobs, Edouard, b. Hal, Belgium, in 1851 ; 
 fine 'cellist, pupil of Joseph Servais at Brussels 
 Cons. Played in the Weimar court orch. for 
 some years, and in 1885 succeeded his teacher 
 as 'cello-professor at the Brussels Cons. 
 
 Jacobsohn, Simon E., violinist ; b. Mitau, 
 Kurland, Dec. 24, 1839. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. ; 
 i860, leader of Bremen orch. ; 1872, of Theodore 
 Thomas's orch. in New York ; then taught in 
 the Cincinnati Cons., and is now in Chicago. 
 
 Jacobsthal, Gustav, b. Pyritz, Pomerania, 
 Mar. 14, 1845. Student at Strassburg Univ., 
 1863-70 ; lecturer on music there, from 1872 ; 
 
 professor extraordinary, 1875. — Wrote " Die 
 Mensuralnotenschrift des 12. und 13. Jahrhun- 
 derts" (1871), a work of merit. 
 
 Jacotin (real name Jacques Godebrye), 
 Flemish contrapuntist ; b. about 1445 ; d. Mar. 
 24, 1529. He was a singer [chapelaiti) in the 
 choir of Notre-Dame at Antwerp, from 1479- 
 1529, and one of the most renowned musicians 
 of his time. — Collections containing some of his 
 works are Petrucci's " Mottetti della corona" 
 (1519), Salbinger's " Concentus octo . . . qua- 
 tuor vocum " (1545), Rhaw's " Bicinia " (1545), 
 Attaignant's collection (1534, Books V, VI, and 
 IX), Ott's "Novum opus musicum " (1537), 
 Book VI of Le Roy and Ballard's chansons 
 (1556; only the 4-p. chanson " Je voudroys 
 bien "), 3 more chansons in the " Recueil des 
 Recueils" (1563-4) ; 6-part Masses are in MS. 
 at Rome. 
 
 Jacquard, L6on-Jean, fine 'cellist, pupil of 
 Norblin at Paris Cons.; b. Paris, Nov. 3, 1826, 
 d. there Mar. 27, 1886. From 1877, prof, of 
 'cello at the Cons. He wrote Morceaux de genre 
 f. 'cello. 
 
 Ja'dassohn, Salomon, noted comp. and in- 
 fluential teacher ; b. Breslau, Aug. 13, 183I. 
 Pupil of the Breslau 
 gymnasium, also 
 taking lessons of 
 Hesse (pf.), Liist- 
 ner (vln.), and Bro- 
 sig (harm.); entered 
 Leipzig Cons, in 
 1848, went next year 
 to Liszt at Weimar, 
 and then studied 
 comp. privately un- 
 der Hauptmann at 
 Lepzig, settling 
 there as a music - 
 teacher in 1852. In 
 1866 he became 
 cond. of the " Psalterion' 
 1867-9 Kapellm. of the " 
 
 prof, of harm., cpt., comp., and instrumentation 
 at the Cons. , dividing with Reinecke the honors 
 of first place as a theoretical instructor in that 
 institution. His rather conservative, though not 
 illiberal, method of teaching is expounded in a 
 " Harmonielehre " (Leipzig, 1883, and 3 later 
 ed.s ; Engl. ed. New York, 1893 ; 2nd revised 
 ed., 1894); " Kontrapunkt"(i884); " Kanonund 
 Fuge" (1884); " Die Formen in denWerkender 
 Tonkunst" (1889) ; " Lehrbuch der Instrumen- 
 tation " (i88g) [Engl, translations of all these 
 have also appeared at Leipzig] ; ' ' Allgemeine 
 Musiklehre" (1892); " Elementar- Harmonie- 
 lehre" (1895). His mastery of form is finely 
 illustrated in his compositions in canon-forin, 
 notably the vocal duets (op. g, 36, 38, 43), a pf.^ 
 serenade (op. 8), a serenade f. orch. (op. 35)i 
 ballet-music for pf . 4 hands (op. 58), which have 
 earned him the sobriquet of the "musical 
 Krupp"; all his compositions are marked by 
 
 ' choral soc. ; was from 
 ' Euterpe "; since 1871, 
 
 292 
 
JADIN— JAHN 
 
 finish of style and thematic verve and bril- 
 liancy. Among the most important of his more 
 than 130 works are 4 symphonies, 4 serenades, 2 
 overtures (f. orch.); a pf.-concerto, op. 8g ; 3 pf.- 
 quintets, op. 70, 76, 126 ; a pf.-quartet, op. 77 ; 
 4 pf.-trios, op. 16, 20, 59, 85 ; 2 string-quartets ; 
 a serenade f . string-orch. and flute ; a cavatina 
 f. vln. w. orch. — The looth Psalm, f. double ch., 
 alto solo, and orch.; " Vergebung," f. sop. solo, 
 ch., and orch. ; " Verheissung," f. do.; " Trost- 
 lied," £. do., w. organ ad lib.; " An den Sturm- 
 wind," f.' male ch. w. orch. ; " Gott ist gross," 
 f. male ch., w. 2 horns and 3 trombones ; motets 
 f. male, mixed, and female chorus ; numerous 
 pf. -pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Jadin, Louis-Emmanuel, dramatic compo- 
 ser; b. Versailles, Sept. 21, 1768 ; d. Paris, Apr. 
 II, 1853. Vln. -pupil of his father, Jean J. ; pf.- 
 pupil of his brother, Hyacinthe J. In 1789 he 
 became accompanist at the newly organized The- 
 atre de Monsieur ; in 1792 he joined the band 
 of the Garde Nationale, for which he wrote 
 many patriotic airs, marches, and hymns. In 
 1802, on his brother's death, he succeeded him 
 as prof, at the Cons.; became cond. at the The- 
 atre Moliere (1806), and Master of the Music- 
 pages from 1814-30, when he retired. From 
 1790-1822 he prod, nearly 40 operas and ope- 
 rettas in Paris ; he also wrote symphonies, over- 
 tures, a vast amount of chamber-music, pf.- 
 concertos, sonatas, duos, fantaisies, etc., f. pf. ; 
 concertante f. 2 pf.s ; 14 collections of airs for 
 solo voice; romances, etc., for 2 voices; and 
 other music. 
 
 Jadin, Hyacinthe, b. Versailles, 1769 ; d. 
 Paris, 1802. Pianist, pupil of his father, Jean 
 J., and of HilUmandel. Prof, of pf. at the 
 Conservatoire from its foundation in 1795. — 
 Works : 4 pf. -concertos ; 5 pf. -sonatas ; 2 do. f. 
 4 hands ; 3 books sonatas f. vln. and pf . ; also 
 an overture f. wind, 12 string-quartets, 5 string- 
 trios, etc. 
 
 Jaell, Alfred, noted pianist and comp. ; b. 
 Trieste, Mar. 5, 1832 ; d. Paris, Feb. 27, 1882. 
 Pupil, for violin and 
 pf., of his father, 
 Eduard J. (d. Vi- 
 enna, 1849); pianis- 
 tic debut at Venice, 
 1843, after which 
 time his almost con- 
 tinual concert-tours 
 earned him the title 
 of "le pianiste-voy- 
 ageur." From 1852- 
 54 he travelled in 
 America ; after this, 
 he made Paris, Brus- 
 sels, or Leipzig his temporary home. In 1866 
 he married Marie Trautmann [see below] ; his 
 tours took him all over the continent of Eu- 
 rope ; he was made court-pianist to the King of 
 Hanover in 1856. His playing was remarkable 
 
 rather for suave elegance and refinement than 
 forceful energy. Besides original Valses, Not- 
 turnos, Romanzas, etc., he wrote many ex- 
 tremely effective transcriptions from Wagner, 
 Schumann, Mendelssohn, etc. 
 . Jaell-Trautmann, Marie, wife of Alfred 
 Jaell ; a fine pianist and composer ; b. Stein- 
 seltz, Alsatia, 1846 ; pupil (1861) of H. Herz at 
 Paris Cons., where she won first pf. -prize. After 
 her marriage, she accompanied her husband on 
 his travels. — Works: Pf.-concerto; 4 -hand 
 waltzes ; Valses melancoliques, Valses rai- 
 gnonnes, and several characteristic pieces f . pf . ; 
 also a method, " Le Toucher," favorably noticed 
 in Paris. 
 
 Jaf'f6, Moritz, b. Posen, Jan. 3, 1835. Vio- 
 linist, pupil of Ries in Berlin, also of Bohmer 
 (harm.); then (1858) of Maurin and Massard, 
 Paris, and again in Berlin of Laub, Wilerst, and 
 Bussler. — Works : The operas Das Katlichen 
 von Heilbronn (Augsburg, 1866) ; Eckehard 
 (Berlin, 1875) ; and La Duchessa di Svevia (in 
 Italian at Milan, 1893) ; also a string-quartet, 
 violin-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Jahn, Otto, learned musicographer and art- 
 critic; b. Kiel, June 16, 1813 ; d. Gbttingen, 
 Sept. 9, i86g. After study at Kiel, Leipzig, 
 and Berlin, he travelled in France and Italy 
 1836-9, then qualifying at Kiel as lecturer on 
 philology ; in 1842 he became prof, extraordi- 
 nary of archaeology at Greifswald, and full prof, 
 in 1845 ; undertook the directorship of the 
 archaeol. museum at Leipzig in 1847, was dis- 
 missed in 1851 for political reasons, and in 1855 
 was app. director of the art-museum, and prof, 
 of archasology, at Bonn Univ. In 1867 he was 
 called to Berlin. — As a writer on music his 
 magnum opus is the standard biography of ' ' W. 
 A. Mozart " (1856-9, 4 vol.s ; 2nd ed. 1867, 2 
 vol.s ; 3rd ed. 1889, i vol., revised by Dr. H. 
 Deiters ; Engl, trans. London, 3 vol.s, 1882). 
 This was the first mus. biography written ac- 
 cording to the " comparative " critical method ; 
 it reviews the state of music during the period 
 immediately preceding Mozart, and has become 
 a model for subsequent mus. biographers and 
 historiographers. Other writings on music are 
 " iJber Mendelssohn's Paulus" (" Grenzbote," 
 1842), and numerous essays, publ. 1866 in his 
 " Gesammelte Aufsatze liber Musik," on Wag- 
 ner, Berlioz, on the Lower Rhine Mus. Festi- 
 vals of 1855-6, on Breitkopf & Hartel's com- 
 plete ed. of Beethoven, etc. It had been his 
 intention to write a Beethoven biography ; but 
 under his hand the collected materials first 
 shaped themselves to a Life of Mozart, and 
 Thayer utilized the accumulated data for his 
 "Beethoven," as Pohl used J.'s notes in his 
 " Haydn." — Asa " practical " musician, J. publ. 
 32 songs, in 4 books, and a vol. of 4-part songs 
 for mixed voices. His critical ed., in vocal 
 score, of Beethoven's Fidelia, is esteemed. 
 
 Jahn, Wilhelm, b. Hof, Moravia, Nov. 24, 
 1835, was a chorister at Temesvar in 1852, 
 
 293 
 
JAHNS— JANNEQUIN 
 
 Kapellm. at Pesth (1854), later at Agram, Am- 
 sterdam, Prague (1857-64), the Royal Th. at 
 Wiesbaden (1864-81), and Vienna, where he 
 was Director of the Court Opera until his retire- 
 ment in 1897 (G. Mahler is his successor). He 
 has publ. songs. 
 
 Jahns, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Berlin, Jan. 
 2, 1809 ; d. there Aug. 8, 1888. A pupil in 
 singing of Ed. Grell and Heinr. Stumer (also 
 of Ch. Detroit, pf., and L. Horzizky, pf. and 
 comp.), he entered the Royal Opera chorus as 
 a boy-soprano, later becoming a distinguished 
 vocal teacher (some 1,000 pupils). He founded 
 a singing-society in 1845, and was its cond. 
 until 1870 ; in 1849 he received the title of 
 "Royal Music-Director," and that of "Pro- 
 fessor" in 1870 ; in 1S81 he was app. teacher of 
 rhetoric at Scharwenka's Cons. An enthusiast 
 in all things pertaining to Weber, he made a 
 unique collection of Weberiana (all W.'s com- 
 positions in the first and in all subsequent edi- 
 tions ; 300 autograph letters and documents ; 
 many mus. autographs, as the sketches for 
 jEuryani/ie, the Mass in E(7, the "Aufforderung 
 zum Tanz," " Leyer und Schwert," etc.; and all 
 obtainable published essays and articles on 
 Weber ; etc.), purchased in 1883 for the Royal 
 Library, Berlin. His own work, "C. M. von 
 Weber in seinen Werken" (1871), is the most 
 trustworthy treatise on the composer's works, 
 containing a thematic catalogue chronologically 
 arranged, with critical notes ; it was followed in 
 1873 by " C. M. von Weber," a sketch of W.'s 
 life. J.'s original compositions include a pf.- 
 trio, op. 10; a Grand Sonata f. pf. and vln., 
 op. 32; other pf. -music ; and over 150 works 
 for one or more voices, among them the " Schot- 
 tische Lieder." 
 
 Ja'kob, Friedrich August Leberecht, b. 
 
 Kroitzsch, n. Liegnitz, June 25, 1803 ; d. Lieg- 
 nitz, May 20, 1884. Cantor at Conradsdorf, 
 Silesia, 1824-78, when he was pensioned. — For 
 years co-editor of the "Euterpe"; publ. a 
 " Fassliche Anweisung zum Gesangunterricht 
 in Volksschulen " (1828), and (with E. F. Rich- 
 ter) a valuable " Reformirtes Choralbuch " (Ber- 
 lin, 1873 ; 2nd ed. 1877). Also quartets f. male 
 ch., school-songs, songs. 
 
 Jan, Maistre. See Gallus, Johannes. 
 
 Jan, Karl von, b. Schweinfurt, 1836 ; took 
 the degree of £)i-. phil. at Berlin, 1859, with 
 the thesis " De fidibus Graecorum" (On the 
 Stringed Instruments of the Greeks) ; taught at 
 the "Graues Kloster" under Bellermann, and 
 then at Landsberg until 1875, when he went to 
 Saargemilnd, and thence (1883) to the Lyceum 
 at Strassburg. He has publ. several musico- 
 historical essays ; On the ancient Greek Modes 
 (1878), and the " Diaulos " (1881, both in the 
 "Allg. mus. Zeitung"); in art. "Citharodik" 
 in the "Halle Encyclopaedia," on the cithara 
 and lyre ; an analysis of Bacchius's " Eisagoge " 
 (1891, "Programm" of Str. Lyceum); on the 
 
 metrics of Bacchius (Rhenish "Museum fur 
 Philologie," vol. 46); on the " Hymnen des 
 Dionysos und Mesomedes" (Fleckeisen's 
 "Jahrb. der Philologie," i8go) ; on the " Har- 
 monie der Spharen" (" Philologus," vol. 52); 
 on " Rousseau als Musiker" (" Preuss. Jahrb. " 
 vol. 56). 
 
 Jankd, Paul von, b. Totis, Hungary, June 
 2, 1856 ; studied at the Polytechnic, Vienna, 
 and also at the Cons, (under Hans Schmitt, 
 Krenn, and Bruckner) ; then (1881-2) at Berlin 
 Univ. (mathematics), and with Ehrlich (pf.). 
 His new keyboard, invented in 1882, is really 
 a new departure in piano-mechanics, though 
 standing in distant relationship to the older 
 " chromatic " keyboard advocated by the society 
 " Chroma." It has six rows of keys in step-like 
 succession ; the arrangement of the two lowest 
 rows (typical of the other two pairs) is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Second row : cf, d^ F G A B 
 
 Lozvest row : C D E /jf g af, C etc. 
 the capitals representing white keys, and the 
 small letters black ones. The 3rd and 4th rows, 
 and the 5th and 5th rows, are mere duplications 
 of the 1st and 2nd ; and corresponding keys in 
 the 1st, 3rd, and 5th rows, and in the 2nd, 4th, 
 and 6th rows, are on one and the same key-lever, 
 so that any note can be struck in three different 
 places. The fingering of all diatonic scales is 
 alike ; chromatic scales are played by striking 
 alternate keys in any two adjoining rows. The 
 width of an octave on the ordinary keyboard 
 corresponds exactly to that of a tenth on the 
 Janko keyboard, on which latter large hands can 
 easily stretch a thirteenth. A full description 
 of the keyboard was publ. in pamphlet-form by 
 its inventor, who has also produced it in numer- 
 ous concerts. It has been taken up by several 
 pianists (Wendling, Gisela Gulyas), and is 
 taught in some music-schools (Leipzig Cons.). 
 
 Jannaco'ni, Giuseppe, one of the last com- 
 posers in " Palestrina-style " ; b. Rome, 1741; 
 d. there Mar. 16, 1816. A pupil of S. Rinaldini 
 and G. Carpani, he succeeded Zingarelli in 1811 
 as maestro at St. Peter's. He is noted for his 
 scoring of many of Palestrina's works, aided by 
 his friend Pisari. Himself a most distinguished 
 composer of church-music, his works still remain 
 in MS. in the Santini Coll. at Rome ; they in- 
 clude a Mass, a Te Deum, a Magnificat, a Dixit 
 Dominus, and a Tu es Petrus, all a \b\ 16 
 Masses in 4-8 parts, w. organ; 14 other masses; 
 32 Psalms in 4-8 parts ; 10 do. w. orch. ; 16 mo- 
 tets in 2-6 parts ; 57 Offertories and Anthems a. 
 3-8 ; a Canon a 64 ; 2 Canons a 16 ; an " Ecce 
 terrae motus " f . 6 basses ; an oratorio f . 2 tenors 
 and I bass, VAgonia di Gesii Christo j etc. 
 
 Jannequin (or Janequin, Jennekin), Cl^ 
 ment, a French (or Belgian) contrapuntist of the 
 i6th century. Probably a pupil of Josquin, he 
 was an imitator of Gombert as a writer of de- 
 scriptive or ' ' program-" music. Besides numer- 
 ous detached pieces in collections of the time 
 
 294 
 
JANOTHA— JAPHA 
 
 (Attaignant's, Gardane's, etc.), and chansons in 
 special editions by Attaignant (1553, 1537), J- 
 Moderne (1544), T. Susato (1545), and Le Roy 
 at Ballard (1559), there were publ. " Sacrae can- 
 tiones seu motectae 4vocuni" (1533), "Proverbes 
 de Salomon mis en cantiques et ryme franyais " 
 (1554), " Octante psaumes de David" (1559). 
 Among his most interesting " Inventions" (chan- 
 sons) in 4-3 parts are ' ' La Bataille " (portraying 
 the battle near Malegnano in 1515; Verdelot 
 added a fifth part to the original four), " La 
 Prise de Boulogne," " La Guerre," " La chasse 
 de li^vre," "La chasse ail cerf," " Le caquet 
 des femmes," "La jalousie," " Le chant des 
 oiseaux " (2 settings), " L'alouette," and " Le 
 rossignol." 
 
 Jano'tha, Nathalie, pianist ; b. Warsaw. 
 Pupil of Joachim and Rudorff at the Berlin Hoch- 
 schule ; later of Clara Schumann, Brahms, and 
 Princess Czartoryska ; also (in harm.) of F. 
 Weber in Cologne and Bargiel in Berlin. Debut 
 as pianist at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, Jan. 1, 
 1874. She is court pianist to the German 
 Emperor (1885), and is decorated with many 
 high orders. — Compositions : Ave Maria (in- 
 scribed to Pope Leo), Mountain Scenes (to Frau 
 Schumann), gavottes, mazurkas, and other pf.- 
 music. 
 
 Janowka, Thomas Balthasar, b. Kutten- 
 berg, Bohemia, about 1660, organist at Prague ; 
 known to fame as the compiler of " Clavis ad 
 thesaurum magnae artis musicae " (1701), the 
 earliest musical lexicon save Tinctor's " Ter- 
 minorura musicae dififinitorum " (publ. about 
 1475). 
 
 Jan'sa, Leopold, b.Wildenschwert, Bohemia, 
 1794 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 25, 1875. Violinist, taught 
 at home by Jehada and Zizius, in Vienna from 
 1819 by Worzischek (vln.) and E. Forster (comp.). 
 In 1823 he became chamber-musician to the Graf 
 von Brunswick in Hungary ; in 1824, joined the 
 Imp. orchestra in Vienna ; and was app. dir. of 
 music, and prof, of violin, at the Univ. of Vi- 
 enna in 1834. In 1849, having taken part in a 
 concert for the benefit of the Hungarian revolu- 
 tionists in London, he was banished, and went to 
 London, living there as a teacher and concert- 
 player until i858. On proclamation of amnesty 
 in that year, he returned to Vienna, and received 
 a pension. As a player, J. ranked next to Bohm 
 and Mayseder ; his compositions include 4 vio- 
 lin-concertos, also sonatas, fantasias, rondos and 
 variations f. vln. ; 36 vln. -duets ; a Rondeau con- 
 certant f. 2 vlns. w. orch. ; 8 string-quartets ; 3 
 string-trios ; and a few church-works (offertory 
 f. tenor and vln. solo, ch., and orch.; Graduale 
 f. 4 male voices ; 2 cantatas. 
 
 Jan'sen, F. Gustav, b. Jever, Hanover, Dec. 
 15, 1831. Pupil of Coccius and Riccius in Leip- 
 zig ; taught music in Gottingen ; and in 1855 
 was app. organist of Verden Cathedral, with the 
 title of Royal Music-Director in 1861. He publ. 
 " Die Davidsbtindler ; aus R. Schumanns Sturm- 
 undDrangperiode "(1883), vividly describing this 
 
 important period ; for his somewhat extravagant 
 statements he was taken to task by Wasielewski 
 in " Schumanniana " ; also edited " R. Schu- 
 manns Briefe : neue Folge " (1886). He wrote 
 original pieces and transcriptions f. pf., and 
 songs. 
 
 Jans'sen, N. A., Carthusian monk, organist 
 at Louvain. Publ. " Les vrais principes du chant 
 gregorien " (1845; German transl., " Wahre 
 Grundregeln des Gregorianischen oder Choral- 
 gesangs," 1847). 
 
 Jans'sen, Julius, b. Venlo, Holland, June 
 4, 1852. He studied in the Cologne Cons., be- 
 came cond. of the Mus. Soc. at Minden in 1876, 
 later of the Mus. Soc. and Male Choral Soc. at 
 Dortmund, where he was app. city mus. director 
 in i8go, and cond. the ist and 2nd Westphalian 
 Mus. Festivals. Has publ. songs. 
 
 Jans'sens, Jean- Francois -Joseph, com- 
 poser ; b. Antwerp, Jan. 29, l8oi ; d. there Feb, 3, 
 1835. Taught by his father and De Loeuw, 
 later for 2 years by Lesueur in Paris. Returning 
 to Antwerp, he studied law at his family's desire, 
 and practised as a notary until the siege of Ant- 
 werp (1832), composing in leisure hours ; going 
 to Cologne, he lost his MSS. and other posses- 
 sions by fire on the night of his arrival, and be- 
 came insane in consequence. In his biography, 
 by Van der Straeten (Brussels, 1866), is given a 
 list of his works, the importance of which was 
 recognized after his death. They include 4 op- 
 eras : Le pire rival and La jolie fianch (both 
 Antwerp, 1824), and 2 others in MS. ; 2 cantatas 
 w. orch., Les Grecs, ou Missolonghi, and Whi- 
 terarmoede ; anode, Le Roi ; 2 symphonies, "Le 
 lever du soleil," and a 2nd which won a prize at 
 Ghent ; 5 masses ; a Te Deum ; some 25 motets, 
 anthems, psalms and hymns, w. orch. ; songs. 
 
 Januschow'sky [-shoff'-], (Frau) Georgine 
 von, dramatic soprano ; b. Austria, about 1859. 
 She sang in operetta at Sigmaringen in 1875, 
 then at Stuttgart, Freiburg, and Gratz. In 1877 
 she succeeded Marie Geistinger as soubrette at 
 the Theater an der Wien, Vienna ; from 1879- 
 80, soubrette at Leipzig ; 1880, in the Germania 
 Th., New York ; 1892, sang at Mannheim and 
 Wiesbaden ; 1893-5, dramatic prima donna at 
 the Imp. Opera, Vienna. She married Ad. 
 Neuendorff (d. 1897). R61es : Brilnnhilde in Die 
 Walkiire, Siegfried, Gotterddmmerung j Elisa- 
 beth, Elsa, Ortrud, Senta, Leonore, Adrianna, 
 Donna Anna, Aiida, Selika, Valentine, Iphigenie, 
 Marguerite, Rebecca, Santuzza, etc. ; also lead- 
 ing soubrette-roles in over 60 comic operas and 
 operettas. 
 
 Ja'pha, Georg Joseph, b. Konigsberg, Aug. 
 12 (18?), 1835 ; d. Cologne, Feb. 25, 1892. Vio- 
 linist ; pupil of David and R. Dreyschock i^ the 
 Leipzig Cons., 1850-3; then of Edmund Singer 
 at Konigsberg, and of Alard in Paris. Played 
 1855-7 in the Gewandhaus Orch., also giving 
 concerts ; concertized in Russia in the winter of 
 1857-8 ; taught in Konigsberg 1858-63, and or- 
 
 295 
 
JAPHA— JENKINS 
 
 ganized chamber-music concerts with Adolf Jen- 
 sen ; played successfully in London ; finally, he 
 became leader of the Giirzenich Concerts in Co- 
 logne, and teacher in the Cons, there. 
 
 Ja'pha, Louise, b. Hamburg, Feb. 2, 1826, 
 distinguished pianist and composer ; pupil of 
 Fritz Warendorf (pf.), and of G. A. Gross and 
 Wilhelm Grund (comp.) ; studied the higher 
 mus. branches in 1853 under Robert and Clara 
 Schumann a.t Dilsseldorf. In 1858 she married 
 W. Langhans, and zealously studied classic 
 chamber-music, giving brilliant concerts with 
 her husband ; in Paris she was feted as one of 
 the finest pianists of the time (1863-g). Settled 
 in Wiesbaden, 1874. — Works : An opera, string- 
 quartets, pf. -pieces, and songs. 
 
 Jaquet. See Buus. 
 
 Jarnovic [Giornovi(c)chi], Giovanni Ma- 
 ne, an Italian violinist of Polish parentage ; 
 b. Palermo, 1745 ; d. St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 
 1804. A pupil of LoUi, he won fame at the 
 Concerts Spirituels in Paris, 1770 ; went to Ber- 
 lin in 1779, where he was a member of the 
 Crown Prince's orch. until 1783 ; then under- 
 took a long concert-tour to Warsaw, St. Peters- 
 burg, Stockholm, Vienna (1786), and other 
 cities, reaching London in 1792 ; here, as pre- 
 viously at Berlin and Paris, he met Viotti, and 
 might have coped with him successfully, had 
 not his (J.'s) insufferable arrogance and irregu- 
 lar habits rendered him odious. He lived in 
 Hamburg from 1796-1802, and went thence via 
 Berlin to St. Petersburg, winning fresh laurels. 
 He died suddenly of apoplexy. His works (7 
 symphonies, 16 vln. -concertos, 6 string-quartets, 
 16 violin-duos, sonatas f. vln. and bass, etc.) 
 were in high favor as light and agreeable music. 
 
 Jarvis, Charles H., excellent classical pian- 
 ist ; b. Philadelphia, Dec. 20, 1837 ; d. there 
 Feb. 25, 1895. He played in public at the age 
 of seven. In 1862 he founded the Phila. Quin- 
 tet Club ; he also cond. various series of orches- 
 tral concerts, and gave historical pf.-recitals. 
 He was a teacher of repute. 
 
 Jarvis, Stephen, English composer ; b. 
 1834 ; d. Lewisham, London, Nov. 27, 1880. — 
 Works : String-quintets ; pf. -music ; songs. 
 
 Jean le Coq. See Gallus, Johannes. 
 
 Jehan. See Callus, Johannes. 
 
 Jehin, L6on, b. Spa, July 17, 1853 ; violin- 
 ist, pupil of Leonard in Brussels Cons. ; con- 
 ducted an orch. at Antwerp, and in the Theatre 
 de la Monnaie and Vauxhall, Brussels ; from 
 1879-89, asst.-prof. of theory at Brussels Cons.; 
 since then, cond. at Monaco. Has written 
 music f. orch., and vln. -pieces. 
 
 J^hin [J^hin-Prume], Frantz Henry, cele- 
 brated violinist ; b. Spa, Belgium, Apr. 18, 1839; 
 d. Montreal, Canada, May 29, 1899. At 4, 
 pupil of Servais ; at 5, entered the class of his 
 uncle, Fran9ois Prume, in Liege Cons. ; gave a 
 public concert at 6, and at 9 won a prize. On 
 
 Prume's death, the town of Spa sent J. -P. to 
 study with de Beriot and Leonard at Brussels 
 Cons. ; in the latter's class he won ist prize in 
 1851, and the harmony-prize in Fetis' class in 
 1853. At 16, after finisliing under Vieuxtemps 
 and Wieniawsky, he made his virtuoso-debut at 
 Dresden, followed by a Russian tour, playing 
 with the Rubinsteins, Jenny Lind, EssipofI, etc., 
 and forming the famous trio J. -P., de Kontski 
 and Monsigny. After tours in Germany, Bel- 
 gium, Scandinavia, and Holland, he was app., 
 in 1862, violinist to the King of Belgium, as de 
 Beriot's successor. In 1863 he travelled through 
 Mexico, Havana, and New York, to Montreal, 
 meeting and marrying the famous singer Rosita 
 del Vecchio. In 1866, European tour ; 1869-71, 
 long tour in the United States with Carlotta 
 Patti and Th. Ritter. Till 1887 his time was 
 divided between Europe and America ; he then 
 settled in Montreal, where he was prof, at the 
 Trafalgar Inst., founded the Artistic Association 
 (for chamber-music) in 1893, and was active in 
 every good mus. work until retirement in 1896. 
 He succeeded Vieuxtemps as head of the "Bel- 
 gian School " ; his tone was sweet and pure, 
 technique superb. Decorations, etc., were 
 showered upon him. Eugene Isaye was one 
 of his many pupils. Among his violin-works 
 are 2 concertos, and over 30 brilliant soU ; he 
 also set to music a score of songs. 
 
 Je'lensperger, Daniel, b. near Muhlhausen, 
 Alsatia, in 1797 ; d. there May 31, 1831. He 
 was employed at Mayence and Offenbach as a 
 lithographic copyist ; was eng. at Paris in the 
 same capacity, and there studied theory under 
 Reicha, soon becoming the latter's ripMteur in 
 his Conservatory classes, and later asst.-profes- 
 sor. In 1820, several composers formed an as- 
 sociation for publishing their own works, and 
 made J. their business-manager. As such he 
 edited Reicha's " Traite de haute composition " 
 and wrote " L'harmonie au commencement du 
 dix-neuvieme si^cle et methode pour I'etudier" 
 (Paris, 1830 ; German transl. Leipzig, 1833). 
 He was the translator, into French, of J. Hum- 
 m-el's " Clavierschule " and Haser's " Chorge- 
 sangschule." 
 
 Je'linek, Franz Xaver, b. Kaurins, Bohemia, 
 Dec. 3, 1818 ; d. Salzburg, Feb. 7, 1880. Oboe- 
 virtuoso, trained in the Prague Cons.; from 
 1841, librarian at the Mozarteum, and oboe- 
 teacher, at Salzburg ; later also choir-director at 
 the Cathedral. — Works : Church-music ; male 
 choruses ; solos f. oboe. 
 
 Jenkins, David, composer ; b. Trecastell, 
 Brecon, Jan. I, 1849. Pupi' °f ^''- J°^'P'' 
 Parry at the Univ. Coll. of Wales ; graduated 
 Mus. Bac, Cantab., 1878. In 1885 he visited 
 America as a festival-conductor. He is prof, of 
 music at the Univ. Coll. of Wales, Aberystwith ; 
 member of Council, and examiner, in the Tonic 
 Sol-fa Coll. ; examiner in the R. C. M. He has 
 written an operetta. The Village Children: 2 
 
 296 
 
JENKINS— JOACHIM 
 
 oratorios, David and Saul, and T/ie Legend of 
 St. Z>fflz/jV (Carnarvon Eisteddfod, 1894) ; 3 can- 
 tatas. The Ark of the Covenant, David and 
 Goliath, and A Psalm of Life (Cardiff Festival, 
 1895) ; also anthems, part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Jenkins, John, Englisli composer ; b. Maid- 
 stone, 1592 ; d. Kimberley, Oct. 27, 1678. 
 Musician to Charles I. and Charles II., playing 
 on the lute and the lyra-viol. He wrote many 
 " Fancies" for viols or organ, and light pieces 
 which he termed " Rants " (The Mitter Rant, in 
 Playford's " Musick's Handmaid," 1678 ; The 
 Fleece Tavern Rant, and The Peterborough 
 Rant, both in Playford's "Apollo's Banquet," 
 i6go). In 1660 he publ. " 12 Sonatas f. 2 Vio- 
 lins and a Base, with a Thorough Base for the 
 Organ or Theorbo," the first English instru- 
 mental compositions of the kind ; his popular 
 " The Lady Katherine Audley's Bells, or. The 
 • Five Bell Consort," was first printed in Play- 
 ford's " Courtly Masquing Ayres " (1662). His 
 Fancies are still in MS. Several interesting 
 vocal works were also printed. 
 
 Jennekin. See Jannequin. 
 
 Jen'sen, Adolf, a German song-composer of 
 conspicuous talent ; was born in Konigsberg, 
 Jan. 12, 1837 ; 
 died Baden- 
 Baden, Jan. 23, 
 1879. Self-taught 
 as a boy, he was 
 aided by L. Ehlert 
 and Fr. Marpurg 
 for some 2 years, 
 and composed dili- 
 gently (overtures, 
 a string - quartet, 
 sonatas , and 
 songs). The year 
 1856 he passed as 
 a teacher in Rus- 
 sia, earning money 
 to go to Schu- 
 mann at DUsseldorf, whom he passionately 
 admired, and with whom he corresponded ; but 
 Schumann died the end of July. J. was 
 Kapellm. of the Posen City Th. in 1857 ; went 
 to Copenhagen in 1858 to spend 2 years with 
 Gade ; and in i860 returned to Konigsberg. 
 From 1866-8 he taught advanced pupils at 
 Tausig's school in Berlin, but was then com- 
 pelled by ill-health to retire to Dresden, in 1870 
 to Graz, and at last to Baden-Baden, where he 
 died of consumption. In his vocal music J. is 
 most nearly akin to Schumann, though of too 
 deep emotional originality to be termed an imi- 
 tator. He publ. about 160 songs for solo voice 
 w. pf.: — Op. I, 4, 5 ; op. 6 (" Der Ungenann- 
 ten," 6 love-songs after Geibel) ; op. 9, 11 ; op. 
 13 (6 Liebeslieder f. low voice) ; op. 14, 21-4 ; 
 op. 30 (" Dolorosa," 6 poems by Chamisso) ; 
 °P- 34. 35, 39 ; op. 40 (" Gaudeamus," 12 songs 
 f. bass); op. 41, 49, 50-3, 55, 57, 58, 6i ; and 
 
 3 sets without opus-number. His other vocal 
 music includes op. 10, No. i, " Nonnengesang " 
 f. sopr. solo and female ch., w. 2 horns, harp, 
 and piano, and No. 2, "Brautlied" f. mixed 
 ch., w. ditto ; op. 26, Jefhthas Tochter, f. 
 soli, ch., and orch.; Adonis-Feier, f, ditto; op. 
 54, " Donald Caird ist wieder da," f. tenor solo, 
 malech., and orch.; op. 63, three songs f. 3-part 
 female ch. and pf. ; op. 64, two Marienlieder f. 
 tenor solo, 4 violas, 2 'cello, 2 double-basses, and 
 kettledrums ; and 2 sets of eight 4-part songs, 
 op. 28 and 29. — Instrumental : Concert-overture 
 in E min.; a "geistliches Tonstuck " f. orch., 
 " Der Gang der JUnger nach Emmaus," op. 27 ; 
 much interesting and poetic pf.-music {for 4 
 hands: " Hochzeitsmusik," op. 45; "Abend- 
 musik," op. 59; "Lebensbilder," op. 60; 6 
 " Silhouetten," op. 62; and " Landliche Fest- 
 musik";— /or//, solo . " Innere Stimmen," op. 
 2 ; " Wanderbilder," op. 17 ; sonata in F min., 
 op. 25; 6 German Suites, op. 36; "Idyllen," 
 op. 43 ; " Erotikon," 7 pieces, op. 44 ; a 
 scherzo, " Wald-Idylle," op. 47; "Scenes car- 
 navalesques," op. 56 ; and many others). — A 
 3-act opera, Turandot, was left in MS., and has 
 been finished by W. Kienzl. 
 
 Jen'sen, Gustav, violinist and composer ; b. 
 Konigsberg, Dec. 25, 1843 ; d. Cologne, Nov. 
 26, 1895. Pupil of Dehn (comp.), and Laub 
 and Joachim (vln.) ; member of orch. in Ko- 
 nigsberg City Th.; 1872-5, prof, of cpt. at Co- 
 logne Cons. — Works : Symphony in B [7 ; 3 
 Characterstucke f. orch., op. 33 ; string-quartet, 
 op. II ; trio, op. 4 ; Suite f. pf. and vln., op. 3 ; 
 violin-sonata, op. 7 ; 'cello-sonata, op. 26 ; 
 "Landliche Serenade" f. string-orch., op. 37; 
 pf.-pieces, arrangements of classic music, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Jim'merthal, Hermann, b. Liibeck, Aug. 14, 
 1809; d. there Dec. 17, 1886. Pupil of Men- 
 delssohn; fine organist, and an expert in organ- 
 construction. In 1877 he publ. a monograph on 
 Dietrich Buxtehude ; also wrote valuable essays 
 on organ-building. 
 
 Jo'achim, Joseph, famous classical violinist j 
 b. Kittsee, n. Pressburg, June 28, 1831. He 
 began the study of 
 the violin at 5, his 
 first master being 
 the leader of the 
 Pesth opera-orch., 
 Szervaczinski, 
 with whom he first 
 appeared in pub- 
 lic, at the age of 7, 
 in a duet. From 
 1841 he studied in 
 the Vienna Cons, 
 under Bbhm, de- 
 veloping so rapidly 
 that in 1843 he 
 played in Leip- 
 zig at a concert given by Viardot-Garcia, and 
 shortly after at the Gewandhaus, with genu- 
 
 297 
 
JOACHIM— JOHANNES 
 
 ine artistic success. He made Leipzig his liome 
 until 1849. I' was the brilliant epoch of Schu- 
 mann, Mendelssohn, and David ; their influence 
 was undoubtedly powerful in determining the 
 young virtuoso to devote his exceptional gifts 
 solely to the best in musical art. From Leipzig, 
 too, he visited London, for the first time in 1844, 
 again in 1847, and thereafter every few years, 
 (later annually,) appearing at the Monday Popu- 
 lar Concerts, the Crystal Palace, etc. During 
 the last years of his stay in Leipzig he frequently 
 took David's place as leader of the Gewandhaus 
 Orchestra. In 1849 he became Concertmeister 
 of the orch. at Weimar, where Liszt reigned 
 supreme ; two such antagonistic natures could 
 hardly be expected to agree for long, and in 
 1854 J. accepted the position of conductor of 
 concerts and solo violinist to the King of Hanover. 
 In 1863 he married Amalie Weiss [see next art.]. 
 In 1868 he was app. head of the newly estab- 
 lished " Hochschule fur ausiibende Tonkunst," 
 at Berlin, on the reorganization of which, some 
 years later, J. was made artistic director of the 
 department for stringed instr.s. In 1895 he re- 
 sumed the directorship. He has been the life 
 and soul of the institution. In 1877 he received 
 the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. from Cam- 
 bridge Univ. ; German universities have also 
 bestowed degrees upon him , and he is a knight of 
 numerous orders. His style of playing, nurtured 
 on the best classic models, is remarkable for a 
 masterful repose, dignity, breadth, and flawless 
 finish which have won for him the popular title 
 of " the king of violinists." It has been his aim 
 to interpret only the best violin-literature in ab- 
 solute accordance with the intentions of the 
 respective composers ; this quality of unmixed 
 objectivity has made him the foremost quartet- 
 player of his time; as an exponent of classic soli 
 he stands unrivalled in his peculiar domain, 
 though the more brilliant and fiery playing of 
 some other virtuosi is more effective under cer- 
 tain conditions. His quartet-party (Joachim, 
 De Ahna, Wirth, and Hausmann) attained the 
 lie phis ultra of excellence. His compositions 
 are of a sombre, passionate cast ; the finest is 
 probably the "Hungarian" concerto, op. 11, 
 in D minor ; he has written 2 others (op. 3, in 
 G min., and the Variations in G, f. vln. and 
 orch.). His op. i is an Andantino and Allegro 
 scherzoso, f. vln. and pf. ; op. 2, 3 Stucke f . vln. 
 (Romanze, Fantasiestuck, Friihlingsfantasie) ; 
 op. 4, overture to Hamlet; op. 5, 3 Stucke f. vln. 
 and pf. (Lindenrauschen, Abendglocken, Bal- 
 lade) ; op. 6, 7, 8, overtures in MS. ; op. 9, 
 Hebrew Melodies, f. viola and pf. ; op. 10, Var.s 
 on an orig. theme, f. viola and pf. ; op. 12, Not- 
 turno in A, f. vln. and small orch.; op. 13, over- 
 ture " Dem Andenken Kleists"; op. i4,"Szene 
 der Marfa " (from Schiller's Demetrius), f. con- 
 tralto solo w. orch. ; three cadenzas to Beethoven's 
 violin-concerto ; two Marches (in C and D), 
 with Trios ; a song, ' ' Ich hab' in Traum ' 
 geweinet." 
 Jo'achim, Amalie, nie Weiss {recte Schnee- 
 
 ■weiss), highly accomplished concert-singer (con- 
 tralto) ; b. Marburg, Styria, May 10, 1839; d. 
 BerUn, Feb. 3, 1899. After her father's death 
 she made her stage-debut at Troppau in Sept., 
 1853 ; six months later she went to Hermann- 
 stadt, and in 1854 was eng. at the Karnthner- 
 thor Th., Vienna, here assuming the theatre- 
 name of "Weiss." In 1862 she was called to 
 the Royal Opera at Hanover ; on May 30, 1863, 
 she sang, as her farewell-role before her mar- 
 riage to Joseph Joachim, the part of Fidelio (up 
 to this time she had sung first and second so- 
 prano parts). Withdrawing from the stage, she 
 now devoted herself to concert-singing, and be- 
 came the representative Z«V(/-singer of Germany ; 
 her interpretation of Schumann's songs was 
 unrivalled. 
 
 Joao IV., King of Portugal ; b. Villa-Vicosa, 
 Mar. 19, 1604 ; d. Lisbon, Nov. 6, 1656. Musi- 
 cal theorist and church-composer. His magnifi- 
 cent musical library was totally destroyed by the " 
 earthquake of 1755. Only 3 of his motets are 
 still extant. He publ. ' ' Defensa de la musica 
 moderna contra la errada opinion del obispo 
 CyriUo Franco " (1649 ; anonymous), and " Res- 
 .puestas a las dudas que se puzieron a la missa 
 Panis quem ego dado de Palestrina " (1654) ; 
 Italian translations were made of both. Two 
 other works, left in MS., were never publ. 
 
 Jobst Brant. See Brant. 
 
 Joch'er, Christian Gottlieb, prof, of phi- 
 losophy and librarian at Leipzig ; b. Leipzig, 
 July 20 (25 ?), 1694 I d. there May 10, 1758. 
 His thesis for the degree of Doctor was ' ' ESec- 
 tus musicae in hominem " (1714) ; his"Allge- 
 meines Gelehrten-Lexicon " (1750, 4 vol.s; 
 augmented by Dunkel, 1755-60 ; reedited by 
 Adelung, 1784-7, and by Rotermund, in 6 vol.s, 
 1810-22) contains numerous biographies of 
 musicians and writers on music. 
 
 Johannes Cotto. See Cotto. 
 
 Johannes Damascenus {recte Johannes 
 Chrysorrhoos of Damascus), b. about 700 
 A.D. ; d. about 760 as a monk in the Saba mon- 
 astery near Jerusalem ; canonized by both the 
 Greek and Roman Churches, and the earliest 
 dogmatist of the Greek Church ; was likewise 
 the arranger of the liturgical song, and the re- 
 former of the Byzantine notation. No thorough 
 investigation of the Byzantine system of nota- 
 tion has yet appeared ; the entire Byzantine 
 liturgy also awaits an exhaustive exposition ; as 
 contributions to such work may be mentioned 
 Cyriakos Philoxenos' " Ae^cKor rr/s AXijw/n)! 
 iKKK-qffuuTTiKTii /wvaiKTis " (1868) j W. Chrfst, 
 ' ' Beitrage zur kirchlichen Litteratur der Byzan- 
 tiner" (1870, reprint from the sessions-reports 
 of the R. Bavar. Acad, of Sciences) ; M. C. 
 Paranikas, " Beitrage zur byzantinischen Lit- 
 teratur" (1870, ibid.); H. Riemann, "Die 
 MapTvpiai. der byzantinischen liturgischen Nota- 
 tion " (1882), ibid.) ; Tzetzes, " Die altgrie- 
 chische Musik in der griechischen Kirche" 
 
 298 
 
JOHANNES— JONAs 
 
 (1874, dissertation) I Gardtliausen, " Beitrage 
 zur griechischen Palaographie " (1880, from the 
 sessions-reports of tlie philologico-historical class 
 of the R. Saxon " Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf- 
 ten") ; and H. Reiraann, " Zur Geschichte und 
 Theorie der byzantinischen Musik" (1889). 
 
 [RiEMANN.] 
 
 Johannes de Garlandia. See Garlandia. 
 Johannes de Muris. See Muris. 
 Johannes Gallus. See Gallus. 
 
 Johns, Clayton, b. New Castle, Del., Nov. 
 24, 1857. Studied architecture in Philadelphia, 
 1875-g ; thenjturned to music, studying at Bos- 
 ton under J. K. Paine (theory) and W. H. 
 Sherwood (pf.) for 3 years. In Berlin, 1882-4, 
 he studied with Kiel (comp.), and Grabow, Raif, 
 and Rummel (pf.). Since then he has lived at 
 Boston, Mass., as a concert-pianist, composer, 
 and teacher. — Publ. works : About 100 songs ; 
 several pf.-pieces ; music for vin. and pf. (Mel- 
 ody, Berceuse, Romance, Intermezzo, Scherzino) ; 
 and, for string-orch., a Berceuse and Scherzino. 
 
 Jommel'li, Nicola, eminent opera-composer 
 of the Neapolitan "school," and called "the 
 Italian Gluck"; b. Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 
 II, 1714; d. Naples, Aug. 28, 1774. Canon 
 Mozzillo was his first teacher ; at 16 he was ad- 
 mitted to the Cons, of San Onofrio, Naples, as 
 a pupil of Durante, but was soon transferred by 
 his father to the Cons, della Pieti de' Turchini, 
 where Feo and Leo were his instructors in dra- 
 matic and sacred composition, and Prato and 
 Mancini in singing. Ballets and minor vocal 
 pieces were his first comp.s ; then followed dra- 
 matic cantatas, warmly praised by Leo. At 23 
 he produced his maiden opera, L'Errore amoroso 
 (Naples, 1737), under the assumed name " Va- 
 lentino," dreading popular disapproval ; but its 
 enthusiastic reception encouraged him to bring 
 out a second, Odoardo (Naples, 1738), under his 
 own name, likewise with flattering success. 
 After several other fortunate dramatic ventures, 
 he was called to Rome in 1740, where, under 
 the patronage of the Cardinal the Duke of York, 
 he brought out IlRicimero (1740) and Astianatte 
 (1741). Invited to Bologna to write an opera, 
 he prod. Ezio{T.-]/^\) ; here P. Martini, delighted 
 with his genius, gave him valuable advice. Re- 
 turning to Naples, his Eumene met with a tri- 
 umphant reception ; at Venice (1743) his Merope 
 aroused transports of enthusiasm, and the Coun- 
 cil of Ten appointed him director of the Cons, 
 del Ospedaletto ; while here he wrote several 
 notable sacred works. In 1 745 he went to Vienna, 
 forming a warm friendship with Metastasio, 
 and profiting by^his suggestions on dramatic 
 expression and the like. Achille in Sciro and 
 DidoneixiVs), and L'Amore in maschera{\li,t), 
 were the fruit of his sojourn in Vienna ; he was 
 in Venice 1746-7, and in 1748 returned to Na- 
 ples. The next year, at Rome, he prod. Arta- 
 sirse, and, by the good offices of Cardinal Al- 
 bani, was app. maestro at St. Peter's as Bencini's 
 
 assistant. He remained in this position until 
 1754, writing much church-music ; then resigned, 
 to become Kapellm. to the Duke of Wurttem- 
 berg. For 15 years he lived alternately at Stutt- 
 gart and Ludwigsburg, in the enjoyment of lib- 
 eral compensation, and of every facility for com- 
 position and for producing his works (17 opere 
 serie, 3 opere l/uffe, and sacred music) ; under 
 his direction the Ducal Kapelle was famed as 
 the finest in Europe. In 1759 the Stuttgart 
 opera was disbanded, and J. again sought the field 
 of his former triumphs, Naples ; but the fickle 
 Italian public had almost forgotten him, and the 
 influence of the German style, reflected in his 
 richer modulation and heavier instrumentation, 
 was not at all to their taste ; consequently, Ar- 
 mida abbandonata {jlici), Demofoonte {yi'jo), 
 and Ifigenia in Tauride {iTJi) failed to win 
 popular favor. These sad disappointments at 
 the close of so brilliant a career so affected J.'s 
 spirits as to bring on an apoplectic stroke in 
 1773. He recovered sufficiently to write a can- 
 tata on the birth of an heir to the crown of Na- 
 ples, and a Miserere (considered his masterpiece) 
 for two soprani with orch., to Italian words. 
 He also received a commission from the King 
 of Portugal to write 2 operas and a cantata ; but 
 died shortly after completing the Miserere. 
 
 Jommelli belongs to the period of Aless. Scar- 
 latti, Leo, Pergolesi, and L. Vinci, and per- 
 haps surpasses them in naturalness of dramatic 
 expression in many arias and scenas ; he re- 
 nounced, for instance, the da capo form of the 
 aria fixed by Scarlatti, and imbued his later dra- 
 matic works with something of the German 
 spirit in orchestral variety and color. He wrote 
 over 50 known operas and divertissements. His 
 sacred music won equal fame ; it includes 4 ora- 
 torios, several cantatas, and a great quantity of 
 miscellaneous church-works ; a Laudate w. 4 
 soprani soli and double choir, a Miserere and a 
 Dixit a 8, an " In convertendo" w. 6 soli and 
 double choir, a Magnificat w. echo, a Hymn to 
 St. Peter f. double choir, and especially the 
 Miserere f. 2 soprani, alluded to above, are the 
 most celebrated. 
 
 Joncls, Alberto, fine pianist ; b. Madrid, 
 June 8, 1868. Pupil of Olave and Mendizabal ; 
 also studied at the Cons. He entered Brussels 
 Cons, at 18, studied there under Gevaert, and in 
 1888 won 1st prize for pf.-playing, and later 2 
 first prizes in harm. His pianistic debut was at 
 Brussels in 1880. In l8go he passed 3 months 
 at the St. Petersburg Cons, under Rubinstein's 
 tuition. He played in Berlin for the first time 
 in 1891 ; has made concert-tours in England, 
 Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, 
 Mexico, and the United States (1893, 1897). 
 In 1894 he became head of the pf. -department 
 in the Univ. of Michigan School of Music, a 
 position held at present (1899). J. began com- 
 posing as a mere child ; several dances, ro- 
 mances, etc., have been publ.; op. 10, Fantasie- 
 Stiicke f. pf. ; op. 12, "Northern Dances" f. 
 
 299 
 
JONAS— JONES 
 
 pf. His transl. into Spanish of Gevaert's "In- 
 strumentation " will soon appear. 
 
 Jonas, Emile, b. Paris, Mar. 5, 1827. En- 
 tering the Cons, in 1841, he took 1st prize in 
 harm, in Lecouppey's class (1847), and the 2nd 
 Grand prix de Rome in Carafa's class (1848, 
 with the cantata Antonio). Two overtures were 
 played in the Cons., 1851, 1S52 ; but he found 
 his true vocation in the composition of comic 
 operettas a la Offenbach, making his debut with 
 Le Duel de Benjamin (Bouffes-Parisiens, 1855), 
 followed by a score of others {La Parade, 1856 ; 
 Le Roi boit, and Les petits Prodiges, 1857 ; Job 
 et son chien, 1863 ; Avant la noce, 1865 ; Deux 
 Arlequins, 1865 ; Le Canard ct trois bees, 1869 ; 
 Javotte, 1871, later in London as Cinderella ; 
 Le premier baiser, 1883; etc.). From 1847-66 
 J. was prof, of solfeggio at the Cons., and from 
 1859-70 also took a harmony-class for students of 
 military music. As mus. director of the Portu- 
 guese Synagogue he publ. a " Recueil de chants 
 hebraiques" (1854). At the Exposition of 1867 
 he was secretary to the committee of organiza- 
 tion of military festivals. 
 
 Jonciferes, Felix-Ludger-Victorin de, b. 
 Paris, Apr. 12, 1839. ^ student of painting 
 under Picot, he re 
 nounced that art for 
 music, and entered 
 Elwart's class at the 
 Paris Cons., but left 
 it after the first pub 
 lie Wagner concert 
 at Paris, in i860, his 
 enthusiasm for the 
 great dramatist re- 
 volting at the pe- 
 dantic strictures of 
 Elwart. In 1868 he ' 
 attended the first 
 performance of Die 
 Meistersinge'r at 
 Munich. Since 
 1871 he has been the mus. critic of " La Liberie," 
 and is a contributor to other papers. — Works: 
 The 3-act opera Sardanapale (Th.-Lyrique, 
 1867) ; 4-act opera, Le dernier jour de Pompii 
 (ibid., iS6g) ; 4-act opera, Dimitri (ibid., 1876); 
 2-act opera. La Peine Berthe (Opera, 1878); 4-act 
 lyric drama, Le Chevalier Jean (Opera-Comique, 
 1885) ; 3-act lyric drama, Lancelot du lac (re- 
 ceived at the Opera) ; music to Hamlet (1862); 
 a " symphonie-ode," La mer ; a " Symphonie ro- 
 mantique "; an orch. Suite ; a Chinese theme f. 
 soH and orch., " Li Tsin"; an "Aubade triom- 
 phale " f. orch.; an "Hungarian Serenade" f. 
 orch.; a " Marche slave" f. orch.; a concert- 
 overture ; a violin-concerto ; etc. — He is Presi- 
 dent of the " Soc. des Compositeurs de mu- 
 sique"; chev. of the Legion of Honor; and 
 Officer of public instruction. 
 
 Jones, Arthur Barclay, b. London, Dec. 
 16, 1869. Chorister in Brompton Oratory, 
 1878-93 ; since then mus. director. He also 
 
 entered the Guildhall School of Music at 15 ; 
 won a scholarship ; was made Associate in 1889, 
 prof, of pf. in 1892, and of harm, in 1896. His 
 teachers were Thos. Wingham and H. C. Banis- 
 ter. — Works : Symphony in C min. (1896); con- 
 cert-overture in C min. (1892) ; Sonata f. vln. 
 and pf.; 'cello-music ; pieces f. pf. and f. organ ; 
 Ave Maria f . sopr. ; 'hymns f . children ; etc. 
 
 Jones, Edward, Welsh musician and writer 
 (" Bardy Brenin") ; b. Llanderfel, Merioneth- 
 shire, Apr. 18, 1752 ; d. London, Apr. 18, 1824. 
 Player on the Welsh harp ; appeared in London, 
 1775 ; 3pp. Welsh Bard to the Prince of Wales, 
 1783. — Works: " Musical and Poetical Relicks 
 of the Welsh Bards, ... a History of the 
 Bards from the Earliest Period, and an Account 
 of their Music, Poetry, and Musical Instr.s " (in 
 2 parts ; London, 1784) ; a 2nd ed. of same, 
 with slightly altered title, and augmented (1794); 
 " The Bardic Museum of Primitive British Lit- 
 erature . . . , forming the 2nd vol. of the Mu- 
 sical, Poetical and Historical Relicks of the ' 
 Welsh Bards and Druids" (1802) ; vol. iii of 
 same (about 1824) ; and a supplementary vol. 
 later ; the entire work contains 225 Gaelic melo- 
 dies ; — " Lyric Airs, consisting of specimens of 
 Greek, Albanian, Walachian, Turkish, Persian, 
 Chinese, and Moorish Songs and Melodies, with 
 a short Dissertation on the Origin of Ancient 
 Greek Music "(London, 1S04); " Cheshire Melo- 
 dies " [provincial airs of Cheshire] (London, 
 1803); "The Mus. Miscellany" (n. d.); "Terp- 
 sichore's Banquet " [national airs] (n. d.); " The 
 Mi-nstrel's Serenades" (n. d.) ; " The Mus. Bou- 
 quet"(i799); " Maltese Melodies" (n. d.); " Mus. 
 Remains of Handel, Bach, Abel, etc."; "Choice 
 Coll. of Ital. Songs"; "The Mus. Portfolio" 
 [English, Scotch, and Irish Melodies] ; " Mus. 
 Trifles calculated for Beginners on the Harp." 
 
 Jones, Griffith Rhys (or Caradog), Welsh 
 conductor ; b. Trecynon, Dec. 21, 1834. Con- 
 ductor as a youth of the choir called "Cor Cara- 
 dog," whence his appellation. He cond. the 
 victorious Welsh choir in the Crystal Palace 
 competitions of 1872-3; later, choirs in Cardigan- 
 shire, Cardiff, and now (1899) in Pontypridd. 
 
 Jones, Griffith, British writer. Publ. in the 
 " Encycl. Londoniensis " a paper, afterwards 
 printed separately as " Music" (new ed. 1819 as 
 "A History of the Origin and Progress of Theo- 
 retical and Practical Music"; in German, 1821, 
 as " Geschichte der Tonkunst"). 
 
 Jones, John, English organist and comp.; 
 b. 1728 ; d. London, Feb. 17, 1796. Org. of 
 Temple Ch., 1749; of Charterhouse, 1753 I "f 
 St. Paul's, 1755.— Publ. "6oChants, singleand 
 double" (1785) ; Lessons f. harpsichord (l 761); 
 8 Setts of do. do. (1754) ; and songs. 
 
 Jones, Robert, English lutenist and comp.; 
 Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1597. Publ. "The First 
 Booke of Ayres" (1601) ; " The Second Booke 
 of Ayres, set out to the Lute, the Base VioU the 
 playne way, or the Base by tableture after the 
 
 300 
 
JONES— JUE 
 
 leero fashion " (i6oi) ; " The First Set of Mad- 
 rigals of 3-8 parts, for Viols and Voices, or for 
 Voices alone, or as you please" (1607) ; " Ulti- 
 mum Vale, or the Third Booke of Ayres of i, 2, 
 and4Voyces" (1608); "A Musicall Dreame, 
 or the Fourth Booke of Ayres ; The first part is 
 for the Lute, two voyces and theViole de Gambo: 
 The second part is for the Lute, the Viole, and 
 four voyces to sing : The third part is for one 
 voyce alone, or to the Lute, the Base Viole, or 
 to both if you please, whereof two are Italian 
 Ayres" (1609); "The Muse's Gardin for de- 
 light, or the Fifth Booke of Ayres only for the 
 Lute, the basse VioU and the Voyce" (1611) ; 
 also the madrigal " Faire Oriana, seeming to 
 wink at folly," in " The Triumphs of Oriana" 
 (1601), and 3 pieces in Leighton's " Teares or 
 Lamentacions " (1614). 
 
 Jones, Sidney, contemporary British com- 
 poser. — Works : The operetta The Gaiety Girl 
 (London, 1893); the opera ^h Artist's Model 
 (Daly's Th., London, 1895) ; and the Japanese 
 operetta The Geisha (ibid., 1896 ; very succ. 
 there, and later in New York, Berlin, etc.). 
 
 Jones, William ("of Nayland"), b. Lowick, 
 Northamptonshire, Engl., July 30, 1726; d. 
 Nayland, Suffolk, Feb. 6, 1800, where he had 
 been perpetual curate since 1779. — Works : "A 
 Treatise on the Art of Musick" (Colchester, 
 1784 ; 2nd ed. Suffolk, 1827) ; 10 Church Pieces 
 for the Organ, with 4 Anthems in score ; mis- 
 cellaneous church-music. 
 
 Jones, (Sir) William, b. London, Sept. 28, 
 1746; d. Calcutta, Apr. 27, 1794. A learned 
 orientalist, and, from 1783, judge at Calcutta. — 
 Wrote: "Commentaries on Asiatic Poetry"; 
 "The Musical Modes of the Hindus" (1784), 
 alsopubl. in vol. vi of his Coll. Works (1799), 
 and utilized by Dalberg. 
 
 Jordan, Jules, b. Willimantic, Conn., Nov. 
 10, 1850. Removing to Providence, R. I., in 
 1870, J.'s fine tenor voice secured him a position 
 in Grace Ch.; he studied singing with G. I. 
 Osgood, of Boston, and in Europe under Wm. 
 Shakespeare, London, and Sgr. Sbriglia, Paris. 
 Returning to Providence, he was for 13 years 
 choirmaster of Grace Ch., and, since its founda- 
 tion in 1880, cond. of the famous Arion Club. 
 Favorite singer in concert and oratorio ; created 
 " Faust " in Berlioz's Damnation de Faust at its 
 first perf . in America (New York, Feb. 14, 1880). 
 Highly successful conductor and teacher. In 
 1895 Brown Univ. conferred on J. the degree of 
 Mus. Doc. — Works : Rip van Winkle, 3-act 
 romantic comedy-opera (publ. 1898); The Night 
 Service, cantata f. soli, ch. , and orch. ; The 
 Wind-swept Wheat, f. tenor solo, ch., and orch. ; 
 Barbara Frietchie [Whittier], ballad f. sopr., 
 ch., and orch.; " Great Western Land," national, 
 hymn ; many fine popular songs; the sacred 
 pieces "The lost sheep," f. tenor solo and ch., 
 "Tantum ergo," f. bass and ch., "I am the 
 vine," and numerous others. 
 
 Josef'fy, Rafael, highly accomplished pian- 
 ist ; b. Miskolcz, Hungary, July 3, 1S53. St. 
 at the Leipzig Cons, 
 under Moscheles, 
 and thereafter be- 
 came a pupil of 
 Tausig at Berlin. 
 Subsequent con- 
 cert-tours through 
 Germany, Austria, 
 etc., revealed him 
 as a player of re- 
 markable tech- 
 nique, and a ' ' pre- 
 destined " interpre- 
 ter of Chopin ; in 
 delicacy of touch 
 he is unexcelled. 
 He made Vienna his headquarter* for a number 
 of years ; since 1879 (?) he has lived in New York, 
 where he at present (1899) teaches in the Na- 
 tional Conservatory. J. has also publ. about a 
 score of salon-pieces for piano, among them a 
 Chanson d'amour, 2 P'euilles d'album, an Im- 
 promptu, a Mazurka-Fantaisie, a Romance sans 
 paroles, a Spinning-song, the waltzes " Souvenir 
 d'Amerique," a Polka noble, " The Mill-clack," 
 an Idylle, etc. 
 
 Josquin. See Despr£s. 
 
 Jouret, Theodore, b. Ath, Belgium, Sept. 11, 
 1821 ; d. Kissingen, July 16, 1887. By voca- 
 tion a prof, of chemistry at Brussels military 
 school, he was mus. critic for several papers, 
 and also comp. (with Meynne) a i-act comic 
 opera, Le MMecin turc (1845), male quartets, 
 and songs. — His brother, 
 
 Jouret, L6on, b. Ath, Oct. 17, 1828, studied 
 at Brussels Cons., where he has taught a 
 vocal ensemble-class since 1874. — Works: Two 
 operas, Quentin Metsys and the Le Tricome 
 enchants ; church-music ; cantatas, part-songs, 
 and songs. 
 
 Jousse, J., b. Orleans, France, 1760 ; d. Jan. 
 19, 1837, in London, whither he fled to escape 
 the Revolution, residing there as a teacher of 
 singing and pf. He publ. several mus. text- 
 books, among them "Lectures on Thorough- 
 bass" (1819), a new revised and augmented edi- 
 tion of which was publ. in New York, 1894, as 
 "A Catechism of Music." > 
 
 Ju'denkunig, Hans, b. Schwabisch-Gmilnd, 
 lutenist and violist at Vienna, publ. "Ain schon 
 kiinstliche Underweisung . . . leychtlich zu be- 
 greyffen, den rechten Grund zu lernen auff der 
 Lautten und Geygen " (1523), important for the 
 history of instruments ; a copy is in the Vienna 
 Library. 
 
 Jue, Edouard, b. Paris, 1794 ; violin-pupil of 
 the Cons. 1808-11, later of Galin, whose " me- 
 loplaste" he adopted, with modifications, — ■ 
 Wrote : "La musique apprise sans mattre '' 
 (1823; 1835; 1838); " Solf^ge meloplastique " 
 
 301 
 
JULIEN— JUPIN 
 
 (1826) ; and a " Tableau synoptique des prin- 
 cipes de la musique " (1836). 
 
 Julien (or JuUien), Louis-Antoine, b. Sis- 
 teron, Basses-Alpes, Apr. 23, 1812 ; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 14, i860. Pupil of Halevy in Paris Cons., 
 1834-6, but had no taste for serious study, pre- 
 ferring to write dance-tunes, and left the Cons, 
 to establish dance-concerts in the Jardin Turc, 
 which were soon all the rage. On account of 
 debts he fled to London in 1838 ; recruited a fine 
 orchestra, gave promenade-concerts, and made 
 tours through Britain and to America. He also 
 founded a music-selling business for profitably 
 disposing of his own popular dance-music ; 
 success encouraged him to more ambitious ef- 
 forts, and he wrote an opera, Pietro il Grande, 
 in 5 acts ; the enormous e-xpenses attending its 
 production, in 1852, ruined him. To escape his 
 creditors, he returned to Paris, where he was 
 thrown into prison, and finally died in an insane 
 asylum. 
 
 Julien, Paul, fine violinist ; b. Brest, France, 
 Feb. 12, 1841 ; pupil of Paris Cons. 1848-50, 
 winning ist prize ; travelled in N. America 
 1853-8, and again in the '6o's, losing his life on 
 the voyage between New York and Savannah, 
 Oct. 4, 1866. 
 
 JuUien, Marcel-Bernard, b. Paris, Feb. 2, 
 1798 ; d. there Oct. 15, 1881. Secretary-general 
 to the Soc. des Methodes d'enseignement, and a 
 learned grammarian. — Wrote " Ce I'etude de la 
 musique instrumentale dans les pensions des 
 demoiselles" (1848) ; " De quelques points des 
 sciences dans I'antiquite (Physique, metrique, 
 musique) " (1854) ; and "Theses supplemen- 
 taires de metrique et de musique anciennes" 
 (1861). — His son, 
 
 JuUien, Jean-Lucien-Adolphe, b. Paris, 
 June I, 1845, is one of the foremost French 
 mus. writers, authors, critics, and reviewers ; 
 contributes to " Le Menestrel," the " Revue et 
 Gazette musicale," and the " Chronique musi- 
 cale." — Writings : " L'Opera en 1788 " (1873) ; 
 "La musique et les philosophes au XVIIP 
 si^cle " (1873) ; " La comedie a la cour de Louis 
 XVI, le theatre de la reine a Trianon" (1873) ; 
 " Histoire du theatre de Mme. Pompadour, dit 
 the'atre des petits cabinets " (1874) \ " Les spec- 
 tateurs sur le theatre" (1875) ; " Letheatre des 
 demoiselles Verrieres" (1875); "Les grandes 
 nuits de Sceaux, le theatre de la duchesse du 
 Maine " (1876) ; " Un potentat musical " (1876) ; 
 " L'eglise et I'ope'ra en 1735 ; Mile. Lemaure et 
 I'eveque de Saint-Papoul " (1877); "Weber i 
 Paris" (1877); "Airs varies: histoire, critique, 
 biographic musicales et dramatiques" (1877); 
 "La cour et I'opera sous Louis XVI; Marie- 
 Antoinette et Sacchini, Salieri, Favart et Gluck " 
 (1878) ; " La comedie et la galanterie au XVIII^ 
 siecle" (1879) ; " Histoire des costumes au thea- 
 tre" (1880); "Goethe et la musique" (1880); 
 " L'opera secret au XVIII= siecle " (1880) ; " La 
 ville et la cour au XVIII= siecle " (1881) ; " La 
 
 comedie de la cour . . . pendant le siecle der- 
 nier "(1883); "Paris dilettante au commence- 
 ment du siecle " (1884) ; two great quartos, Mi- 
 tions de luxe, ' ' Richard Wagner, sa vie et ses 
 oeuvres" (1886), and "Hector Berlioz" (1888) • 
 " Musiciens d'aujourd'hui " (2nd series, 1894). 
 
 Jurailhac, Dom Pierre-Benoit de, b. cha- 
 teau St. -Jean-de-Ligour, near Limoges, i6ii • d. 
 St.-Germain-des-Pres, Mar. 22, 1682. A Bene- 
 dictine monk. He wrote "La Science et la 
 Pratique du plain-chant ..." (Paris, 1673; 
 edited by Nisard and Leclerc, and republ. 
 1847), an erudite work containing many mus. 
 examples. 
 
 Junck, Benedetto, b. Turin, Aug. 24, 1852. 
 Composer, pupil from 1872 of Bazzini and Maz- 
 zucato at Milan, where he lives. — Works : A 
 string-quartet in E ; 2 violin-sonatas in G and 
 D ; several songs ; etc. 
 
 Jungf'mann, Albert, b. Langensalza, Prussia, 
 Nov. 14, 1824 ; d. Pandorf, n. Vienna, Nov. 7, 
 1892. Pupil of G. W. Kbrner (pf.) and I. A. 
 Leibrock (theory) ; for years prof, at the St. 
 Cecilia Acad., Rome ; settled in Vienna, 1853, 
 became manager for C. A. Spina (Diabelli & Co.), 
 and finally founded the firm of Jungmann & 
 Lerch, Spina's successors. — Publ. over 400 works 
 f. pf., chiefly ja&w-music ; also songs. 
 
 Jung'mann, Lud'wig ["Louis"], b. Weimar, 
 Jan. 2, 1S32 ; d. there Sept. 20, 1892 ; pupil in 
 the Teachers' Seminary, later of Dr. Topfer 
 (comp.) and Liszt (pf.). From 1869, teacher at 
 the Sophien-Institut, Weimar. — Publ. pf. -music 
 (trios, variations, Phantasiestucke), songs, etc. 
 
 Jiingst, Hugo, b. Dresden, Feb. 26, 1853; 
 St. in the Cons, there, 1 871-6 ; now conductor 
 of the Dresden Male Choral Society, which he 
 founded in 1876, of the Julius Otto Soc, and of 
 the acad. Gesangverein "Erato." Received 
 title of "Prof." from the King of Saxony in 
 1898. — Works : Male choruses, of which op. 66 
 appeared in 1897. 
 
 Jun'ker, Karl Ludwig, b. Ohringen, abt. 
 1740 ; d. as pastor in Ruppertshofen, n. Kirch- 
 berg, May 30, 1797. — Works : Melodr. Genoveva 
 im Thurm (Speyer, 1790) ; cantata Die Nacht, 
 w. vln. and 'cello ; 3 pf.-concertos ; etc. — Writ- 
 ings; "2oComponisten; eine Skizze" (1776; 2nd 
 ed. as " Portefeuille fur Musikliebhaber," 1790); 
 ' ' Betrachtungen liber Maler-, Ton- und Bild- 
 hauerkunst" (1778) ; " Einige der vornehrMsten 
 Pflichten eines Capellmeisters oder Musikdirec- 
 tors"(i782); " Ueber den Werth derTonkunst" 
 (1786); " Musikalischer Almanach" (1782, '3. 
 '4) ; " Die musikalische Geschichte eines Autodi- 
 dacts in der Musik " (1783) ; etc. 
 
 Jupin, Charles-Fran5ois, b. Chambery, 
 Nov. 30, 1805 ; d. Paris, June 12, 1839. Pre- 
 cocious violinist, pupil of Monticelli and Georgis, 
 then of Baillot at Paris Cons., taking 1st prip 
 in 1823 ; from 1826-35, prof- and conductor in 
 Strassburg. — Works : An opera comique, Z« 
 vengeance italienne (1834) ; Var.s brillantes f. 
 
 302 
 
JORGENSON— KALBECK 
 
 orch.; a vln.-concerto ; a string-trio, a pf.-trio ; 
 Fantaisie f. pf. and vln.; Var.s concertantes f. 
 pf. and vln.; etc. 
 
 Jiir'genson, Peter, b. Reval, 1836 ; founder 
 (1861) of the great music-publishing house at 
 Moscow, to which a printing establ. was added 
 in 1867. Specialty, works by Russian composers 
 (Tchaikovsky, etal.). 
 
 K 
 
 Kian ["AlWst-Kahn "], Heinrich von, 
 
 pianist ; b. Tarnopol, Galicia, May 29, 1852. 
 Pupil of Blodek and Skuhefskyat Prague, where 
 he lives as prof, at the Cons, since i8go. — 
 Works : Ballet Bojaja ; symphonic poem ' ' Sa- 
 kuntala"; pf. -concertos ; chamber-music. 
 
 Ka'de, Otto, historiographer, composer, con- 
 ductor ; b. Dresden, 1825. A stipend from 
 King Friedrich August enabled him to study 
 under J. Otto (comp.) and J. G. Schneider (pf. 
 and organ) ; after a year and a half in Italy, 
 he founded the " Cacilia " singing-society for 
 ancient church-music (1B48). He also became 
 mus. director of the Neustadt Church. Called 
 to Schwerin in i860 to succeed Schaffer as 
 Grand-Ducal Mus. Dir., and conductor of the 
 " Schlosschor " (palace-choir) ; from 1866 he also 
 taught singing at the Gymnasium. Retired in 
 1894. Dr. phil., Leipzig, 1884. — Works; Ger- 
 man transl. of P. Scudo's "Chevalier Sarti"; 
 monographs on Le Maistre and H. Isaak ; an 
 ' ' Officielles Melodienbuch " and a " Choralbuch " 
 for the Mecklenburgische Landeskirche ; a "Can- 
 tionale " for the same, in 3 parts ; ' ' Der neu auf- 
 gefundene Luthercodex vora Jahr 1530 " (1872) ; 
 " Dieweltliche Liedweise " (lecture in pamphlet- 
 form) ; many valuable historical papers for vari- 
 ous periodicals ; edited the mus. supplements to 
 vol. i of Ambros' " Geschichte der Musik " (1881, 
 as a 5th vol.) ; began in 1893 the publication of 
 a series of Passions (34 numbers, from Obrecht 
 toSchutz); compositions of his own, in Gregorian 
 style, are collected in the above " Cantionale." 
 
 Kaff'ka (or Kawka), Johann Christian, 
 
 b. Ratisbon, 1759 ; d. (?). A dramatic composer, 
 singer, and actor ; pupil of Riepel ; after singing 
 and acting at Berlin (1778), Breslau, Dessau 
 (1800), he settled in Riga (1803) as a bookseller. 
 Produced a dozen operas, several ballets, 2 ora- 
 torios, masses, vespers, etc. 
 
 Kafka, Johann Nepomuk, b. Neustadt, 
 Bohemia, May 17, 1819 ; d. Vienna, Oct. 23, 
 1886. Composer of j-a/oji-pieces f. pf. , easy and 
 popular (especially those on Austrian themes), 
 but shallow artistically. 
 
 Kahl, Heinrich, b. Munich, Jan. 31, 1840 ; 
 d. Berlin, Aug. 6, 1892. Pupil of Munich Cons. ; 
 violinist in the court orch.; 1857-66, leader of 
 the royal orch. at Wiesbaden ; later theatre-cond. 
 at Riga, Stettin, and Aachen ; 1872, chorusmas- 
 ter at Berlin Court Opera ; 1874, Royal Mus.- 
 
 Dir. and cond. of the symphony-concerts of the 
 court orch.; 1880, Royal Kapellm. 
 
 Kah'lert, Karl August Timotheus, b. Bres- 
 lau, Mar, 5, 1807 ; d. there Mar. 29, 1864. Prof, 
 of philosophy at Breslau Univ. — Wrote "Blat- 
 ter aus der Brieftasche eines Musikers" (1832) ; 
 "Tonleben"(i838) ; contributed to the "Allgem. 
 mus. Zeitung" and Dehn's "Caecilia"; also 
 comp. songs of merit. 
 
 Kahn, Robert, pianist and comp. ; b. Mann- 
 heim, July 21, 1865. Pupil of Ernst Frank and 
 V. Lachner (Mannheim), Kiel (Berlin, 1882), and 
 Jos. Rheinberger (Munich, 1885). In 1885 he 
 went to Berlin, where Joachim aided him ; in 
 i8go, to Leipzig, where he founded a Ladies' 
 Choral Union in i8gi, and gave concerts ; in Oct., 
 1893, he was app. teacher of pf. at the Berlin 
 Hochschule fiir Musik. — ■ Works : Serenade f . 
 orch. ; string-quartet ; pf.-quartet, op. 14 ; pf.- 
 trio ; 2 sonatas f. vln. w. pf. ; pieces f. pf. solo 
 and 4 hands ; " Mahomet's Gesang " [Goethe] f. 
 mixed ch. and orch., op. 24; excellent terzets 
 and quartets f . female voices ; numerous songs. 
 
 Kahnt, Christian Friedrich, b. May 10, 
 1823 ; d. Leipzig, June 5, 1897. Founder, and 
 till 1886 head, of the music-publishing firm of 
 C. F. Kahnt at Leipzig and Zwickau ; from 1857 
 publisher, and after Brendel's death in 1868 titu- 
 lar editor, of R. Schumann's " Neue Zeitschrift 
 fur Musik." Firm and paper were acquired by 
 Oscar Schwalm (" C. F. K. Nachfolger") in 
 1886, and by Dr. Paul Simon in 1888. 
 
 Kai'ser, Karl, b. Leipa, Bohemia, Mar. 12, 
 1837 ; d. Vienna, Dec. i, i8go. Student of 
 philos. at Prague ; army-ofiScer 1857-63 ; 1874, 
 founded a popular school of music in Vienna 
 (carried on by his son Rudolf). 
 
 Kai'ser, Friedrich Emil, b. Koburg, Feb. 
 7, 1850. Regimental bandmaster at Prague.' — 
 Operas Die Cavaliere des Konigs (Salzburg, 
 1879) ; Der Trompeter von Sdkkingen (Olmtitz, 
 1882) ; Andreas Hofer (Reichenberg, 1886) ; Der 
 Kornet (Leipzig, 1886) ; and Bodenstein (Briinn, 
 1892). 
 
 KaKbeck, Max, b. Breslau, Jan. 4, 1850; st. 
 in Munich Univ. and also in the School of Mu- 
 sic there. 1875, mus. critic a.nA feuilleioniste of 
 the " Schlesische Zeitung," Breslau, later of the 
 " Breslauer Zeitung " ; in 1880, Hanslick recom- 
 mended him to the Vienna "AUgemeine Zei- 
 tung" ; and now he is on the staff of the "Wiener 
 Montags-Revue " and the " Neues Wiener Tage- 
 blatt." He has publ. studies on Wagner's Nibe- 
 lungen (1876) and Parsifal {lii&o) ; his collected 
 critiques appeared 1881 as "Wiener Operna- 
 bende." He has made excellent Ger. translations 
 of many opera-books (Mozart's Don Giovatmi, 
 Bastien et Bastienne, and Gdrtnerin aus Liebe ; 
 Massenet's Czj/and Werther ;'iA&ic&%m'5Aiiiico 
 Fritz and I Rantzau ; Verdi's Otello and Fal- 
 .f/ff^y Smetana's Bartered Bride and Dalibor ; 
 Giordano's Mala vita; etc.). Coll.s of orig. poems 
 
 303 
 
KALISCHER— KAPS 
 
 are " Aus Natur und Leben," and " Aus alter 
 und neuer Zeit." 
 
 Ka'lischer, Alfred, b. Thorn, Mar. 4, 1842. 
 After taking- the degree of Dr. fhilol. at Leipzig, 
 he St. music with Bilrgel and Behraer at Berhn, 
 where he lives as a writer and teacher. Editor 
 of the " Neue Berliner Mnsikzeitung "; writes 
 for the ' ' Klavierlehrer " and the ' ' Neue Zeitung 
 filr Musik." Has publ. " Beethoven's Beziehun- 
 gen zu Berlin" ; " Luther's Bedeutung fiir die 
 Tonkunst"; " Lessing als Musikasthetiker " ; 
 " Musik und Moral " ; etc. 
 
 Kalk'brenner, Christian, b. Minden, Han- 
 over, Sept. 22, 1755 ; d. Paris, Aug. 10, 1806. 
 Mediocre writer and opera-composer ; pupil, at 
 Kassel, of Becker (pf.) and Rodewald (vln.). 
 Kapellm. to the Queen at Berlin in 1788 ; ditto 
 to Prince Heinrich, at Rheinsberg, 1790-96 ; 
 was in Naples till 1797, then went to Paris, and 
 was app. chef de chant at the Opera in 1799. 
 His operas, chamber-music, pf. -pieces, etc., are 
 forgotten ; a History of Music, a Theory of Com- 
 position, etc., are of no present value. — His son, 
 
 Kalk'brenner, Friedrich Wilhelm Mi- 
 chael, b. 1788 on a journey from Kassel to Ber- 
 lin ; d. Enghien-les-Bains, n. Paris, June 10, 
 1849. Pianist ; taught by his father, then (1799) 
 at Paris Cons, by L. Adam (pf.) and Catel 
 (harm.), taking first prizes in 1801. From 1803 
 he studied for a while under Clementi and Al- 
 brechtsberger (cpt.) at Vienna ; appeared as a 
 concert-pianist at Berlin, Munich (1805), and 
 Stuttgart, also in Paris again, with great success, 
 in 1806. As a teacher, too, he was in great 
 vogue. The years 1814-23 were spent in Lon- 
 don ; in 1818 he lookup Logier's newly-invented 
 Chiroplast, simplified it, and applied it practi- 
 cally. After a German tour in 1823 with the 
 harpist Dizi, K. settled (1824) in Paris as a part- 
 ner in the Pleyel piano- factory (the future Mme. 
 Camille Pleyel was one of his pupils). He re- 
 visited Germany in 1833, and Belgium in 1836. 
 K. was inordinately vain of the success of his 
 method of teaching, which aimed at the inde- 
 pendent development of the fingers and wrist 
 (he was the father of modern octave-playing) ; 
 he even invited Chopin to become his pupil in 
 order to learn to play artistically. He likewise 
 developed left-hand technique, and a proper 
 management of the pedals. As a player, his 
 technique was smooth and well-rounded, his fin- 
 gers supple and of equal strength, and his tone 
 full and rich ; his style, while fluent and grace- 
 ful, lacked emotional power. His numerous 
 etudes (among them several for left-hand solo) 
 are interesting and valuable. — Works: 4 pf.- 
 concertos (the last, op. 125, f. 2 pf.s) ; pf.-septet 
 f. strings and 2 horns ; pf. -quintet w. clar., horn, 
 bssn., and d.-bass ; 2 pf. -sextets ; pf. -quintet ; 3 
 pf .-quartets ; 7 pf .-trios ; 15 sonatas ; also rondos, 
 fantaisies, variations, caprices, etc., of a light 
 character ; a " Methode pour apprendre le piano- 
 forte a I'aide du guide-mains " (op. 108 ; 1830) ; 
 and a " Traite d'harmonie du pianiste" (1849). 
 
 Kalliwo'da, Johann Wenzel, pianist a;nd 
 composer of distinction ; b. Prague, Feb. 22, 
 1801 ; d. Karlsruhe, Dec. 3, l856. Taught by 
 Pixis in the Prague Cons. 1810-16, he played 
 in the theatre-orch. 1816—22 ; from 1B23-53, 
 Kapellm. to Prince Furstenberg at Donaue- 
 schingen, then retiring to Karlsruhe. — Works : 
 2 operas, Blanda and Prinzessin Christine ; a 
 mass ; 6 symphonies, 14 overtures, and 13 fan- 
 tasias, f. orch.; a vln. -concerto, op. 9, and a 
 concerto f. 2 violins, op. 20 ; 7 concertinos, 3 
 string-quartets, 3 string-trios, and a variety of 
 solos f. vln. ; also choruses, duets, and songs 
 (among them the popular " Deutsches Lied "). 
 
 Kalliwo'da, Wilhelm, son of preceding ; b. 
 Donaueschingen, July 19, 1827 ; d. Karlsruhe, 
 Sept. 8, 1893. "Taught by his father; then 
 entered the Leipzig Cons. In 1847, music- 
 director at the Catholic ch., Karlsruhe; 1853-75, 
 court Kapellm. at the theatre there. Excellent 
 pianist, and teacher of pf. He wrote pf.-music 
 of a light and pleasing kind, also songs, and fine 
 male choruses. 
 
 Kall'witz, or Kalwitz. See Calvisius. 
 
 Kamienski, Mathias, the first composer of 
 Polish opera ; b. Odenburg, Hungary, Oct. 13, 
 1734 ; d. Warsaw, Jan. 25, 1821. He studied 
 comp. in Vienna, and settled in Warsaw as a 
 teacher. In 1778 his first opera, Ncdza uszczes- 
 liwiona ["Comfort in misfortune"], sung by 
 Poles, was enthusiastically received ; he prod. 5 
 more Polish operas, and wrote 2 German operas 
 (not perf.), a cantata for the unveiling of the 
 Sobieski statue, masses, offertories, and polo- 
 naises. 
 
 Kam'merlander, Karl, b. Weissenhorn, 
 Swabia, Apr. 27, 1828 ; d. Aug. 24, i8g2, at 
 Augsburg, as Kapellm. at the cathedral (since 
 1871). Pupil of Kempter. Poet, and a comp. 
 of songs, church-music, and fine male choruses. 
 
 Kan'dler, Franz Sales, Imperial military 
 draughtsman (" Feldkriegskonzipist ") ; b.Klos- 
 terneuberg. Lower Austria, Aug. 23, 1792 ; d. 
 Baden, n. Vienna, Sept. 26, 1831. As a boy he 
 sang in the court choir, Vienna, and was care- 
 fully taught by Albrechtsberger, Salieri, and 
 Gyrowetz. When ordered to Italy (1815-26), 
 he pursued the study of Italian music and its 
 history as an avocation ; besides numerous fugi- 
 tive papers, he publ. " Cenni storico-critici in- 
 torno alia vita ed alle opere del celebre composi- 
 tore Giov. Adolfo Hasse, detto il Sassone" 
 (1820), " Ueber das Leben und die Werke des 
 G. Pierluigi da Palestrina, genannt der Fiirst 
 der Musik" (1834); and "Cenni storico-critici 
 suUe vicende e lo stato attuale della musica in 
 Italia" (1836). 
 
 Kaps, Ernst, b. Dobeln, Saxony, Dec. 6, 
 1826; d. Dresden, Feb. 11, 1887. Reestab- 
 lished a piano-factory in Dresden, 1859, and 
 made a specialty of parlor grands. Manufac- 
 turer to the Court of Saxony. Succeeded by his 
 
 304 
 
KAPSBERGER— KASTNER 
 
 Kaps'berger, Johann Hieronymus von, of 
 
 noble German family ; d. Rome, about 1650. 
 Noted virtuoso on the theorbo, chitarrone, lute, 
 and trumpet, he lived at Rome on a friendly- 
 footing with the Jesuits, and as a flatterer of 
 Pope Urban VIII. His compositions are in the 
 then " modern" Florentine style ; those for lute 
 are written in a much-simplified lute-tablature. 
 He publ. " Intavolatura di chitarrone " (3 books : 
 1604, '16, '26) ; " Villanelle a i, 2 e 3 voci" (in 
 tabl. f. chitar. and guitar ; 6 books : 1610, '19 
 [books 2 and 3], '23, '30, '32); " Ariepasseggiate" 
 {3 books.: 1612, '23, '30); " Intavolature di 
 lauto" (2 books : 1611, '23) ; Madrigals a 5 w. 
 continuo (1609) ; " Mottetti Passeggiati " (1612) ; 
 " Balli, gagliarde e correnti" (1615) ; " Sin- 
 fonie a 4 con il basso continuo " (161 5) ; " Ca- 
 pricci a due stromenti, tiorba e tiorbino " (1617) ; 
 2 books of Latin poems by Cardinal Barberini 
 [Pope Urban VIII.] for one voice, w. figured 
 bass (1624, '33); " Missae Urbanae " a 4-8 
 (163 1) ; "Apotheosis of St. Ignatius of Loyola"; 
 a mus. drama, Fetonte (1630); and wedding-can- 
 tatas. Similar works in MS. 
 
 Karajan, Theodor Georg von, b. Vienna, 
 Jan. 22, 1810 ; d. there Apr. 28, 1873, as sub- 
 director of the Imperial Library and president 
 of the Acad, of Sciences. His important mono- 
 graph "Josef Haydn in London 1791 und 1792 " 
 contains Haydn's correspondence with Marianne 
 von Genzinger. 
 
 Karasow'ski, Moritz, b. Warsaw, Sept. 22, 
 1B23 ; d. Dresden, Apr. 20, 1892. His teacher 
 was Val. Kratzer (pf. and 'cello). In 1851 he 
 joined the Grand Opera orch. at Warsaw as 
 'cellist ; travelled from 1858-60 ; and in i860 
 became royal chamber-virtuoso at Dresden. He 
 publ. (in Polish) " History of the Polish Opera " 
 (1859); "Life of Mozart" (1868) ; "Chopin's 
 Youth " (1862 ; 2nd ed. 1869) ; and (in German) 
 "Friedrich Chopin, sein Leben, seine Werke 
 und Briefe " (1877 ; 2nd rev. ed. 1878; 3rd ed. 
 1881). Also some pieces f. 'cello. 
 
 Karga'noff, Genari, Russian pianist ; b. 
 Kashetin, Caucasus, Apr. 30, 1858 ; d. Rostroff- 
 on-the-Don, Feb. 23, 1800. Pupil of Reinecke 
 (Leipzig) and L. Brassin (St. Petersburg). — Publ. 
 about 40 works, chiefly for piano. 
 
 Karl, Tom, tenor singer in opera and concert; 
 b. Dublin, Jan. 19, 1846. Studied in England 
 under Henry Phillips, and in Italy under San- 
 giovanni and Trivulzi. Sang in Italian opera 
 for many years, and went to America with 
 Parepa-Rosa, singing a season in English opera, 
 and settling in New York. Retired from the 
 operatic stage in 1896. He now (1899) sings in 
 concerts and private musicales, and gives vocal 
 instruction ; from Oct., 1899, Director of the 
 Operatic School connected with the Academy of 
 Dramatic Arts, Carnegie Hall. 
 
 Ka'row, Karl, b. Alt-Stettin, Nov. 15, 1790; 
 d. Dec. 20, 1863, at Bunzlau, Silesia,as music- 
 
 30 305 
 
 teacher at a training-school. Publ. a " Choral- 
 buch," a " Leitfaden fur den Schulgesangunter- 
 richt," motets, and pieces f. pf. and f. organ. 
 
 Kas'kel, Freiherr Karl von, b. Dresden, 
 Oct. 10, 1866. While a law-student at Leipzig, 
 he studied music in the Cons, under Reinecke 
 and Jadassohn (1886-7), and later for several 
 years at Cologne under WtlUner and Jensen. 
 At present (1899) residing at Dresden. — Works : 
 l-act opera Hochzeitsmorgen (Hamburg, 1893 ; 
 later in Berlin, Dresden, Mannheim, etc.); 2-act 
 opera Sjttla (Cologne, 1895 ; later in Hamburg ; 
 very succ). 
 
 Kass'meyer, Moritz, b. Vienna, 1831 ; d. 
 there Nov. 10, 1885. VioUnist andcomp. ; pupil, 
 at the Cons. , of Sechter and Preyer ; violinist in 
 the opera-orch.; later Imp. ballet-director.-^ 
 Works ; A comic opera, Das Landhaus zu Meu- 
 don (Vienna, 1869) ; symphonies ; masses, other 
 church-music, part-songs, songs ; publ. 5 string- 
 quartets. M.'s " Musikalische Mesalliancen fur 
 Streichquartett mit Pianoforte zu 4 Handen," 
 op. 22, and " Volksweisen und Lieder fur das 
 Streichquartett humoristisch und contrapunk- 
 tisch bearbeitet," are good specimens of sound 
 musical humor. 
 
 Kast'ner, Johann Georg, composer and 
 theorist ; b. Strassburg, Mar. 9, 1810 ; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 19, 1867. A pupil of Maurer and Romer, 
 and early developed musically (he was an organ- 
 ist at ten), he was destined for the church, and 
 sent to the Strassburg Lutheran Seminary ; but 
 devoted his spare time to the study of instr.s 
 and composition. At the age of 20 he became 
 bandmaster ; at 22 he gave up theology ; and in 
 1835, after bringing out 4 operas — Gustav Wasa 
 (1832), Der Tod Oscar's (1833), Der Sarazene 
 (comic, 1834), and Die Konigin der Sarmaten 
 (1835) — was sent by the town council to Paris, 
 to finish his studies under Berton and Reicha. 
 In 1837 he publ. his " Traite general d'instru- 
 mentation," the first of a series of didactic works 
 approved by the Academic and adopted in the 
 Cons, (it was later superseded by Berlioz's 
 treatise); the other works were a " Cours d'in- 
 strumentation," " Grammaire musicale," "Theo- 
 rie abregee du contrepoint et de la fugue," 
 " Methode elem. de I'harm. appliquee au piano," 
 " Methodes elementaires " of singing, piano, 
 violin, flageolet, flute, cornet a pistons, clarinet, 
 horn, 'cello, ophicleidc, trombone, and oboe ; 
 "Methodes completes et raisonnees" for saxo- 
 phone and for kettledrums'; " Bibliotheque 
 chorale"; "Manuel general de musique mili- 
 taire." Others still in MS. — In Paris K. devoted 
 himself to teaching, composing, and musical 
 researches of the most various kinds ; he was 
 also especially interested in military music, and 
 originated the competitions of bands of all na- 
 tions, the first being at the Paris Exposition of 
 1867 ; he was a founder, and became vice-presi- 
 dent, of the "Association des artistes-musi- 
 ciens"; and zealously promoted the welfare of 
 the " Orpheons." The Univ. of Tubingen con- 
 
KASTNER— KAUFFMANN 
 
 ferred on him the degree of Dr. phil. et mus. 
 hon. causa; he was made a member of the In- 
 stitut, of the ' ' Comite des Etudes " of the Cons. , 
 and of several foreign societies ; and oiBcer of 
 the Legion of Honor. He was a frequent con- 
 tributor to French and German mus. periodicals, 
 and wrote for Schilling's " Lexikon der Ton- 
 kunst," besides laboring for many years on an 
 " Encyclopedie de la musique " of his own. — 
 Compositions : Add to operas above, Beatrice 
 (1839), ^'i niascherq (in French ; Paris, Op.- 
 Com., 1841) ; Le dernier roi de Jtida, a biblical 
 opera, considered his masterpiece (concert-per- 
 formance at the Cons. , 1844) ; and Les Nonnes 
 de Robert le Diable (not perf.) ; also incid. music 
 to Die Belagerung von Missolonghi (Strassburg, 
 1829). Equally characteristic of his erudition 
 and his originality as a composer are the famous 
 " Livres-partitions," which are vocal and instru- 
 mental .symphony-cantatas preceded by valuable 
 musico-historical essays on their several subjects. 
 The first of these was " Les Danses des morts ; 
 dissertations et recherches historiques, philoso- 
 phiques, litteraires et musicales sur les divers 
 monuments de ce genre qui existent tant en 
 France qu'a I'etranger ; ace. de la Danse maca- 
 bre, grande ronde voc. et instr." (Paris, 1852 ; 
 a large 4to vol. of 310 pages) ; the others (titles 
 abbreviated!) were "La Harpe d'Eole et la 
 musique cosmique ; . . . suivies de Stephen, ou 
 la Harpe d'Eole, gr. monol. avec choeurs " 
 (1856) ; " Les Voix de Paris," followed by " Les 
 Cris de Paris, gr. symphonic humoristique voc. 
 et instr." (1857); "Les Sirenes, . . . essai 
 suivi du Reve d'Oswald ou les Sirenes, gr. 
 symph. dram. voc. et instr." (1858) ; " Paremi- 
 ologie musicale de la langue francaise, . . . 
 suivie de la Saint-Julien des menetriers, sym- 
 phonie-cantate a gr. orch., avec solos et choeurs " 
 (1862). Two notable collections of male choruses, 
 with similar prefaces, are ' ' Les Chants de la 
 vie" (1854), containing 28 numbers a 4-8, and 
 " Les Chants de I'armee franjaise" (1855). His 
 dramatic scenes, numerous songs, and instru- 
 mental works (3 symphonies and 5 overtures f. 
 full orch. ; 10 serenades f . wind ; grand sextet f. 
 saxophones ; etc.) are also imbued with an in- 
 dividuality happily blended of French and Ger- 
 man elements. — Biographical: "J. G. K., ein 
 elsassischer Tondichter, Theoretiker und Musik- 
 forscher," by Hermann Ludwig von Jan (Leip- 
 zig, 1886 ; 3 vol.s) ; the art. " Kastner" in Fetis 
 is also excellent. 
 
 Kast'ner, Georg Friedrich Eugen, son of 
 
 preceding ; b. Strassburg, Aug. 10, 1852 ; d. 
 Bonn, Apr. 6, 1882. Inventor of the pyrophone, 
 described in his work " Le pyrophone, flammes 
 chantantes " (Paris ; 4th ed. 1876). Also see his 
 father's biography, vol. iii. 
 
 Kast'ner, Emmerich, b. Vienna, Mar. 29, 
 1847. Viennese writer; has publ. a "Richard 
 Wagner-Katalog," and one fascicle of a "Neu- 
 estes und vollstandigstes Tonkiinstler- und 
 
 Opern-Lexikon " (1889 ; only A-Azzoni printed). 
 For a time he edited the " Wiener musikalische 
 Zeitung." 
 
 Ka'te [kah'teh], Andr^ ten, b. Amsterdam, 
 1796 ; d. Haarlem, July 27, 1858. 'Cellist, 
 pupil of Bertelmann ; prod, the operas Seid e 
 Palmira (1831) and CoKj^a»ft'a (1835) at Amster- 
 dam ; wrote other operas, chamber-music, part- 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Kau'ders, Albert, contemporary journalist 
 and mus. critic in Vienna ; has brought out 
 the comic opera Der Schatz des Rhampsinit 
 (Prague, 1887 ; succ), and the romantic opera 
 Walther von der Vogelweide (Vienna, 1896 ; 
 mod. succ.) ; of the latter he also wrote the text. 
 
 Kau'er, Ferdinand, prolific comp. of Sing- 
 sfiiele ; b. Klein-Thaya, Moravia, Jan. 8, 1751 ; 
 d. Vienna, Apr. 13, 1831. Organist, as a boy, 
 of the Jesuit College at Znaim ; st. cpt. under 
 Heidenreich at Vienna ; became director and 
 1st violin at Marinelli's Th. in 1795 ; acted as 
 Kapellm. in other theatres, and was finally 
 'cellist in the Leopoldstadter Th. — Works: 
 About 200 operas and operettas {Das Donau- 
 ■weihchen and Die Sternenkonigin were publ.) ; 
 oratorio Die SUndfluth (Vienna, 1809); 20 
 masses, and other sacred music ; cantatas, 
 songs ; symphonies, chamber-music, etc., nearly 
 all lost in the great flood of Mar. i, 1830. 
 
 Kauff'mann, Ernst Friedrich, b. Ludwigs- 
 burg, Nov. 27, 1803 ; d. Stuttgart, P'eb. 11, 
 1856. While in the Gymnasium, he studied the 
 pf . by himself, and became an excellent player. 
 Student at Tubingen Univ., 1825-7; principal 
 of the Realschule at Ludswigsburg. On ac- 
 count of his connection with revolutionists, he 
 lost his position in 1835, and was finally im- 
 prisoned 4 years (1838-42) in the Asperg, where, 
 however, he was allowed to have a piano, and 
 where he composed the beautiful songs which 
 have made him famous (6 sets, each of 6 songs ; 
 Stuttgart ; Ebner). 
 
 Kauffmann, Emil, son of preceding ; born 
 Ludwigsburg, Nov. 23, 1836. Pupil of Keller, 
 Faiszt, Jung, and Singer at Stuttgart Cons.; 
 joined the court orch. in 1863 as violinist; 
 teacher at the Music School at Basel 1868-77 1 
 since then, musical director at Tubingen Univ., 
 which made him Dr. phil. in 1885. — Works: 
 Over 60 Lieder ; male choruses ; sonatas and 
 other pf. -pieces; "Die Nacht" (Holderlin), 
 w. orch.; also the essays " Entwickelung der 
 Tonkunst von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts 
 bis zur Gegenwart," and "Justinus Heinrich 
 Knecht : ein schwabischer Tonsetzer." Con- 
 tributor to the Leipzig ' ' Musikalisches Wochen- 
 blatt." 
 
 Kaufl'mann, Fritz, b. Berlin, June 17, 1855. 
 At first a student of natural science, and a drug- 
 gist at Leipzig and Hamburg, he turned defini- 
 tively to music in 1878, and entered the Akade- 
 mische Hochschule at Berlin, studying under 
 Kiel, and winning the Mendelssohn prize for 
 
 306 
 
KAUFMANN— KltLER-BELA 
 
 composition in iSSi. The next year he spent in 
 Vienna ; then lived in Berlin till 1889 as a com- 
 poser and teacher, and became in that year con- 
 ductor of the " Gesellschaftsconcerte " at Magde- 
 burg. Created Royal " Musik-Director " in 
 1893. — Works: Songs f. solo voice w. pf., op. 
 1-5, 10, 17, 21, 24, 26; quartets f. mixed ch., 
 op. 12, 19 ; quartet f. male ch., op. 15 ; terzet 
 f. female ch., op. 22 ; comic opera Die Ilerz- 
 krankheii, i act, op. 13 ; op. 18, symphony in 
 Amin. ; op. 23, " dramatic " overture ; op. 27, 
 violin-concerto in D min. ; op. 25, pf.-concerto 
 in C min.; op. 9, 20, pf.-trios ; op. 8, variations 
 f. string-quartet ; op. 14, string-quartet in G ; 
 op. 7, II, pf. -sonatas in A maj. and B min. ; op. 
 16,28, " Tanz-Improvisationen " f . pf. ; op. 6, 
 Phantasie, variations, and fugue, f. organ. 
 
 Kauf'mann, Georg Friedrich, b. Ostra- 
 mondra, Thuringia, Feb. 14, 1679 1 d. Merse- 
 burg, March, 1735, as organist and director of 
 the court music. — Works: " Introduzione alia 
 musica antica e moderna, d. h. Eine ausfuhr- 
 Uche Einleitung zur alten und neuen Wissen- 
 schaft der edeln Musik " (MS.) ; some sets of 
 choral-preludes a 2-4 (1735-6); church-music, 
 pieces for organ and harpsichord, etc., in MS. 
 
 Kauf'mann, Johann Gottfried, maker of 
 musical clocks ; b. Siegmar, Saxony, Apr. 14, 
 1751 ; d. Frankfort, 1818. — His son, 
 
 Kauf'mann, Friedrich, b. Dresden, 1785 ; 
 d. there Dec. I, 1866. Inventor of a trumpet- 
 automaton (1808), the " Belloneon," the " Cla- 
 viatur-Harmonichord," the " Chordaulodion," 
 and the more important " Symphonion," from 
 which his son Friedrich Theodor (b. Dresden, 
 Apr. 9, 1823 ; d. there in 1872) evolved the 
 now popular " Orchestrion " in 1851. 
 
 Kay'ser [kl-], Friedrich Emil. See 
 Kaiser. 
 
 Kay'ser, Philipp Christoph, pianist, and a 
 friend of Goethe (cf. ' ' Goethe und der Compo- 
 nist Ph. Chr. Kayser," Leipzig, 1879); b. Frank- 
 fort, Mar. 10, 1755 ; d. Zurich, Dec. 23, 1823. 
 
 Kay'ser, Heinrich Ernst, violinist and 
 teacher; b. Altona, Apr. 16, 1815 ; d. Ham- 
 burg, Jan. 17, 1888, as a player in the theatre- 
 orch. — Works : Violin-etudes, op. 20 and 30 ; 
 studies in shifting, op. 28 ; and a Method f. 
 vln. ; all of merit. 
 
 Kazyn'ski, Victor, b. Wilna, Lithuania, 
 Dec. 18, 1812. Pupil of Eisner, at Warsaw, 
 1837-9. He brought out an opera, Fenella 
 (Wilna, 1840), and a second, Der ewige Jude 
 (Warsaw, 1842). From 1843 he made St. 
 Petersburg his home ; became conductor at the 
 •Imp. theater, and prod, the opera Man and Wife 
 in 1848 without much success. His musical 
 diary (1845) of ^ '°u'' made in Germany and 
 Austria with Gen. Lvoflf, is interesting. He 
 also wrote cantatas, overtures, concertos f. pf., 
 do. f. vln., pf.-music, and a .Sflng-Album con- 
 taining some fine numbers (1855). 
 
 Keck von Giengen, Johann, Benedictine 
 monk at Tegernsee, Upper Bavaria, about 1450, 
 wrote " Introductorium musicae" (publ. by Ger- 
 bert in " Scriptores," vol. iii). 
 
 Kein'speck (or Keinsbeck, Kiinspeck, and, 
 improperly, Reinspeck), Michael, of Nurem- 
 berg ; author of one of the earliest printed theo- 
 retical works on music (Gregorian chant), " Li- 
 liura musicae planae " (Basel, 1496). 
 
 Kei'ser, Reinhard, b. Teuchern, n. Weis- 
 senfels, Jan. 9, 1674 ; d. Hamburg, Sept. 12, 
 1739. Educated musically by his father, and at 
 the Thomasschule and Univ., Leipzig. In 1692 
 the success of his pastoral, Ismene, at Bruns- 
 wick, followed by a grand opera, Basilius (1693), 
 encouraged him to go to Hamburg, then pos- 
 sessing the best operatic stage in Germany, in 
 1694. Of the 116 or more operas written dur- 
 ing his 45 years' sojourn there, Mahmuth JI. 
 (l6g6) was the first, and Circe (1734) the last. 
 He was the first German to employ popular 
 subjects in opera ; Stortebecker und Godge Mi- 
 chaels (1701), Die Leipziger Messe, Der Ham- 
 burger Jahrmarkt (1725), and Die Hamburger 
 Schlachtzeit (1725), however trivial and coarse 
 they may be, are at least original in design and 
 execution, and not mere copies of French and 
 Italian models. Most of his subjects were 
 mythological or historical. In melody, orches- 
 tration, and vigor of dramatic expression, he 
 was easily the foremost German opera-composer 
 of the day. He successfully undertook the 
 management of the Hamburg opera, and in 
 1709 married into a Hamburg patrician family. 
 From 1722-8 he resided in Copenhagen as con- 
 ductor to the King ; in 1728 he was app. canon 
 and cantor of the Hamburg " Katharinen- 
 kirche." His last years were passed in ease and 
 retirement. Of his other works (oratorios, can- 
 tatas, motets, psalms, passions, etc.), a number 
 were publ.: " R. Keisers Gemiiths-ErgOtzung, 
 bestehend in einigen Sing-Gedichten, mit einer 
 Stimme und unterschiedlichen Instrumenten " 
 (1698); " Divertimenti serenissimi" (duets and 
 airs w. harpsichord ; 1713) ; " Musikalische 
 Landlust " (cantatas w. continue f. harpsich. ; 
 1714) ; " Kaiserliche Friedenspost" (songs and 
 duets w. harpsich.; 1715); a " Weihnachts- 
 Cantate" (n. d.); etc. 
 
 K^ler-Bdla {recte Albert von K61er), b. 
 Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb. 13, 1B20 ; d. Wies- 
 baden, Nov. 20, 1882. Law-student, then 
 farmer, and took up music in 1845, studying 
 under Sechter and Schlesinger at Vienna, and 
 playing the violin at the Th. an der Wien, where 
 he developed his specialty, the composition of 
 dance-music. In 1854 he went to Berlin for a 
 time to conduct the Gungl orch. ; next year he 
 succeeded Lanner in Vienna, where he was 
 Kapellm., 1856-63, of an infantry regiment, 
 then becoming conductor of the Kur-Orch. at 
 Wiesbaden, resigning in 1873 on account of ill- 
 health. — Works : Overtures and dance-music f. 
 orch. ; violin solos. 
 
 307 
 
KELLER— KELLlSfER 
 
 Kel'ler, Gottfried (called Godfrey), a Ger- 
 man harpsichord-teacher in London. Publ. "A 
 Complete Method for Attaining to Play a Thor- 
 ough-bass upon either Organ, Harpsichord, or 
 Theorbo-lute" (1707; reprinted in W. Holder's 
 treatise on Harmony, London, 1731) ; 5 sonatas 
 f . 2 vlns. , trumpet, or oboe, viola and continue 
 (1710) ; and 6 sonatas f. 2 flutes w. basso con- 
 tinuo (posthumous). 
 
 Kel'ler, Max, b. Trostberg, Bavaria, 1770 ; 
 d. as organist at Allotting, Dec. 16, 1855. 
 Publ. 6 Latin masses ; 6 German masses ; lit- 
 anies, Advent hymns, funeral chants ; also 
 organ-music (preludes, cadences, etc.). 
 
 Kel'ler, Karl, b. Dessau, Oct. 16, 1784 ; d. 
 Schaffhausen, July 19, 1855. Flute-virtuoso ; 
 court musician at Berlin, Kassel, Stuttgart, and 
 from 1817 at Donaueschingen, where he later 
 also became theatre-conductor. Pensioned in 
 1849. — Works : 3 flute-concertos ; 4 polonaises 
 w. orch. ; 2 divertissements w. orch. ; variations, 
 pot-pourris, duos and solos f. flute ; 6 part-songs 
 f. male ch. ; and numerous very popular songs. 
 
 Kel'ler, F. A. E., inventor of a pianograph 
 which he called " pupitre-improvisateur " (1835), 
 and publ. a " Methode d'improvisation musicale, 
 theorique et pratique fondee sur les proprietes 
 du pupitre-improvisateur" (Paris, 1839). His 
 invention was not successful. 
 
 Kel'lermann, Christian, fine 'cellist ; b. 
 Randers, Jutland, Jan. 27, 1S15 ; d. Copen- 
 hagen, Dec. 3, 1866. Pupil of Merk at Vienna. 
 After prolonged concert-tours, he was app. so- 
 loist in the royal orch. at Copenhagen in 1847. 
 Publ. a few solos f . 'cello. 
 
 Kelley, Edgar Stillman, American com- 
 poser and writer; b. Sparta, Wis., Apr. 14, 
 1857. Pupil of 
 F. W . Merriam 
 (1870-4), Clarence 
 Eddy and N. Le- 
 dochowski (1874-6, 
 at Chicago), and at 
 Stuttgart, 1876-80, 
 of Seifriz (comp.), 
 Kriiger and Spei- 
 del (pf.), and Fried- 
 rich Finck (org.). 
 Has acted as or- 
 ganist in Oakland 
 and San Francisco, 
 Cal.; conducted a 
 comic - opera com- 
 pany in the Eastern 
 
 States i8go-i ; has taught pf. , org. and comp. 
 in various schools in Cal. and N. Y., and re- 
 cently in the New York College of Music ; was 
 mus. critic for the San Francisco "Examiner" 
 1893-5 ; since Nov., 1896, lecturer on music for 
 the University Extension of the Univ. of New 
 York. Has contributed to the leading mus. 
 papers of the U. S. — Works : Orig. theme and 
 var.s f. string-quartet, op. i (MS.) ; op. 2, 3 
 
 pf. -pieces (The P'lower-seekers, Confluentia, 
 The Headless Horseman) ; op. 3, concert-polo- 
 naise f. pf. 4 hands (MS.); op. 4, Wedding- 
 Ode f. tenor solo, male ch., and orch. (MS.); 
 op. 5, pf.-duets "Keepsakes for my Pupils" 
 (MS.) ; op. 6, " Phases of Love," 6 songs (publ. 
 iSgo) ; op. 7, incid. music to Macbeth f. full 
 orch. and chorus (MS.) ; op. 8, 2 songs f. voice 
 and pf., " Eldorado" and " Israfel" [Poe] ; op. 
 
 10, "Aladdin," Chinese suite f. full orch.; op. 
 
 11, comic opera Puritania (Boston, Tremont 
 Th., June g, 1892 ; 100 performances ; publ. in 
 vocal score) ; numerous minor comp.s. 
 
 Kellie, Lawrence, tenor singer and comp.; 
 b. London, Apr. 3, 1862. Articled to a sohci- 
 tor ; began professional study of music in 1884 
 at R. A. M., and as a private pupil of Randeg- 
 ger. De'but Covent Garden, Nov., 1886; gave 
 vocal recitals at Steinway Hall, from May 23, 
 1887. His songs have great vogue (" Is it too 
 late ? " " Sleeping Tide," "All for thee," " This 
 heart of mine," etc.). 
 
 Kell'ner, David, director of music at the 
 German ch., Stockholm ; publ. " Treuhcher Un- 
 terricht im General-Bass " (Hamburg, 1732 ; gth 
 ed. 1796 ; in Swedish, 1782). 
 
 Kell'ner, Johann Peter, b. Grafenroda, 
 Thuringia, Sept. 24, 1705 ; d. there 1788. Or- 
 ganist and composer (" Manipulus musices," 
 figured chorals, and trios, f. organ ; preludes, 
 fugues, and dance-music, f. harpsichord, 1748-g ; 
 other music in MS.). — His son, 
 
 Kell'ner, Johann Christoph, b. Grafenroda, 
 Aug. 16, 1735 ; d. as court organist at Kassel in 
 1803. — Works : Opera Die Schadenfreude (Kas- 
 sel, 17S2) ; 7 harpsichord-concertos; trios and 
 sonatas f. harpsich. ; fugues, preludes, etc., i. 
 org.; and a " Grundriss des Generalbasses " 
 (Kassel, 1783). 
 
 Kell'ner, Georg Christoph, litterateur and 
 teacher at Mannheim, where he died Sept., 1808. 
 — Works: " Ueber die Characteristik der Tcn- 
 arten" (Breslau, 1790) ; " Ideen zu einer neuen 
 Theorie der schonen Kunste iiberhaupt und der 
 Tonkunst insbesondere " (in Egger's " Deutsches 
 Magazin " for August, 1800) ; a " Neue Clavier- 
 schule fiir Anfanger"; organ-pcs., and songs. 
 
 Kell'ner, Ernst August, (probably a grand- 
 son of Joh. Chr.,) b. Windsor, England, Jan. 
 26, 1792 ; d. London, July 18, 1839. Began the 
 study of the pf. at 2 years of age ; at 5 he played 
 a Handel concerto before the court. His voice, 
 too, was carefully trained by W. Parsons, and in 
 Italy by Nozzari, Casella, and Crescentini at 
 Naples in 1815. Returning to England in 1820, 
 he was very successful both as pianist and bari- 
 tone vocalist, and made a concert-tour with the 
 Catalani. In 1824 he sang at Venice in Ros- 
 sini's Mose. His success as a player and singer 
 in St. Petersburg (1828) and Paris (1833) was 
 phenomenal. In 1834 he became organist of the 
 Bavarian Chapel in London. — A biographical 
 sketch by Richard Cull: "Case of Precocious 
 
 308 
 
KELLOGG— KERLE 
 
 Musical Talent . . ," was publ. at London, 
 1839- 
 
 Kellogg, Clara Louise, dramatic soprano ; 
 b. Sumterville, S. C, in July, 1842. Received 
 her vocal training in New York from 1856, and 
 made her debut at the Academy of Music there 
 as Gila in Rigoletto (1861), and sang there ten or 
 twelve nights. Her London debut at Her Maj- 
 esty's Th. (Nov. 2, 1867), as Margherita in Faust, 
 was so successful that she sang regularly, and 
 was reengaged for the next season. After tours 
 in the United States, 1S68-72, she appeared at 
 Drury Lane (Linda) ; sang in Italian opera in 
 the U. S. till 1874 ; then organized an English 
 opera-company, extending her supervision to the 
 translations of the libretti, the stage-settings, and 
 the training of the soloists and chorus. She 
 herself sang 125 nights in the winter of 1874-5. 
 Since this time she has divided her time between 
 Europe and America. She has a repertory of. 
 about forty roles. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, Irish singer and composer ; 
 b. Dublin, 1762 ; d. Margate, Oct. 9, 1826. He 
 studied singing under Rauzzini, and in Naples 
 (1779) under Fenaroli and Aprile. He now 
 sang in Palermo, Leghorn, Florence, Bologna, 
 and Venice. Visiting Vienna, he was engaged 
 at the court opera for 4 years, becoming the 
 friend of Mozart, and taking the role of Basilio 
 on the production of Figaro. In 1787 he ap- 
 peared in the part of Lionel at Drury Lane, and 
 sang leading tenor roles there until his retire- 
 ment. In 1789 his composer's debut was made 
 in False Appearances and Fashionable Friends ; 
 up to 1820 he wrote the music for 62 stage- 
 pieces, also many songs. He had a music-shop 
 from 1802-11, failed, and went into the wine 
 trade ; it was Sheridan who said, anent the 
 quality of his works and wines, that he was ' ' a 
 composer of wines and importer of music." — His 
 " Reminiscences " (1826) are replete with amus- 
 ing musical anecdotes. 
 
 Kemp, Joseph, b. Exeter, England, in 1778 ; 
 d. London, May 22, 1824. Pupil of W. Jack- 
 son ; organist of Bristol cathedral, 1802 ; Mus. 
 Bac. Cantab., 1808 ; Mus. Doc, 1809, thereafter 
 teaching in London. As one of the earliest 
 promoters of mus. instruction by classes, he 
 publ. a pamphlet on a " New System of Musical 
 Education" (18 19). He composed psalms, an- 
 thems, double chants, duets, songs; an "occa- 
 sional piece," The Jubilee (l8og) ; a melodrama. 
 The Siege of Isca [Exeter] (1810) ; " Mus. Illus- 
 trations of the Beauties of Shakespeare " ; do. of 
 ',' The Lady of the Lake "; etc. 
 
 Kemp, Robert, better known as " Father 
 Kemp," the originator and conductor of the 
 " Old Folks' Concerts " commencing in 1854 ; b. 
 Wellfleet, Mass., June 6, 1820 ; d. Boston, May 
 14. 1897. His book, "Father Kemp and his 
 Old Folks, etc." (Boston, 1868), contains his au- 
 tobiography. His regular business was that of 
 shoe-dealer at 261 Hanover St., Boston. 
 
 Kempis, Nicholas a, organist at Ste.-Gu- 
 dule, Brussels ; publ. at Antwerp " Symphoniae 
 I, 2, 3 violinorum " (1644), " Symphoniae 1-5 
 instrumentorum, adjunctae 4 instr. et 2 voc." (2 
 books, 1647, '49) ; and a book of masses and 
 motets a 8 w. continue (1650). Chamber-music 
 excellent. 
 
 Kemp'ter, Karl, b. Limbach, Bavaria, Jan. 
 17, 1819; d. Mar. 11, i87i,as Ifapellm.aXAugs- 
 burg cathedral. — Church-music : 4 oratorios, 
 numerous masses and graduals. Also publ. 
 " Der Landchorregent," a coll. for use in small 
 churches. 
 
 Kemp'ter, Lothar, b. Lauingen, Bavaria, 
 Feb. 5, 1844. Was taught at first by his father, 
 Friedrich K. (music-teacher in theLauingen Sem- 
 inary); studied in Munich Univ., and in 1868 en- 
 tered the Royal Music-School there (Rheinber- 
 ger) ; 1869-71, chorusmaster at the court theatre ; 
 1871-4, 2nd Kapellm. and chorus-director at 
 Strassburg ; since 1874, chief Kapellm. at the 
 Zurich City Th.,and since 1886 prof, of mus. 
 theory in the Zurich Music-School. Frora 
 1879-95 he also cond. the popular concerts in 
 the "Tonhalle." — Works: A score of songs, 
 and 10 male choruses ; an Albumblatt f . vln. and 
 pf . ; marches, and over 40 fantasias, f . orch. w. 
 solo instr. B ; and the fairy-opera Das Fest der 
 Jugend (Zurich, 1895 ; v. succ). 
 
 Kenn, P., German horn-virtuoso; went to 
 Paris 1782, and was 2nd horn at the Opera in 
 1783. When the band of the National Guard 
 was organized in 1791, K. joined it ; and became 
 prof, in the Cons, in 1795, but was dismissed on 
 the reduction of the staff of teachers in 1802, 
 and was succeeded by his pupil Dauprat (1808) 
 in the Opera orch., retiring on pension. — Publ. 
 36 trios f. 3 horns ; 12 duos f. clar. and horn ; 
 and duos and airs f. 2 horns. 
 
 Kent, James, b. Winchester, England, Mar. 
 13, 1700 ; d. there May 6, 1776. Chorister in 
 Winch, cath. under Richardson, and in the 
 Chapel Royal under Croft ; organist of Trinity 
 Coll., Cambridge, 1731-7, then till 1774 of 
 Winch, cathedral. A new 2-vol. ed. of "Kent's 
 Anthems " was publ. in London, 1S44 ; he also 
 comp. services in C and D. 
 
 Kep'ler, Johannes, the illustrious astrono- 
 mer ; b. Weil, Wurttemberg, Dec. 27, 1571 ; 
 d. Ratisbon, Nov. 15, 1630 ; elucidates the de- 
 tails of musical sfcience, from a philosophical 
 standpoint, in Books 3 and 5 of his "Harmonicas 
 mundi." 
 
 Kerle, Jacques de, b. Ypres, Flanders, in the 
 first part of the i6th century. It appears that 
 in youth he was in Italy for 10 years, as his first 
 works were publ. at Venice, 1562-71. He be- 
 came canon at Cambrai, and director of the 
 church-choir ; later mattre de cliapelle to Em- 
 peror Rudolph II. He publ. from 1562-83 sev- 
 eral books of masses, motets, madrigals, and 
 hymns ; also other miscellaneous vocal music. 
 
 309 
 
KERLL— KEWITSCH 
 
 Kerll(or Kerl, Kherl, Cherl), Johann Cas- 
 par, b. Gaimersheim, n. Ingolstadt, in 1621 ; d. 
 Munich, Feb. 13, 1693. One of tlie earliest im- 
 portant German masters of tlie organ , lie studied 
 in Vienna under Valentini, and about 1645 was 
 sent by Ferdinand III. to Carissimi and Fresco- 
 baldi in Rome. P'rom 1658-73, court Kapellm. 
 at Munich, resigning because of the intrigues of 
 the Italian singers. According to some author- 
 ities, he then lived for a long time in Vienna as 
 organist and teacher ; this point is not settled. 
 He wrote for organ ; " Modulatio organica super 
 Magnificat, octo tonis — organicis respondens " 
 (preludes, interludes, postludes ; Munich, 1686); 
 toccatas and suites f. harpsich. (MS.) ; a trio f . 
 2 vlns. and bass viol (MS.). — Numerous vocal 
 works: " Selectus sacrarum cantionum " a 4-5, 
 w. organ-bass (Nuremberg, i66g); Masses a 2-5 
 (l66g); " Missae sex 4, 5 et 6 vocibus cum in- 
 strumentis concertantibus et vocibus in ripieilo, 
 adjuncta una pro defunctis cum seq. Dies irae, 
 consecratae Leopoldo I, imperatori " (1689 ; 
 praised by Mattheson); " Missa nigra "(so called 
 because written in black notes only; said to have 
 been comp. by K., expressly to revenge himself 
 on the Italian singers in Munich, for their last 
 performance under his direction ; its intervals 
 and modulations being so bizarre and difficult, 
 that the choir sang horribly false, and covered 
 themselves with ridicule) ; several Kyries and 
 Glorias f. voices and various instr.s (all in MS.) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Kes, Willem, violinist, composer and con- 
 ductor ; b. Dordrecht, Holland, Feb. 16, 1856. 
 Pupil of Nothdurft, Tyssens, and Ferd. Bohm ; 
 then (i87i)of David in Leipzig Cons., and after- 
 wards, with stipend from the King of Holland, of 
 Wieniawski (Brussels Cons.) and Joachim (Ber- 
 lin). In 1876 he became leader of the Park 
 Orch. and Felix meritis Society at Amsterdam ; 
 cond. " Society" concerts at Dordrecht for sev- 
 eral years ; in 1883 became conductor of the 
 " Parkschouwburg " Concerts at Amsterdam, 
 then lived a while in Dordrecht, and about i8go 
 assumed the conductorship of the " Concertge- 
 bouw" Concerts at Amsterdam. In 1895 he 
 succeeded G. Henschel as cond. of the Glasgow 
 orch. ; and in 1898 was chosen cond. of the 
 Moscow Philharm. Concerts, and Director of the 
 Moscow Cons, for 3 years. (His place in Am- 
 sterdam was taken by W. Mengelberg.) 
 
 Kes'sel, Franz, in 1889 Kapellm. of fhe 
 theatre at Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau, prod, a 
 symphony in F in 1889, and in 1895, at Trier, a 
 successful 3-act opera. Die Schwestern. 
 
 Kess'ler, Friedrich, preacher at Werdohl, 
 Westphalia, from 1819, later diocesan at Liiden- 
 scheid, was an active propagandist of Natorp's 
 figure-notation, published aChoralbuch (Essen, 
 1829; 2nd ed. 1836) in the same, and also "Der 
 musikalische Gottesdienst : ein Wort ftir . . . 
 Organisten und Prediger " (Iserlohn, 1832), 
 " Kurze und fassliche Andeutungen einiger 
 Mangel des Kirchen-Gesanges " (1832), and 
 
 ' ' Das Gesangbiich von seiner musikalischen 
 Seite betrachtet" (1838). 
 
 Kess'ler, Ferdinand, b. Frankfort-on-Main, 
 Jan., 1793; d. there Oct. 28, 1856. Violinist 
 and teacher; pupil of his father and VoUweiler. 
 Publ. some sonatas, rondos, etc., f. pf. Fr. 
 Wullner was one of his pupils in theory. 
 
 Kess'ler {recte Kotz'ler), Joseph Chris- 
 toph, b. Augsburg, Aug. 26, 1800 ; d. Vienna, 
 Jan. 14, 1872. Excellent pianist and teacher; 
 composer of valuable pf. -etudes (op. 20 and 51). 
 Pupil 1807-10 of the organist Bilek at Felds- 
 berg; otherwise self-taught. Teacher, 1820-6, 
 in the family of Count Potocki at Lemberg and 
 Landshut ; then lived three years in Vienna, one 
 year in Warsaw, 1830-5 in Breslau, then 20 years 
 in Lemberg, and from 1855 in Vienna. Moscheles 
 and others have utilized K.'s etudes in their 
 methods ; technically they are more advanced 
 than Czerny's " Schule desVirtuosen "; musically 
 they are ingenious, but rather dry. Liszt com- 
 mended them. His variations, preludes, noc- 
 turnes, etc., are of minor importance ; the best 
 are " Bluthen und Knospen" (op. 104), and op. 
 29,30,38. — Pyllemann publ. "Personal Remi- 
 niscences" of K. in the " Allgemeine musikal, 
 Zeitung," 1872. 
 
 Ketten, Henri, talented pianist, pupil of 
 Marmontel and Flalevy in Paris ; b. Baja, Hun- 
 gary, Mar. 25, 1848 ; d. Paris, Apr. i, 1883. 
 Pf. -pieces of a light and graceful description 
 (Chasse au papillon, op. 10 ; Romance sans 
 paroles ; Tranquillite ; Melancolie) ; etc. 
 
 Kettenus, Aloys, Belgian violinist and able 
 teacher ; b. Verviers, Feb. 22, 1823 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Oct. 3, 1896. Studied at Liege Cons. , also 
 in Germany; in 1845, leader of the Mannheim 
 orch. ; from 1855, member of the Halle Orch. in 
 London, and of the Royal Italian Orch. — Works: 
 An opera, Stella Monti (Brussels, 1862 ; mod. 
 succ); a vln. -concerto; a concertino f. 4 violins 
 w. orch. ; a duet f. vln. and pf. ; etc. 
 
 Ketterer, Eugene, pianist ; b. Rouen, 1831; 
 d. Paris, Dec. 18, 1870. A pupil of Paris Cons., 
 he publ. 290 pf.-pieces in drawing-room style, 
 many of which became popular (op. 7i Grand 
 caprice hongrois ; op. 21, 1' Argentine ; op. go. 
 La Chatelaine ; op. loi, Gaetana ; op. 102, 
 Rondo oriental). 
 
 Keur'vels, Edward H. J., conductor and 
 dramatic comp.; b. Antwerp, 1853. Pupil of 
 Benoit ; till 1882, chorusmaster at the Royal 
 Th., since then cond. at the National Flemish 
 Th., Antwerp, where he has brought out Benoit's 
 Pacificatie van Gent and Charlotte Corday, 
 Waelput's Stella, Beethoven's Fidelia, and like 
 works. — Operas : Parisina, Hamlet, Rolla ; also 
 operettas, cantatas, a mass w. org., ballads, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Ke'witsch [Kiewics], (Karl) Theodor, b. 
 Posilge, W. Prussia, Feb. 3, 1834. Pupil of his 
 father, an organist, and of W. Maslon at Peplin. 
 For 3 years, oboist in the 21st Regt. band; thea 
 
 310 
 
KIEL— KIENZT, 
 
 was teacher and organist in various towns ; from 
 1866-87, teacher and (1884-5) " Directoriatsver- 
 walter" in the Music - teachers' Seminary at 
 Berent. Pensioned in 1887, went to Berlin, edited 
 the " Musikkorps" l8gi-2, and is now editor of 
 the " Hannover'sche Musikzeitung," also writ- 
 ing for other mus. papers. Has publ. a " Vade- 
 mecum" for organists, and much church-music 
 (chiefly Polish), 4-part songs f . mixed and male 
 eh., pf. -pieces, etc. 
 
 Kiel, Friedrich, eminent composer; b. Puder- 
 bach, near Siegen (Rh. Prussia), Oct. 7, 1821 ; 
 d. Berlin, Sept.14, 
 1885. Taught the 
 elements of music 
 by his father, the 
 village schoolmas- 
 ter, he was a self- 
 taught pianist and 
 composer ; dance- 
 music and varia- 
 tions, written 
 1832-4, attracted 
 the attention of 
 Prince Karl von 
 Wittgenstein, who 
 himself gave K. 
 violin - lessons in 
 i835,and took him 
 into his orchestra. After studying theory under 
 Kaspar Kummer at Koburg 1838-g, he became, 
 in 1840, leader of the ducal orch., and teacher 
 to the Duke's children. From 1837-42 he brought 
 out a cantata, 2 overtures, several variations and 
 fantasias f. pf. , violin and oboe, w. orch., 4 so- 
 natas f. pf., etc. Receiving a stipend from King 
 Friedrich Wilhelm IV., he studied 1842-4 under 
 Dehn at Berlin, where he thenceforth resided. 
 His first published works (op. i, 15 canons, and 
 op. 2, 6 fugues) appeared in 1850. He gradu- 
 ally, though steadily, won general recognition as 
 a composer, though even as late as 1859 and '61 
 he had to arrange private concerts to get a hear- 
 ing for his worlcs ; but his fame was assured in 
 1862, when the Stern Gesangverein brought out 
 his Requiem (op. 20 ; composed 1859-60), en- 
 thusiastically received in the chief musical cen- 
 tres. In 1865 he was made a member, in 1870 
 senator, of the Academy of Fine Arts.' Up to 
 1866 he gave private lessons in piano-playing ; 
 he then taught composition in Stern's Cons, until 
 1870, when he was app. teacher of composition 
 at the Hochschule filr Musik (in 1868 he had re- 
 ceived the title of "Royal Professor"). As a 
 teacher he was extremely successful. His com- 
 positions are not strikingly original, but are note- 
 worthy principally as presenting some of the 
 finest exemplars of the " classic " tendency pro'- 
 duced in the last half-century. — Works : 2 Re- 
 quiems f. soli, ch. and orch. (op. 20 and 80) ; a 
 Missa solemnis f. do., op. 40 (comp. 1865) ; an 
 oratorio, Christus, op. 60 (comp. 1871-2, perf. 
 1874); a Stabat Mater and the 130th Psalm, both 
 f. female ch., soli, and orch. ; a Te Deum f. 
 
 mixed ch. and orch. (1866) ; " Zwei Gesiinge " f. 
 ditto ; 2 Motets f. female ch., soli and pf., op. 
 32 ; 6 Motets f . mixed ch. ; 4 Marches f . orch. ; 
 a pf. -concerto; a sonata f. 'cello, op. 52 ; do. f. 
 viola, op. 67; 2 string-quintets, op. 75, 76; 3 
 string-quartets, op. 43, 44, 50 ; 2 sets of Waltzes 
 f. string-quartet, op. 73, 78 ; 7 trios, op. 3, 22, 
 24, 33, 34, 65 (the last containing 2 numbers) ; 
 4 violin-sonatas ; many pf.-worljs ; songs. He 
 publ. 83 works with opus-number. — Sketches of 
 IC. were written by Saran (" Allgem. Musikzei- 
 tung," 1862), Bungert (" Neue Zeitschrift fiir 
 Musik," 1875), and Gumprecht (Westermann's 
 " Monatshefte," 1886). 
 
 Kie'ne. See Bigot. 
 
 Kien'le, Ambrosius, an authority on Grego- 
 rian chant ; b. Siegmaringen, May 8, 1852 ; in 
 1873 he entered the Benedictine monastery at 
 Beuron, Hohenzollern. — Publ. " Choralschule " 
 (1890), " Kleines, kirchenmusikalisches Hand- 
 buch " (1892), and essays in periodicals ; also 
 " Der gregorianische Choral" (1881 ; a transl. 
 of Pothier's " Les melodies gregoriennes "). 
 
 Kienzl, Wilhelm, b. Waizenkirchen, Upper 
 Austria, Jan. 17, 1857. As a student at Graz 
 Gymnasium, his music-teachers were Buwa and 
 Ignaz Uhl ; later W. A. Remy (comp.) and 
 Mortier de Fontaine (pf.). While studying in 
 Prague Univ. 1875-6, he was also a music-pupil 
 of Jos. Krej(!i ; studied further in Leipzig, and 
 under Liszt at Weimar ; and in 1879 took the 
 degree of Dr. phil. at Vienna with the disserta- 
 tion "Die musikalische Deklamation ..." 
 (publ. Leipzig, 1880). A second work, " Mis- 
 cellen'' (Leipzig, 1885), treating of impressions 
 received in Bayreuth, 1879, created a stir by its 
 bold criticism. During 1880 he lectured on 
 music at Munich ; in l88l-2 he made a pianistic 
 tour with Aglaja Orgeni and R. Sahla to 80 towns 
 in Hungary, Rumania, and North and South 
 Germany ; in 1883-4 he was chief KapiUm. of 
 the German opera in Amsterdam ; then served 
 in like capacity at Crefeld, and in 1886 married 
 the concert-singer Lili Hoke ; 1886-90, artistic 
 director of the Styrian Musikverein at Graz, also 
 conducting the symphony concerts and directing 
 the provincial vocal and instrumental schools ; 
 1890-2, 1st Kapellm. at the Hamburg opera ; 
 1892-3, Hofkapellm. at Munich. Now (1899) 
 living at Graz, wholly devoted to composition. 
 K. is one of the best known among contempo- 
 rary dramatic composers. His first opera, Ur- 
 vasi, in 3 acts (Dresden, Feb. 20, 1886), was 
 well received ; the 3-act opera Heilmar, der 
 Narr (Munich, Mar. 8, 1S92), was very success- 
 ful ; the third opera, Der Evangelimann, called 
 "a musikalisches Schauspiel " in 2 acts (Court 
 Opera, Berlin, May 4, 1895), has had tremen- 
 dous success in Germany, and has appeared up 
 to 1899 on over 130 stages in Austria, Germany, 
 Holland, Hungary, Croatia, Switzerland, Eng- 
 land, etc. A fourth is Don Quichote, a'" musi- 
 cal tragi-comedy."— K. finished Ad. Jensen's 
 
KIESEWETTER— KIPKE 
 
 opera Turandot, and edited Mozart's Titus. 
 His original published comp.s comprise about 
 go songs, much light pf.-music (op. 3, Skizze ; 
 op. 5, Kahnscene ; op. 10, Bunte Tanze ; op. 12, 
 '" Aus alten Marchen"; op. 15, " Aus meinem 
 Tagebuch"; op. 21, 30 Tanzweisen ; op. 29, 
 Scherzo in A min.; op. 30, " Kinderliebe und 
 -leben," 12 pieces ; op. 34, " Romantische Blat- 
 ter " — ten Pha^tasiestilcke ; op. 40, " Feuer- 
 zauber" Polka ; op. 41, 12 Tanzbilder ; op. 43, 
 " Daheim," 12 pieces; op. 46, " Dichterreise," 
 10 pieces ; and arrangements) ; music to the 
 melodrama (Romance) "Die Brautfahrt"; 3 
 Phantasiestucke f. pf. and vln. (op. 7) ; pf.-trio 
 in F min. (op. 13); string-quartet in B^j min. 
 (op. 22) ; choral music ; etc. — Edited Brendel's 
 " Grundziige der Geschichte der Musik " (Leip- 
 zig, i885) ; also Brendel's "Geschichte der 
 Musik in Italien, Deutschland und Frankreich " 
 (7th ed., Leipzig, 1889). 
 
 Kie'se-wetter, Raphael Georg, " Edler von 
 Wiesenbrunn," distinguished writer on music ; 
 b. HoUeschau, Moravia, Aug. 29, 1773 ; d. 
 Baden, near Vienna, Jan. i, 1850. An excel- 
 lent amateur musician, he studied for an official 
 career under the Austrian government, becom- 
 ing attached to the Imp. Ministry of War, and 
 travelling in various countries until 1801, when 
 he settled in Vienna. His passion for music 
 still unabated, he studied counterpoint under 
 Albrechtsberger in 1803, and later with Hart- 
 mann. He was an indefatigable collector of 
 old musical MSS., hence his later love for his- 
 torical research, which became his life-work. 
 He was elected a member, or honorary member, 
 of numerous musical and scientific societies, and 
 was ennobled a few years before his retirement 
 in 1845. A. W. Ambros was his nephew. — 
 Works : " Die Verdienste der Niederlander um 
 die Tonkunst . ." (took prize of the Neth- 
 erland Acad, in 1826 ; Dutch transl. 1829) ; 
 "Geschichte der europaisch - abendlandischen 
 Oder urisrer heutigen iMusik " (Leipzig, 1834 ; 
 2nd ed. 1846) ; " Ueber die Musik der neuern 
 Griechen, nebst freien Gedanken fiber altagyp- 
 tische und altgriechische Musik" (1838); 
 " Guido von Arezzo, sein Leben und Wirken" 
 (1840) ; " Schicksale und Beschaffenheit des 
 weltlichen Gesangs vom friihen Mittelalter bis 
 zur Erfindung des dramatischen Styles und den 
 Anfangen der Oper " (1841) ; "Die Musik der 
 Araber nach Originalquellen " (1842); "Der 
 neuen Aristoxener zerstreute Aufsatze" (1846) ; 
 "Ueber die Octave des Pythagoras" (1848); 
 " Galerie alter Contrapunctisten " (1847 ; a cata- 
 logue of his old scores, bequeathed to the Vienna 
 Library) ; many essays in the Leipzig " AUgem. 
 musikalische Zeitung," on Gregorian notation, 
 on tablatures, on Franko of Cologne, etc. He 
 was supervising editor of Kaudler's Life of 
 Palestrina (1834). 
 
 Kimball, Josiab, b. Topsfield, Mass., Feb., 
 1761 ; d. in the local almshouse, Feb. 26, 1826. 
 He gave up the law to become a music-teacher. 
 
 and taught in several New England towns, try- 
 ing to introduce his collection of mostly original 
 tunes, "Rural Harmony " (1793). His comp.s 
 were simple psalm-tunes and " fuguing pieces." 
 Kin'dermann, Johann Erasmus, Nurem- 
 berg organist ; b. Mar. 29, 1616, publ. many 
 sacred songs (up to 1652). 
 
 Kin'dermann, August, b. Potsdam, Feb. 6, 
 1817 ; d. Munich, Mar. 6, i8gi. Baritone 
 stage-singer ; at 16, chorus-singer in the Berlin 
 opera, also taking small soli ; 1839-46, at Leip- 
 zig ; later, until his retirement in 1886, a prime 
 favorite at the Munich court opera. — Father of 
 
 Kin'dermann, Hedwig. See Reicher- 
 
 KlNDERMANN. 
 
 King, Robert, musician in the band of Will- 
 iam and Mary, also of Queen Anne ; Mus. Bac. 
 Cantab., 1696. Died after 171 1. — Publ. "Songs 
 for I, 2 and 3 voices, composed to a Thorough 
 Basse, for y^ organ or harpsichord " (London, 
 n.d.); music to Shadwell's Ode on St. Cecilia's 
 Day (1690) ; other music in various collections 
 ("The Banquet of Musick," "Choice Ayres," 
 " Comes Amoris," etc.). 
 
 King, Charles, b. Bury-St.-Edmunds, Eng- 
 land, 1687 ; d. London, Mar. 17, 1748. Chor- 
 ister at St. Paul's under Dr. Blow and Jer. 
 Clark ; Master of Choristers there in 1707 ; 
 Vicar-choral, 1730. — Publ. services and anthems, 
 some of which are in Arnold's " Cathedral Mu- 
 sic " and Page's " Harmonica sacra." 
 
 King, Matthew Peter, b. London, 1773 i 
 d. there Jan., 1823. Composed 10 or 12 English 
 operas for the Lyceum Th. ; an oratorio. The 
 Intercession ; a quintet f. pf. , flute, and strings ; 
 pf. -sonatas and rondos ; also publ. "A General 
 Treatise on Music . . ." (London, 1800), and 
 an " Introduction" to sight-singing (1806). 
 
 King, Oliver A., pianist ; b. London, 1855. 
 Articled pupil of J. Barnby ; studied pf. with 
 W. H. Holmes, and under Reinecke at Leipzig 
 Cons., 1874-7. Pianist to H. R. H. the Prin- 
 cess Louise, 1879 ; in Canada, 1880-3, giving 
 recitals and visiting New York. Now (1899) 
 prof, of pf. at the R. A.M. — Works : 3 cantatas. 
 The Romance of the Roses, Proserpina, and 
 The Naiades ; the 137th Psalm, f. soli, ch. and 
 orch. (Chester Festival, 1888) ; church-music ; 
 a symphony, "Night"; 2 concert-overtures; 
 pf.-concerto ; violin-concerto in G minor ; 
 pieces f. vln. and pf., f. pf. solo, and f. organ. 
 
 King, Julie. See Riv^-King. 
 
 Kink'el, Johanna, (nh Mockel, div. Mat- 
 thieux), wife of the poet ; b. Bonn, July 8, 1810 ; 
 d. London, Nov. 15, 1858. Studied music in 
 Berlin with Karl Bbhmer, and was married in 
 1843 to Gottfried Kinkel.— Works : A cantata, 
 " Die Vogel-Cantate "; operetta Otto der Schiitz 
 (1850?); "Acht Briefe an eine Freundin liber 
 Clavierunterricht " (1852). 
 
 Kip'ke, Karl, b. Breslau, Nov, 20, 1850; 
 
 312 
 
KIPPER— KIRNBERGER 
 
 living (1890) at Leipzig as editor of the ' ' Siinger- 
 lialle." 
 
 Kip'per, Hermann, b. Koblenz, Aug. 27, 
 1826 ; pupil of Anschiitz and H. Dorn. Music- 
 teacher and critic at Cologne. — Comic operettas 
 (written for male choral societies) : Der Quack- 
 salber, oder Doctor Sagebein und sein Famuhis ; 
 Incognito, oder Der FUrst wider IVillen ; A'ell- 
 ner und Lord; Der Haifisch ; etc. 
 
 Kir'cher, Athanasius, famous Jesuit ar- 
 chseologist ; b. Geisa (Buchow ?), n. Fulda, May 
 2, i5o2 ; d. Rome, Is'ov. 28, 16S0. He was 
 prof, at WUrzburg ; 1635-7 at Avignon ; lived 
 thereafter in Rome.— Works : " Musurgia uni- 
 versalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni ..." 
 (1650; epitomized in German, 1662); " Pho- 
 nurgia nova, sive con jugium mechanico-physicum 
 artis et naturae . . ." (1673) ; his " Oedipus 
 aegyptiacus . . ." contains a curious chapter on 
 hieroglyphic music ; in his treatise ' ' De arte 
 magnetica" are given airs then popularly re- 
 garded as a cure for tarantism ; in fact, all his 
 musical works exhibit a unique blending of real 
 scientific thought with childish credulity. 
 
 Kirchl, Adolf, b. Vienna, June 16, 1858 ; is 
 choirmaster of the Viennese " Schubertbund," 
 and a comp. of songs f . male voices. 
 
 Kirch'ner, Fritz, b. Potsdam, Nov. 3, 1840. 
 Pianist ; pupil of Th. KuUak (pf .), and of WUerst 
 and Seyffert (theory), at Kullak's Acad. ; taught 
 there from 1864-89, when it was dissolved, and 
 K. became teacher in the " Madchei^heim " 
 school at Berlin. — Works : Educational pieces 
 and other pf. -music ("Ball-Scenes"; 24 Prel- 
 udes) ; also songs. 
 
 Kirch'ner, Hermann, comp. and tenor con- 
 cert-singer ; b. Wolfis, Thuringia, Jan. 23, 1861 ; 
 now (1899) in Berlin. 
 
 Kirch'ner, Theodor, a distinguished pf.- 
 composer ; b. Neukirchen, n. Chemnitz, Saxony, 
 Dec. 10, 1824. From 1838-42, by Mendels- 
 sohn's advice, he 
 studied in Leipzig 
 under J. Knorr(pf.) 
 and K. F. Becker 
 (org. and theory) ; 
 in the summer of 
 1842, with Joh. 
 Schneider at Dres- , 
 den ; six months in • 
 the Leipzig Cons. ; 
 and then, 1843-62, 
 was organist at 
 Winterthur. 1862- 
 72, teacher in the 
 Zurich Music- 
 School, and conduc- 
 tor ; lived a year at 
 Meiningen as music-master to Princess Maria ; 
 was director of the WUrzburg Cons. 1873-5 ; 
 lived in Leipzig till 1883, then in Dresden, and 
 finally went to Hamburg in i8go. Both Men- 
 delssohn and Schumann were warm friends of 
 
 K., and aided him by advice. Besides songs, 
 song-transcriptions f. pf., piano-duets (" Alte 
 Bekannte in neuem Gewande"), etc., Iv. has 
 publ. some 90 original pf.-works ; the most 
 popular are : Op. 2, 10 pieces ; op. 5, Gruss an 
 meine Freunde ; op. 7, nine Album-leaves ; op. 
 8, Scherzo; op. 9, Preludes (2 books); op. 11, 
 Skizzen (3 books) ; op. 12, Adagio quasi fantasia ; 
 op. 13, Lieder ohne Worte ; op. 14, Phantasie- 
 stucke (3 books) ; op. 16, Kleine Lust- und Trau- 
 erspiele ; op. 17, Neue Davidsbundlertanze ; 
 op. 18, Legenden ; op. 19, 10 pieces (transcr.s 
 of his own songs) ; op. 21, Aquarellen ; op. 22, 
 Romanzen (2 books) ; op. 23, Waltzes,(-2 books) ; 
 op. 25, Nachtbilder (2 books) ; op. 26, Album ; 
 op. 27, Caprices (2 books) ; op. 28, Nocturnes ; 
 op. 29, Aus meinem Skizzenbuch (2 books) ; op. 
 30, Studien und Stucke (4 books) ; op. 36, Phan- 
 tasienam Klavier(2 books) ; op. 37, four Elegies ; 
 op. 38, 12 Studies ; op. 39, Dorfgeschichten ; op. 
 41, Verwehte Blatter ; op. 43, four Polonaises ; 
 op. 46, 30 Kinder- und Kunstlertanze ; op. 48, 
 I-Iumoresken ; op. 49, New Album-leaves ; op. 
 52, Ein neues Klavierbuch (3 parts) ; op. 53, 
 Florestan and Eusebius ; op. 54, Scherzo ; op. 
 55, Neue Kinder'scenen ; op. 56, In stillen Stun- 
 den ; op. 65, sixty Preludes ; op. 70, five Sona- 
 tinas ; op. 71, 100 short Studies ; op. 73, Roman- 
 tische Geschichten (4 books) ; op. 80, nine 
 Album-leaves ; " Lieblinge der Jugend " are 30 
 little etudes without opus-number. Also "Chil- 
 dren's Trios " f. pf., vln., and 'cello (op. 58) ; pf.- 
 quartets (op. 84) ; a string-quartet (op. 20) ; a 
 Serenade f. pf., vln., and 'cello (op. 15, in B) ; 8 
 pieces f. pf. and 'cello (op. 79) ; etc. 
 
 Kirkman, Jacob (recte Kirchmann), the 
 founder (before 1740) of the firm of Kirkman and 
 Son, harpsichord-makers in London ; previously 
 he had been foreman for H. Tabel, also a harp- 
 sichord-maker. The firm began making piano- 
 fortes in 1774 ; but turned out harpsichords also 
 until the end of the century, when Joseph K. 
 was the head. The founder died wealthy in 
 1778 ; he had no children, but took his nephew, 
 Abraham K., into partnership; the present 
 manager of the business (since 1883) is Henry 
 Reece, a descendant of Abraham K. in the 
 fifth generation. 
 
 Kirkmann, Jan, a native of Holland, was 
 organist of the Lutheran Ch., London, in 1782, 
 and died at Norwich, 1799. — Works : Pf.-trios, 
 organ-pieces, sonatas f. pf. and vln., rondos f. 
 pf., etc. 
 
 Kirn'berger,Johann Philipp, noted theorist; 
 b. Saalfeld, Thuringia,. Apr. 24, 1721 ; d. Berlin, 
 July 27, 1783. Pupil of J. P. Kellner at Grafen- 
 roda, and of H. N. Gerber at Sondershausen, 
 then (1739) of J. S. Bach at Leipzig. From 
 1741-50 he was music-master and conductor in 
 various noble Polish families, and at the Nun- 
 nery, Lemberg ; studied the violin under Fickler 
 in Dresden, 1751 ; joined the royal orch. at 
 Berlin, and in 1754 was app. Kapellm. and 
 teacher of composition to Princess Amalie. His 
 
 313 
 
KIST-^KITZLER 
 
 numerous compositions are unimportant ; but as 
 a theoretical writer he ranliS with the best of his 
 time. — Worlcs : "Die Kunst des reinen Satzes 
 in der Musik aus sicheren Grundsatzen hergelei- 
 tet und mit deutlichen Beispielen versehen " (2 
 vol.s ; 1774, 1779 ; his magnum opus) ; " Grund- 
 satze des Generalbasses, als erste Linien zur 
 Composition" (1781 ; often republ.); "Gedanken 
 iiber die verschiedenen Lehrarten in der Com- 
 position, als Vorbereitung zur P'ugenkenntniss " 
 (1782); "Anleitung zur Singcomposition, mit 
 Oden in verschiedenen Sylbenmaassen " (1782) ; 
 " Die Construction der gleichschwebenden Tem- 
 peratur" (1760) ; " Derallzeit fertige Menuetten- 
 und Polonaisen-Componist '' (1757; a kind of 
 mus. joke, the precursor of mus. games of dice). 
 " Die wahren Grundsatze zum Gebrauch der 
 Harmonic" (1773) was claimed by a pupil of 
 K.'s, J. A. P. Schulz, as his work. 
 
 Kist, Florent Corneille [Florens Corne- 
 lius], b. Arnheim, Jan. 28, 1796 ; d. Utrecht, 
 Mar. 23, 1863. In youth an excellent flutist 
 and horn-player, he lived in The Hague as a 
 physician 1818-25 ; in 1821 he founded the 
 " Diligentia " mus. society; gave up medicine, 
 organized and presided over several singing-so- 
 cieties, and in 1841 settled in Utrecht, editing 
 the " Nederlandsch muzikaal Tijdschrift " for 3 
 years, and then founding the " Cicilia," still the 
 leading Dutch mus. periodical. In Utrecht he 
 established Amateur Concerts, and the singing- 
 society " Duce ApoUine." — Publ. " De toestand 
 van het protestantsche kerkgezang in Neder- 
 land " (1840) ; " Levensgeschiedenis van Orlando 
 de Lassus" (1841) ; a Dutch transl. of Brendel's 
 " Grundzilge der Geschichte der Musik " (1851) ; 
 many essays in his own and several German pa- 
 pers ; also vocal music f. i or more voices, and 
 variations f. flute. 
 
 Kist'ler, Cyrill, b. Grossaitingen, n. Augs- 
 burg, Mar. 12, 1848. School-teacher from 
 1864-76 ; then studied music at Munich under 
 WuUner, Rheinberger, and Fr. Lachner (1876- 
 80). In 1883 he was called to the Sonders- 
 hausen Cons, as teacher of theory, cpt., organ, 
 and pf. ; since 1885 he has lived in Bad Kis- 
 singen as principal of a private music-school, 
 and as a music-publisher ; 1884-94, also edited 
 the " Musikalische Tagesf ragen. " — Works: 2 
 operas, Alfred der Grosse and Lichtcnstein ; a. 
 2-act "musical comedy" Eulenspiegel (Wilrz- 
 burg, i88g; unsucc); a romantic "music- 
 drama" .^«Kj7ij7(/(Sondershausen, 1884 ; Wiirz- 
 burg, 1893); and the " music-drama " Baldurs 
 Tod (MS.) ; besides these, 104 works (festival- 
 and funeral-marches f. orch.; mixed and male 
 choruses ; songs ; Phantasien ; Serenaden ; 
 pieces f. org. and harmonium) ; a Method of 
 Harmony developed from Wagner's works, and 
 soon to appear in larger form; also a "Musi- 
 kalische Elementarlehre." 
 
 Kist'ner, Friedrich, b. Leipzig, Mar. 3, 
 1797 ; d. there Dec. 21, 1844. In 1831 he took 
 over Probst's music-publishing business, which 
 
 he carried on from 1836 under the lirm-narae of 
 " Fr. Kistner." His son Julius succeeded him 
 and in 1866 sold out to K. F. L. Gurckhaus 
 (1821-1884). 
 
 Kitchiner, William, wealthy physician, ama- 
 teur musician, and epicure ; b. London, 1775 ■ 
 d. there Feb. 26, 1827. — Works : An operetta 
 Love among the Roses, or. The Master Key ; a 
 mus. drama, Ivanhoe, or. The Knight Tem- 
 plars ; glees, and songs. Also publ. "Observa- 
 tions on Vocal Music" (London, 1821); "The 
 Loyal and National Songs of England " (1823) ; 
 "The Sea Songs of England " (1823) ;" Ama- 
 tory and Anacreontic Songs set to Music" 
 (n.d.) ; "The Sea Songs of Charles Dibdin, 
 with a Memoir of his Life and Writings" 
 (1824). 
 
 Kit'tel, Johann Christian, b. Erfurt, Feb. 
 18, 1732 ; d. there May 9, 1809. He was J. S. 
 Bach's last pupil. At first organist in Langen- 
 salza, he went in 1756 to the Predigerkirche in 
 Erfurt ; but, although a famous player, his sal- 
 ary was wretchedly small, and lesson-giving 
 poorly remunerated. When nearly 70 he was 
 obliged to make a concert-tour to Gottingen, 
 Hanover, Hamburg and Altona, where he re- 
 mained a year (1800). In his old age a pension 
 from Prince Primas of Dalberg saved him from 
 starvation. J. C. H. Rinck was his most cele- 
 brated pupil. His principal publ. works are 
 "Der angehende, practische Organist, oder 
 Anweisung zum zweckmassigen Gebrauch der 
 Orgel beim Gottesdienst " (Erfurt, 1801-8, in 3 
 parts; 3rd ed. 1831) ; " Neues Choralbuch" 
 for Schleswig-Holstein (Altona, 1803) ; 6 so- 
 natas and a fantasia f . clavichord ; ' ' Grosse 
 Praludien," and 2 chorals w. variations, f. 
 organ ; 24 chorals, each with 8 figured basses ; 
 and a 4-part " Hymne an das Jahrhundert" 
 (1801). 
 
 Kit'tl, Johann Friedrich, b. Schloss Wor- 
 lik, Bohemia, May 8, 1806 ; d. Lissa, Prov. 
 Posen, July 20, 1868. While a law-student he 
 also was a music-pupil of Sawora and Toma- 
 schek at Prague ; adopted music as his profession 
 in 1840, succeeded Dionys Weber as Director 
 of the Prague Cons, in 1843, and retired to 
 Polnisch-Lissa in 1865.' — Operas (given in 
 Prague) : Daphnis Grab (1825) ; Bianca und 
 Giuseppe, oder Die Franzosen vor Niz&a (1848 ; 
 text by Richard Wagner) ; Waldblume (1852) ; 
 Die BilderstUrmer (1854) ; also masses, can- 
 tatas, 3 symphonies, a pf.-nonet, a pf.-septet, a 
 pf.-trio, etc. 
 
 Kitz'ler, Otto, b. Dresden, Mar. 16, 1834. 
 Pupil of Johann Schneider, J. Otto, and Kum- 
 mer ('cello), later of Servais and Fetis at the 
 Brussels Cons. 'Cellist in opera-orch.s at 
 Strassburg and Lyons ; Kapellm. at theatres in 
 Troyes, Linz, Konigsberg, Temesvar, Her- 
 mannstadt, and Brunn ; from 1868, director of 
 the Brunn Mus. Society and of the Music- 
 School, also cond. of the Mannergesangverein. 
 
 314 
 
KJERULF— KLEFFEL 
 
 Has publ. orchestral music, pf.-pieces, songs, 
 etc. A. Bruckner was his pupil. 
 
 Kje'rulf, Halfdan, Norwegian composer ; b. 
 Sept. 17, 1818 ; d. Christiania, Aug. 11, 1868. 
 He renounced the 
 study of theology 
 for music ; studied 
 in Leipzig, and set- 
 tled in Christiania 
 as a music-teacher. 
 Jenny Lind, Nils- 
 son, and Sontag 
 brought his songs 
 into vogue, and on 
 them his reputation 
 chiefly rests ; but 
 he also publ. much 
 beautiful pf. -music 
 of a strongly Scan- 
 dinavian cast 
 
 (Spring Song, Shepherd's Song, Cradle-song, 
 Album-leaf, Elfin Dance, Capriccio, Scherzo, 
 Scherzino, Intermezzo, Berceuse, Rondino, Po- 
 lonaise, 6 Sketches, 40 " Norske Folkeviser" 
 [Norse Folk-songs], etc.). In 1874 a monu- 
 ment was erected to him in Christiania. 
 
 Klaf'sky [Lohse-Klafsky], Katharina, 
 dramatic soprano ; b. St. Johann, Hungary, Sept. 
 19, 1855 ; d. Hamburg, Sept. 22, i8g6. She sang 
 in church when 8 ; studied with Mme. Marches! 
 at Vienna when 16 ; sang in comic-opera chorus, 
 then (1875) as soloist at Salzburg, in minor parts; 
 married in 1876, left the stage, and went to 
 Leipzig, where she recommenced her theatrical 
 career in 1881, soon took leading r61es, succeeded 
 the Reicher - Kindermann in A. Neumann's 
 troupe, making the European tour as Sieglinde 
 and Brlinnhilde {Siegfried) ; 1883, Bremen City 
 Th.; 1885, Hamburg City Th.; sang in London 
 in German opera, 1892, 1894; at the Munich 
 Festival of 1894 she sang the role of Isolde ; 
 created role of La Navarraise, in German, at 
 Hamburg, Jan. 2, 1895, and married Otto Lohse, 
 the Th.-Kapellm. there, on Jan. 31. With him, 
 in the Damrosch Opera Company, she made an 
 American tour in 1895-6. 
 
 Klau'ser, Karl, b. St. Petersburg, Russia, 
 Aug. 24, 1823, of Swiss parents. Studied music 
 in Germany, but was chiefly self-taught. Went 
 to New York in 1850, and thence to Farmington, 
 Conn., in 1856, where he was Musical Director 
 for many years in Miss Porter's School. He is 
 well known as an editor and arranger of classic 
 and modern compositions (Beethoven, Mozart, 
 Schumann, Field, Wagner) ; edited "Half-hours 
 with the Best Composers," and also (with Th. 
 Thomas and J. K. Paine) " Famous Composers." 
 
 Klau'ser, Julius, b. New York, Julys, 1854. 
 Pupil of Wenzel in Leipzig Cons., 1871-4 ; lives 
 at Milwaukee as a music-teacher. Author of 
 "The Septonate and the Centralization of the 
 Tonal System " (1890), a modern manual of har- 
 mony. 
 
 Klau'well, Adolf, b. Langensalza, Thurin- 
 gia, Dec. 31, 1818 ; d. Leipzig, Nov. 21, 1879. 
 Teacher in the Third and Fourth " Burgerschu- 
 len" (Municipal Schools) at Leipzig. Publ. ele- 
 mentary class-books, and instructive pf.-pieces 
 (" Goldnes Melodien- Album "). 
 
 Klau'well, Otto, nephew of Adolf ; b. Lang- 
 ensalza, Apr. 7, 1851. Pupil at Schulpforta, 
 1865-70 ; served in the Franco-German war ; 
 studied mathematics and natural science at I,eip- 
 zig Univ., 1871, but 1872-4 devoted himself to 
 music at the Cons, under Richter and Reinecke, 
 continuing the study of music at the Univ., 
 where he took the degree of Dr. phil. with the 
 dissertation " Die historische Entwickelung des 
 musikalischen Kanons" (1874). In 1875, prof, 
 of pf . , theory, and history at Cologne Cons. ; since 
 1885, director of the Teachers' Seminary (classes 
 in pf. -playing established by Wtillner) connected 
 with the Cons. — Publ. " Der Vortrag in der 
 Musik" (1883 ; Engl, transl. New York, 1890) ; 
 " Musikalische Gesichtspunkte " (1881 ; apho- 
 risms on music and musicians) ; ' ' Der Finger- 
 satz des Klavierspiels" (1885); " Musikahsche Be- 
 kenntnisse" (1891) ; " Formender Instrumental- 
 Musik" (1896). Among his compositions are a 
 romantic opera. Das Mddchen voin See (Cologne, 
 1889 ; succ.) ; overtures, chamber-music, pf.- 
 pieces, and songs. 
 
 Klee, Ludwig, pianist and pedagogue ; b. 
 Schwerin, Apr. 13, 1846 ; pupil of Th. Kullak, 
 1864-8, and teacher in KuUak's Acad, until 1875 ; 
 since then, director of a school of his own. Title 
 of " Musik-Direktor " from King of Saxony. — ■ 
 Publ. " Die Ornamentfk der klassischen Klav- 
 iermusik " (the pf.-graces from Bach to Beetho- 
 ven, incl.) ; and edited 3 vol.s of " Klassische 
 Vortragsstucke." 
 
 Klee'berg, Clotilde, distinguished pianist ; 
 b. Paris, June 27, 1866. Pupil of Mmes. Retz 
 and Massart at the Cons., winning 1st prize in 
 the latter's class. Sensational debut, at the age 
 of 12, in a Pasdeloup Concert, with Beethoven's 
 concerto in C minor ; since 18S1 she has toured 
 Denmark, Russia, Austria, Holland, and Eng- 
 land with uniform success. In 1894 she was 
 elected " Officier de I'Academie." Her reper- 
 tory embraces works from Bach to Liszt. Bril- 
 liant tournee in England in 1898. 
 
 Klee'mann, Karl, composer ; b. Rudolstadt, 
 Sept. 9, 1842. Pupil of Hofkapelim. Miiller. 
 Studied several years further, from 1878, in Italy, 
 and was then app. 2nd opera cond. and Ducal 
 Music. Director at Dessau. — Works : Music to 
 Grillparzer's Der Trauni ein Leben; a symphonic 
 fantasia, " Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen"; 
 2 symphonies ; choral works ; songs ; pf.-pcs. 
 
 Kief fel, Arno, b. Possneck, Thuringia, Sept. 
 4, 1840. Studied in the Leipzig Cons., and pri- 
 vately with M. Hauptmann. 1863-7, Dir. of 
 the Mus. Soc. at Riga ; then Kapellm. at theatres 
 in Cologne, Amsterdam, GSrlitz, Breslau, Stet- 
 tin, and 1873-80 at the Friedrich Wilhelmstadt 
 
 315 
 
KLEIN— KLIEBERT 
 
 Th. in Berlin ; then at Augsburg and l.Iagde- 
 burg ; from 1886-92 at Cologne ; since that time 
 teacher of theory at Stern's Cons., Berlin. In 
 i8g5 he received the title of "Professor." — 
 Works : Opera Des Meermanns Harfe (Riga, 
 1865); music to the Christmas Xzg^-a&DieWich- 
 tehndnnchen and to Goethe's Faust ; overtures, 
 a, string-quartet, pf. -pieces (Ritornelles, op. 26 ; 
 Petite Suite, op. 2g ; Impromptu, op. 27 ; "Jung- 
 brunnen," op. 41, 30 short didactic pieces; — 
 "Fete d'enfants," and " Nuits italiennes," for 
 4 hands); part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Klein, Johann Joseph, b. Arnstadt, Aug. 
 24, 1740 ; d. Kahla, n. Jena, June 25, 1823. 
 Lawyer at Eisenburg in Altenburg. — Works ; 
 " Lehrbuch der practischen Musik" (1783); 
 " Lehrbuch der theoretischen Musik'' (iSoi) ; 
 " Neues, voUstandiges Choralbuch" (1785 ; w. 
 Introd. on Chorals). 
 
 Klein, Bernhard, church-composer ; b. Co- 
 logne, Mar. 6, 1793 ; d. Berlin, Sept. g, 1832. 
 Went to Paris in 1812 to study under Cherubini 
 and in the Cons. Library ; was mus. director at 
 Cologne cathedral for some years, and in 1818 
 settled in Berlin, where (1820) he was app. teacher 
 of comp. at the R. Inst, for Church-music, and 
 mus. director and singing-teacher at the Univ. 
 — Works : 3 oratorios, JepJitka, David, and Hiob 
 (Job) ; the cantata Worte des Glaubens (Schiller) ; 
 an 8-p. Paternoster, a 6-p. Magnificat, 6-p. re- 
 sponses, 8 books of psalms, hymns, and motets 
 f. male voices (deservedly popular) ; 2 operas. 
 Dido (1823) and Ariadne (1825), and 2 acts of a 
 third, Irene ; music to Raupach's Erdennacht ; 
 sonatas and variations f . pf . ; etc. — His younger 
 brother, Joseph (1802-62), lived in Berlin and 
 Cologne as a composer. 
 
 Klein, Bruno Oscar, b. Osnabruck, Han- 
 over, June 6, 1858 [not 1856]. Studied pf. and 
 comp. under his fa- 
 ther, Carl K., or- 
 ganist of Osna- 
 brilck cathedral ; 
 then for 2 years at 
 Munich Cons, un- 
 der Rheinberger 
 (cpt.), Willlner 
 (score-reading), 
 and C. Baermann 
 (pf.). Went to 
 America in 1878 ; 
 spent several years 
 in travelling and 
 concertizing, and 
 settled in N ew York 
 in 1883. Since 1884 
 
 he has been head of the pf. -department at the 
 Convent of the Sacred Heart ; also, 1884-94, or- 
 ganist at St. Francis Xavier, and (1887-92) prof, 
 of cpt. and composition at the National Cons. 
 In the season of 1894-5 he gave several concerts 
 in Germany. — Works : Kenilworth, grand opera 
 in 3 acts and an Introduction (Hamburg, Feb. 
 
 13. 1S95) ; many pf.-works of high character, 
 sonata for violin and pf. , and songs. 
 
 Klein'michel, Richard, pianist and com- 
 poser ; b. Posen, Dec. 31, 1846. Pupil of his 
 father (Hermann K., b. 1816 ; d. Hamburg, 
 May 29, 1894 ; bandmaster and music-director 
 at Posen and Potsdam) ; studied in Hamburg and 
 (1863-66) at Leipzig Cons. ; taught music in Ham- 
 burg, returned to Leipzig in 1876, and in 1882 
 became mus. director of the City Th. He mar- 
 ried Clara Monhaupt, a dramatic soprano at 
 Leipzig. — Works : 2 operas, Manon [Schloss de 
 Lorme] (Hamburg, 1883), and the 3-act roman- 
 tic opera Der Pfeiffer von Dusenbach (ibid., 
 1891) ; 2 symphonies ; chamber-music ; pf.-music 
 (" Dorfmusik," 16 characteristic pieces, is op. 
 56 ; 4 books of pf .-etudes ' ' fur kleine und grosse 
 Leute," op. 60 ; and other valuable studies) ; and 
 songs. 
 
 Kleng'el, August Alexander (" Kanon- 
 Klengel"), b. Dresden, Jan. 29, 1784; d. there 
 Nov. 22, 1852. Pupil of Milchmeyer ; from 1803, 
 of Clementi, with whom he travelled through 
 Germany, and in 1805 to St. Petersburg, where 
 K. remained, studying and lesson-giving, until 
 1811. After 2 years in Paris he went to Italy, 
 Dresden, England (1815), and returned to Dres- 
 den in 1816, when he was app. organist of the 
 R. C. Court Church. A master of the legato pf.- 
 style and a fine organist, K. was also a remark- 
 able composer in the strict contrapuntal forms 
 (whence the above sobriquet), works of this kind 
 being " Les Avant-coureurs " (24 pf. -canons; 
 publ. before 1840), and 48 canons and 48 fugues 
 (an unsuccessful attempt to outdo Bach's "Well- 
 tempered Clavichord " ; publ. 1854 by M. Haupt- 
 mann). Other publ. pf. -comp. s : 2 concertos, a' 
 trio, a 4-hand fantasia, a rondo, a " Promenade 
 sur mer, interrompue par une tempete " (op. 19), 
 and other j-o&w-music. 
 
 Kleng;'el, Paul K., pianist and violinist ; b. 
 Leipzig, May 13, 1854. Took degree of Dr. 
 phil., Leipzig, with dissertation " Zur Aesthetik 
 der Tonkunst" ; 1881-6, cond. of the Leipzig 
 " Euterpe " concerts ; 1888-93, 2nd Hofkapellm. 
 at Stuttgart; then cond. the student - chorus 
 " Arion" at Leipzig until 1898, when he went 
 to New York. 
 
 Kleng'el, Julius, brother of Paul, and a gifted 
 'cellist ; b. Leipzig, Sept. 24, 1859 ; pupil of Emil 
 Hegar ('cello) and Jadassohn (comp.) ; ist 'cello 
 in Gewandhaus Orch., and teacher at the Cons. 
 ■ — Publ. comp.s ; 3 'cello-concertos (op. 4, in A 
 min. ; op. 20, in D min., w. pf. ; op. 31, in A 
 min.) ; a concertino f. 'cello w. pf., op. 7, in C ; 
 a Concertstuck f. do., op. 10, in D min. ; a Suite 
 f. 2 'celli, op. 22, in D min. ; a Suite f. 'cello and 
 pf., op. I, in E min. ; about 40 soli f. 'cello w. 
 pf. ; also a Serenade f. string-orch., 2 string- 
 quartets (op. 21 and 34), a pf. -trio in D(op. 25). 
 etc. 
 
 Klie'bert, Karl, b. Prague, Dec. 13, 1840- 
 Pupil of Rheinberger and Wullner at Munich; 
 
 316 
 
KLINDWORTH— KNABE 
 
 Kapellm. at Augsburg theatre ; since 1876, 
 Kirchner's successor as Director of the R. School 
 of Music at Wiirzburg. 
 
 Klind'worth [klint'vort], Karl, pianist and 
 pedagogue ; b. Hanover, Sept. 25, 1830. A 
 precocious self-taught pianist, at 6 he played a 
 pf .-arrangement of Boieldieu's Calif e de Bagdad; 
 but the violin was his chief instr. -At 15 he 
 wished to go to Spohr, but lack of money pre- 
 vented ; at 17, obliged to earn his own liveUhood, 
 he became cond. of a travelling opera-troupe 
 (Bilse played under him as 1st violin). In 1S49, 
 on his way to Amsterdam to conduct the German 
 opera, a telegram apprised him that the venture 
 had failed ; so he went back to Hanover, and 
 gave lessons. While on a pianistic tour he met 
 Liszt, and in 1852, aided pecuniarily by a Jew- 
 ish lady, went to Weimar for 2 years' study. He 
 made rapid progress, and in 1854, armed with 
 letters of introduction, went to London ; his first 
 concert, on Mar. 30, appears to have made an 
 unfavorable impression, but Wagner next year 
 heard and admired him, and became his firm 
 friend. K. gradually made his way in London, 
 and remained there 1854-68 as a pf.-teacher and 
 concert-pianist. A. Rubinstein then called him 
 to Moscow as pf.-prof. at the Imp. Cons. While 
 here, he completed two "monumental" works, 
 his pf.-scores of Wagner's Ringder Nibelungen, 
 and a complete revised edition of Chopin's com- 
 positions (1878). After N. Rubinstein's death 
 in 1882, K. settled in Berlin, conducting for ten 
 years all the concerts of the Wagnerverein and 
 (with Joachim and WuUner) the Philharm. Con- 
 certs. He also establ.d a " Klavierschule " 
 (School of Pf.-playing), von Billow cooperating 
 one month each year ; this was united with the 
 Scharwenka Cons, when K. retired to Potsdam 
 in 1893. — As a" finishing" teacher, K. is in the 
 front rank to-day. His inasterly arr.s of Wag- 
 ner's music-dramas, Schubert's C-maj. Sym- 
 phony (f, 2 pf.s), Tchaikovsky's symphonic poem 
 " Francesca da Rimini," etc., are world-re- 
 nowned, like his revised edition of Beethoven's 
 Sonatas, etc. Among his original (publ.) comp.s 
 f. pf., a difficult and effective Polonaise-Fantai- 
 sie, and 24 grand pf.-etudes in all keys, may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 Kling, Henri, b. Paris, Feb. 17, 1842 ; prof, 
 in Geneva Cons. , and teacher of music in the 
 city schools. — Works : Operas, and other medi- 
 ocre instr.l and vocal music ; a Method and 40 
 characteristic Studies f. horn ; Method f. drum ; 
 a treatise (in German) on Instrumentation (sev- 
 eral editions); " Der vollkommene Musikdiri- 
 gent" (1891); etc. 
 
 Kling^enberg, Friedrich Wilhelra, born 
 Sulau, Silesia, June 6, i8og. Director of the 
 Breslau " Academischer Musikverein," 1830-7 ; 
 then of the Kunstlerverein ; 1840-85, cantor at 
 the Peterskirche, Gorlitz. — Works : A sym- 
 phony, overtures, pf.-pieces, part-songs, vocal 
 cburch-music. 
 
 Klitzsch, Karl Emanuel, b. Schonh'aide, 
 Saxony, Oct. 30, 1812 ; d. Zwickau, Mar. 5, 
 1889. Teacher in Zwickau Gymnasium ; pen- 
 sioned 1886. Self-taught musician ; co-founder 
 and conductor of the Musikverein, cond. of the 
 concerts of the mus. society, cantor of the Ma- 
 rien- and Kalharinenkirche at Zwickau. Con- 
 tributor to the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik " 
 since Schumann's time. Under the pen-name of 
 " Emanuel Kronach " he publ. the 96th Psalm f. 
 soli, ch., and orch.; also songs; his opera, 
 Juana, oder ein Tag aiif St. Domingo^ was 
 given in Zwickau (1850?). 
 
 Klos£, Hyacinthe-Eleonore, clarinettist; b. 
 
 Isle of Corfu, Oct. 11, l8o8; d. Paris, Aug. 29, 
 1880. From 1839-68, prof, of clarinet at the 
 Paris Cons., succeeding Berr, his teacher. He 
 improved the fingering of the clarinet by apply- 
 ing Boehm's system of ring-keys in 1843. — 
 Works : " Grande methode pour la clarinette a 
 anneaux mobiles " ; solo pieces, etudes, and other 
 instructive music f. clar. ; marches, etc., f. mili- 
 tary band ; and 3 niethods f . saxophone (one for 
 each group). 
 
 Klotz (or Clotz), family of Bavarian violin- 
 makers at Mittenwald. The instr.s were brought 
 into repute by Matthias (abt. i66o-g6), the son 
 of Aegidius, sen. ; Matthias' sons, Sebastian 
 and Joseph, were followed, in the i8th century, 
 by Georg, Carl, Michael, and Aegidius, jr. 
 Many of their violins are mistaken for Stainer's 
 make. 
 
 Klug'hardt, August (Friedrich Martin), 
 
 b. KOthen, Nov. 30, 1847. Pupil of Blassmann 
 and Reichel, at Dresden. 'Y\ita.\xe.-Kapellm . at 
 Posen (1867), Llibeck (1868), and Weimar (1869- 
 73), where he was also mus. director to the Grand 
 Duke ; then court Kapellm. at Neustrelitz, and 
 finally at Dessau. This career, and the influ- 
 ence of Liszt, awakened his talent for dramatic 
 composition ; the 3-act opera Mir jam (Weimar, 
 1871) was followed by Iivein (Neustrelitz, 1879), 
 Gudrun (ibid., 1882), Die Hochzeil des Monchs 
 (Dessau, 1886 ; at Prague, 1888, as Astorre). 
 Other works : The great symphonic poem 
 "Leonore"; 3 symphonies (i. "Waldweben"; 
 2. op. 37, in D ; 3. in C min.) ; overtures " Im 
 Fruhling," " Sophonisbe," " Siegesouverture," 
 and " Festouverture " ; anorch.l suite in6move- 
 ments, op. 40, in A min.; a vln. -concerto, op. 
 68, in D ; a string-sextet ; a pf. -quintet ; a 
 string-quartet; a string-trio; " Schilflieder " 
 (after Lenau), 5 PhantasiestUcke f. pf., oboe, and 
 'cello ; pf. -music ; 8 books of songs ; etc. 
 
 Kna'be, William, founder of the celebrated 
 pf.-manufactory at Baltimore, Md.; was born at 
 Kreuzburg, n. Oppeln, Prussia, in 1803 ; died 
 Baltimore, 1864. Began business in 1839 with 
 Henry Gaehle ; in 1854 the partnership was dis- 
 solved. His successors were his sons William 
 (1841-89) and Ernest, joined later by Charles 
 Keidel. The present (1899) heads of the firm 
 
 317 
 
KNECHT— KNYVETT 
 
 are Ernest J. Knabe, jr. (b. July 5, 1869), and 
 William Knabe (b. Mar. 23, 1872). 
 
 Knecht, Justin Heinrich (Abbe Vogler's 
 rival at the organ, and surpassing him as a com- 
 poser and theorist) ; b. Biberach, Wurttemberg, 
 Sept. 30, 1752 ; d. there Dec. i, 1817. From 
 1771-1807, organist and music-director at Biber- 
 ach ; then for 2 years Hofkapellm. at Stuttgart, 
 but resigned on account of intrigues, and re- 
 turned to Biberach. -^As a harmonist, K. taught 
 chord-building by thirds up to chords of the 
 eleventh on all degrees of the scale. Publ. 
 ' ' Erklarung einiger . . . missverstandenen 
 Grundsatze aus der Vogler'schen Theorie " 
 (Ulm, 1785) ; " Gemeinniitzlichss Elemen- 
 tarwerk der Harmonie und des Generalbasses " 
 (4 parts, 1792-98); " Kleines alphabetisches 
 Worterbuch der vornehmsten und interessantes- 
 ten Artikel aus der mus. Theorie "(1795) ; " VoU- 
 standige Orgelschule fur Anfanger und Geiib- 
 tere" (3 parts, 1795-8); " Theoretisch-prak- 
 tische Generalbass-Schule " (n.d.); " Kleine 
 Clavierschule filr dieersten Anfanger " (n.d. ; re- 
 publ. as " Bewahrtes Methodenbuch beim ersten 
 Clavierunterricht ") ; " AUgem. musikalischer 
 Catechismus" (Biberach, 1803); "Luther's 
 Verdienst um Musik und Poesie" (1817). His 
 compositions are obsolete ; but the " Tonge- 
 raalde der Natur'' is interesting as a symphony 
 identical in subject with Beethoven's " Pastoral" 
 symphony. 
 
 Knei'sel, Franz, violin-virtuoso ; b. in Ru- 
 mania, of German parentage, in 1865. A pre- 
 cocious pupil of Griln and Hellmesberger at 
 Vienna, he early became Coizcertmeistcr of the 
 Hofburg Theatre-orch, ; then in Bilse's Orch. 
 at Berlin ; and in 1885 was called to Boston, 
 Mass., by Gericke, as leader and soloist in the 
 Symphony Orch., succeeding Bernhard Liste- 
 mann. K. made his Boston debut in the Bee- 
 thoven concerto on Oct. 31, 1885. Next year 
 he organized the now world -renowned " Kneisel 
 Quartet" (ist vioUn, K.; 2nd violin. Otto Roth 
 [till 1899]; viola, Louis Svecnski ; 'cello, Alwin 
 Schroeder), which has not only played in leading 
 American towns, but also in London, and is in 
 the front rank of similar organizations to-day. 
 K. is equally at home in classic and romantic 
 violin-literature, interpreting the concertos of 
 Beethoven, Spohr, and Mendelssohn, or of 
 Joachim, Goldmark, and Brahms, with masterly 
 insight. He is admirable in ensemble, and has 
 done and is doing important service to the 
 cause of chamber-music in America. 
 
 Knie'se, Julius, b. Roda, n. Jena, Dec. 21, 
 1848. Pianist and organist ; taught by W. 
 Stade in Altenburg, and (1868-70) Brendel and 
 C. Riedel in Leipzig. Director of the Sing- 
 akademie at Glogau, 1871-6 ; then cond. of the 
 Riihl Singing-society and the Wagnerverein at 
 Frankfort ; from 1884-9, Breunung's successor 
 as mus. director at Aix ; since 1882 he has also 
 been chorusmaster for the festival -plays at Bay- 
 reuth, where he has lived since 1889, becoming 
 
 Director of the Preparatory School for Stage- 
 singers establ. in the following year. — Works • 
 Opera, Konig Wittichis, and a symphonic poem' 
 "Frithjof" (both MS.) ; has publ. 4 books of 
 songs. 
 
 Knight, Joseph Philip, English song-com- 
 poser ; b. Bradford-on-Avon, July 26, 1812 ■ d. 
 Great Yarmouth, June I, 1887. Organ-pupil of 
 Corfe at Bristol. While in the United States, 
 1839-41, he brought out his songs " Rocked iii 
 the cradle of the deep " (sung by Braham with 
 great success) and "Why chime the bells so 
 merrily ? " After 2 years as vicar and organist 
 at St. Agnes, Scilly Islands, he married, lived 
 abroad for a time, and then returned to Eng- 
 land. — Works: About, 200 songs (" All on the 
 summer sea," " She wore a wreath of roses," 
 " Say, what shall my song be to-night?," "Of 
 what is the old man thinking?," etc.), and the 
 oratorio yephtha. 
 
 Knorr, Julius, b. Leipzig, Sept. 2, 1805 ; d. 
 there June 17, 1861. Eminent pf.-teacher. 
 Pianistic debut at the Gewandhaus, 1831. An 
 intimate friend of Schumann, and editor of the 
 " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik " during the first 
 year. As a technician, K. introduced the pre- 
 paratory technical exercises which have become 
 the groundwork of technical study on the piano. 
 His publ. works are " Neue Pianoforteschule in 
 184 Uebungen " (1835 ; 2nd ed. 1841 as "Die 
 Pianoforteschule der neuesten Zeit ; ein Supple- 
 ment zu den Werken von Cramer, Czerny, Herz, 
 Hummel, Hilnten, Kalkbrenner, Moscheles 
 . . .") ; " Das Clavierspiel in 280 Uebungen"; 
 " Materialian fur-das mechanische Clavierspiel" 
 (1844); " Methodischer Leitfaden fiir Clavier- 
 lehrer" (1849; oft.-republ.) ; " Wegweiser fUr 
 den Clavierspieler im ersten Stadium " (n. d.) ; 
 " AusfUhrliche Claviermethode " in 2 parts, 
 ' ' Methode " (1859) and ' ' Schule der Mechanik " 
 (i860) ; " Fiihrer auf dem Felde der Clavierun- 
 terrichts-Litteratur " (n. d.) ; " Erklarendes Ver- 
 zeichniss der hauptsachlichsten Musikkunstwor- 
 ter" (1854). 
 
 Knorr, Ivan, b. Mewe, West Prussia, Jan. 3, 
 1853 ; lived from 1856 in Russia ; entered Leip- 
 zig Cons. 1869 (Richter, Reinecke) ; 1874, 
 teacher of music in the Ladies' Institute and the 
 Cons, at Charkov, Russia ; 1883, prof, of mus. 
 theory at the Hoch Cons, at Frankfort-on-Main, 
 — Works : 2 suites f . orch. ; variations (op. 7) f. 
 orch. on a folk-song of the Ukraine ; var.s f. 
 pf., vln., and 'cello, op. i ; pf.-quartet, op. 3; 
 var.s f . pf. and 'cello, op. 4 ; var.s and fugue f. 
 pf. on a Russian folk-song, op. 8 ; and " Love- 
 songs of the Ukraine," f. mixed ch. and pf. 
 
 Knyv'ett, Charles, English organist and 
 tenor singer ; b. Feb. 22, 1752 ; d. London, 
 Jan. 19, 1822. Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 
 1786; with S. Harrison he establ. the Vocal Con- 
 certs (1791-4) ; organist of the Chapel Royal, 
 1796. — His son, Charles, b. 1773, d. Nov. 2, 
 1852, revived the Vocal Concerts in 1801 with 
 
 318 
 
KOBBE— KOFLER 
 
 Greatorex, Bartleman, and his brother William. 
 He was organist of St. George's, Hanover 
 Square, and a much-sought teacher of pf. and 
 harmony. — A younger son, William, b. Apr. 
 21, 1779 ; d. Ryde, Nov. 17, 1856, was the 
 principal alto at the Concerts of Antient Music 
 in 1795, Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1797, 
 Lay-vicar of Westminster Abbey, and succeeded 
 Arnold as composer to the Chapel Royal. He 
 conducted the Concerts of Antient Music, 1832- 
 40, and the Birmingham Festivals, 1S34-43. 
 
 Kob'b6, Gustav, b. New York, Mar. 4, 1857. 
 Studied pf. and composition 1867-72, with Adolf 
 Hagen at Wiesbaden ; later with Joseph Mosen- 
 thal at New York. Graduate of Columbia Col- 
 lege (School of Arts, 1877 ; School of Law, 1879). 
 Resides (1899) in Morristown, N. J.; is a fre- 
 quent contributor, on musical and other subjects, 
 to the daily press and the magazines (Century, 
 Scribner's, Forum). Publ. " Wagner's Life and 
 Works " (New York, 1890 ; 2 vol.s ; contains 
 analyses, with the Leitmotive in notes, of the 
 music-dramas); " The Ring of theNibelung" 
 (1889 ; part of preceding, printed separately) ; 
 "Plays for Amateurs" (1892); "My Rosary, 
 and Other Poems " (1896) ; " New York and its 
 Environs" (1891) ; also a few songs. 
 
 Kobe'lius, Johann Augustin, b. Wahlitz, 
 n. Halle, Feb. 21, 1674 ; d. Weissenfels, Aug. 
 17, 1731, as Kapellm. to the Duke of W. For 
 the ducal court he wrote 20 operas (1716-29). 
 
 Koch, Heinrich Christoph, noted theorist ; 
 b. Rudolstadt, Oct. 10, 1749 ; d. there Mar. 12, 
 i8i5. Pupil of Gopfert at Weimar ; 1768 violin- 
 ist, 1777 Kammermusiker, in the Rudolstadt 
 orch. — Comp.s : " Choralbuch" for wind-band ; 
 cantatas. — Writings: " Musikalisches Lexikon" 
 (1802 ; republ. in epitome, 1807 and 1828 ; revised 
 ed. by A. von Dommer, 1865) ; " Versuch einer 
 Anleitung zur Composition " (3 parts, 1782-93) ; 
 " Handbuch bei dem Studium der Harmonic" 
 (l3ii) ; a manual of enharmonic modulation 
 (1812) ; and essays and reviews in periodicals. 
 His "Journal der Tonkunst," started in 1795, 
 was short-lived. 
 
 Koch, Eduard Emil, b. Schloss Solitude, n. 
 Stuttgart, Jan. 20, 1809 ; d. Stuttgart, Apr. 27, 
 1871. Pastor at Gross-Anspach, 1837; at Heil- 
 bronn, 1847 ; superintendent there 1853-64. 
 Author of the valuable work " Geschichte des 
 Kirchenliedes und Kirchengesanges, insbeson- 
 dere der deutschen evangelischen Kirche " 
 (1847; 3rd ed., in 8 vol.s, 1866-76, vol. viii 
 edited by R. Lauxmann). 
 
 Koch'el, Ludwig, Ritter von, b. Stein-on- 
 Danube, Lower Austria, Jan. T4, 1800; d. Vienna, 
 June 3, 1877. A musical dilettante of rare gifts 
 and learning. Doctor of Laws, teacher of the 
 Austrian princes, and (1832) Imp. councillor ; 
 ennobled in 1842. — Writings : "Ueberden Um- 
 fang der musikalischen Productivitat W. A. 
 Mozarts " (1862), preceding his uniquely valua- 
 ble " Chronologisch-systematisches Verzeichniss 
 
 sammtlicher Tonwerke W. A. Mozarts " (Leip- 
 zig, 1862 ; K. publ. supplementary matter in the 
 " AUgem. mus. Zeitung," 1S64) ; "Die kaiser- 
 liche Hofmusikkapelle zu Wien von 1543-1867" 
 (1868) ; and " Johann Joseph Fux" (1872). 
 
 Koch'er, Conrad, b. Ditzingen, n. Stuttgart, 
 Dec. l6, 1786 ; d. Stuttgart, Mar. 12, 1872. In 
 1803 he went to St. Petersburg as a private 
 tutor; studied the pf. , by Clemen ti's advice, 
 under Klengel and Berger, comp. under J. H. 
 MuUer. Travelled in Italy (1819), returned to 
 Stuttgart 1820, founded a church choral society, 
 and devoted himself to composition. Became 
 mus. director of the Stiftskirche in 1S27 ; Dr. 
 phil. /ton. causa oi Tubingen Univ., 1852. — Publ. 
 a pf. -method ; a manual of composition, "Die 
 Tonkunst in der Kirche" (1823); and " Zions- 
 harfe " (ancient and modern chorals) ; comp. 2 
 operas, an oratorio, etc. 
 
 Koczal'ski, Raoul (Armand Georg), boy- 
 pianist and composer ; b. Warsaw, Jan. 3, 1885. 
 First lessons in pf. -playing from his mother ; 
 then trained by Gadowski (Warsaw). When 
 only 4, he played at a charity-concert in Warsaw, 
 and at once became famous as an " infant phe- . 
 nomenon"; played at Vienna (1892), St. Peters- 
 burg, Moscow, Paris, London (1893), and other 
 European cities. Court pianist to the Shah of 
 Persia, with yearly stipend of 3,000 francs. 
 Is said to have played in about 600 concerts 
 up to 1892. — Compositions : The l-act opera 
 Hagar ; and, f. pf. , a Scherzo-Fantasiai a Fan- 
 tasia in F min., a Grand Fantasia in D, a 
 Gavotte, Waltzes, etc. 
 
 Koem'menich, Louis, b. Elberfeld, Ger- 
 many, Oct. 4, 1866 ; pupil of Anton Krause at 
 Barmen, and of Franz KuUak, W. Pfeiffer, A. 
 Hollander, and W. Tappert at Kullak's Acad., 
 Berlin (1885-87). Going to New York in i8go, he 
 has been active as a conductor of singing-socie- 
 ties, and teacher of pf. and singing ; since 1894, 
 cond. of the Brooklyn Sangerbund (performance 
 of novelties a specialty) ; in 1898 he organized 
 an Oratorio Soc. for the production of modern 
 works. — Publ. comp.s: Consist chiefly of part- 
 songs for male ch., a cantata, and songs. 
 
 Koe'nen, Friedrich, b. Rheinbach, n. Bonn, 
 Apr. 30, 1829 ; d. Cologne, July 6, 1887. Pupil 
 of his father (pf. and org.), and Biermann 
 ('cello). Ordained priest, 1854 ; studied church- 
 music at Ratisbon (1862-3) under Haberl, 
 Schrems, and Witt, then returned to Cologne, 
 and was app. cathedral Kapellm., and music- 
 teacher at the Seminary for Priests. He founded 
 the Cdcilienverein in 1869, and was its president 
 until death. His 58 compositions include 2 
 masses f . male choir and 5 f. mixed choir ; 
 2 church-cantatas ; a Te Deum, motets, psalms, 
 etc. ; also organ-preludes, and 25 songs w. pf. 
 
 Ko'fler, Leo, b. Brixen, Austrian Tyrol, Mar. 
 13. 1837. Well-known writer, critic, and sing- 
 ing-teacher ; since 1877, organist and choirmas- 
 ter of St. Paul's Chapel, Trinity Parish, New 
 
 319 
 
KOGEL— KOLLMANN 
 
 York. — Works : " The Art of Breathing as the 
 Basis of Tone-production " (New York, 5 edi- 
 tions ; Leipzig [in German], 1897) ; " Take 
 Care of Your Voice, or The Golden Rule of 
 Health"; "Selected Hymn-tunes and Hymn- 
 Antheras." 
 
 Ko'gel, Gustav Friedrich, b. Leipzig, Jan. 
 16, 1849. Pupil of the Cons. (1863-7} ; then in 
 Alsatia till 1870 ; worked for C. F. Peters until 
 1874, was then theatre-A'a/^/Zw: in various cities, 
 and at Leipzig (1883-6) ; from 1891 cond. of the 
 Museum Concerts at Frankfort. Editor of full 
 scores and pf. -scores of several operas (notably 
 Jessonda, Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor, 
 and Hans Heiling). Comp. a few pf. -pieces f. 2 
 and 4 hands. 
 
 Koh'ler, Ernst, b. Langenbielau, Silesia, 
 May 2S, 1799 ; d. Breslau, May 26, 1847, where 
 he was ist organist of the Elisabethkirche 
 from 1827. Excellent organist and pianist, and 
 publ. fine works for both instr.s; also comp. 2 
 symphonies, g overtures, 12 church-cantatas, 
 and 12 large vocal works w. orch. 
 
 Koh'ler, (Christian) Louis (Heinrich), dis- 
 • tinguished pianist, teacher, and composer of in- 
 structive pf.-music ; b. Brunswick, Sept. 5, 
 1820 ; d. Konigsberg, Feb. 16, 1886. Pupil, at 
 Brunswick, of Sonnemann (pf.), Zinkeisen se- 
 nior and Leibrock (theory), and Zinkeisen junior 
 (violin) ; at Vienna (1839-43) of Sechter and v. 
 Seyfried (comp.), and v. Bocklet (pf.). Then 
 Kapellm. at theatres in Marienburg, Elbing, 
 and (1845-6) Konigsberg, where he finally set- 
 tled in 1847 as teacher, founding an eminently 
 successful school for pf. -playing and theory. 
 He received the title of "Royal Professor "in 
 1880. He was one of the chief promoters of 
 the "Allgem. deutscher Tonklinstlerverein," 
 founded in 1859 at Leipzig. His reviews of 
 new compositions, in the Leipzig "Signale," 
 were models of impartiality and acumen. He 
 was a zealous teacher (Hermann Goetz was his 
 pupil), and his didactic writings and composi- 
 tions obtained great vogue, the Studies being 
 used in most Conservatories ; he was called 
 "the heir of Czerny" as a pf. -instructor, — 
 Works: " Systematische Lehrmethode fur Cla- 
 vierspiel und Musik," in 2 vol.s; Vol. i, "Die 
 Mechanik als Grundlage der Technik" (1856; 
 3rd ed., rev. by Riemann, 1888); Vol. ii, 
 " Tonschriftwesen, Harmonik, Metrik" (1858); 
 " Fuhrer durch den Clavierunterricht " (6th ed. 
 1879) is °f value, but not free from bias ; fur- 
 ther "Der Clavierfingersatz " (1862); "Der 
 Clavierunterricht, oder Studien, Erfahrungen 
 und Rathschlage" (4th ed. 1877); "Die neue 
 Richtung in der Musik " (1864) ; " Leichtfass- 
 liche Harmonic- und Generalbass-Lehre " (3rd 
 ed. 1880); "Brahms und seine Stellung in der 
 neuern Clavierlitteratur " (1880) ; " Der Clavier- 
 pedalzug" (1882); "AUgemeine Musiklehre " 
 (1883). — K. composed 3 operas : Prinz tmd 
 Mnler (Vienna, 1844?), Maria Dolores (limns- 
 wick, 1844), and Gil Bias ; a ballet, Dfr 7.au- 
 
 bercomponist (Brunswick, 1846) ; music to Eu- 
 ripides' Helena (Vienna, 1843) ; overture to 
 Phurmio (Terence) ; a cantata ; a Vaterunser f. 
 4 female and 4 male voices (op. 100) ; a sym- 
 phony, a quartet, songs, and some 300 pf.- 
 works, chiefly didactic. 
 
 Kohut, Adolf, b. Mindszent, Hungary, 
 Nov. 10, 1847. Living in BerHn. Author of 
 " Weber- Gedenkbuch," "Friedrich Wieck," 
 " Leuchtende Fackeln," a biography of Rossini 
 (1892), etc. 
 
 Kohout, Franz, b. Hostin, Bohemia, May 
 5, 1858. Pupil, 1873-6, of Skuhersky in the 
 Prague Organ-School. Now (i8gg) conductor 
 of orch. in the " Deutsches Theater " at Prague, 
 and organist of the Weinberger synagogue. — 
 Works : Besides incidental music to various 
 plays, he has comp. the i-act (Bohemian) roman- 
 tico-comic opera Babinsky (Smichov summer 
 theatre, near Prague, 1892 ; Pilsen, 1893) ; the 
 I -act (German) dramatic opera Stella (Prague, 
 German Landestheater, 1896 ; v. succ.) ; and a 
 4-act opera Juan de Marana (not perf.) ; organ- 
 pieces, and pf. -pieces (many still in MS.). 
 
 Kol'be, Oskar, b. Berlin, Aug. 10, 1836 ; d. 
 there Jan. 2, 1878. Pupil (1852-4) of Grell, 
 Loschhorn, and A. W. Bach, at the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music ; then at the R. Acad, until 1856. 
 Teacher of theory at Stern's Cons., 1859-75, 
 with the title of "Royal Music-Director" in 
 1872 (on the production of his orsXoTio Johannes 
 der Tdufer). Publ. pf.-music, songs, a " Kurz- 
 gefasstes Handbuch der Generalbasslehre " 
 (1862 ; and ed. 1872), and a " Handbuch der 
 Harmonielehre " (1873). 
 
 Kolff, J. van Santen, essayist ; b. Rotter- 
 dam, Holland, Apr. 19, 1848 ; d. Berlin, Nov. 
 2g, 1896. Wrote hundreds of mus. articles for 
 the German, French, and Dutch press ; among 
 them " Geschichtliche's und Asthetisches uber 
 das Erinnerungsmotiv " [a history of the Leit- 
 motiv before Wagner] (in vol.s viii and ix of the 
 " Bayreuther Blatter") ; on the " Werdeschick- 
 sale" of Parsifal (" Bayreuther Taschenbuch," 
 i8g2) ; " Werden und Wachsen der Faust-Ou- 
 verture" (" Bayr. Blatter," l8g4) ; on the utili- 
 zation of the Faust-idea in music (" Bayr. Ta- 
 schenbuch," i8g4) ; on "Zola und die Musik" 
 (" Beriiner Signale," 1S96, Nos. 5, 7., 8, I3)j 
 and many others in the " Revue Wagnerienne," 
 the Leipzig " Musikalisches Wochenblatt," the 
 Amsterdam " Weekblad voor muziek," etc. 
 
 KoKling, Karl W. P., composer and miisic- 
 teacher in Hamburg, where he was born Feb. 
 18, 1831. His works are chiefly attractive salon- 
 pieces for piano ; he brought out a very success- 
 ful operetta, Schmctterlinge (i&()i, Karl Schuke- 
 Theater, Hamburg). 
 
 Koll'mann, August Friedrich Karl, b. 
 Engelbostel, Hanover, 1756; d. London, Nov., 
 1824, as organist and choirmaster in the German 
 Chapel, St. James's. He was a somewhat ec- 
 centric theorist and composer. — Works : " The 
 
 320 
 
KOMPEL— KORNER 
 
 Shipwreck " (a program-symphony) ; loo Psalms 
 harmonized in lOO ways ; Rondo f. pf. on the 
 chord of the diminished 7th ; etc. Publ. 
 " Essay on Practical Harmony " (1796) ; " First 
 Beginning on the Pianoforte" (op. 5 ; n. d.) ; 
 " Essay on Practical Musical Composition " 
 (1799); "Practical Guide to Thorough-Bass" 
 (i8oi) ; "Vindication of a Passage in do." 
 (1802); "New Theory of Musical Harmony" 
 (1806) ; " Second Practical Guide to Thorough- 
 Bass" (1807); "Remarks on what Mr. J. B. 
 Logier calls his New System " (in the ' ' Quar- 
 terly Mus. Mag. and Review," l8l8) ; " Introd. 
 to the Art of Preluding and Extemporizing in 
 Si.t Lessons for the Harpsichord or Harp"(n. 
 d.). Only 2 numbers of his own "Quarterly 
 Mus. Register" appeared (1812). 
 
 Kbm'pel, August, violinist, called Spohr's 
 best pupil ; b. Briickenau, Aug. 15, 1S31 ; d. 
 Weimar, Apr. 7, 1891. Studied at the Wurz- 
 burg Music-School, later with Spohr, David, and 
 Joachim. From 1844-52 he played in the Kassel 
 court orch., 1852-61 in that at Hanover; after 
 long concert-tours he became a member of the 
 Weimar orch. in 1863, and leader in 1867, being 
 pensioned tn 1884. 
 
 Ko'nigslow, Johann Wilhelm Cornelius 
 von, b. Hamburg, Mar. 16, 1745 ; d. May 14, 
 1833, at Lubeck, where he had been organist of 
 the Marienkirche since 1773. He composed 
 many " Abendmusiken," following Buxtehude's 
 example. 
 
 Ko'nigslow, Otto Friedrich von, b. Ham- 
 burg, Nov. 13, 1824. Pupil of Fr. Pacius and 
 Karl Hafner, and from 1844-6 of David (vln.) 
 and Hauptmann (theory) in the Leipzig Cons. 
 After concert-tours for 12 years (many in com- 
 pany with Carl Reinecke), he was leader (1858- 
 81) of the Giirzenich Orch. at Cologne, also vio- 
 lin-teacher in, and vice-director of, the Cons., 
 with the title of " Royal Prof." Retired to 
 Bonn. 
 
 Ko'ning, David, b. Rotterdam, Mar. 19, 
 1820 ; d. Amsterdam, Nov. 6, 1876. Pianist 
 and comp.; pupil of Aloys Schmittin Frankfort. 
 From 1840, conductor of the "Felix meritis" 
 choral soc. at Amsterdam; also for ten years sec- 
 retary, then president, of the Cecilia Soc. ; hon. 
 member of the Cecilia Soc, Rome, and the 
 Amsterdam Soc. for the Promotion of Music. 
 Excellent teacher, and talented composer. — 
 Works : Op. i, " Domine, salvum fac regem," w. 
 orch. ; comic opera. The Fishermaiden ;^''YA&%y 
 on the death of an Artist," f. soli, ch., and orch. 
 (op. 22) ; string-quartets ; a great variety of vocal 
 music ; 7 pf.-etudes in the style of Schmitt, 
 Clementi, Cramer, etc.; sonatas and a "Vrede- 
 marsch " f. pf . ; etc. 
 
 Kon'radin, Karl Ferdinand, operetta-com- 
 poser ; b. St. Heienenthal, n. Baden, L. Austria, 
 Sept. I, 1B33 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 31, 1884, where 
 he prod. 11 operettas. 
 
 Kont'ski, Antoine de, eminent pianist ; b. 
 
 Cracow, Oct. 27, 1S17. Pupil of Joh. Marken- 
 dorf at Warsaw, and (1830) of Field at Moscow. 
 On numerous concert-tours he created a furore 
 by the brilliancy, suaveness, and delicacy of his 
 technique; lived in Paris till 1851, in Berlin for 
 about 2 years (app. court pianist), in St. Peters- 
 burg 1854-67, also concertizing in various cities, 
 then in London as a teacher of advanced pf.- 
 playing. He traversed the United States in 
 18S5-6, and later lived for a. time in Buffalo, 
 N. Y. In 1896-8 (at the age of 80 !) he made a 
 grand pianistic tour around the world, ending at 
 Warsaw ; in January, 1899, he was giving con- 
 certs in St. Petersburg. — Works (technically diffi- 
 cult, but generally of mediocre quality): " Le 
 reveil du lion" (op. 115), very popular both f. 
 pf. and as arr. f. orch.; 2 pf. -concertos ; the 
 waltzes " La victorieuse " (op. 89) and "Souvenir 
 de Biarritz " (op. 278) ; " Grande Polonaise " (op. 
 271) ; "La nuit sur la mer " (op. 259) ; also an 
 opera, Les deux distraits (London, 1872) ; an 
 oratorio ; symphonies, overtures, masses, etc. — 
 His brother, 
 
 Kont'ski, ApoUinaire de, b. Warsaw, Oct. 
 23, 1825 ; d. there June 29, 1879. Violinist, 
 pupil of his brother Charles (b. Sept. 6, 1815 ; 
 d. Paris, Aug. 27, 1867) ; when but 4, he could 
 play concertos by Rode, and later became Paga- 
 nini's favorite pupil in Paris. — Toured France 
 and Germany (1847), made a sensation in St. 
 Petersburg (1851), and from 1853-61 was Imp. 
 chamber- virtuoso there ; then settled in Warsaw, 
 and in 1861 founded the Cons., of which he was 
 Director till death. — Violin-music of slight value. 
 — A fourth brother, Stanislas (b. Cracow, Oct. 
 8, 1820), a violin-teacher in Paris, has publ. 
 light violin-pieces. 
 
 Kopecky, Ottokar, violinist, b. Chotebor, 
 Bohemia, Apr. 29, 1850. Pupil (1864-70) of 
 Prague Cons. ; now leader of the Philharm. 
 Orch., Hamburg, cond. of the "Schaeffer" 
 Orch., and teacher in the Cons. 
 
 Kopylow, Alexander, b. St. Petersburg, 
 1854 ; .studied in the Imp. Chapel, where he is 
 now (1899) vocal instructor. — Works : Orchestral 
 numbers (scherzo, op. 10) ; pf. -pieces ; choruses; 
 songs. 
 
 Korbay, Francis Alexander, b. Pesth, 
 Hungary, May 8, 1846. Tenor singer (pupil of 
 Roger) and pianist (pupil of Liszt). Sang at 
 the Hungarian Opera, Pesth, 1S65-8 ; toured 
 Germany, England, and America as a concert- 
 pianist ; settled in New York, 1871, as teacher 
 of voice and pf. His many vocal recitals have 
 been very successful. — Works: " Nuptiale," f. 
 orch. (often perf.) ; " Le matin," f. solo voice 
 and pf. (arr. by Liszt f. orch.); settings f. vocal 
 solo of Lenau's "Schilflieder"; Hungarian Folk- 
 songs transcr. f. pf. ; pf.-pieces ; etc. 
 
 Kor'ner, Christian Gottfried, b. Leipzig, 
 July 2, 1756 ; d. Berlin, May 13, 1831. He was 
 the father of Theodor K., the poet. Composed 
 songs, etc.; and publ. (in the " Horen," 1775) an 
 
 321 
 
KORNER— KOTHE 
 
 essay " Ueber den Charakter der Tone oder ilber 
 Charakterdarstellung in der Musik." 
 
 Kor'ner, Gotthilf Wilhelm, b. Teicha, n. 
 Halle, June 3, 1809; d. Erfurt, Jan. 13 (4?), 
 1865, as a music-publisher. He founded his 
 business in 1838, and publ. many organ-works ; 
 in 1S86 the firm was united with that of C. F. 
 Peters. He also founded the " Urania," a peri- 
 odical for organists, in 1844 (the editor is -A.. W. 
 Gottschalg since 1865). 
 
 Koschat, Thomas, composer and bass singer ; 
 b. Viktring, near Klagenfurt, Aug. 8, 1845. 
 While a student of natural science at Vienna, 
 Esser induced him to join the court-opera chorus, 
 in which he soon became the leader. In 1874 
 he also joined the cathedral-choir ; in 1878, the 
 Hofkapelk. In 1871 he publ. his first Carin- 
 thian quartets for men's voices ; they attained 
 immense popularity, and are his specialty (over 
 100 have appeared). He writes the poems (in 
 the Carinthian dialect) as well as the music. 
 With four other solo singers, he organized the 
 famous " Karnthner Quintett " in 1875. His 
 " Liederspiel " Am Wdrihersee^ containing 
 many of his favorite vocal numbers, has had 
 great vogue in Vienna and elsewhere ; he has 
 also prod, a 4-act " Volksstiick mit Gesang," 
 Die Jiosenthaler Nachtigall, and the " Singspiel " 
 Der Burgerjneister von St, Anna (Prague, 1893 ; 
 succ.) [given in Italian as Un colpo di fuoco\. 
 
 Ko'selitz, Heinrich, b. Annaberg, Saxony, 
 1854 ; pupil of Richter (Leipzig Cons.), and 
 Nietzsche (Basel). Lives in Italy. Under the 
 pen-name of "Peter Cast " he prod, an opera. 
 Die heimliche Ehe, at Danzig, i8gi. 
 
 Kos'leck, Julius, b. Neugard, Pomerania, 
 Dec. 3, 1835. Virtuoso on the trumpet and 
 cornet a pistons ; member of the royal band, 
 Berlin, and teacher of trumpet end trombone at 
 the Hochschule. Founder (1871) and leader of 
 the famous " Kaiser-Cornett-Quartett. " Publ. a 
 method f. trumpet and cornet. 
 
 Kos'sak, Ernst, b. Marienwerder, Aug. 4, 
 1814 ; d. BerHn, Jan 3, 1880. Writer, living 
 since 1834 in Berlin, where he took the degree 
 of Dr. phil. Llis mus. feuilletons, and many 
 contributions to the "Neue Berliner Musik- 
 zeitung, " to the ' ' Echo " (which he founded, and 
 edited for years), and other papers, have won 
 him an assured position among living mus. 
 journalists. 
 
 Kossmaly, Carl, July 27, 1812 ; d. Stettin, 
 Dec. I, 1893. Pupil (1828-30) of Berger, Zel- 
 ter, and Klein at Berlin ; \he.3Xxe:-Kapellm. at 
 Wiesbaden, Mayence, Amsterdam, Bremen, 
 Detmold, and (1846-9) Stettin, where he settled 
 as teacher and concert - conductor. — Works : 
 " Schlesisches Tonkunstler-Lexikon " (1846-7) ; 
 " Mozarts Opern " (1848, after Ulibishev's " Mo- 
 zart"); "Ueber die Anwendung des Pro- 
 gramms zur Erklarung musikalischer Composi- 
 tionen" (1858); "Ueber Richard Wagner" 
 (1874, anti-Wagnerian) ; cpptributions to mus. 
 
 periodicals ; symphonies, overtures, instr.l and 
 vocal works, songs, etc. 
 
 Kost'lin, Karl Reinhold, b, Urach, Wiirt. 
 temberg, Sept. 28, 1819 ; d. Apr. 12, 1894, at 
 Tubingen, as prof, of iesthetics and art-history. 
 ■ — Publ. " Aesthetik" (2vol.s, 1863-1869), treat- 
 ing incidentally of music ; an essay on mus. Ees- 
 thetics in Vischer's "Aesthetik," vol. iii.; and 
 a pamphlet on Wagner. 
 
 Kost'lin, Heinrich Adolf, b. Tubingen, 
 Oct. 4, 1846. Student of theology, tutor, chap, 
 lain, etc. ; in 1875 he united the choirs of three 
 towns (Sulz, Kalw, Nagold) for church-music 
 performances, the germ of the Wurttemberg 
 Evangelical " Kirchengesangverein," organized 
 by him in 1877, the festivals of which he also 
 conducted for years. While preacher in Fried- 
 richshafen (1878), he also cond. the Oratorio 
 Soc. there ; went to Stuttgart in 1881, to Fried- 
 berg in 1883, and finally (1891) to Darmstadt.— 
 Publ. ' ' Geschichte der Musik im Umriss " (1873 ; 
 3rd enlarged ed. 1883); "Die Tonkunst : 
 Einfiihrung in die Aesthetik der Musik " (1878) ; 
 a biographical sketch of his mother, "Josephine 
 Lang-Kostlin " (the song-comp.) ; also book- 
 reviews in the " Deutsches Litteratu'rblatt " and 
 the Augsburg " AUgemeine Zeitung." 
 
 Ko'tek, Joseph, b. Kamenez-Podolsk, Govt, 
 of Moscow, Oct. 25, 1855 ; d. Davos, Switz., 
 Jan. 4, 1885. Violinist ; pupil of Moscow 
 Cons., later of Joachim ; from 1882, teacher at 
 the Hochschule, Berlin. — Duets, soli, and etudes, 
 f. vln. 
 
 Ko'the, Bernhard, b. Grobnig, Silesia, 
 May 12, 1821 ; d. Breslau, in Aug., 1897. 
 Pupil of the R. Inst, for Church-music, Berlin, 
 and of A. B. Marx ; 1851, church mus. director 
 and teacher at Oppeln ; 1869, teacher of music 
 at the Teachers' Seminary, Breslau, succeeding 
 his brother Aloys. Here he founded the Ca- 
 cilien-Verein for Catholic church-music. — Publ. 
 " Musica sacra " (sacred songs f. men's voices) ; 
 a book of organ-preludes ; organ-pieces ; motets ; 
 and 2 pamphlets, "Die Musik in der katholi- 
 schen Kirche" (1862) and " Abriss der Musik- 
 geschichte filr Lehrerseminare und Dilettanten" 
 (1874) ; edited the 4th ed. of Seidel's " Die 
 Orgel und ihr Ban " (1887) ; and, with Forch- 
 hammer, a " Fiihrer durch die Orgellitteratur " 
 (1890). 
 
 Ko'the, Aloys, brother of preceding; b. 
 Grobnig, Oct. 3, 1828 ; d. Breslau, Nov.' 13, 
 1868, as teacher of music at the Teachers' Semi- 
 nary. He was a pupil of Grell and Bach in 
 Berlin. — Publ. a mass f. men's voices ; songs, 
 pf. -pieces, etc. 
 
 Ko'the, Wilhelm, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Grobnig, Jan. 8, 1831 ; pupil of the R. Orgel- 
 Institut at Berlin, has been since 1871 music- 
 teacher at the Teachers' Seminary in Habel- 
 schwerdt, Silesia. He publ. a pamphlet on 
 " Friedrich der Grosse als Musiker"; methods 
 for violin and voice ; songs, and pf. -music. 
 
 322 
 
KOTTHOFF— KRAFT 
 
 Kott'hoff, Lawrence, b. Eversberg, Ger- 
 many, Dec. II, 1862. Pupil, in Berlin, of Emil 
 Breslaur (pf.), Fr. Grunike (org.), and A. Buch- 
 holz (cpt. and orchestration). Settled in St. 
 Louis, Missouri, in 1886. Is a Bach specialist ; a 
 critic, and a successful teacher. Has a " Scripto- 
 Aaalysis of Music" in MS., and is a frequent 
 contributor to scientific periodicals. 
 
 Kbtt'litz, Adolf, b. Trier, Sept. 27, 1820 ; 
 killed while hunting in Uralsk, Siberia, Oct. 26, 
 i860. Precocious violinist, playing concertos by 
 Rode and Mayseder in his seventh year, and 
 giving public concerts at ten years of age. He 
 lived for 3 years under Lizst's protection in Paris ; 
 was leader in the IConigsberg Th. 1848-56, then 
 made a long concert-tour through Russia and 
 Siberia, and settled at Uralsk as mus. director. 
 Publ. 2 fine string-quartets. — His wife Clo- 
 thilde, nee EUendt (1822-67), was an excellent 
 singing-teacher in Konigsberg. 
 
 Kot'zeluch, Johann Anton, {recte Jan An- 
 tonin Kozeluch,) b. Wellwarn, Bohemia, Dec. 
 13. 1738 ; d. Prague, Feb. 3, 1814. He was a 
 chorister at St. Veit's ch. , and a pupil of Seegert, 
 at Prague ; studied later under Gluck and Gass- 
 mann, Vienna. Church mus. director at Vienna 
 and Prague ; then Kapellm. at the Metropolitan- 
 kirche at Prague. His operas, oratorios, masses, 
 and other church-music remained in MS. — His 
 cousin, 
 
 Kot'zeluch [Koz'eluch], Leopold Anton; 
 
 b. Wellwarn, Dec. 9, 1752 ; d. Vienna, May 7, 
 1811 [Grove]. Law-student at Prague, 1765 ; 
 his teacher in music was the above cousin, and 
 the success of a ballet of his own at the Na- 
 tional Th., Prague, in 1771, caused him to adopt 
 the profession of music. Within six years he 
 wrote 24 more ballets, 3 pantomimes, and inci- 
 dental music ; became music-master to the Arch- 
 duchess Elisabeth at Vienna in 1778, and fol- 
 lowed Mozart as court composer in 1792, which 
 proves the estimation in which he was held as a 
 composer. He was a brilliant pianist, and in 
 high favor as a teacher among the -aristocracy. 
 His compositions are of little interest to-day. 
 They include the operas Le Mazet (Vienna, 1780), 
 Didone abhandonata (1795 ?), Giuditta, la libe- 
 razione di Betulia; Deborah und Sisara : the 
 oratorio Mosh in Egitto (1787) ; several can- 
 tatas ; 30 symphonies ; nearly 50 concertos f . 
 pf.; a quantity of other pf. -music ; chamber- 
 music ; etc. 
 
 Kot'zolt, Heinrich, noted vocal teacher and 
 chorus-conductor ; b. Schnellewalde, Upper Si- 
 lesia, Aug. 26, 1814; d. Berlin, July 3, 1881. 
 Student of philology at Breslau, but preferred 
 music, studying under Dehn and Rungenhagen 
 at Berlin, 1836-8. Bass singer at the Danzig 
 opera, 1838-42 ; then ist solo bass in the Berlin 
 cathedral-choir, of which he became 2nd con- 
 ductor in 1862. In 1849 he founded the " Kot- 
 zolt Gesangverein " (a cappelld), which he cond. 
 until he died. He received the titles of " R. 
 
 Musikdirektor " in 1866, and "Professor" in 
 1876. Publ. a Method for a cappella singing (six 
 editions) ; the 54th Psalm, f. double ch. a capp.j 
 " Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden," f. 8-p. ch. ; 
 etc. 
 
 Kotzsch'mar, Hermann, b. Finsterwalde, 
 Germany, July 4, 1829. His father taught him 
 to play the orchestral instr.s (vln., flute, clar., 
 French horn, trombone, etc.) and the organ ; he 
 studied further in Dresden under his uncle 
 Hayne (pf.) and Jul. Otto (comp.), after 1839. 
 He played in the R. Body Guards' band, and in 
 the opera-orch. ; went to America with the Sax- 
 onia Band in 1848, and settled in Portland, Me., 
 in 1849. Here, besides displaying noteworthy 
 activity as a teacher, he was organist at the 
 First Parish Ch. for 47 years, and is at present 
 (1899) org. of the State St. Ch.; has cond. the 
 "Haydn Association" for over 30 years, also 
 other choral societies in the State of Maine. 
 Has publ. numerous vocal quartets (Te Deum, 
 Deus misereatur, Benedictus, " Oh Land, oh 
 Lord," " Rejoice in the Lord," " Barcarole," 
 etc.) ; songs ; and pf.-pieces (Romance, 3 Ma- 
 zurkas, "Fairy's Evening Song," Arcturus, 
 Aurora Borealis, Magic Top Galop, etc.). 
 
 Kowarski, Henri, talented pianist, and 
 comp. of light pf.-pieces ; b. Paris, 1841 ; pupil 
 of Marmontel (pf.) and Reber (comp.). Fre- 
 quently visits London. — Op. 9, Barcarolle ; op. 
 10, Polonaise de concert ; op. 13, Marche hon- 
 groise ; op. 16, 12 Caprices en forme d'etudes 
 (the " Danse des Dryades " is much played); 
 op. 68, Barcarolle chinoise ; op. 79, Serenade 
 japonaise ; " Sur I'Adriatique"; " Sur le fleuve 
 jaune"; etc. 
 
 Koz'eluch. See Kotzeluch. 
 
 Kraft, Anton, b. Rokitzan, n. Pilsen, De9. 
 30, 1752 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 28, 1820. 'Cello- 
 virtuoso ; pupil of Werner at Prague, and of 
 Haydn (comp.) at Vienna. Played in the or- 
 chestras of Prince Esterhazy (1778-90), Prince 
 Grassalkovics (1790-5), and Prince Lobkowitz 
 (until his death). — Works : 'Cello-concerto ; 6 
 sonatas f. 'cello w. bass; Divertissement f. do.; 
 3 duos concertants f. vln. and 'cello ; 2 'cello- 
 duos ; also trios f . 2 barytones (which he played 
 with Prince Esterhazy). — His son and pupil, 
 
 Kraft, Nicolaus, also a 'cellist of renown ; 
 b. Esterhaz, Hungary, Dec. 14, 1778 ; d. Stutt- 
 gart, May 18, 1853. Went on concert-tours 
 with his father while quite young ; played in 
 Dresden with Mozart (1789) ; went to Vienna in 
 1790, and became a member of Prince Karl 
 Lichnowsky's quartet (the ' ' Schuppanzigh Quar- 
 tett "), famous for its production of Beethoven's 
 works ; was chamber-musician to Prince Lob- 
 kowitz, who sent him to Berlin in 1791 to study 
 for a year with Duport. After concerts in Ber- 
 lin, Leipzig, Dresden, and Prague, he returned 
 to Vienna and joined the court orch. (1809) ; fi- 
 nally, he entered the Stuttgart court orch. in 
 1814. Pensioned, after an accident to his hand, 
 
 323 
 
KRAL— KRAUSHAAR 
 
 in 1834. — Works : 5 'cello-concertos ; 6 duos 
 and 3 Divertissements f. 2 'celli ; a 'cello-fan- 
 tasia w. string-quartet ; Polonaise (op. 2) and 
 Bolero (op. 6), f. 'cello w. orch. ; and other valu- 
 able 'cello-music. — His son, Friedrich, b. Feb. 
 12, 1807, was for years 'cellist in the Stuttgart 
 court orch. 
 
 Kril, Johann Nepomuk, b. 1826 ; d. Tulln, 
 near Vienna, 1895 (?). Viennese bandmaster; 
 comp. popular marches (" Habsburg hoch ! ") 
 and dance-music (especially waltzes). 
 
 Krantz, Eugen, b. Dresden, Sept. 13, 1844 ; 
 d. there May 26, 1898. Pianist ; pupil, in the 
 Dresden Cons., of Doring, Leonliard, Ad. 
 Reichel, Rietz, Furstenau ; then taught in Dres- 
 den, was chorusmaster at the court opera i86g- 
 84, and began teaching at the Cons. , taking ttie 
 highest choral class in 1884, and assuming the 
 directorship in 1890 after acquiring the institu- 
 tion by purchase. An excellent accompanist and 
 Bach player ; he publ. some songs, and a ' ' Lehr- 
 gang im Klavierunterricht " (1882). Received 
 the title of " Professor " in 1882. From 1874-6 
 he was critic for the Dresden "Presse"; 1886-7, 
 for the " Nachrichten." 
 
 Krau'se, Christian Gottfried, b. Winzig, 
 1719; d. Berlin, July 21, 1770, where he was a 
 lawyer from 1753. Publ. a collection of " Lieder 
 der Deutschen " ; a well-considered treatise, 
 " Von der musikalischen Poesie " (1753) ; " Ver- 
 mischte Gedanken iiber Musik " (in vol.s ii and 
 iii of Marpurg's " Critische Beitrage ") ; etc. 
 
 Krau'se, Carl Christian Friedrich, b. 
 Eisenberg, Altenberg, May 6, 1781 ; d. Munich, 
 Sept. 27, 1832. He publ. many important philo- 
 sophical works ; also " Darstellungen aus der 
 Geschichte der Musik " (1827), a " VoUstandige 
 Anweisung" for pf. -technics (1808), and " An- 
 fangsgrilnde der allgemeinen Theorie der Musik" 
 (1838). 
 
 Krau'se, Theodor, b. Halle, May i, 1833, 
 theological student and now rector at Berlin ; 
 studied music under Naue, Hentschel, Haupt- 
 mann, and Grell (theory), and Mantius and 
 Blumner (voice). He organized the choirs of 
 the Nikolaikirche and the Marienkirche, Berlin, 
 and was conductor of the Seiffert a cappella 
 society. Created R. Music-Director in 1887. 
 Has comp. church-music, part-songs, and songs ; 
 and has been mus. critic for several Berlin 
 papers. 
 
 Krau'se, Anton, pianist, conductor, com- 
 poser ; b. Geithain, Saxony, Nov. g, 1834. 
 Taught from his sixth year by cantor Dietrich ; 
 then, at Dresden, by Fr. Wieck, Reissiger, and 
 Spindler. Debut as pianist at Geithain, 1846. 
 Studied 1850-3 in Leipzig Cons, under Wenzel, 
 Moscheles, Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz, and 
 David. 1853-9, music-teacher, from 1856 also 
 conductor of the Leipzig Liedertafel ; in 1859 
 succeeded Reinecke at Barmen as director of the 
 Singverein and the Concertgeselhchaft (retired 
 1897, his successor being Richard Stronck of 
 
 Muhlheim-on-Ruhr) ; 1877, Royal Music-Direc- 
 tor ; 1894, Professor. — Works : Op. 32, Prin- 
 zessin Use, ' ' Rubezahl Legend " f . soli, female 
 ch., pf., and declamation ; op. 16, Kyrie, Sanctus, 
 and Benedictus f. soli, ch., and orch.; op. 29, 4 
 Gesiinge f . mixed ch. ; a score of songs ; a large 
 number of instructive pf. pieces (18 solo sonatas 
 13 sonatas for 4 hands, a sonata f. 2 pf .s [op. 17], ' 
 technical studies, 10 melodious studies for ad- 
 vanced players [op. 28], 12 studies for young per- 
 formers [op. 31], 10 studies for the left hand [op. 
 15], sonatinas, etc.). Also edited Czerny's op. 
 139, 299, 636, 740 ; publ. a coll. of classical sona- 
 tinas, and a "Library for Two Pianofortes" 
 (18 books). 
 
 Krau'se, (Prof. Dr.)Eduard, b. Swinemilnde, 
 Mar. 15, 1837 ; d. Berlin, Mar. 28, 1892. Pupil 
 of Kroll at Berlin and Hauptmann at Leipzig. 
 Since 1862 in Stettin, as pianist, teacher, and 
 composer. 
 
 Krau'se, (Dr.) Emil, b. Schassburg in Tran- 
 sylvania, 1840 ; d. Hamburg, Sept. i, i88g, as 
 dramatic baritone at the City Th. 
 
 Krau'se, Emil, b. Hamburg, July 30, 1840. 
 Pupil of Hauptmann, Richfer, Rietz, Moscheles, 
 and Plaidy at Leipzig Cons. Since i860, teacher 
 of pf. and theory at Hamburg (since 1885 at 
 the Cons.). Publ. "Beitrage zur Technik des 
 Klavierspiels " (op. 38 and 57), with supplemen- 
 tary matter in op. 75 (" Erganzungen ") ; " Auf- 
 gabenbuch fiir die Harmonielehre," and"Prak- 
 tische Klavierschule " (op. 70; 1892). His 
 comp.s include 3 cantatas, an Ave Maria a 6, 
 songs, chamber-music, etc. ; studies, variations, 
 sonatas, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Krau'se, Martin, b. Lobstedt, u. Leipzig, 
 June 17, 1853. Eminent pianist and pedagogue ; 
 pupil of his father, a cantor, of Fuchs at the 
 Borna Teachers' Seminary (wliere he graduated 
 as first in his class), and of Wenzel and Reinecke 
 at Leipzig Cons., 1873-6, also attending Uni- 
 versity lectures. He taught six months in Mon- 
 treux, then was private tutor in Detmold with 
 unlimited opportunity to practise the pf. ; after 
 successful tours in Holland and Germany (1878- 
 80), he was prostrated by nervous exhaustion for 
 two years, made Liszt's acquaintance in 1882, 
 played before him in 1883, and for three years 
 was in constant communication with the master 
 and his pupils, learning every detail which could 
 throw light on Liszt's marvellous facility. In 1885 
 K., Siloti, Frau Moran-Olden, and others gave 
 two grand concerts in Leipzig, which led to the 
 foundation in that year of the " Lisztverein," of 
 which K. was the chief promoter and is srill 
 chairman and manager. Since then, teacher and 
 writer in Leipzig ; his thorough scientific and 
 practical education ailords a firm foundation for 
 a growing reputation. The Duke of Anhalt 
 bestowed on K., in 1892, the title of "Professor. 
 
 Kraus'haar, Otto, b. Kassel, May 31, 1812; 
 d. there Nov. 23, 1866. Pupil of Hauptmann, 
 whose idea of the opposition of the major and 
 
 324 
 
KRAUSS— KREIPL 
 
 minor modes he developed in a treatise on " Der 
 accordliche Gegensatz und die Begrlindung; der 
 Scala" (1852), prior to Hauptmann's " Natur der 
 Harmonili." Also publ. "Die Construktion der 
 gleichschwebenden Temperatur ohne Scheib- 
 ler'sche Stimmgabeln " (1838) ; essays in periodi- 
 cals ; " Songs without Words " ; and songs. 
 
 Krauss, Gabriele, b. Vienna, Mar. 24, 1842. 
 Brilliant dramatic soprano ; pupil of Vienna 
 Cons, and Mme. Marchesi. Sang at Vienna 
 court opera, 1860-7 1 ^t th^ Theatre Ilalien, 
 Paris, 1867-71 ; then in Baden and Milan ; re- 
 appeared for a short season in 1873 at the Th. 
 Ital. ; eng. 1875-86 at the Grand Opera, Paris. 
 Gave leading roles in some 40 operas, e.g., Re- 
 becca (Templarid), Donna Anna, Semiramide, 
 Desdemona, Gilda (Rigoletto), Fidelio, Rachel 
 (Lajuive), Mathilde (Huguenots), Norma, Alice 
 (Robert), Agathe (Freischiiti), Selika (I'Afri- 
 caine), Ai'da, Marguerite (Faust), Lucrezia Bor- 
 gia, etc. — Hon. member of the Soc. of the Cons. 
 Concerts, iSSo ; officer of the Academic. 
 
 Krebs, Johann Ludwig, whom Bach thought 
 his best organ-pupil ; b. Buttelstadt, Thuringia, 
 Oct. 10, 1713 ; d. Altenburg, Jan., 1780. While 
 at the Leipzig Thomasschule, 1726-35, he was 
 J. S. Bach's private pupil. Later organist at 
 Zeitz, Zwickau, and Altenburg. — Publ. comp.s 
 (in strict style) ; "Clavierubungen" (Nuremberg, 
 1743-9) ; clavichord-concerto ; sonatas f . clav. 
 and flute ; suites and preludes f . clav. ; flute-trios ; 
 ' organ-pieces. (A complete edition is publ. by 
 Heinrichshofen, Magdeburg.) 
 
 Krebs, Carl August (real family-name, Mied- 
 cke, changed to K. after his adoption by the 
 opera-singer J. B. Krebs) ; b. Nuremberg, Jan. 
 16, 1804; d. Dresden, May 16, 1880. Taught 
 by J. B. Krebs and, at Vienna, by Seyfried ; 
 after a brilHant pianistic season in Vienna (1825), 
 he was app. (1826) 3rd Kapellm. at the Vienna 
 court opera ; 1827, do. at Hamburg ; 1850, Hof- 
 kafellm. at Dresden opera, retiring in 1872. He 
 prod. 2 operas, Silva, oder die Macht des Ge- 
 sanges (Hamburg, 1830), and Agnes, der Engel 
 von Augsburg (ibid., 1834 ; rewritten, and given 
 at Dresden, 1858, as Agnes Bernauer) ; of the 
 opera Feodore, comp. in his 7th year (!), some 
 numbers were publ. His songs were immensely 
 popular ; his pf .-music much less so. His daugh- 
 ter, 
 
 Krebs, Mary (Frau Brenning), accomplished 
 pianist; b. Dresden, Dec. 5, 1851. Taught by 
 her mother and father, her talent matured with 
 astonishing rapidity ; debut at Meissen, Oct. 15, 
 1863 ; shortly thereafter she gave a concert in 
 Dresden ; was then invited to play at Leipzig 
 (Gewandhaus ; Euterpe), Hamburg, Prague, Vi- 
 enna, Paris, and London (where she gave over 
 170 concerts from 1864-6). Returning to Dres- 
 den, she received the appointment of R. Saxon 
 Chamber-virtuoso. After further European jour- 
 neys, she toured America from 1870-2, giving 
 
 more than 200 concerts. She is one of the lead- 
 ing pianists of the day, and an excellent teacher. 
 Resides in Dresden. 
 
 Krebs, Karl, b. Hanseberg, Wilrttemberg, 
 Feb. 5, 1857. Student of music in the R. Hoch- 
 schule, Berlin, likewise hearing Spitta's lectures 
 in the University. Took degree of Dr. phil. at 
 Rostock with dissertation on "II Transilvano" 
 of G. Diruta. Living in Berlin as mus. critic 
 for the ' ' Vossische Zeitung, " ' ' Moderne Kunst," 
 the "Deutsche Rundschau," etc. Has publ. 
 valuable musico-historical essays in the ' ' Viertel- 
 jahrsschrift fiir Musikwissenschaft," the supple- 
 ment of the " Vossische Zeitung," the " Preuss- 
 ische Jahrbilcher," etc. 
 
 Kreh'biel [kra-], Henry Edward, writer and 
 critic ; b. Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 10, 1854. 
 Studied law at Cin- _ 
 
 cinnati, but pre- 
 ferred journalism, 
 and devoted himself 
 especially to music ; 
 1874-8, mus. critic 
 of the Cincinnati 
 " Gazette " ; then 
 editor of the New 
 York " Musical Re- 
 view," and critic for 
 the " Tribune," 
 whichlatter position 
 he still (1899) holds. 
 — Works: "An Ac- 
 count of the Fourth 
 Cincin. Mus. Festi- 
 val " (1880) ; " Notes on the Cultivation of Cho- 
 ral Music, and the Oratorio Soc. of New York " 
 (1884); "Review of the N. Y. Mus. Seasons 
 1885-90" (5 vol.s) ; " Studies in the Wagnerian 
 Drama" (1891) ; "The Philharm. Soc. of New 
 York : A Memorial " (1892) ; " How to Listen to 
 Music" (1896); "Annotated Bibliography of 
 Fine Art," with R. Sturgis (1897) ; " Music and 
 Manners in the i8th Century" (1898); transl. 
 Courvoisier's " Technics of Violin-playing " 
 (New York, 1880 ; 2nd ed. 1896) ; consulting 
 editor of "The Music of the Modern World" 
 (1895-7)- 
 
 Krehl, Stephan, b. Leipzig, July 5, 1864. 
 Studied at the Conservatories in Leipzig and 
 Dresden ; 1889, app. teacher of pf. and theory 
 at Karlsruhe Cons. Very talented composer. — 
 Works : Op. I, 7 Lieder (Baumbach) ; op. 2, 6 
 Charakterstucke f. pf. ; op. 3, 2 " Erzahlungen" 
 f. pf. ; op. 4, Romanzero f . pf. ; op. 5, 3 Lieder ; 
 op. 6, 5 Lieder ; op. 7, 16 " Phantastische Skiz- 
 zen" £. pf. ; op. 8, sonata in A, f. pf. and vln. ; 
 op. 9, Slovenische Tanze f. pf . 4 hands ; op. 10, 
 3 Lieder ; op. 11, 14 " Kinderstiicke " f. pf. 
 
 Krei'pl [kri-], Joseph, b. 1805 ; d. Vienna, 
 June, 1866. For years the favorite tenor in Linz- 
 on-Danube ; a composer of beautiful songs, 
 among which ' ' Das MailUfterl " (poem by Klees- 
 heim) attained extraordinary vogue. 
 
 325 
 
KREISLER— KREUB£ 
 
 Kreisler, Johannes. See E. T. A. Hoff- 
 mann.* 
 
 Kreiss'le von Hellborn, Heinrich, Schu- 
 bert's biographer ; b. Vienna, 1803(1812?, 1821?, 
 1824?); d. there Apr. 6, i86g. He was Dr. 
 juris, and secretary in the Ministry of Finance, 
 Vienna. A passionate admirer of Schubert, he 
 publ. '■' F. Schubert, eine biographische Skizze, 
 von Heinrich von Kreissle " (l86i), followed in 
 
 1865 by the exhaustive biography " Franz Schu- 
 bert " (condensed Engl, transl. by Wilberforce, 
 
 1866 ; full transl., with an Appendix by Sir 
 George Grove, by A. D. Coleridge, 1S69, in 2 
 vol.s). 
 
 Krejci, Josef, b. Milostin, Bohemia, Feb. 6, 
 1822 ; d. Prague, Oct. ig, 1881. Pupil of 
 Witassek and Jos. Proksch in Prague ; from 
 1844, organist in various churches there, 1858 
 Director of the Organ-School, 1865 Dir. of the 
 Cons. Distinguished organist and composer. — 
 Works : An oratorio, masses, overtures, organ- 
 pieces, songs. 
 
 Krem'pelsetzer, Georg, b. Vilsbiburg, Ba- 
 varia, Apr. 20, 1827 ; d. there June 6, 1871. 
 By trade a cloth-weaver, he became the pupil of 
 Fr. Lachner in Munich, and brought out suc- 
 cessful operettas {Der Onkel aus der Lombardei, 
 Das Orakeliti Delphi, Aschenbrbdel, Rothmantel, 
 Die Geisler des Weins, Die Fran2osen in Gotha, 
 Der Vetter auf Besuch, etc.). lifwasICapellm. 
 at the " Volkstheater," Munich, in 1865; at 
 Gorlitz, 1868 ; and at Konigsberg, 1870. 
 
 Krem'ser,» Eduard, b. Vienna, Apr. 19, 
 1838 ; since l86g, chorusmaster of the Viennese 
 " Mannergesangverein." — Words: The operet- 
 tas Eine Operette (1875) and Der Schlosserkonig ; 
 SL " Singspiel," Der kritische Tag (Th. an der 
 Wien, 1891) ; the cantata Balkanbilder, I. soli, 
 male ch. , and orch. (1895) ; many part-songs 
 (his settings of "6 altniederlandische Volks- 
 lieder" are famed far and wide) ; " Das Herz- 
 klopfen," " Erinnerungen," and " Frohliche 
 Armuth," f. male ch. and orch.; songs (" Jagd- 
 lied," w. accomp. of 4 horns ; 2 songs from 
 " Der Trompeter von Sakkingen," w. solo cor- 
 net) ; excellent pf. -music (op. I, 2, 4-6, 8-10, 
 12, 16, 17) ; etc. 
 
 Krenn, Franz, b. Dross, Lower Austria, 
 Feb. 26, 1816 ; d. St. Andra vorm Hagenthal, 
 June 19, 1897. Pupil of Seyfried at Vienna. 
 Organist in several Vienna churches ; 1862, 
 Kapellm. at St. Michael's (the court church) ; 
 1S69, prof, of harmony at the Cons. He was 
 an eminent organist and conductor, and did 
 much to popularize the liturgical music of the 
 old Italian and Flemish schools in Vienna. — 
 Works : The oratorios Bonifaciiis, and Die 
 ■vier letzten Dinge ; cantatas ; 15 masses ; 3 re- 
 quiems ; other sacred music ; a symphony, quar- 
 tets, pieces f . org. and pf . ; part-songs ; a 
 Method f. organ ; a vocal method ; etc. 
 
 Kretsch'mann {recte Krecman), Theobald, 
 b. Vinos, 11. Prague, 1850. Is solo 'cellist at 
 
 the court opera, Vienna, and conductor of the 
 chamber-concerts. 
 
 Kretsch'mer, Edmund, b. Ostritz, Saxony, 
 Aug. 31, 1830. Pupil of Jul. Otto and Job. 
 Schneider in Dresden. In 1854, organist of the 
 court church ; in 1S63, court organist, retiring 
 in i8g7. Founded the Cacilia Singing-soc. , 
 and conducted it and other like societies. Was 
 also instructor in the R. " Kapellknaben-Insti- 
 tut" until l8g7, when his son Franz succeeded 
 him. He is an eminent composer; his " Geis- 
 terschlacht" won a prize in Dresden (1865) ; a 
 3-part mass f. male ch. won the Brussels Acad- 
 emy's prize in 1868 ; his operas. Die Folkunger 
 (Dresden, 1874) and Heinrich der Lowe (Leip- 
 zig, 1877), are among the most important dra- 
 matic works of the post- Wagnerian epoch (K. 
 wrote the libretti, as well) ; he has also prod, an 
 operetta, Der Flilchtling (Ulm, 1881), and a 
 romantic opera, SchonJ?ohtraui('Dr:ts&t'n, 1887); 
 2 large works f. soli, ch., and orch., " Pilger- 
 fahrt " and ' ' Sieg in Gesang " ; a " Festgesang " 
 f. ch. and orch.; " Musikalische Dorfgeschich- 
 ten " f. orch.; an orchestral suite, " Hochzeits- 
 musik " (op. 54, i8g6) ; three other masses ; etc. 
 
 Kretzsch'mar, (August Ferdinand) Her- 
 mann, b. Olbernhau, Saxony, Jan. ig, 1848. 
 Pupil of J. Otto at the Kreuzschule, Dresden, 
 and of Richter, Reinecke, Paul, and Papperitzat 
 Leipzig Cons. Took degree of Dr. phil. at 
 Leipzig with a thesis on ancient notation prior 
 to Guido d'Arezzo, in 1871, then becoming 
 teacher of organ and harmony at the Cons. , and 
 conducting several societies ; 1876, Kapellm. at 
 Metz Th.; 1877, mus. dir. at Rostock Univ.; 
 1880, town mus. dir. there ; 1887, Langer's suc- 
 cessor as mus. dir. of Leipzig Univ., and cond. 
 of the academic male chorus " Paulus." From 
 i888-g7, Riedel's successor as cond. of the 
 " Riedel-Verein," then retiring on account of 
 ill-health (present cond.. Dr. Georg Gohler of 
 Zwickau). Received the title of "Professor" 
 in 1890, in which year he organized the " Aka- 
 demische Orchesterconcerte," giving historical 
 programs. A fine organist, he has publ. sacred 
 and secular part-songs, and some organ-music. 
 He is likewise a well-known mus. critic (in the 
 " Musikalisches Wochenblatt," " Grenzbote") ; 
 has publ. lectures on " Chorgesang, Sanger- 
 chOre, etc.," and "Peter Cornelius" (1880, in 
 Waldersee's " Sammlung mus. Vortrage"); a 
 " Filhrer durch den Concertsaal " (3 vol.s, 1887 ; 
 2nd ed. i8go) ; also essays in the " Grenzbote 
 ("Das deutsche Lied seit Schumann" [1881] ; 
 "Die deutsche Klaviermusik seit Schumann 
 [1882]; "Brahms" [1884]); and a paper on 
 "Venetian Opera" in the " Vierteljahrsschrift 
 filr Musikwissenschaft " (1892), part of a mono- 
 graph on the Opera (in preparation). 
 
 Kreub6, Charles-Fr6d6ric, b. Luneville, 
 Nov. 5, 1777 ; d. at his villa, n. St. -Denis, in 
 1846. Pupil of R. Kreutzer; 1816-28, ist 
 cond. at the Opera-Coraique. — Works : if) 
 comic operas (1813-28). 
 
 326 
 
KREUTZER— KRIEGER 
 
 Kreut'zer (or Kreuzer), Conradin, b. MOss- 
 kirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780 ; d. Riga, Dec. 14, 
 1849. Pupil of J. B. 
 Rieger and (1792-6, 
 at Zwiefalten Abbey) 
 of Ernst Weihrauch. 
 Medical student at 
 Freiburg, 1799-1800; 
 then devoted himself 
 to music, bringing out 
 his first operetta. Die 
 Idcherliche Werbung, 
 at Freiburg in 1800. 
 He lived 5 years in 
 Constance, and then 
 sojourned in Vienna 
 till 1811, studying 
 counterpoint two 
 years under Albrechtsberger. He prod. Aesop 
 in Fkrygien (Vienna., i&oS)'and /erj und Bdtely 
 (1810) ; not being able to bring out two grand 
 operas, Conradin von Schwaben andDer Taiie/ier, 
 in Vienna, he went, after a pianistic tour of a 
 year, to Stuttgart, where, after the production 
 of the former in 1812, he was appointed court 
 Kapellvi. In Stuttgart he produced 8 dramatic 
 works ; and then went to Donaueschingen in • 
 1817 as Kapellm. to the Prince von Ftirstenberg. 
 Returning to Vienna, he brought out Libussa 
 (1822), and acted as Kapellm. at the Karnthner- 
 thor Th. (1825, 1829-32, 1837-40), and the 
 Josephstadter Th. (1833-37) ; in 1834 his best 
 work, Das Nachtlager von Granada, appeared, 
 which, with the Verschwender (1836) and Jery 
 undBiiiely, are the only operas of his still played. 
 From 1 840-46, Kapellm . at the City Th. , Cologne ; 
 was in Vienna again 1847-g; and then accom- 
 panied his daughter Cacilie, a stage-singer, to 
 Riga. — Works : 30 operas ; an oratorio, Die 
 Sendung Mosis {StnttgSiTt, 1814); church-music, 
 chamber-music, and pf.-pieces ; songs, and some 
 very beautiful male choruses ("Die Capelle," 
 " Sonntagsmorgen " [Uhland], " Der Tag des 
 Herrn," etc.). 
 
 Kreut'zer, Rodolphe, famous violinist ; b. 
 Versailles, Nov. 16, 1766 ; d. Geneva, Jan. 6, 
 1831. His father, 
 a German violinist 
 in the Chapelle du 
 Roi, and Anton 
 Stamitz were his 
 teachers. At 13 he 
 played a violin-con- 
 certo of his own 
 
 composition at one fj 
 of the Concerts ^ '' 
 
 Spirituels; in 1872 
 
 he was app. ist 
 
 violin in the Ch. du 
 
 Roi, and in 1790 
 
 solo violin in the 
 
 Theatre Italien, 
 
 bringing out his first opera, Jeanne d'Arc 
 
 i Orl/ans, the same year. It was followed by 
 
 over 40 others, given at the Opera,''the Opera- 
 Comique, or the Th. Italien. Lodoiska ^Nas, per- 
 haps the best ; but all have passed into oblivion. 
 A year after his appointment as teacher of violin 
 at the Cons., he made a triumphant concert-tour 
 through Italy, Germany, and Holland. In 1801 
 he succeeded Rode as solo violin at the Opera, 
 of which he became 2nd cond. in i8l6, and ist 
 cond. in 1817. From 1802 he was also chamber- 
 musician to Napoleon ; from 1815, to Louis 
 XVIII.; retired 1826, and so far lost influence 
 that his last opera, Mathilde, was contemptuously 
 rejected by the direction of the Grand Opera. To 
 him Beethoven inscribed the celebrated "Kreut- 
 zer Sonata." — Works: 43 operas; 19 violin- 
 concertos ; 2 double concertos ; a " symphonic 
 concertante" f. vhi. and 'cello, w. orch.; 15 
 string-quartets; 15 string-trios ; also duets, so- 
 natas, variations, etc., f. vln.; but his master- 
 work, wherein his worthiness to rank with the 
 great masters of the classic Parisian school of 
 violin-playing is convincingly proved, is the "40 
 Etudes ou Caprices " f.vln. solo, republ. in count- 
 less editions, revised by Vieuxtemps and others. 
 K. was joint author, with Rode and BaiUot, of 
 the great Violin-Method used in the Paris Cons. 
 
 Kreut'zer, Auguste, brother of Rodolphe, b. 
 Versailles, 1781 ; d. Paris, Aug. 31, 1832. Vio- 
 linist ; played in orch. of the Opera-Comique 
 and Grand Opera, also in the court orchestras ; 
 succeeded Rodolphe as teacher of violin in the 
 Cons., 1826. — Publ. 2 vln. -concertos ; 2 duets; 
 3 sonatas ; etc. — His son, 
 
 Kreut'zer, L6on (-Charles-Fran9ois), com- 
 poser and mus. critic ; b. Paris, Sept. 23, 1817 ; 
 d. Vichy, Oct. 6, 1868. Pupil of Fl^che (pf.) 
 and Benoist (comp.). Wrote for the " Revue 
 et Gazette musicale " (" L'Opera en Europe," 
 1841), the " Revue contemporaine " (on Meyer- 
 beer), " LaQuotidienne," " L'Union,"etc. ; also 
 an " Essai sur I'art lyrique au theatre" (1845 ; 
 down to Meyerbeer) ; orchestral prelude to The 
 Tempest ; string-quartets, pf.-sonatas, etc. ; and 
 a treatise on modulation. — Biographical sketch 
 by Pougin (1868). 
 
 Kreu'zer, Conradin. See Kreutzer. 
 
 Krie'ger, Adam, b Driesen, Neumark, Jan. 
 7, 1634 ; d. June 30, 1666, as court organist at 
 Dresden. — Publ. " Arien " a 1-5, w. instr. 1 ritor- 
 nelli (l in 1656 ; 16 in 1667). 
 
 Krie'ger, (Johann) Philipp, b. Nuremberg. 
 Feb. 26, 1649 ; d. Weissenfels, Feb. 6, 1725. 
 Pupil of J. Drechsel and Gabriel Schfltz, also of 
 G. Forster at Copenhagen, where he was assist- 
 ant and pupil of the court organist Schroter for 
 5 years. Court organist and chamber-comp. at 
 Bayreuth, with an interval of study in Italy (1672) ; 
 Kapellm. at Kassel, court organist at Halle, and 
 from 1675 court Kapellm. to the Duke of Saxe- 
 Weissenfels. On a concert-tour to Vienna, he 
 was ennobled by Emperor Leopold I. He prod, 
 several operas at different courts, and at Ham- 
 burg ; publ. 24 Sonatas f . 2 vlns. and bass (op. 
 
 327 
 
KRIEGER— KRUG 
 
 I, 1687 ; op. 2, 1693) ; " Musikalischer Seelen- 
 friede," 20 sacred arias f. vln. w. bass (i6g7 ; 
 1717) ; " Lustige Feldmusik" f. 4 wind-instr.s ; 
 etc. 
 
 Krie'ger, Johann, famous contrapuntist, 
 brother and pupil of preceding ; b. Nuremberg, 
 Jan. I, 1652; d. Zittau, July 18, 1736. He suc- 
 ceeded his brother at Bayreuth ; was then court 
 Kapellm. at Greiz and Eisenberg ; from 1681, 
 organist and mus. director at Zittau. — Works ; 
 " Musikalische Ergetzlichkeiten," arias f. 5-9 
 voices (1684) ; "Musikalische Parthien," dance- 
 music f. clavichord (1697); " Anmuthige Cla- 
 vierubungen," preludes, fugues, etc. (1699); also 
 sacred vocal music (MS. masses and motets in 
 Berlin Library). 
 
 Krie'ger, Ferdinand, b. Waldershof, Fran- 
 conia, Jan. 8, 1843. Studied at Eichstatt 
 Teachers' Seminary and Munich Cons. ; from 
 1867, music-teacher in the Normal School at 
 Ratisbon. — Publ. " Die Elemente des Musikun- 
 terrichts " (1869); a " Lehre der Harmonic" 
 (1870); "Der rationelle Musikunterricht . . ." 
 (1870) ; and technical studies f. vln. and f. pf . 
 
 Kries'stein, Melchior, music - printer at 
 Augsburg. Publ. 2 coU.s of S. Salblinger's 
 works: " Selectissimae nee non familiarissimae 
 cantiones ultra centum" (1540) and " Cantiones 
 7, 6 et 5 vocum" (1545). 
 
 Kri'gar, (Julius) Hermann, b. Berlin, Apr. 
 3, 1819 ; d. there Sept, 5, 1880. Pianist; pupil 
 at Leipzig of Schumann, Mendelssohn, Haupt- 
 mann, etc. ,1843-5; then organized a singing- 
 society at Berlin, where he also cond. the " Neue 
 Berliner Liedertaf el " for some years ; 1857, " R. 
 Mus. Director "; 1874, " Professor." Comp. in- 
 cidental music, motets, psalms, pf. -pieces, and 
 songs. 
 
 Kris'per, Dr. Anton, of Graz, publ. (1882) an 
 interesting essay on " Die Kunstmusik in ihrem 
 Prinzipe, ihrer Entwickelung und ihrer Konse- 
 quenz." 
 
 Krizko'w'sky, Paul, noteworthy Czechish 
 composer of national and sacred music ; b. Jan. 
 9, 1820 ; d. Briinn, May 8, 1885. Augustine 
 monk, and councillor in the archiepiscopal con- 
 sistory. 
 
 Kroll, Franz, b. Bromberg, June 22, 1820 ; 
 d. Berlin, May 28, 1877. Pianist, pupil of Liszt 
 at Paris and Weimar ; from 1849 in Berlin, 
 teaching 1863-4 at Stern's Cons. Editor of the 
 Peters Ed. of the "Well-tempered Clavichord," 
 and the " Bibliothek altererund neuerer Klavier- 
 musik"; also publ. a few original pf. -pieces. 
 
 Krolop, Franz, dramatic bass ; b. Troja, 
 Bohemia, Sept. 5, 1839 ; d. (from an operation) 
 at Berlin, May 30, 1897. A pupil of Richard 
 Levy at A^enna, his debut as Ernani at Troppau 
 in 1863 was very successful ; after engagements 
 at Troppau, Linz-on-Danube, Bremen and Leip- 
 zig, he was permanently engaged for the Berlin 
 court opera in 1872. In 1868 he married Vilma 
 von Voggenhuber'. Of fine and versatile talent. 
 
 he sang, for instance, in Don Giovanni the roles 
 of the Commandant, Leporello, and Masetto. 
 
 Krom'mer, Franz, b. Kamenitz, Moravia, 
 May 17, 1760 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 8, 1831. Vio- 
 linist ; his uncle, choirmaster at Turas, Hungary, 
 taught him organ-playing, and he held a position 
 as organist there from 1776-84 ; then joined 
 Count Ayrum's orch. at Simontornya as violinist, 
 later conducting it ; was choir-director at Fiinf- 
 kirchen, bandmaster of the Karoly regiment, 
 went to Vienna as Kapellm. to Prince Grassal- 
 kovics, and followed Kotzeluch as Imp. Kapellm. 
 in 1814. He comp. a mass f. 4-p. ch. w. orch.; 
 5 symphonies ; 5 violin-concertos ; much excel- 
 lent chamber-music (18 string-quintets ; 69 
 string-quartets, a string-trio, etc.); quintets and 
 quartets for wind-instr.s, and music f. wind- 
 band ; symphonies concertantes ; etc. 
 
 Kro'nach, Emanuel. See Klitzsch. 
 
 Kron'ke, Emil, pianist and composer ; born 
 Danzig, Nov. 29, 1865. Pupil of Reinecke and 
 Paul in Leipzig, 1883-4 ; later of Nicode and 
 Th. Kirchner in Dresden. In 1886 he won the 
 prize of the Dresden Cons, for piano-playing ; in 
 1887, the diploma of honor. An indefatigable 
 . student of Liszt's works, of which he is preparing 
 a complete edition. — Publ. a Gavotte, a Valse- 
 Impromptu, a Bagatelle (for left hand), a 
 Scherzo, 2 Intermezzi, an Hungarian Sketch, a 
 Valse favorite, etc. ; all f. pf. 
 
 Kriickl (or Kriikl), Franz, celebrated bari- 
 tone stage-singer ; b. Edlspitz, Moravia, Nov. 
 10, 1841 ; d. Strassburg, Jan. 13, 1899. Pupil 
 of Dessoff ; debut at Briinn, 1868 ; sang there- 
 after at Kassel, Augsburg, Hamburg (1874), 
 Cologne (1875), and Hamburg again (1876-85) ; 
 then became teacher at the Hoch Cons., Frank- 
 fort ; and from 1892 was director of the Mu- 
 nicipal Th., Strassburg. — Publ. " Der Vertrag 
 zwischen Director und Mitglied der deutschen 
 Buhne" (1889). 
 
 Krug, Friedrich, b. Kassel, July 5, 1812; 
 d. Karlsruhe, Nov. 3, 1892. Baritone opera- 
 singer, later court mus. director, at Karlsruhe. — 
 Operas : Die Marquise (Kassel, 1843) ; Meister 
 Martin der Kiifer und seine Gesellen (Karlsruhe, 
 1845) ; Der JVac/ilwdc/iter {Mannheim, 1846). 
 
 Krug, Dietrich, music-teacher at Hamburg, 
 where he was born May 25, 1821, and died Apr. 
 7, 1880. Pianist, pupil of Melchert and (nomi- 
 nally) of J. Schmitt. Composer of excellent 
 melodious studies for pf. ; also publ. a Method.— 
 His son, 
 
 Krug, Arnold, b. Hamburg, Oct. 16, 1849, 
 was taught by his father, and later by Gurlitt ; 
 also by Reinecke at Leipzig (1868), winning the 
 Mozart scholarship in 1S69. Studied further 
 with Kiel and Eduard Frank, in Berlin ; was 
 pf. -teacher at the Stern Cons., 1872-7 ; then, as 
 winner of the Meyerbeer scholarship, devoted a 
 year to study in France and Italy. In 1878 he 
 organized a " Gesangverein " in Hamburg, 
 where, since 1885, he has taught at the Cons., 
 
 328 
 
KRUG— KOCKEN 
 
 and cond. the Altona " Singakademie." A tal- 
 ented composer, he has publ. a symphony, a 
 symphonic prologue to Otello, a suite, " Ro- 
 mische Tanze" f. orch., a " Liebesnovelle " and 
 " Italienische Reiseskizzen " f. string-orch., a 
 violin-concerto, a pf. -quartet, fine pf.-music, 
 songs, etc. ; also several large choral works, 
 Sigurd, i. ch., soli, and orch.. An die Hoffnung, 
 I. mixed ch. and orch., Herr Oluf, a ballade f. 
 male ch. and orch. (op. 57), and Nomadenzug 
 f. do. 
 
 Krug, (Wenzel) Joseph (called Krug- 
 Waldsee), b. Waldsee, Upper Svirabia, Nov. 8, 
 1858. Precocious talent, mostly self-taught 
 until sent (1872-80) to Stuttgart Cons. , where he 
 studied violin, pf., singing, and composition 
 (Faiszt). Taught for a short time at Hofwyl, 
 near Bern ; 1882-9, cond. of the " Neuer Sing- 
 verein," Stuttgart ; 1889, chorusmaster and mu- 
 sic-director at the Municipal Th., Hamburg; 
 1892-3, Kapellm. at Briinn Th. ; 1894, do. at 
 Nuremberg ; 1896, do. at Augsburg. A com- 
 poser of individuality and power ; grand concert- 
 cantatas are his specialty. — Works : i-act comic 
 opera, Der Procurador von San Juan (Mann- 
 heim, 1893); a dramatic "Christmas tale," 
 Heinzclmdnnchen (Hamburg, 1889) ; a i-act 
 ballet, Das Mdrclien (MS.) ; the 3-act opera 
 Astorre (Stuttgart, Feb. 25, 1896 ; mod. succ.) ; 
 the "secular oratorio" Konig liother, i. soli, 
 mixed ch., and orch. (op. 25) ; concert-cantata 
 Seebilder, f. baritone solo, male ch., and orch. ; 
 the ballade Harald [Uhland], f. baritone solo, 
 mixed ch., and orch. (op. 6) ; the concert-cantatas 
 Dornroschen, Hochzeitslied, and Geiger zit Gtmtnd 
 (op. 27) ; a concert-overture in E, f. full orch. ; 
 pf.-trio in D ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Krii'ger, Eduard, writer ; b. Luneburg, Dec. 
 9, 1807 ; d. Gbttingen, Nov. 9, 1885. Philolog- 
 ical student at Berlin and Gottingen, also de- 
 voting much time to musical studies ; from 1861, 
 prof, of music at Gottingen. Besides thought- 
 ful and erudite critiques and reviews in various 
 papers, he publ. " De musicis Graecorum organis 
 circa Pindari tempora" (1830; his doctor-dis- 
 sertation); a " Grundriss der Metrik" (1838); 
 " Beitrage fur Leben und Wissenschaft der Ton- 
 kunst" (1847); and "System der Tonkunst " 
 (1866). 
 
 Krii'ger, Wilhelm, b. Stuttgart, Aug. 5, 
 1820 ; d. there June 16, 1883. Pupil of Ziegele 
 (pf.) and Lindpaintner (comp.). Excellent pian- 
 istand teacher ; lived in Paris 1845-70, when the 
 outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war caused his 
 withdrawal to Germany ; then court pianist, and 
 teacher at the Cons., in Stuttgart. His works 
 for piano, 168 in number, include caprices, noc- 
 turnes, genre pieces (" Harpe eolienne," " Gui- 
 tare"), a Polonaise- Bolero (op. 97), etudes (es- 
 pecially op. 32, " Les six jours de la semaine "), 
 and transcriptions, fantasias, etc., of and on ope- 
 ratic airs. He edited an excellent 2-vol. edition 
 of Handel's clavichord-works. — His brother, 
 
 Kru'ger, Gottlieb, b. Stuttgart, May 4, 1824; 
 
 d. there Oct. 12, 1895 ; fine harpist ; member of 
 Stuttgart courforch. 
 
 Kruis, M. H. van, b. Oudewater, Holland, 
 Mar. 8,1861. Pupil of Nikolai at TheHague,l877; 
 organist and mus. director at Winterswyk, 1881 ; 
 org. and teacher at the Rotterdam School of 
 Music, 1884 ; in 1 886 he founded a mus. monthly, 
 " Het Orgel." Publ. a " Beknopt overzicht der 
 muziekgeschiedenis " (1892) ; comp. an opera, 
 De bloem van Island ; 3 symphonies, 8 over- 
 tures, organ-music, pf.-pieces, etc. 
 
 Krump'holtz, Johann Baptist, famous 
 harpist ; b. Zlonitz, n. Prague, about 1745 ; d. 
 Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. Taught by his father, a 
 bandmaster in a Paris regiment. Gave concerts 
 in Vienna, 1772 ; took lessons in comp. of Haydn, 
 and belonged to Prince Esterhazy's orch. 1773-6. 
 Returning to France after a long concert-tour in 
 Germany, he met a Fraulein Meyer at Metz, who 
 became his pupil (said even, to surpass him as a 
 player), and, at the age of 16, his wife. In Paris 
 they gave brilliant concerts, and K. added to his 
 fame by inventing a harp with 2 pedals, loud 
 and soft (the former still used in the modern 
 harp) ; he also stimulated Erard to the experi- 
 ments which led to the invention of the pedal- 
 mechanism now employed. He drowned himself 
 in the Seine on account of his wife's elopement 
 to England with a young man. His comp.s f. 
 harp are still worthy of attention ; they include 
 6 concertos w. orch., a quartet w. strings, a duo 
 f. 2 harps, 52 sonatas, and others entitled " So- 
 nates pathetiques" ; a "symphonic" f. harp, 2 
 vlns., flute, 2 horns, and bass ; variations, prel- 
 udes, etc. — His brother, 
 
 Krump'holtz, Wenzel, violinist, b. about 
 1750 ; d. Vienna, May 2, 1817, was a player in 
 the Vienna opera-orch., and a friend of Beet- 
 hoven, who inscribed to him the " Gesang der 
 Mbnche." — Publ. an " Abendunterhaltung " f. 
 vln. solo, and " Eine Viertelstunde fUr eineVio- 
 line." 
 
 Kru'se, Johann S., violinist ; b. Melbourne, 
 Australia, Mar. 31, 1859. Pupil of Joachim at 
 Berlin in 1S76 ; leader of the Philharm. Orch. ; 
 in 1892, leader of the Bremen orch. 
 
 Kucharz, Johann Baptist, b. Chotecz, 
 Bohemia, Mar. 5, 1751 ; d. Prague, Feb. 18, 
 1829. Studied in the Jesuit College, KOnig- 
 gratz, the Jesiiit Seminary, Gitschin, and with 
 Seegert, Prague ; organist at the Heinrichs- 
 kirche, then at Strahow monastery, and finally 
 conductor (1791-1800) of the Prague opera. A 
 finished player on the organ, pf., mandolin, and 
 harmonica. Compositions in MS. 
 
 Kiick'en, Friedrich Wilhelm, popular song- 
 composer; b. Bleckede, Hanover, Nov. 16, 1810; 
 d. Schwerin, Apr. 3, 1882. The son of a peasant, 
 he was taught by his uncle Lilhrss, court organist 
 at Schwerin, and played various instr.s in the 
 court orch.; his simple .songs in the popular 
 vein already attracted attention, and he was app. 
 
 329 
 
KUDELSKI— KUHLAU 
 
 tutor to the princes. Studied further (1832) in 
 Berlin under I'irnbach, and brouglit out a suc- 
 cessful opera there, Die Flucht nach der Schweiz 
 (1839) ; after studying with Sechter at Vienna 
 (i84i)and Halevy and Bordogni at Paris (1843), 
 he was Kapellm. at Stuttgart from 1851-61, then 
 retiring to Schwerin. In Stuttgart he prod, a 
 second opera, Der Prdtendent (1847) ; he also 
 wrote violin-sonatas, 'cello-sonatas, and quartets 
 for male voices; but these, and even the majority 
 of his very numerous songs, found little favor 
 with fastidious musicians, although the songs 
 have had immense success with the multitude, 
 and many are very beautiful ; the Thuringian 
 folk-song, "Ach, wieist'smSglichdann" (1827), 
 "Ach, wenn du warst mein eigen," " Du 
 schones, blitzendes Sternelein," "Gretelein," are 
 among his best. Meyerbeer said of K.: "I 
 have never met with a conductor who rehearsed 
 more carefully than, and penetrated the musical 
 intentions of others so readily and correctly as, 
 Kapellmeister Kucken." 
 
 Kudelski, Karl Matthias, b. Berlin, Nov. 
 17, 1805; d. Baden-Baden, Oct. 3, 1877. 
 Violinist, pupil of Lafont; ist violin in the orch. 
 of the Konigstadtisches Th., Berlin ; quartet- 
 player at Dorpat, 1830 ; Kapellm. to a Russian 
 prince, 1839 ; and 1841-51, leader and director 
 in the Imp. Theatre, Moscow. — Publ. a "Kurzge- 
 fasste Harmonielehre " (1865) ; concertos f . vln. 
 and f. 'cello ; violin-sonatas ; pf. -trios ; etc. 
 
 Kuf'ferath, Johann Hermann, b. Miihlheim- 
 on-Ruhr, May 12, 1797 ; d. Wiesbaden, July 
 28, 1864. Pupil, at Kassel, of Spohr (vln.) and 
 Hauptmann (comp.) ; 1823, mus. dir. at Biele- 
 feld, 1830 at Utrecht, where he taught singing 
 at the School of Music and cond. various socie- 
 ties ; retired to Wiesbaden in 1862. Excellent 
 violinist and composer (" Jubelcantate," and 
 other cantatas ; overtures ; motets) ; his " Manuel 
 de chant," for schools, won the prize of the 
 Netherland Music Soc. in 1836. 
 
 Kuf'ferath, Louis, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Muhlheim, Nov. 10, 1811 ; d. near Brussels, 
 Mar. 2, 1882. Pupil of his brother, and of Fr. 
 Schneider at Dessau. From 1836-50, director 
 of the Cons, at Leeuwarden, Holland ; after 
 that in Ghent and Brussels. Fine pianist and 
 successful teacher. — Publ. ci 4-part mass w. org. 
 and orch.; 250 canons; a cantata, Artevelde , 
 trios, morceaux de salon, and variations, f. pf. ; 
 part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Kuf'ferath, Hubert Ferdinand, noted pian- 
 ist and organist ; b. Muhlheim, June 11, 1818 ; 
 d. Brussels, June 23, 1896. Brother and pupil 
 of the two preceding ; then pupil of Hartmann 
 at Cologne (vln.), and of David and Mendelssohn 
 at Leipzig. Conductor of the Mannergesang- 
 verein of Cologne, 1841-4 ; then settled in Brus- 
 sels, where he was the teacher of Princess 
 Charlotte (the future Empress of Mexico) and 
 other members of the royal family ; from 1872, 
 prof, of cpt. and fugue at the Cons. — Works : 
 Symphonies ; pf.-concertos ; pf. -music (op. i. 
 
 op. 
 
 Capriccio ; op. 2, 8, 35, Etudes de concert ; 
 9, pf.-trio ; op. 12, pf.-quartet ; op. 30, Charaic- 
 terstUcke ; op. 40, 4-hand waltzes). Wrote a 
 " Praktische Chorschule fiir 4 Vocal- oder In- 
 strumentalstimmen zum Studium der Harmonie 
 des Kontrapunktes- und der Orgel " (i8g6 ; 
 French and German). 
 
 Kuf'ferath, Maurice, son and pupil of H. F. 
 K.; b. Brussels, Jan. 8, 1852. 'Cello-pupil of 
 Servais (phe and fils) ; student of law and phi- 
 losophy at the Univ. In 1873, editor of the 
 " Guide musicale," later becoming proprietor. 
 A writer of thoroughly modern spirit, he has 
 publ. essays on " R. Wagner und die Neunte 
 Symphonic, " "Berlioz und Schumann," " Le 
 theatre de Wagner de Tannhduser a Parsifal" 
 " L'art de diriger I'orchestre " (2 editions), and 
 a sketch of Vieuxtemps ; under the pen-name of 
 "Maurice Reymont"he has transl. texts com- 
 posed by Wagner, Brahms, etc. He wrote the 
 report on the mus. instr.s at the Brussels P^xpo- 
 sition of 1880. 
 
 Kiiff'ner, Joseph, composer ; b. Wiirzburg, 
 Mar. 31, 1776; d. there Sept. 8, 1856.— Works; 
 2 operas, Sporn und ScAdrpe, and Der Cornell, 
 both prod, at Wurzburg ; 7 symphonies, 10 
 overtures, music for military band and wind- 
 instr.s, a Fantasia f. vln. w. orch., a quintet f. 
 flute and strings, string-quartets, trios and duets 
 f. flutes, clarinet-duets, guitar-music, sonatas f. 
 pf. and vln., etc. 
 
 Ku'gelmann, Hans, who died at Konigs- 
 berg, 1542, was ist trumpeter to Duke Albrecht 
 of Prussia, and publ. a volume of church-songs, 
 a 3, with a supplement of secular songs a 2-8. 
 {Cf. Winterfeld, " Evangelischer Kircheng;e- 
 sang," vol. i, p. 265; also the " Monatshefte 
 fiir Musikgeschichte," viii, pp. 65 el set/.) 
 
 Kuh'e, Wilhelm, pianist; b. Prague, Dec. 10, 
 1823. Pupil of Proksch, Tomaschek; and Thal- 
 berg. Went to London with the singer Pischek 
 in 1845, and settled there ; since 1886 prof, at 
 the R. A. M. — Works : Graceful salon-masK 
 (Feu follet, Gondola, Rosee du soir. Etude de 
 concert), operatic fantasias, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Kuh'lau, Friedrich, b. Uelzen, Hanover, 
 Sept. II, 1786 ; d. Copenhagen, Mar. 13 (18?), 
 1832. Harmony- 
 pupil of Schwenke 
 at Hamburg. Go- 
 ing to Copenhagen 
 in 1810, to escape 
 the French con- 
 scription, he sup- 
 ported himself there 
 by teaching the pi- 
 ano and theory ; in 
 1813 he became un- 
 salaried chamber- 
 musician (flutist) in 
 the royal orch. ; and 
 brought out a series 
 of operas which were well received and elevated 
 
 330 
 
kOhMSTEDT— KULLAK 
 
 the public taste {The Robbers' Castle, 1814; 
 Elisa ; Lulu ; The Magic Harp ; Hugo and 
 Adelaide). In 1818 he was app. salaried court 
 composer, and received the title of " Professor" 
 in 1828. He also prod, a dram, scene, Eu- 
 ridice, and music to Heiberg's Elverhoe ; comp. 
 
 3 flute-quartets; trios concertants, duets, etc., 
 f. flute; 8 violin-sonatas; 2 pf. -concertos, and 
 many pf. -sonatas and sonatinas for piano 2 and 
 
 4 hands, which are valuable, albeit dry, instruc- 
 tive works (sonatas op. 5, 8, 52, 60 ; sonatinas 
 op. 20, 55, 59 ; f. 4 hands op. 8, 17, 44, 65) ; 
 also songs and male quartets, then in great vogue. 
 — Sketch by Thrane (Leipzig, 1886). 
 
 Kiihm'stedt, Friedrich.b. Oldisleben, Saxe- 
 Weimar, Dec. 20, 1809 ; d. Eisenach, Jan. 10, 
 1858. Noteworthy theorist ; taught by Rinck 
 at Darmstadt for 3 years (1828-31) ; was music- 
 teacher there until 1S36, and then teacher in the 
 Eisenach Seminary ; later " Musikdirector " and 
 "Professor." — Wrote a " Gradus ad Parnas- 
 sum " (preludes and fugues preparatory to 
 Bach's) ; " Kunst des Vorspiels fur Orgel " ; 
 " Theoretisch-praktische Harmonic- und Aus- 
 weichungslehre " (1838) ; comp. valuable organ- 
 music (a double concert-fugue, a "Fantasia 
 eroica," fugues, preludes, and postludes) ; his 
 other compositions (oratorios, a mass w. orch., 
 motets, pf.-concertos, etc.), are of minor impor- 
 tance. 
 
 Kuh'nau, Johann, erudite musician, excellent 
 organist and harpsichordist ; b. in April, 1667 (?), 
 at Geysing, Saxony ; d. Leipzig, June 5, 1722. 
 Pupil of Hering and Albrici at the Dresden 
 Kreuzschule ; then of Edelmann at Zittau, where 
 he became cantor ; attended Leipzig Univ. 
 1662-4, then succeeding Kuhnel as organist at the 
 Thomaskirche, where he became cantor (Bach's 
 predecessor) in 1700, and also mus. director of 
 the Univ. The first harpsichord-sonata imitated 
 from the instrumental sonata in several move- 
 ments was publ. by K. in " Joh. Kuhnau's 
 neuer Clavier-Uebung anderer Theil, das ist : 
 Sieben Partien aus dem Re, Mi, Fa oder Tertia 
 minore eines jedweden Toni, benebenst einer 
 •Sonata aus dem B, denen Liebhabern zu gar 
 besonderem Vergniigen aufgesetzt. Leipzig, in 
 Verlegung des Autors, 1695." This sonata has 
 3 movements(Allegro, Adagio, Allegro [Rondo]), 
 in the form of monotonous imitations and se- 
 quences ; the 7 sonatas in his ' ' Frische Cla- 
 vierfruchte" (1696) show a marked advance 
 in freedom. The first part of his " Neue 
 Clavier-Uebung " was publ. in 1689. Six more 
 harps. -sonatas appeared in his " Musikalische 
 Vorstellung einiger biblischer Historien " (set- 
 ting forth the fight between David and Goliath ; 
 David's cure of Saul ; Jacob's Wedding ; etc.). 
 K. wrote an essay " Jura circa musicos ecclesia- 
 sticos " (1688), and a satire on Italian music, 
 " Der Quacksalber " (1700). 
 
 Kiih'ner, Konrad, pianist, teacher at Bruns- 
 wick ; b. Marktstreufdorf, Meiningen, Mar. 2, 
 1851. Studied in Stuttgart Cons. — Works : The 
 
 symphonic poem " Maria Stuart " ; pf.-music ; 
 and a " Technik des Klavierspiels. " 
 
 Ku'lenkampf, Gustav, b. Bremen, Aug. ii, 
 1849. Embraced a mercantile career, but studied 
 composition with Reinthaler and, from 1879-82, 
 at the Berlin ITochschule, under Barth (pf.) and 
 Bargiel(comp.). Organized the " Kulenkampf- 
 'scher Frauenchor," giving 5 or 6 successful con- 
 certs annually ; became director of the Schwan- 
 tzer Cons, at Berlin, but resigned in a few years 
 to devote himself to composing and teaching. 
 Up to i8go he frequently appeared as a concert- 
 pianist. — Works : A 2-act comic opera, Der Page ' 
 (Bremen, i8go ; succ.) ; 3-act comic opera, Der 
 Mohrenfurst (Magdeburg, 1892 ; mod. succ.) ; 
 3-act opera. Die Braut von Cypern (Schwerin, 
 1897 ; succ.) ; also female choruses, duets, songs, 
 and a pf. -sonata. 
 
 KuI'lak, Theodor, pianist and pedagogue of 
 exceptional attainments ; b. Krotoschin, Posen, 
 Sept. 12, 1818 ; d. 
 Berlin, Mar. 1,1882. 
 His musical gifts 
 attracted the atten- 
 tion of Prince Rad- 
 ziwill, who had him 
 trained by the pian- 
 ist Agthe, and 
 brought him out at 
 a court concert in 
 1829. K. neverthe- 
 less, at his father's 
 desire, took up the 
 study of medicine 
 at Berlin in 1837 ; 
 but met Agth e 
 there, practised and 
 gave lessons, studied harmony under Dehn, and 
 finally devoted himself wholly to music. In 
 1842 he studied with Czerny, Sechter, and Nicolai 
 in Vienna ; and after a brilliant Austrian pian- 
 istic tour, settled in Berlin, became teacher to 
 the royal family, and, in 1846, court pianist. 
 In 1850 he founded, with Julius Stern and Bern- 
 hard Marx, the Berlin (later Stern) Cons. , from 
 which he resigned, in 1855, to establish his own 
 " Neue Akademie der Tonkunst," one of the 
 most successful of German music-schools {cf. 
 below, Franz Kullak). Besides numerous high 
 orders, he received the title of " Royal Prof essor" 
 in 1861. Among his pupils were the two Schar- 
 wenkas, A. Grilnfeld, Sherwood, Arthur Mees, 
 Hans Bischoff, O. Neitzel, C. Sternberg, Moritz 
 Moszkowski, Erica Lie, Martha Remmert, and 
 Helene Geissler. His instructive works for 
 piano are classics in their line, particularly the 
 "School of Octave-playing" (op. 8), with its 
 sequel, " Seven Studies in Octave-playing " (op. 
 48), employed by all teachers, and three books 
 of "Materialien fur denElementar-Unterricht "; 
 also the practical part of the Moscheles and 
 Fetis Method (2 books). Other works : Op. 5, 
 La danse des sylphides ; op. 7, sonata ; op. .27, 
 Symphonie de piano ; op. 54, Ballade ; op. 5S, 
 
 .331 
 
KULLAK— KUNZEN 
 
 concerto ; op. 57, three duos w. vln. (with 
 \Viierst);op. 62 and 81, " Kinderleben" (delight- 
 ful sketches, universally admired) ; op. 70, An- 
 dante w. vln. or clar. ; op. 75, Pastorales; op. 
 77, trios ; op. 85, Hymn ; op. 97, Impromptu- 
 Caprice ; op. 103, two Polonaises caracteris- 
 tiques ; op. 104, four solo pieces ; op. 108, Airs 
 nationaux russes (transcr.) ; op. ill, Romances 
 du vieux temps ; Arp^ges, and La Gazelle (op. 
 22) (effective salon-pieces much played); difficult 
 and brilliant paraphrases and fantasias f. pf. ; 
 songs ; etc.; about 130 in all. — His brother, 
 
 Kul'lak, Adolf, b. Meseritz, Feb. 23, 1823 ; 
 d. Berlin, Dec. 25, 1862. Dr. phil. of Berlin 
 Univ. ; then studied music under Agthe and 
 Marx ; teacher at his brother's Acad., and 
 contributor to mus. periodicals. Publ. some 
 pf. -pieces and songs ; wrote " Das Musikalisch- 
 Schone " (1858), and an " Aesthetik des Klavier- 
 spiels " (1861, 2nd ed. 1876; Engl. ed. New 
 \'ork, 1892), a very valuable and instructive 
 resume ol pf. -methods. 
 
 Kul'lak, Franz, son of Theodor K.; b. 
 Berlin, Apr. 12, 1842. Pupil of his father and 
 of Wieprecht (instrumentation) ; also of Liszt 
 for a short time ; in 1867, teacher of pf., and 
 director of the orchestra-class, in his father's 
 Academy, of which he assumed the directorship 
 on the latter's death, dissolving the institution 
 in 1890. — Works : An opera, Ines de Castro 
 (Berlin, 1877) ; pf. -music, songs, and an essay 
 on ' ' Der Vortrag in der Musik am Ende des 
 ig. Jahrhunderts " (Leipzig, 1898). 
 
 Kum'mer, Kaspar, b. Erlau, Province of 
 Saxony, Dec. 10, 1795 ; d. Koburg, May 21, 
 1870. Flute-virtuoso and composer ; from 1813 
 member of the court orch., Koburg, later Mu- 
 sikdirector there. — Works : Quintets and quar- 
 tets f. flute and strings ; flute-concertos, trios, 
 duos, etc. ; and a Method f. flute. 
 
 Kum'mer, Friedrich August, b. Meiningen, 
 Aug. 5, 1797; d. Dresden, May22, 1879. 'Cello- 
 pupil of Dotzauer in Dresden, also studying 
 the oboe, becoming oboist in the court orch., 
 1814, and 'ceUist in 1817, retiring 1864. For 
 many years teacher of 'cello in Dresden Cons. ; 
 Goltermann, Cossmann, and Hausmann were 
 among his distinguished pupils. He was a vir- 
 tuoso of the first rank, and a fine writer for his 
 instr. (concertos, a concertino, divertissements, 
 fantasias, variations, etc.) ; likewise about 200 
 pieces of entr'acte-music for the court theatre, 
 and concert-pieces f. oboe, clar., horn, trumpet ; 
 and a method f. 'cello. — His son, Alexander, 
 b. Dresden, July 10, 1850, and a pupil of Leip- 
 zig Cons., is a violin-virtuoso, now living in 
 England. 
 
 Kiim'merle, Salomon, b. Malmsheim, n. 
 Stuttgart, Feb. 8, 1838 ; d. Samaden, Sept. 28, 
 l8g6. From 1875-go, professor at the Lower 
 School in Samaden. Has publ. several collec- 
 tions of vocal music, among them " Musica 
 sacra" f. 2-part male ch.; " Grabgesange," 
 
 " Zionsharfe," " Choralbuch fiir evangelische 
 Kirchenchore," and an " Encyklopadie der 
 evangelischen Kirchenmusik " (vol. i, 1888 ; ii 
 1S90 ; iii, i8g6). 
 
 Kiin'dinger, Georg Wilhelm, b. KOnigs- 
 hofen, Bavaria, Nov. 28, 1800 ; Stadtcantor at 
 Nordlingen (1831) and Nuremberg (1838) ; com- 
 poser of church-music. — His sons are (i) Alex- 
 ander, b. Kitzingen, Feb. 13, 1827 ; violinist 
 in ttie court orch., St. Petersburg ; comp. music 
 f. vln.; — (2) Kanut, b. Kitzingen, Nov. 11, 
 1830 ; 'celHst, since 1849, in the Munich court 
 orch. ; — and (3) Rudolf, pianist ; b. NOrdlingen, 
 May 2, 1832 ; pupil of his father, and of Blutn- 
 roder (theory) ; since 1850 in St. Petersburg, 
 in i860 tutor to Grandduke Constantin's chil- 
 dren ; teacher at the court, and to the reign- 
 ing Empress. For one year (1879) prof, at the 
 Cons. — Publ. a trio and a few pf.-pieces. 
 
 Kun'kel, Franz Joseph, theorist and com- 
 poser ; b. Drieburg, Hesse, Aug. 20, 1S04 ; d. 
 Frankfort-on-Main, Dec. 31, 1880. From 1828, 
 rector of and rausic-teacher in Bensheim Teach- 
 ers' Seminary ; pensioned 1854. — ^Vorks : A 
 cantata, psalms, motets, etc.; wrote a " Kleine 
 Musiklehre"; " Die Verurtheilung der Conser- 
 vatorien zu Pflanzschulen des musikalischen 
 Proletariats" (1855); " Kritische Beleuchtung 
 des C. F. Weitzmann'schen Harmonie-Sys- 
 tems "; " Die neue Harmonielehre im Strait mit 
 der alten " (1863) ; etc. 
 
 Kun'tze, Carl, b. Trier, May 17, 1817 ; d. 
 Delitzsch, Saxony, Sept. 7, 1883. Pupil of 
 A. W. Bach, Marx, and Rungenhagen, at Berlin ; 
 cantor and organist at Pritzwalk, " R. Music- 
 director" in 1852; 1858, organist at Aschers- 
 leben ; 1873, rausic-teacher at the Delitzsch 
 Seminary. Best known as a composer of 
 humorous male choruses ("Adam und Eva," 
 " Der Hechtim Karpfenteich," " Weingalopp," 
 "Der neue Burgermeister," "Die Schwieger- 
 mutter ") ; also wrote an operetta, Im Gebirge 
 (Dessau, 1875), motets and songs f. mixed ch., 
 organ-pieces, etc. Edited the 3rd ed. (1875) of. 
 Seidel's " Die Orgel und ihr Bau." 
 
 Kunz, Konrad Max, b. Schwandorf, Bav. 
 Palatinate, Dec. 30, 1812 ; d. Munich, Aug. 3, 
 1875. Pupil of Hartmann Stuntz at Munich ; 
 was a co-founder, and the conductor, of the 
 Munich Liedertafel ; composed many very pop- 
 ular male quartets (" Elstein," "Odin, der 
 Schlachtengott"), though his best-known work 
 (op. 14) is "200 Canons for Piano," warmly 
 recommended by von Biilow, a series of most 
 excellent short technical studies ; he also publ. 
 the satirical pamphlet, " Die GrUndung der 
 Moosgau-Brilderschaf t Moosgrillia. " 
 
 Kun'zen, Johann Paul, b. Leisnig, Saxony, 
 Aug. 30, 1696 ; d. 1770 at Lubeck as organist. 
 His works (several operas for Hamburg, an ora- 
 torio, a Passion, cantatas, etc.) were praised by 
 Mattheson. — His son, 
 
 Kun'zen, Adolf Carl, b. Wittenberg, Sept. 
 
 332 
 
KUNZEN— LABITZKY 
 
 22, 1720; d. LUbeck, in July, 1781, as his 
 fatlier's successor as organist of. the Marien- 
 kirche. He was a very precocious pianist, mak- 
 ing tours in Holland and England at the age of 
 8. Only a few of his pf. -sonatas were publ. ; he 
 also wrote an oratorio, a Passion, symphonies, 
 21 violin-concertos, etc. (many MSS. are in the 
 library of the Brussels Cons.). — His son and 
 pupil, 
 
 Kun'zen, Friedrich Ludwig Aemilius; b. 
 LUbeck, Sept. 24, 1 761 ; d. Copenhagen, Jan. 
 28, 1817. He attended Kiel Univ., 1784-7; 
 then settled in Copenhagen as a teacher of 
 music, producing the successful opera Holger 
 Danske in 1789. After spending a few years in 
 Berlin, and as Kapellmeister at Frankfort and 
 Prague, where his opera Das Fest der Winzer, 
 oder pie Weinlese made a sensation in 1795, he 
 succeefied Schulz as court conductor at Copen- 
 hagen (1795). Here he brought out numerous 
 Danisli operas ; also oratorios, cantatas, over- 
 tures, choruses, pf. -sonatas, etc. 
 
 Kup'fer-Ber'ger, Ludmilla, dramatic so- 
 prano; b. Vienna, 1850, and a pupil of the Cons, 
 there. Debut as Marguerite (Faust) at Linz-on- 
 Danube, 1868, then succeeding the Harriers- 
 Wippern at the Berlin court opera. After marry- 
 ing the Berlin merchant Kupfer, she was en- 
 gaged at the Vienna court opera as Materna's 
 alternate. 
 
 Kurpin'ski, Karl (Kasimir), b. Luschwitz, 
 Posen, Mar. 5, 1785 ; d. Warsaw, Sept. 18, 
 1857. At first 2nd conductor, from 1825-41 
 Eisner's successor as ist conductor, of the War- 
 saw National Th., he brought out some 24 
 Polish operas, and several ballets between 
 1811-26. 
 
 Kurscti'mann. See Curschmann. 
 
 Kurth, (Martin Alexander) Otto, b. Trie- 
 bel, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. II, 1846. 
 Pupil of Haupt, Lbschhorn, and Jul. Schneider, 
 at Berlin. Since 1871, teacher of music in the 
 Teachers' Seminary at Luneburg ; received the 
 title of " R. Music-director" in 1885. — Works : 
 The 3-act opera Konigin Bertha (Berlin, 1892) ; 
 i-act opera Das Gliick von Hohenstein (MS.) ; 
 3-act opera Wittekind ; oratorio, Jsaaks Opfe- 
 rung ; Advent Cantata f. soli, ch., and orch.; 2 
 Hungarian Dances f . orch. ; pieces f. string- 
 orch. ; three symphonies (in C min., in D, and 
 in F) ; pf.-quartet in E[7 ; pf.-trio in C min.; 
 "Old German Warsongs," and " Prussian War- 
 songs of Frederick the Great's time," f . soli, male 
 ch., and orch.; 2 sonatas f. pf. and vln.; etc. 
 
 Kus'ser (or Cousser), Johann Siegmund, 
 
 b. Pressburg, about 1657 ; d. Dublin, 1727. He 
 is best known as the conductor (1693-5) who 
 raised the Hamburg opera to renown ; in this 
 capacity Mattheson, in his " VoUkommener 
 Capellmeister," holds him up as a model. Before 
 this period he had lived 5 years in Paris as 
 Lully's intimate ; from 1698-1704 he conducted 
 the Stuttgart opera ; then became cond. of the 
 
 Viceroy's orchestra at Dublin. — Works : The 
 operas Erindo (1693), Porus (1694), Pyramus 
 tmd Thisbc (1694), Scipio Africanus (1695), and 
 Jason (1697), all prod, at Hamburg; " ApoUon 
 enjoue," 6 operatic overtures and several arias 
 (1700) ; " Heliconische Musenlust" (1700) ; etc. 
 
 Kiis'ter, Hermann, b. Templin, Branden- 
 burg, July 14, 1817 ; d. Herford, Westphalia, 
 Mar. 17, 1878. After study under A. W. Bach, 
 Ludwig Berger, Marx, and Rungenhagen at 
 Berlin, he was mus. director at Saarbrilcken 
 1845-52, then settling in Berlin as a music- 
 teacher. Here he founded the " Berliner Ton- 
 kUnstler-Verein," succeeded Grell as court and 
 cathedral-organist in 1857, with the title of " R. 
 Music-director"; was made "Professor" in 
 1874. — Publ. " Ueber Handel's Israel in Agyp- 
 ten" (1854) ; " Populare Vortrage iiber Bildung 
 und BegrUndung eines musikalischen Urtheils " 
 (4 vol.s, 1870-7) ; " Methode fur den Unterricht 
 im_Gesang auf hOheren Schulanstalten " (1872) ; 
 " Uber die Formen in der Musik " (1872) ; etc. 
 He composed 7 oratorios ; also orchestral and 
 church-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Kwast, James, pianist ; b. Nijkerk, Holland, 
 Nov. 23, 1852. Pupil of his father and Ferd. 
 Bbhme ; later of Reinecke and Richter at Leip- 
 zig Cons. , of Th. KuUak and Wiierst at Berlin, 
 and of Brassin and Gevaert at Brussels. 1874, 
 teacher at Cologne Cons. ; since 1883, pf.-teacher 
 at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort. — Works : A pf.- 
 concerto in F ; a. pf.-trio; a Romanze in FJf; 
 and other pf. -music. 
 
 Labarre, Th6odore, famous harpist ; b. 
 Paris, Mar. 5, 1805 ; d. there Mar. g, 1870. 
 Private pupil of Cousineau, Bochsa, and Nader- 
 man ; at the Cons, of Dourlen, Eler, Fetis, and 
 Boieldieu. From 1824 he lived alternately in 
 London and Paris till 1847 ; was then chef d' or - 
 chestre at the Opera-Comique for 2 years, lived 
 2 years longer in London, and in 1851 was app. 
 conductor of Louis Napoleon's private orchestra ; 
 succeeded Prumier as harp-prof, at the Cons, in 
 i86y. — Works : 4 operas, 5 ballets ; all sorts of 
 soli and duets f. harp ; a " Methode complete " 
 f. harp ; elegant romances ; etc. 
 
 Labatf, Leonard, celebrated dramatic tenor; 
 b. Stockholm, 1838 ; d. there March 7, 1897. 
 Pupil of the Stockholm Acad, of Music, and of 
 Masset at Paris ; debut as Tamino at Stockholm 
 in 1866 ; from 1869-83, member of the court 
 opera, Vienna. 
 
 Labitz'ky, Joseph, dance-composer ; b. 
 Schbnfeld, n. Eger, July 4, 1802 ; d. Karlsbad, 
 Aug. 19, 1881. Taught by Veit of Petschau, 
 in 1820 he joined the orch. at Marienbad as Ist 
 violin, in 1821 the Karlsbad orch. ; in 1834 he 
 organized an orch. of his own, making concert- 
 tours from Russia to England. His waltzes, 
 galops, quadrilles, etc., are still favorites.— His 
 
 333 
 
LABLACHE— LACHNER 
 
 sons are (i) August, b. Petschau, Saxony, Oct. 
 22, 1832, pupil of Prague Cons., also o£ David 
 and Hauptmann in Leipzig, became in 1853 
 cond. of the Karlsbad Kurorchester ; he com- 
 poses pf.-pieces, etc. — and (2) Wilhelm, a 
 violinist, settled in Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Lablache, Luigi, bass opera -singer ; b. 
 Naples, Dec. 6, 1794 ; d. there Jan. 23, 1858. 
 His voice, of great compass (E b-e'l?) and won- 
 derful volume and flexibility, was trained by 
 Valesi at the Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini, in 
 which L. spent 6 years. At 18 he commenced 
 his career, as a basso buffo at the San Carlino 
 Th. ; married soon after, and followed his young 
 wife's advice to leave that theatre, and begin 
 higher studies. In a year he was eng. at the 
 Palermo theatre as prinio basso cantante, and 
 sang there with growing applause for 5 years ; 
 then at Milan, Venice, Vienna, and in 1830 at 
 Paris, where his Geronimo in the Matrimonio 
 segreto won him the reputation of the first dra- 
 matic bass of his day. He sang thereafter, till 
 his retirement in 1852, at Paris, St. Petersburg, 
 and London. His impersonation of Leporello, 
 in Don Giovanni, was considered the finest ever 
 seen on the stage. 
 
 La'bor, Josef, b. Horowitz, Bohemia, June 
 2g, 1842. A blind pianist, pupil of Sechter 
 and Pirkhert at the Vienna Cons. ; after a suc- 
 cessful debut at Vienna, he made a long concert- 
 tour in Germany, remaining 2 years in Hanover 
 as chamber-pianist and teacher of the princess. 
 In Brussels and London, 1865 ; Leipzig, 1866 ; 
 then at Paris, St. Petersburg, and Moscow ; now 
 living in Vienna. He is also an excellent organ- 
 ist. — Works : Pf. -quintet, pf. -quartet, other pf.- 
 music, songs, etc. (publ.); a Paternoster f. ch. 
 and orch.,and an Ave Maria in canon-form f. 
 female voices, have been perf. in the Court 
 Chapel. 
 
 Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de, b. Paris, Sept. 
 5, 1734 ; d. there July 22, 1794. Pupil of Dau- 
 vergne (vln.) and Rameau (comp.). He was 
 chamberlain to Louis XV., and a member of the 
 Compagnie des Fermiers-Generaux ; after the 
 king's death he withdrew from the court, and 
 devoted himself to composition. — Works: 11 
 comic operas; chansons; etc.; an " Essai sur 
 la musique ancienne et moderne " (1780 ; four 
 vol.s) ; a " Memoire sur les proportions musicales 
 . . . " (17S1 ; a suppl. to the "Essai"); and 
 " Memoires historiques sur Raoul de Coucy " 
 (1781). 
 
 Lach'ner, Franz, eminent composer and 
 contrapuntist ; b. Rain, Upper Bavaria, April 2, 
 1804 ; d. Munich, Jan. 20, iSgo. Pupil of his 
 father, a poor organist; then, for 6 years, of Eisen- 
 hofer, the rector of the Gymnasium at Neuburg- 
 on-Danube, in composition. Going to Munich, 
 he earned his livelihood by teaching, and playing 
 in an orchestra, also studying under Kapellm. 
 Ett. In 1822 he proceeded to Vienna, became 
 organist of the Protestant church, and took 
 further lessons from Stadler, Sechter, and Weigl ; 
 
 was an intimate friend of Schubert's, and was 
 also strongly influenced by intercourse with 
 Beethoven. Through Duport's good offices he 
 was app., in 1826, 
 Kapellm. at the 
 Kamthnerthor Th., 
 remaining there 
 until called in like 
 capacity to Mann- 
 heim in 1834 ; he 
 also established the 
 Philharm. Concerts 
 in Vienna. Passing 
 through Munich, the 
 production of his D 
 minor symphony 
 procured him the 
 appointment of 
 court Kapellm., 
 taking eiifect at the expiration of his engage- 
 ment at Mannheim in 1836. In Munich he 
 assumed a very prominent position as cond. of 
 the court opera, the court performances of sacred 
 music, and, from 1852, as General Mus. Direc- 
 tor; he retired on pension in 1868, the growing 
 predominance of Wagnerial tendencies at court 
 being distasteful to him. From Munich Univ. 
 he received the degree of Dr. phil. hon. causa 
 in 1872. His eight orchestral suites are the hap- 
 piest inventions of his decidedly original talent ; 
 in them his gifts for imitative and contrapuntal 
 work, in an individual development of the Bach 
 tradition, find widest scope. He brought out 4 
 operas: Die Bilrgschaft (Pesth, 1828; Munich, 
 1834) ; Alidia (Munich, 1839) I Catarina Cor- 
 naro (Munich, 1841) ; and Benvenuto Cellini 
 (Munich, 1849) ; music to Lanassa (Vienna, 
 1832); the oratorios Moses andDie vier Menschen- 
 alter; a Requiem (op. 146) ; a solemn mass (op. 
 52) ; 2 Stabat Maters ; other masses, motets, and 
 Psalms ; 8 symphonies (the " appassionata " is 
 op. 72) ; concert-overtures ; festival march f. 
 brass ; nonet f . wind ; sextets, quintets, quartets, 
 trios, and sonatas f. pf . and strings ; serenade f. 
 4 'celli ; elegy f .' 5 'celli ; 2 harp-concertos ; 
 organ-music (sonatas, fugues, etc.) ; songs w. 
 orch. or pf . ; part-songs ; male quartets ; female 
 trios ; etc. — He had two brothers : 
 
 Lach'ner, Igilaz, b. Rain, Sept. 11, 1807 ; d. 
 Hanover, Feb. 24, 1895. Pupil of his father; 
 then, at Augsburg, where he attended the Gym- 
 nasium, of Neugebauer (vln.), Keller (pf.), and 
 Witschka (comp.). He joined his brother P'ranz 
 in the orch. of the Isarthal Th., Munich, and 
 followed him to Vienna in 1824, succeeding him 
 as organist in the Protestant church ; he entered 
 the orch. of the Kamthnerthor Th., and in 1825 
 became 2nd Kapellm. at the court opera. In 
 1831, court mus. director at Stuttgart ; in 1842, 
 2nd Kapellm., under his brother, at Munich ; in 
 1853, Kapellm. of the Hamburg City Th.; in 
 1858, court conductor at Stockholm ; from 1861- 
 75, 1st Kapellm. at Frankfort, then retiring.— 
 Works : The operas Der Geisterthurm (Stutt- 
 
 334 
 
LACHNER— LAFAGE 
 
 gart, 1837); Die Regenbruder (ibid., 1839); 
 Loreley (Munich, 1846) ; several " Singspiele," 
 among them the popular 's letzte Fensterle; 
 ballets, melodramas, entr'actes, symphonies, 
 string-quartets and trios ; masses ; pf. -pieces ; 
 etc., his last work (op. 108) being 4 duos f. vln. 
 and pf. 
 
 Lach'ner, Vincenz, b. Rain, July ig, 181 1 ; 
 d. Karlsruhe, Jan. 22, 1893. Pupil of his father, 
 and, in Vienna, of his brothers ; he succeeded 
 Ignaz as organist in 1831, and Franz as court 
 Kapellm. at Mannheim in 1836, being pensioned 
 in 1873. In 1842 he cond. the German opera 
 in, London, and in Frankfort the municipal 
 opera in 184S. Lived from 1873 in Karlsruhe, 
 teaching in the Cons, there after 1884. His 4- 
 part male choruses are celebrated, particularly 
 his settings of nearly all of V. Scheffel's songs, 
 among the best being "Alt Heidelberg, du 
 feine," " Im schwarzen Wallfisch," " Nun 
 gruss' dich Gott, Alt Heidelberg " ; he also 
 wrote music to Schiller's Turandot, and Deme- 
 trius ; symphonies, overtures, string-quartets, a 
 pf.-quartet, numerous songs, etc. 
 
 Lack, Theodore, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Quimper, Finisterre, France, Sept. 3, 1846. 
 Pupil, at Paris Cons., of Marmontel (pf.) and 
 Bazin (harm.) ; living since 1863 as a teacher 
 and composer at Paris. Ofiicer of the Acade- 
 mic, 1881 ; Officier de I'lnstruction publique, 
 1887. — Works : A great quantity of elegant 
 ja/o»-music for , piano (Tarentelle, op. 20 ; 
 Bolero, op. 27 ; Etudes elegantes, op. 30 ; Valse 
 espagnole, op. 40 ; Scenes enfantines, op. 61 ; 
 Etudes de Mile. Didi, op. 85 ; Souvenir d' Al- 
 sace, op. 106 ; Polonaise de concert, for 2 pf.s ; 
 etc.). 
 
 Lack'owitz, Wilhelm, b. Trebbin, n. Ber- 
 lin, Jan. 13, 1837. Pupil of Erk, Th. Kullak, 
 and Dehn ; editor, since, 1877, of the " Deutsche 
 Musikerzeitung. " Publ. " Musikalische Skiz- 
 zenblatter " (2nd ed. 1876). 
 
 Lacombe, Louis, [Brouillon-Lacombe,] b. 
 Bourges, France, Nov. 26, 1818 ; d. St.-Vaast- 
 la-Hougue, Sept. 30, 1884. From 1829, Zim- 
 merman's pupil at the Paris Cons. , taking first 
 prize for pf.-playing in 1831. After a pianistic 
 tour through France, Belgium, and Germany, 
 he resided in Vienna for 8 months (1834), study- 
 ing with Czerny, Fischhof, Seyfried, and Secfi- 
 ter. After a second tour in Germany, he took 
 lessons in composition from Barbireau, and set- 
 tled in Paris as a much-sought teacher, a suc- 
 cessful concert-giver, and industrious composer. 
 — Works : A i-act comic opera La Madone 
 (1861) ; a 2-act comic opera Le Tonnelier (given 
 as Meister Martin und seine Gesellen at Ko- 
 blenz, 1897) ; a 4-act grand opera Winkelried 
 (Geneva, 1892) ; a melodrama V Amour (1859) ; 
 the prize-cantata Sapho (1878) ; a grand " Epo- 
 pee lyrique" f. orch.; 2 dramatic symphonies w. 
 soli and ch. (" Manfred," 1847, and " Arva, ou 
 les Hongrois" 1850); a pf. -quintet w. vln., 
 
 'cello, oboe, and bassoon, op. 26 ; 2 pf.-trios ; 
 numerous pf. - pieces (4 Nocturnes ; grand 
 '' liltudes en octaves," op. 40 ; " Choral, grande 
 etude de concert," op. 45 ; Six romances sans 
 paroles, op. 52) ; also choruses a cappella and w. 
 organ; etc. He wrote an essay on " Philoso- 
 phic et musique" (Paris, 1895). 
 
 Lacombe, Paul, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Carcassonne, Dude, France, July 11, 1837, and 
 taught there by Teysseyre, but chiefly self- 
 trained. His chamber-music (sonatas f. pf. and 
 vln., a pf.-trio, a serenade f. flute, oboe, and 
 strings, etc.) and pf.-music (divertissement f. 
 pf. and orch., suite f. ditto, etudes, "Ara- 
 besques," " Aubade aux maries," etc.) are his 
 most famous productions (he received the Prix 
 Chartier in i88g for chamber-music) ; his other 
 works include 3 symphonies, a symphonic over- 
 ture, a Suite pastorale f. orch., a serenade and 
 " Seine au camp " f. ditto, a mass, a requiem, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Lacome, Paul, [Paul-Jean-Jacques La- 
 come de I'Estaleux,] b. Houga, Gers, France, 
 Mar. 4, 1838. Since i860 in Paris. He con- 
 tributed to various mus. reviews, and is a com- 
 poser of light operas and operettas, having pro- 
 duced a score of stage-pieces, the latest being 
 Le Cadeau de noces (1893), Le Bain de Monsieur 
 (1895), and Le Mar/chal Chaudron (i8g8). His 
 Jeanne, Jeannette et Jeanneton (1876) was also 
 quite successful in Germany. Other works : 
 Orchestral suites ; quartets ; trios ; over 200 
 songs (" I'Estudiantina ") ; psalms f. i or more 
 voices, w. org. or pf. ; pf.-music (" Les succes 
 de famille," 30 progr. pes. f. little pianists). 
 
 La'degast, Friedrich, b. Hochhermsdorf, 
 n. Leipzig, Aug. 30, i8i8 ; worked for his 
 brother, an organ-builder at Geringswalde, and 
 set up for himself at Weissenfels in 1S46. One 
 of the best of modern German organ-builders ; 
 renovated the great Merseburg organ (1855), 
 and built the organ in the Nikolaikirche at 
 Leipzig (1859-62 ; 4 manuals and 85 stops). 
 
 Ladur'ner, Ignaz Anton Franz Xaver, b. 
 
 Aldein, Tyrol, Aug. i, 1766 ; d. Villain (Massy), 
 Seine-et-Oise, Mar. 4, l83g. From 1777-82 he 
 studied in the monastery at Benediktbeuern ; 
 then became organist at Algund, near Meran, 
 and afterwards studied at Munich under the pat- 
 ronage of Countess Hainhausen, herself an ex- 
 cellent pianist, whom he accompanied to Bar-le- 
 Duc. From 1788 to his retirement in 1836 he 
 lived in Paris, renowned as a teacher and pian- 
 ist. Auber was his pupil. — Works : Nine pf .- 
 sonatas (op. I, 2, 4) ; 3 more, followed by a ca- 
 price (op. 11) ; 3 sonatas f. pf. and vln. (op. 5), 
 and 3 more (op. 7) ; sonata f. pf. 4 hands (op. 
 6) ; also variations and divertissements. He 
 brought out 2 operas at the Opera-Comique. 
 
 Lafage, Juste-Adrien-Lenoir de, eminent 
 writer ; b. Paris, Mar. 28, 1801 ; d. at the Cha- 
 renton Insane Asylum, Mar. 8, 1862. Pupil of 
 Perne and Choron ; then taught singing ; went to 
 
 335 
 
LAFONT— LALO 
 
 Rome in 1828, on a government stipend, to study 
 under Baini ; 1829, mattre de chapelle at St.- 
 Etienne-du-Mont, Paris ; visited Italy 1833-6, 
 and 1848, and also travelled to Germany, Spain, 
 and England. He died of brain-disorders due 
 to overwork. In 1859 he founded the periodical 
 " Le Plain-chant." Important vsritings : " Ma- 
 nuel complet de musique vocale et instrumentale " 
 (1836-8 ; 6 vol.s) ; " Semeiologie musicale " (ele- 
 ments of music after Choron ; 1837 ; — an epit- 
 ome was also publ., 1837, as " Principes ele- 
 mentaires de musique") ; " De la chanson con- 
 sideree sous le rapport musical" (1840) ; " His- 
 toire generate de la musique et de la danse " 
 (1844 ; 2 vol.s) ; " Miscellanees musicales " (1844, 
 sketches of Bellini, Haydn, and others) ; sketches 
 of Zingarelli, S. Mattel (1839), Choron, Bocquil- 
 lon-Wilhem, Baini (all 1844), Donizetti; " Es- 
 sais de diphterographie musicale" ; " De I'unite 
 tonique et de la fixation d'un diapason univer- 
 sel " (1859) ; " Nicolai Capnani presbyteri " com- 
 pendium musicale " ; many works on plain song : 
 " De la reproduction des livres de plain-chant 
 romain "(1853) ; " Cours complet de plain-chant" 
 (1855-6; 2 vol.s); " Nouveau traite de plain- 
 chant " (1859) ; " Routine pour accompagner le 
 plain-chant"; etc. — He comp. motets, etc.; 
 duets, fantasias, and variations for fiute ; and 
 songs. 
 
 Lafont, Charles-Philippe, b. Paris, Dec. i, 
 1781 ; d. on the way from Bagnieres-de-Bigorre 
 to Tarbes, Aug. 14, 1839. Violin-virtuoso, the 
 nephew and a pupil of Bertheaume ; studied later 
 with Kreutzer and Rode. Made a concert-tour 
 in Germany with his uncle while very young, and 
 continued travelling until appointed chamber- 
 virtuoso at St. Petersburg as Rode's successor. 
 From 1815 he lived mostly in Paris as court vio- 
 linist ; but still made tours, and met his death on 
 one of them. — 7 violin-concertos ; rondos, fan- 
 tasias, variations, etc., either f. orch., or string- 
 quartet, harp, pf., etc. ; about 200 romances for 
 voice ; and 2 comic operas, prod, at St. Peters- 
 burg and Paris. 
 
 La Grange, Mme. Anna (Caroline) de, b. 
 Paris, July 24, 1825. Soprano coloratura-singer, 
 with a voice remarkable for range and flexibility ; 
 pupil of Bordogni and Lamperti ; debut 1842, at 
 Varese ; she sang in Italy until 1848 ; then in 
 Vienna, where she married the wealthy Russian 
 Stankowich, and Paris; from 1849-69, long ar- 
 tistic tours in Europe and America (in New York, 
 1855). 
 
 La Harpe, Jean-Frangois de, poet and 
 critic ; b. Paris, Nov. 20, 1739 ; d. there Feb. 11, 
 1803. An opponent of Gluck's music, which he 
 attacked in the " Journal de politique et de lit- 
 terature" (1777). 
 
 Lahee, Henry, b. Chelsea, England, Apr. 11, 
 1826. Pupil of Bennett and C. Potter (pf.), and 
 J. Goss (comp.) ; organist 1847-74 of Holy Trin- 
 ity Ch., Brompton. Concert-pianist ; member of 
 the Philharm Soc. ; living in Croydon as teacher 
 
 and composer. — Works : Cantatas The Building 
 of the Ship (1869) ; The Blessing of the Children 
 (1870) ; The Jolly Beggars (MS.) ; and 2 others 
 for female voices. The Sleeping Beauty^ and The 
 Blind Girl of Costel CuilU ; several anthems ; 
 numerous very popular glees, madrigals, and 
 part-songs. 
 
 Lahire, Philippe de, b. Paris, 1640 ; d. there 
 Apr. 21, 1719. Prof, of mathematics at Paris 
 Univ. ; wrote " Explications de differences des 
 sons de la corde tendue sur la trompette marine," 
 and " Experiences sur le son." 
 
 Laidlaw, Anna Robena, [Mrs. Thomson,] 
 pianist ; b. Bretton, Yorkshire, Apr. 30, 1819. 
 Pupil of Robert Muller at Edinburgh ; then stud- 
 ied in Konigsberg, Prussia, and in 1834 with 
 Henri Herz at London. In Berlin, 1836, she 
 met Ludwig Berger ; played in the Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, in 1837, and made Schumann's acquaint- 
 ance ; he inscribed his Phantasiestucke, op. 12, 
 to her. Her eminently successful career as a 
 concert-pianist continued until her marriage in 
 1852. 
 
 Lajarte, Th^odore-Edouard Dufaure de, 
 
 b. Bordeaux, July 10, 1826 ; d. Paris, June 20, 
 l8go. Writer and composer ; pupil of Leborne 
 at the Paris Cons., and prod, numerous operas 
 and operettas ; also marches and dances for mili- 
 tary band, etc. From 1873 he was archivist of 
 the Grand Opera, and wrote a " Bibliotheque 
 musicale du theatre de I'Opera" (1876, etc. ; 2 
 vol.s); "Instruments Sax et fanfares civiles" 
 (1867) ; and, with Bisson, a " Traite de compo- 
 sition musicale" (1880); publ. a coll. of "Airs 
 idanser de Lulli a Mehul,"and " Chefs d'oeuvre 
 classiques de I'opera franyais," including vocal 
 scores of Lully's Armide, Psyche, and This&, 
 besides operas by Campra, Rameau, et al. 
 
 Lajeunesse, Marie Louise Cecilia Emma. 
 
 See Albani. 
 
 Lalande, Michel-Richard de, b. Paris, Dec. 
 15. 1657 I d- there June 18, 1726. Pupil of 
 Chaperon ; organist of four churches in Paris, 
 music-master to the princesses, and from 1683 
 chef de musique to Louis XIV. A very eminent 
 church-composer (works MS.), and also wrote 
 many ballets, the music to Moli^re's Melicerte, 
 etc. 60 motets f . ch. and orch. were publ. in an 
 Mition de luxe in 20 parts. 
 
 Lalande [M^ric- Lalande], Henriette- 
 Cl^mentine, brilliant stage-soprano ; b. Dun- 
 kirk, 1798 ; d. Paris, Sept. 7, 1867. At first a 
 "■natural" singer in comedy-opera, she Received 
 stricter training from Garcia, and at Milan from 
 Bonfichi and Banderali ; was highly successful 
 in Italy, Vienna, and Paris, but less 'fortunate in 
 London. 
 
 Lalo, ^douard (-Victor -Antoine), distin- 
 guished French composer ; b. Lille, Jan. T], 
 1823; d. Paris, Apr. 22, 1892. Pupil of Bau- 
 mann at the branch of the Paris Cons, in Lille ; 
 excellent player on the violin and viola, which 
 
 336 
 
LA MARA— LAMOND 
 
 latter he played in the Armingaud and Jacquard 
 soirees ; he lived in Paris as a composer and 
 teacher. — Works: The opera Fiesque (never perf . , 
 although accepted in Paris and Brussels) ; the 
 spectacle Niron (Paris, iSgi) ; the 4-act opera 
 La Jacquerie (L. 
 set to music only 
 the first act, and 
 did not even or- 
 chestrate that ; fin 
 ished byCoquard 
 and successfully 
 prod, in Monte 
 Carlo, 1895); abal 
 let, Namouna; the 
 4-act opera Le Kai 
 d'Ys (1888); a 
 " Rhapsodie nor 
 vegienne" f. orch. 
 a pf. concerto ; 2 
 violin-c oncertos 
 (No. I dedicated to 
 
 Sarasate;No. 2 is the " Symphonie espagnole") ; a 
 Divertissement, and an " Allegro symphonique," 
 f. orch.; a string-quartet ; 2 pf.- trios ; a sere- 
 nade f . vln. ; a Duo concertant f. pf. and vln. ; 
 a violin-sonata, and a 'cello-sonata, vif. pf . ; 
 characteristic pieces f. vln. and pf., for vln., 
 'cello, and pf . , and for 'cello and pf . ; and " M elo- 
 dies vocales. " 
 
 La Mara. See Lipsius, Marie. 
 
 Lambert, Michel, b. Vivonne, Poitou, 1610 ; 
 d. Paris, 1696. From about 1650 he was master 
 of chamber-music to Louis XIV. Celebrated 
 singing-teacher ; father-in-law of LuUy. Publ. 
 " Airs et brunettes " (1666 ; 2nd ed. 1689) ; and, 
 posthumously, " Airs et dialogues " (i6g8). 
 
 Lam'bert, Johann Heinrich, b. Muhlhausen, 
 Alsatia, Aug. 29, 1728 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 25, 
 1778. A building-inspector (" Oberbaurath "), 
 and a member of the Berlin Academy. — Works : 
 " Sur quelques instruments acoustiques " (1763 ; 
 German ed. 1796); "Sur la vitesse du son" 
 (1768); " Remarques sur le temperament en 
 musique" (1774; German in Marpurg's "His- 
 torisch-kritische Beitrage," vol. v); and " Obser- 
 vations surles sons des flfites " (1775). All the 
 above are printed in the reports of the Academy. 
 
 Lambert, Lucien, b. Paris, Jan., 1861. Pu- 
 pil of Barbereau, Dubois, and Massenet, at the 
 Cons. ; took the Prix Ro.ssini in 1883 with his 
 cantata /"roOT/M/^ enchain^ ; since then he has 
 brought out the 2-act " fantaisie-vaudeVille " 
 &>^ 0/a/(Paris,Th,-Lyrique, 1888; unsucc); the 
 "fairy-opera" BroMiande (Rouen, 1893); the 
 4-act lyric drama Le Spahi (Opera-Com., 1897); 
 his opera LaPenticosa was not yet perf. in 1897. 
 Also an overture, and a symphonic poem, f . orch. ; 
 and a " Fantaisie tzigane " f. pf. 
 
 Lam'bert, Alexander, b. Warsaw, Poland, 
 Nov. I, 1862. Instructed in pf.-playing by his 
 father, Henry L., from the age of ten ; at 12 he 
 was sent, by Rubinstein's advice, to the Vienna 
 
 Cons. , where he was graduated (from Jul. Ep- 
 stein's class) at 16. After studying two years 
 longer (pf. alone ; comp. with Urban of Berlin), 
 he went in 1881 to New York, and gave con- 
 certs at Steinway Hall ; then made a concert- 
 tour through Germany and Russia, worked several 
 months at Weimar under Liszt (his classmates 
 being Rosenthal, Siloti, Friedheim, and Reisen- 
 auer), and in 1884 returned to America. Played 
 in concerts at New York, Boston, Chicago, etc., 
 and in 1S88 became Director of the N. Y. Coll. 
 of Music, which position he still (i8gg) holds. 
 He retired from the concert-platform in 1892. — 
 Publ. works : Etude and Bourree, Tarantella, 
 Mazurka, Valse-Impromptu, and Canzonetta, f. 
 pf . ; a Romanze f . 'cello ; and an Ave Maria f. 
 soprano. 
 
 Lamber'ti, Giuseppe, b. Cuneo, Italy, 1820 
 (?); d. Turin, April, 1894. Comp. of sacred 
 and secular music. — Operas, Malek-Adeli^-axva., 
 1851); Leila di Granata (Cuneo, 1857); both 
 quite successful. 
 
 Lambillotte, P^re Louis, writer and church 
 composer ; b. Charleroi, Hainault, Mar. 27, 
 1797 ; d. Vaugirard, Feb. 27, 1855. Organist 
 at Charleroi, then at Dinant ; in 1822 mattre de 
 chapelle at the Jesuit Seminary at St.-Acheul, 
 joining the order in 1825, and residing in various 
 monasteries, las tlyatVaugirard. — Works: 4 grand 
 masses, one in the Lydian Church-mode ; other 
 sacred music, organ-pieces, fugues, etc. ; he publ. 
 an " Antiphonaire de saint Gregoire, fac-simile 
 du manuscrit de Saint-Gall " (1S51), with histori- 
 cal and explanatory essays ; "Quelques mots sur 
 la restauration du chant liturgique . . ."(1855); 
 " Esthetique, Theorie et Pratique du chant gre- 
 gorien ..." (1855). P^re Dufour, editor of 
 these last two, publ. a " Graduel " and " Ves- 
 peral" after L.'s ideas about choral notes; Fetis 
 and others are unsparing in their criticisms of 
 his (L.'s) soi-disant reforms. 
 
 Lam'mers, Julius, b. Leipzig, Apr. 20, 
 1829 ; d. there Sept. 20, 1888. Composer ; 
 teacher in the Conservatory. 
 
 Lamond', Frederic A., concert-pianist ; b. 
 Glasgow, Jan. 28, l868. His brother David was 
 his first teacher ; in 1880 he became organist of 
 Laurieston Parish Ch. He had violin-lessons 
 of H. C. Cooper in Glasgow; went in 1882 to 
 Frankfort, studied at the Raff Cons, under Max 
 Schwarz (pf.), A. Urspruch (conip.), and Heer- 
 mann (vln.) ; later with v. BUlow (1884-5) and 
 Liszt (1885-6) at Weimar and Rome. Pianistic 
 debut at Berlin, Nov. 17, 1885, was highly suc- 
 cessful ; after concerts in Vienna, Glasgow, and 
 London, he spent several years in Germany, and 
 gives frequent concerts in that country and 
 Britain ; visited Russia in 1896, and Paris in 
 1899, with brilliant success. — Works ; Sym- 
 phony in A (1889) ; overture " Aus dem schot- 
 tischen Hochlande " (1895) ; a pf.-trio ; 8 pf.- 
 pieces, op. i ; sonata f. 'cello and pf., op. 2 ; 
 other chamber-music in MS. 
 
 22 
 
 337 
 
LAMOTHE— LANG 
 
 Lamothe, Georges, French composer of 
 dance-music ; b. 1837 ; d. Courbevoie, Oct. 15, 
 1894. 
 
 Lamoureux, Charles, conductor and violin- 
 ist ; b. Bordeaux, Sept. 28, 183^^4. Pupil of 
 Girard, Paris Cons.; violinist in the Gymnase 
 orch., then at the Opera ; studied further under 
 Tolbecque, Leborne, and Chauvet, and founded 
 (w. Colonne, Adam, and Rignault) a society for 
 chamber-music ; in 1872 he organized a " Soci- 
 ete de musique sacree"; became widely famed 
 as a conductor (cond. the Boieldieu Jubilee Con- 
 cert at Rouen in 1875) ; 1876, asst.-cond. to 
 Deldevez at the Opera, succeeding him as first 
 conductor in 1878 ; 1872-8 was also asst.-cond. 
 of the Cons. Concerts ; resigned from the Opera 
 in 1881, and established the " Concerts Lamou- 
 reux" (Nouveaux Concerts), justly celebrated 
 for their excellence. 
 
 Lampada'rius, Johannes, chapel-singer at 
 St. Sophia, Constantinople, in the 14th century ; 
 wrote a work on Grecian church-music (in the 
 Imp. Library, Vienna). 
 
 Lampada'rius, Petrus, b. Tripolitza, Morea, 
 about 1730 ; composed the music for a volume 
 of Lenten songs, " Triodia," publ. Paris, 1821, 
 in the new Greek liturgical notations reformed 
 by his brother Gregorius, and Chrysanthus of 
 Madytos (q. v.). 
 
 Lampa'dius, Wilhelm Adolf, Lutheran 
 pastor; b. 1812 ; d. Leipzig, Apr. 7, 1892; 
 author of "Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy : ein 
 Denkmal fiir seine Freunde," and several mus. 
 essays. 
 
 Lam'peren, Michel van, b. Brussels, Dec. 
 6, 1826. Since 1859, Hbrarian of the Brussels 
 Cons. ; has published church-music. 
 
 Lara'pert, Ernst, b. Gotha, July 3, 1818 ; 
 d. there June 17, 1879. Pianist and violinist ; 
 pupil of Hummel, Spohr, and Hauptmann. 
 1844 Concerlmeister, 1855 Kapellni., to the 
 court at Gotha. He prod, operas at Gotha and 
 Koburg, and publ. string-quartets, pf. -pieces, 
 music for pf. and violin, etc., all of which is 
 praised. 
 
 Lamper'ti, Francesco, celebrated singing- 
 teacher ; b. Savona, Italy, Mar. 11, 1813 ; d. 
 Como, May I, 1892. Pupil of the Milan Cons., 
 where from 1850-76 he gave vocal instruction, 
 giving private lessons after retiring. Among 
 his most famous pupils were Albani, Mme. 
 Artot, both Cruvellis, Campanini, CoUini, and 
 Mme. Lagrange. — Publ. " Guida teorico-pratica- 
 elementare per lo studio del canto "; " Studi di 
 bravura per soprano "; " Esercizi giornalieri per 
 soprano o mezzo-soprano " ; " L'Arte del canto " ; 
 " Osservazioni e consign sul trillo"; Solfeggi; 
 etc. — Not to be confounded with M. G. B. 
 Lamperti. 
 
 Lampugna'ni, Giovanni Battista, teacher 
 and dramatic composer ; b. Milan^ 1706 ; d. 
 there about 1780. From 1743-66 he wrote for 
 
 Milan, Venice, London, etc., some 15 serious 
 operas in the style of Hasse. In 1743 he suc- 
 ceeded Galuppi as cond. of the Ital. Opera, 
 London ; in 1779 he was maestro al cembalo at 
 La Scala, Milan. 
 
 Land, Dr. Jan Pieter Nicolaas, b. Delft, 
 Apr. 23, 1834 ; d. Arnhem, Apr. 30, 1897. In 
 1864, prof, of Oriental tongues and philos. at 
 Amsterdam ; 1872-94, prof, of philos. at Ley- 
 den Univ. An accomplished linguist, deeply 
 interested in musico-historical research, to which 
 he made most valuable contributions: — "Mu- 
 sique etmusiciens au 17= siecle. Correspondance 
 et oeuvres musicales de Constantin Huygers " 
 (Leyden, 1882) ; " Recherche sur I'histoire de 
 la gamme arabe" (Leyden, 1884) ; " Tonschrift- 
 versuche und Melodieproben aus dem muham- 
 medanischen Mittelalter " (in the " Vierteljahrs- 
 schrift fiir Musikwissenschaft," Sept., 1886); 
 " Het Luitboek van Thysius" (Amsterdam, 
 1889); "Over onze kennis der javaansche 
 rauziek" (ibid., 1891) ; "Remarks on the ear- 
 liest development of Arabic Music " (Proceed- 
 ings of the London Oriental Congress, Sept., 
 1892). 
 
 Land'graf, J. Fr. Bernhard, b. Dielsdorf, 
 Weimar, June 25, 1816 ; d. Leipzig, Jan. 25, 
 1885. From 1840, 1st clarinet in the Gewand- 
 haus Orch. 
 
 Lan'di, Stefano, b. Rome, about 1590 ; d. 
 there about 1655. M. di capp. at Padua ; from 
 1629, singer {musico) in the Papal Chapel, Rome. 
 Noted church-composer ; pupil of Nanini. — 
 Publ. Madrigals a 4-5 ; " Poesie diverse in 
 musica" (1628) ; " Missa in benedictione nup- 
 tiarum " (1628); " Arie da una e due voci" 
 (1627-39 ; 8 books) ; Psalms a 4 (1629) ; a reli- 
 gious drama S. Alessio (1634); " Messe a cap- 
 pella " a 4-5 ; and the pastorale La viorte di 
 Orfeo (1639). 
 
 Landi'no, Francesco, called Francesco 
 cieco (the blind), and also Francesco degli 
 organi, being a notable organist ; b. Florence, 
 about 1325 ; d. there 1390. His excellent record 
 is reviewed in Ritter's ' ' Geschichte des Orgel- 
 spiels"; only a few Canzoni are preserved in 
 MS. in the Paris library. 
 
 Landol'fi (or Landul'phus), Carlo Fer- 
 nandino, noteworthy maker of stringed instr.s ; 
 lived at Milan, 1750-60. An imitator of Giu- 
 seppe Guarneri, he made good violins, but much 
 better 'celli. — Pietro L., also an instr.-maker at 
 Milan about 1760, was probably his son or 
 brother. 
 
 Lang [Lang-Kostlin], Josephine, b. 
 
 Munich, Mar. 14, 1815 ; d. Tiibingen, Dec. 2, 
 1880. Song-composer ; pupil of Frau Berling- 
 hof- Wagner and Mendelssohn. Her son, H. A. 
 K., publ. a sketch of her life in the " Samm- 
 lung musikalischer Vortrage" (Leipzig, 1881). 
 
 Lang, Benjamin Johnson, b. Salem, Mass., 
 Dec. 28, 1837. A piano-pupil of his father, of 
 
 338 
 
LANG— LANGER 
 
 F. G. Hill at Boston, and of Alfred Jaell and 
 Gustav Satter ; in 1855 he studied comp. in Ber- 
 lin, and pf.-playing under Liszt Since 1852, 
 organist successively 
 at Dr. Neale's 
 church, the Old 
 South, the South 
 Congr. Ch. (20 years), 
 and King's Chapel, 
 Boston. Also for 
 about 25 years organ- 
 ist of the Handel and 
 Haydn Society, Bos- 
 ton, of which he be- 
 came conductor in 
 1895, succeeding Zer- 
 rahn. Besides con- 
 ducting the Apollo 
 
 Club and the Cecilia since their organization, 
 he has given very numerous concerts (orches- 
 tral, choral, chamber - music) on his own ac- 
 count. As a pianist, teacher, conductor, and 
 organizer he has been in the first rank of Bos- 
 ton's musicians for a third of a century, and has 
 brought out a long list of important v^orks by 
 foreign and native composers. His own comp.s 
 include the oratorio David ; symphonies and 
 overtures ; much chamber- and pf .-music ; a great 
 many church - compositions ; also songs, etc. ; 
 mostly still in MS. — His daughter, 
 
 Lang, Margaret Ruthven, b. Boston, Nov. 
 27, 1867, a pupil of her father (pf .), Schmidt of 
 Boston, Drechsler and Abel in Munich (vln.), 
 and Gluth in Munich (comp.), is a talented song- 
 composer, several of whose compositions have 
 been published and publicly performed. Other 
 works in MS. 
 
 Lang'becker, Emanuel Christian Gott- 
 lieb, b. Berlin, Aug. 31, 1792 ; d. there Oct. 24, 
 1843. He was secretary to Prince Waldemar of 
 Prussia ; his researches on the origin of the Prot- 
 estant choral are embodied in "Das deutsch- 
 evangelische Kirchenlied " (1830); " Johann 
 Crugers . . . Choral-Melodien " (1835); "Ge- 
 sangblatter aus dem 16. Jahrhundert " (1838) ; 
 and " Paul Gerhardts Leben und Lieder " (1841). 
 
 Lang'don, Richard, b. Exeter, England, 
 about 1729 ; d. there Sept. 8, 1803. Organist of 
 Exeter cathedral, 1753-77 ; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 
 1761 ; org. of Bristol cath. , 1777-81 ; of Armagh 
 cath., 1782-94. — Works : 12 songs and 2 canta- 
 tas, op. 4; " Divine Harmony" 1774 (a coll. of 
 psalms and anthems) ; and 12 glees a 3-4 (1770). 
 
 Lang'e, Otto, b. Graudenz, 1815 ; d. Kas- 
 sel, Feb. 13, 1879. A school-teacher, and teacher 
 of singing in schools at Berlin; publ. "Die 
 Musik als Unterrichtsgegenstand in Schulen " 
 (1841) ; mus. reporter for the " Vossische Zei- 
 tung," and editor (1846-58) of the " Neue Ber- 
 liner Musikzeitung." 
 
 Lang'e, Samuel de, noted Dutch organ- 
 virtuoso and composer ; b. Rotterdam, Feb. 22, 
 1840. Pupil of his father, the organist S. de L. 
 
 [1811-1884], then of A. Winterberger, Vienna, 
 and Damcke and Mikuli, Lemberg. After con- 
 cert-tours in Galicia (1858-9), he lived in Lem- 
 berg until 1863, then became organist and teacher 
 at the Rotterdam Music-School, though still 
 making tours to Switzerland, Vienna, Leipzig, 
 Paris, etc. Taught in the Music-School at Basel 
 1874-6 ; lived a few months in Paris, and toward 
 the end of 1876 was app. teacher at the Cologne 
 Cons., also cond. the Mdnnergesangverein and 
 the Giirzenichchor. From 1885-93 he conducted 
 the Oratorio Soc. at The Hague ; was then teacher 
 and vice-director at the Stuttgart Cons., and since 
 1895 Zumpe's successor as cond. of the Stuttgart 
 Soc. for Classical Church-music. — Works : Ora- 
 torio Moses (The Hague, 1889) ; a symphony 
 (1879) ; a pf. -concerto ; 3 string-quartets (the 
 third, in G, is op. 67) ; a quintet, a trio, a violin- 
 sonata, 5 fine organ-sonatas, part-songs f. men's 
 voices, etc. — His brother, 
 
 Lang'e, Daniel de, b. Rotterdam, July 11, 
 1841 ; studied 'cello under Ganz and Servais, 
 comp. under Verhulst and Damcke ; taught at the 
 Lemberg Cons. 1860-3, then took pf.-lessons of 
 Mme. Dubois at Paris ; chiefly self-taught as an 
 organist, he obtained two positions at Montrouge, 
 also conducting the " Liedertafel " ; taught from 
 1870 at the school of the " Maatschappij tot be- 
 vordering der Toonkunst," of which he was made 
 secretary ; acted for years as Coenen's assistant 
 as the cond. of " Amstels Mannenkoor," and suc- 
 ceeded him in 1895 as Director of the Amsterdam 
 Cons, (formerly Music-School). As the cond. of 
 the Amsterdam a cappella chorus, he has made a 
 successful specialty of the production (in Lon- 
 don, 1888 and '94 ; in Germany, 1892) of old 
 Dutch a cappella music. He is mus. critic for 
 the " Nieuws van den Dag." — Works; An op- 
 era, De val van Kuilenburg ; music to Ernani ; 
 an a cappella mass ; a requiem ; the 22nd Psalm, 
 f. soli, ch., and pf. ; several cantatas ; two sym- 
 phonies (in Cand D) ; an overture, " Willem van 
 Holland " ; => 'cello-concerto ; 3 sonatas f. vln. 
 and pf. ; sonata f. 'cello and pf. ; a pf.-sonata ; a 
 pf.-quintet ; a pf.-trio ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Lang'e, Gustav, b. Schwerstedt, n. Erfurt, 
 Aug. 13, 1830 ; d. Wernigerode, July 19, 1889. 
 Pianist and composer ; pupil of A. W. Bach, 
 Grell, and Loschhorn. Lived in Berlin, and 
 publ. upwards of 400 pf. -pieces, generally facile, 
 elegant, and effective, many having gained great 
 vogue. 
 
 Lang'er, Hermann, b. HOckendorf, n. 
 Tharandt, Saxony, July 6, 1819 ; d. Dresden, 
 Sept. 8, 1889. Pupil, from 1840, of K. Y. 
 Becker in Leipzig, also studying philosophy at 
 the Univ.; in 1843 he was app. organist of the 
 Univ. church, and cond. of the " Paulus" stu- 
 dent-chorus ; 1845, Univ. teacher of Uturgical 
 .song; 1857, Mus. Director of the Univ., and 
 Lector publicus ; li'icj. Dr. pMl. hon. causa. He 
 likewise cond. the Euterpe Concerts for several 
 years (from 1855), and various singing-societies ; 
 
 339 
 
LANGER— LANS 
 
 and in 1882 received the title of " Professor." 
 — Publ. a " Repertorium fUr Mannergesang " ; 
 " Der erste Unterricht im Gesang" (3 courses ; 
 1876-7); also edited the " Musikalische Garten- 
 laiibe." Was called to Dresden in 1887 as Royal 
 Inspector of Organ-building. 
 
 Lang'er, Ferdinand, b. Leimen, n. Heidel- 
 berg, Jan. 21,1839. By dint of strenuous appli- 
 cation he became an excellent 'cellist, joined the 
 orch. of the Mannheim court th. , and later was 
 app. 2nd Kapellm. there. Has prod, several 
 locally successful operas : Die gefdhrliche Nach- 
 barschaft (1868), Dornroschen (1873), Aschen- 
 brodel {li-]S), Murillo (1887 ; " romantic "), and 
 the " romantische Volksoper" Der Pfeiffer von 
 Hardt (1894), all at Mannheim. 
 
 Lang^er, Victor, b. Pesth, Oct. 14, 1842 ; 
 studied there under R. Volkmann, and later at 
 the Leipzig Cons. He then returned to Pesth, 
 and lived there as a teacher, theatre-conductor, 
 and edit9r of an Hungarian mus. paper. His 
 songs, ' ' Ogyek dalai " [Ogyek's songs] , and Hun- 
 garian dances, songs, choruses, arrangements, 
 and the like, publ. under the pen-name of " Ala- 
 dar Tisza," and in the genuine national vein, 
 have enjoyed great popularity ; H. Hofmann's 
 " Ungarische Suite " and " Ungarische Tanze " 
 owe many themes to " Tisza's" works. 
 
 Lang'ert, (Johann) August (Adolf), b. 
 
 Koburg, Nov. 26, 1836. Dramatic composer ; 
 Kapellm. at the theatres in Koburg (i860), 
 Mannheim (1865), Basel (1867), Trieste (1868) ; 
 lived without appointment at Koburg and Paris 
 (1869) and Berlin (1871) ; became teacher of 
 composition at Geneva Cons, in 1872, and in 
 1873 was called to Gotha as court conductor ; 
 after an interval of retirement, he was reappointed 
 to this last post in 1893. — Operas : Die Jung- 
 frau von Orleans (Koburg, 1861), Des Sdngers 
 Fluch (ibid., 1863), Dona Maria, Infantin von 
 Spanien (DarrasiaAX., 1866), Die Fabier (Koburg, 
 i856 ; Berlin, 1868), Dornroschen (Leipzig, 
 1871), and Jean Cavalier (Koburg, 1880 ; re- 
 written, and perf . as Die Camisarden at Koburg 
 in 1887). 
 
 Lang'hans, (Friedrich) Wilhelm, b. Ham- 
 burg, Sept. 21, 1832 ; d. Beriin, June g, 1892. 
 Trained in Leipzig Cons, by David (vln.), and 
 Richter (comp.), 1849-52 ; played there in the 
 Gewandhaus and theatre-orchestras ; studied 
 under Alard in Paris ; was Concertmeister at 
 Diisseldorf 1857-60, then lived in Hamburg 
 (i860), Paris (1863), and Heidelberg (i86g), giv- 
 ing concerts, teaching, and studying ; took the 
 degree of Dr. phil. at Heidelberg in 1870, set- 
 tled in Berlin 1871, and became teacher of the 
 history of music at Kullak's Acad, in 1874, going 
 over to Scharwenka's new Cons, in 1881. — Publ. 
 a Concert-Allegro f. vln. w. orch., a violin- 
 sonata, and studies f. vln.; other comp.s in MS. 
 Wrote "Das musikalische Urtheil " (1872 ; 2nd 
 ed. 1886); "Die konigliche Hochschule fiir 
 Musik in Berlin " (1873) ! " Musikgeschichte in 
 
 12 Vortragen" (1878; Dutch transl. 1885); 
 " Die Geschichte der Musik des 17., 18. und ig. 
 Jahrhunderts " (2 vol.s ; 1882-1886; a well- 
 written continuation of Ambros's great work). 
 
 Langl^, Honor^-Frangois-Marie, theorist 
 and composer ; b. Monaco, 1741 ; d. Villiers-Ie- 
 Bel, n. Paris, Sept. 20, 1807. Pupil of Caffaro 
 at Naples ; music-director at Genoa ; in Paris 
 from 1768, he taught in the " Ecole royalede 
 chant et de declamation " 1784-91; was librarian 
 and prof, of harmony at the reorganized " Con- 
 servatoire," 1795-1802, and thereafter librarian 
 only. Wrote an important " Traite d'harmo- 
 nie et de modulation " (1797 ; chord-building 
 by thirds); " Traite de la basse sous le chant" 
 (1798); " Nouvelle methode pour chiffrer las 
 accords" (1801); " Traite de la fugue " (1805) ; 
 and a " Methode de chant." Compositions un- 
 important. 
 
 Laniere (or Lanier, Lanieri), Nicholas, b. 
 
 Italy (?), about 1588 ; d. London, 1665 (1668?).' 
 He is important as the first to introduce the 
 recitative style into .England, (in his masques). 
 He was Master of the King's Musick under 
 Charles I. and II. Besides a Pastoral on the 
 birth of Prince Charles, a Funeral Hymn for 
 Charles I., and some New Year's Songs, there 
 are songs, etc., in the British Museum (MS.), 
 also in the collections "Select Musicall Ayres 
 and Dialogues " (1653, '59), " The Musical Com- 
 panion " (1667), " The Treasury of Musick" 
 (1669), and " Choice Ayres and Songs" (1685). 
 
 Lan'ner, Joseph (Franz Karl), b. Ober- 
 dobling, near Vienna, Apr. 12, 1801 ; d. there 
 Apr. 14, 1843. A self-taught violinist and com- 
 poser, he became the leader of an amateur quar- 
 tet, in which Johann Strauss played the viola ; 
 the quartet developed into an orchestra, for 
 which L. wrote the dance-music which is so 
 famous, and which soon caused a great demand 
 for his orch. to furnish ball-music and the like ; 
 he also gave concerts in provincial Austrian 
 towns. L. was made bandmaster to the 2nd 
 BUrgerregiment ; and later alternated with 
 Strauss in conducting the court ball-music. He 
 is the creator of the modern Viennese waltz.— 
 Works: Op. i, the " Neue Wiener Landler"; 
 106 Waltzes (the first being op. 7, " Aufforde- 
 rung zum Tanz"; op. 205, " Almacks-Tanze," 
 is No. loi, and there are 5 unnamed waltzes); 
 25 Landler, 3 Polkas, 8 Mazurkas, 25 Galops, 
 10 Quadrilles, 3 Marches, 6 Cotillons ; overture 
 to " Der Preis einer Lebensstunde " (op. 130); 
 Banquet-Polonaise (op. 135) ; Tarantella (op. 
 187) ; and a Bolero (his last work). H. Sachs 
 wrote a sketch of L., " Joseph Lanner" (1889). 
 
 Lan'ner, August (Joseph), son of the 
 above, and a promising violinist, dance-com- 
 poser, and conductor ; b. Jan. 23, 1834 ; died 
 in his 22nd year, Sept. 27, 1855. 
 
 Lans, Michael J. A., b. July 18, 1845, ?' 
 Haarlem ; a R. C. priest, from i86g teacher in 
 
 340 
 
LAPICIDA— LASSO 
 
 the Voorhout Seminary, from 1887 pastor at 
 Schiedam. He started the " Gregoriusblad," 
 a Catholic church-music periodical, in 1876, 
 and organized the Gregorian Soc. in 1878. — 
 Works : A mass, cantatas, and a Manual of 
 Strict Counterpoint (1889). 
 
 Lapici'da, Erasmus, a 16th-century com- 
 poser of whom nothing is known but his works, 
 to be found in Petrucci's " Mottetti B " (1503), 
 "Frottole" (1507), " Mottetti a 4 voci" (1507), 
 and " Lamentazioni " (1506) ; and also in Rhaw's 
 "Symphoniae jucundae " (1538), Petrejus's 
 " Auszug . . .", etc. 
 
 Laporte, Joseph de, Jesuit abbe and writer ; 
 b. Befort, 1713 ; d. Paris, Dec. 19, 1779. 
 Wrote "Anecdotes dramatiques" (1775; 4 
 vol.s, including all varieties of theatrical works) ; 
 " Dictionnaire dramatique" (1776; 3 vol.s); 
 "Almanach des spectacles de Paris, ou Calen- 
 drier historique des theatres de I'Opera, des 
 Comedies fran9aise et italienne et des foires " 
 {48 volumes in all ; those from 1750-79 by L. 
 himself, the rest by Duchesne and others). 
 
 Laroche, Hermann Augustovitch, b. St. 
 Petersburg, 1845 ; studied in the Cons., 1862, 
 and since 1866 has taught theory and mus. his- 
 tory at Moscow Cons. Composer of instr.l and 
 vocal music ; also critic (papers on Glinka). 
 
 La Rue, Pierre de (Latinized Petrus Pla- 
 tensis ; also called Pierchon, Pierson, Pier- 
 zon, Perisone, or Pierazon de la Ruellien). 
 Eminent Netherland contrapuntist, pupil of 
 Okeghem together with Josquin ; 1492-1510, 
 chapel-singer at the court of Burgundy ; also, 
 from 1501, prebend at Courtrai, later at Namur. 
 — Publ. works : a book of 5 masses (Beatae 
 Virginis ; Puer nobis est ; Sexti toni, ut, fa ; 
 L'homme arme ; and Nunquam fuit poena ma- 
 jor), printed by Petrucci, 1513 ; De Sancto An- 
 tonio, in Petrucci's " Missae div. auct."; O Sa- 
 lutaris hostia, in " Liber quindecim missarum 
 . . ." (Rome, 1516 ; Cum jucunditate, O Glo- 
 riosa, and De Sancto Antonio, in " Missae tre- 
 decim" (Nuremberg, 1539); Tons les regrets, 
 in "Lib. quind. miss." (ibid., 1538); also a 
 mass in the 4th tone, in Petrucci's " Missae An- 
 tonii de Fevin " (1515) ; numerous others, mak- 
 ing 29 in all, in MS. (2 magnificent volumes, 
 containing 7 and 5 masses respectively, are in 
 the Brussels Library, the latter having been 
 prepared at the express command of Margaret 
 of Austria, whose favorite the composer was). 
 Printed motets and madrigals are likewise ex- 
 tant in collections of the time. 
 
 Laruette, Jean-Louis, an actor in the Opera- 
 Comique ; b. Toulouse, Mar. 27, 1731 ; d. 
 there Jan., 1792. An early vaudeville-com- 
 poser ; his works were soon forgotten. 
 
 La Salette, Joubert de, French brigadier- 
 general ; b. Grenoble, 1762 ; d. there 1832. 
 Author of " Stenographic musicale . . ." (1805 ; 
 an unsuccessful invention on the lines of Ger- 
 man tablature) ; " Considerations sur les divers 
 
 systimes de la musique ancienne et moderne 
 . . ." (iSio ; his best work) ; " De la notation 
 musicale en general, et en particulier de celle 
 du syst^me grec " (1817) ; " De la fixite et de 
 I'invariabilite des sons musicaux " (1824) ; and 
 other essays. 
 
 Las'ner, Ignaz, 'cellist ; b. Drosau, Bohe- 
 mia, Aug. 8, 1815 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 18, 1883. 
 Pupil of Goltermann (Prague), and Merk and 
 Servais (Vienna). Orchestra-player at Vienna 
 and Arad ; comp. excellent 'cello-music. — His 
 son Karl, b. Vienna, Sept. 11, 1865, studied in 
 the Cons, there, and is 'cellist in the Laibach 
 Philharm. orch. 
 
 Las'sen, Eduard, b. Copenhagen, Apr. 13, 
 1830. His parents took him to Brussels in 1832 ; 
 from 1842 he stud- 
 ied in the Cons, 
 there, winning 1st 
 prize for pf. in 
 1844, and for har- 
 mony in 1847, then 
 the 2nd prize in 
 composition, and 
 in 1851 the Prixde 
 Rome. After trav- 
 els in Germanyand 
 Italy, and a long 
 stay in Rome, he 
 was app. court 
 music - director at 
 Weimar in 1858, 
 Liszt having pro- 
 cured the production of his opera Landgraf Lud- 
 ■wigs Brautfahrt at Weimar in 1857. From 1861 
 to 1895 he held the position of court Kapellm. 
 at Weimar as Liszt's successor, being himself 
 succeeded by d' Albert and Stavenhagen. As a 
 grand feat of conductorship may be mentioned 
 his bringing-out of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde 
 in 1874, its first production after the initial per- 
 formances at Munich. — Other operas : Frauenlob 
 (Weimar, i860) ; Le caftif (Brussels, 1865 ; in 
 German at Weimar, l868) ; a ballet, Diana (Vi- 
 enna, 18?) ; music to Oedipus inKolonus (1874), 
 to Faust (1876), to Pandora, to Hebbel's Nibe- 
 Itmgen (11 characteristic pieces f. orch.), and to 
 Calderon's Circe (in the German version, Ueber 
 alien Zaubern Liebe, by Devrient) ; a Te Deum 
 f. ch. and orch.; vocal Bible-scenes, w. orch.; 
 cantatas {Die Kilnstler is op. 56) ; a soprano 
 scene w. orch., Der Schafer putzte sick zuin 
 Tanz; 2 symphonies, and several overtures ; very 
 popular songs. 
 
 Las'so, Orlando di {recte Roland de Lat- 
 tre, Lat. Orlandus Lassus), the greatest of the 
 Netherland composers, and, after Palestrina, 
 the foremost composer of the l6th century, was 
 born at Mons (Hainault), in 1520; died at 
 Munich, June 14, I594[dates ace. to Ffxis]. A 
 choir-boy in the church of St.-Nicholas, Mons, 
 it is said that he was thrice kidnapped on ac- 
 count of his beautiful voice. In 1532 he was 
 taken by Ferdinand de Gonzaga, Viceroy of 
 
 341 
 
LASSO— LAURENCIN 
 
 Sicily, to Milan and Sicily ; from 1538 he at- 
 tached himself for three years to the Marchese 
 della Terza in Naples ; spent 6 months, in 1541, 
 at Rome with the Cardinal Archbishop of Flor- 
 ence, thereafter being appointed m. di capp. at 
 San Giovanni in Laterano, retaining this posi- 
 tion until 1548. His movements during the next 
 5 years are uncertain ; it appears that he visited 
 Mons, and thereafter England ; in 1554 he set- 
 tled in Antwerp, where he lived in the society of 
 the most distinguished and learned men of noble 
 family till called to Munich in 1557, together 
 with other Belgians, by Duke Albert V. of Ba- 
 varia, entering the court Kapelle, and assuming 
 its conductorship in 1562, remaining there in 
 this capacity until his death. — L. represents the 
 culmination of the era of strict single counter- 
 point ; in sacred music (masses, motets, etc.) or 
 secular composition 
 (madrigals, villa- „rSis 
 
 nelle, Lieder, chan- 
 sons) he shows equal 
 clarity of harmony 
 and fluency of pro- 
 gression and melo- 
 dic invention, quali- 
 ties which render his 
 works still admira- 
 ble to modern taste; 
 contemporaries 
 called him the " Bel- 
 gian Orpheus," the 
 " Prince of Music," 
 etc. He wrote about 
 2,500 compositions ; 
 Prof. Adolf Sandberger and Fr. X. Haberl are 
 preparing a complete edition for Breitkopf 
 und Hartel of Leipzig, expected to fill 60 vol- 
 umes, 7 of which have appeared. Vol.s i, iii, v, 
 and vii, containing part of the " Magnum opus 
 rausicura," comprise 336 Latin motets a 2-12; 
 vol.s ii, iv, and vi are devoted to 4- and 5-part 
 madrigals in Italian (57 numbers). The same 
 firm also publish several popular numbers sepa- 
 rately. Lasso's most celebrated work, " Psalmi 
 Davidis poenitentiales " (Penitential Psalms of 
 David), was publ. in modern scoring by Dehn 
 (1838) ; collections of Proske, Rochlitz, Comraer, 
 and others, contain several more detached pieces. 
 A fine 5-volume edition was got up for the Duke 
 of Bavaria of the " Patrocinium musices " (1573- 
 76), containing (vol. i) 21 motets, (ii) 5 masses, 
 (iii) offices, (iv) a Passion, vigils, etc., (v) 10 
 Magnificats. — Biographical sketches of L. have 
 been written by Delmotte (1836 ; German by 
 Dehn, 1837), Matthieu (1838), Kist(i84i), Baum- 
 ker (1878), and last and best by Dr. Sandberger : 
 " Beitrage zur Geschichte der bayerischen Hof- 
 kapelle unter Orlando di Lasso " (in 3 vol.s ; vol. 
 i. Life ; vol. iii. Documents ; vol. ii has not yet 
 appeared). 
 
 Las'so, Ferdinand di, eldest son of Orlando ; 
 d. Munich, Aug. 27, 1609, as court Kapellm. — 
 Publ. " Cantiones sacrae suavissimae " (1587; 
 
 motets) ; with his brother Rudolf he edited their 
 father's " Magnum opus musicum." 
 
 Las'so, Rudolf di, second son of Orlando ; 
 d. Munich, 1625. Organist to the Duke, and a 
 composer of merit and repute ; various works 
 were publ. , and 3 masses and 3 Magnificats are 
 in MS. at Munich. 
 
 Las'so, Ferdinand di, son of Ferdinand 
 above ; d. 1636. He was for some years ducal 
 Kapellm. ; from 1629 he was judge and treasurer 
 at Reispach. Many comp.s in MS. 
 
 Latil'la, Gaetano, b. Bari, Naples, 1713 ; d. 
 Naples, 1789. Pupil of Domenico Gizzi at Na- 
 ples, and a successful opera-composer, bringing 
 out his first opera, Li Marile a forza, in 1732. 
 The success of Demofoonte (Venice, 1738) re- 
 sulted in his being called to Rome to write Ora- 
 zio (1738), which was so well received that he 
 was app. Vice-maestro at S: Maria Maggiore. 
 Forced to resign by ill-health (1741), he lived as 
 a composer in Naples until his appointment as 
 teacher of choral singing at the Cons, della Pieti 
 in Venice, 1756. He was also second maestro at 
 San Marco 1762-72, then returning to Naples. 
 He was considered an excellent contrapuntist 
 and teacher ; his operas, a,bout 30 in number, 
 were written in the style of Scarlatti's school, 
 and are obsolete. 
 
 Laub [lowp], Ferdinand, famous violin-vir- 
 tuoso ; b. Prague, Jan. 19, 1832 ; d. Gries, Ty- 
 rol, Mar. 17, 1875. A pupil of Mildner at the 
 Prague Cons., from 1840. At the age of 11 he 
 appeared in concerts ; in 1847 he went to Vienna 
 for further study ; made a German tour in 1850 ; 
 visited Paris and (1851) London, playing at the 
 Musical Union ; and in 1853 succeeded Joachim 
 as Concertmeister at Weimar. From 1855-7 he 
 taught at the Stern Cons., Berlin; in 1856 he 
 was app. leader of the royal orch., and Royal 
 Chamber-virtuoso ; he also organized a quartet- 
 party, one of the most admirable of its kind, giv- 
 ing classic performances of the great Beethoven 
 quartets. From 1862-5 he lived chiefly in Vi- 
 enna ; made a grand tour with Carlotta Patti, 
 Jaell, and Kellermann in 1864 ; after a brilliant 
 Russian tournge in 1865, he was app. prof, of 
 violin at the Moscow Cons, in 1866. Failing 
 health forced his retirement ; his last years were 
 spent in Karlsbad (1874) and the Tyrol. — Works: 
 An opera, Die Gi-iesbdcker (Prague ?, 1864 ?) ; an 
 Elegie, a Polonaise, 2 coU.s of Czech melodies, 
 and other solo pieces for violin. 
 
 Laub'ner, Julius ; in 1896 Kapellm. at the 
 Municipal Th., Stettin, prod, the successful 
 i-act opera Cunare there in 1896. 
 
 Laurencin, Graf Ferdinand Peter, b. Krem- 
 sier, Moravia, Oct. 15, 1819 ; d. Vienna, Feb. 5, 
 1 890. Pupil of Tomaschek and Pitsch at Prague, 
 where he took the degree of Dr. phil.; lived in 
 Vienna as a writer, and publ. the essays "Zur 
 Geschichte der Kirchenmusik bei den Italienern 
 und Deutschen " (1856); " Das Paradies und die 
 Peri von R. Schumann " (1S59) ; " Dr. Hans- 
 
 342 
 
LAURENS— LA VOIX 
 
 licks Lehre vom Musikalisch-Schonen. Eine 
 Abwehr" (1859); and "Die Harmonik der 
 Neuzeit" (1861 ; a prize was awarded him for 
 this last); also contributions to the " Neue Zeit- 
 schrift fUr Musik," in which a biographical 
 sketch of L., by Schuch, appeared after his 
 death (i8go). 
 
 Lau'rens, Edmond, noted composer ; b. 
 Bergerac, France, Sept. 2, 1851. Pupil of E. 
 Guiraud in the Paris Cons. — Dramatic works : 
 La harpe et le glaive, 4 acts ; Soldats de plomb, 
 3-act pantomime ; La Neuvaine, 2 acts. — Also a 
 Suite japonaise, and other orch.l works ; "Sil- 
 houettes" f. pf. and orch.: " Pieces en trio" f. 
 pf., vln., and 'cello ; pf. -pieces ; 30 vocal melo- 
 dies. 
 
 Laurent de Rille, Frangois-Anatole, b. 
 Orleans, France, 1828. Pupil of Comoghio and 
 Elwart ; inspector of vocal instruction in Paris 
 public schools. Besides many male choruses 
 (choeurs orpheoniques), he brought out 5 operettas 
 in 1857, followed by nearly a score of others up 
 to 1895. President of the " Societe des auteurs, 
 compositeurs et editeurs demusique"; officer of 
 the Legion of Honor ; etc. He has written a 
 Vocal Method; a mus. novel, "Olivier I'or- 
 pheoniste"; short masses and other church- 
 music ; etc. 
 
 Lauren'ti, Bartolomeo Girolamo, b. Bo- 
 logna, 1644; d. there Jan. 18, 1726. First 
 violin in the Basilica S. Petronio ; one of the 
 earliest members of the Philharm. Acad, (establ. 
 1666). — Works: " Sonate per camera a violino e 
 violoncello " (1691), and " Sei concerti a 3, cioe 
 violino, violoncello ed organo" (1720). — His son, 
 
 Lauren'ti, Girolamo Nicole, d. Bologna, 
 Dec. 26, 1752 ; pupil of Torelli and Vitali ; first 
 violin at S. Petronio; publ. "concerti" f. 3 
 vlns., via., 'cello, and organ. 
 
 Lau'ska, Franz (Seraphinus Ignatius), 
 noted pianist and teacher ; b. Brlinn, Moravia, 
 Jan. 13, 1764 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 18, 1825. Pupil 
 of Albrechtsberger at Vienna from 1784; accom- 
 panied the Duke of Serbelloni to Rome ; became 
 chamber-musician at Munich. In 1794 he jour- 
 neyed via Frankfort and Hamburg to Copen- 
 hagen, where he taught 4 years ; went to Berlin 
 in 1798, was engaged at court as a teacher, and 
 formed many excellent pupils, among them Mey- 
 erbeer. A refined and brilliant pianist, qualities 
 reflected in his compositions : 24 sonatas (op. i, 
 in C min.; op. 4, Grande sonate ; op. 43, Sonate 
 pathetique) ; op. 28, sonata w. 'cello ; 4-hand 
 pieces (op. 31, sonata in B[7 ; Polonaise in C ; 
 6 Easy and Agreeable Pieces) ; also Rondos, a 
 Polonaise, and Variations, f . 2 hands. Publ. a 
 pf.-method (with Beczwarsowsky). 
 
 Lau'tefbach, Johann Christoph, b. Culm- 
 bach, Bavaria, July 24, 1832. Pupil of the 
 WUrzburg Music-School, and of Fetis and de 
 Beriot at Brussels (1850), winning the gold medal 
 for violin-playing in 1851, and in 1852 acting as 
 Leonard's substitute. In 1853 he became Con- 
 
 certmeister and violin-teacher in Munich Cons. ; 
 Concertmeister in Dresden, i860, also teaching 
 in the Cons ; played in England 1864-5, and in 
 Paris just before the war in 1870. He resigned 
 from the Dresden Cons, in 1877, and was pen- 
 sioned as orchestra-player in 1889. — Works : 
 Polonaise and other concert-pieces ; Tarentelle ; 
 Reverie : etc. 
 
 Lavall6e, Calixa, b. Vercheres, Canada, 
 Dec. 28, 1842 ; d. 1891 in Boston, Mass., where 
 he was instructor at the Petersilea Acad. Con- 
 cert-pianist ; at first taught by his father, then 
 (1857) at the Paris Cons, by Marmontel (pf.), 
 Bazin and Boieldieuyf/r(comp.). Pianistic debut 
 at 10 ; in 1881 he was solo pianist of Mme. Ger- 
 ster's first tour in the United States ; gave many 
 concerts and recitals in chief American cities 
 (notably in Cleveland, 1884, and Boston), of 
 American composers' works. President of M.T. 
 N. A., 1886-7. — Works : 2 operas ; an oratorio ; 
 a cantata (1878) ; an offertory f. soli, ch., and 
 orch. ; a symphony ; 2 orch.l suites ; several 
 overtures ; suite f. pf. and 'cello ; 2 string-quar- 
 tets ; a pf.-trio ; sonata f. pf. and violin ; 30 pf.- 
 etudes ; etc. 
 
 Lavi'gna, Vincenzo, b. Naples, 1777 ; d. 
 Milan, about 1837. Pupil of the Cons, della 
 Pieta, Naples. Accompanist and instructor of 
 singing at La Scala from 1809 ; vocal teacher at 
 Milan Cons, from 1823. Besides his first, and 
 perhaps best, opera. La Muta per amore, ossia 
 II Medico per forza (Milan, 1802), he comp. 8 
 other operas, and 2 ballets. He was the teacher 
 of Verdi, whom Basily had refused to admit into 
 the Cons, on the ground that he found him 
 wanting in musical talent ! 
 
 Lavignac, Albert, prof, of harmony at the 
 Paris Cons., publ. in 1882 a " Cours complet 
 theorique et pratique de dictee musicale," which 
 caused the adoption of courses in musical dicta- 
 tion in leading music-schools throughout the 
 world; also "La musique et les musiciens" 
 (Paris, 1895). 
 
 Lavigne, Jacques-Emile, dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Pau, 1782 ; d. there 1855.- He sang at the 
 Grand Opera, Paris, 1809-25. Though over- 
 shadowed and kept in the background by Nour- 
 rit, who assumed most of the leading tenor 
 roles, he was a popular favorite, known as 
 "I'Hercule du chant" on account of his im- 
 mensely powerful voice. 
 
 Lavigne, Antoine-Joseph, oboist ; b. Be- 
 sanfon, France, Mar. 23, 1816. Pupil of the 
 Paris Cons. ; from 1 841 in England, playing at 
 first in the Drury Lane Promenade Concerts, 
 later in Halle's Manchester orch. He partially 
 applied Boehm's ring-key system to the oboe. 
 
 Lavoix, Henri-Marie-Fran5ois, b. Paris, 
 Apr. 26, 1846 ; d. there Dec. 27, 1897. Called 
 " Lavoix fils " to distinguish him from his father, 
 custodian of the numismatic collection in the 
 Paris National Library. Graduate of the Paris 
 Univ.; then a pupil of H, Cohen (harm, and 
 
 34-3 
 
LAW— LEBEGUE 
 
 cpt.) ; from 1865, librarian in tlie Nat. Library. 
 Contributor to the " Revue et Gazette musicale," 
 etc.; mus. feuilletonisie to the "Globe." — 
 Works : The monographs ' ' Les traducteurs de. 
 Shakespeare en musique " (l86g) ; " Lamusique 
 dans la nature" (1873); "La musique dans 
 I'imagerie du moyen age " (1875) ; " Histoire de 
 rinstrumentation"(l878 ; his chief work, which 
 received honorable mention from the Academie 
 in 1875) ; " Les principes et I'histoire du chant" 
 (with Th. Lemaire) ; " La musique au siecle de 
 Saint-Louis." 
 
 Law, Andrew, pioneer singing-teacher in 
 New England; b. Cheshire, Conn., 1748; d. 
 there in July, 1821. Self-taught ; composer of 
 some hymn-tunes, of which " Archdale " had 
 considerable vogue. Compiler of a " Collection 
 of the best and most approved Tunes and An- 
 thems " (1782) ; wrote " Rudiments of Musick" 
 (1783 ; 4 editions up to 1794); " Musical Primer 
 on a New Plan, with the Four Characters " 
 (1803 ; an original, but unsuccessful, attempt to 
 dispense with the staff); "Musical Magazine" 
 (1804) ; " Harmonic Companion and Guide to 
 Social Worship " (Philadelphia ; no date). 
 
 Lawes, William, English composer ; b. 
 Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1582 ; killed at the siege 
 of Chester, 1645. Pupil of Coperario ; member 
 of Chichester cathedral-choir ; 1602, Gentleman 
 of the Chapel Royal ; musician in ordinary to 
 Charlesl. — Works : Music to Shirley's " Peace"; 
 "The Royal Consort for Viols " ; anthems, and 
 other sacred and secular pieces, in various col- 
 lections of the time.' — His brother, 
 
 Lawes, Henry, b. Dinton, near Salisbury, 
 Dec, 1595 ; d. London, Oct. 21, 1662. Pupil 
 of Coperario. In 1625, Epistler and Gentleman 
 of Chapel Royal ; later clerk in same, and mem- 
 ber of the King's private band, also music-mas- 
 ter to the Earl of Bridgewater. Lost appoint- 
 ments during Protectorate, but was reinstated in 
 1660. Tomb in cloisters of Westminster Abbey. 
 — Works : 3 masques ( The Triumphs of Peace, 
 Cixlum britannicum , and Conius)\ "A Para- 
 phrase upon the Psalmes of David . . ."(1637); 
 " Choice Psalmes put into Musick for 3 Voices " 
 (1648) ; " Ayres and Dialogues for i, 2 and 3 
 Voices" (3 books: 1653, '55, '58); songs and 
 anthems in contemporary coU.s ; music to poems 
 by Milton, Herrick, W. Cartwright, Davenant, 
 etc. 
 
 Lawrowska'ja [Lavrovska'ja], Elizabeth 
 Andrejevna (Princess Zeretelev), dramatic so- 
 prano ; b. Kaschin, Gov.t of Tver, Russia, 
 Oct. 12, 1845 ; pupil of Fenzi at the Elizabeth 
 Inst., then of Mme. Nissen-Saloman at St. 
 Petersburg Cons. After debut as Orpheus 
 (Gluck) in 1867, she studied in London and 
 Paris, and was then engaged for the Imp. 
 Opera, St. Petersburg, for 4 years, and again, 
 after an interval of European touring, in 1878 
 to the present time. Chief roles : Vania {A 
 Life for the Czar), Ratmir {^liwsslan and Lttd- 
 milld), Grania ( Vratsyia Sila), etc. 
 
 LayoUe (or Layole, dell'Aiole, AjoUa), 
 Francois, Florentine composer ; publ. masses, 
 motets, psalms, madrigals, etc., in the coll. s of 
 J. Modernus (1532-43), Petrejus (1538-42), Gar- 
 dano (1538-60), and Rhaw (1545). 
 
 Lazare, Martin, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Brussels, Oct. 27, 1829 ; d. there Aug. 6, 1897. 
 Pupil of van der Does (The Hague) and Zim- 
 merman (Paris Cons.). After visiting Paris and 
 London, he travelled in Germany, the United 
 States, and Canada, then settling in Brussels. — 
 Works : One opera, Le roi de Boh^me (The 
 Hague, 1852) ; an operetta, Les deux Mandarins 
 (Brussels, 1878 ; private perf . ) ; chamber-music ; 
 piano-music (Sicilienne, op. 16 ; Valses de salon ; 
 6 etudes de concert ; 6 etudes de genre). 
 
 Lazarus, Henry, clarinettist ; b. London, 
 Jan. I, 1815 ; d. there Mar. 6, 1895. Pupil of 
 Chas. Godfrey, Sr. ; debut 1838, at Mme. Dulck- 
 en's concert ; then app. second to Willman at 
 the Sacred Harmonic Concerts, succeeding him 
 in 1840 as 1st clarinet at the opera, etc., and 
 playing in the Birmingham Festivals 1840-85, 
 Retired 1891. 
 
 Laz'zari, Sylvio, b. Bozen, 1858. Renounc- 
 ing the study of jurisprudence for music, he 
 studied from 1882 at the Paris Cons. (Cesar 
 Franck). Residing in Paris as a teacher and 
 composer. His opera Armor is still unper- 
 formed ; better fortune has attended his panto- 
 mimic ballets, symphonic poems, chamber-music, 
 and particularly his songs, all of a pronouncedly 
 modern cast. 
 
 Le B6, Guillaume, an early French type- 
 founder. His 1540. types printed notes and lines 
 simultaneously ; those of 1555, printing notes 
 and staff-lines separately, necessitated two im- 
 pressions, like Petrucci's. He also made tabla- 
 ture-type. Ballard acquired his punches. 
 
 Le Beau, Louise Adolpha, composer-pian- 
 ist ; b. Rastatt, Baden, Apr. 25, 1850. Piano- 
 pupil of Kalliwoda (Karlsruhe) and Frau Schu- 
 mann; for cpt. andcomp., of Sachs and Rheiii- 
 berger (Munich) ; for instrumentation, of Fr. 
 Lachner. Her concerts at Munich, Berlin, Leip- 
 zig, Vienna, etc. , have won well-earned applause ; 
 she has also shown eminent talent as a composer. 
 Residing since i8go at Berlin. — Works: Grand 
 choral work Hadumoth (1894) ; pf. -quartet, op. 
 28 ; pf.-trio, op. 15 ; Fantasia f. pf. w. orch., 
 op. 25 ; violin-sonata w. pf., op. 10; 'cello-sonata 
 w. pf., op. 15 ; pf. -sonata, op. 8 ; Var.s on an 
 orig. theme, f. pf., op. 3 ; Improvvisata for left 
 hand, op. 30 ; Gavotte f . pf . (very popular), op. 
 32. 
 
 Lebeau, Frangois, b. Liege, Aug. 4, 1827. 
 Amateur composer ; pupil of Michelot (pf.) and 
 Bosselet (harm.). Secretary of the administra- 
 tive commission of Brussels Cons. — Opera .£.f- 
 miralda [book by Victor Hugo] (Liege, 1856). 
 
 Lebfegue, Nicolas-Antoine, b. Laon, 1630; 
 d. Paris, July 6, 1702, as court organist. — Publ. 
 
 344 
 
LEBERT— LEBRUN 
 
 organ- and clavecin-music, and "Airs" f. 2-3 
 voices w. continuo. 
 
 Le'bert {rectius Levy), Siegmund, b. Lud- 
 wigsburg, n. Stuttgart, Dec. 12, 1822 ; d. Stutt- 
 gart, Dec. 8, 1884. 
 Pupil, at Prague, of 
 Tomaschek, D. 
 Weber, Tedesco, and 
 Proksch. After 
 teaching successfully 
 in Munich, he 
 founded (1856-7), 
 with Faiszt, Stark, 
 Brachmann, and 
 Speidel, the Stutt- 
 gart Conservatory. 
 It is possible that 
 L.'s attainments, 
 both as pianist and 
 pedagogue, have 
 been somewhat overrated ; his " Grosse Klavier- 
 schule," publ. in cooperation with Stark, has 
 run through several editions and has been transl. 
 into English, French, Italian, and Russian, but 
 is hardly increasing in professional favor ; neither 
 is his Instructive Edition of classic pf . works a 
 model in every respect ; his edition of dementi's 
 "Gradus ad Parnassum " is far outclassed by 
 Vogrich's. He was Dr. fhil. hon. causa (Tu- 
 bingen), and " Royal Wiirttemberg Professor." 
 Numerous studies in the " Klavierschule " were 
 devised by him. 
 
 Lebeuf, abbe Jean, b. Auxerre, Mar. 6, 1687 ; 
 d. there Apr. 10, 1760, as canon and sub-cantor 
 at the cathedral. In 1 740 he succeeded to Lance- 
 lot's chair in the Academic. Of his circa 180 
 essays on all manner of subjects, we note a series 
 publ. 1725—8 in the " Mercure de France" on 
 plain-song, combating Motz's newly invented 
 style of notation ; a "Lettre sur les orgues ..." 
 (" M. de Fr.," 1737); and a " Traite historique 
 et pratique sur le chant ecclesiastique, avec le 
 directoire qui en contient les principes et les 
 regies, suivant I'usage present du diocese de 
 Paris, et autres. Precede d'une nouvelle methode 
 pour I'enseigner et I'apprendre facilement " 
 (1741). 
 
 Leborne, Aim£-Ambroise -Simon, noted 
 pedagogue ; b. Brussels, Dec. 29, 1797 ; d. 
 Paris, Apr. i, i866. Pupil of the Paris Cons. 
 1811-20 (Dourlen and Cherubini) ; won the 
 Grand prix de Rome. In 1816 he was already 
 a ripMteur in a solfeggio-class, becoming full 
 teacher in 1820 ; succeeded Reicha as prof, of 
 comp. in 1836 ; also becoming librarian at the 
 Opera in 1829, and to the royal chapelle in 1834. 
 He edited a new edition of Catel's ." Traite 
 d'harmonie," making numerous additions to the 
 practical part. 
 
 Leborne (or Le Borne), Fernand, b. Paris, 
 Mar. 10, 1862. Pupil, in Paris Cons. , of Mas- 
 seiiet, Saint-Saens, and C. Franck. Now (1899) 
 living in Paris as critic for " Le Monde artiste," 
 and composer. — Works : Pastoral drama Daphnis 
 
 ei C/5/c/ (Brussels, 1885) ; 4-act lyric drama Mu- 
 ilarra (not perf.) ; Temps de guerre, "tableaux 
 symphoniques" (Gr.-Opera, 1896); Iledda, a 
 3-act symphonic legende (received at the Op.- 
 Com.) ; symphonies, orch.l suites, concertos, 
 quartets, sonatas, etc. ; a Solemn Mass in A ; 
 motets. 
 
 Lebouc, Charles-Joseph, b. Besan9on, Dec. 
 22, 1822 ; d. Hy^res, Mar., 1893. 'Cello-vir- 
 tuoso ; pupil, in Paris Cons., of Franchomme, 
 and of Halevy and Colet (comp.). Won 1st 
 'cello-prize (1842) and ist harmony-prize (1844) ; 
 played in the Opera orch. 1844-8, was a member 
 of the Societe des Concerts from 1842, and its 
 secretary 1856-60. L. founded the " Soirees de 
 musique classique." — Works : Triode concert f. 
 pf. , vln., and 'cello; Ave verum, f. voice w. 
 'cello and org.; "La vision de Ste.-Cecile" f. 
 voice w. pf. and 'cello ; duos f . 'cello w. pf. ; 
 'cello-pieces ; Method f . 'cello. 
 
 Lebrun, Ludwig August, often called the 
 greatest oboist of the i8th century ; b. Mann- 
 heim, 1746 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 16, 1790. From 
 1767, member of the electoral orch., Munich; 
 concert-tours from 1775 in Germany, Italy, 
 France, and England, creating a sensation in 
 London (1781) and Paris (1784). — Publ. 7 oboe- 
 concertos ; 12 trios f. oboe, vln., and 'cello; 
 easy duos f. flutes. — His wife, 
 
 Lebrun {n^e Danzi), Franciska, b. Mann- 
 heim, 1756 ; d. Berlin, May 14, 1791 ; a dis- 
 tinguished high soprano concert-singer, accom- 
 panied him on his tours, and died of grief soon 
 after his decease. — Their two daughters, Sophie 
 and Rosine, distinguished themselves as a pianist 
 and a vocalist respectively. 
 
 Lebrun, Jean, horn-virtuoso ; b. Lyons, 
 Apr. 6, 1759 ; d. Paris, 1809. Chiefly self- 
 taught, excepting some lessons from Punto, he 
 was remarkable for sonority and purity of tone, 
 and for the ease with which he took the high 
 notes. He was ist horn in the Opera orch., 
 1786-92 ; after a visit to England, he entered 
 the royal orch. at Berlin ; after extended tours he 
 returned to Paris in 1806, but found no employ- 
 ment, and in despair committed suicide by suf- 
 focation. 
 
 Lebrun, Louis-S6bastien, tenor singer and 
 vocal teacher ; b. Paris, Dec. 10, 1764 ; d. there 
 June 27, 1829. Unsuccessful as a singer in the 
 Opera and the Opera-Comique, he became one 
 of the 4 mattres de chant at the Opera, in 1807 
 tenor in Napoleon's chapelle, and in 1810 chef 
 de chant in the same. He brought out several 
 operas, of which Le Rossignol, in one act (Opera, 
 1816), remained on the repertory for a long time, 
 although rather mediocre. 13 more operas, a 
 Te Deum (1809), a Solemn Mass (1815), a mass 
 with string-orch., and a coll. of romances, are 
 also known. 
 
 Lebrun, Paul -Henri -Joseph, b. Ghent, 
 Apr. 21, 1861, and a pupil of the Cons, there, 
 won the Prix de Rome in 1891 for composition, 
 
 345 
 
 km.'-iiiiftfts 
 
LE CARPENTIER— LEDUC 
 
 and 1st prize of the Belgian Academic for a 
 symphony. 
 
 Le Carpentier, Adolphe-Clair, b. Paris, 
 Feb. 17, 1809; d. there July 14, 1869. Pianist; 
 pupil of Lesueur and Fetis at the Cons. (1818), 
 winning several prizes, and settling in Paris as 
 atcacher in 1833. Wrote an excellent " Methode 
 de piano pour les enfants," also 25 "Etudes 
 elementaires " (op. 59), and a coll. of 24 etudes, 
 " Le Progres." Also nearly 300 fantasias, etc., 
 on operatic and national airs, well-arranged, and 
 of moderate difficulty. 
 
 Lech'ner, Leonhard, a native of the Etsch- 
 thal, Switzerland ; noted 16th-century composer, 
 who died in Stuttgart, Sept. 6, 1604, as court 
 Kapellm. A list of his works is in the " Monats- 
 hefte fur Musikgeschichte," i, 179, and x, 137 ; 
 it includes masses, canticles, psalms, etc.; " Bi- 
 cinia und dreystimmige deutsche Villanellen " ; 
 motets, sacred songs, and the like. 
 
 Leclair, Jean-Marie, celebrated violinist ; 
 b. Lyons, 1697; assassinated in Paris, Oct. 22,- 
 1764. At first a ballet-dancer at Rouen, then 
 ballet-master at Turin, where Semis took his 
 education in hand, being attracted by dance- 
 music written by L. From 1729-31 he was 
 ripieno-violinist at the Opera, Paris ; then joined 
 the royal orch., but soon left it to pursue the 
 vocation of composer and private teacher. — 
 Works : The opera Glaucus et Scylla (Paris, 
 1747) ; opera-ballet Apollon et Climlne (1750) ; 
 Concerti grossi, f . 3 vlns. , via. , 'cello, and organ ; 
 6 trios, and 2 easy trios, f. 2 violins w. bass ; 
 duos f. violins ; and (his finest comp.s) 48 sona- 
 tas f. violin w. continue. 
 
 Lederq, Louis. See Cellek. 
 
 Lecocq, (Alexandre-) Charles, famous 
 composer of operettas ; b. Paris, June 3, 1832. 
 He studied at the Cons, under Bazin (harm.), 
 Halevy (comp.), and Benoist (organ) ; won ist 
 prize for harmony in 1850, and 2nd prize for 
 fugue in 1852. His first stage-work, Le docteur 
 Miracle, written with Bizet, and prod, in 1857, 
 won a prize offered by Offenbach for the best 
 opera buffa ; but his first ■ real hit, after several 
 transient successes, was made with Fleur-de- Thi 
 (i868), which had a run of a hundred nights 
 in Paris within three or four months, and was 
 well received in England, Germany, etc. Another 
 sensational hit was made by La fille de Mme. 
 Angot, brought out in Brussels, Dec. 4, 1872, 
 and in Paris, Feb. 21, 1873, where it was played 
 uninterruptedly until April 8, 1874. It was 
 closely followed by its rival in popularity, Girojl/- 
 Girofla (1874). Up to date (i8gg) he has prod, 
 over 40 operettas, comedy-operas, and especially 
 comic operas (operas bouffes), which, in finish of 
 instrumentation and carefulness of writing, are 
 superior, on the whole, to the productions of 
 Offenbach and Herve. L. was made Chevalier 
 of the Legion of Honor in 1894. He has publ., 
 for piano, a ballet-pantomime, ' ' Les Fantoccini " ; 
 24 morceaux de genre, "Les Miettes"; and a 
 
 Gavotte ; also an Aubade ; melodies and clian- 
 sons f . voice w. pf . ; sacred songs f. femals 
 voices (e. g., "La chapelle au convent"); and 
 Rameau's Castor et Pollux in piano-score. A 
 list of his dramatic works is appended : 
 
 Le docteur Miracle (1857) ; two i-act operettas, Le 
 Baiser tt la porte and Liline et Valentin (1864) ; Les 
 Ondines au Champagne (i-act, 1865) ; Le Mysptis 
 (i-act, 1866) ; Le Cabaret du Ramponneau (i-act, 1867) ; 
 VAtnour et son carguois (2-act), Fleur-de-Thd (3-act.) 
 and Les Jumeaux de Bergame (i-act, 1868) ; Gandot/o 
 (i-act) and Le Rajah de Mysore (i-act, 1869) ; Le beau 
 Dunozs (i-act, 1870) ; Le Testament de M. de Crac 
 (i-act), Le Barbier de Trouville (i-act), and Sawoonsla 
 caisse (i-act, 1871) ; Les cent Vierges (3-act) and La 
 fille de Mme. A ngot (3-act, 1 872) ; Girofle-Girofia (3-act) 
 and Les Prds Saint-Gervais (3-act, 1874) ; Le Pompon 
 (3-act) and La petite Mariee (3-act, 1875) ; Kosiki{i-^z\., 
 1876) ; La Marjolaine (3-act, 1877) ; Le petit Due (3-act) 
 and La Camargo (3-act, 1878) ; Le Grand Casimir 
 (3-act), La petite Made-moiselle (3-act), and La jolie 
 Persane (3-act, 1879) ; Janot (3-act), La Romsotte 
 (3-act), and Le Jour et la Nuit (3-act, 1881) ; Le Geur 
 et la Main (2-act, 1882) ; La Princesse des Canaries 
 (3-act, 1883) ; VOiseau bleu (q-act. 1884) ; La Vie moth 
 daine (4-act, 1885) ; Pluius (2-act, 1S86) ; Les Grena- 
 diers de Mont-Cornette (3-act, 1887) ; La Voli'ere (3-act, 
 1888) ; Ali-Baba (3-act, 1889) ; f Egyptienne {ySLCt, 1896) ; 
 JVos bans Chasseurs {^-a.ct, 1894) ; Ninette (i8()6) ; not per- 
 formed are Renza, Cyrano de Bergerac, Don Japhei, 
 and Mimosa. 
 
 Le Couppey, F6Iix, b. Paris, Apr. 14, 1814; 
 d. there July 5, 1887. Pupil of Dourlen in the 
 Cons., where he was asst. -teacher of an element- 
 ary harmony-class in 1828, full teacher v^ 1837, 
 Dourlen's successor as prof, of harmony fn 1843, 
 and substitute piano-teacher for Henri Herz in 
 1848, when the latter started on his American 
 tour. Later a special pf.-cjass for ladies was 
 organized for him. — Publ. " Ecole du mecanisme 
 du piano, 24 etudes primaires " (op. 10) ; 
 " Cours de piano elementaire et progressif"; 
 " L'art du piano " (50 etudes with annotations) ; 
 a pamphlet, " De I'enseignement du piano; 
 conseils aux jeunes professeurs" (1865) ; a few 
 pf. -pieces, and songs. 
 
 Ledebur, Karl, Freiherr von, b. Schildesche, 
 n. Bielefeld, Apr. 20, 1806. Prussian cavalry 
 officer. Publ. a " Tonkunstlerlexikon Berlins 
 von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegen- 
 wart" (l 860-1). 
 
 Ledent, F61ix-Etienne, b. Liege, Nov. 17, 
 1816 ; d. there Aug. 23, 1886. Pianist, pupil 
 of J. Jalheau at the Liege Cons, and of Daus- 
 soigne-Mehul at Paris, taking the 2nd prix de 
 Rome in 1843, and becoming prof, of piano in 
 Liege Cons, in 1844. — Publ. Adagio and Rondo 
 f. pf. w. orch.; pf. -pieces ; and songs. 
 
 Leduc, Alphonse, b. Nantes, Mar. 9, 1804; 
 d. Paris, June 17, 1868. Pianist and bassoonist. 
 Pupil of his father ; also of Reicha in Paris 
 Cons, and of Rhein (pf.) in Nantes. (1826). He 
 founded a music-business in Paris in 1841, 
 which is still carried on by his son. — Works : 
 632 dances ; 328 piano-pieces ; 13 pieces f. bas- 
 soon, 52 f. guitar, 38 f. flute, 26 f. organ ; 94 
 romances and melodies f . 1-3 voices ; nine col- 
 lections of etudes; "Methode elementaire de 
 
 346 
 
LEE— LEGRENZI 
 
 piano, k I'usage des pensions " (some 20 edi- 
 tions published). 
 
 Lee, Louis, b. Hamburg, Oct. ig, 1819 ; 
 brilliant 'cellist and composer of merit ; pupil 
 of J. N. Prell, and gave concerts at 12 in Ger- 
 man cities and Copenhagen. He became 'cel- 
 list in the Hamburg Th.; then lived several 
 years in Paris, returned to Hamburg, organized 
 chamber-music soirees (with Hafner, later with 
 Boie), was teacher in the Cons, until 1884, and 
 1st 'cello of the Philh. See. — Publ. a pf. -quartet, 
 a pf.-trio, a 'cello-sonata, a 'cello-sonatina, a 
 sonata and a sonatina f. vln., pieces f. pf. and 
 'cello, soli f . pf . ; also wrote music to Schiller's 
 Jungfrau von Orleans and Wilhelm Tell ; sym- 
 phonies, overtures, 2 string-quartets, pf. -duets, 
 etc. — His brother, 
 
 Lee, Sebastian, b. Hamburg, Dec. 24, 
 1805 ; d. there Jan. 4, 1887 ; was also a pupil of 
 Prell, and a distinguished 'cellist ; from 1837- 
 68, solo 'cellist at the Grand Opera, Paris ; lived 
 thereafter in Hamburg. — Publ. an excellent 
 Method f. 'cello ; variations, divertissements, 
 and fantasias, f. 'cello w. orch.; Var.s f. 'cello 
 w. string-quartet ; 'cello-duos. 
 
 Lee, Maurice, brother of the two preceding ; 
 b. Hamburg, Feb., 1821 ; d. London, June 23, 
 1895, where he had long resided as a pf.-teacher 
 and composer of popular salon-rax&vi. 
 
 Lef6bure, Louis-Frangois-Henri, b. Paris, 
 P'eb. 18, 1754; d. there Nov., 1840. A Gov- 
 ernment official until his retirement in 1814. — 
 Works: " Nouveau Solfige," a 23-page pam- 
 phlet publ. 1780, containing ideas put into prac- 
 tice by Gossec in the " £cole royale de chant"; 
 and ' ' Revues, erreurs et meprises de diff erents 
 auteurs celebres en matiere musicale " (1789). 
 He also comp. 2 oratorios, several cantatas, 
 and scenas. 
 
 Lef6bure-W61y, Louis-James-Alfred, b. 
 
 Paris, Nov. 13, 1817 ; d. there Dec. 31, 1869. 
 A pupil of his father from his fourth year, at 8 
 he took the latter's place as organist of the 
 church of Saint-Roch, becoming regular organ- 
 ist at 14. Entering the Paris Cons, in 1832, he 
 was taught by Benoist (org.) and Laurent and 
 Zimmerman (pf.), taking first prizes for both 
 instr.s in 1835 ; his teachers in composition were 
 Berton and Halevy, and he had private instruc- 
 tion from Adam (comp.) and Sejan (org.). 1847- 
 58, organist of la Madeleine ; after 5 years de- 
 voted to composition, he succeeded Sejan as 
 organist at St.-Sulpice. L. was a thorough 
 musician, a skilful player on the organ, piano, 
 and harmonium, and a versatile composer.^ — 
 Works : a 3-act opera, Les Recruteurs (1861) ; 
 a cantata, Jprh la victoire (1863) ; i mass w. 
 orch. and 2 masses w. organ ; 3 symphonies ; a 
 string-quintet and a string-quartet ; sacred vo- 
 cal music ; much elegant ja/o»-music f. pf. (his 
 most celebrated piece is " The Monastery- 
 ''^"s ") i 50 pf .-etudes ; harmonium-music ; etc. 
 Lefebvre [Le Febvre], Jacques, called 
 
 Jacobus Faber, and also surnamed Stapu- 
 lensis because born at Etaples, n. Amiens, 
 (date uncertain); d. Nerac, 1537 ('47?), as 
 tutor in the royal family of Navarre. Wrote 
 " Elementa musicalia" (1496; republ. 1510, 
 1514, and 1528 as " Musica Ubris IV demon- 
 strata," and 1552 as " De musica quatuor libris 
 demonstrata "). The edition of 1528 also includes 
 ' ' Quaestiuncula praevia in musicam specula tivam 
 Boetii." 
 
 Lefebvre, Charles-Edouard, son of the his- 
 torical painter L. ; b. Paris, June 19, 1843,. En- 
 tered Paris Cons. , 1863; pupil of Ambr. Thomas; 
 Grand prix de Rome, 1870, for the cantata Le 
 Jugement de Diett. While in Rome he com- 
 posed the 23rd Psalm f . ch. and orch. ; the first 
 two parts of a biblical drama, Judith; and 
 several symphonic pieces. In 1873, after tours 
 in Greece and the Orient, he settled in Paris. — 
 Works : A 3-act opera, Djelma (Paris, 1894 ; 
 mod. succ.) ; the opera Zaire (1887), and the i-act 
 operaZ? Tr^sor{not perf .); ' ' legende fantastique" 
 Melka ; " poeme lyrique" Ste.-Cecile (1896); 
 grand choral work Elva ; chamber-music ; etc. 
 
 Leffevre, Jean-Xavier, famous clarinettist ; 
 b. Lausanne, Mar. 6, 1763 ; d. Paris, Nov. 9, 
 1829. Pupil of Michel Yost in Paris ; played 
 in concerts from 1787 ; member of the Opera 
 orch. 1791-1817; prof, in Cons. 1795-1825; and 
 joined the Imperial Orch. in 1807. Chev. of the 
 Legion of Honor. Wrote the Clarinet-method 
 adopted (1802) at the Cons. ; 6 clarinet-con- 
 certos ; concertantes f. clar. w. other instr.s ; 
 also trios, duos, and soli (sonatas). He added a 
 sixth key to the clarinet. 
 
 Legouix, Isidore-Edouard, b. Paris, Apr. 
 I, 1834; pupil of Reber and Ambr. Thomas at 
 the Cons. ; has brought out 4 operas and about 
 10 operettas without marked popular success. 
 
 Legren'zi, Giovanni, celebrated composer of 
 sacred and secular music ; b. Clusone, n. Ber- 
 gamo, about 1625 ; d. Venice, May 26, 1690. 
 Pupil of Pallavicino ; organist at Bergamo ; 
 maestro di cappella to the l3uke of Ferrara, and 
 prod, his first opera, Achille in Scire, at Ferrara 
 in 1663; from 1664 in Venice, becoming director 
 of the Cons. de'Mendicanti in 1672, and in 1685 
 succeeding Natale Monferrato as maestro at San 
 Marco, where he enlarged the orch. to 34 pieces 
 (8 violins, 11 violette [small viols], 2 tenor viols, 
 3 viole da gamba and bass viols, 4 theorbos, 2 
 cornette, 1 bassoon, and 3 trombones). His 18 
 operas show a noteworthy advance over those of 
 his predecessors in the orchestral support of the 
 vocal parts, and he treats the recitatiye and the 
 melodic phrase with greater freedom. He was 
 one of the first to write for 2 violins and violon- 
 cello. Publ. Concerto di messe e salmi a 3-4 
 con violini (1654) ; Mottetti da 2-4 voci(i655); 
 Mottetti a 5 voci (1660); Sacri e festivi con- 
 cert!, messe e salmi a due cori (1657) ; Senti- 
 menti devoti (2 e 3 voci, 1660 ; 2 vol.s) ; Com- 
 plete con litanie ed antifona della Beata Vergine 
 
 34,7 
 
LEHMAN N—LE MAISTRE 
 
 (a 5; 1662)'; Cantate a voce sola (1674); Idee 
 armoniche (a 2 and 3 ; 1678); Echi di riverenza 
 (14 cantatas for solo voice ; 167(3); Mottetti sacri 
 con voce sola con 3 strumenti (1692) ; Suonate 
 per chiesa (1655); Suonate da chiesa e da camera 
 a tre(i656); Una mutadi suonate (1664); Suonate 
 a 2 violini e violone (w. org. continuo ; 1667) ; La 
 Cetra (sonatas for 2-4 instr.s ; 1673) ; Suonate a 
 2 violini e violoncello (1677) ; Suonate da chiesa 
 e da camera (1693). — Among his pupils were 
 Gasparini, Lotti, and Caldara. 
 
 Leh'mann, George, violinist ; b. New York, 
 July 31, 1865. Pupil at Leipzig Cons., 1880-3, 
 of Schradieck and Hermann (vln.), Lammers 
 (harm.), and Jadassohn (cpt. and fugue). Also 
 one season with Joachim at Berlin. Won the 
 Helbig prize for playing, at the Gewandhaus, 
 1883, Joachim's Hungarian concerto. Travelled 
 till 1893 as a soloist and with his quartet-party, 
 the " Lehmann Quartet"; 1886-9, leader of the 
 Cleveland, Ohio, Symphony Orch. (now dis- 
 banded) ; 1889-92 in Europe ; in the season of 
 1892-3 his quartet gave 20 concerts at Denver, 
 Colorado. Now (i8gg) living in New York as a 
 soloist, teacher, editorial writer, and critic on the 
 staff of " Musical America." — Has publ. "True 
 Principles of the Art of Violin-playing " (New 
 York, 1899), valuable for students and teachers. 
 
 Leh'mann, Lilli, dramatic soprano; b. Wlirz- 
 burg. May 15, 1848. Taught by her mother, 
 Marie L., prima donna at Kassel under Spohr ; 
 debut at Prague in the Zauberflote ("First 
 Boy") ; engaged at Danzig (1868) and Leipzig 
 (1870), but in the same year went to Berlin, ob- 
 taining a life-engagement at the Royal Opera, 
 with the title of Imp. Chamber-singer, in 1876. 
 At the first Wagner Festival at Bayreuth, 1876, 
 she sang Woglinde, Helmwige, and the " Bird." 
 She appeared in London 1880, 1884, and 1885 ; 
 then brea'king her contract with the Berlin Opera, 
 and singing for three seasons in German opera 
 in the United States. She sang Fidelio, in Ital- 
 ian, at H. M.'s Th., London, in June, 1887 ; re- 
 turned to Germany, 1890, and has sung there 
 occasionally since. 
 
 Leh'mann, Liza, (Mrs. Herbert Bedford,) 
 concert-soprano ; b. in London. Pupil of Ran- 
 degger (voice) and Raunkilde at Rome, and in 
 composition of Freudenberg (Wiesbaden), and 
 Hamish MacCunn. Debut Nov. 23, 1885, at a 
 Monday Popular Concert ; sang at the Norwich 
 Festival, 1887 ; and was frequently heard in 
 Britain and Germany. Married and retired in 
 1894. She is also a song-composer. Her song- 
 cycle, " In a Persian Garden," has obtained 
 great popularity in England and the United 
 States. 
 
 Leib'rock, Joseph Adolf, b. Brunswick, 
 Jan. 8, l8o8; d. Berlin, Aug. 8, 1886. Dr.fhil., 
 Berlin ; 'cellist and harpist in the Brunswick 
 court orch. — Works ; Music to Schiller's Rduber; 
 part-songs ; songs ; arrangements f . pf . and 'cello ; 
 a " Musikalische Akkordenlehre"; and a history 
 
 of the Brunswick Hofkapelle (' ' Braunschweiger 
 Magazin," 1865-6). 
 
 Leighton, Sir William, English musician, 
 "gentleman-pensioner"; publ. " The Teares or 
 Lamentacions of a SorrowfuU Soule ; , Composed 
 with Musicall Ayres and Songs both for Voyces 
 and Divers Instruments" (1614), containing 54 
 metrical psalms and hymns, 17 being for 4 voices 
 w. accomp.s in tablature for the lute, bandora, 
 and cittern, and 13 for 4 voices and 24 for 5 
 voices without accomp. The first 8 are by L. 
 himself ; the others by Bull, Byrd, Dowland, 
 Gibbons, etc. 
 
 Lei'singer, Elisabeth, dramatic soprano; 
 b. May 17, 1864, in Stuttgart; studied at the 
 Cons, there, and later with Viardot-Garcia, Paris. 
 Member of the Berlin court opera since 1884. 
 
 Leite, Antonio da Silva, conductor at the 
 Oporto Cathedral about 1787-1826. Publ. "Re- 
 sumo de todas as regras e preceitos de cantoria 
 assim da musica metrica como da cantochSo" 
 (1787) ; a guitar-method (1796) ; 6 sonatas f. 
 guitar w. violin (rebec) and 2 trumpets ; etc. 
 
 Lei'tert, Johann Georg, excellent pianist ; 
 b. Dresden, Sept. 29, 1852. Pupil of Krageh 
 and Reichel (pf.), and Rischbieter (harm.). Con- 
 cert-debut 1865 at Dresden ; then played in Leip- 
 zig, Berlin, Prague, etc., and made a brilliantly 
 successful tour to England in 1867. Visited 
 Liszt in Weimar in 1869 ; then, after concerts 
 (he played Beethoven's sonata op. 106 at Vienna), 
 spent 2 winters with Liszt in Rome. Since that 
 time his concerts in Germany, Austria, Russia, 
 etc., have been attended with remarkable suc- 
 cess. From 1879-81 he taught at the Horak 
 Music-school in Vienna. Many fine character- 
 istic pieces for piano : Op. 12, Esquisses ; op. 
 24, Chants du crepuscule ; op. 30, Herbstblat- 
 ter ; op. 31, Strahlen und Schatten ; op. 33, 
 Aus schonern Stunden; op. 37, Feuillesd'amour; 
 op. 38, Lose Blatter ; op. 43, Valse-Caprice ; etc. 
 
 Le Jeune, Claudin, b. Valenciennes, about 
 1530 ; d. 1598-1603. French contrapuntist. 
 Chief works, 40 Psalms of David (1601); chan- 
 sons, madrigals, etc., were printed 1585-1610. 
 
 Lemaire (or Le Maire), a French musician 
 of the i6th-i7th centuries, is said to have urged 
 the adoption of a seventh solmisation-syllable 
 ("si," ace. to Rousseau; " za," ace. to Mer- 
 senne) ; an invention tantamount to the abandon- 
 ment of the old system of mutation. 
 
 Lemaire, Th^ophile, b. Essigny-le-Grand, 
 Aisne, Mar. 22, 1820. Pupil of Garcia, Miche- 
 lot, and Moreau-Sainti at the Paris Cons. He 
 became a singing-teacher, and a student of vocal 
 methods ; publ. (with Lavoix) " Les principes et 
 I'histoire du chant " ; transl. into French Tosi's 
 ' ' Opinion! del can tori antichi e moderni " ("L'art 
 du chant . . ." 1874). 
 
 Le Maistre (or Le Maitre), Mattheus, 
 Netherland contrapuntist ; court Kapellm. at 
 Dresden, 1554-68; died 1577.— Publ. " Mag- 
 
 348 
 
LEMfeiRE— LEO 
 
 nificat octo tonorum" (1557); " Catechesis nu- 
 meris musicis inclusa et ad puerorum captum ac- 
 commodata tribus vocibus composita " (1563; for 
 the Dresden Choir-boys) ; " Geistliche und welt- 
 liche teutsche Gesange" a 4-5 (1566) ; a book of 
 5-part motets (1570) ; " Officia de nativitate et 
 ascensione Christ!" a 5(1574); " Schone und 
 auserlesene teutsche und lateinische geistliche 
 Lieder"(i577). — 3 masses, 24 offices, and 4 ver- 
 sicles are in MS. in the Munich Library. Mono- 
 graph on L. by O. Kade (1862). 
 
 Lemifere de Corvey, Jean-Fr6d6ric-Au- 
 guste, French officer ; b. Rennes, 1770; d. Paris, 
 Apr. 19, 1832. He prod, several vaudevilles at 
 Rennes ; studied in Paris under Berton (1792), 
 and brought out a series of successful comic 
 operas. Also publ. miscellaneous comp.s and 
 arrangements. 
 
 Lem'mens, Jacques-Nicolas, remarkable 
 organist ; b. Zoerle-Parwys, Belgium, Jan. 3, 
 1823 ; d. at Castle Linterport, n. Malines, Jan. 
 30, 1881. Pupil of his father, and of van der 
 Broeck at Diest ; of Godineau at the Brussels 
 Cons. (1839 ; pf.) ; after playing the organ at 
 Diest for some months, he took further lessons 
 (1841) with Michelot (pianoforte), Girschner 
 (org.), and Fetis (cpt.). In 1846 he went to 
 Breslau, with a government stipend, to study 
 under Hesse ; in 1849 he was app. prof, of organ- 
 playing at the Brussels Cons. ; married the singer 
 Miss Sherrington in 1857, and thenceforth spent 
 much time in England. In 1879 he opened a 
 seminary for Catholic organists and choirmasters 
 at Malines. — Organ-works : Excellent sonatas, 
 improvisations, studies, etc. (over 60 in all) ; a 
 great " Ecole d'orgue," adopted in the Paris and 
 Brussels Conservatories; — also 2 symphonies, 
 pf.-music, a Te Deum, motets, songs, etc. 
 
 Lemoine, Antoine-Marcel, guitar-player; b. 
 Paris, Nov. 3, 1763 ; d. there in April, 1817. 
 Self-taught, he played the viola at the Th. de 
 Monsieur, conducted at minor Parisian theatres, 
 and finally founded a mu.sic-publishing business. 
 Wrote and publ. a Guitar-method. — His fourth 
 son, 
 
 Lemoine, Henri, b. Paris, Oct. 21, 1786 ; d. 
 there May 18, 1854. Studied in the Cons. 1798- 
 i8q9 ; in 1821 he also had harmony-lessons of 
 Reicha ; taught the piano ; and at his father's 
 death succeeded to the business. — Works : Meth- 
 ods f . harmony, pf . , and solfeggio ; ' ' Tablettes 
 du piano. Memento du professeur de piano " 
 (1844); and sonatas, variations, dances, etc., 
 f.pf. 
 
 Lemoine, Aim^, b. 1795 ; d. (?) ; a pupil of 
 Galin, taught his method, and publ. 2 editions 
 of the " Methode du Meloplaste " (1824, 1838). 
 Later he resumed the usual method of instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Lemoyne {recte Moyne), Jean-Baptiste, b. 
 
 Eymet, Perigord, Apr. 3, 1751 ; d. Paris, Dec. 
 30, 1796. Conductor at provincial French the- 
 atres before studying composition with Graun 
 
 and Kirnberger at Berlin, where he became 2nd 
 Kapellm. to Frederick the Great. Returning to 
 Paris, he brought out an opera, £lecire (1782), 
 pretending to be a pupil of Gluck ; an imposture 
 which the latter did not see fit to expose until 
 the failure of the piece ! In revenge, L. copied 
 the style of Piccinni and Sacchini, and prod, 
 nearly a score of quite successful operas ; at the 
 end of the representation of Nephti(i-]Ztj, Grand 
 Opera), the author was called out by the enthu- 
 siastic audience, an honor never before accorded 
 an author in a French theatre. 
 
 Lenaerts, Constant, b. Antwerp, Mar. 9, 
 1852. Pupil of Benoit ; at 18, director of the 
 Flemish National Th. ; now, teacher at the Ant- 
 werp Cons. 
 
 Lenepveu, Charles-Ferdinand, b. Rouen, 
 Nov. 4, 1840. As a law-student he took mu.sic- 
 lessons of Servais ; won ist prize at Caen in 1861 
 for a cantata ; entered Ambr. Thomas's class at 
 the Cons, in 1863, and in 1865 took the Grand 
 prix de Rome with the cantata Renaud et Arniide 
 (perf. 1866). Returning from Rome, his comic 
 opera Le Florentin also won a prize offered by 
 the ministry of Fine Arts (1869), and was perf. 
 at the Opera-Comique in 1874. The 4-act grand 
 opera Velleda \ias prod, at Covent Garden, Lon- 
 don, in 1882. In 1891 L. succeeded Guiraud 
 as harmony-prof, in the Cons., and in 1893 again 
 succeeded him as prof, of composition, taking 
 an advanced class in 1894. In i8g6 he was 
 elected to Ambr. Thomas's chair in the Acade- 
 mie des Beaux-Arts ; is Chev. of the Legion of 
 Honor, and officer of public instruction. — Other 
 works : Jeanne d'Are, lyric drama in 3 parts 
 (Rouen Cathedral, 1886); a Requiem; "Ode 
 triomphale a Jeanne d'Arc" ; " Hymne funebre 
 et triomphal" [V. Hugo] (Rouen, 1889) ; etc. 
 
 Lenz, Wilhelm von, b. Russia, 1804 ; d. 
 St. Petersburg, Jan. 31, 1883. A pf.-pupil, in 
 Paris, of Liszt (1828) and Chopin (1842). Later 
 Russian councillor in St. Petersburg. His 
 charmingly wr'tten works are interesting and 
 valuable partly by reason of his intimate per- 
 sonal experience, partly from the enthusiastic 
 admiration which he expresses and imparts. 
 He wrote "Beethoven et ses trois styles" (2 
 vol.s ; 1852-1865) ; "Beethoven: eine Kunst- 
 studie " (5 vol.s ; 1855-60 ; vol.s iii-v separately 
 publ. as " Kritischer Katalog der sammtlichen 
 Werke nebst Analysen derselben ..." [i860], 
 and vol. i as "Beethoven: eine Biographic" 
 [2nd ed. 1879]) I ^"'^ " ^i^ grossen Pianoforte- 
 virtuosen unsrer Zeit " (brief character-sketches 
 of Liszt, Chopin, Tausig, and Henselt ; 1872 ; 
 Engl, transl. New York, 1898). 
 
 Leo, Leonardo, with Scarlatti, Durante, and 
 Feo one of the founders, and an eminent teacher, 
 of the " Neapolitan " school of composition ; b. 
 San Vito degli Schiavi, Brindisi, 1694 ; d. Na- 
 ples, 1746. Pupil of Aless. Scarlatti and N. 
 Fago at the Cons, della Pieti de' Turchini, 
 Naples, and of Pitoni, Rome ; 1716, 2nd mae. 
 
 349 
 
LEONARD— LEONI 
 
 stro in the above Cons., and maestro at the 
 cathedral ; 1717, maestro at Santa Maria della 
 Solitaria. After the success of some cantatas 
 which he produced, he was app. organist to the 
 court ; and later became instructor in the Cons, 
 di Sant' Onofrio, where he trained many illus- 
 trious pupils ; Pergolesi, Jommelli, Piccinni, 
 Sacchini, Traetta. In 1713 he brought out a 
 dramatic oratorio, // trionfo della casAlh di 
 SanfAlessio, at the Cons. His first opera was 
 Sofonisbe (Naples, 1718); it was followed by 
 nearly 60 others, // nuovo Don Chisciotte (fin- 
 ished 1748 by Pietro Gomez) being the last. 
 His career was abruptly ended by a stroke of 
 apoplexy while he was sitting at the harpsichord. 
 — Works : Besides operas, 3 more oratorios, 
 5 masses, magnificats. Misereres, Credos, Dixits, 
 motets, hymns, responses, etc. (most celebrated 
 of all is a grand Miserere for double [8-part] 
 choir a cappella, ranking with Pergolesi's famous 
 Stabat Mater) ; also 6 'cello-concertos w. string- 
 quartet ; 2 books of organ-fugues ; several 
 clavichord-toccatas ; etc. Most are in MS. at 
 Naples, Rome, Berlin, and Paris. A few have 
 been publ. in modern collections, etc.: A duet 
 from Demofoonte, and an aria from La clemenza 
 di Tito, in Gevaert's " Gloires d'ltalie"; the 
 above Miserere in Commer's " Musica sacra," 
 vol. viii, — also separately by Choron, Paris, and 
 Schlesinger, Berlin ; one Dixit dominus rt 8 by 
 Stanford, London, .and another a: 5 by Kiimmel 
 in his " Sammlung, etc."; a Credidi propter, a 
 Tu es sacerdos, and a Miserere a 4, in Braune's 
 " Cacilia " ; a 131 quanta pena and an Et incar- 
 natus est, in Rochlitz's " Sammlung vorzug- 
 licher Gesangstilcke"; many solfeggi w. bass, 
 in Levesque and Beche's " Solfeges d'ltalie." 
 
 Leonard, Hubert, eminent violinist and 
 teacher ; b. Bellaire, n. Liege, Belgium, Apr. 7, 
 1819 ; d. Paris, 
 May 6, i8go. His 
 first violin-teacher 
 was Rouma, at 
 Liege ; he then 
 became a pupil of 
 Habeneck at the 
 Paris Cons. (1836- 
 g), also playing ni 
 the orchestras of 
 the Th. des Vari- 
 etes, Opera-Co- 
 mique, and Grand 
 Opera. From 
 1844-8, extended 
 and successful concert-tours ; then succeeded 
 de Beriot as first prof, of violin-playing at the 
 Brussels Cons. On account of ill-health he 
 gave up his position in 1867, thenceforward 
 living in Paris as a teacher. — Publ. works : ' ' Pe- 
 tite gymnastique du jeune violoniste"; "Gym- 
 nastique du violoniste"; "24 Etudes clas- 
 siques"; "^Etudes harmoniques" ; a method for 
 violin, " Ecole Leonard"; " L'ancienne ecole 
 italienne," a coll. of special studies in double- 
 
 stopping, inch works by Corelli, Tartini, Ge- 
 miniani, and Nardini ; also 5 violin-concertos, 
 6 concert-pieces w. pf . ; a serenade f . 3 violins, 
 a concert-duo f. 2 violins, fantasias and mor- 
 ceaux de genre ; many duos w. pf. 
 
 Leoncaval'lo, Ruggiero, Italian dramatic 
 composer, fine pianist, man of letters ; b. Na- 
 ples, Mar. 8, 1858. 
 He attended the Na- 
 ples Cons., and at 
 i5 made a pianistic 
 tour. His first 
 opera, Tommaso 
 Chatierton, was a 
 failure at its initial 
 production, though 
 very successful when /'.' 
 revived in Rome, 
 l8g6. An enthusi- 
 astic admirer of .J '/^^^Hll|l"iisi/ !(/// 
 Wagner's works, ,^S„,-— -=*^ (If// 
 
 their study, and the 
 master's personal encouragement, inspired hira 
 to write and set to music an "historic play," 
 the trilogy Crepusculum (I. / Medici ; II. Ge- 
 rolavio Savonarola ; III. Cesare Borgia), &&'^\z\.- 
 ing the Italian Renascence. Basic historical 
 researches for this work occupied 6 years. He 
 then travelled as a concert-pianist, to earn his 
 living, through Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Ger- 
 many, Belgium, Holland, etc., to Paris, where 
 he sojourned several years. Here an opera, 
 Songe d'une mdt d'it^, was privately performed, 
 and many songs published. His first stage- 
 success, the 2-act opera seria I Pagliacci{W!a.Ti, 
 Dal Verme Th., 1892), has also been given in 
 Germany (1893, as Der Bajazzd), Paris, Lon- 
 don, etc.; it is of the Cavalleria rusticana 
 (blood-and-thunder) variety. The first part of 
 the trilogy, the 4-act / Medici, was coolly re- 
 ceived at La Scala in Milan, i8g3. Then came 
 the successful revival of Tommaso Chatterton 
 (Rome, Mar. 10, 1896) ; and his latest, the 4-act 
 opera La Bohime (Venice, La Fenice Th., 1897), 
 has done well in Italy. He has also prod, a 
 symphonic poem, " Serafitus-Serafita." 
 
 Le'onhard, Julius Etnil, b. Lauban, June 
 13, 1810; d. Dresden, June 23, 1883. Prof, of 
 pf. at Munich Cons., 1852; at Dresden Cons., 
 1859. — Works : Oratorio Johannes der Tdufer ; 
 3 cantatas f. soli, ch., and orch. ; symphony in 
 E min. ; overture to Oehlenschlager's Axel und 
 Walpurg ; a pf. -sonata; 2 violin -sonatas, 3 
 string-trios, a pf.-quartet, etc. 
 
 Leo'ni, Leone, church-composer and m. di 
 capp. at Vicenza Cathedral. — Publ. 5 books of 
 5-part madrigals (1588-1602) ; 2 books of mo- 
 tets, a 6 and 8 (1603, 1608) ; 2 ditto a 2-4, w. 
 organ-bass (1606, 1608 ; 2nd ed. i6og-lo, as 
 " Sacri fiori ") ; 2 ditto a 1-3, w. organ-bass 
 (1609-11); " Omnis psalmodia solemnitatum 8 
 vocum " (1613) ; " Prima parte dell'Aurea co- 
 rona, ingemmata di armonici concert! a 10, con 
 
 350 
 
LEONI— LE SUEUR 
 
 4 voci e 6 istromenti" (1615) ; and " Salmi a 8 
 voci " (1623). Detached pieces in collections. 
 
 Leo'ni, Carlo, contemporary Italian com- 
 poser, has prod, the 3-act operetta Per un bacio 
 (Siena, 1894), and text and music of the 3-act 
 comic opera Urbano, ossia le avventure di una 
 tiol/t: (Vienza, 1896; succ). 
 
 Leo'ni, Franco, contemporary composer, 
 has prod, the cantata Sardanapalus (London, 
 i8g6), and the romantic comic opera Rip van- 
 Winkle (Vi. M.'s Th., London, 1S97 ; succ); 
 also songs. 
 
 Leono'wa [Leono'va], Dapya Mikai- 
 lovna, distinguished dramatic contralto ; b. 
 Govt. Tver, Russia, 1825 ; d. St. Petersburg, 
 Feb. 10, 1896. Studied 5 years with Glinka at 
 the Imp. Opera-School, St. Petersburg ; debut, 
 at 18, as Vania in A Life for the Czar ; she 
 also sang Ratmir in Russian and Ludmilla, 
 and leading roles in Rognedo, William Raicliff, 
 Boris Godunow, The Maiden of Pskov, etc. 
 Triumphant tour through Siberia, China, Japan, 
 America, and western Europe, in 1879. 
 
 Leroux, Xavier-Henri-Napoldon, b. Vel- 
 letri, Papal States, Oct. 11, 1863. Pupil o£ 
 Dubois and Massenet at Paris Cons. ; 1st Grand 
 prix de Rome, 1885. — Works : Cantata Endy- 
 mion ; 5-act opera CUopdlre (1890) ; lyric drama 
 Avangiline (Brussels, 1895) ; music to /Eschy- 
 Xxa Persians ; a mass w. orch. ; a dram, over- 
 ture "Harald"; and the unperf. operas Wil- 
 liam Ratcliff Sind V 6pave. Also motets, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Le Roy, Adrien. Partner of Ballard. See 
 Ballard. 
 
 Lesage de Richee, Philipp Franz, lutenist 
 and comp. ; pupil of Mouton ; publ. ' ' Cabinet 
 der Lauten" (1685), 98 pieces, in 12 suites, 
 noteworthy exemplars of the French clavecin- 
 style. 
 
 Leschetiz'ky [le-she-tit'ske], Theodor, pi- 
 anist and famous pedagogue ; b. Langert, Aus- 
 trian Poland, in 1830. 
 Pupil of his father, an 
 eminent teacher in Vi- 
 enna ; then of Czerny 
 (pf.) and Sechter 
 (comp.). In his fif- 
 teenth year he began 
 teaching ; also at- 
 tended the Univ. as 
 a student of philos- 
 ophy until its closure 
 in 1848 (the revolu- 
 tionary year) ; made 
 highly successful pro- 
 fessional tours 
 1842-8, and 1852, 
 and then went to St. Petersburg, becoming a 
 teacher in the Cons., giving many private les- 
 sons, playing, composing, and acting as con- 
 ductor to the Grand Duchess Helen during 
 Rubinstein's absences. Ill-health compelled 
 
 him to leave Russia in 1878 ; he played in Lon- 
 don, Holland, Germany, and Vienna ; here he 
 married (1880) his former pupil, Annette Essi- 
 pofl, and settled as a teacher. His effective pf.- 
 compositions include the "Souvenirs d'ltalie" 
 (6 pieces), "Suite a la campagne," Menuetto 
 capriccioso, the second Nocturne and " La pe- 
 tite coquette" in op. 12, "Souvenir de St.- 
 Petersbourg" (op. 15), " Les deux alouettes " 
 (op. 22), Valse chromatique, Mazurkas (op. 24), 
 etc. Pie also prod, an opera. Die erste Falte 
 (Prague, 1867 ; Wiesbaden, 1881 ; succ). 
 
 Leslie, Ernest. Pen-name of O. B. 
 Brown. 
 
 Leslie, Henry David, noted conductor and 
 composer ; b. London, June 18, 1822 ; d. in 
 Wales, Feb. 4, 1896. Pupil of Charles Lucas ; 
 amateur 'cellist in the Sacred Harmonic Soc. ; 
 Hon. Secretary, 1847, of the Amateur Mus. 
 Soc, and its conductor 1853-61, when it was 
 dissolved. In 1855 he organized (with Plem- 
 ing) an a cappella singing-society, which he 
 cond. 1856-80; it won the 1st prize at Paris, 
 1878, in the International Competition ; was 
 disbanded in 1880, but reorganized 1882 with 
 Randegger as conductor and L. as president ; 
 the latter resumed the conductorship in 1885. — 
 Works : The operas Romance, or Bold Dick 
 Turpin (1857) ; Ida (1864) ; the oratorios Im- 
 manuel (1853) and Judith (1858 ; Birmingham 
 Mus. Fest.) ; the cantatas Holyrood (i860), 
 Daughter of the Isles (1861), and a "biblical 
 pastoral," The first Christian Morn (1880 ; 
 Brighton Fest.); festival anthem, "Let God 
 arise " ; Te Deum and Jubilate ; a symphony ; 
 and an overture, " The Templar." 
 
 Les'sel, Franz, b. Warsaw, about 1780 ; d. 
 Petrikow, in March, 1839. A pupil and de- 
 voted friend of Haydn in Vienna, after ivhose 
 death L. returned to Poland in iSio. Sonatas 
 a id fantasias f . pf . were printed. 
 
 Lessmann, (W. J.) Otto, b. Rildersdorf, n. 
 Berlin, Jan. 30, 1844. Pupil of A. G. Ritter at 
 Magdeburg (org. and theorj'), and, at Berlin, of 
 V. Billow (pf.), Kiel (comp.), and Teschner 
 (voice). For 2 years private tutor in Count 
 Brilhl's family ; teacher at Stern's Cons. ; then 
 at Tausig's academy until the latter's death in 
 1871. After a brief interval as head of a 
 piano-school of his own, he became (1872) head 
 of the mus. department at the " Kaiserin Au- 
 gusta-Stiftung," Charlottenburg. Since 1882, 
 proprietor and editor of the "AUgem. Musik- 
 Zeitung." He is a well-known mus. critic ; 
 has publ. several songs ; and edited the 2nd ed. 
 of Weitzmann's ' ' Geschichte des Klavier- 
 spiels." 
 
 Le Sueur (or Lesueur), Jean-Fran5ois, b. 
 
 Drucat-Plessiel, near Abbeville, France, Jan. 15, 
 1764 ; d. Paris, Oct. 6, 1837. At 7, choir-boy 
 in the maitrise at Abbeville ; a few months later, 
 in the cathedral at Amiens, where he remained 
 7 years. His college-course was broken off 2 
 
 351 
 
LEUCKART— LEVEY 
 
 years after by his acceptance of the post of 
 maitre de miisiijue at Seez Cath. ; in 6 months he 
 became under-master of music at the Saints- 
 Innocents, Paris. Abbe Roze gave him slight 
 aid in harmony ; he was really self-taught as a 
 composer. In turn mailre de musique at Dijon 
 and Le Mans, he was called to Paris in 1784 as 
 mattre de chapellc at the Innocents, recommended 
 by Gretry and others. In the competition of 
 1786, L. won the post of m. de chap, at Notre- 
 Dame, Paris ; here he organized an orchestra 
 for the chief church-festivals, and brought out 
 masses, motets, services, etc., w. orch., quite 
 transforming the character of the church-music, 
 but attracting crowds by his novel and brilliant 
 effects, in the nature of descriptive music (he 
 was Berlioz's forerunner in France). His most 
 bitter opponents (and they were many) dubbed 
 his music " I'Operadesgueux" [Beggars' Opera]. 
 In self-defence he publ. an " Essai de musique 
 sacree, ou musique motivee et methodique, pour la 
 fete de Noel, a la messedu jour "(1787); to a vio- 
 lent anonymous attack he replied in an " Expose 
 d'une musique unie, imitative, et particuliere a 
 chaque solennite . . ."(1787). In the Preface he 
 avows his intent of making church-music ' ' dra- 
 matic and descriptive." During his temporary 
 absence,the music was reduced to the old footing; 
 whereupon he retired to the country, and spent 
 4 happy years in composing ; in 1793 he brought 
 out a 3-act opera. La Caverne, which had a pop- 
 ular success, and was followed in 1794 hy Paul et 
 Virginie, and TUdmaque (all at the Th. Feydeau). 
 On the organization of the Cons, in 1795, L. was 
 app. inspector, and a member of the Committee 
 on Instruction ; with Mehul, Langle, Gossec 
 and Catul he wrote the " Principes elementaire 
 de la musique," and the " Solfeges," used in the 
 institution. L. was dismissed in 1802 on account 
 of a violent altercation ensuing after the rejection, 
 by the Opera, of two of his operas for Semiramis, 
 written by Catel. For two years he lived in 
 poverty and sufiFering, when Napoleon, in 1804, 
 raised him to the highest position attainable by 
 a musician in Paris, by appointing him his tnaitre 
 de- ckapelle, succeeding Paisiello. His rejected 
 opera, Les Bardes, was now produced with great 
 eclat, and even La mart d 'Adam, the other re- 
 jected work, came out in 1809, but met with a 
 cool reception. At the Restoration, in 1814, he 
 was made superintendent and composer to the 
 chapelle du roi, holding these positions till 1830. 
 From 1817 he also acted as prof, of composi- 
 tion in the Cons.; and from 1806-24 was on the 
 mus. jury for the Opera. He was elected a 
 member of the Institut in 1813; and other honors 
 were showered upon him. L. wrote 3 other ope- 
 ras, which were received at the Grand Opera, but 
 never performed ; also 2 divertissements, l' In- 
 auguration du temple de la Victoire (1807, with 
 Persuis), and Le triomphe de Trajan (1807) ; 
 several oratorios (Deborah, Rachel, Ruth ei 
 Noemi, Ruth etBoaz) ; a solemn mass f. 4 voices, 
 ch., and orch.; a cantata, V Ombre de Sac c hint ; 
 a Christmas oratorio ; 3 Te Deums ; 2 Passions ; 
 
 a Stabat Mater; these, and some other works, 
 were published ; he left many more (over 30 
 masses) in MS. He also publ. a " Notice sur 
 la melopee, la rythmopee, et les grands carac- 
 teres de la musique ancienne " (Paris, 1793); 
 and a sketch of Paisiello (1816) ; besides numer- 
 ous polemical pamphlets. — Biographical: Raoul- 
 Rochette, "Notice historique ..." (Paris, 
 1837); Stephen dela Madeleine, " Biographie de 
 J.-F. Le Sueur" (1841) ; and Fouque, " L. 
 comme predecesseur de Berlioz." 
 
 Leu'ckart, F. ErnstChristoph,establisheda 
 music-business at Breslau in 1782; it was acquired 
 by Constantine Sander in 1856, who removed it 
 to Leipzig in 1870, and added to it 'oy buying 
 out the firms of Weinhold & FOrster (Breslau), 
 Damkohler (Berlin), and Witzendorf (Vienna). 
 The firm, now " Constantin Sander, vormals 
 F. E. C. Leuckart," has publ. many learned 
 works (e. g. , Ambros' " History"), and compo- 
 sitions (those of Franz). 
 
 Levasseur, Pierre - Frangois, 'cellist; b. 
 Abbeville, France, Mar. 11, 1753; d. soon after 
 serving in the Grand Opera orch. from 1785- 
 1815. He was a pupil of Dupont, and publ. 12 
 'cello-duets. 
 
 Levasseur, Jean-Henri, also a 'cellist, and 
 pupil of Dupont, Jr., and Cupis ; b. Paris, 1765 ; 
 d. (?). Member of the Opera orch. 1789-1823; 
 prof, of 'cello in the Cons., and belonged to the 
 Imperial (from 1814, Royal) chapelle 1795-1823. 
 Publ. sonatas, etudes, and duets, f. 'cello ; co- 
 editor of the 'cello-method used in the Cons. 
 
 Levasseur, Rosalie, soprano at the Paris 
 Opera 1766-85 ; famous in leading roles of 
 Gluck's operas until supplanted by Mme. Saint- 
 Huberty. 
 
 Levasseur, Nicolas -Prosper, celebrated 
 dramatic bass ; b. in Picardy, Mar. g, 1781. 
 Admitted to the Cons, in 1807, he entered 
 Garat's class in 181 1. Debut at the Opera, 
 1813 ; sang during season of 1816 in London; 
 rejoined the Opera in that year, and sang sub- 
 ordinate roles until 1822, when his success at 
 Milan, in Meyerbeer's Marguerite d'Anjou, at- 
 tracted attention, and he was engaged for 5 
 years at the Theatre Italien, Paris, and from 
 1828-45 took leading bass roles at the Opera. 
 From 1841, prof, of lyric declamation at the 
 Cons. 
 
 Levens, , mattre de musique in a Bor- 
 deaux church, publ. (1743) an " Abrege des 
 regies de I'Harmonie, pour apprendre la com- 
 position, avec un nouveau projet sur un sys- 
 teme At musique sans temperament ni cordes 
 mobiles," in which he ingeniously (but futilely) 
 contrasts the ascending harmonic progression 
 (overtones) with the descending arithmetic pro- 
 gression (undertones), thereby obtaining a dual 
 harmonic basis. 
 
 Levey, William Charles, b. Dublin, Apr- 
 25, 1837; d. London, Aug. 18, I894. Pupil, 
 from 1852, of Auber, Thalberg, and Prudent, at 
 
 352 
 
LEVI— LICHTENSTEIN 
 
 Paris. Ho became conductor at Covent Garden, 
 Drury Lane (1868-74, and later), the Haymarket, 
 etc., and brought out several operas and ope- 
 rettas (the first was Fane he tie, 1864) ; also music 
 lo Anthony and Cleopatra ; various pantomimes ; 
 3 cantatas ; many songs .; pf .-pieces, etc. 
 
 Levi, Hermann, noted conductor; b. Giessen, 
 Nov. 7, 1839. Pupil of V. Lachner at Mann- 
 heim 1852-5, and of the Leipzig Cons. 1855-8 ; 
 mus. dir. at Saarbriicken 1859-61; conductor of 
 the German Opera at Rotterdam 1861-4 ; court 
 Kapellm. at Karlsruhe 1864-72 ; from 1872, 
 court Kapellm. at Munich. App. " General- 
 musikdirector " at Munich in 1894 ; resigned on 
 account of ill-health, and pensioned, in 1896. 
 
 Levi (or Levy, Lewy), Jacob. See Le- 
 
 EERT. 
 
 Lewandow'ski [-dov'-], Louis, b. Wreschen, 
 Posen, Apr. 3, 1823 ; d. Berlin, Feb. 4, 1894. 
 Pupil of the School of Composition of the Berlin 
 Akademie ; mus. dir. of the Berlin Synagogue 
 from 1840. Co-founder of the Inst, for Aged 
 and Indigent Musicians, which owes its flourish- 
 ing condition in great part to him. His main 
 work was as a singing-teacher ; he comp. orches- 
 tral, vocal, and chamber-music. 
 
 Lewy, Eduard Constantin, horn-virtuoso ; 
 b. Saint-Avoid, Moselle, Mar. 3, 1796 ; d. Vienna, 
 June 3, 1846. Pupil of Domnich in the Paris 
 Cons.; from 1822, ist horn at the Vienna Court 
 Opera, and prof, in the Cons. — Joseph-Ro- 
 dolphe, his brother and pupil (b. Nancy, 1804, 
 d. Oberlossnitz, n. Dresden, Feb. g, 1881), was 
 1st horn in the royal orch. at Dresden. 
 
 Lewy, Charles, son of Ed. C. L. ; pianist 
 and ja&«-composer ; b. Lausanne, 1823 ; d. 
 Vienna, Apr. 30, 1883. — His brother, Richard 
 Levy, b. Vienna, 1827, d. there Dec. 31, 1883, 
 was a player on the French horn, and a member 
 of the court orch. at 13 ; later, Inspector-in- 
 Chief, and stage-manager, of the court opera. 
 Noted singing-teacher (Mallinger, Sembrich, 
 and Lucca were among his pupils). 
 
 Ley'bach, Ignace, b. Gambsheim, Alsatia, 
 July 17, 1817 ; d. Toulouse, May 23, 1891. Pupil, 
 in Paris, of Pixis, Kalkbrenner, and Chopin ; in 
 1844, organistat Toulouse Cathedral. Excellent 
 pianist and teacher. His pf.-pieces (225 num- 
 bers) are " easy, pretentious, and pleasing" (e. g., 
 Nocturnes op. 3 and 4 ; " Aux bords du Ganges " 
 [Mendelssohn], op. 42 ; Bolero brillant, op. 61; 
 Ballade, op. 19 ; Valse poe'tique, op. 216 ; " Les 
 bateli^res de Naples ") ; he also publ. an exten- 
 sive Organ-method in 3 vol.s (350 pieces) ; con- 
 cert-pieces f. harmonium ; motets and songs w. 
 org. ; etc. 
 
 Li'adoff (or Liadow), Anatole, b. St. Peters- 
 burg, Apr. 29, 1855. Studied at the Cons, 
 under Johansen (cpt. and fugue) and Rimsky- 
 Korsakov (mus. form and instrumentation). 
 Since 1878, prof, of harmony and theory at the 
 St. P. Cons. ; also to the Imp. Chapel, Since 
 
 23 353 
 
 1894, conductor of the concerts of the Mus. Soc. 
 His works, chiefly f. pf., are technically difficult, 
 and of elegant and 
 distinguished origi- 
 nality : Op. 3, Six 
 morceaux ; op. 4, four 
 Arabesques ; op. 7 
 and 8, Intermezzi ; 
 op. II, Prelude and 
 Mazurka ; op. 13, 
 four preludes ; op. 
 
 20, Novellette ; op. 
 
 21, Ballade ; op. 28, 
 three Preludes ; op. 
 31, Deux morceaux ; 
 further, mazurkas, 
 waltzes, impromptus, 
 bagatelles, idyls, sketches, etc. 
 
 Lia'punov (or Liapounow), Serge Michail- 
 ovitch, b. Jaroslavl, Russia, Nov. 18, 1859. 
 Student 1878-83 at Moscow Cons, under Klind- 
 worth and Pabst (pf.), and Hubert (comp.). He 
 is sub-director of the Imperial Choir at St. Peters- 
 burg, and a member of the Imp. Geographical 
 Soc, in which latter capacity he was commis- 
 sioned in 1893 to collect the folk-songs in the 
 Governments of Vologda, Viatna, and Kostroma 
 (publ. w. pf.-accomp. in 1897) ; since 1894, he 
 is also music-master to Grand Duke Michel 
 Alexandrovitch. — Publ. works : Op. i. Etude, 
 Intermezzo, and Valse, f. pf.; op. 4, pf. -con- 
 certo ; op. 5, Impromptu f. pf. ; op. 6, 7 Pre- 
 ludes f. pf. — Unpubl.: A Ballade, anOuverture 
 solennelle, and a symphony, f. orch. 
 
 Libe'lius. Incorrect spelling of Sibelius. 
 
 Lich'ner, Heinrich, b. Ilarpersdorf, Silesia, 
 Mar. 6, 1829 ; d. Breslau, Jan. 8, 1898. Pupil 
 of Karow, at Bunzlau ; Dehn, at BerHn ; and 
 Mosewius, Baumgart, and Ad. Hesse, at Bres- 
 lau, where he became cantor and organist of the 
 Church of the 11,000 Virgins, and cond. of the 
 Sanger bund. — Works: Popular pf.-pieces (rather 
 commonplace sonatinas, etc.) ; psalms, choral 
 music, and songs. 
 
 Lich'tenberg, Leopold, violin-virtuoso ; b. 
 San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 22, 1861. Taught 
 by Beaujardin, he played in a concert at 8 ; at 
 12, Wieniawski took him as his pupil and aid 
 on a tour through the United States. Later, 
 after 6 months under Lambert at Paris, L. re- 
 joined Wieniawski at Brussels, and studied hard 
 for 3 years, then winning the first prize of honor 
 at the national "concours." A successful tour 
 in Holland was followed by a season in New 
 York, etc. , with Th. Thomas, when L. made a 
 3-year European tourn/e, another successful 
 American trip, lived in Boston for some time as 
 a member of the Symphony Orch., and is now 
 (iSgg) head of the violin-department in the Na- 
 tional Cons, at New York. Both in technical 
 finish and emotional power, L. ranks high among 
 living virtuosi. ^ 
 
 Lich'tenstein, Karl August, Freiherr von. 
 
LICHTENTHAL— LILLO 
 
 b. Lahm, Franconia, Sept. 8, 1767 ; d. Berlin, 
 Sept. 10, 1845. Intendant of court theatres at 
 Dessau (1798), Vienna (1800), Bamberg (i8n), 
 and Berlin (1823 ; director of the opera, 1825). 
 Composed 11 operas, and numerous vaudevilles. . 
 
 Lich'tenthal, Peter, comp. and writer ; b. 
 Pressburg, "1780 ; d. Milan, Aug. 18, 1853, 
 where he had settled in 1810. Prod. 3 operas 
 and 4 ballets at La Scala ; publ. a string-quar- 
 tet, 2 pf. -trios, and pf. -pieces. Wrote " Har- 
 monik ftlr Damen" (1806) ; " Der musikalische 
 Arzt " (1807 ; on the heaHng power of music ; 
 Ital. cd. 1811) ; " Orpheik, oder Anweisung, 
 die Regeln der Composition auf eine leichte und 
 fassliche Art zu erlernen." (1807) ; "Cenni bio- 
 graphic! intorno al celebre maestro W. A. Mo- 
 zart" (1814); "Mozart e le sue creazioni " 
 (1842) ; " Estetica, ossiadottrina del bello e delle 
 belle arti" (1831) ; " Dizionario e bibliografia 
 della musica" (1826 ; 4 vol.s, the last two con- 
 taining bibliography ; his magnum opus). 
 
 Lie, Erica, [Mme. Nissan,] b. Koiigsvinger, 
 n. Christiania, Jan. 17, 1845. Pianist, pupil of 
 . Kjerulf (i860), and, at Berlin, of Th. Kullak 
 (1861-6) ; the latter engaged her as a teacher 
 in his Acad., and persuaded her to give a con- 
 cert, the success of which encouraged her to 
 make a tour in Germany, and to Copenhagen 
 and Stockholm (elected member of the Royal 
 Acad.).. Gave concerts in Germany in 1871, 
 then returning to Christiania, where she is now 
 living as a teacher and concert-pianist of high 
 reputation. 
 
 Lie'be, Eduard Ludwig, b. Magdeburg, 
 Nov. ig, i8ig. Pupil of Spohr and Baldewein 
 at Kassel ; mus. dir. at Koblenz, Mayence, and 
 Worms ; taught for some years in Strassburg ; 
 now in London. — Works ; Opera Die Brautvon 
 Azola (Karlsruhe, 1868); has publ, popular 
 songs, and pf. -pieces ; other comp.s MS. 
 
 Lie'bich, Ernst (Johann Gottlob), b. Bres- 
 lau, Apr. 13, 1830; d. there Sept. 23, 1884. 
 Eminent violin-maker, the successor of his fa- 
 ther and grandfather, and trained in the work- 
 shops of Vuillaume (Paris), Hart (London), and 
 Bausch (Leipzig). His instr.s have taken sev- 
 eral first prizes. 
 
 Lie'big, Karl, b. Schwedt, July 25, 1808; 
 d. Berlin, Oct. 6, 1872. At first " Stabsoboist " 
 in the Alexander Grenadier Regt. , Berlin, he 
 established in 1843 an independent orchestra, 
 the BerUn " Symphoniekapelle," which attained 
 such a high standard that it was employed for 
 the concerts of the Singakademie , for the Kiinst- 
 ler-Concerte, etc. In i860 he was made R. 
 Music-Director. In 1867 his orchestra deserted 
 him, and elected Prof. Stern conductor ; L. did 
 his best to organize another orch., but the new 
 one never became as good as the old. — Julius 
 L., his son (1838-1885), was Kapellm. at Ems 
 for many years. 
 
 Lieb'ling, Emil, fine concert-pianist ; b. 
 Pless, Silesia, Apr. 12, 1851. Studied the piano 
 
 with Ehrlich and Th. Kullak at Berlin, Dachs 
 in Vienna, and Liszt at Weimar ; composition 
 with H. Dorn, Berlin. Has been in America 
 since 1867, and in Chicago since 1872, actively 
 engaged as a concert-pianist, teacher, and con- 
 tributor to several papers. — Chief publ. works : 
 (i) For pf.. Gavotte moderne, op. 11 ; Florence 
 Valse, op. 12 ; Feu foUet, op. 17 ; Albumblatt, 
 op. 18 ; two Romances, op. 20 and 21 ; Cradle- 
 song, op. 23 ; Canzonetta, op. 26 ; Menuetto 
 scherzoso, op. 28 ; Mazurka de concert, op. 30 ; 
 Spring Song, op. 33 ; (2) Songs, "Adieu," 
 " Dost thou remember," and others. 
 
 Lieb'ling, Georg, b. Berlin, Jan. 22, 1865, 
 Piano-pupil of Th. and Fr. Kullak, and later of 
 Liszt ; studied comp. with H. Urban and H. 
 Dorn. 1880-5, teacher in Kullak's Acad.; 1881, 
 first professional tour in Germany and Austria. 
 First Berlin concert in Oct., 1884, was very 
 successful. European tours 1885-g. Court 
 pianist to Duke of Koburg (i8go). Among his 
 elegant j-a/i?«-comp.s may be noted op. 15, Suite 
 a la Watteau ; his op. 5, the vocal " Lieblings- 
 walzer," has been sung by Nikita at over 100 
 concerts. He has publ. over a score of works. 
 
 Lie'nau, Robert, music-publisher in Berlin ; 
 b. Neustadt, Holstein, Dec. 28, 1838. Pur- 
 chased Schlesinger's business (Berlin) in 1864, 
 and Haslinger's (Vienna) in 1875 ; with the 
 latter he acquired the most important works of 
 Weber, Meyerbeer, Liszt, Spohr, etc. 
 
 Li'liencron, Rochus, Freiherr von, eminent 
 writer on music ; b. Plon, Holstein, Dec. 8, 
 1820. Studied jurisprudence and philology at 
 Kiel, Berlin, and Copenhagen ; was prof, of 
 the German language and literature at Jena 
 1852-5, then privy counQillor at Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen ; in 1858 he accepted the invitation of 
 the newly organized Historical Commission at 
 Munich to collect and annotate the historical 
 German folk-songs of the middle ages (publ. as 
 " Historische Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 
 13. -16. Jahrhundert " in 4 vol.s ; Leipzig, 1865- 
 g). In i86g he settled in Munich, and was 
 elected foreign member in ordinary of the Bava- 
 rian Acad, of Sciences. — Other works : "C. E. 
 F. Weyse 'und die danische Musik seit dam 
 vorigen Jahrhundert" (8th annual series, 1878); 
 " Uber den Chorgesang in der evangelischen 
 Kirche '' (1881, in " Zeit- und Streitfragen," 
 No. 144) ; biography of J. B. Cramer in the 
 "Allgera. deutsche Biographie"; " Deutsches 
 Leben im Volkslied um 1530" (the finest Ger- 
 man folk-songs of the i6th century, with melo- 
 dies ; in volume ii of Kurschner-Spemann's 
 "Deutsche Nationallitteratur ") ; " Uber Kir- 
 chenmusik und Kirchenconcert " (in the 2nd 
 annual report of the ' ' Verein f iir evang. Kir- 
 chenmusik"); "Uber Entstehung der Chor- 
 musik innerhalb der Liturgie " (in the Magde- 
 burg "Evang. Kirchen-Zeitung ") ; etc. 
 
 Lil'lo, Giuseppe, pianist and dram. comp. ; 
 b. Galatina, Lecce, Italy, Feb. 26, 1814 ; d. Na- 
 
 354 
 
LIMNANDER— UNDER 
 
 pies, reb.'4, 1863. Pupil of Furno, Lanza, and 
 Zingarelli in the Naples Cons. Having good 
 luck with his dramatic firstling, Una moglie per 
 24 ore (Cons, theatre, 1834), he launched out as 
 an opera-composer, and up to 1842 prod. 9 more 
 operas, L'osteria d'Andujar (^a.-p\es, 1840) being 
 the best and most successful. Much ill-success 
 having disgusted him, he turned to teaching, 
 and in 1846 was app. teacher of harmony, etc., 
 in Naples Cons., where, in 1859, he succeeded 
 C. Conti as teacher of cpt. and comp. From 
 1849-53 he prod. 6 more operas, generally with 
 slight success. A disorder of the brain put an 
 end to his career in 1861. — Other works : Sym- 
 phonies ; a pf. -quartet ; much good piano-music; 
 also church-music. 
 
 Limnan'der de Nieuvr'enhove, Armand 
 Marie Ghislain, b. Ghent, May 22, 1S14 ; d. 
 Moignanville, Aug. 15, 1892. Pupi( of Lambil- 
 lotte at Freiburg, and of Fetis at Paris ; founded 
 a singing-society, "Reunion lyrique," at Malines; 
 lived thereafter at Paris. — Works : The comic 
 operas Les MonUnigrins (Op. -Com., 1849), ^' 
 ch&teau de la Barbe-Bleu (1851) ; and Yvonne 
 (1859) ; a grand opera, Le matlre-chanteur (Ope- 
 ra, 1853), another. La Messe de minuit (MS.); 
 Scenes druidiques, f. orch. ; church-music, a 
 'cello-sonata, a string-quartet, songs, etc. 
 
 Lin'cke, Joseph, b. Trachenberg, Silesia, 
 June 8, 1783 ; d. Vienna, Mar. 26, 1837. 'Cel- 
 list in the famous Rasumovski Quartet ; played 
 in Schuppanzigh's soirees ; was 1st 'cello in the 
 Th. an der Wien, finally at the Vienna Court 
 Opera. Comp. Variations f. 'cello. 
 
 Lind, Jenny, famous soprano, called " the 
 Swedish Nightingale " ; b. Stockholm, Oct. 6, 
 1820 ; d. at her villa, Wynds Point, Malvern 
 Wells, Nov. 2, 1887. Admitted to the school of 
 singing connected with the Court Th., she stud- 
 ied under Berg and Lindblad, making her debut 
 in March, 1838, as Agathe in Der Freischiitz, 
 aftecvards singing Euryanthe, Alice (Robert le 
 Diable), and Giulia {La Vestale). Although emi- 
 nently successful, she was not satisfied with the 
 quality of her voice, and in June, 1841, went to 
 Manuel Garcia in Paris, who gave her lessons 
 fornine months. Meyeebeer, on hearing her then, 
 predicted a brilliant future. Though she sang 
 at the Opera in 1842, she was not engaged. In 
 1844 she went to Berlin, studied German, and 
 sang the role of Vielka, in Meyerbeer's Feldlager 
 in Schlesien, with great applause. Then began 
 a triumphal progress through Hamburg, Co- 
 logne, and Koblenz (April, 1845), and via Copen- 
 hagen to her native city ; sang in the Leipzig 
 Gewandhaus Dec. 6, 1845, was engaged for the 
 Vienna Opera, and appeared there Apr. 18, 1846. 
 Her London debut, put off by all sorts of excuses 
 and advertised in every way in order to inflame 
 public curiosity, was on May 4, 1847, at H. M.'s 
 Th., as Alice in Robert. She leaped at once to 
 the pinnacle of fame ; "the town, sacred and 
 profane, went mad about the Swedish nightin- 
 gale," says Chorley. 'Her voice, with a compass 
 
 from d'-e^, was " a soprano of bright, thrilling, 
 and remarkably sympathetic quality " ; she was 
 an unrivalled coloratura singer, wonderfully long- 
 breathed, and showed exquisite taste in her ca- 
 denze, which she usually invented. Her imper- 
 sonations of La Sonnambula, Lucia, Giulia (La 
 Vestale')^ created a furore. Nevertheless, she left 
 the operatic stage in 1849 (her last appearance 
 was in Robert, May 18), to become the chief or- 
 nament of the concert-stage, a position which 
 she held undisputed until 1870. From 1850-2 
 she toured the United States, reaping a golden 
 harvest ($120,000) ; she m'arripd Otto Gold- 
 schmidt 'in Boston, Feb.. 5, 1852 ; went by way 
 of Holland to Dresden, where she remained a 
 long time ; and returned to London in 1856, fre- 
 quently appearing in public. Goldschmidt con- 
 ducted the " Bach Choir" for a time, and she 
 sang both at rehearsals and performances. Her ' 
 final public appearance was at Dilsseldorf in her 
 husband's oratorio Rtith (Rhenish Mus. Fest., 
 1870). Her private life was as admirable as her 
 public repute ; her generosity was unbounded ; 
 her modesty and nobility of soul have been the 
 theme of enthusiastic eulogy. — Biographical ; 
 "Jenny Lind, die schwedische Nachtigall" 
 1845 (also in Swedish) ; "Jenny Lind, eine Skizze 
 ihres Lebens" (by A. J. Becher, 1847); " G. 
 Meyerbeer and Jenny Lind" (by J. B. Lyser, 
 1847) ; " Memoirs of Madame Jenny Lind-Gold- 
 schmidt, 1820-51 " (by Holl3nd and Rockstro ; 2 
 vol.s, 1891). — A bust of Jenny Lind was unveiled 
 in Westminster Abbey, Apr. 20, 1894. 
 
 Lind'blad, Adolf Fredrik, b. Lbfvingsborg, 
 n. Stockholm,' Feb. i, 1801 ; d. there Aug. 23, 
 1878. Pupil of Zelter in Berlin ; lived in Stock- 
 holm from 1835. His numerous songs, tinged 
 with national (Swedish) color, won deserved 
 popularity, especially after Jenny Lind, his pu- 
 pil, sang them in public. — Works : An opera, 
 Frondenrerna ; symphony in C (Gewandhaus, 
 1839) ; duo f. pf. and vln. ; vocal duets, terzets, 
 and quartets ; his songs w. pf. earned him the 
 title of " the Schubert of the North." 
 
 Lin'den, Karl van der, b. Dordrecht, Apr. 
 24, 1839. Pupil of Kwast (pf.) and F. Bohme 
 (theory), i860, cond. of the Harmonie at Dor- 
 drecht, later also of the Liedertafel, " Ido's 
 Mannenkoor"; bandmaster of the Nat. Guard, 
 and (1875) cond. of the grand concerts of the 
 Netherland Musicians' Assoc. He occupies a 
 high place among Dutch conductors and com- 
 posers. — Works: 2 cantatas f. soli, ch., and 
 orch., De siarrenkemel and Xunstzin (both 
 publ.); many songs. In MS. are 2 operas, 7 
 overtures, part-songs, pf. -sonatas, etc. 
 
 Lin'der, Gottfried, b. Ehingen, July 22, 
 1842. Pupil, and from 1868 teacher, in Stutt- 
 gart Cons.; "Professor' in 1879.— Works : ^ 
 operas, Dornroschen (1872) and Conradin von 
 Schwaben (1879); " Waldlegende " f.^ orch.; 
 overture " Aus noirdischer Heldenzeit"; trios; 
 songs. 
 
 355 
 
LINDLEY— LIPSIUS 
 
 Lind'ley, Robert, English 'cellist ; b. Roth- 
 erham, Yorkshire, Mar. 4, 1777 ; d. London, 
 June 13, 1855. 'Cellist in Brighton Th.; 1st 
 'cello at the R. Opera, London, 1794-1851, 
 succeeding Sperati. Compositions unimportant. 
 
 Lind'ner, Friedrich, b. Liegnitz, about 
 1540 ; d. as cantor of the Aegidienkirche, Nu- 
 remberg. — Publ. " Cantionae sacrae " (2 books, 
 1585-88); masses a 5 (1591); "Gemma musi- 
 calis" (3 books, 1588, '89, '90; coll. of madri- 
 gals, part by himself) ; " CoroUarium cantionum 
 sacrarum" (2 parts, 1590 ; motets). 
 
 Lind'ner, horn-player ; b. Lobenstein, 1808 ; 
 d. Leipzig, Apr. 20, 1867, as a member of the 
 Gewandhaus Orch. 
 
 Lind'ner, Ernst Otto Timotheus, b. 
 
 Breslau, 1820 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 7, 1867. Editor 
 of the " Vossische Zeitung"; musical writer 
 and lecturer ; cond. the Berlin Bach-Verein for 
 some years. — Publ. " Meyerbeers Prophet als 
 Kunstwerk beurtheilt" (1850); "Die erste 
 stehende deutsche Oper" (1855; 2 vol.s) ; 
 " Zur Tonkunst. Abhandlungen " (1864); 
 " Geschichte des deutschen Liedes im 18. 
 Jahrhundert " (1871 ; edited by Erk). 
 
 Lind'ner, August, b. Dessau, Oct. 29, 
 1820 ; d. Hanover, June 15, 1878. Fine 'cell- 
 ist ; 1st 'cello in the court orch. at Hanover 
 from 1837. A pupil of Drechsler. Comp. a 
 'cello-concerto ; Fantasiestucke f . 'cello and pf . ; 
 and numerous vocal pieces. 
 
 Lind'paintner, Peter Joseph von, b. Ko- 
 blenz, Dec. 8, 1791 ; d. Nonnenhorn, Lake of 
 Constance, Aug. 21, 1856. He was a pupil of 
 Winter at Munich, and brought out his first 
 opera, Deniophoon, at Munich in i8ii; from 
 1812-19, Kapellm. at the new Isarthor Th., still 
 taking lessons in cpt. of Gratz. From l8ig, 
 court Kapellm. at Stuttgart, where his great 
 talent as a conductor made the orchestra famous. 
 — Works : 21 operas (the best are Der Vampyr 
 and Lichtensteui) ; 5 ballets and 5 melodramas ; 
 music to Goethe's Faust; 2 oratorios ; 6 masses ; 
 symphonies, overtures, concertantes, chamber- 
 music, songs (" Die Fahnenwacht "). 
 
 Lindsay, Miss M., (now Mrs. J. Worthing- 
 ton Bliss,) contemporary English song-com- 
 poser. Some of her most popular songs are 
 "Airy, fairy Lilian," "Alone," "The Bridge," 
 "Excelsior," "Far away," "Home they 
 brought her warrior dead." 
 
 Linley, Thomas, Sr., b. Bath, England, 
 1725 ; d. London, Nov. ig, 1795. Pupil of 
 Chilcot and Paradies ; cond. oratorios and con- 
 certs at Bath ; then acquired Garrick's share in 
 the Drury Lane Th., with Sheridan, in 1776, 
 bringing out the operas The Duenna, The 
 Camp, Carnival of Venice, Triumph of Mirth, 
 Spanish Maid, Selima and Azor, Spanish 
 Rivals, Tom Jones, The Strangers at Home, 
 Love in the East, Robinson Crusoe, etc. — Publ. 
 Six Elegies f. 3 voices and pf. (1770) ; 12 Bal- 
 
 lads ; canzonets; "The Posthumous Vocal 
 Works of Thomas and T. Linley, junr." (iSoo- 
 5 vol.s of songs, madrigals, etc.). 
 
 Linley, Thomas, Jr., eldest son of preced- 
 ing ; b. Bath, 1756; d. by drowning at Grims- 
 thorpe, Lincolnshire, Aug. 7, 1778. Viohnist ; 
 pupil of Boyce and (at Florence) of Nardini. 
 Leader of Bath concerts, and at Drury Lane.— 
 Works : Music to Shakespeare's Tempest ; an 
 "Ode on the witches and fairies in Shake- 
 speare " ; an oratorio, The Song of Moses ; an 
 orchestral anthem, Let God arise ; etc. 
 
 Linley, George, poet and comp. ; b. Leeds, 
 England, 1798 ; d. London, Sept. 10, 1865. — 
 Operas and operettas : Francesca Doria, 1849 1 
 La Poup/e de Nuremberg (Covent Garden, 
 1861) ; The Toy-makers (1861) ; Law vs. Love 
 (1862). Also a cantata. The Jolly Beggars 
 [Burns] ; part-songs, trios, duets, hymns, and 
 many songs. A satirical poem, " The Musical 
 Cynics of London," was aimed at the critic 
 Chorley. 
 
 Linnarz, Robert, b. Potsdam, Sept. 2g, 
 1851. Pupil of Haupt, Berlin ; teacher in 
 seminaries at Bederkesa and (1888) Alfeld. — 
 Works : A ll-Dcutschland, a festival cantata ; 
 male choruses ; songs; methods f. vln., organ, 
 and on vocal instruction. 
 
 Lin'terraans, Frangois-Joseph, b. Brussels, 
 Aug. 18, 1808 ; d. Ixelles, May 14, 1895. Emi- 
 nent Belgian singing-teacher. Director of the 
 Brussels choral society " Les Artisans reunis." 
 
 Lipin'ski, Karl Joseph, celebrated violinist ; 
 b. Radzyn, Poland, Nov. 4 (Oct; 30?), 1790; ' 
 d. Urlow, n. Lemberg, Dec. 16, 1861. Self- 
 taught, excepting some lessons from his father, 
 an amateur. Leader at Lemberg th. in 1810, 
 Kapellm. 1812-14, resigning in order to study in 
 Vienna ; went to Italy in 1817, where Paganini 
 favored him, and played with him daily; L. 
 then made long concert-tours, and in 1829 met 
 Paganini again in Warsaw, where rivalry undid 
 their friendship. In 1839 L. became Concerl- 
 meister'\n Dresden ; he was pensioned in 1859. 
 His playing was noted for great breadth, and 
 skill in double-stopping. — Works : 4 violin-con- 
 certos (incl. the " Military Concerto," still 
 heard) ; a string-trio : rondos, polonaises, varia- 
 tions, caprices, fantasias. With Zalewski, the 
 poet, he publ. a collection of Galician folk-songs 
 (1834 ; 2 vol.s). 
 
 Lip'sius, Marie, (pen-name " La Mara,") 
 a gifted writer ; b. Leipzig, Dec. 30, 1837.— 
 Works: " Musikalische Studienkflpfe" (1873- 
 80 ; 5 vol.s, often republ.) ; " Gedanken berUhm- 
 ter Musiker ilber ihre Kunst" (1877); "Das 
 Buhnenfestspiel in Bayreuth" (1877); German 
 transl. of Liszt's "Chopin" (1880); " Musiker- 
 briefe aus flinf Jahrhunderten " (1886 ; 2 vols) ; 
 " Klassisches und Romantisches aus der Ion- 
 welt" (1892); Liszt's "Briefe an eineFreundin 
 (1893-4; three vol.s); ".Briefe an August 
 Roeckel, von Richard Wagner" (Leipzig, iSqS)' 
 
 356 
 
LIROU— LISZT 
 
 Lirou, Jean-Frangois-Espic, chevalier de, 
 b. Paris, 1740 ; d. there 1806. Musical ama- 
 teur ; officer in the Mousquetaires du roi, for 
 whom he comp. a " Marche des mousquetaires " 
 played until the Revolution. He wrote several 
 opera-books, and publ. an ' ' Explication du 
 systeme de I'harmonie ..." (1785), being the 
 first French author to give up Rameau's system, 
 and to seek the laws of chord-progression in the 
 affinities of tonality ; though his ideas lack clear- 
 ness. 
 
 Lischin, Grigory Andreevitch, Russian 
 composer ; d. St. Petersburg, June 27 (N.S.), 
 1888, aged 35. His last opera, Don Cesar de 
 Bazan (Kiev, 1888), was very successful. 
 
 Liss'mann, Heinrich Fritz, dramatic bari- 
 tone ; b. Berlin, May 26, 1847 ; d. Hamburg, 
 Jan. 5, 1894. Pupil of Hillmer and Stockhau- 
 sen ; sang at the theatres in Zurich, Lubeck, 
 Leipzig, Bremen, and from 1883 at the Ham- 
 burg City Th. as Gura's successor. — He married 
 the well-known soprano Anna Marie Gutzsch- 
 bach in Leipzig, where she was a popular 
 favorite ; she sang later with him in Bremen and, 
 until 1892, at Hamburg. 
 
 Lis'temann, Fritz, b. Schlotheim, Thurin- 
 gia, Mar, 25, 1839. Violinist ; pupil of his 
 uncle, Concertm. Ullrich of Sondershausen, and 
 of David (1856-7) at the Leipzig Cons. In 
 1858, "chamber-virtuoso" to the Prince of 
 Rudolstadt, of whose concert-orch. he was a 
 member until 1867, when he went to New York, 
 where, after a few years in Boston, he joined 
 the Thomas Orch. as ist violin in 1871. Re- 
 turning to Boston in 1874, he joined the " Phil- 
 harm. Club " (sextet), with which he toured the 
 United States. From 1878, Ist violin in the 
 Philharm. Orch.; 1881-5, ditto in the Sym- 
 phony Orch. ; since then has devoted his time 
 to teaching, and occasional tours with the " Lis- 
 temann Concert Co." — Works : Grand Concerto 
 and Second Concerto f. violin (both MS.) ; 
 publ. " Grosse Polonaise," and " Idylle"; also 
 songs. 
 
 Lis'temann, Bernhard, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Schlotheim, Aug. 28, 1841. Likewise 
 a pupil of Ullrich, and (1856-7) of David at 
 Leipzig ; then of Vieuxtemps (1861) and Joachim 
 (1862, at Hanover). Concerhneister in Rudol- 
 stadt court orch. 1859-67, with the title of solo 
 violinist and chamber-virtuoso ; then went with 
 his brother to America, travelled with Leopold 
 de Meyer, lived in Boston, and from 1871-4 was 
 leader in the Thomas Orch., New York. In 
 1874 he founded the Boston ' ' Philharmonic 
 Club," toured the country until 1878, then or- 
 ganized the Boston "Philharm. Orch.," and 
 conducted it till 1881, when Mr. Higginson 
 established the " Symphony Orch.," whose 
 leader Bernhard L. was for 4 years. Meantime 
 he also started the " Listemann Quartet," an 
 organization still intact and doing fine work, 
 despite changes in the membership. From 
 1885-93, soloist and director of the " L. Con- 
 
 cert Co.," also teaching in Boston. Since 1893, 
 head of the violin-department in the Chicago 
 College of Music. Has publ. a Method for 
 Violin. L. is one of the most prominent violin- 
 ists and teachers in America. 
 
 Lis'temann, Paul, son of the preceding ; b. 
 Boston, Oct. 24, 187 1. Violinist. Taught by 
 his uncle Fritz, %nd his father, he entered the 
 "L. Quartet" and the " L. Concert Co.'' in 
 1S8S, and travelled with these organizations for 
 2 years ; then studied at Leipzig under Brodsky 
 and Hilf (1890-3), and at Berlin under Joachim 
 (1893-5). For one year, leader of the Pittsburg, 
 Pa., Orch.; 1896, leader of the "American 
 Orch." of New York ; since then he has toured 
 America as soloist of the " Redpath Grand Con- 
 cert Co.," with Mme. de Vere, Miss Clara 
 Murray, and Charles Beresford. 
 
 Lis'temann, Franz, brother of preceding ; 
 b. New York, Dec. 17, 1873. 'Cello-virtuoso ; 
 from 1887-90, pupil of Fries and Giese at Bos- 
 ton, Mass.; from 1890-3, of Julius Klengel, at 
 Leipzig, and 1893-5 of Hausmann, at Berlin. 
 After a year as ist 'cello in the Pittsburg Orch., 
 he settled in New York, where he is now (1899) 
 living as a teacher, soloist, and quartet-player. 
 His Stradivarius 'cello formerly belonged to 
 Hollmann, the noted Dutch 'cellist. 
 
 Liszt, Franz [Hungarian Ferencz], the 
 creator of the art of orchestral pianoforte-play- 
 ing, and of the sym- 
 phonic poem, was 
 born at Raiding, near 
 Odenburg, Hungary, 
 Oct. 22, 1811; died at 
 Bayreuth, July 31, 
 1886. His father, an 
 excellent amateur, be- 
 gan his instruction on 
 the piano at the age of 
 six ; progress was so 
 rapid that at nine 
 Franz played, at a 
 public concert in 
 Odenburg, Ries's diffi- 
 cult EJ7 concerto with 
 so great artistic success that his father de- 
 cided on further concerts at Pressburg. After 
 the second, several Hungarian counts offered 
 to provide 600 florins annually, for 6 years, for 
 the boy's musical education. The offer was 
 joyfully accepted, and the family removed in 
 1821 to Vienna. Here Franz took piano-les- 
 sons from Czerny for 18 months, and studied 
 theory with Salieri, composing under the lat- 
 ter's supervision a Sonsiderable number of short 
 church-pieces. Beethoven, hearing of the tal- 
 ented boy, asked to see him ; at their memorable 
 meeting the delighted master embraced Liszt 
 after the latter's execution (without notes and 
 accompaniment) of his trio, op. 97. I^.'s first 
 public concerts in Vienna were given in 1823, 
 with such flattering results that the father de- 
 termined to take his son to the Paris Cons. On 
 
 357 
 
LISZT 
 
 the way, concerts were given at Munich and 
 Stuttgart. Franz passed his examinations ad- 
 mirably ; but Cherubini, then Director of the 
 Conservatoire, was opposed on principle to " in- 
 fant phenomena," and refused him admission, 
 using as an excuse a rule forbidding the entrance 
 of foreigners. As a consequence, Franz took no 
 more piano-lessons, developing his genius in his 
 own way ; but still studied composition, for a 
 short time under Paer, but chiefly under Reicha, 
 eagerly profiting by the latter's teachings, and 
 bringing out a one-act operetta, Don Sancho, 
 ou le Chdteau de V Amour, performed five times 
 at the Acad, royale de Musique in 1825. Al- 
 ready a well-known pianist, he now spent two 
 years in concert-tours ; his father died in 1827, 
 and L. settled in Paris to support his mother 
 and himself. He was in great demand as a 
 teacher, and moved in the highest circles of let- 
 ters and art ; in aristocratic salons, which had 
 always been open to " le petit Litz," homage 
 was soon paid to the great artist. His impres- 
 sionable spirit was strongly moved by the influ- 
 ences of the period : the romanticism of Chopin 
 and Weber, St. Simonism, the revolutionary era 
 of 1830 ; he even dreamt of entering the priest- 
 hood, but in the end a love of art conquered. 
 Paganini's advent in 1831 inspired him to here- 
 tofore unheard-of feats in piano-technique and 
 expression ; the music of Berlioz ripened his 
 conviction of the poetic possibilities of his art ; 
 he became one of the most ardent champions 
 and potent promoters of realism in music. For 
 the present, however, these ideas found public 
 utterance only in his pianistic achievements. 
 These were interrupted for a time by his liaison 
 with the Countess d'Agoult (known as an au- 
 thoress under the nom de plume of " Daniel 
 Stern"); with her he retired to Geneva (1835- 
 9). Three children were born to them ; Cosima, 
 the younger of two daughters, became the wife 
 of Richard Wagner. During these four years, 
 D. twice emerged from retirement to vanquish 
 his only serious pianistic rival, Thalberg (1836). 
 Finally, in 1839, he set out on a triumphal prog- 
 ress through Europe, signalizing this step by 
 generously assuming the responsibility for the 
 completion of the Beethoven monument at Bonn, 
 for which a large sum was still required, and 
 subscriptions scanty. For the ensuing decade 
 the world rang with the fame of the greatest 
 pianist who has ever lived. In 1849 he ac- 
 cepted the position of court Kapellmeister at 
 Weimar, with the understanding that he was to 
 further, by all means at his command, the prog- 
 ress of modern musical art. An adherent of the 
 New German School (free 'tonality, romantic 
 realism, program-music), he extended generous 
 aid to struggling brother-artists. When the 
 exiled Wagner, in despair over the dumb score 
 of Lohengrin, sent it to Liszt, the answer came 
 back that the work was preparing for its first 
 performance (Weimar, Aug. 28, 1850). It was 
 followed by Raff's Konig Alfred m 1851. Here 
 Der Jliegende Hollander apd Tannhdttser were 
 
 revived, like Schumann's Genoveva, and Berlioz's 
 Benvenuto Cellini. Naturally, Weimar became 
 a centre of attraction for artists of modern ten- 
 dency, reinforced by a multitude of pupils of the 
 great pianist. Here Liszt himself ended his 
 first, or virtuoso period (to which most of his 
 transcriptions and original compositions for pf. 
 belong), and entered upon a second period of 
 more serious composition, appearing in public 
 as a pianist only at rare intervals. From Wei- 
 mar, too, he sent into the world a new orches- 
 tral conception, — the symphonic poem, in which 
 he makes free and original use of the leading- 
 motive, "local color" of most varied hues, and 
 all arts and devices of orchestration, to plasti- 
 cally follow and interpret the inner meaning of 
 the given poem or " program." In 1859 he left 
 Weimar, on account of the opposition displayed 
 to the production of Cornelius' Barbier von Bag- 
 dad, and the consequent failure of that. opera. 
 Until 1870 he lived for the most part in Rome ; 
 in 1866 the Pope, Pius IX., conferred on him 
 the dignity of Abbe. In 1870, being invited to 
 conduct the Beethoven Festival at Weimar, cor- 
 dial relations with the court were reestablished ; 
 and thereafter L. spent some months of each 
 summer at Weimar. In 1875 he was made 
 President of the new Hungarian Academy of 
 Music at Pesth ; and between Weimar, Pesth, 
 and Rome the last years of his life were divided, 
 a throng of pupils and admirers following him 
 from place to place. His death at Bayreuth, in 
 1886, occurred in the midst of the Wagner 
 Festival. 
 
 Liszt, the artist and the man, is one of the 
 grand figures in the history of music. Generous, 
 kindly, and liberal-minded, whole-souled in his 
 devotion to art, superbly equipped as an inter- 
 preter of classic and romantic works alike, a 
 composer of original conception and daring exe- 
 cution, a conductor of marvellous insight, wor- 
 shipped as teacher and friend by a host of 
 disciples, reverenced and admired by his fellow- 
 musicians, honored by institutions of learning 
 and by potentates as no other artist before or 
 since, his influence, spread by those whom he 
 personally taught and swayed, will probably in- 
 crease rather than diminish as time goes on. He 
 is the absolute founder of ' ' transcendental " 
 pianoforte-playing, in which the instrument is 
 made to display all resources of an orchestra. 
 His " symphonische Dichtungen " (symphonic 
 poems) show an equally absolute departure from 
 earlier formalism, marking an epoch in orches- 
 tral music as decisively as Wagner's music- 
 dramas in dramatic. 
 
 During his virtuoso-period, L.'s compositions 
 were chiefly for pf . , including a great number of 
 brilliant paraphrases and transcriptions, in which 
 he is unique ; later, orchestral and sacred comp.s 
 predominate, the latter toward the close of his 
 career. A thematic catalogue is published by 
 Breitkopf & Hartal. 
 
 Works : For orchestra : The symphonic poems 
 " Dante" (after the " DivinaCommedia,"f. orch. 
 
 358 
 
LISZT— LITOLFF 
 
 and female ch.)> " Fine Faustsymphonie " (in 3 
 pictures ; Faust, Gretchen, Mephistopheles ; f. 
 orch. and male ch.), " Ce qu'on entend sur la 
 montagne" [Victor Hugo], " Tasso, lamento e 
 trionfo," " Les Preludes," "Orpheus," "Pro- 
 metheus," "Mazeppa," "Festklange," "Heroide 
 funebre," " Hungaria," " Hamlet," " Hunnen- 
 schlacht " [after Kaulbach], " Die Ideale " [after 
 Schiller], and " Von der Wiege bis zum Grabe " 
 [after Michael Zichy] ; — " Zwei Episoden aus 
 Lenaus Faust" (Der nachtliche Zug ; 2 Mephisto- 
 walzer) ; " Kunstler-Festzug " (Schiller Fest., 
 1859) ; " Gaudeamus igitur, " w. soli and choruses ; 
 " Festmarsch," " Festvorspiel," " Huldigungs- 
 marsch," " Vom Fels zum Meer ! Deutscher 
 Siegesmarsch," " Rakoczy-Marsch " (f. symph. 
 orch.) ; grand arr.s of Schubert marches, of the 
 " Divertissement a I'hongroise," etc. 
 
 For pianoforte : 2 concertos, in E [7 and A ; 
 " Danse macabre " f. pf. and orch.; " Concerto 
 pathetique "(concert-solo) ; 15 Hungarian Rhap- 
 sodies ; a " Rhapsodic espagnole " ; Sonata in B 
 min. ; Fantasia and Fugue on B-A-C-H ; Varia- 
 dons [theme from Bach's B-min. mass]; 6 Pre- 
 ludes and Fugues [Bach] ; 10 " Harmonies poe- 
 tiques et religieuses " ; " Annees de pelerinage " ; 
 3 "Apparitions"; 2 Ballades; 6 "Consola- 
 tions " ; Berceuse ; " Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, 
 Zagen " (prelude after Bach) ; Fantasia and 
 Fugue ; Scherzo and March ; 2 Polonaises ; 
 Mazurka brillante ; 3 Caprices-Valses ; Feuilles 
 d'Album ; 2 ditto ; Grand Galop chromatique ; 
 Valse-Impromptu ; ' ' Mosonyi's Grabgeleit " ; 2 
 Elegies ; 2Legendes {St.-Franfois if Assise and 
 St.-Franfois de Paul) ; " L'hymne du Pape " ; 
 " Viacrucis " ; " Liebestraume " (3 Notturnos) ; 
 " L'idee fixe " (after melody by Berlioz) ; Im- 
 promptu inFfl: ; " Etudes d'execution transcen- 
 dante"; 3 Grandes etudes de concert; " Ab 
 ■irato," etude de perfectionnement ; 2 concert- 
 etudes, " Waldesrauschen " and " Gnomenrei- 
 gen"; " Technische Studien" (1889; i2books); 
 transcriptions of Beethoven's symphonies, of 
 Berlioz's " Symphonie fantastique " and over- 
 tures to Les francs-juges and La damnation de 
 Faust, of Wagner's overture to Tannhauser, of 
 more than sosongs by Schubert (andmany others), 
 etc., etc.; — paraphrases on operatic themes by 
 Meyerbeer, Wagner, Verdi, Auber, Gounod, etc. 
 
 Vocal: Missa solennis (the " Graner" Festi- 
 val Mass) in D ; Hungarian Coronation Mass ; 
 Mass in C min., w. organ ; Missa choralis in 
 A min. , w. organ ; Requiem ; 3 oratorios, Die 
 Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth, Stanislaus, 
 and Christus ; 9 choruses w. org.; " Die Selig- 
 keiten," f. bar. solo, ch. , and org. ; Pater noster, 
 f . mixed ch. w. org. ; Pater noster and Ave Maria, 
 f. male voices w. org.; Psalm 13, f. tenor solo, 
 ch., and orch.; Psalm 18, f. male ch., orch., and 
 org.; Psalm 23, f. tenor (or sopr.) solo, vc. harp 
 (or pf.) and org. (or harmonium) ; Psalm 137, f. 
 solo, female ch., violin, harp, pf., and org.; 
 " Christus ist geboren," f. ch. w. org. ; " An den 
 heiligen Franziskus," f. men's voices, org., trom- 
 bones, and drums ; numerous minor church- 
 
 comp.s ; — the cantatas Die Glockcn des Strass- 
 hurger Milnsters, Die heilige Cacilia, An die 
 Kunstler (f. soli, male ch., and orch.); — " Zur 
 Sacular-Feier Beethovens"; " Festalbura " (for 
 Goethe's looth birthday); "Festchor" (for the 
 unveiling of the Herder monument, Weimar, 
 1850); numerous 4-part male choruses ("Das 
 Lied der Begeisterung," " Weimar's Volkslied," 
 " Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland " [w. pf.], 
 " Festgesang" [w. org.]) ; about 60 songs w. pf., 
 many strikingly beautiful (" Du bist vifie cine 
 Blume," " Es muss ein wunderbares sein," 
 "Die Macht der Musik," "Jeanne d'Arc au 
 bflcher "). 
 
 Writings : " De la fondation Goethe (Goethe- 
 stiftung) i Weimar" (1851) ; "Lohengrin et 
 Tannhauser de Richard Wagner" (1851 ; also 
 German) ; " Frederic Chopin " (1852 ; 2nd ed., 
 in French, Leipzig, 1879 ; in German, 1880) ; 
 " Ueber Field's Notturnos" (1859 ; French and 
 German) ; " Die Zigeuner und ihre Musik in 
 Ungarn " (French, 1861 ; also Hungarian and 
 German); "Robert Franz" (1872); " Keine 
 Zwischenaktsmusik mehr " (1879). His " Ge- 
 saramelte Schriften " were trans!, by L. Ramann 
 and publ. in 6 vol. 5(1880-83). 
 
 Comprehensive biography of Liszt by L. Ra- 
 mann " Franz Liszt als Kunstler und Mensch" 
 (Vol. i, 1S80 [from 1811-1840] ; Vol. ii. Part i 
 [1841-1847], and Part ii, 1894 [to the end]). — 2 
 volumes of " Briefe hervorragender Zeitge- 
 nossen an Franz Liszt " were publ. at Leipzig, 
 1897. — An interesting character-sketch is in 
 von Lenz's "Great Piano-Virtuosos" (New 
 York, 1899). 
 
 Li'tolff, Henry Charles, b. London, Feb. 
 6, 1818 ; d. Paris, Aug. 5, 1891. A pupil of 
 M osc hel es, he 
 played at 12 in 
 public. An early 
 marriage (at 17) 
 forced him to seek 
 a livelihood in 
 Paris ; unsuccess- 
 ful there, he sup- 
 ported himself in 
 Melun by teach- 
 ing ; and in 1840 
 attracted the at- 
 tention of Paris 
 by a brilliant con- 
 cert. His reputa- 
 tion now grew rap- 
 idly, though the unhappy course of his private 
 affairs led to a separation from his wife. He 
 made tours, beginning in Belgium ; from 1841- 
 4 was conductor at Warsaw ; toured Germany 
 and Holland, visited London in 1846, and Vi- 
 enna during the Revolution of 1848, in which 
 he participated, but escaped to Brunswick. 
 Here he married the widow of the music-pub- 
 lisher Meyer, changing the firm-name in 185 1 
 to " H. Litolft"; he was one of the pioneers in 
 the publication of cheap editions ("Collection 
 
 359 
 
LITTA— LOCATELLI 
 
 Litolff "). In i860 he turned the business over to 
 his adopted son, Theodor, and returned to Paris. 
 For ten years the state of his health had pre- 
 vented concert-giving ; he devoted himself to 
 composition, and brought out 8 operas and ope- 
 rettas in Paris, Baden-Baden, and Brussels, of 
 which the operetta H^loise et Ab^lard was the 
 most successful. Of 4 operas. Die Braut vom 
 Kynast (Brunswick, 1847) and Les Templiers 
 (Brussels, 1886) were performed ; Rodrigue de 
 Tol^de, and Le Roi Lear (finished l8go), have 
 not been prod. — Other works : An oratorio, 
 Ruth et Booz (1869) ; orchestral overtures ; the 
 " Eroica " violin-concerto; a Funeral March 
 for Meyerbeer; 2 "Concerto-symphonies" f. 
 pf. w. orch. , op. 22, and the " Concert national 
 hoUandais"; 2 pf. -trios ; 3 duets f. pf. and vln. 
 (with Leonard) ; 6 etudes de concert, f . pf . ; 
 Opuscules, op. 25 ; Invitation a la Tarentelle, 
 op. 36 ; Nocturne, op. 62 ; Characteristic Pieces, 
 op. 65 ; a Spinnlied ; etc., all f. pf. — His music 
 is characterized by striking and brilliant effects. 
 
 Lit'ta, Duca Giulio, Visconte Arese, b. 
 Milan, 1822 ; d. Vedano, n. Monza, May 29, 
 1 89 1. Composer of precocious talent and excel- 
 lent training ; prod, an opera at 20, Bianca di 
 Santajiora (Milan, 1843), followed by nine 
 others, the last being // VioK?io di Cremona (La 
 Scala, Milan, 1882). Also an oratorio. La Pas- 
 sione, at Turin ; and songs. 
 
 Lit'zau, Johannes Barend, b. Rotterdam, 
 Sept. 9, 1822 ; d. there July 17, 1893. Pupil 
 of J. B. Bremer and B. Tours (pf. and organ) ; 
 self-taught in theory and composition. 1842, 
 organist of the Presb. Ch.; 1855, succeeded 
 Bremer as organist of the Lutheran Ch. He 
 founded an organ-school, and wrote organ- 
 music in the classic style. 
 
 Livera'ti, Giovanni, b. Bologna, 1772 ; d. 
 after 1817. Noted tenor singer and opera-com- 
 poser ; pupil of Mattel (comp.) and Gibelli 
 (singing). Brought out an opera at Bologna in 
 1790 ; in 1792, first tenor in the Ital. th. at 
 Barcelona, later in Madrid, and conducted the 
 Royal Opera at Potsdam until 1800 ; then cond. 
 the theatre-orch., Prague, went to Trieste in 
 1804, and Vienna in 1805, living there as a sing- 
 ing-teacher till 1814, when he was app. com- 
 poser to the Royal Th., London. — Works: 14 
 operas ; 2 oratorios ; cantatas, minor vocal 
 pieces ; string-quartets ; 'cello-music ; etc. 
 
 Lloyd, Charles Harford, b. Thornbury, 
 Gloucestershire, England, Oct. i5, 1849. Mus. 
 Bac. 1871, Mus. Doc. 1891 (Oxford). 1876, 
 organist of Gloucester Cath.; 1882, of Christ 
 Church Cath., Oxford; 1892, precentor and 
 mus. instructor at Eton College, succeeding 
 Barnby. Founder and first president of the 
 Oxford Univ. Mus. Club ; conductor of 
 Gloucester Festivals, 1877, 1880 ; at present, 
 cond. of the Oxford Symphony Concerts. — 
 Works : The cantatas Hero and Leander (1884), 
 The Song of Baldur (18S5), Andromeda (1886), 
 A Song of Judgment {lti<)i), and Sir Ogie and 
 
 the Lady Elsie (1894) ; and (for female voices) 
 The Gleaner s Harvest ; music to Alcestis (Ox- 
 ford, 1887); Full Cathedral Service in EI7; a 
 pastoral, "The rosy dawn" (1889); 8-part 
 chorus " To Morning" (1890) ; part-songs and 
 songs ; organ-sonata ; etc. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward, b. London, Mar. 7, 1845. 
 Noted tenor singer ; choir-boy under James 
 Turle at Westminster Abbey till i860. He 
 sang in churches and concerts, coming promi- 
 nently into notice at the Gloucester F"est., 1871, 
 in Bach's St. Matthew Passion. Since 1874, 
 first tenor at the Leeds Festivals. He ap- 
 peared at the Cincinnati Festival in 1888, and 
 at other times in the United States. 
 
 Lo'be, Johann Christian, b. Weimar, May 
 30, 1797 ; d. Leipzig, July 27, 1881. His first 
 teacher was A. Riemann (flute and violin) ; he 
 was then taught by E. A. Muller, and played h 
 flute solo in the Gewandhaus, 1811. He was 
 flutist, later viola-player, in the Weimar court 
 orch. until 1842 ; then received the title of 
 " Professor," and founded a music-school, but 
 gave it up in 1846 to go to Leipzig, where he 
 edited the " Allgem. mus. Zeitung " till 1848, 
 and was diligent in composing and teaching.— 
 Works : 5 operas, prod, at Weimar ; 2 sym- 
 phonies ; overtures ; concertos, variations, and 
 solo-numbers f. flute ; pf. -quartets, etc.— He 
 wrote ' ' Die Lehre von der thematischen Ar- 
 beit" (1846), " Lehrbuch der musikalischen 
 Composition" (Vol. i, "Harmony," 1850; rev. 
 by Kretzschmar, 5th ed., 1884; Vol. ii, "In- 
 strumentation," 3d ed. 1879; Vol. ill, "Canon, 
 Fugue, etc.," i860 ; Vol. iv, " Opera," 1867 ; as 
 rev. by Kretzschmar, 1884-7); " Katechismus 
 der Musik" (1851 ; 21st ed., 1881 ; Engl, 
 transl., New York); " Musikalische Briefe 
 eines Wohlbekannten " (1852 ; 2nd ed. i860) 
 " Fliegende Blatter fiir Musik" (1853-57, three 
 vol.s) ; "Aus dem Leben eines Musikers"(i859) 
 " Vereinfachte Harmonielehre " (1861) ; "Ka- 
 techismus der Kompositionslehre " (1872, 3rd ed, 
 1876); " Consonanzenund Dissonanzen" (18' 
 
 Lob'kowitz. See Caramuel de Lobko- 
 
 WITZ. 
 
 Lo'bo (or Lopez, Lupus), Duarte, important 
 Portuguese composer, and a pupil of Manoel 
 Mendes, was (about 1600) choirmaster of the 
 Hospital Church, later of the Cathedral, at Lis- 
 bon ; he died as Rector of the Seminary for 
 priests. — Publ. works: 3 books of Magnificats a 
 4 (1605, 1611) ; a book of masses a 4-8 (1621), 
 and another a 4-6(1639); " Officium defunc- 
 torum (choraliter) " (1603); "Liber processionum 
 et stationum ecclesiae Olyssiponensis " (1607). 
 
 Locatel'li, Pietro, violinist ; b. Bergamo, 
 1693 ; d. Amsterdam, 1764. Pupil of Corelli at 
 Rome; after long professional tours, he settled 
 in Amsterdam, establishing regular public con- 
 certs there. His technical feats, particularly in 
 double-stops, were considered marvellous at the 
 time ; by changing the accordatura of his viohn. 
 
 360 
 
LOCKE— LOGROSCINO 
 
 he prod, apparently impossible effects; Paganini 
 is said to have profited by L.'s innovations. — 
 Works : Op. I, 12 Concerti grossi ; op. 2, flute- 
 sonatas w. bass ; op. 3, " L'arte del violino," 
 containing 12 concertos and 24 caprices f. 2 vio- 
 lins, viola, 'cello, and continuo ; op. 4, 6 concer- 
 tos ; op. 5, 6 string-trios ; op. 6, 12 sonatas f. 
 solo violin ; op. 7, six Concerti a quattro ; op. 8, 
 string-trios ; op. g, " L'Arte di nuova raodula- 
 zione"(Fr. "Caprices enigmatiques ") ; op. 10, 
 "Contrasto armonico," 4-part Concerti.— In 
 new editions : The sonatas, op. 6 ; also a fewr 
 pieces in Alard's and David's methods. 
 
 Locke, Matthew, b. Exeter, England, 1632 
 ('33?); d. London, Aug., 1677. Chorister in 
 Exeter Cathedral, studying under Edward Gib- 
 bons and W. Wake. Composer to Charles IL, 
 1661; became a Roman Catholic, and was app. 
 organist to Queen Catherine. Prominent among 
 early English composers, he wrote music to The 
 Tempest and Macbeth, and to Shadwell's Psyche 
 (this last, and The Tempest, were publ, 1675 as 
 "The English Opera"); to Shirley's masque 
 Cupid and Death, and Stapleton's comedy The 
 Stepmother; also 6 suites, "Consort of ffoure 
 Parts," for viols ; a " Little Consort of Three 
 Parts,' f. viols or violins (publ. 1656) ; anthems, 
 etc. (some pieces are in 17th-century collections); 
 the first English work on thorough-bass, " Mela- 
 thesia, or Certain General Rules for Playing 
 upon a Continued Bass" (1673); and pamphlets 
 versus Salmon's attempt at reducing mus. nota- 
 tion to one universal character. 
 
 Lo'der, Edward James, b. Bath, England, 
 1813 ; d. London, Apr. 5, 1865. Pupil of his 
 father, also of Ferd. Ries at Frankfort. Com- 
 posed operas for Drury Lane and Covent Gar- 
 den ; was conductor of the Princess's Th., and 
 later at Manchester. — Operas; JVourjahadii&'n), 
 The Night Dancers (1846) ; Puck [a ballad- 
 opera], Raymond and Ag7ies (1855); additions to 
 various others ; music toOxenford'siPzVci'/Z'mrt 
 (1835); masque Tlie Island of Calypso (i&zt) ; 
 string-quartets ; songs (" The Brave Old Oak "). 
 
 Loeb, Jules, b. Strassburg, 1857. A leader 
 among French 'cellists ; was a pupil of Chevil- 
 lard at Paris Cons, and won ist prize. Is solo 
 'cellist at the Opera, and at the Cons. Concerts ; 
 also a member of the Marsick Quartet, and of 
 I. Philipp's " Societe pour instr.s a vent et i 
 cordes." 
 
 LoefHer, Charles Martin Tornov, b. 
 
 Miihlhausen, Alsatia, in 1 861. Violinist and 
 composer ; studied the violin under Massart and 
 Leonard, in Paris, later under Joachim in Ber- 
 lin; comp. under Guiraud, Paris. Began public 
 career by playing in Pasdeloup's orch.; after- 
 wards joined Prince Dervier's orch. in Nice and 
 Lugano. Is at present (i8gg) 2nd leader in the 
 Boston, Mass., Symphony Orch., also appearing 
 as a soloist every season. — Works (in MS.) : 
 Symphonic poem " La mort de Tintagiles" (after 
 Maeterlinck), f. full orch. and 2 viole d'amore 
 obbligate ; suite in 4 movements " Les veillees 
 
 de I'Ukraine " (after Gogol), f. violin and full 
 orch. ; concerto in I movem.f. 'cello and full orch. 
 (played by Schroeder) ; Divertimento f . violin w. 
 orch.; octet f. 2 clar.s, 2 vlns., viola, 'cello, double- 
 bass and harp ; string-sexfet ; quintet (l movem.) 
 
 f. 3 vlns., viola, and 'cello. All these have been 
 repeatedly performed in public. — Also songs f. 
 mezzo-sopr. , viola obbl. , and pf . (poems by Ver- 
 laine and Baudelaire). 
 
 Loeillet, Jean-Baptiste, celebrated flutist 
 and harpsichordist ; b. Ghent ; d. London, 1728. 
 Studied in Ghent, and from 1702 in Paris; went 
 to London in 1705, and from 1710 gave weekly 
 amateur concerts at his own house. Excellent 
 teacher. Publ. sonatas f . flute, oboe, and violin ; 
 also flute-trios, and 12 suites of lessons f. harpsi- 
 chord. 
 
 Loewe. See LSwE. 
 
 Logier, Johann Bernhard, b. Kassel, Feb. 
 
 g, 1777 ; d. DuMin, July 27, 1846. Finding 
 piano-practice distasteful, he fled from home at 
 the age of ten, and was taken to England by an 
 Englishman enamoured of his flute-playing (L. 
 was a most precocious pupil of Weidner). In 
 1805 he joined a regimental band as flutist, and 
 accompanied it to Ireland, some years later be- 
 coming organist at Westport, where he perfected 
 the invention of the " chiroplast," an apparatus 
 for holding the hands in correct position during 
 piano-practice. It was patented in 1814, and 
 Logier travelled through the United Kingdom 
 to introduce it. It obtained great vogue, and 
 brought him fame and wealth. Stopel was sent 
 by the Prussian Government to examine and re- 
 port on the chiroplast, and L. was invited to 
 Berlin to introduce his system. He remained 
 there 3 years, and then returned to Dublin (1826). 
 This system, which soon spread over Great 
 Britain and Germany, and was even adopted in 
 the Paris Cons., was reinforced by L.'s original 
 idea of the simultaneous practice of several pu- 
 pils on different pianos, which became the most 
 important part of this method of instruction. 
 The system was not received without protest. 
 L. published in 1816 a work entitled " An Ex- 
 planation and Description of the Royal Patent 
 Chiroplast, or Hand - director for Pianoforte, 
 etc."; bitter attacks were met by " An Authentic 
 Account of the Examination of Pupils instructed 
 on the New System of Musical Education, by 
 J. B. Logier " (1818), which was greeted by yet 
 more violent diatribes, all which served as ex- 
 cellent advertisements of the invention. In 
 "The First Companion to the Royal Patent 
 Chiroplast," L. explains his method of simul- 
 taneous teaching ; he also publ. " Logier's Prac- 
 tical Thorough-bass," and (in German) a "System 
 der Musikwissenschaft und der musikalischen 
 Composition" (Berlin, 1827). His compositions 
 include a pf.-concerto ; sonatas, etc., f. pf. ; pf.- 
 trios w. flute and 'cello ; and a Method for 
 Buglehorn. 
 
 Logrosci'no, Nicola, b. Naples, about 1800; 
 
 361 
 
 a Jk 
 
LOHMANN— LORTZING 
 
 d. there 1763. Eminent dramatic composer, 
 pupil of Durante. In 1747 he became first prof, 
 of counterpoint at the Cons, dei Figliuoli di- 
 spersi in Palermo, but spent his last years in Na- 
 ples, where he prod, over a score of operas, 
 chiefly in opera-buffa style, in which he surpassed 
 his predecessors Leo, Pergolesi, and Hasse, and 
 introduced the (then) new and brilliant effect of 
 the act-close in ensemble. His operas held the 
 stage till Piccinni's star gained the ascendant. 
 Among his works were Inganno per inganno 
 (1738), La Violante {f]^l),Il Governatore{\l\i), 
 Tanto bene, tanio male, II vecchio marito. La 
 Furba burlata (1760 ; written with Piccinni), 
 and his one opera seria, Giunio Briito (1750). 
 
 Loh'mann, Peter, German poet ; b. Schwelm, 
 "Westphalia, Apr. 24, 1833. Since 1856 he has 
 lived in Leipzig, and wrote 1858-61 for the 
 " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik." His dramatic 
 ideal is the art-work free from conventionalism, 
 nationalism, religious conflict, or mythic influ- 
 ence — a universal drama appealing equally to all 
 mankind ; in music his principles coincide in 
 great part with Wagner's polyphony. Several 
 of his vocal dramas have been set to music ; Die 
 Hose vom Libanon, and Irene, by Joseph Huber ; 
 Frithjof by Goebel ; Durch Dunkel zu7n Lichl 
 by Freudenberg; Valmoda and Frithjof hy Dre- 
 szer ; etc. These and other poems have been 
 publ. in 4 vol.s (3rd ed. 1886). Other works 
 are " Ueber R. Schumanns Faustmusik " (i860), 
 and " Ueber die drama tische Dichtung mit Mu- 
 sik" (1861 ; 2nd ed. 1864). 
 
 Lohr, Johann, organ- virtuoso ; b. Eger, May 
 8, 1828. Pupil of his father, and of Pitsch in 
 Prague ; 1858, organist in Szegedin, Hungary ; 
 later settled in Pesth. In London, 1871, he di- 
 vided the honors in organ-playing with Bruck- 
 ner. Excellent teacher. Compositions unim- 
 portant. 
 
 Lohr, George Augustus, b. Norwich, Eng- 
 land, Apr. 23, 1821 ; d. Leicester, Aug. 25, 1897. 
 Chorister at Magdalen Coll. , Oxford; asst. -or- 
 ganist to Dr. Z. Buck, Norwich Cath., for 10 
 years ; 1845-85, organist at St. Margaret's, 
 Leicester. For many years alsocond. the Ama- 
 teur Harm. Soc. 
 
 Loh'se, Otto, excellent conductor ; for some 
 years Kapellm. at the Hamburg City Th. ; mar- 
 ried Fraulein Klafsky in 1895, who sang in the 
 Damrosch Opera Company in New York, 1895-6, 
 of which L. was conductor. They returned in 
 i8g6 to Hamburg, where she died. L. is at 
 present (1899) Kapellm. at the Strassburg City 
 Th. On Jan. i, 1898, he brought out the suc- 
 cessful opera, Der Prinz wider Willen, at Co- 
 logne. 
 
 Lol'li, Antonio, distinguished violinist ; b. 
 Bergamo, about 1730 ('40?); d. Palermo, 1802. 
 Leader at Stuttgart, 1762-73 ; spent 5 years in 
 St. Petersburg, the special favorite of Empress 
 Catherine II. ; was in Paris in 1779, traversed 
 Spain, Austria, Germany, and Denmark, and 
 
 came to London in 1785, where, in striking con- 
 trast with other towns, his reception was cool. 
 He then went to Naples, and finally to Palermo. 
 A player of the Corelli " school," he had great 
 technique but no emotional power, and his per- 
 formances were unequal. — Works : 8 concertos ; 
 3 sets of sonatas (6 in each) w. bass ; 6 sonatas 
 w. 2nd violin ; and a Violin-method ; all of slight 
 value. 
 
 Lomagne, B. de ; pen-name of Albert 
 SouBlES (in the Paris " Le Soir"). 
 
 Longhurst, William Henry, b. Lambeth, 
 England, Oct. 6, 1819. 1828-36, chorister in 
 Canterbury Cath. ; then asst.-organist, master of 
 the choristers, and lay-clerk ; 1873, first organ- 
 ist, succeeding T. E. Jones. Mus. Doc. 1875 ; 
 mus. lecturer at St. Augustine's Coll., Canter- 
 bury. — Works: The oraXono David and Absa- 
 lom {1^:12) ; " The Village F'air, an Alpine Idyll" 
 (1882) ; cathedral-service in E ; other church- 
 music ; etc.— His brother, John Alex. (i8og- 
 1855), sang in opera and concert. 
 
 Lopez. See LoBO. 
 
 Lo'renz, Franz, b. Stein, Lower Austria, 
 Apr. 4, 1805 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 8, 1883. Physi- 
 cian and litterateur. — Works: "In Sachen 
 Mozarts" (1851) ; " Haydns, Mozarts und 
 Beethovens Kirchenmusik"; " W. A. Mozart 
 als Claviercomponist " (1866); newspaper arti- 
 cles. 
 
 Lo'renz, Carl Adolf, b. Kbslin, Pomera- 
 nia, Aug. 13, 1837. As a school-boy he com- 
 posed trios, quartets, etc.; studied music in 
 Berlin under Dehn, Kiel and Gehrig, also at 
 Berlin Univ. (Dr.phil., 1861). Became cond. 
 of Meixner Gesangverein ; 1864, of the Stettin 
 Musikverein ; 1866, Municipal Director of 
 music in Stettin, succeeding Lowe. He is also 
 an organist ; cond. of the Symphony Concerts 
 and of l\i& Lehrer-Gesangverein ; music-teacher 
 in two gymnasiums; and founded the " Stet- 
 tiner Musikverein " (for oratorio). Created 
 "Professor" in 1885.— Works : A Stabat 
 Mater ; 3 grand concert-cantatas, Otto der 
 Grosse, Winfried, and Krosus (1852) ; 2 
 operas. Die Komodie der Irrungen, and Harold 
 und Theano (4 acts ; Hanover, 1893), both succ; 
 overtures, etc. 
 
 Lo'renz, Julius, b. Hanover, Oct. i, 1862. 
 From 1884, cond. of the Singakademie at 
 Glogau ; since 1895, of the " Arion,'' New 
 York. — Works: An opera. Die Rekruten; 
 overtures, pf. -music, choruses, and songs. 
 
 Lo'ris ; Lori'tus. See Glareanus. 
 
 Lort'zing, (Gustav) Albert, an eminently 
 popular opera-composer ; b. Berlin, Oct. 23, 
 1803 ; d. there Jan. 21, 1851. His parents were 
 actors ; the boy had lessons for a time with 
 Rungenhagen, but the wandering life led by the 
 family cut them short. He himself took chil- 
 dren's roles on the stage, and had some training 
 as an actor and singer ; as an instrumental player. 
 
 362 
 
LOSCHHORN— LOTTO 
 
 and in composition, he was almost wholly self- 
 taught. He married an actress, Regina Ahles, 
 in 1823 ; in 1824 brought out a short opera, AH 
 Pascha von Janina, 
 at Cologne ; joined 
 the company of the 
 Court Th., Det- 
 raold, in 1826 as an 
 actor, and in 1B32 
 produced 2 vaude- 
 villes, Der Pole und 
 sein KindaxA. Scene 
 aus Mozarts Leben, 
 which were well re- 
 ceived on several 
 German stages. 
 From 1833-44 he 
 was engaged at the 
 Leipzig Theatre as 
 a tenor singer ; here 
 he launched Die bei- 
 den Schiitzeni^i'&yj ; instantly popular), and Czar 
 und Zimmermann (1839 ; not appreciated at 
 Leipzig, but warmly greeted at Berlin, and still 
 a general favorite) ; Die Schatzkainmer des Inka 
 (not perf.), Das Fischerstechen (1839 ; a local 
 skit, but a failure), Hans Sachs (1840), and 
 Casanova (1841) were followed by his best 
 work, Der Wildschutz (1842 ; only a moderate 
 success at first). Promoted to the conductor- 
 ship of the Leipzig opera in 1844, he resigned 
 in a short time on account of differences with 
 the management. Reduced to poverty, which 
 the successes of his operas mitigated but tran- 
 siently, he went from town to town, bringing 
 out Undine at Hamburg (1845), Der Waffen- 
 schmied at Vienna (Th. an der Wien, 1846), 
 Zum Grossadmiral at Leipzig (1847), and Die 
 Rolandsknappen (Leipzig, 1S48). After a sec- 
 ond brief appointment at Leipzig, which again 
 ended in a quarrel, he went to Berlin, and be- 
 came Kapellm. of the new Friedrich Wilhelm- 
 stadtisches Th. in 1850, spending the last year 
 of his life as a conductor of farces and similar 
 trivialities. The sum of 15,000 Thaler (about 
 $ii,ooo) was raised by theatrical benefits for the 
 support of his destitute family. In 1850 he 
 still brought out an operetta, Die Opernprobe, 
 and a farce. Die Berliner Grisette. He left 
 two other dramatic works, Der Weihnachtsabend 
 (not perf.), and a 3-act romantic opera Kegina, 
 Oder die Marodeure (comp. 1848 ; carefully 
 edited by Richard Kleinmichel, with text-re- 
 vision by L'Arronge, it was prod, at the Royal 
 Opera, Berlin, Mar. 21, 1899, with great ap- 
 plause). The delightful humor and never-fail- 
 ing flow of melody in L.'s operas make them 
 fresh as ever, after the lapse of half a century. 
 He also wrote music to Benedix's drama 
 Drei Edelsieine ; an oratorio. Die Himmelfahrt 
 Christi; overtures, songs, etc. — Dilringer 
 wrote "A. Lortzing, sein Leben und Wirken " 
 (Leipzig, 185 1). 
 
 Losch'horn, Albert, b. Berlin, June 27, 
 1819. Pupil of L. Berger, 1837-9, ^"d of 
 
 Kollitschgy (likewise a pupil of Berger), Grell, 
 and A. W. Bach at the R. Inst, for Church- 
 music, succeeding Kollitschgy there as pf.- 
 teacher in 1851 ; "Professor" in 1859. A 
 pianist and teacher of deservedly high reputa- 
 tion, he has publ. many elegant and effective 
 ja/tfK-pieces f. pf. , also suites, sonatas, sona- 
 tinas, and the like ; and a long series of excel- 
 lent pf. -studies (Studies for Beginners, op. 65 ; 
 for more advanced pupils, op. 66 ; for Advanced 
 Students, op. 67 ; Melodious Studies, op. 38, 
 193, 194, 195, 196 ; La Velocite, op. 136 ; Uni- 
 versal Studies, op. 185 ; Le Trille, op. 165 ; 
 School of Octaves, op. 176 ; etc.). Favorite 
 pf.-soli are op. 25, La belle Amazone ; op. 109, 
 4 Pieces elegantes ; op. 133, Tarentelle ; op. 
 162, the barcarolle "A Venise"; op. 161, Deux 
 Valses ; op. 163, Trois Mazurkas. — With J. 
 Weiss he publ. a ' ' Wegweiser in die Pianoforte- 
 Litteratur" (1862; 2nd ed. 1885 as " Fuhrer 
 durch die Klavierlitteratur "). 
 
 Los'sius, Lucas, rector at Luneburgj where 
 he died July 8, 1852. Publ. the oft-reprinted 
 vforks " Erotemata musicae practicae" (1563), 
 and " Psalmodia, hoc est cantica sacra veteris 
 ecclesiae selecta" (1552). 
 
 Lot'ti, Antonio, famous organist and com- 
 poser ; b. Hanover (?), where his father was 
 cowrt-Kapellm., about 1667 ; d. Venice, Jan. 5, 
 1740. Pupil of Legrenzi at Venice, where he 
 prod, an opera, Giustino, at the age of 16 ; in 
 1687, chorister at San Marco ; in 1692, and 
 organist there; from 1704-36, ist organist; 
 finally, maestro di cappella. He absented him- 
 self but once, 1717-19, two years spent in 
 Dresden at the Crown Prince's invitation, L. 
 taking a company of singers with him, and suc- 
 cessfully producing several operas. — A foremost 
 representative of the Venetian school, Lotti 
 stands midway between the old contrapuntists 
 and the freer style of A. Scarlatti, Handel, etc. 
 During his dramatic period (1683-1719) he 
 brought out 16 operas in Venice, i in Vienna, 
 and 3 in Dresden (only in these last did he employ 
 wind-instr.s, so fearful was he of overpowering 
 the voices). His sacred music forms the most 
 important part of his works, and includes 4 
 oratorios, many masses, motets, Misereres, etc., 
 none of which were 'publ. by him (Luck's 
 " Sammlung ausgez. Compositionen " contains 
 4 masses, and other numbers ; Rochlitz, Proske, 
 Trautwein, Commer, Schlesinger, and others, 
 have also printed Misereres, and other music, 
 in their collections). His MSS. are in various 
 libraries. He publ. only " Duetti, terzetti e 
 madrigali" (1705; includes the madrigal "In 
 una siepe ombrosa," the appropriation of which 
 caused Bononcini's downfall). His most famous 
 work is a Miserere a 4 with Crucifixus a 12. 
 Alberti, Gasparini, Galuppi, and Marcello were 
 his pupils. 
 
 Lot'to, Isidor, b. Warsaw, Dec. 2, 1840. 
 Pupil of Massart (vln.) and Reber (comp.) at 
 Paris Cons. In 1862, after long tours, solo vio- 
 
 363 
 
LOTZE— lObECK 
 
 lir.ist at Weimar ; 1872, violin-teacher at Strass- 
 burg Cons.; now (i8gg) at the Warsaw Cons. 
 
 Lot'ze, Rudolf Hermann, physiologist and 
 writer; b. Bautzen, May 21, 1817 ; d. Berlin, 
 July I, 1881. In 1842, prof, of philosophy at 
 Leipzig ; 1844, prof, in ordinary, and court 
 councillor, at Gottingen ; called to Berlin in 
 1881. His " Geschichte der Aesthetik in 
 Deutschland " (1868) contains sound criticism 
 of Helmholtz, Hauptmann, and others ; also 
 interesting ideas on mus. Eesthetics. 
 
 Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, nephew 
 of Frederick II.; b. Friedrichsfelde, n. Berlin, 
 Nov. 18, 1772 ; fell at Saalfeld, Oct. ig, 1806. 
 Excellent amateur musician ; publ. considerable 
 agreeable chamber-music. 
 
 Louli^, Etienne, inventor of the "chrono- 
 m^tre," the precursor of the metronome ; also 
 of a "sonom^tre. " He was music-master to 
 Mile, de Guise about 1700, and publ. "Ele- 
 ments de musique " (1696, describing the 
 " chronpmetre ") ; and a " Nouveau syst^me de 
 musique" (i6g8, describing the " sonomtee," 
 which was a monochord to aid piano-tuners). 
 
 Lover, Samuel, the novelist and poet, also 
 a painter and composer ; b. Dublin, Feb. 24, 
 1797 ; d. Jersey, July 6, 1868. He wrote the 
 music to several Irish plays, and to many songs ; 
 publ. " Songs and Ballads" (London, iSsg). 
 
 Low, Joseph, b. Prague, Jan. 23, 1834 ; d. 
 there Oct., 1886. Pianist ; successful tour 
 through Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and the Bu- 
 kowina in 1854 ; from 1856, concert-player and 
 composer i"n Prague. Publ. over 450 numbers 
 of light pf. -music (op. 142, Jugend-Album ;. op. 
 187, Deux Impromptus romantiques ; op. 325, 
 Allegro brillant f. 2 pf.s ; op. 326, Soir de 
 printemps ; op. 413, Maiengruss). 
 
 Lowe, Edward, b. Salisbury, England, 
 i6i5(?); d. Oxford, jfuly II, 1682. Chorister in 
 Salisbury Cath. under Holmes ; organist of 
 Christ Ch., Oxford, 1630 ; of the Chapel Royal, 
 1660 ; Choragus, and prof, of music, at Oxford, 
 1661. — Publ. "A Short Direction for the Per- 
 formance of Cathedrall Service " (Oxford, 1661) ; 
 comp. anthems. 
 
 Lowe, (Johann) Carl (Gottfried), the per- 
 fecter of the " ballade "• for solo voice w. pf.- 
 accomp. ; b. Nov. 30, 1796, at Lobejun, n. 
 Halle ; d. Kiel, Apr. 20, i86g. His father, a 
 school-master and cantor, taught him at first ; in 
 1809 he was sent to the Francke Institut, Halle, 
 where his beautiful soprano voice and clever at- 
 tempts at cpmposition attracted attention. He 
 received a yearly stipend of 300 Thaler from 
 King Jerome until 1812 ; Tiirk was his teacher 
 in music until 1814, after which L. joined the 
 Singakademie founded by Naue. He studied 
 theology at the Univ., 1817-ig, also produc- 
 ing sonie vocal works (" Treuroschen," " Wall- 
 haide," "Erlkonig"); was app. cantor at St. 
 Jacob's, and teacher at the gymnasium, at Stet- 
 tin in 1820, and town mus. dir. in 1821, remain- 
 
 ing here until 1866, when he settled in Kiel. 
 From Greifswald Univ. he received the title of 
 Dr. phil. hon. causa. On journeys to German 
 cities, Vienna (1844), London (1847), Sweden 
 and Norway (1851), and Paris (1857), LBwe, 
 being an excellent vocalist, introduced his bal- 
 lades to public notice. His publ. works, 145 in 
 all, include I opera. 
 Die drei Wiinsche ^ 
 
 (Berlin, 1834 ; pf.- 
 score publ.); 17 
 oratorios {Die Fest- 
 zeiten^ Die Zer- 
 storung JerusaleniSy 
 Die Siebenschldfer ^ 
 Johann Huss^ Die 
 eherne Sc hlange 
 [a cappella], Der 
 Apostel V071 Phi- 
 lippi [a cappellaj, 
 Gutenberg^ Pale- 
 slrina [MS.], Hiob 
 [MS.], Der Meister 
 von Avis [MS.],. 
 Das Silhnopfer des neuen Bundes [MS.], Das 
 Hohe Lied Salomonis [MS.], Polus von Atella 
 [M.S.] , Die Heilung des Blindgebornen [a capp.], 
 Johannes der Tdufer [MS.], Die Auferweckiing 
 des Lazarus^ Der Segen z'f77z ^j«jz [unfinished]) ; 
 a cantata. Die Hochzeit der Thetis ; a ballade f. 
 soli, ch., and orch., " Dieerste Walpurgisnacht " 
 [Goethe] ; his most important and characteris- 
 tic works, the ballades f. voice w. pf, , are publ. 
 by Peters and Schlesinger in " Lowe-Albuins " 
 containing 20 and 16 numbers respectively 
 {among the finest are " Edward," " Erlkonig," 
 "Der Wirthin Tochterlein," "Der NSck," 
 "Archibald Douglass," " Tom der Reimer," 
 " Heinrich der Vogler," " Oluf," and "Die 
 verfallene Muhle") ; 3 string-quartets, a pf.- 
 trio, several pf. -sonatas. 4 other operas (not 
 perf.), .symphonies, overtures, etc., were left in 
 MS. — Writings : " Gesanglehr* fiir Gymnasien, 
 Seminarien und Burgerschulen " (1S26, 3rd 
 ed. 1834) ; " Musikalischer Gottesdienst ; me- 
 thodische Anweisung zura Kirchengesang und 
 Orgelspiel " (1851 ; 3 further editions); "Cla- 
 vier- und Generalbass-Schule " (2nd ed. 1851). 
 — Biographical: " Selbstbiographie " (1870; 
 edited by Bitter) ; by Runge, " Karl L." (1884), 
 and "Lowe redivivus" (1888); by Wellnier, 
 "Karl L." (1886); sketches by Ambros in 
 " Culturhistorische Bilder" (i860), and Gum- 
 precht in " Neue musikalische Characterbilder " 
 (1876). In English by A. B. Bach, " Loeweand 
 Schubert" (i8go). 
 
 Lowthian, Caroline, [Mrs. Cyril A. Pres- 
 cott,] contemporary English composer of songs 
 (" Sunshine," " The Reign of the Roses") and 
 pf.-pieces (Bourree, Danse de ballet, etc.). 
 
 Lii'beck, Vincentius, celebrated organist of 
 the North German school ; b. PaddingbOttel, n. 
 Bremen, 1654 ; d. Hamburg, Feb. g, 1740, as 
 organist of the Nicolaikirche (since 1702). 
 
 3G4 
 
lObECK— LULLY 
 
 Lu'beck, Johann Heinrich, b. Alphen, 
 Holland, Feb. II, 1799; d. The Hague, Feb. 
 7, 1865. After passing through the war of 1813- 
 15 as a Prussian regimental musician, he studied 
 in Potsdam, played in theatre-orchestras at Riga 
 and Stettin, and gave violin-concerts, from 1823 
 in Holland. 1827, Director of the new Cons, 
 at The Hague; cond. of the "Diligentia" con- 
 certs ; 1829, court conductor. — He had two sons : 
 
 Lii'beck, Ernst, b. The Hague, Aug. 24, 
 1829; d. Paris, Sept. 17, 1876. Pianist; toured 
 America 1850-4 with Franz Coenen ; then settled 
 in Paris, and gave excellent chamber-music con- 
 certs with Lalo, iVrmingaud, and Jacquard ; — 
 and 
 
 Lu'beck, Louis, b. The Hague, 1838 ; 'cel- 
 list, pupil of Jacquard in Paris ; 1863-70, 'cello- 
 teacher in the Leipzig Cons.; then settled in 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Lii'benau, L. Pseudonym of Salomon 
 Jadassohn. 
 
 Lu'brich, Fritz, b. Barsdorf, Posen, July 29, 
 1862. Cantor at Peilau, Silesia, since 1890. 
 Editor of "Die Orgel"; has publ. a " Chorge- 
 sangschule " for men's singing-societies ; also 
 male choruses and songs. 
 
 Lucanto'ni, Giovanni, b. Rieti, Italy, Jan. 
 18, 1825. Pupil of G. Pacini at Lucca, and N. 
 Vaccai at Milan Cons. In 1845 he prod., at La 
 Scala, a 2-act ballet, Don Chisciotte ; in 1850, a 
 4-part mass, and the opera Elisa (Milan). De- 
 voted himself to vocal instruction ; settled in Paris 
 1857 ; has lived in London for several years. 
 His songs, duets, etc., are well liked ; he has 
 also written a cantata, a symphony, and various 
 "ballabili" f. pf. 
 
 Lucas, Charles, b. Salisbury, July 28, 1808; 
 d. London, Mar. 23, 1869. Chorister in Salis- 
 bury Cath. under Corfe, 1815-23 ; pupil of Lind- 
 ley and Crotch at R. A. M., 1823-30, and cond. 
 there in 1832; he succeeded Lindley as principal 
 'cello at the opera, etc. — Works : Opera The 
 Regicide ; 3 symphonies, overtures, a 'cello-con- 
 certo, etc.; anthems and songs. 
 
 Lucas, Stanley, son of preceding, has been 
 secretary to the R. Soc. of Musicians since 1861, 
 and of the Philharm. Soc. 1866-80. 
 
 Luc'ca, Pauline, charming dramatic so- 
 prano; b. Vienna, Apr. 25, 1841. Sang as a 
 child in the choir of the Karlskirche, and was 
 taught by Uschmann and Lewy ; joined the 
 chorus of the Vienna Opera, and in 1859 created 
 quite a stir in the role of First Bridesmaid, in 
 Der Freisc/iiltz, her final appearance before 
 going to Olmlitz, where she was already engaged 
 for leading roles. Her debut at Olmiitz as 
 Elvira in Ernani (Sept. 4, 1859) won all hearts. 
 Her appearance in Prague (i860) as Norma and 
 Valentine {Huguenots) gave her fame such an 
 impetus that Meyerbeer caused her engagement 
 at Berlin, so that she might create the role of 
 Selika in his / 'Africaine j here she was en- 
 
 gaged as court singer for life. At London her 
 impersonations of Valentine and Margherita 
 {Faust), in 1863 and 1864, excited unbounded 
 enthusiasm ; she sang there every season up to 
 1872 (excepting 1869) ; then severed her connec- 
 tion with Berlin, sang in the United States for 
 two years, and, returning to Europe, at German 
 capitals (Berlin excepted), at Paris, Brussels 
 (1876), St. Petersburg and Moscow (1877), and 
 Madrid (1878). In l86g she had married Baron 
 von Rhaden (divorced 1872) ; while in America 
 she espoused Herr von Wallhofen. She resides 
 at Vienna as an honorary member of the Court 
 Opera. Among her favorite roles (she has some 
 60 prepared) are Carmen, Zerlina {Fra Diavolo), 
 Elsa, Cherubino, La Sonnambula, and those 
 mentioned above. 
 
 LUck, Stephan, b. Linz-on-Rhine, Jan. 9, 
 1806 ; d. Trier, Nov. 3, 1883, as a member of 
 the cathedral-chapter. Distinguished for insti- 
 tuting reforms in Catholic church-music. — 
 Works : " Gesang- und Gebetbuch fiir die Dio- 
 cese Trier" (1846); " Theoretisch-praktische 
 Anleitung zur Herstellung eines wilrdigen Kir- 
 chengesanges" (1856); " Sammlung ausgezeich- 
 neter Compositionen fiir die Kirche" (1859; 
 2nd ed., in 4 vol.s, 1884, 1885). 
 
 Lud'wig, Otto, b. Eisfeld, Thuringia, Feb. 
 II, 1813 ; d. Dresden, Feb. 25, 1865. A poet 
 who also composed songs and an opera, Die 
 Kohkrin. 
 
 Liihrsz, Karl, b. Schwerin, Apr. 27, 1834 ; 
 d. Berlin, Nov. 11, 1882. Pupil of his father, 
 an organist, and of Mendelssohn at the Berlin 
 Akademie ; wrote orchestral and chamber-music. 
 
 Lully (or LuUi), Jean - Baptiste de, the 
 founder of French grand opera ; b. Florence, 
 1633 ; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 22, 1687. He 
 was taught the ele- 
 ments of music, 
 and to play the 
 violin and guitar, 
 by a Franciscan 
 monk. Though of 
 noble family, his 
 parents were poor, 
 and made no diffi- 
 culties when the 
 Chevalier de Guise 
 proposed to take 
 their son, then 13, 
 to France to amuse the leisure of Mile, de Mont- 
 pensier, " la grande demoiselle." Whether she 
 tired of his music-making, and sent him down 
 to the scullery, or whether he was put there at 
 first, is uncertain ; but one day, while he was edi- 
 fying the kitchen with his violin, the Count de 
 Nogent overheard him, and secured him the 
 position due to his talents in the private band of 
 Mile, herself. But the mischievous boy set to 
 music a satirical poem reflecting on the lady, 
 who thereupon expelled him from her house. 
 
 365 
 
LULLY— LUSCINIUS 
 
 He contrived to obtain instruction on the harp- 
 sichord, and in composition, from Metru, Ro- 
 berdet, and Gigault, organists of St.-Nicolas- 
 des-Champs ; he also gained admission to the 
 King's private orchestra, " la grande bande," 
 rose fast in royal favor, and in 1652 was made 
 head of tliis violin-corps of 24 violins ; he soon 
 organized a second corps, " les petits violons," 
 of 16 instr.s, which, under his leadership, be- 
 came the finest orch. in France ; L. himself had 
 hardly a rival as a violinist. App. court com- 
 poser in 1653, writing masques and ballets in 
 which Louis XIV. himself took part, LuUy also, 
 as " M. Baptiste," danced and acted in the court 
 ballets andfestival-plays,and made himself indis- 
 pensable to the King, who preferred his music 
 to all other. In 1672 he obtained letters patent 
 for the establishment of an " Academie royale 
 de musique " (now the Grand Opera), and a rival 
 theatre was closed by the police by the King's 
 express command \cf. art. Campra]. From 
 this time dates L.'s real fame — that of creating 
 French opera : writing to French texts a music 
 which not only respected the genius of the lan- 
 guage, but eschewed the purely musical redun- 
 dancies (flowery ornamentation, undue extension 
 and needless repetition of words and syllables, 
 and the like, which delay the dramatic action) 
 then in vogue in Italian opera. L. is, therefore, 
 a reformer of tendencies similar to those of Gluck 
 and Wagner, allowance being made for theperiod, 
 and for the means at his disposal. — He now de- 
 voted himself heart and soul to his theatre, of 
 which he became the director, stage-manager, 
 conductor, composer, and even (when required) 
 the machinist. A strong point in his favor was 
 the genius of his librettist, Quinault, who fol- 
 lowed the intentions of his imperious employer 
 with rare understanding. His operas held the 
 stage for nearly a century, until Cluck's grander 
 creations overshadowed them. He developed 
 the form of the overture ; wrote recitatives of 
 an easy and dramatically effective style, and arias 
 distinguished for their fluent grace and beauty; 
 his choruses were more dramatic, and he intro- 
 duced the brasses into the orchestra ; finally, his 
 scenic arrangements eclipsed those of his prede- 
 cessors. He was a man of vehement energy, 
 haughty, arrogant, and irascible. In a fit of ex- 
 citement while conducting, he struck his foot 
 with the cane used as a baton ; an abscess re- 
 sulted, which caused his death. — The works pro- 
 duced by L. after 1672, mostly at the "Academie 
 royale," are as follows: Les fites de I' Amour et 
 de Bacchus, a pastoral (1672 ; a pasticcio from 
 his earlier ballets and masques) ; Cadmus et 
 Hermione, lyric tragedy (1673) ; Alceste, ou le 
 irioniphe d'Alcide{l(>']^)\ The's^e{l(i-Ji)\ Le Car- 
 naval, opera-ballet (1675) ; Atys, lyric tragedy 
 (1676) ; his, " tragedie-opera " (1677) ; Psychi, 
 lyric tragedy (1678) ; BelUrophon, opera (1679) ; 
 Proserpine, lyric tragedy (^1680); Le triomphe 
 de r Amour, opera-ballet (1681) ; Perse'e, lyric 
 tragedy (1682) ; Phaeto7t, lyric tragedy (1683) ; 
 Amadis de Gaule, lyric tragedy (1684) ; Poland, 
 
 lyric tragedy (1685) ; VIdylle de la Paix, ou 
 I'dglogue de Versailles, divertissement (1685); 
 Le temple de la Paix, opera-ballet (1685) ; Armide 
 et Renaud, lyric tragedy (1686) ; Aci's et Galatie, 
 heroic pastoral (i586) ; parts of Act I of Achille 
 et Polyxkne, lyric tragedy (1687 ; written with 
 Colasse). All the above have been publ. ; nearly 
 all by Breitkopf & Hartel in " Chefs d'ceuvres 
 classiques de I'opera irancais" ; Armide et Renaud 
 inEitner's "Monatshefte filr Musikgeschichte," 
 vol. xiv (full score, also pf.-score).' — Besides 
 these, L. wrote the music to many ballets, 
 masques, etc. ; also symphonies, trios, airs f. 
 vln. ; a Te Deum, a Miserere, a 4-part mass a 
 cappella, many motets, etc. 
 
 Lully, Louis de, son of preceding, b. Paris, 
 Aug. 4, 1664 ; d. after 1713 ; brought out 3 
 operas, a ballet, a cantata, etc. 
 
 Lumbye, Hans Christian, b. Copenhagen, 
 May 2, 1810; d. there Mar. 20, 1874. Called 
 the " Northern Strauss," on account of his pop- 
 ular dance-music. In 1865 he organized an 
 orch. , with which he played in Copenhagen, and 
 made tours.' — His son and successor, Georg, 
 wrote an opera. The Witch's Flute. 
 
 Lu'pi. See Lupus. 
 
 Lupori'ni, Gaetano, dramatic composer ; a 
 native of Lucca, Italy ; a pupil of Primo Quilici, 
 and a protege of Ricordi. After graduating from 
 the Pacini Mus. Inst., he comp. a 4-part mass 
 w. orch., and a suite f. orch.; has also prod, 
 the opera Marcella ; a 3-act lyric comedy, / di- 
 spetti amorosi{T\irm, 1894; succ); and the 3-act 
 opera seria La Collana di PasguaQi&ples, i8g6 ; 
 very succ). 
 
 Lupot, Nicolas, the most important member 
 of a P'rench family of violin-makers ; b. Stutt- 
 gart, 1758; d. Paris, 1824. His excellent copies 
 of Stradivari violins earned him the sobriquet of 
 the " French Stradivari." 
 
 Lu'pus, a composer's name (Christian name) 
 frequently occurring in 16th-century collections. 
 Its most important bearers are ; (i) L. Hel- 
 linck, mentioned in F'orster's " Selectissimae 
 motetae " (1540),' Ott's "115 gute newe Lied- 
 lein " (1544), and others, with full name; (2) 
 L. Lupi, whose name is given in Gardano's 
 motets " Del fiore " and "Del frutto."— The 
 ownership of the family-name Lupi ("Wolf') 
 is far more doubtful ; for, besides L. Lupi, 
 there were 16th-century composers named 
 Didier, Johannes [Jean], and Manfred Lupi, 
 of whom nothing is known except their works— 
 (only detached motets, for the greater part). 
 Johannes Lupi alone is represented by a book 
 of ' ' Musicae cantiones quae vulgo motetti nun- 
 cupantur"a 4-8 (1542; publ. by Attaignant), 
 and a book of " Mutetae " a 4-5 (publ. by Gar- 
 dano). — Also see LoBO. [Riemann.] 
 
 Lusci'nius [Latinized from Nachtgall or 
 Nachtigall (nightingale)], Ottomar, b. Strass- 
 burg, 1487 ; d. there about 1536. Theologian. 
 
 366 
 
LUSSY— LYNES 
 
 organist, and mus. theorist. Publ., as " Lusci- 
 nius," " Institutiones musicae . . ." (1515), and, 
 as " Othmar Nachtgall," " Musurgia, seu praxis 
 musicae . . ." (1536 ; 2nd ed. 1542 ; this latter a 
 Lat. transl. of Virdung's " Musica getutscht"). 
 
 Lussy, Mathis, b. Stans, Switz., Apr. 8, 
 1828. Pupil of Businger and Nageli. Went to 
 Paris in 1847 to study medicine, but became a 
 good pf. -teacher, and a writer of repute. — 
 Works: " Exercices de mecanisme " (1863); 
 " Traite de I'expression musicale " (1873 ; P^f" 
 tial reprint as " Le rythme musical," 1883; 
 German transl. of the entire work by Felix Vogt 
 as " Die Kunst des musikalischen Vortrags," 
 1886); and a " Histoire dela notation musicale" 
 (Uition deluxe, 1882; written with E. David; 
 it won the Prix Bordin of the Paris Academie, 
 offered for the best history of notation). 
 
 Liist'ner, Ignaz Peter, violinist ; b. Poisch- 
 witz, n. Jauer, Dec. 22, 1792 ; d. Jan. 30, 1873, 
 at Breslau, where he founded a school of violin- 
 playing in 1844. — His five sons are : (i) Karl, 
 b. Breslau, Nov. 10, 1834 ; pianist and 'cellist, 
 since 1872 in Wiesbaden as a piano-teacher ; (2) 
 Otto, b. Breslau, Apr. 9, 1839 ; d. as town mus. 
 dir. at Barmen, Sept. 8, i88g ; previously violin- 
 ist in several orchestras ; (3) Louis, b. Breslau, 
 June 30, 1840 ; violinist, and conductor since 
 1874 of the Wiesbaden Kurorchester ; (4) 
 Georg, 'cellist ; b. Sept. 23, 1847 ; d. as Ka- 
 fellm. at Berlin, Apr. 21, 1887 ; and (5) Ri- 
 chard, harpist and violinist in Breslau, where 
 he was born Sept. 2, 1854. 
 
 Luther [lut-ter], Martin, b. Eisleben, Nov. 
 10, 1483; d. there Feb. 18, 1546. His reform 
 of the church extended to the musical services, 
 in which he took the deepest interest. After 
 leaving the Wartburg, Mar. 22, 1522, his ideas 
 took practical shape; his "Formula missae" 
 (1523J, and still more his new order for the Ger- 
 man Mass, first sung in the Parish Church at 
 Wittenberg on Christmas Day, 1524, were the 
 initial steps. Kapellmeister Conrad Rupii, and 
 cantor Johann Walther, ably seconded L. in 
 these endeavors ; the latter states that Luther 
 invented choral-tunes on the flute (he was an ex- 
 cellent flute-player), which tunes his coadjutors 
 noted down. The hymn-tunes (chorals) ascribed 
 with confidence to Luther are " Ein' feste Burg 
 ist unser Gott," and " Jesaia dem Propheten das 
 geschah"; n others are thought, with more or 
 less probability, to be by him ; though it has be- 
 come the fashion to deny him all share in the 
 composition of the hymns of the church he 
 founded. His influence was, however, predomi- 
 nant in the establishment of its musical services; 
 and he wrote (or arranged) the words of many 
 chorals (Grove gives a list of 36). 
 
 Liit'zel, Johann Heinrich, b. Iggleheim, n. 
 Speyer, Aug. 30, 1823 ; d. Zweibriicken, Mar. 
 10,1899. Pupil of Jacob Vierling ; teacher and 
 organist at Zweibriicken, where, in 1854, he 
 organized the " Eyangelischer Kirchenchor" 
 
 (which had spread over the entire Palatinate by 
 1880), also, in i860, the " Pfalzischer Sanger- 
 bund." Created " Professor " in 1883.— Works : 
 A " Choralbuch " (1858) ; " Der praktische Or- 
 ganist " (2 vol.s) ; school song-books ; the 24th 
 Psalm, f . male chorus and orch. ; etc. 
 
 Lut'zer, Jenny. See Dingelstedt. 
 
 Lux, Friedrich, comp. and organist ; b. 
 Ruhla, Thuringia, Nov. 24, 1820 ; d. Mayence, 
 July 9, 1895. Pupil of his father (cantor at 
 Ruhla) ; at 12 he gave an organ-concert at 
 Gotha, and played Weber's " Concertstiick " for 
 pf. at Eisenach. Studied 1839-41 under F. 
 Schneider at Dessau ; was then Musikdirector 
 at the Dessau court theatre for ten years ; 
 1851-77, Kapellni. at the City Th., Mayence, 
 from 1867 also cond. the Oratorio Society (the 
 united Liedertafel and Domgesangverein). Re- 
 tired i8gi. — Works t 4 operas, Das Kdthchen 
 von Heilbronn (Dessau, 1842 ; 5 acts) ; Rosa- 
 munde (l86o ; not perf.), Der Schmied von 
 Ruhla (Mayence, 1882, 3 acts) ; and Die Filr- 
 stin von A then (Frankfort, i8go ; comic) ; a 
 dram, scene, Coriolan, f. soli, male ch. , and 
 orch.; a choral symphony, " Durch Nacht zum 
 Licht" (Constance, 1895); 3 string-quartets 
 (op. 58, D min.; op. 87, C maj.; op. 95, G 
 min.); Grand trio f. pf., vln., and 'cello, in C 
 min.; many orchestral and choral works, organ- 
 music, pf. -music, songs, etc. His vocal music 
 is especially important and successful. 
 
 Luz'zi, Luigi, b. Olevano di Lomellina, 
 Mar. 28, 1828 ; d. Stradella!, Feb. 23, 1876. A 
 medical student at Turin, he later embraced the 
 profession of music. — Works : 3 operas, Chia- 
 rina (Turin, 1853) ; Tripilla, opera buffa 
 (Novara, 1874) ; Fra Dolcino (not perf.) ; a 
 symphony and a funeral-march f . orch. ; hymns 
 f. ch. and orch.; pf. -music ; and many inspired 
 songs. 
 
 Lvoff (or Lwoff ), Alexis von, composer of 
 the Russian national hymn ; b. Reyal, May 25, 
 1799 ; d. on his estate. Govt, of Kovno, Dec. 
 28, 1870. Excellent violinist and musician ; 
 entering the army, he became major-general, 
 and adjutant to Emperor Nicholas. Conductor 
 of the court choir, 1836-55. — Works: The 
 operas The Village Bailiff {i?>2q'>.); Bianca e 
 Gualtiero (1845) ; Undine (Vienna, 1846) ; The 
 Embroiderer (1840 ?) ; a concerto and fantasias 
 f. vioUn ; " Le duel," f. vln. and 'cello; Rus- 
 sian part-songs ; sacred songs ; etc. Publ. an 
 essay " On the free and non-symmetrical rhythm 
 of Old-Russian Church-song " (1859). 
 
 Lynes, Frank, b. Cambridge, Mass., May 
 16, 1858. Pupil of the New Engl. Cons., Bos- 
 ton ; then of B. J. Lang (pf. and org.), and J. 
 K. Paine (harm.) ; in Leipzig Cons., 1883-5, of 
 Reinecke and Zwintscher (pf.), A. Richter 
 (theory), and Jadassohn (comp.). Settled in 
 Boston, Mass.; held positions as org. in vari- 
 ous churches ; at present (1899) in Ch. of the 
 Disciples. Boston. Is also cond. of the " Can- 
 
 367 
 
LYRA— MACCUNN 
 
 tabrigia Choral Class." — Works t Op. 2, Ga- 
 votte f. pf. and vln.; op. 4, Romanza f. vln., 
 'cello, org., and pf.; op. 8, Te Deum ; op. g, 
 four pf. -pieces ; op. 14, ten Bagatelles f. pf.; 
 studies, and other pf. -music ; about 50 songs ; 
 and several part-songs, sacred and secular. 
 
 Ly'ra, Justus W., b. Osnabriick, Mar. 23, 
 1822 ; d. Gehrden, u. Hanover, Dec. 30, 1882. 
 Student of philos. and theol. at Berlin and 
 Bonn ; filled various church-offices at Lingen, 
 Langensalza, Wittingen, Bevensen, and (1877- 
 82) that of " Ortsgeistlicher " {pastor primarius) 
 at Gehrden and Hanover. — Many of his stu- 
 dent-songs were written as a student ; they 
 were, and still are, extremely popular, e.g., 
 " Der Mai ist gekommen," " Durch Feld und 
 Buchenhallen," " Zwischen Frankreich und 
 dem Bohmerwald," " Mein' Mus' ist gegang- 
 en"). He also wrote church-music (Christmas 
 cantata, 1872). — Five books of songs were publ. 
 in 1896 : I. Nine Sacred songs f. solo voice ; 
 II. Six miscel. songs f. one voice ; III. Four- 
 teen Student-songs, f. one voice ; IV. Five 2- 
 and 3-part songs ; V. Four songs f. mixed ch., 
 and eight songs f. male ch. 
 
 Lys'berg (real family-name Bovy), Charles- 
 Samuel, b. Lysberg, n. Geneva, Mar. i, 1821 ; 
 d. Geneva, Feb. 15, 1873. Pianist and com- 
 poser ; pupil of Chopin (pf.) and Delaire 
 (harm.), in Paris ; teacher in the Geneva Cons. 
 — Some favorite pieces are op. 26, La Napoli- 
 taine ; op. 29, Deux Nocturnes ; Le reveil des 
 oiseaux, and Le chant du rouet ; op. 64, Idylle ; 
 op. go, Les Ondines ; op. 94, Sur I'onde ; the 
 romantic sonata, 1' Absence ; etc. (about 150 
 numbers for piano) ; also a comic opera, Lafille 
 die carillonnear (Geneva, 1854). 
 
 M 
 
 Maas, Louis (Philipp Otto), b. Wiesbaden, 
 Germany, June 21, 1852 ; d. Boston, Mass., 
 Sept. 18, 1889. IP'ianist ; , pupil 1867-71 of 
 Reinecke and Papperitz at Leipzig Cons. ; also 
 of Liszt during 3 summers. From 1875-S0, 
 pf. -teacher in Leipzig Cons. Settled in Boston 
 1880; cond. the Philharm. Concerts 1 881-2. 
 He gave concerts in many cities of the United 
 States ; and had many private pupils. — Works : 
 " On the Prairies, an Araer. .Symphony " (1883) ; 
 overtures, suites, marches, fantasias, etc., f. 
 orch.; string-quartet, op. 3; pf. -concerto in C 
 min., op. 12 ; 3 sonatas, 3 Impromptus, and 12 
 Phantasiestucke f. pf. ; violin-sonatas ; songs. 
 
 Mabelli'ni, Teodulo, b. Pistoia, Italy, Apr. 
 2, 1817 ; d. Florence, Mar. 10, i8g7. Pupil of 
 G. Pilotti, Pistoia, and of the R. Istituto Mu- 
 sicale, Florence ; the successful prod, of his 
 opera Matilda di Toledo (Florence, 1836) inter- 
 ested Grand Duke Leopold II., whose bounty 
 permitted further study under Mercadante at 
 Novara. A second opera, Rolla (Turin, 1840), 
 was highly successful. Settled in Plorence 
 1843 ; became cond. of the Filarmonica, and 
 
 dir. of the grand annual concerts ; court m. di 
 capp. 1847 ; cond. in Pergola Th. 1848 ; 1859- 
 87, prof, of cdmposition in the R. Istituto Mu- 
 sicale. — Works : 7 other well-received operas, 
 Ginevra degli Alniieri (Turin, 1841), II conte di 
 Lavagna (Florence, 1843), / Veneziani a Co- 
 stantinapoli (Rome, 1844), Maria di' Francia 
 (Florence, 1846), // Venturiero [with L. Gior- 
 dani] (Leghorn, 1851), Baldassare (Florence, 
 1852), Fiammetta (ibid., 1857); an oratorio. 
 Eudossia e Paolo; a sacred drama, V ultimo 
 giorno di Gerusaleinme ; the cantatas Za Caccia, 
 II Ritorno, Elegiaca, Rafaele Sanzio, lo Spirito 
 di Da7ite ; masses, responses, hymns, motets, 
 etc. ; chamber-music ; pf .-pieces. 
 
 Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine monk ; b. St.- 
 Pierremont, n. Rheims, Nov. 23, 1632 ; d. St.- 
 Germain-des-Pre's, Dec. 27, 1707. — Publ. " l)e 
 liturgia gallicana libri 3" (1685 ; 2nd ed. 1720) ; 
 some information on "mus. history is also found 
 in other works. 
 
 Macbeth', Allan, b. Greenock, Scotland, 
 Mar. 13, 1856. Pupil 1875-6, at Leipzig Cons., 
 of Richter, Reinecke, and Jadassohn. Organist 
 in several Glasgow churches ; choirmaster of the 
 Choral Union 1880-7 ; cond. of Greenock Select 
 Choir 1881 ; of Glasgow Kyrle Choir 1884. Since 
 i8go. Principal of the School of Music at the 
 Glasgow Athenaeum. — Works : An operetta The 
 Duke's Doctor {M.?!.') ; 2 cantatas, The Land of 
 Glory (i8go) and Silver Bells; a "Jubilee 
 Chorus " (i8g6) ; " In Memoriam," f. orch.; In- 
 termezzo, f. strings ; Serenata, Danze pizzicate, 
 and Ballet, f. orch.; string-trios ; pf.-trios ; suite 
 f. cello and pf. ; pf .-music ; songs. 
 
 MacCunn', Hamish, 
 Greenock, Mar. 22, 1868. 
 1883-6, under Hu- 
 bert Parry, having 
 won a scholarship for 
 composition. An 
 gust Manns brought 
 out several of his 
 pieces in 1887; in 
 1888 he was com 
 missioned to com- 
 pose a cantata for 
 the Glasgow Choral 
 Union ; also gave a 
 series of orchestral 
 concertsatthe studio 
 of John Pettie, whose 
 daughter he married in i88g. 1888-94, prof of 
 harm, at R. A. M.; 1892, cond. of the Hamp- 
 stead Conserv. Orch.l Soc. ; 1898, of the Carl 
 Rosa opera-company. — Works : The 4-act opera 
 Jeanie Deans (Edinburgh, i8g4) ; 4-act opera 
 Diarniid and (7/5;-j«/ (London, Covent Garden, 
 Oct. 23, i8g7 ; succ.) ; the cantatas Bonnie 
 Kilmeny (1888), Lord Ullin's Daughter (1888), 
 The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1888), The Cam- 
 eronian's Dream (i8go). Queen Hynde ofCaledon 
 (1892), and The Death of Parry Reed(i. male 
 ch. and orch.); 3 overtures, " Cior Mhor," 
 
 Scotch composer ; b' 
 Student in R.A.M.i 
 
 368 
 
MACDOWELL— MACFARREN 
 
 " The Land of the Mountain and the Flood," 
 and "Ballad Overture, The Dowie Dens o' 
 Yarrow"; orch.l ballade, "The Ship o' the 
 Fiend " ; songs and part-songs ; pieces f. vln. 
 and pf., and 'cello and pf. ; the 8th Psalm, f. ch. 
 and orch. ; etc. 
 
 MacDowell, Edward Alexander, pianist 
 and composer ; b. New York, Dec. i8, i86i ; 
 pupil there of J. 
 Buitrago, P. Des- 
 vernine,and Teresa 
 Carreno. Studied 
 from 1876, at Paris 
 Cons., under Mar- 
 montel (pf.) and 
 Savard (theory) ; 
 and in 1879, at 
 Frankfort, under 
 Heymann (pf .) and 
 Raff(comp.). From 
 i88l-2hewashead- 
 teacher of pf. at 
 Darmstadt Cons. ; 
 in 1882 the sup- 
 port of RaiT and 
 
 Lisrt gained a hearing for his works at the an- 
 nual festival of the " AUgemeiner deutscher Mu- 
 sikverein " ; he then lived in Wiesbaden and 
 (from 1888) in Boston, Mass. ; and in i8g6 was 
 app. prof, of music in Columbia Univ., New 
 York. 'Princeton Univ. has conferred on him 
 the hon. degree of Mus. Doc. He is a concert- 
 pianist of marked ability, and a composer of 
 strong individuality. — Works: Op. 1-8 all MS.; 
 Songs f. one voice, op. 9 (2 songs), op. 11 (3 
 Ger. songs f. tenor), op. 12 (3 do. do.), op. 26 
 (" From an old Garden," 6 songs), op. 33 (3 ; 
 Ger. and Engl. ), op. 34 (2; Engl.), op. 4o(61ove- 
 songs), op. 47 (8 ; Engl.) ; — For Piano, op. 13 
 (Prelude and Fugue), op. 10 <ist Modern Suite), 
 op. 14 (2nd Mod. Suite), op. 15 (ist concerto, in 
 A min.), op. 16 (Serenata), op. 17 (2 Fantastic 
 Pes.), op. 18 (Barcarolle and Humoresque), op. 19 
 (Forest Idylles), op. 20 (3 Poems, 4 hands), op. 
 21 (Moon-Pictures, 4 hands), op. 23 (2nd con- 
 certo, in D min.), op. 24 (Humoreske, March, 
 Cradle-song, Czardas), op. 28 (6 Idyls), op. 31 
 (6 Poems after Heine), op. 32 (4 Little Poems), 
 op. 36 (£tude de concert, in F #), op. 37 (Les Ori- 
 entales, 3 pes.), op. 38 (Marionettes, 6 little pes.), 
 op. 39 (12 Studies), op. 45 (Sonata tragica), op. 
 46 (12 Virtuoso-Studies), op. 49 (Air and Rigau- 
 don), op. 50 (Sonata eroica), op. 51 (Woodland 
 Sketches) ; — For Orchestra, op. 22 (" Hamlet 
 and Ophelia," 2 poems f. full orch.), op. 25 
 (" Lancelot and Elaine," 2nd symphonic poem), 
 op. agC'Lamia," 3rd symph. poem), op. 30 ("Ro- 
 land " symphony), op. 35 (Romance f. 'cello w. 
 orch.), op. 42 (ist Suite f. full orch.), op. 42a 
 (" In October," suppl. to Suite l), op. 48 (2nd 
 [" Indian"] Suite) ; — Choruses, op. 27 (3 songs, 
 Engl, and Ger., f. male ch.), op. 41 (2 songs f. 
 male ch.), op. 43 (2 Northern Songs, f. mixed 
 ch.), op. 44 (Barcarolle, f. mixed ch.),bp. 52 (2 
 
 24 " 369 
 
 Choruses f. men's voices). — Without opus-nutn- 
 ber : 2 songs from the 13th century, f. male ch. ; 
 6 Little Pieces f. pf., after sketches by J. S. 
 Bach ; Technical Exercises f. pf. (3 books). 
 
 Macfarren, Sir George Alexander, impor- 
 tant English composer ; b. London, Mar. 2,1813; 
 d. there Oct. 31, 1887. Pupil of his father, 
 George Macfarren (the dramatist) ; and of Ch. 
 Lucas (1827) andC. Potter (1829) at the R. A. M., 
 where he became prof . in 1834. In 1875 he suc- 
 ceeded Bennett as Prof, of Music at Cambridge 
 Univ. ; Mus.Bac. and Mus. Doc, Cantab., 1876, 
 in which year he became Principal of theR. A. M. 
 He was knighted in 1883. — Works : The operas 
 The Devil's Opera (1838) ; Don Quixote (1846) ; 
 King Charles II. ( 1 849) ; The Sleeper A wakened 
 (1850) ; Robin Hood (i860) ; Jessy Lea (1863) ; 
 She Stoops to Conquer (1864) ; The Soldier's 
 Legacy (1864) ; Helvellyn (1864) ; 4 others not 
 perf. ; 2 masques, and several farces and melo- 
 dramas ; the oratorios St. John the Baptist 
 (1873), The Resttrrection (1876), Joseph (1877), 
 and King David (18S3) ; the cantatas Leonora., 
 May Day^ Christmas , Songs in a Cornfield^ Out- 
 luard Bounds and The Lady of the Lake \ — 
 Church-Music: Choral Service in E [7; Unison 
 Service in G ; 52 Introits or Short Anthems, and 
 many other anthems ; hymns, chants, etc. — -8 
 Symphonies (in C, D min., F min., A min., B[7, 
 CJ min., D, and E min.) ; Overtures (in Ep ; 
 " Merchant of Venice " ; "Romeo and Juliet " ; 
 " Chevy Chase" ; "Don Carlos"; "Hamlet"; 
 " Festival") ; an Idyll in memory of Bennett ; a 
 pf. -concerto, a flute-concerto, and a violin-con- 
 certo ; a pf .-quintet ; a quintet f . concertina and 
 strings ; 6 string-quartets (G min., C, A, F, G 
 min., and G) ; a pf.-trio ; a trio f. pf., flute, and 
 'cello ; 2 sonatas f. vln. and pf. ; sonata f. flute 
 and pf. ; several pf. -sonatas ; an organ-sonata ; 
 5 Romances f . violin ; 2 4-part songs ; trios, 
 duets, songs, etc. — His chief writings are " Ru- 
 diments of Harmony" (i860; 14 editions); and 
 "Six Lectures on Harmony" (1867; 3rd ed. 
 1880); also valued contributions to Grove's "Dic- 
 tionary of Music," the " Encyclopaedia Britan- 
 nica," and the " Imperial Diet, of .Biography." 
 He edited " Old English Ditties" (2 vol.s)," Old 
 Scottish Ditties," "Moore's Irish Melodies," 
 " Songs of England," " British Vocal Album "; 
 also Purcell's Dido and yEneas, Handel's Bel- 
 shazzar, Judas Maccabaeus, Jefhtha., and Mes- 
 siah ; etc. — Biography by H. C. Banister ■ 
 " G. A, Macfarren, His Life, Works, and In- 
 fluence " (London, 1891). — His wife, 
 
 Macfarren, Natalia, a native of Liibeck, is 
 well known for her excellent translations into 
 English of many German songs, cantatas, opera- 
 libretti, etc.; she has also written a "Vocal 
 Method," and an " Elementary Course of Vocal- 
 ising and Pronouncing the English Language." 
 
 Macfarren, Walter Cecil, brother of Sir 
 George ; b. London, Aug. 28, 1826. Chorister at 
 Westminster Abbey, 1836-41, under Turle ; from 
 1842-6, pupil, at the R. A. M., of Holmes (pf.), 
 
MACHAULT— MAGGINI 
 
 C. Potter, and his brother (comp.). From 1846, 
 pf.-prof. at the R. A. M. , of which inst. he is 
 a Fellow. From 1873-80 he conducted the Acad- 
 emy Concerts ; has also acted as director and 
 treasurer of the Philharm. Soc. He has given 
 many pf.-recitals and lectures in London, Bris- 
 tol, and elsewhere ; also a series of orch.l con- 
 certs in 1S82. Works: A symphony in B|j; 7 
 overtures; a Concertstuck in E, f. pf. and orch.; 
 3 pf. -trios; 2 sonatas f. pf. and violin ; i sonata 
 f . pf . and 'cello ; 4 Romances f . pf . and violin ; 
 a great variety of pf. -music (3 Suites de pieces ; 
 6 " Illustrations of Tennyson's Heroines " ; 
 Allegro appassionato ; Allegro cantabile ; Ron- 
 dinos, Caprices, Tarantellas, Scherzos, Impromp- 
 tus, Gavottes, Mazurkas, Waltzes, etc.) ; a can- 
 tata. The Song of the Sunbeam ; services and 
 anthems, songs and part-songs. — Has edited Mo- 
 zart's pf. -works; Beethoven's Sonatas; " Popular 
 Classics" ; " Morceaux classiques" ; etc. 
 
 Machault (or Machau, Machaud, Ma- 
 chaut), Guillaume [Guillelmus] de Mascandio, 
 probably a native of Machau in the Champagne, 
 lived about 1284-1370 ; troubadour in the service 
 of Joanna of Navarre, Johann of Luxembourg, 
 and Charles V. of France. A mass, motets, 
 rondos, chansons and ballads are preserved, be- 
 sides many poems. 
 
 Mach'tig, Karl, b. Breslau, Jan. 10, 1S36 ; 
 d. there May 2, 1881. Taught by Brosig and 
 LUstner, he succeeded Ad. Hesse as ist organ- 
 ist at the Berhardinerkirche. — Publ. pf. -music 
 and songs. 
 
 Maciro'ne, Clara Angela, composer, pianist, 
 and teacher ; b. London, Jan. 20, 1821. Pupil, 
 at the R. A. M., of Potter and Holmes (pf.), 
 Lucas (comp.), and Negri (Voice). Associate of 
 the Philharm. Soc; teacher of pf. at the R. A. 
 M.; then head music-mistress (1872-8) of Aske's 
 School for Girls, Hatcham, later at the Ch. of 
 England High School for Girls, in Baker St.; 
 success as a teacher remarkable. Now (i8gg) 
 living in retirement. — Works : Te Deum and 
 Jubilate, sung at Hanover Chapel (first service 
 by a woman ever sung in the church) ; anthem 
 "By the waters of Babylon" (sung at Canter- 
 bury, Ely, and other cathedrals); numerous part- 
 songs (her most popular and successful comp.s), 
 and songs ; " Suite de pieces " in E min., f. vln. 
 and pf. I Rondino in G, and other pf. -music. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell, b. 
 
 Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847. Pupil of UIrich(pf.) 
 and Stein (comp.) at Sondershausen Cons., 1857- 
 61, when he entered the Ducal orch. ; won the 
 King's scholarship at the R. A. M., 1862, and 
 studied under Sainton, Jewson, and Lucas ; from 
 1865 in Edinburgh as a teacher and conductor, 
 concert-violinist, and quartet-player. Hon. Mus. 
 Doc, Univ. of St. Andrews, 1886; of Cam- 
 bridge, 1888; of Edinburgh, 1896. Knighted in 
 1894. He is a distinguished and active member 
 of various societies and musical associations. 
 Since 1888, Principal of the R. A. M., succeed- 
 
 ing Macfarren ; since 1892, cond. of the Phil- 
 harm. Concerts. — Works : 3 operas, Colomba 
 (1883), The Trou- 
 badour (1886), and 
 His Majesty^ or The 
 Court of Vingolia 
 (1897 ; comic); the 
 oratorios The Rose of I . 
 Sharon (1884), and JLtj 
 Bethlehem (1894); \ f'M 
 the cantatas The j,/.f 
 Bride ^ Jason ^ The 
 Story of David^ 
 The Ne7v Covenant^ 
 The Dream. of 
 Jubal, The Cotter's 
 Saturday Night, and 
 Veni, creator spiri- 
 tus ; incidental music to Ravenswood and Mar- 
 mion ; also to Barrie's The Little Minister {l?it)i). 
 ■ — For Orchestra: A Scherzo ; 2 Scottish 
 Rhapsodies; a ballad, "La belle dame sans 
 merci"; overtures ("Cervantes," "To a Com- 
 edy," "Tempo di ballo," "Twelfth Night," 
 " Britannia") ; a concerto, and a " Pibroch," f. 
 violin and orch.; "Scottish Concerto" f. pf. 
 and orch. ; — also a pf. -quartet (op. ii, in Ep) ; 
 "From the North" (9 pieces f. violin w, pf.- 
 acc) ; other music f . violin and for pf . ; an- 
 thems, songs, and part-songs. 
 
 McLean, Alick, composer ; b. Eton, Eng- 
 land, July 20, 1872. — Works : The 3-act opera 
 Qttentin Durward (London, 1895); the i-act 
 opera Petruccio (Covent Garden, June 29, 1895 ; 
 won the Moody-Manners prize of ;f 100) ; songs. 
 
 Ma'der, Raoul (Maria), b. Pressburg, Hun- 
 gary, June 25, 1856. Law-student at Vienna 
 Univ. 1S74-8 ; studied in the Vienna Cons., 
 1879-82, -under Schmitt and Schenner (pf.), 
 Bruckner (harm.), and Krenn (comp.), taking 
 first prizes for pf. -playing and pf. -composition, 
 and (1880) the great silver medal and the Liszt 
 prize as best pianist in the Cons, From 1882- 
 95, 1st " Sologesangscorrepetitor " (" coach " for 
 solo singers ) at the Vienna court opera, also con- 
 ducting ballets and minor operas ; 1891-5 also 
 chorus-master of the Academical Gesangverein. 
 Since 1895, chief conductor at the Royal Opera, 
 Pesth. — Works : The 3-act comic opera Die 
 Fliichtlinge (Court Opera, Vienna, iSgi) ; l-act 
 fantastic ballet Die Sireneninsel (ibid., 1892; 
 V. succ.) ; i-act ballet Die Hochzeit im Frisir- 
 salon (ibid., 1893) ; 3-act operetta Caar d'ange 
 (Carltheater, Vienna, 1894) ; fant. ballet Die 
 rothen Schuhe (Pesth, 1897) ; fant. ballet She 
 [after Rider Haggard] (Pesth, 1898); a parody 
 on Mascagni's Cav. rustica (Th. an der Wien, 
 1892) ; and the ballet Tanzblut (Lindentheater, 
 Berlin, 1898) ; choruses, songs, etc. 
 
 Maggi'ni, Giovanni Paolo, (also Magini, 
 Magino,) b. Botticino-Marino, Italy, 1580 ; d. 
 Brescia, about 1631. Famous violin-maker at 
 Brescia. His violins, violas, 'celli, and double- 
 basses are prized almost equally with Stradivari s 
 
 370 
 
MAGNUS— MAITLAND 
 
 and Guarneri's ; the double-basses are especially 
 valued. The violins have a soft, viola-like tone. 
 The label reads : Gio. Paolo Maggini, Brescia. 
 
 Magnus, D6sir6, {rede Magnus Deutz,) 
 b. Brussels, June 13, 1828 ; d. Paris, Jan., 1884. 
 Studied with VoUweiler, Heidelberg, and at the 
 Brussels Cons. ; after successful pianistic tours 
 in England, Spain, Russia, etc., he settled in 
 Paris as a concert-pianist, teacher, composer, 
 and critic. — Publ. a well-known " Methode ele- 
 mentaire de piano" (1879) ; ^ Grande sonate, 
 op. 140 ; 24 etudes for velocity and melody, op. 
 igo ; many ja/(;«-pieces ; etc. 
 
 Mahillon, Charles-Victor, born Brussels, 
 Mar. 10, 1841. Since 1877, custodian of the 
 museum of mus. instr.s. at Brussels Cons.; also 
 editor, i86g-86, of " L'Echo musical," and man- 
 ager of his father's wind-instr. factory.^ — Publ. 
 "Tableau synoptique des- voix, et de tons les 
 instr.s de musique";^" Tabl. syn. de la science 
 de I'harmonie"; "Elements d'acoustique rau- 
 sicale et , instrumental " (1874; silver medal, 
 Paris); " Etude sur le doigte de la flute Bohm " 
 (1885). 
 
 Mah'ler, Gustav, b. Kalescht, Bohemia, 
 July 7, i860. Studied in Iglau Gymnasium ; 
 then (1877) philosophy at Vienna Univ., and 
 also at the Cons. (pf. with Epstein, comp. and 
 cpt. with Bruckner). 1883-5, Kapellm. in court 
 th. at Kassel (directed the grand mus. festi- 
 val as a leave-taking); 1885-6 in Prague with 
 Angelo Neumann, as Anton Seidl's successor 
 (directed Nibelungen, Meister singer , Tristan 
 und Isolde, etc.); 1886-8 in City Th., Leipzig ; 
 i888-gi, Director of the Royal Opera at Pesth, 
 thoroughly reorganizing the opera ; 1891-7, 
 Kapellm. at Hamburg City Th.; in May, 1897, 
 called to the Vienna Court Opera as Hof kapellm.; 
 in Oct., 1897, succeeded Wilhelm Jahn as 
 Director of the Court Opera. — Publ. works : 
 Opera Die drei Pintos [after Weber's sketches] 
 (Leipzig, 1888); symphony No. 2, in C min.; 3 
 books of songs. 
 
 Mahu, Stephan, German contrapuntist, 
 chapel-singer to Emperor Ferdinand I. Some 
 comp.s are in Petrejus's " Modulationes " (1538) 
 and " Newe teutsche Liedlein " (1539) ; in Kries- 
 stein's " Selectissimae cantiones" (1540); in 
 Rhaw's "Newe geistliche Gesange" (1544); 
 Walther's "Gesangbuch" (1551 ; choral-melo- 
 dies) ; Montan-Neuber's " Thesaurus musicus" 
 (1564 ; a " Da pacem " a 8) ; and in Joannelli's 
 '' Novus thesaurus musicae " (1568; Lamenta- 
 tions). Commer publ. 2 Magnificats « 4 in 
 "Musica sacra," vol. xviii. 
 
 Mai'er [ml-], Joseph Friedrich Bernhard 
 Caspar, cantor at Schwabisch-Hall. Publ. 
 "Hodegus musicus" (1718), and "Museum 
 rausicum theoretico-practicum " (1732, 2nd ed. 
 1741 as " Neu erbffneter theoretisch-practischer 
 Musiksaal ;" a method for several now obsolete 
 instr.s). 
 
 Mai'er, Julius Joseph, b. Freiburg, Baden, 
 
 Dec. 29, 1821 ; d. Munich, Nov. 21, i88g. He 
 studied for a governmental career, but from 1849 
 took up music under Haussmann in Leipzig ; 
 1850, teacher of counterpoint at the Munich R. 
 School of Music ; 1857-87, custodian of the im- 
 portant musical department of the Munich Li- 
 brary. — Publ. "Classische Kirchenwerke alter 
 Meister" (1845 ; arr. f. male ch.) ; an " Auswahl 
 englischer Madrigale " (1863) ; .and the valuable 
 catalogue: "Die musikalischen Handschriften 
 der Kgl. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in Mun- 
 chen"(i879; Part I, "Die Handschriften bis 
 zura Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts "). 
 
 Mai'erl, Anton von. See Mayerl. 
 
 Maillart, Louis (called Aim6), b. Montpel- 
 lier, Herault, France, Mar. 24, 1817 ; d. Mou- 
 Hns, AUier, May 26, 1871. Pupil, at Paris 
 Cons., of Guerin (vln.), Elwart(harra.), and Le- 
 borne (cpt. and comp.) ; won the Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1841, and spent 2 years in Italy, then 
 visiting Vienna and German cities. He wrote 
 six operas; the first, Gastibeha (1847), was well 
 received ; Les dragons de Villars (1856) has also 
 been successful in Germany as Das Glockchen 
 des Eremiten. 
 
 Mailly, Alphonse-Jean-Ernest, b. Brus- 
 sels, Nov. 27, 1833. Pianist and organist ; pupil 
 of Girschner at Brussels Cons., where he was 
 app. piano-teacher in 1861, and organ-teacher 
 in 1868. A fine organ-virtuoso, he has given 
 concerts in Paris, Amsterdam, London, etc. — 
 Works : Sonatas, fantaisies, morceaux de genre, 
 etc., f. org.; Serenade f. flute, viohn, 'cello, org., 
 and pf . ; pf.-trio ; pf. -pieces ; motets w. org. ; etc. 
 
 Main'zer, Abbe Joseph, b. Trier, May 7, 
 1807 ; d. Manchester, England, Nov. 10, 1851. 
 Studied music in Trier, and became singing- 
 teacher at the seminary. Exiled during the 
 Polish Revolution, he went to Brussels, Paris 
 (where he started the short-lived " Chronique 
 musicale de Paris" in 1838), London (1841), and 
 finally to Manchester, where he established suc- 
 cessful singing-classes on Wilhem's system. His 
 journal, " Mainzer's Musical Times," is now 
 the " Musical Times." — Publ. a " Singschule" 
 (1831); "Methode de chant pour lesenfants" 
 (1835; 1838); "Methode de chant pour voix 
 d'hommes" (1836) ; " Bibliotheque elementaire 
 du chant" (1836) ; " Methode pratique de piano 
 pour les enfants" (1837) ; " Abecedaire de 
 chant" (1837); " Ecole chorale" (1838); "Cent 
 melodies enfantines" (1840); "Singing for the 
 Million " (1842) ; " Esquisses musicales, ou sou- 
 venirs de voyage" (1838-39) ; "Musical Athe- 
 nseum, or. Nature and Art, Music and Musi- 
 cians, in Germany, France, Italy, etc." (1842). 
 — 2 operas were unsuccessful. 
 
 Maitland, John Alexander Fuller, musical 
 author and critic ; b. London, Apr. 7, 1856. 
 Took degree of M.A. at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1882. He wrote for the " Pall Mall 
 Gazette " 1882-4 I for the " Guardian " 1884-9 ; 
 in i8qo succeeded Ilueffer as mus. critic of 
 
 371 
 
MaItRE— MALLINGER 
 
 •"The Times." Contributor to Grove's Dic- 
 tionary (of which he edited the Appendix). Has 
 lectured on English musical history, and on Pur- 
 cell ; and has appeared as pianist at concerts of 
 the Bach Choir. — Works: "Schumann" (in 
 " Great Musicians" series, 18S4) ; Catalogue of 
 music in the Fitzwilliam Museum (1893) ; 
 "Masters of German Music" (1894); transl., 
 with Clara Bell, Spitta's Life of J . S. Bach (1884, 
 3 vol.s) ; edited "English County Songs" 
 (1893), also Purcell's 12 Sonatas for 3 parts and 
 the Ode on St. Cecilia's Day (for the Purcell 
 Soc.) ; and the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (with 
 Barclay Squire ; 1898). 
 Maitre Jehan. See Gallus. 
 
 Ma'jo, Francesco di (called Ciccio di 
 Majo), b. Naples, 1745 (?) ; d. Rome, 1770. Dis- 
 tinguished composer, pupil of the Cons, di S. 
 Onofrio. For a number of years, organist of 
 the Royal Chapel, for which he wrote 5 masses 
 (one f. double choir and 2 orchestras) and other 
 sacred music. He brought out 13 operas, Astrca 
 placata (1760) being the first. 
 
 Majora'no. See Caffarelli. 
 
 Mal'der, Pierre van, early symphonist and 
 comp. of string-quartets ; b Brussels, May 13, 
 1724; d. there Nov. 3, 1768. Solo violinist at 
 the court opera ; chamber-musician to Prince 
 Charles of Lorraine. — Chief works : 18 sympho- 
 nies f. strings, 2 oboes, and 2 horns (the first 6 
 publ. 1769), 6 string-quartets (1757), 6 sonatas 
 f . 2 violins and bass ; violin-pieces. Also operas. 
 
 Malherbe, Charles-Theodore, comp. and 
 musicograph; b. Paris, Apr. 21, 1863. Though 
 musically gifted, he studied lavif, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar ; but then took up music in 
 earnest, under A. Danhauser, A. Wormser, and 
 J. Massenet; also publ. some original comp.s, 
 and transcriptions. After a tour (as Danhauser's 
 secretary) through Belgium, Holland, and Swit- 
 zerland in 1880-1, to inspect the music in the 
 public schools, he settled in Paris ; in 1896 was 
 app. asst.-archivist to the Grand Opera. He 
 edits " Le Menestrel," and contributes to many 
 leading reviews and mus. journals. His collec- 
 tion of mus. autographs is probably the finest 
 private coll. in the world. — Compositions : " En 
 route 1" quickstep f. orch.; " Cendrillon," and a 
 Duo concertant, f. pf. 4 hands; " Menuet de 
 Lucette," and other pf.-pieces; 2 offertories f. 
 org., one in canon-form, the other w. vln., 'cello, 
 and harp ; vln. -music, songs, and many tran- 
 scriptions. — Writings : " L'oeuvre dramatique de 
 Richard Wagner" (1886) ; " Precis d'histoire de 
 rOpera-Comique"(i887); " Notice sur Ascanio" 
 (1890); "Melanges sur R. Wagner" (i8gl) ; 
 ' ' Histoire de la seconde Salle Favart " [Opera- 
 Comique] (2 vol.s, 1892-3, " couronnee par I'ln- 
 stitut ") ; " Catalogue des ceuvres de Donizetti " 
 (1897) ; " Programmes et concerts" (1898). . M. 
 is also secretary of the edition of Rameau's com- 
 plete works now publishing by Durand, editing 
 the historical and biographical notices therein. 
 
 He is Officer of the Acad., and Of Public In- 
 struction ; and chevalier of several orders. 
 
 Malibran, Maria Felicita (nde Garcia), b. 
 Paris, Mar. 24, 1808 ; d. Manchester, Sept. 23, 
 1836. Daughter of Manuel Garcia, and a most 
 eminent dramatic contralto. Taken to Naples 
 at 3, at 5 she played a child's part in Paer's op- 
 era Agnese. Two years later she studied sol- 
 feggi with Panseron ; from the age of 15, how- 
 ever, she was her father's pupil in singing. Her 
 debut at H. M.'s Th., London, June 7, 1825, as 
 Rosine va.\h& Barbicre , procured her engagement 
 for the season. The family then voyaged to 
 New York, where for two years she was the pop- 
 ular favorite, singing in Otello, Romh, Don Gio- 
 vanni, Tancredo, Cenerentola, and the 2 operas 
 which her father wrote for her, V Am ante astulo 
 and La Figlia delVaria. Here she married the 
 French merchant Malibran; he soon became 
 bankrupt, and they separated. Returning to 
 Paris, her immense success led to an engage- 
 ment at a salary of 50,000 francs ; after 1829 she 
 sang every season at London ; also appeared at 
 Rome, Naples, Bologna, and Milan ; at her last 
 Naples engagement she received 80,000 francs 
 for 40 nights, with 2^ benefits ; at London, 
 1835, she had ;^2,775 for 24 nights. She mar- 
 ried the violinist de Beriot in 1836, only a few 
 months before her death, which was. caused by 
 overexertion in singing after a severe fall from 
 her horse. As a singer and actress she exercised 
 the fascination of a highly endowed personality 
 over her audiences. Her voice was of extraor- 
 dinary compass, but the medium register had 
 several "dead " tones. She composed numerous 
 nocturnes, romances, and chansonnettes, publ. 
 in album-form as " Dernieres pensees, etc." — 
 Biographical: " Life of Mme. Maria Malibran 
 de Beriot," by J. Nathan (London, 1846); 
 " Cenni biografici, etc." (Venice, 1835); " No- 
 tizie biografici, etc." by G. Barbieri (Milan, 
 1836); " Loisirs d'une femme du monde," by 
 Countess Merlin (Paris, 1838 ; Ger. transl. as 
 " Maria M. als Weib und Kunstlerin, etc." 
 Leipzig, 1839 ; more romantic than trustworthy). 
 
 Malibran, Alexandre, violinist ; b. Paris, 
 Nov. 10, 1823 ; d. there May 13, 1867. Spohr's 
 pupil at Kassel, where he settled. At Paris 
 (i860) he started the short-lived " L'union in- 
 strumentale," ^ mus. paper; at Brussels, 1864, 
 the " Le Monde musical." Publ. " Ludwig 
 Spohr ; sein Leben und Wirken " (i860) ; comp. 
 a mass for male ch. (for the Legion of Honor),; 
 also orch.l and chamber-music. 
 
 Mal'linger, Mothilde, {nee Lichtenegger,) 
 dramatic soprano ; b. Agram, Feb. 17, 1847- 
 Pupil (1863-6) of Giordigiani and Vogl at 
 Prague Cons., and Lewy at Vienna; debut at 
 Munich, 1866, as Norma ; created the r61e of 
 Eva in the Meistersinger in 1868 ; in i86g was 
 eng. at Berlin Court Opera, and married Baron 
 V. Schimmelpfennig. Since 1890, singing- 
 teacher in Prague Cons, 
 
 372 
 
MALTEN— MANN 
 
 Mai' ten, Therese, dramatic soprano ; b. In- 
 sterburg, E. Prussia, June 21, 1855. Trained 
 by Gustav Engel, Berlin ; debut at Dresden, 
 1873, as Pamina and Agathe, secured her a life- 
 engagement there for leading roles (Armide, 
 Fidelio, Senta, Elisabeth, Elsa, Eva, Isolde). 
 Created role of Kundry (Parsifal) at Bayreuth 
 in 1882. 
 
 Mal'zel, Johann Nepomuk, mechanical in- 
 ventor ; b. Ratisbon, Aug. 15, 1772; d. on 
 board the brig Otis, bound for America, July 
 31, 1838. Settled in Vienna, 1792, as a music- 
 teacher ; attracted wide attention by his " Pan- 
 harmonion" (a sort of orchestrion), an automa- 
 ton-trumpeter, and an automatic chess-player ; 
 he was created "Court Mechanician" in 1S08. 
 He constructed the " Metronome " in 1816 ; 
 Winkel, of Amsterdam, was, however, the in- 
 ventor. M. also made ear-trumpets (Beetho- 
 ven's, among others). He undertook long jour- 
 neys to exhibit his inventions. 
 
 Mancinel'li, Luigi, distinguished dram, 
 comp. and cond.; b. Orvieto, Papal States, Feb. 
 5, 1848. Intended for a mercantile career, he 
 learned to play the pf. by himself, and finally 
 ran away from home in pursuit of mus. teach- 
 ing. Though caught half-way to Florence, and 
 made to return, he vanquished parental resist- 
 ance, and at 14 was sent to Sbolci, at Florence, 
 to learn the 'cello. Becoming 3rd 'cellist at the 
 Pergola Th., next year, he earned his living for 
 8 years by 'cello-playing, teaching, and song- 
 writing. He had a few theoretical lessons from 
 Mabellini. In 1870 he joined the orch. of the 
 Opera at Rome, cond. by Terziani ; became 2nd 
 cond. in 1874, and ist cond. in 1875. In 1881, 
 Director of the Bologna Cons., which he re- 
 formed completely, making it one of the best 
 music-schools in Italy. From 1886-S, he cond. 
 the opera-seasons at Drury Lane, London ; 
 1888-95, cond. of the Royal Th., Madrid, also 
 of the Concert Soc. (for 3 years). Since then 
 he vibrates between Covent Garden, London, 
 and the Metropolitan Opera, New York. He is 
 famous as a conductor, both of Italian and Ger- 
 man (Wagner) opera ; in Italy he is called " il 
 Wagnerista " by reason of his enthusiastic work 
 for Wagner. — Compositions : Overture and 
 entr'acte-music to Cossa's Cleopatra; the 3-act 
 opera Isora di Provenza (Bologna, 1884), and the 
 3-act opera seria Era e Leandro (first perf. in 
 Italian at the Royal Th., Madrid, Nov. 30, 
 1897 ; V. succ.) ; an oratorio, several works for 
 ftrchestra, songs, etc. 
 
 Manci'ni, Francesco, comp. of some 20 
 operas for Naples, where he was b. 1674 ; stud- 
 ied and taught at the Cons, di S. Loreto, was 
 app. 2nd maestro of the R. Chapel in 1709, and 
 1st maestro in 1720. He died in Naples, 1739. 
 
 Manci'ni, Giambattista, vocal teacher ; b. 
 Ascoli, 1716 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 9, 1800, where he 
 was singing-master to the Archduchesses. — 
 Publ, " Pensieri e riflessioni practiche sopra il 
 
 canto figurato" (1774; 2nd ed. 1777; French 
 editions as " L'art du chant figure," 1776, and 
 " Reflexions pratiques sur le chant figure," 
 1796)- 
 
 Man'cio, Felice, b. Turin, Dec. 19, 1840 ; 
 d. Vienna, Feb. 4, 1897. Stage- and concert- 
 singer, a pupil of Mercadante and Hassel- 
 Barth. Debut 1870. For some years prof, of 
 singing at Vienna Cons. 
 
 Mangeot, fidouard -Joseph, b. Nantes, 
 France, 1834 ; d. Paris, May 31, 1898. A prac- 
 tical pf.-maker, he invented a pf. with double 
 key-board (" k double clavier renverse ")', which 
 created a sensation at the Paris Exposition of 
 1878, and at London under the hands of de 
 Kontski. M. founded, in 1S89, " Le Monde 
 musical," a periodical which he himself edited. 
 
 Man'gold, (Johann) Wilhelra, b. Darm- 
 stadt, Nov. 19, 1796 ; d. there May 23, 1875. 
 Son and pupil of Georg M. [1767-1835] in vio- 
 lin-playing ; later of Rinck and Abbe Vogler, 
 and of Cherubini at Paris Cons.; chamber-mu- 
 sician at Darmstadt, from 1825 court Kapellm., 
 pensioned 1858. — Works : An opera, Merope, 
 (1823), and 2 minor ones ; incidental and cham- 
 ber-music, overtures, and melodies f. horn or 
 clar. w. pf., which are popular. 
 
 Man'gold, Karl (Ludwig Araand), brother 
 of preceding ; b. Darmstadt, Oct. 8, 1S13 ; d. 
 Oberstdorf, Algau, Aug. 5, 1889. Pupil of 
 Berton and Bordogni at Paris Cons., 1836-9; 
 violinist in Darmstadt court orch. ; from 1848-69, 
 court raus. dir. ; also cond. of the Musikverein 
 (1839), the Sdngerkranz^ the Cacilia, and 1869- 
 75 of the Mozartverein. — Operas Das Kohler- 
 madchen, Tannhduser (Darmstadt, 1846 ; re- 
 vived there in 1892 as Der getreue Eckart), 
 Gudrun, Dornroschen ; — oratorios Abraham, 
 VVittekind, Israel in der Wiiste ; — concert- 
 dramas Frithjof, Hermanns Tod, Ein Morgen 
 am Rhein, Barbarossas Erwachen ; — a sym- 
 phony-cantata, Elysium ; a dramatic scene, Des 
 Mddchens Klage ; a prize-cantata f. male ch., 
 soli, and orch., Die Weisheit des Mirza Schaffy ; 
 2 symphonies ; chamber-music ; extremely pop- 
 ular male quartets ; Die Hermannsschlacht, 
 " poean " f. soli, mixed ch., and orch. ; choruses, 
 part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Man'gold, Karl Georg, d. London, Nov. 1, 
 1887, aged 75. Pianist ; pupil of Plummel ; 
 also composer and teacher. 
 
 Mann, Arthur Henry, b. Norwich, Eng- 
 land, May 16, 1850 ; chorister at the cathedral 
 under Dr. Buck. Organist at various churches, 
 and since 1876 organist and choir-director. 
 King's College, Cambridge. F. C. O., 1871 ; 
 Mus. Bac. (1874), and Mus. Doc. (1882), Ox- 
 ford ; hon. member of R. A. M., 1896. Noted 
 Handel scholar ; with E. Prout he discovered in 
 1894, at the Foundling Hospital, the orig. wind- 
 parts of the Messiah (perf. that year, with the 
 reconstructed score, at King's Coll.). Coeditor, 
 
 373 
 
MANN— MARA 
 
 with Maitland, of the Fitzwilliam Catalogue ; 
 edited Tallis's motet for 40 voices (1888) ; mus. 
 editor of The Church of England Hymnal 
 (iSgs). — Comp.s : An Ecce homo f. soli, ch., and 
 orch. ; Te Deum f. ch., orch., and org. ; Evening 
 Service in E, f. do.; Eve. Serv. in E, f. double 
 choir a capp.; anthems, organ-pieces, part- 
 songs. 
 
 Mann, Johann Gottfried, Hendrik, military 
 bandmaster at Leyden ; b. The Hague, July 15, 
 1858 ; St. in the R. School of Music there. — 
 Orchestral and vocal vjforks. 
 
 Manns, August (Friedrich), b. Stolzenberg, 
 n. Stettin, Mar. 12, 1825. The son of a poor 
 glass-blower, his talent was fostered by a rude 
 quintet (2 vlns. , 'cello, horn, and flute) formed 
 by his father, brothers, and himself ; the village 
 musician of a near-by hamlet taught him the 
 violin, clarinet, and flute. At 15 he was ap- 
 prenticed to Urban, town-musician of Elbing. 
 Later he became ist clar. of a regimental band 
 at Dantzig ; transferred in 1848 to Posen, M. 
 came under Wieprecht's eye, who got him a 
 place as ist violin in Gungl's orch. at Berlin. 
 1849-51, conductor at Kroll's Garden ; band- 
 master of a regiment at Konigsberg and Cologne 
 (1854), when Schallehn eng. him as sub-cond. 
 of the Crystal Palace band, London, also to 
 play the E|7 clar., copy music, etc. Having ar- 
 ranged a set of National Quadrilles at S.'s re- 
 quest, the latter publ. them as his own work ; 
 M. promptly resigned his position, and published 
 the reason, which Schallehn did not refute. .M. 
 now appeared as a violinist at Leamington, and 
 1854-5 i° Wood's opera-orch., Scotland ; cond. 
 the Amsterdam summer concerts of 1855, and 
 in that autumn succeeded Schallehn as director 
 of the music at the Crystal Palace, a position 
 still (iSgg) occupied. The original wind-band 
 was changed at his instigation into a full orch. 
 The renowned Saturday Concerts were inaugu- 
 rated in 1856 ; 3g series, numbering 1550 con- 
 certs, had been given up to May, 1895. During 
 his 43 years' sway M. has given some 12,000 con- 
 certs ; also cond, 6 Triennial Handel Festivals ; 
 the Promenade Concerts at Drury Lane in 1859 ; 
 and the orch.l concerts of the Glasgow Choral 
 Union, 1879-92. Has introduced many new 
 works by English and foreign composers. Nu- 
 merous decorations have rewarded his intelli- 
 gent, conscientious, and eminently popular 
 labors. 
 
 Manns'feldt, Hermann, b. Erfurt, Jan. 21, 
 1833 ; d. Ems, Feb. 3, 1892. Noted conductor ; 
 long in Dresden ; finally Kapellm. of the A'ur- 
 kapelle. Ems. 
 
 Mann'stadt, Franz, b. Hagen, Westphalia, 
 July 8, 1852. Pupil of the Stern Cons., Berhn ; 
 1874, Kapellm. at Mayence ; 1876, of the Ber- 
 lin Symphony Orch. ; 1879, pf .-teacher at Stern 
 Cons. Was for a time Billow's asst.-cond. at 
 Meiningen, and cond. the Berlin Philharm. ; 
 then (1887-93) Kapellm. at the R. Th., Wies- 
 
 baden, and pf. -teacher at the Cons. ; again cond. 
 the Berlin Philharm. (1893-7), and then resumed 
 his former post at Wiesbaden^ succeeding J. 
 Rebicek. — His brother, 
 
 Mannstadt, Wilhelm, b. Bielefeld, May 20, 
 1837, cond. of singing-societies and stage man- 
 ager in small Berlin theatres, wrote words and 
 music of many farces and operettas, and publ. a 
 paper, " Der Kunstfreund," in 1874. 
 
 Mans'feldt, Edgar. See Piekson, Henry 
 Hugo. 
 
 Man'tius, Eduard, dramatic tenor ; born 
 Schwerin, Jan. 18, 1806 ; d. Bad Ilmenau, July 
 4, 1874. Pupil of Pohlenz at Leipzig ; debut 
 1830 at the Berlin court opera as Tamino, and 
 sang there until 1857. 
 
 Mantova'no, Alberto. See Ripa. 
 
 Manzuo'li, Giovanni, famous stage-soprano 
 {musico); b. Florence, about 1725. Sang in 
 Italy, then in Madrid (1753), and London (1764- 
 5) ; in 1771 he was singer to the Grand Duke at 
 Florence. Date of death unknown. 
 
 Mapleson, Col. James Henry, the well- 
 known English impresario, studied at the R. A. 
 M., London ; appeared as a singer, and also 
 played the viola in an orchestra. In i86l his 
 career as an operatic manager began at the Ly- 
 ceum, with Italian opera ; he was at H. M.'s 
 Th. 1862-8 ; in Drury Lane, 1869 ; in partner- 
 ship with Gye, 1869-71, then returning to Drury 
 Lane ; in 1877 he reopened Her Majesty's Th. 
 His seasons in the New York Acad, of Music 
 fluctuated between success and disaster. 
 
 Ma'ra, Gertrud Elisabeth («/,? Schmeling), 
 wonderful soprano, with the phenomenal com- 
 pass g-e^ ; b. Kassel, Feb. 23, 1749 I d. Reval, 
 Jan. 20, 1833. Daughter of a poor musician, 
 and crippled by a fall in infancy, she took to the 
 violin by instinct ; she was trained by charitable 
 aid, and taken as a prodigy (at 9) to Vienna, and 
 thence to London, by her father. She was a 
 natural singer, and was taught in London by 
 Paradisi ; her health also greatly improved, and 
 she returned to Kassel hoping to be engaged for 
 the court opera; failing here, J. A. Hiller en- 
 gaged her at 600 Thaler per annum i<y the 
 " Grosses Concert " at Leipzig. She sang here 
 from 1766-71, also appearing several times at 
 the Dresden Opera with great success ; and in 
 1771 obtained a life-engagement at the Berlin 
 Court Opera, at 3,000 Thaler. The caprices of 
 a vicious husband (the 'cellist Mara, whom she 
 married in 1773), and the incredible tyranny of 
 King Frederick 11. , rendered this period of the 
 great singer's life wretched ; in 1780 she fled to 
 Vienna with her husband, and proceeded thence, 
 armed with letters of recommendation from 
 Marie Antoinette, to Paris, where the artistic 
 rivalry between M. and the Todi set the town by 
 the ears. From 1784-1802 she made London 
 her abode, singing chiefly in concerts, and 
 twice visited Italy ; obtained a decree of separa- 
 
 374 
 
MARA— MARCHESI 
 
 tion from her husband in 1799 ; left London to 
 make a long European tour, and settled in Mos- 
 cow, but lost all her property in the conflagra- 
 tion of 1812. She taught singing in Reval, 
 tempted Fortune once more, with ill success, in 
 London, and died poor at the age of 84. — Bio- 
 graphical : Autobiography publ. by Riesemann 
 in the " AUgem. mus. Zeitung" (1875), after 
 which Niggli wrote a biogr. sketch (1881) ; 
 Grosheim (1823) and RochUtz (in " FilrFreunde 
 der Tonkunst," vol. i) have also written about 
 her. 
 
 Ma'ra, La. See Lipsius, Marie. 
 
 Marais, Marin, b. Paris, Mar. 31, 1656 [Fe- 
 Tis], d. there Aug. 15, 1728 ; the greatest viola- 
 da-gamba virtuoso of his time. Choir-boy in the 
 Sainte-Chapelle, taught by Chaperon ; studied 
 the gamba under Hottemann, then under Sainte- 
 Colombe ; joined the Opera orch., and is said to 
 have studied comp. with LuUy. In 1685 he en- 
 tered the royal orch. as soloist ; pensioned 1725. 
 —Publ. works: 5 books of pieces f. gamba (1686, 
 1701, 'II, '17, '25) ; book of trios (" symphonies ") 
 f. vln., flute, and gamba (1692); book of trios 
 ("La Gamme") f. vln., gamba, and clavichord 
 (1723) ; 4 operas (Alcide, Ariane et Bacchus, 
 Alcyone, and Semele) ; etc. — His son Roland 
 followed him as solo gambist ; publ. 2 books of 
 pieces f . gamba with con tinuo' ; also a ' ' Nouvelle 
 Methode de musique pour servir d'introduction 
 aux acteurs modernes " (1711). 
 
 Marbeck, John (or Merbecke), English com- 
 poser and organist, b. 1523 ; d. about 1581. 
 Chorister in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 1531 ; 
 narrowlyescaped burning as aheretic, 1544 ; Mus. 
 Bac.,Oxon., 1550 ; lay-clerk, and organist, of St. 
 George's Chapel. Chief work, " The Booke of 
 Common Praier noted," an adaptation of the 
 plain chant of earlier rituals to the first ritual of 
 Edward IV.; reprinted in facsimile, 1844; re- 
 publ. in Jebb's "Choral Responses and Lita- 
 nies " (1857 ; vol. ii). 
 
 Marceau, James Herbert, b. Napierville, 
 Canada, Oct. 31, 1859. Graduate in Arts of 
 McGill CoUegfe ; vocal pupil of Paul Wiallard, 
 New York, and of Mariano de Padilla and Ch. 
 Douallier, Paris. Now (1899) head of vocal 
 dept. at Quincy Mansion School, Wollaston, 
 Mass. 
 
 Marcel'lo, Benedetto, famous comp. and 
 poet; b. Venice, Aug. i, 1686; d. Brescia, July 
 24, 1739; Music-pupil of Gasparini and Lotti. 
 He studied jurisprudence, filled various govern- 
 ment positions, was a member of the Council of 
 Forty for 14 years, then Provveditore at Pola 
 for 8 years, and finally Camerlengo at Brescia. 
 His masterwork is the settings of Giustiniani's 
 paraphrases of the first 50 Psalms (" Estro poe- 
 tico-armonico ; Parafrasi sopra i cinquanta primi 
 Salmi"; Venice, publ. by D. Lovisa, 1724, '26, 
 27, in 6 vol.s folio) ; they are for from 1-4 
 voices, w. basso continuo for organ- or clavi- 
 cembalo-accomp. ; a few w. 'cello obbligato, or 2 
 
 violas ; and have been often republ. (recently by 
 Carli in Paris). He also publ. 5-p. "Concert! 
 grossi " (1701), " Sonate per cembalo," " Senate 
 a cinque, eflauto solo con basso continuo" (1712), 
 " Canzoni madrigaleschi ed Arie per camera a 
 2-4 " (1717) ; a biting satire on operatic abuses, 
 " II teatro alia moda, o sia Metodo sicuro e facile 
 per ben comporre ed eseguire opere italiane in 
 musica" (1720?; oft-reprinted); the pamphlet 
 " Lettera famigliare . . ." (1705) is a not wholly 
 just critique of madrigals by Lotti. 2 oratorios, 
 3 dramatic works, and several cantatas remained 
 in MS. Someaf M.'ssonnets, libretti, etc., were 
 composed by other musicians. 
 
 Marchand, Louis, French organist at Nevers, 
 Auxerre, and Paris ; b. Lyons, Feb. 2, 1669 ; d. 
 in poverty at Paris, Feb. 17, 1732 ; a virtuoso 
 known to fame chiefly by his failure to meet J. S. 
 Bach at Dresden, 1717, in open competition. He 
 taught in Paris, and publ. 3 books of clavecin- 
 music and one of organ-pieces. 
 
 Marchant, Arthur William, org. and comp. ; 
 b. London, Oct. 18, 1850. Mus. Bac, Oxon., 
 1879. Organist, 1871-80, in several English 
 churches ; 1880-2, org. and choirmaster of St. 
 John's Cath., Denver, Colorado; returned to 
 Britain, and since 1895 has been org. of St. 
 John's Episc. Ch., Dumfries. — Works : Psalm 
 48, f. soli, ch., and orch. ; A Morning and an 
 Evening Service ; anthems, songs, duets, trios, 
 etc. ; " Suite de pieces" f. vln. and pf. ; pf. -mu- 
 sic ; organ-music; "500 Fugue Subjects and 
 Answers, Ancient and Modern " (a Primer ; No- 
 vello) ; and a pamphlet on "Voice Culture." 
 
 Marche'si, Luigi, (" Marchesi'ni,") cele- 
 brated soprano {niusicd) ; b. Milan, 1755 ; d. 
 Inzago, Dec. 14, 1829. Sang in principal Italian 
 cities from 1773, and was considered tlie greatest 
 singer in Italy in 1780 ; 1785-88 in St. Peters- 
 burg with the Todi ; then several years in Lon- 
 don ; retired 1806. 
 
 Marche'si de Castrone, Salvatore, {recte 
 Cavaliere Salv. de Castrone, Marchese della 
 Rajata,) baritone stage-singer and famous 
 teacher ; b. Palermo, Jan. 15, 1822. Studied 
 law and music together at Palermo and Milan, 
 music under Raimondi, Lamperti, and Fontana ; 
 exiled after participation in the Revolution of 
 1848, he went to New York, where his stage-de- 
 but took place (ErnanV). Going to London, he 
 studied with Garcia, was successful as a concert- 
 singer, and married (1852) Mathilde Graumann, 
 with whom he sang in opera at Berlin, Brussels, 
 London, and Italy, and gave vocal instruction 
 (1854) ^' the Vienna Cons. After this they lived 
 for some years in Paris ; taught in the Cologne 
 Cons. 1865-9, and again at Vienna i86g-8i, since 
 which date they have resided in Paris. — Works : 
 Beautiful songs on German, French, and Italian 
 texts; " 20 .Vocalizzi elementari e progressivi," 
 and others ; a Vocal Method ; Italian transla- 
 tions of modern French and German opera-li- 
 bretti, etc. 
 
 375 
 
MARCHES!— MARINI 
 
 Marche'si de Castrone, Mathilde {nee 
 Graumann), famous vocal teacher ; b. Frankfort- 
 on-M., Mar. 26, 1826. PupilofNicolai in Vienna, 
 and Garcia in Paris {1845). Excellent concert- 
 singer ; married Salvatore M. (see above). Be- 
 sides a vocal method, and 24 books of Vocalises, 
 she has publ. " Marchesi and Music. Passages 
 from the Life of a Famous . Singing-teacher " 
 (New York, 1897), her Memoirs in English, being 
 an enlargement of a previous work, " Aus 
 meineni Leben" (Dusseldorf, 1887?), which was 
 preceded by ' ' Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben " 
 (Vienna, 1877). 
 
 Marchesi'ni. See Marchesi, Luigi. 
 
 Marchet'ti, Filippo, opera-composer; b. Bo- 
 lognola, Italy, Feb. 26, 1835. Pupil of Lillo 
 and Conti at the Royal Cons., Naples, 1850-4 ; 
 his maiden-opera. Gentile da Varano (Turin, 
 teatro Nazionale, 1856), was extremely well re- 
 ceived ; La Demente {1857) less so ; he lived in 
 Rome 1860-3 3S a singing-teacher, and, faihng 
 to bring out // Faria, he went to Milan, and 
 wrote his Giulietta e Romeo (text by M. M. Mar- 
 cello), which was a brilliant success at Trieste 
 (1865) and at La Scala, Milan. Ruy-Blas (La 
 Scala, Apr. 3, 1869), a sensational success in 
 Italian towns, was less fortunate in Dresden 
 (1879). Later works : V Amore alia frova {^m- 
 rin, 1873), Gustavo Wasa (ib., '75), and Don 
 Giovanni d' Austria (Turin, '80) — show a falling- 
 off. M. has publ. much vocal chamber-music, 
 and has written symphonies, choruses, and 
 church-music ; since 1881, Director of the R. 
 Accad. di Santa Cecilia, Rome. 
 
 Marchet'tus of Padua [Marchetto da Pa- 
 dova ; Marchetto is the dimin. of Marco], learned 
 theorist, hving in Cesena about 1270, then at 
 Verona and Naples ; died about 1320. Wrote 2 
 important essays : " Lucidarium in arte musicae 
 planae," and " Pomerium in arte masicae men- 
 suratae " ; both publ. byGerberin " Scriptores," 
 vol. iii, 
 
 MarSchal, Henri-Charles, b. Paris, Jan. 22, 
 1842. Pupil of Cons.; Grand prix de Rome 
 1870. Debut as dram. comp. with the i-act 
 opera comique Les amoureux de Catherine (Op.- 
 Com., 1876) ; has also prod. La Taverne des 
 Trabans, 3-act opera com. (Op. -Com., '81); 
 VEtoile, i-act do. (Th.-d'Appl., '89) ; D/idamie, 
 2-act opera (Gr. Opera, '93) ; Calendal, 4-act 
 opera (Rouen, '94) ; 2 others await performance. 
 — Further, musique de scene for the stage-pieces 
 I'Atni Fritz ('76), Les Rantzau ('82), Sniilisi^%i^, 
 Crime et chdtiinent ('88) ; the sacred drama Le 
 miracle de Nairn ('91) ; orchestral and sacred 
 music, children's choruses, pf. -pieces, songs. 
 
 Maren'co, Romualdo, b. Novi Ligure, Italy, 
 Mar. I, 1841. Violinist ; then 2nd bassoon in 
 the Doria Th., Genoa, for which he wrote his 
 first ballet, Lo sbarco di Garibaldi u. Marsala. 
 He now studied counterpoint under Fenaroli 
 and Mattel ; travelled ; and became in 1873 
 Director of Ballet at La Scala, Milan. He has 
 
 prod, over 20 ballets (Sieia, Excelsior^ Sfort 
 [1896]), also the operas Lorenzino de' Medici 
 (Lodi, 1874), J Moncada (Milan, 1880), Le Diable 
 au corps (Paris, 1884), and the " idilio giojoso " 
 Strategia d'amore (Milan, 1896). , 
 
 Maren'zio, Luca, famous madrigal-composer; 
 b. Coccaglio, n. Brescia, about 1550 ; d. Rome, 
 Aug. 22, 1599. Pupil of Contini ; until 159: in 
 the service of Sigismund III. of Poland ; then 
 maestro^ in Rome, to the Cardinals d'Este and 
 Aldobrandini ; cantor of the Papal Chape], 1595. 
 It is said that he died broken-hearted from love. 
 He was called " il piii dolce cigno d'ltalia," and 
 " il divino compositore," by his contemporaries. 
 His madrigals, in which he is unsurpassed, were 
 publ. as follows : 9 books a 5 (1580-89) ; 6 
 books a 6 (1582-91); I book a 4-6(1588); i 
 book of 5-p. Madrigali spirituali (1584) ; 2 books 
 of Mottetti a IS, (15S8, '92) ; i book of Mottettiu 
 12 (1614) ; a book of Sacri concenti a 5-7 (1616) ; 
 6 books of Villanelle ed Arie alia napoletana 
 (l 584-1605) ; also antiphones and other church- 
 music. Some pieces in modern notation are in 
 Proske's " Musicadivina," Choron's " Principes 
 de composition," Padre Martini's work on Coun- 
 terpoint, etc. 
 
 Mare§, Johann Anton, inventor of the 
 Russian " hunting-horn music," in which each 
 player has a horn producing a single tone ; b. 
 Chotebor, Bohemia, 1719 ; d, St. Petersburg, 
 May 30, 1794. Pupil of Hampel in Dresden, 
 and of Zika (vln.) in Berlin '; went to Russia in 
 1748, where he became Imp. chamber-musician. 
 
 Ma'retzek, Max, opera-impresario, and sing- 
 ing-teacher ; b. Briinn, Moravia, June 28, 1821; 
 d. Pleasant Plains, Staten Island, N. Y., May 
 14, 1897. Pupil of Seyfried in Vienna ; orch.- 
 conductor in Germany, France, and London (H. 
 M.'s Th., 1844) ; went to New York in 1848; 
 from 1849-78, manager of opera in New York, 
 Mexico, and Havana. — Works : 3-act opera 
 .ft'oOT/rf (Briinn, 1843) ; 3-act opera Sleepy Hol- 
 low (New York, Acad, of Music, 1879) ; orch.l 
 and chamber-music, pf. -pieces, and songs. 
 
 Maria'ni, Angelo, noted conductor ; b. Ra- 
 venna, Oct. II, 1822 ; d. Genoa, June 13, 1873. 
 Pupil of Rossini at the Bologna Liceo ; opera- 
 conductor at Messina, 1844 ; then at Milan and 
 Vicenza ; 1845-8, court cond. at Copenhagen ; 
 volunteer in Italy during the Revolution ; 1852, 
 cond. in La Fenice Th. , Venice ; later at Bo- 
 logna ; finally (1873) again in Genoa. 
 
 Marin, Marie - Martin - Marcelle de, re- 
 nowned harpist ; b. Bayonne, France, Sept. 8, 
 1769 ; d. (?). He had a few lessons of Hoch- 
 brucker, but was principally self-taught ; made 
 long artistic tours, and settled in Toulouse. His 
 "truly classic " comp.s f. harp include 6 sonatas, 
 4 sets of variations f. solo harp, i duo w. pf.; i 
 duo w. vln. ; a quintet f. harp and strings ; songs 
 w. harp-accomp. , etc. 
 
 Mari'ni, Biagio, b. Brescia ; d. Padua about 
 1660 ; composer and ist violin to the Duke of 
 
 376 
 
MARINI— MARPURG 
 
 Parma from 1623 ; publ. a considerable amount 
 of vocal and instrumental chamber-music note- 
 worthy for the then unusual demands made on 
 the performers. 
 
 Mari'ni, Carlo Antonio, a native of Ber- 
 gamo ; violinist and composer of instrumental 
 chamber-music, publ. 1696, '98, etc. 
 
 Ma'rio, Giuseppe, Conte di Candia, dis- 
 tinguished dramatic tenor ; b. Cagliari, Sard., 
 Oct. 17, 1810; d. Rome, Dec. 11, 1883. After 
 tenyearsin the Turin Military Academy, he joined 
 the regiment of which his father vpas the colonel ; 
 but fled to Paris in 1836 with a ballet-dancer, 
 studied with Bordogni and Poncharde in the 
 Cons., and made his debut at the Opera in Ro- 
 bert le Diabh (Nov. 30,. 1838) ; went over to the 
 Italian Opera in 1840, and won triumphs by the 
 freshness and power of his voice, united with 
 the charm of a fine presence and finished vocal 
 style. He sang also in London and St. Peters- 
 burg ; for many years as the constant partner of 
 Giulia Grisi, whom he married. Retired 1S67. 
 
 Marius, maker of clavecins in Paris at the 
 beginning of the 17th century, invented a ham- 
 mer-action (never practically employed), draw- 
 ings of which are in vol. iii of "Machines et 
 inventions approuvees par I'Academie des sci- 
 ences" (1713-19). Cy. Cristofori. 
 
 Mark, Paula, dramatic soprana ; b. about 
 1870. A pupil of the Vienna Cons., she was 
 immediately engaged at Leipzig after her debut 
 (l8go) in the City Th., and sang there with 
 growing success until 1893, when she accepted 
 a flattering call to the Vienna Court Opera. In 
 1897, after an obstinate throat-disorder had been 
 finally cured. She cancelled her contract, and mar- 
 ried her physician, "Hofrath" Neusser. Her 
 retirement from the stage was universally re- 
 gretted. 
 
 Markull', Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Reichen- 
 bach, n. Elbing, Feb. 17, 1816 ; d. Danzig, 
 Apr. 30, 1887. Trained at Elbing by his father 
 and Kloss, both organists, and Schneider at 
 Dessau (1833-5) I from 1836, first organist at 
 the Marienkirche, Danzig. He also conducted 
 the Gesangverein, appeared as a concert-pianist 
 and organist, and was a most successful teacher. 
 In 1847, Royal Music-Director. Critic for the 
 Danzig " Zeitung." — Works : The operas 
 Maja U7id Alpino, oi/er die bezauberte Rose 
 (1843) ; Der Konig von Zion (1848) ; Das Wal- 
 purgisfest (1855) ; 2 oratorios, Johannes dcr 
 Tdiifer, and Das Geddchtniss der Entschlafenen 
 (prod, by Spohr at Kassel, 1856 ; publ.) ; the 
 86th Psalm, f. soli, ch., and orch.; symphonies ; 
 — he publ. numerous pieces f . pf . and f . org. ; 
 songs ; a " Choralbuch " cont. 136 chorals (Dan- 
 zig, 1845) ; arrangements of classical works ; etc. 
 
 Mark' wort, Johann Christian, writer ; b. 
 Riesling, u. Brunswick, Dec. 13, 1778 ; d. Bes- 
 sungen, n. Darmstadt, Jan. 13, 1866. A theo- 
 logical student, he adopted the career of a tenor 
 
 on the stages at Feldsberg, Trieste, Munich, 
 and Darmstadt, where he was chorus-director 
 1810-30, then pensioned. — Publ. " Umriss einer 
 Gesammttonwissenschaft uberhaupt wie auch 
 einer Sprach- und Tonsatzlehre und einer Ge- 
 saiig-. Ton- und Rede-Vortraglehre " (1826) ; 
 " Uber Klangveredelung der Stimme ..." 
 (1847); and an elementary pf.-method. Shorter 
 essays in mus. papers. 
 
 Marmontel, Antoine - Francois, b. Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand, Puy-de-D6me, July 18, 1816 ; 
 d. Paris, Jan. 17, 1898. Studied in Paris Cons, 
 under Zimmerman (pf.), Dourlen (harm.), 
 Halevy (fugue), and Lesueur (comp.) ; won ist 
 prize for pf.-playing in 1832. In 1837 he left 
 Lesueur's class to accept the direction of a class 
 in solfeggio ; in 1848 he succeeded Zimmer- 
 man as head of a pf. -class, and won endur- 
 ing fame in this capacity ; among his pupils 
 were Bizet, Jos. Wieniawsky, V. d'Indy, Th. 
 Dubois, E. Guiraud, H. Fissot, Paladilhe, Th. 
 Lack, A. and E. Duvernoy, L. Diemer, F. 
 Thome, F. Plante, etc. M. gave up his class in 
 1887. He publ. much piano-music, chiefly di- 
 dactic : " L'art de dechiffrer" (too easy stud- 
 ies); " Ecole elementaire de mecanisme et de 
 style "(24 studies; op. 6); Etudes (op. 9, 45, 
 62, 80, 85); "Ecole de mecanisme" (op. 105- 
 7); 5 Etudes de salon (op. 108); "L'art de 
 dechiflrer 4 4 mains" (op. iii) ; also sonatas, 
 serenades, characteristic pieces, ja/oz«-music, 
 dances, etc. — His writings include a "Petite 
 grammaire populaire"; "L'art classique et 
 moderne du piano" (1876, in 2 vol.s : vol. i, 
 " Conseils d'un professeur sur I'enseignement 
 technique et I'esthetique du piano"; vol. ii, 
 ' ' Vade-mecum du professeur de piano ") ; " Les 
 pianistes cel^bres" (1878); " Symphonistes et 
 virtuoses (1880); " Virtuoses contemporains"" 
 (1882); "Elements d'esthetique musicale, et 
 considerations sur le beau dans les arts " 
 (1884); " Histoire du piano et de ses origines 
 . . ."(1885). 
 
 Mar'purg, Friedrich Wilhelm, important 
 theorist ; b. Seehausen in the Altmark, Oct. I, 
 1718 ; d. Berlin, May 22, 1795. While secre- 
 tary to Gen. v. Rothenburg at Paris (1746-9!, 
 he made acquaintance with Rameau and his 
 theories ; after a short stay in Berlin, and a pro- 
 longed sojourn in Hamburg, he was app. (1763) 
 Director of the Prussian lottery at Berlin. — 
 Writings : " Die Kunst, das Clavier zu spielen" 
 (1750-1 ; 2 vol.s, often republ.) ; " Anleitung 
 zum Clavierspielen, der schonen AusUbung der 
 heutigen Zeit gemjss entworfen " (1755; 2nd 
 ed. 1765 : also in French [by M. himself], and 
 Dutch); " Abhandlung von der Fuge" (his 
 magnum opus ; 1753-4, i" 2 parts: French ed. 
 by M., 1755 ; modern revision by Sechter) ; 
 " Handbuch beim Generalbass und der Compo- 
 sition " (1755-8; 3 parts; supplem. 1760; 2nd 
 ed. 1762 : French by Choron and Lafage, 
 1836-8 ; Swedish, 1782) ; a German transl. of 
 
 377 
 
MARPURG— MARTIN 
 
 d'Alembert's " Elements de la musique " (" Sys- 
 tematische Einleitung in die mus. Setzkunst " 
 ace. to Rameau ; 1757); " Anieitung zur Musik 
 ilberhaupt und zur Singkunst insbesondere " 
 (1763)1 " Neue Methode, allerlei Arten von 
 Temperaturen dem Claviere aufs bequemste 
 mitzutheilen " (1779) ; and others. — He comp. 
 6 clavichord-sonatas, some books of pf. -pieces 
 and organ-music, songs (sacred and secular), 
 and an unfinished 4-p. mass. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Mar'purg, Friedrich, great-grandson of pre- 
 ceding ; b. Paderborn, Apr. 4, 1825 ; d. Wies- 
 baden, Dec. 2, 1884. Early developed violinist 
 and pianist ; studied comp. later under Men- 
 delssohn and Hauptmann at Leipzig, became 
 Kapelbn. at the Konigsberg Th., afterwards at 
 Mayence, 1864 at Sondershausen, and in i858 
 succeeded Mangold as court mus. dir. at Darm- 
 stadt ; Kapellm. at Freiburg 1873, and Laybach 
 1875, then going to Wiesbaden, and becoming 
 cond. of the Cdcilienverein. — Operas : Musa, 
 der letzte Maurenkonig (Konigsberg, 1855), 
 Agnes von Hohenstauffen (Freiburg, 1874), and 
 Die Lichtensteiner (not perf.). 
 
 Marsch'ner, Heinrich (August), remark- 
 able opera-composer ; b. Zittau, Saxony, Aug. 16, 
 1795 \nol 1796] ; d. 
 Hanover, Dec. 14, 
 1861. He had 
 piano-lessons from 
 his sixth year, and 
 surpassed three suc- 
 cessive teachers ; 
 also sang, until his 
 
 voice broke, in 
 church-choir at 
 Bautzen, where 
 he was taught by 
 Bergt, the organist, 
 while studying at 
 the Gymnasium. 
 He entered Leipzig 
 
 Univ. in 1813 as a law-student ; but his passion 
 for music, and Rochlitz's advice, decided his 
 vocation. Now a pupil of cantor Schicht, he be- 
 gan composing minor pieces ; in 1817 he was 
 invited to Vienna by Count Thaddaus von Ama- 
 dee, and met Beethoven. Obtaining, through 
 the count's aid, a place as music-teacher in 
 Pressburg, he wrote his first (i-act) opera, Der 
 Kyffhduserberg (not perf.) ; Saidor (3 acts ; 
 Pressburg, i8ig) and Heinrich IV. und d'Au- 
 bigni followed ; the latter, brought out at Dres- 
 den, 1820, by Weber, caused him to invite M. 
 thither, and 1821 found the latter in the Saxon 
 capital, where, in 1823, he was made director of 
 the German and Italian operas, jointly with 
 Weber and Morlacchi. After Weber's death 
 (1826), M. became Kapellm. of the Leipzig the- 
 atre, where he prod. Der Vampyr (1828) and 
 Der Templer und die Jiidin (1829), the latter 
 carrying his fame throughout Germany ; in 1831 
 he was app. court Kapellm. at Hanover, and 
 retained this post 28 years ; his liberal opinions. 
 
 freely expressed, caused his retirement on pen- 
 sion in 1859. In Hanover his greatest work, 
 Hans Heihng, was written ; it was first per- 
 formed on May 24, 1833, at Berlin, with tumul- 
 tuous applause ; with Der Vampyr, and Tem- 
 pler und Jiidin, it is still on the repertory of 
 most German theatres. In these romantic 
 operas Marschner stands between Weber on the 
 one hand, and Wagner on the other, though 
 nearer to the former. His is one of the great 
 names in the annals of German opera. His 
 other dramatic works {Der Hohdieb, Dresden, 
 1825 ; Lucretia, Danzig, 1826 ; Des Falkners 
 Braut, Leipzig, 1832 ; Das Schloss am Atna, 
 Berlin, 1838 ; Der Babu, Hanover, 1837 ; Adolf 
 von Nassau, Hanover, 1843 ; s.i\& Austin, Han- 
 over, 1851) have disappeared from the stage. A 
 posthumous opera, Hjarne der Sdngerkonig, was 
 prod, at Frankfort, 1863 ; also in 1883, at 
 Munich, as Konig Hjarne und das Tyrjing- 
 schwert. He also wrote music to Kleist's^nMz 
 Friedrich von Hamburg, Hall's AH Baba, 
 Kind's Schon Ellen, Rodenberg's Waldmiillers 
 Margaret, etc. ; he publ. some 20 sets of songs, 
 and 10 sets of 4-part male choruses (" Zigeuner- 
 leben," and others, are very fine) ; his pf,- 
 comp.s were popular at the time, but, with his 
 chamber-music, are now hardly played. 
 
 Marsch'ner, Franz, b. Leitmeritz, Bohemia, 
 Mar. 26, 1855. Pupil of Lugert and Skuhersky 
 at Prague Cons., and of Bruckner at Vienna ; 
 since 1886, teacher in the Female Teachers' 
 Seminary, Vienna. — Publ. an " Entwurf einer 
 Neugestaltung der Theorie und Praxis des kunst- 
 gemassen Anschlags " (on piano-touch ; Vienna, 
 1888), etc. 
 
 Marsick, Martin -Pierre -Joseph, distin- 
 guished violinist ; b. Jupille, n. Liege, Bel- 
 gium, Mar. 9, 1848. Pupil, at Liege Cons., of 
 Desire-Heynberg ; at 12, organist of the cathe- 
 dral, and a fine vocalist ; 1865-7, pupil of Leo- 
 nard at Brussels Cons.; i868-g of Massenet at 
 Paris Cons., taking ist prize for violin-playing ; 
 1870-1 of Joachim at Berlin. After a brilliant 
 debut at Paris in the "Concerts populaires" 
 (1873), he undertook long artistic tours in Eu- 
 rope and (1895-6) to the United States. In 
 1892 he succeeded Massart as violin-prof, at 
 the Paris Cons. — Works : 3 violin-concertos ; 
 Adagio scherzando ; Adagio in G min. ; 2 Re- 
 veries ; Songe ; Romance ; Tarentelle ; Agitato ; 
 Intermezzo ; Berceuse ; and other concert-pieces 
 for violin. 
 
 Marteau, Henri, excellent violinist, a native 
 of Rheims, studied in the Paris Cons., taking 
 1st prize in 1892 for violin-playing. American 
 tours, 1893, 1898 ; Russian tour, spring of 
 1899. 
 
 Martel'li, Eutalindo. Pen-name of Teo- 
 
 DORO COTTRAU. 
 
 Martia'nus Capella. See Capella. 
 Martin, Jean-Blaise, famous dramatic bari- 
 tone ; b. Paris, Oct. 14, 1769 ; d. there Oct. 18, 
 
 378 
 
MARTIN— MARTUCCI 
 
 1837. Debut Th. de Monsieur, 1788 ; sang at 
 the Th. Feydeau and Th. Favart until they 
 were united as the Opera-Comique in 1801, then 
 at this last till 1823. 
 
 Martin, Pierre- Alexandre, inventor of the 
 "percussion" action in the harmonium (little 
 hammer striking the reed to insure prompt 
 speaking), was an organ-builder at Paris, where 
 he died in Dec, 1879. 
 
 Martin y Solar, Vicente, b. Valencia, 
 Spain, 1754 ; d. St. Petersburg, May, 1810. 
 Organist at Alicante ; going to Madrid, he wrote 
 some airs for an Italian singer, who advised him 
 to try his fortune in Italy. Here his operas 
 speedily won popularity, although Cimarosa and 
 Paisiello were his rivals ; in Vienna, La cosa rara 
 (1785, his masterwork) was greeted with enthu- 
 siasm ; even in rivalry with Mozart, he held his 
 own at the time. From 1788-1801 he directed 
 the Italian opera at St. Petersburg ; on the in- 
 troduction of French opera, he fell from favor, 
 and supported himself by teaching. His 10 
 operas, several ballets, etc., are forgotten. 
 
 Martinez, Marianne di, b. Vienna, May 4, 
 1744; d. there Dec. 13, 1812. Vocalist and 
 pianist, pupil of Metastasio and Haydn. — • 
 Works : Oratorios, motets, psalms, symphonies, 
 pf. -concertos, etc. (all MS., in poss. of the Ge- 
 sellschaft der Musikfreunde). 
 
 Marti'ni, Giambattista, best known as 
 Padre Martini; b. Bologna, Apr. 25, 1706; 
 d. there Aug. 3, 1784. His mus. education was 
 conducted by his father, a violinist ; by Padre 
 Predieri (clavichord and voice) ; and Riccieri 
 (cpt.). In 1725 he became m. di capp. at the 
 church of San Francesco, and took holy orders 
 in 1729. In his eager study of mathematics 
 and counterpoint he was seconded by Zanotti 
 and Perti, m. di capp. at San Petronio ; his 
 masses and oratorios rendered him famous 
 throughout Europe as a composer, and his re- 
 nown as a learned theorist was still greater. 
 Students of all nationalities sought his instruc- 
 tion (among them Gluck, Mozart, Gretry, Jom- 
 melli, Mattei), and recognized authorities in 
 musical science and history submitted knotty 
 questions to him for settlement. The greater 
 part of his magnificent musical library went to 
 the Liceo Musicals of Bologna ; the rest to the 
 Vienna Library. He was a member of the Ac- 
 cademia Filarmonica of Bologna ; also of the 
 Accad. Arcadica of Rome, in which his " Arca- 
 dian" title was " Aristosseno Anfioneo" (Aris- 
 toxenos Amphion). Of his compositions, in the 
 style of the Roman school (of which he was 
 a warm partisan), the following were publ.; 
 " Litaniae atque antiphoniae finales . . .,"1 
 a 4, w. org. and instr.s (1734); 12 " Sonate 
 d'intavolatura per I'orgSno e cembalo " (1742) ; 
 6 ditto (1747); " Duetti da camera a diversi 
 voci"(i763). In MS. are 2 oratorios, masses, 
 a " farsetta," 3 intermezzi, etc. — His principal 
 work is a " Storia della musica" (3 vol.s ; Bo- 
 
 logna, 1757, '70, '81), treating only of ancient 
 music ; the " Esemplare ossia saggio fondamen- 
 tale pratico di contrappunlo" (2 vol.s; 1774, 
 '75) is a coll. of contrapuntal models ; he also 
 wrote " Regole per gli organisti per accompa- 
 gnare il canto fermo" (1756 ?), other learned dis- 
 sertations and essays, etc. — Della Valle wrote 
 an " Elogio del P. Giamb. Martini" (Bologna, 
 1784), and " Memorie storiche del P. M. Giov. 
 Batt. Martini" (1785). 
 
 Marti'ni {rede Schwar'zendorf), Jean 
 Paul Egide, b. Freistadt in the Palatinate, 
 Sept. I, 1741 ; d. Paris, Feb. 19, 1816. In 
 1760 he settled in Nancy, and Italianized his 
 name ; went to Paris in 1764, and, by winning 
 a prize for a military march, gained favor in 
 high circles, was app. officer k la suite of an 
 Hussar regiment, and wrote more band-music, 
 also bringing out in 1771 an opera, V Amoureux 
 de quinze ans, with triumphant success at the 
 Italian Opera. Leaving the army, he became 
 mus. dir. to the Prince of Conde, later to the 
 Comte d'Artois. He purchased the reversion 
 of the office of First Intendant of the king's 
 music, a speculation brought to naught by the 
 Revolution, which caused him to resign in haste 
 his position as conductor at the Th. Feydeau, 
 and flee to Lyons in 1792. App. Cons. Inspec- 
 tor in 1794, lie lost this place, too, at the reduc- 
 tion of the number of teachers in 1802 ; but at 
 the Restoration in 1814 he claimed and received 
 the post of Royal Intendant. He wrote 12 
 operas ; 2 cantatas ; masses, requiems, psalms, 
 and other church-music ; also chamber-music, 
 military music, pf.-pieces, etc. 
 
 Martuc'ci, Giuseppe, noteworthy composer ; 
 b. Capua, Jan. 6, 1856. A pupil of his father 
 (a trumpet-player), he 
 made his pianistic 
 debut at Naples, 
 1867, and was ad- 
 mitted to the Cons., 
 studying under Cesi, 
 Costa, Serrao, and L. 
 Rossi, till 1872. In 
 1874 he was app. pro- 
 fessor in the Cons. 
 He cond. the orches- 
 tral concerts establ. by 
 Prince d'Ardore, and 
 was also the director 
 of the Neapolitan So- 
 ciety del Quartetto. 
 
 From 1875 he travelled as a successful concert- 
 pianist in Italy, Germany, France, and Eng- 
 land. Since 1886, Director of the Bologna 
 Cons. — Works: Symphony in D min., op. 75 ; 
 pf.-concerto in B min., op. 66; pf. -quintet in 
 C, op. 45 ; string-quartets ; pf.-trio in £[>, op. 
 62 ; sonata f. pf. and 'cello in F # min., op. 52 ; 
 3 pieces f . vln. and pf . , op. 67 ; 3 pieces f . 
 'cello and pf., op. 6g ; manj^ interesting pf.- 
 pieces (caprices, romances, etudes, etc.; e.g.. 
 
 379 
 
MARTY— MASCAGNI 
 
 " Trois morceaux pour piano,'' op, 76); an 
 organ-sonata ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Marty, Georges-Eugene, b. Taris, May 16, 
 i860. Attended the Cons. 1872-82, winning 
 the Grand prix de Rome with the cantata 
 £dith ; since 1894, prof, for ensemble-singing 
 in the Cons.; 1895-6, chorusmaster and con- 
 ductor of the Concerts de I'Opera. — Works : 
 For orch., Ballade d'hiver ; Ouverture de Bal- 
 thazar ; Matinee de printemps ; — Lysic, l-act 
 pantomime (1888) ; Le Due de Ferrare, 3-act 
 opera (fragments perf. in the Cone, de I'Opera, 
 l8g6) ; La grande Mademoiselle (not perf.) ; the 
 dram, poem Merlin enehanU ; several orches- 
 tral suites, much pf.-music, choruses, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Marx, Adolf Bernhard, celebrated theorist 
 and writer ; b. Halle, May 15, 1799 I ^- Berlin, 
 May 17, 1866. Intended for the law, he ma- 
 triculated at the Univ. of Halle, but hkewise 
 studied music with Tlirk, and gave up a subse- 
 quent legal appointment at Naumburg to gratify 
 his love for art. He continued the study of 
 composition in Berlin under Zelter while gain- 
 ing a livelihood by teaching ; founded_, with 
 Schlesinger, the "Berliner allgemeine musika- 
 lische Zeitung" in 1824, which he edited with 
 conspicuous talent, as a warm advocate of Ger- 
 man masters, until its cessation in 1830. Took 
 the degree of Dr. phil. at Marburg, 1827 ; lec- 
 tured on music at the Berlin Univ., and was 
 app. prof, in 1830, and mus. dir. in 1832. 
 With KuUak and Stern he founded the Berlin 
 Cons, in 1850, retiring from it in 1856 to devote 
 himself to literary and University work, and the 
 teaching of composition. His intimate friend- 
 ship with Mendelssohn was dissolved by the 
 latter's disparagement of his (Marx's) composi- 
 tions, which have, in fact, not stood the test of 
 time (an opera, a melodrama, 2 oratorios, sym- 
 phonies, etc.) ; his writings on musical theory 
 and iESthetics are valuable : " Die Lehre von 
 der musikalischen Komposition " (4 vol.s, sev- 
 eral times reprinted, new edition by Hugo Rie- 
 mann) ; "Allgemeine Musiklehre" (1839; gth 
 ed. 1875 ; transl. into English) ; Uber Malerei 
 in der Tonkunst " (1828); "Uber die Geltung 
 Handel'scher Sologesange fur unsre Zeit" 
 (1829); "Die alte Musiklehre in Strait mit 
 unsrer Zeit" (1842); "Die Musik des 19. 
 Jahrhunderts und ihre Pflege '" (1855) ; " Lud- 
 wig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen " 
 (1858; 3rd ed. 1875); " Gluck und die Oper" 
 (1863; 2 vol.s); " Anleitung zura Vortrag Bee- 
 thoven'scher Klavierwerke " (1863); " Erinne- 
 rungen aus meinem Leben" (1865 ; 2 vol.s). 
 
 Marx'sen, Eduard, b. Nienstadten. n. Al- 
 tona, July 23, 1806; d. Altona, Nov. l8, 1887 (8 ?). 
 ■ Pupil of his father, an organist, and Clasing ; 
 later of Seyfried and Bocklet, Vienna. Music- 
 teacher in Hamburg (the teacher of Brahms) ; 
 1875, " Royal Music-director." 
 
 Marzials, Theodor, noted song-composer ; 
 
 b. Brussels, Dec. 21, 1850. Studied with M. L. 
 Lawson in Dondon ; later in Paris and Milan. 
 Since 1870, superintendent of the mus. dept. in 
 the British Museum. He is an excellent bari- 
 tone singer, a circumstance which has been con- 
 ducive to the introduction and popularization of 
 his songs : ("A Summer Shower," " Twicken- 
 ham Ferry," " The Garland," " Ask nothing 
 more," " TheButtercup Queen," " Three Sailor- 
 boys," " The Miller and the Maid," " Leaving, 
 yet loving," " Come back in dreams," " Never 
 to know," " That sweet story of old," etc.). 
 
 Mar'zo, Eduardo, b. Naples, Italy ; studied 
 there under Nacciarone, Miceli, and Pappalardo. 
 He went to New York 
 in 1867 as a boy-pian- 
 ist ; conducted opera- 
 and concert-compa- 
 nies for many years, 
 and was accompanist 
 to numerous great 
 artists (CarlottaPatti, 
 Mario, Titjens, 
 Sauret, Sarasate) on 
 tours in America. 
 Org. at St. Agnes' 
 (R. C.) church ; then 
 at All Saints'. 
 Knighted bythe King _ 
 
 of Italy in 1S84 ; 
 
 elected member of the R. Acad, of S. Cecilia, 
 Rome, in 1892. Residing (1899) in New York 
 as a teacher of singing, composer, and per- 
 former. — Publ. works : 6 masses (3 w. orch.) ; 
 3 Vespers ; 3 Te Deums (Engl.) ; 2 anthems 
 (do.) ; 5 anthems (Latin) ; 23 sacred songs (Engl, 
 and Lat.) ; 26 songs ; a Collection containing i 
 mass and 12 motets (orig.) ; 4 collections of 
 sacred motets ; 7 pf. -pieces ; etc. 
 
 Masca'gni, Pietro, b. Leghorn, Dec. 7, 
 1863. Plis father, a baker by trade, wished him 
 to study jurispru- 
 dence ; but he learned 
 piano-playing by 
 stealth, later attend- 
 ing Soffredini'smusic- 
 school, where he 
 studied pf. , harm., 
 cpt. , and comp. His 
 father, discovering /,<; 
 this, confined him to m 
 the house, whence he "" 
 was freed by an uncle, 
 who promised to take 
 care of the 14-year- 
 old boy. He comp. 
 a 2 - act opera, // 
 Filanda, and Schiller's " Hymn to Joy." Upon 
 his uncle's death. Count Florestan supported 
 • him while studying at Milan Cons, under Pon- 
 chielli and Saladino. After a long struggle as 
 cond. of various small opera-troupes, he became 
 cond. of the musical society at Cerignola. When 
 the music-publisher Sonzogno offered a prize 
 
 380 
 
MASC?IEK— MASON 
 
 for a l-act opera, M . sent in Cavalleriu riisticana, 
 which created a veritable sensation at its first 
 performance (Costanzi Th., Rome, May 17, 
 l8go), and has since been heard the world over. 
 The general enthusiasm which the work pro- 
 duced at first hearing has been termed ' ' an 
 acute attack of Mascagnitis,"and notable critics 
 have unmercifully condemned the music, while 
 admitting the dramatic force of the libretto. 
 Music and text certainly work in wonderful 
 harmony in the swift and gloomy tragedy. So 
 far, it has remained M.'s masterpiece. He 
 brought out L'Amico Fritz (Rome and Berlin, 
 1891), and I Rantzau (Florence, 1892), neither 
 of which met expectations ; there followed the 
 4-act opera seria Guglielmo Satcliff (y^Wsin, La 
 Scala, Feb. 17, 1895 ; mod. succ), the 2-act 
 opera seria Sihano (ibid, 1895 ; fiasco), and 
 in the same year M. was app. Director of the 
 Rossini Cons, at 'Pesaro ; then came the i- 
 act " bozzetto " Zanetlo (Pesaro, l8g6 ; sticch 
 destime), and the 3-act opera Iris (Rome, Co- 
 stanzi Th., Nov. 22, 1898 ; success not brilliant ; 
 its prod, at La Scala, Milan, Jan. 19, 1899, 
 partly revised, met with only fair success). 
 Among various "occasional" comp.s, a Hymn 
 in honor of Admiral Dewey (July, 1899) may be 
 noticed. — The vogue of Cav. rusticana is re- 
 sponsible for the seemingly endless crop of i-act 
 ' ' realistic " music-dramas which has sprung up 
 on every side. 
 
 Maschek, Vincenz, b, Zwikovecz, Bohemia, 
 Apr. 5, 1755 ; d. Prague, Nov. 15, 1831. Pupil 
 of Seegert and Dussek ; virtuoso on the pf . and 
 harmonica ; after long tours, he settled in Prague 
 as an organist and music-dealer. — Works : Bo- 
 hemian operas, masses, symphonies, chamber- 
 music, pieces f. pf. and harmonica, etc. — His 
 brother Paul (1761-1826) was a good pianist, 
 and died as a teacher in Vienna. 
 
 Maset'ti, Umberto, b. Bologna, Feb. 18, 
 1869; studied at the Cons, there under dal- 
 rOlio, Busi, and Martucci, graduating in 1890. 
 Since 1895, prof, of singing in the above Cons. ; 
 is also a member of the R. Philharm. Acad. — 
 Works : The 3-act opera Vindice (Bologna, 
 1891 ; succ.) ; a Messa di gloria for solo voices ; 
 a Requiem f. 4 voices and orch. ; a Scherzo sin- 
 fonico f. orch. ; and numerous songs. 
 
 Masi'ni, Francesco, b. Florence, July 16, 
 1804 ; d. Paris, in extreme poverty, Aug. 20, 
 1863. Since 1830 he had lived in Paris as a 
 composer of very popular songs. 
 
 Mason, Lowell, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 
 1792; d. Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872. A self- 
 taught musician, at l6he directed the church-choir 
 atMedfield; 1812-27, bank-clerk at Savannah, 
 Ga., still teaching and conducting ; 1827, went to 
 Boston, becoming president of the Handel and 
 Haydn Soc, and establishing classes on Pesta- 
 lozzi's system, teaching it from 1828 in the pub- 
 lic schools. Founded the Boston Acad, of Mu- 
 sic in 1832, with G. J. Webb ; in 1835, hon. 
 
 Mus. Doc. (N. Y. Univ.). Studied mus. peda- 
 gogic methods in Germany, etc., in 1837, pub- 
 lishing his experiences in " Musical Letters from 
 Abroad " (New York, 1853). He became wealthy 
 through the sale of his popular collections of 
 music: "Boston Handel and Haydn Coll. of 
 Church Music" (1822); "Juvenile Psalmist" 
 (1829); "Juvenile Lyre" (1830); "Sabbath 
 School Songs " (1836) ; " Boston Academy Coll. 
 of Church Music " (1836) ; " Lyra sacra " (1837) ; 
 "Boston Anthem Book " (1839) ; "The Psal- 
 tery" (1845) ; " Cantica Laudis" (1850) ; " New 
 Carmina sacra" (1852) ; "The Song Garden" 
 (1866) ; etc. 
 
 Mason, William, distinguished Amer. pian- 
 ist and pedagogue; b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 
 1829. The son of 
 Lowell Mason, his 
 opportunities for 
 study were excel- 
 lent ; after pf. -les- 
 sons from Henry 
 Schmidt in Bos- 
 ton, and frequent 
 public appearances 
 (first in Boston, 
 Mar. 7, 1B46, at 
 an Acad, of Music 
 concert), he stud- 
 ied in Leipzig 
 (1849) under Mo- 
 scheles, Haupt- 
 mann, and Rich- 
 
 ter, in Prague under Dreyschock, and under 
 Liszt at Weimar. (In 1877 Liszt wrote him : 
 " 24 years ago, as a student, you already shone 
 brightly as a virtuoso, and often surprised me 
 most agreeably by your talent. I am delighted 
 that the latter is now firmly established, assuring 
 you the fame of an excellent artist.") He played 
 in Weimar, Prague, and Frankfort ; 1853, in 
 London; 1854-5, as a ripe concert-pianist, .in 
 various American towns, settling 1855 in New 
 York. With Th. Thomas, Bergmann, Mosen- 
 thal, and Matzka, he founded the " Mason and 
 Thomas Soirees of Chamber-music," a series of 
 classic concerts continued until 1868 ; since then 
 he has won wide celebrity as a composer and 
 teacher. In 1872 Yale College conferred on him 
 the hon. degree of Mus. Doc. — His principal 
 text-book for piano-playing is " Touch and 
 Technic, a Method for Artistic Piano-playing " 
 (op. 44); others are "A Method for the Pf." 
 with E. S. Hoadley (1867) ; " System for Begin- 
 ners" (1871) ; and " Mason's Pianoforte-Tech- 
 nics" 1878. His comp.s, classical in form and 
 refined in style and treatment, incl. a Serenata f. 
 'cello and pf.; among some 40 numbers f. pf. 
 solo may be named op. 4, Amitie pour moi ; op. 
 6, Silver Spring ; op. 12, Ballade in B ; op. 13, 
 Monody in B^i; op. 20, Spring Dawn, mazurka- 
 caprice ; op. 24, Reverie poetique ; op. 34, Ber- 
 ceuse ; op. 39, Serenata ; op. 41, Scherzo; op. 
 50, Capriccio fantastico, 
 
 381 
 
MASON— MASZKOWSKV 
 
 Mason, Luther Whiting, b. Turner, Maine, 
 Apr. 3, 1828 ; d. Buckfield, Me., July 14, i8g6. 
 Chiefly self-taught ; 1853, supt. of music in Lou- 
 isville (Ivy.) schools, later in Cincinnati, where 
 he invented the "National System" of music- 
 charts and books (Ginn & Co., Boston), which 
 had instant success, and made him famous. Set- 
 tled in Boston 1865, and reformed mus. instruc- 
 tion in the primary schools ; in 1879 he was in- 
 vited by the Japanese government to superintend 
 music in the schools of Japan, where he labored 
 3 years with notable results (school-music in 
 Japan is termed "Mason-song"). Spent some 
 time in Germany perfecting his principal work, 
 "The National Music-Course" (in German as 
 " Die neue Gesangsschule "). 
 
 Mas'sa, Nicolo, b. Calice Ligure, Italy, 
 1854 ; d. Genoa, Jan. 24, 1894. Pupil of Milan 
 Cons. Successful opera-composer. — Works : // 
 Conte di Chatillon (Parma, Regio Th., 1882) ; 
 Salammbb (Milan, La Scala, 1884?); 4-act 
 opera seria £'ri?j' (Florence, Pagliano Th., 1895). 
 
 Massaini, Tiburzio, 16th-century contra- 
 puntist ; b. Cremona. Augustine monk ; m. di 
 capp. at Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome ; then to 
 Emperor Rudolph II. at Prague (1580) ; was 
 living in Rome in 1605. Madrigals, masses, 
 motets, psalms, etc. , are preserved in collections 
 of the time, also in MS. at Rome. 
 
 Massart, Lambert-Joseph, eminent violin- 
 ist ; b. Liege, July ig, 1811 ; d. Paris, Feb. 13, 
 1892. Pupil of R. Kreutzer at Paris, where he 
 was refused admission to the Cons., as a for- 
 eigner, by Cherubini, but became so famous a 
 teacher that he was app. prof, of violin there 
 (1843-go). H. Wieniawski, Marsick, Sarasate, 
 and Teresina Tua were his pupils. — His wife, 
 Louise-Aglae M. (n^e Masson), pianist, and 
 (1875) Farrenc's successor as Cons. -teacher ; b. 
 Paris, June 10, 1827 ; d. there July 26, 1887. 
 
 Masse, F61ix-Marie, called Victor, opera- 
 comp. ; b. Lorient, Morbihan, France, Mar. 7, 
 1822 ; d. Paris, July 5, 1884. From 1834-44, 
 pupil of Zimmerman (pf.) and Halevy (theory) 
 at the Paris Cons. , winning the Grand prix de 
 Rome with his cantata, Le K^n^gai de Tanger 
 (perf. 3 times at the Opera, 1845). While in 
 Rome he prod, a solemn mass, and sent home 
 an Italian opera, La Favorita e la schiava. After 
 his return, his romances had great vogue, and 
 his first French opera. La Chambre gothiqve 
 (Op. -Com., 1849), was very successful. His 
 greatest hit was Les noces de Jeannette (Op.- 
 Com., 1853 ; I act) ; others well-received, but 
 short-lived {La Chanteuse voilde, 1850 ; Galath^e, 
 1852 ; La Fiancee du diable, 1855 ; Miss 
 Fauvette, 1855 ; Les Saisons, 1855 I La reine 
 Topaze, 1856 ; Le cousin de Marivaux, 1857 ; 
 Les Chaises a porteurs^ 1858 ; La fi?e Carabosse, 
 1859 ; Mariette la prottiise, 1862 ; L^e mule de 
 PMro, 1863 ; Fior d'Aliza, 1866 ; Le Fils du 
 brigadier, 1867; Paul et Virginie, 1876; Une 
 nuit de Cle'opdtre, 1877 ; 5 not perf.). — 1860, 
 
 chorusmaster at the Opera ; 1866, Leborne's 
 successor as prof, of counterpoint at the Cons. ■ 
 1872, Auber's successor in the Academie. He 
 retired in 1880. 
 
 Massenet, Jules (-Emile-Fr6d6ric),^ gifted 
 French composer ; b. Monteaux, n. St.-!^tienne 
 (Loire), France, May 
 12, 1842. Pupil of 
 Laurent (pf.), Reber 
 (harm.), Savard and 
 Ambr. Thomas 
 (comp.) ; after taking 
 first prizes for piano- 
 playing, and fugue, 
 he carried off the 
 Grand prix de Rome 
 with the cantata 
 David Rizzio (1863). 
 Prof, of composition 
 at the Cons., from 
 1878 until his resig- 
 nation in i8g6 ; in 
 187S he succeeded to the chair in the Academie 
 vacated by Bazin ; he is a Commander of the 
 Legion of Honor, and Vice-President of the See. 
 of Dramatic Authors. — Works : The i-act comic 
 opera La Grand' Xante (1867); the 3-act do. 
 Don Cisar de Bazan (1872) ; the 5-act opera Le 
 Roi de Lahore (1877) ; LLirodiade, 4 acts (1884) ; 
 Le Cid, 4 acts (1885) ; Esclarmonde, 4-act fairy- 
 opera (1889) ; Le Mage, 5 acts (1891) ; Werther, 
 3-act lyric drama (1892) ; Thais, 3-act lyric com- 
 edy (1894) ; Le portrait de Manon, 1-act comic 
 opera (1894) ; La Navarraise, 2-act lyric episode 
 (London, l8g4; Paris, 1895); 5-act opera i'ff/& 
 (Op.-Com., Nov. 27, 1897, Calve as Sapho) ; 
 opera Cendrillon (MS.). He has also written the 
 music to de I^isle's Erinnyes (1873), and toSar- 
 dou's Crocodile (1886) and Theodora (1884) ; the 
 4-act sacred drama Marie-Magdeleine (Odeon 
 Th., 1873) ; i.ve, a mystery in 3 parts (1B75); 
 La Vierge, oratorio (1880) ; 5 orchestral suites 
 (Poeme d'avril ; Suite d'orchestre ; Poeme de 
 souvenir ; Scenes hongroises ; Scenes pittc- 
 resques) ; an orch.l overture " Phedre," and 
 others ; orchestral fantaisies (Scenes napohtaines, 
 Scenes alsaciennes) ; pf. -pieces, romances, etc. 
 
 Masut'to, Giovanni, b. Treviso, July 30, 
 1830 ; d. Venice, Jan. i, 1894. Mus. critic for 
 several Venetian papers ; publ. " I maestri di 
 musica italiani del secoloXIX " (Venice, 3rd ed. 
 1884), and "Delia Musica sacra in Italia." — 
 His son, 
 
 Masut'to, Renzo, b. Treviso, Apr. 25, 1858, 
 is bandmaster of the 27th Italian infantry regi- 
 ment, also a concert-pianist and violinist, and a 
 noteworthy composer (2 operas ; overtures ; pf.- 
 pieces ; songs). 
 
 Maszkow'sky [-kov'-], Raphael, b. Lem- 
 berg, 1838. Pupil of the Conservatories at 
 Vienna and Leipzig; rS85, cond. of the " Im- 
 thurneum " at Schaffhausen ; 1889, mus. dir. at 
 
 382 
 
MATERNA— MATTHAI 
 
 Koblenz ; in i8go succeeded Bruch as cond. of 
 the Breslau Orchestral Soc. 
 
 Mater'na, Amalie, great dramatic soprano ; 
 b. St. Georgen, Styria, July lo, 1847. On the 
 death of her father, a schoolmaster, she sang in 
 churches and concerts at Graz ; also made her 
 debut in opera as a soubrette. After her mar- 
 riage to Karl Friedrich, an actor, they were en- 
 gaged at the Carl Theatre, Vienna, where she 
 sang in operettas ; she was engaged at the Vienna 
 Court Opera from 1869-96 as prima donna, then 
 retiring (she has, however, sung in New York 
 since then). Her impersonation of Wagner 
 roles was particularly fine ; she created Brilnn- 
 hilde at Bayreuth in 1876. 
 
 Mathews, William Smythe Babcock, b. 
 New London, N. H., May 8, 1837. He studied 
 with local teachers ; later at Lowell and Boston ; 
 taught pf. at Macon, Ga., 1860-3, then at Green- 
 boro, N. C, and Marion, Ala. ; organist of Cen- 
 tenary M. E. Ch., Chicago, 1867-93; corre-. 
 spondent for " Dwight's Journal of Music " 
 1866-72 ; editor of the " Musical Independent" 
 1868-72 ; mus. critic of Chicago " Times," 
 "Morning News," and "Tribune" (1878-86) ; 
 founder (1891) and editor of the monthly maga- 
 zine "Music." — Publ. works: "Outlines of Mus. 
 Form " (1867); "Emerson Organ-Method," with 
 L. 0. Emerson (1870) ; " Mason's Pf.-Tech- 
 nics," with Dr. Wm. Mason (1876) ; " How to 
 Understand Music" (vol. i, 1880 ; vol. ii, 1888); 
 "100 Years of Music in America" (1889) ; "Pop- 
 ular History of Music " (1889) ; "Pronouncing 
 Dictionary of Mus. Terms" (i8g6) ; "Music, 
 Its Ideals and Methods " (i 897) ; and half a score 
 of instructive works of various descriptions. 
 
 Mathias, Georges (-Am6d6e-Saint-Clair), 
 b. Paris, Oct. 14, 1826. Pupil of Savard, Bazin, 
 Barbereau, and Halevy (in comp.) at the Cons., 
 and of Kalkbrenner and Chopin (pf.). Prof, of 
 pf. at the Cons., 1862 ; of late years has lived in 
 retirement as a composer. — Works : Symphony, 
 op. 22 ; overtures to Hamlet and Mazeppa; 2 
 pf. -concertos ; 6 pf. -trios ; 5 morceaux sympho- 
 niques f. pf. and strings ; pf. -etudes ("Etudes 
 de style et de mecanisme," op. 28 ; " Etudes de 
 genre," op. 10); "CEuvreschoisis pour le piano," 
 a coll. of excellent pieces for 2 and 4 hands ; etc. 
 
 Mathieu, Adolphe- Charles -Ghislain, b. 
 
 Mons, Belgium, June 22, 1804 ; custodian of 
 MSS. in the Brussels Library ; publ. the mono- 
 graph "Roland de Lattre" (1838, 2nd ed. 
 1840). 
 
 Mathieu, ^mile (-Louis-Victor), b. Lille, 
 France, of Belgian parentage, Oct. 18, 1844. 
 After preliminary study at the Louvain Music- 
 school, he entered Brussels Cons. (Bosselet, 
 harmony ; Fetis, cpt. and fugue ; Aug. Dupont, 
 pf.), taking 1st -harmony-prize in i86l, and ist 
 pf.-prize in 1863 ; from 1867-73, prof, of pf. 
 and harmony at Louvain Music-school ; 1873-4, 
 chef d'orchestre at the Chitelet Th., Paris; 
 i88i-g8, Director of the Louvain Music-school ; 
 
 since Nov., 1898, Dir. of the R. Cons, at 
 Ghent. In 1869, and again in 1871, he won the 
 2nd Grand prix de Rome at Brussels ; he is a 
 Chevalier of the Order of Leopold (1885), and 
 Officer since 1896 ; corr. member of the R. 
 Belgian Acad, since 1897. — Works : i-act com. 
 opera r£change (Liege, 1863) ; com. opera 
 Bathyle (Brussels, 1893) ; 2-act com. opera 
 Georges Dandin (Brussels, 1877) ; i-act com. 
 opera La Bernoise (Brussels, 1880) ; 4-act lyric 
 tragedy Richilde (Brussels, 1888) ; 3-act opera 
 I' Enfance de Jioland {BrMsseli, 1895); music to 
 Sejour's Cromwell (Paris, 1874) ; a ballet, Fu- 
 meurs de A'i^ (Brussels, 1876) ; the cantatas La 
 derniere nuit de Faust ^ Le songe de Colombo Tor- 
 quato Tassd s dood^ Debout^ peuple ! and 2 chil- 
 dren's cantatas, Les Bois and I'Acole frater- 
 nelle ; 3 grand ' ' poemes lyriques et sympho- 
 niques," Le Hoyoux, Freyhir, and Le Sorbier ; 
 3 orch.l symphonic poems ; a violin-concerto ; a 
 Te Deum ; male choruses ; French and Flemish 
 songs. All are publ., excepting the large can- 
 tatas, the first two operas, the orch.l symphonic 
 poems, Cromwell, and the Te Deum. M. also 
 wrote the texts of Richilde, VEnfance de Ro- 
 land {bot\i transl. into German by Fremery), and 
 the 3 " Poemes lyr. et symph." 
 
 Matte'i, Abbate Stanislao, b. Bologna, 
 Feb. 10, 1750; d. there May 12, 1825. He 
 succeeded his teacher, Padre Martini, as m. di 
 capp. at San Francesco ; was later maestro at 
 S. Petronio, and prof, of counterpoint at the 
 Liceo Filarmonico from its organization (1804). 
 Among his pupils were Rossini, Donizetti, Pa- 
 cini, Tadolini, etc. Eminent comp. of sacred 
 music ; publ. ' ' Pratica d'accompagnamento 
 sopra bassi numerati . . ." (3 parts ; Bologna, 
 1825-30 ; new ed. by Ricordi). 
 
 Matte'i, Tito, b. Campobasso, n. Naples, 
 May 24, 1841. Pianist ; pupil of Maggoni, 
 Parisi, Ruta, Conti, and Thalberg ; at 11 (!) 
 created " Professore " of the Accad. di Santa 
 Cecilia, Rome ; received a special gold medal 
 for playing before Pope Pius IX. , and was app. 
 pianist to the King of Italy. After Continental 
 tours, he settled about 1865 in London, becom- 
 ing cond. at Her Majesty's Th. — Works: 
 Opera Maria di Gand {H. M.'s Th., London, 
 1880); comic opera La Prima Donna (1889); 
 ballet The Spider and the Fly (1893) ; all suc- 
 cessful ; much brilliant pf. -music ; very popular 
 songs. 
 
 Matte'is, Nicola, Italian violinist who set- 
 tled 1672 in London. Publ. 4 books of " Ayres, 
 Preludes, Fugues and Allemands" f. violin; 
 and a " Guide to Playing a true Base upon the 
 Guittare." — His son, Nicola (d. 1749), '''^^d '" 
 Vienna, and in Shrewsbury, England. He was 
 Burney's teacher. 
 
 Matthai, Heinrich August, b. Dresden, 
 Oct. 30, 1781 ; d. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 1835. Ex- 
 cellent violinist, Campagnoli's successor (18 17) 
 as first Concertmeisier at the Gewandhaus. 
 
 3S3 
 
MATTHESON— MAYER 
 
 Mat'theson, Johann, b. Hamburg, Sept. 28, 
 1681 ; d. there Apr. 17, 1764. Of thorough 
 general education, a student of law, and master 
 of several languages, his decided mus. talent 
 was developed by Braunmiiller, Pratorius, and 
 Kellner; at 9 he sang, composed, and played 
 the organ and harpsichord ; entered the opera- 
 chorus i6go, and 1697-1705 sang operatic ^tenor 
 roles, also bringing out 5 operas ; he befriended 
 Handel in 1703, but afterwards broke with him ; 
 and 1705 became tutor in the English ambassa- 
 dor's family ; 1706, secretary of legation ; later, 
 ambassador ad interim. From 1715-28, mus. 
 dir., and cantor, at the Hamburg Cathedral ; 
 deafness then obliged him to resign the former 
 post. His comp.s include 8 operas, 24 oratorios 
 and cantatas, a Passion, a mass, suites f. clavi- 
 chord, 12 flute-sonatas w. violin ; etc. (88 publ. 
 works; some in Pauer's "Old German Com- 
 posers "). A partial list of his writings, impor- 
 tant for their promulgation of advanced views, 
 brushing aside traditional prejudices, follows : 
 "Das neu-eroffnete Orchester, oder griindliche 
 Anleitung, wie ein galant homine einen vollkom- 
 menen Begriff von der Hoheit und WUrde der 
 edlen Musik erlangen mbge " (1713) ; "Das 
 beschtitzte Orchester" \yerstis Buttstedt's " Ut, 
 re, mi, fa, sol, la, tota musica"] (1717) ; "Die 
 exemplarische Organistenprobe " (1719 ; 2nd 
 ed. as " Grosse Generalbass-Schule," (1731) ; 
 " Critica musica" (2 vol.s ; 1722); "Der 
 brauchbare Virtues" (1720); "Das forschende 
 Orchester" (1721) ; " De eruditione musica" 
 (1732); "Der vollkommene Capellmeister " 
 (1739) i " Grundlagen einer Ehrenpforte, worin 
 der tllchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, 
 etc., Leben, Werke, etc., erscheinen sollen " 
 (1740); " Die neueste Untersuchung der Sing- 
 spiele " (1744); " Mithridat, wider den Gift 
 einer welschen Satyre des Salvator Kosa, ge- 
 nannt : La Musica, uebersetzt und mit Anmer- 
 kungen, etc." (1749); " Georg Friedrich Han- 
 dels Lebensbeschreibung " (1761); and many 
 others, both publ. and in MS. 
 
 Matthias (or Mattheus) Le Maitre. See 
 
 L,E Maistre. 
 
 Matthias Hermann. See Hermann, Mat- 
 thias. 
 
 Mat'thieux, Johanna. See Kinkel. 
 
 Mat'thison-Han'sen, Hans. Danish or- 
 ganist and composer ; b, Flensburg, Feb. 6, 
 1807 ; d. Roeskilde, Jan. 7, 1890. Pupil of 
 Weyse at Copenhagen ; in 1832, organist of 
 Roeskilde Cathedral, a very important position. 
 — Works: OisAoxKo Johannes : church-cantatas, 
 psalms w. orch., chorals w. variations, organ- 
 symphonies (sonatas), preludes, postludes, fan- 
 tasias, etc., f. organ. — His son, 
 
 Mat'thison-Han'sen, Gotfred, b. Roes- 
 kilde, Nov. 30, 1832 ; organist in 1859 of 'he 
 German Friedrichskirche at Copenhagen. Win- 
 ning the Ancker scholarship, he studied at Leip- 
 zig during the winter of 1S62-3. Founded, with 
 
 Grieg, Nordraak, and Horneman, the concert- 
 society " Euterpe " ; 1867, organist at St. John's, 
 and organ-teacher at Copenhagen Cons.; from 
 1877, asst. -organist to his father. Successful 
 German tours ( Tonkiinstler- Versammlung at 
 Hanover, 1877). Now organist of Trinity Ch., 
 Copenhagen. — Works : Op. 5, pf.-trio ; op. ii, 
 vioHn-sonata ; op. 14, pf.-ballade ; op. 15, fan- 
 tasia f . org. ; op. 16, 'cello-sonata ; op. 19, con- 
 cert-pieces f . org. 
 
 Mattio'li, Lino, 'cellist and vocal teacher ; b. 
 Parma, Italy, 1853 ; graduated from the Cons, 
 there with high honors. Now living in Cincin- 
 nati. Has written many songs. 
 
 Mau'rer, Ludwig Wilhelm, distinguished 
 violinist ; b. Potsdam, P'eb. 8, 1789 ; d. St. 
 Petersburg, Oct. 25, 1878. Played in public at 
 Berlin when only 13 ; entered the Royal Orch.; 
 from 1806-18, in Russia, giving concerts, etc.; 
 visited Berlin and Paris, and then became Con- 
 certmeister in Hanover ; revisited St. Peters- 
 burg in 1832, and, after travelling in 1845, 
 settled in Dresden. His most famous comp.s 
 are the Symphonic concertante for 4 violins w. 
 orch., and the A major violin-concerto ; also 
 wrote 7 other concertos, a double concerto, 2 
 concertinos, 2 string-quartets, duos concertants 
 for violins, airs varies, fantasias, etc.; and 3 
 operas. 
 
 Maurin, Jean-Pierre, b. Avignon, Feb. 14, 
 1822 ; d. Paris, Mar. 16, 1894. Violin-pupil of 
 Baillot and Habeneck at Paris Cons., where he 
 succeeded Alard as teacher in 1875. Co-founder 
 of the ' ' Societe des derniers quatuors de Bee- 
 thoven." 
 
 May, Edward Collett, celebrated organist 
 and singing-teacher ; b. Greenwich, England, 
 Oct. 29, 1806 ; d. London, Jan. 2, 1887. Pupil 
 of Th. Adams, C. Potter, and Crivelli ; organist 
 of Greenwich Hospital, 1837-69 ; prof, of vocal 
 music at Queen's College, London. A disciple 
 of Hullah, he taught in numerous schools and 
 private classes, doing much to popularize singing 
 among the masses. — Publ. " Progressive Vocal 
 Exercises for Daily Practice" (1853) ; songs. 
 
 Maybrick, Michael, (pseudonym Stephen 
 Adams,) baritone singer in opera and concert ; 
 b. Liverpool, 1844. Organ-pupil of Best ; 1866- 
 8 at the Leipzig Cons. (Plaidy, Moscheles, Rich- 
 ter), and vocal pupil of Nava at Milan. He has 
 sung at the principal concerts in London and 
 the provinces, and toured the United States and 
 Canada in 1884. Many of his songs (sung by 
 himself) have great vogue (" Nancy Lee "). 
 
 Ma/er, Charles, pianist, b. Konigsberg, 
 Mar. 21, 1799 ; d. Dresden, July 2, 1862. Pupil 
 of Field in St. Petersburg, and in 1814, a finished 
 player, accompanied his father on a tour to Pans 
 via Warsaw, Germany, and Holland ; lived 1819 
 in St. Petersburg, then making a tour to Stock- 
 holm, Copenhagen (where he was app. court 
 pianist), Hamburg, Leipzig, and Vienna, settling 
 in Dresden, 1846, His pf. -music (about 350 
 
 384 
 
MAYER— MAZZOCCHI 
 
 opus-numbers) is well-written and effective. He 
 was a fascinating player and an excellent teacher. 
 — Works : Many valuable studies and educational 
 pieces ; Grand Concerto, op. 70, Concerto sym- 
 phonique, op. 89 ; Concert-Polonaise, op. 238 ; 
 Grande Fantaisie dramatique, op. 54 ; Toccata 
 in E ; Valses-Etudes (op. 6g, 71, 83, 116, 122, 
 131, 133. 157) i brilliant concert-pieces, fantasias, 
 variations, etc. 
 
 May'er, Emilie, composer ; b. Friedland, 
 Mecklenburg, May 14, 1821. Pupil of Lowe, 
 Marx, and Wieprecht ; settled in Berlin. — 
 Works : 7 symphonies and 12 grand overtures ; 
 an operetta. Die Fischerin , pf. -concerto ; the 
 ll8th Psalm, w. orch.; 14 string-quartets ; 2 pf.- 
 quartets ; 12 sonatas f. pf. and violin ; 11 pf.- 
 trios ; other pf. -music ; over 150 songs ; etc. 
 (about 50 numbers were publ.). 
 
 May'er, Wilhelm(pseudonymW. A. Remy), 
 b. Prague, June 10, 1831 ; d. Graz, Jan. 23, 
 1898. Music-pupil of C. F. Pietsch ; law-student, 
 graduated as Dr.jur. in 1856, and held a govern- 
 ment appointment till 1861. Gave up the law 
 in 1862, and became conductor of the Graz Mus. 
 Society, resigning in 1870 to apply himself to 
 teaching and composing. As a teacher of piano, 
 and more especially of counterpoint and compo- 
 sition, he was very eminent ; among his pupils 
 were F. Busoni, W. Kienzl, Reznicek, F.Wein- 
 gartner, R. Sahla, etc. — Works : 3 symphonies ; 
 symphonic poem " Helene " ; overture "Sarda- 
 napel" ; " Slavisches Liederspiel"and "Ostliche 
 Rosen" (fantasias f. 2 pf.s w. orch.); and a 
 concert-opera ff«/r//raa/i,'2» (Graz, 1876) ; songs, 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 May'erhoff, Franz, b. Chemnitz, Jan. 17, 
 1864 ; pupil of Leipzig Cons. ; VheaXre-Kapelhn . 
 at Lubeck(i883), Merael, and Tilsit ; since 1885 
 in Chemnitz ; 1888 cantor of the Petrikirche ; 
 cond. of the Mus. Soc. Has comp. sacred 
 choruses, songs, etc. 
 
 May'erl (or Maierl), Anton von, b. Bozen ; 
 d. Innsbruck, 1839 ; pupil of Ladurnerand Ett ; 
 church-comp. (publ. a Stabat Mater). 
 
 May'lath, Heinrich, b. Vienna, Dec. 4, 
 1833. Pupil of his father in pf.-playing ; on 
 tours 1863-5 ; in Russia till 1867 ; then settled 
 as a teacher in New York. Classical pianist and 
 thorough musician ; wrote excellent instructive 
 pf.-music, and concert-pieces of depth and some 
 difficulty. 
 
 Maynard, Walter. Pen-name of Th. W. 
 Beale. 
 
 ^B.yr, (Johann) Simon, famous teacher and 
 dramatic composer ; b. Mendorf, Bavaria, June 
 14, 1763 ; d. Bergamo, Dec. 2, 1845. Pupil of 
 the Jesuit Seminary, Ingolstadt ; then of Lenzi 
 at Bergamo, whither he had gone as the tutor 
 of a Swiss nobleman, De Bessus ; later of Ber- 
 toni at Venice, settling here as a composer, and 
 bringing out oratorios, a Passion, a requiem, and 
 other masses and church-music, until, by Pic- 
 cinni's advice, he wrote the very successful opera 
 
 25 385 
 
 Saffo^ ossia i riti d' Apollo Leucadio {l-jq^ , after 
 which he brought out, in 30 years, about .70 
 others. These works, in which the more elaborate 
 harmonization and orchestration of German type 
 influenced contemporary Italian production (to 
 its benefit), held the Italian stage between Ci- 
 marosa and Rossini {circa 1800-1815). In 1802 
 Mayr became tii. di capp. at Santa Maria Mag- 
 giore, in Bergamo, and, at the foundation of the 
 Mus. Inst, there in 1805, its Director. His 
 most eminent pupil was Donizetti. He publ. 
 " Breve notizie istoriche della vita e delle opere 
 di Giuseppe Haydn " (1809) ; theoretical works 
 in MS. — Alborghetti and Galli wrote " Doni- 
 zetti e Mayr, notizie e documenti " (Bergamo, 
 1875). 
 
 Mayr'berger, Karl, b. Vienna, June g, 1828 ; 
 d. Pressburg, Sept. 23, 1881. Pupil of Preyer ; 
 from 1864, Kapellm. of Pressburg Cathedral. — 
 Works : Opera Melusina (Pressburg, 1876) ; 
 burlesque opera Z>zV Entfiihrung der Prinzessin 
 Europa (1868) ; music to Oehlschlagel's drama 
 Yrsa ; male choruses, songs, etc. 
 
 May'seder, Joseph, celebrated violinist and 
 comp.; b. Vienna, Oct. 26, 1789 ; d. there Nov. 
 21, 1863. Pupil of Suche and Wranitzky ; de- 
 but as violinist in 1800 ; studied pf. and comp. 
 with E. Fbrster in 1802 ; played in the famous 
 Schuppanzigh Quartet (2nd viohn) ; entered the 
 court orch. in 1816, became solo violinist at the 
 court opera in 1820, and Imperial chamber-vir- 
 tuoso in 1835, also playing in the Cathedral 
 (Stephankirche). He never went on tours, and 
 rarely gave concerts ; yet he was a finished vir- 
 tuoso, admired even by Paganini. An eminently 
 successful teacher, and a composer of well-writ- 
 ten and effective soli and concerted pieces (3 
 violin-concertos, 2 concertinos, 3 string-quintets, 
 7 string-quartets, 4 pf.-trios, a fantasia f, pf. 
 and vln.; also variations, polonaises, rondos, 
 duets, studies, etc., f. violin ; many published ; 
 others MS.). 
 
 Mazas, Jacques-Fer^ol, violinist ; b. Be- 
 ziers, France, Sept. 23, 1782 ; d. 1849. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons, of Baillot, 1802-5, winning ist 
 prize ; joined the orch. of the Italian Opera ; 
 toured Europe 1811-29, taught in Orleans, and 
 from 1837-41 was Director of the town Music- 
 School at Cambrai. His tone was powerful and 
 mellow, his compositions very effective ; he 
 wrote a Method for Violin, and numerous valu- 
 able studies ; a Meth. f. Viola ; concertos, string- 
 quartets, trios, violin-duets, fantasias, variations, 
 romances, etc. ; also 3 operas. 
 
 Mazzin'ghi, Joseph, b. London, Dec. 25, 
 1765 ; d. Bath, Jan. 15, 1844. Of noble Cor- 
 sican parentage ; pupil of J. C. I?ach, Anfossi, 
 and Sacchini ; 1784, mus. dir. of King's Th.; 
 music-teacher to Princess of Wales. He wrote 
 (mostly with Reeve) several operas, melodramas, 
 etc.; also comp. many songs, glees, trios, etc., 
 and sonatas and other pf-music. 
 
 Mazzoc'chi, Domenico, b, Civita Castel- 
 
MAZZUCATO— MEH UL 
 
 lana, Rome, about 1590; d. about 1650. A 
 learned Roman lawyer, he was a music-pupil of 
 Nanini, and publ. a book of " Madrigali a 5 
 voci in partitura" (1640) in which appear, for the 
 first time, the conventional mus. signs for the 
 crescendo and decresc. ( -=^ l^s^ ), piano 
 ip), forte (/), and trillo (tr), which he explains 
 in a Preface. Also comp. madrigals and motets, 
 an opera, an oratorio, etc. 
 
 Mazzuca'to, Alberto, b. Udine, July 28, 
 1813 ; d. Milan, Dec. 31, 1877. He renounced 
 the study of mathematics for music, his teacher 
 being Bresciano at Padua, where his first opera, 
 La Fidanzata di Lammertnoor, was successfully 
 performed in 1834 ; six others had similar tem- 
 porary success, but were thrown into the shade 
 by Verdi's fresher style ; his other comp.s have 
 also left no lasting impression ; but he was really 
 eminent as a violinist (leader at La Scala, Milan, 
 1859-69), and still more so as a teacher. From 
 1839-51 he taught a girls' vocal class at the 
 Cons.; 1851, teacher of composition; 1852, 
 lecturer on history and eesthetics ; 1872, suc- 
 ceeded Lauro Rossi as Director. For several 
 years he was editor of the Milanese " Gazzetta 
 Musicale " (founded 1845); wrote " Principi 
 elementari di musica di Asioli, riformati ed am- 
 pliati " (Milan ; Ricordi) ; also publ. an Atlas 
 of Ancient Music (" Atlante della musica antica 
 . . .") with an historical preface; a"Trattato 
 d'estetica musicale " ; and Italian translations 
 of Garcia's Singing-Method, Berlioz's Instru- 
 mentation, Fetis's Harmony, Segond's " Hygi- 
 ene for Singers," and Panofka's "Vocal Abe." 
 
 Mead,_01ive, b. Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 22, 
 1874. Began study of violin at 7 ; pupil of Jul. 
 Eichberg, and later of Fr. Kneisel. Talented 
 concert-violinist ; has played in many concerts 
 in New England cities, New York, etc. 
 
 Me'deritsch, Johann, called Gallus, Bohe- 
 mian pianist and composer ; b. Nimburg, about 
 1765 ; was living at Lemberg in 1830. Mus. 
 director at Of en 1794-6 ; resided chiefly in Vi- 
 enna, where he prod, several Singspiele and ope- 
 rettas, music to Macbeth and other dramas, and 
 publ. considerable chamber-music, sonatas and 
 variations f. pf., etc. 
 
 Meerens, Charles, b. Bruges, Dec. 16, 1831. 
 Studied 'cello-playing under Bessems, Dumont, 
 and Servais ; then became a tuner in his father's 
 piano-factory, and devoted himself later to acous- 
 tical researches. — Writings : " I,e Metro-mitre, 
 ou raoyen simple de connaitre le degre de vitesse 
 d'un mouvement indique" (1859); "Instruc- 
 tion elementaire de calcul musical" (1864); 
 " Phenomenes musico-physiologiques " (1868); 
 " Hommage a la memoire de M. Delezenne " 
 (1869); " Examen analytique des experiences 
 d'acoustique musicale de M. A. Cornu et E. 
 Mercadier" (1869) ; " Le Diapason et la nota- 
 tion musicale simplifiees " (1873); "Memoire 
 sur le diapason" (1877) ; " Petite methode pour 
 apprendre la musique et le piano " (1878) ; and 
 
 " La Gamme majeure et mineure " (i8go ; 2nd 
 ed. ]892). 
 
 Meerts, Lambert (-Joseph), b. Brussels, 
 Jan. 6, 1800; d. there May 12, 1863. Violin- 
 ist ; pupil of Lafont and Habeneck at Paris ; 
 from 1835, prof, at Brussels Cons. Among 
 his^ important instructive works for the violin are 
 " Etudes pour violon avec accompagnement d'un 
 second violon "; " Mecanisme du violon" (ad- 
 vanced studies); "12 etudes "on double-stop- 
 ping ; 3 books on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th positions ; 
 12 books of studies on rhythm, on motives by 
 Beethoven ; 3 studies on the fugued and staccato 
 styles; 12 studies, on bowing; 6 2-part fugues 
 for solo violin ; 3 Etudes brillantes. 
 
 Mees, Arthur, b. Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 13, 
 1850. Pupil at Berlin, 1873-6, of Th. Kuliak 
 (pf.), Weitzraann (theory), and H. Dorn (score- 
 reading and conducting). He was for 6 years 
 cond. of the Cincinnati May Festival chorus; 
 asst.-cond. of American Opera ; cond. of sing- 
 ing-societies in New York, Albany, etc.; since 
 1896, chorus-conductor, and asst.-cond. of the 
 Thomas Orch., in Chicago. Has publ. " Piano 
 Studies" (based on passages from important 
 pf. -works) ; wrote analytical programs for the 
 New York Philharm. Soc. (1887-96), and since 
 then for the Thomas Orch. 
 
 Meh'lig, Anna, pianist ; b. Stuttgart, June 
 II, 1843, where she studied with Lebert, and 
 later at Weimar with Liszt (1869) ; was long 
 considered the principal exponent of the " Stutt- 
 gart " school of pf. -playing, but since her mar- 
 riage with the merchant Falk of Antwerp has 
 been less before the public. Her tours on the 
 Continent, also to England and (1869-70) in 
 America, have been successful. 
 
 Mehr'kens, Friedrich Adolf, b. Neuen- 
 kirchen, n. Otterndorf-on-Elbe, Apr. 22, 1840 ; 
 pupil of Leipzig Cons. 1861-2 ; settled in Ham- 
 burg as pianist, teacher and conductor of sing- 
 ing-societies ; since 1871, cond. of the Bach- 
 Gesellschaft. Has written a symphony, a Te 
 Deum, and minor works. 
 
 M^hul, fitienne-Nicolas, French opera- 
 composer ; b. Givet, Ardennes, June 22, 1763 ; 
 d. Paris, Oct. 18, 1817. By dint of hard work, 
 and with the friendly aid of a blind old organist, 
 he learned to play the organ, and at ten was or- 
 ganist of the Convent des Recollets at Givet. 
 The fame of Wilhelm Hanser, organist at Laval- 
 dieu monastery, attracted the boy ; the abbot ad- 
 mitted him as a novice, so that he might be taught 
 by Hanser, whose assistant he became in 1777- 
 Next year he went to Edelmann in Paris for les- 
 sons in piano-playing and composition, support- 
 ing himself by teaching. Hearing Clucks 
 Ifhig^nie en Tauride, he was moved to seek an 
 introduction to the master, by whose advice he 
 turned from sacred to dramatic composition. For 
 the sake of practice he wrote three operas {Psychi, 
 Anaci-^on, Lausus et Lydie) ; a fourth, Alonno et 
 Cora, though accepted by the Academic de rau- 
 
 386 
 
MEIBOM— MEINERS 
 
 sique, was not perf. until 1791 ; meanwhile 
 Euphrosyne et Coradin, ou le tyran corrigi, 
 came out at theTh. 
 Italien in 1790 with 
 great success ; good 
 fortune likewise at- 
 tended the produc- 
 tion of Stratonice 
 (1792), Le congres 
 des rois (1793, writ- 
 ten with II others), 
 Le jugement lie 
 /'(Jm (ballet; 1793), 
 Le jeune sage et le 
 vieux fou (1793), 
 Horatius Codes 
 (1794), Phrosine et 
 MMdore(l^r)n), and 
 La caverne (1795) ; in th.s year M. was app. one 
 of the four Inspectors of the newly established 
 Conservatoire, and also elected a member of the 
 Academic. In 1797 3 operas, Doria, La lovpie 
 et lepapillon, and Le jeune f/eiiri, were produced ; 
 the last was hissed off the stage, after the over- 
 ture had been twice repeated in response to clam- 
 orous applause, because of the reverence still felt 
 by republican France for the hero, Henri IV. ; 
 this overture still survives. Now followed Le 
 pont de Lodi (1797), Adrien (1798), Ariodant 
 (1799), Apicure (1800), Bion (1801), I'lrato, ou 
 Veniport^ (1801 ; a vain attempt to imitate the 
 Italian opera-buffa style, but so successful with 
 the public that M. employed this lighter vein in 
 several subsequent works), Une Folie (1802), Le 
 Trisor supposS {\%oi), Joanna (1802), I' Heureux 
 malgri lui (1802), Helena (1803), Le baiser et la 
 quittance (1803, with Boieldieu, Isouard, and 
 Kreutzer), Utkal, Gabrielle d' Estr^es {both 1806), 
 and on Feb. 17, 1807, at the Theatre Feydeau, his 
 greatest work, the 3-act opera Joseph, which 
 at first obtained only a succes d'estime in Paris, 
 though much better received in the P'rench prov- 
 inces and Germany. For four years, M. wrote 
 only the ballets Le retour d' Ulysse, and Pers/e 
 et Andromede ; Les Amazones, ou la fondation 
 de Thebes {liii), Le Prince troubadour {I'il'i), 
 I'Oriflamme (1814 ; with Berton, Kreutzer, and 
 Paer), and La Journie aux avcntures (1816), 
 were still performed before his death ; Valentine 
 de Milan was completed by Daussoigne-Mehul, 
 and brought out in 1822 ; several other operas 
 have never been performed. Mehul's fame rests 
 wholly upon his operas, in which he develops a 
 robust dramatic style and fine orchestral effects. 
 His overtures are often masterly ; his sympho- 
 nies were correctly written, but uninspired, and 
 his pf. -sonatas were insignificant; some choral 
 works (" Chant du depart," " Chant de victoire," 
 "Chant de retour," etc.) attained a certain 
 vogue. He fell a victim to consumption, and 
 his death was probably hastened by chagrin at 
 the comparatively slight success of the last 
 operas, due in part to Spoptini's increasing celeb- 
 rity. —Biographies by Vfeillard (1859), and A. 
 I'ougin (i88g). 
 
 
 Mei'bom (or Meibo'mius), Marcus, b. Tan- 
 ning, Schleswig, in 1626 ; d. Utrecht, 1711. An 
 erudite philologian, for some years prof, and 
 librarian at Upsala University ; lived thereafter 
 principally in Utrecht, ending in such poverty 
 that he had to sell part of his library. His chief 
 work is " Antiquae musicae auctores septcm, 
 graece et latine, Marcus Meibomius restituit ac 
 notis explicavit " (Amsterdam, 1652 ; 2 vol.s) ; it 
 contains treatises on music by Aristoxenos, Eu- 
 clid (" Introductio harmonica"), Nicomachos, 
 Gaudentius Philosophos, Bacchius Senior, Aris- 
 tides Quintilianus, and M. Capella (Book ix of 
 the " Satyricon "). 
 
 Mei'fred, Joseph-Jean-Pierre-^mile, horn- 
 virtuoso ; b. Colmars, Basses-Alpes, Nov. 22, 
 1791 ; d. Paris, Aug; 29, 1867. Pupil of Dau- 
 prat at Paris Cons., where he was prof. 1833-65. 
 Wrote " De I'etendue, de I'emploi et des res- 
 sources du cor en general, et de ses corps de 
 rechange en particulier ..." (1829); " Me- 
 thode pour le cor a deux pistons"; " Methode 
 de cor chromatique " (avec 3 pistons) ; horn- 
 duets, etc. 
 
 Mei'land, Jakob, b. Senftenberg, Upper Lu- 
 satia, in 1542 ; d. Celle, 1577. Notable German 
 contrapuntist, who publ. 1564-77 several books 
 of sacred songs, motets, etc. 
 
 Meinar'dus, Ludwig (Siegfried), composer 
 and writer; b. Hooksiel, Oldenburg, Sept. 17, 
 1827 ; d. Bielefeld, July 12, i8g6. Pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons. 1846-7 ; then until 1849 private 
 pupil of F. A. Riccius ; also studied a short time 
 in Berlin, in Weimar with Liszt, and, after act- 
 ing as theatre-cond. at Erfurt and Nordhausen, 
 with Marx at Berlin. 1853-65, cond. of the 
 Singakademie at Glogau ; then teacher in Dres- 
 den Cons.; from 1874 till 1887 he lived in Ham- 
 burg as a composer and critic, then going to 
 Bielefeld. F'rom the Grand Duke of Oldenburg 
 he received the title of " Musikdirector" in 1862. 
 — Principal compositions : Opera Bahnesa (not 
 perf.) ; the oratorios Simon Fetrus, Gideon, 
 Konig Salomo, Luther in Worms, and Odrun ; 
 the choral ballades Rolands Schwanenlied, Frau 
 Hitt, Die Nonne,Jung Baldurs Sieg; ' ' Deutsche 
 Messgesange," f. chorus and org.; "Wander- 
 lied," f. ch. and wind-instr.s ; " Passionslied," 
 f. soli, ch., and orch. ; — 2 symphonies, a pf. -quin- 
 tet, 3 pf. -trios, string-quartets, an octet f. wind, 
 sonatas f. vln. and pf., a sonata f. 'cello and pf. , 
 pf. -pieces, songs. — Writings: " Kulturgeschicht- 
 liche Briefe iiber deutsche Tonkunst " (2nd ed. 
 1872); " Ein Jugendleben" (1874, 2 vol.s; a 
 sort of autobiography) ; " Riickblick auf die 
 Anfangeder deutschen Oper" (1878) ; "Matthe- 
 son und seine Verdienste um die deutsche Ton- 
 kunst" (1879); "Mozart: ein Ktinstlerleben " 
 (1882) ; " Die deutsche Tonkunst ini 18. -ig. 
 Jahrhundert" (1887). 
 
 Mei'ners, Giovanni Battista, b. Milan, 
 1826 ; d. Cortenova, Como, Aug. 6, 1897. Pupil 
 1833-43 °f Milan Cons., where he wrote the 
 operas Francesca da Rimini (not perf.) and // 
 
 387 
 
MEISTER— MENDELSSOHN 
 
 Disertore svizzero (1842). Studied further with 
 Donizetti, and at Vienna with Sechter ; then be- 
 came m. di capp. at the basilica in Vercelli, writ- 
 ing sacred music. He was for a time theatre- 
 cond. at Turin, and later prof, at the Guildhall 
 School of Music, London, for some years. — 
 Other operas ; Elodia di San Mauro (Milan, 
 1855) ;j?«Virara'o ///(Milan, 1857) ; Veronica Cybo 
 (Florence, 1866) ; and Gabriella di Thetschen 
 not prod.). 
 
 Mei'ster, Karl Severin, b. Kbnigstein (Tau- 
 nus), Oct. 23, 1818 ; d. Sept. 30, 1881, at Mon- 
 tabaur (Westerwald), where from 1851 he had 
 been head-teacher at the Seminary and town 
 musical director. Wrote the valuable work ' ' Das 
 katholische deutsche Kirchenlied in seinen Sing- 
 weisen von den frUhesten Zeiten bis gegen Ende 
 des 17. Jahrhunderts " (1862); continued by 
 Baumker (2nd vol. 1883); vol. i, revised ed., 
 1886. Also publ. organ-accompaniments to the 
 hymns in the " Gesangbuch " of the Limburg 
 diocese ; a Method of Modulation ; hymns for 
 male choir ; cadenzas and preludes for organ ; 
 etc. 
 
 Me'la, Vincenzo, opera-composer and singer ; 
 b. Isola della Scala, Verona, in 1821 ; d. Co- 
 logna Veneta, Nov., 1897. — Works: II Feuda- 
 torio (Verona, 1853) ; L' Alloggio jnilitare (1855 ; 
 farce) ; // Convento di San Nicola (1858) ; La 
 Testa di bronzo (1855) ; Cristoforo Colombo 
 (1857); // Casino di campagna (Milan, 1865; 
 i?aris, 1866, in which the principal role was 
 sung by his own daughter, called "la teno- 
 res5a,"her voice being said to resemble that of 
 a tenor in quality). 
 
 Mel'ba, Nellie, operatic soprano and colora- 
 tura singer ; b. Melbourne, Austraha, in 1865. 
 (Her real name is Mitchell, "Melba" being a 
 stage-name imitated from Melbourne.) Studied 
 in Paris under Mme. Marchesi ; brilliant debut 
 at the Theatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in Oct., 
 18S7, as Gilda in Rigoleito, followed by appear- 
 ances in London (Covent Garden, May, 1888), 
 Paris (Grand Opera, May, i88g), St. Petersburg 
 (May, l8go), Nice (1892), Milan (La Scala, 
 March, 1893), Stockholm and Copenhagen (Oct., 
 1893), New York (Metropolitan Opera, Dec. 4, 
 1893) ; etc. — Favorite roles are Lucia, Ophelie, 
 Juliette, Nedda. 
 
 Mercer, Heinrich von, b. Warsaw, Oct. 25, 
 1869. Pianist and composer ; his Concertstuck 
 in E min., f. pf. and orch., took the Rubinstein 
 prize in 1895 ; he has also written a pf.-trio in 
 G min., and other pf. -music. 
 
 Mel'chior, Edward A., b. Rotterdam, Nov. 
 6, i860; music-teacher there. Publ. a " We- 
 tenschappelyk en biografisch woordenboek der 
 Toonkunst " (1889), in which contemporary 
 Dutch musicians are well represented. 
 
 Melchio'ri, Antonio, b. Parma, Nov. 25, 
 1827 ; d. Milan, July, 1897. Violinist and 
 teacher; composed " baUi teatrali " for La 
 
 Scala and La Canobbiana (theatres) ; also 
 " pezzi " for violin, and " ballabili " for piano. 
 
 Mergunow, Julius von, b. Govt, of Kos- 
 troma, Russia, in 1846. Pupil of Henselt and 
 the Rubinsteins ; also of Moscow 'Cons, and R. 
 Westphal, whose system of rhythmic articula- 
 tion he applied to Bach's preludes and fugues. 
 Publ. a coll. of Russian folk-songs, harmon- 
 ized. 
 
 Melo'ne, Annibale (imperfect anagram Ale- 
 manno Benelli or Bonelli). See Bottrigari, 
 Ercole. 
 
 Meluz'zi, Salvatore, distinguished church- 
 comp. ; b. Rome, July 22, 1813 ; d. there Apr. 
 17, 1897. He was m. di capp. at the basilica of 
 St. Peter's in the Vatican, and for 45 years had 
 been director of the Cappella Giulia. Thor- 
 oughly versed in the old Italian masters, a fine 
 organist and eminent composer, his works in- 
 clude masses, requiems, antiphones, motets, 
 hymns, psalms, a fine Stabat Mater, and a beau- 
 tiful Miserere. 
 
 Membr^e, Edmond, b. Valenciennes, Nov- 
 14, 1820 ; d. chateau Damont, n. Paris, Sept. 
 10, 1882. Pupil, at Paris Cons., of Alkan and 
 Zimmerman (pf.), and Carafa (comp.) — Works: 
 The operas Francois Villon (Grand Opera, 
 1857), I'Esclave (ibid., 1875), Les Farias (Op.- 
 Popul., 1876), and La courte ^chelle {O'p.-Com., 
 1879) ; music to choruses of CEdipe roi ; cantata 
 Fingal J chansons, ballads, etc. Two operas, 
 Colomba and Freyghor^ were not perf. 
 
 Men'del, Hermann, writer ; b. Halle, Aug. 
 6, 1834 ; d. Berlin, Oct. 26, 1876. Pupil of 
 Mendelssohn and Moscheles in Leipzig, and of 
 Wieprecht (1853) in Berlin. Active contributor 
 to the "Echo," "Der Tonhalle," the " Thea- 
 terdiener," and the " Berliner Montagszeitung" ; 
 founder (1870) and editor of the "Deutsche 
 Musiker-Zeitung," in which appeared his inter- 
 esting biographical sketch of Nicolai. He also 
 publ. " G. Meyerbeer, eine Biographic" (1868), 
 and " G. Meyerbeer, sein Leben und seine 
 Werke" (1869); edited "Mode's Opernbiblio- 
 thek " (about 90 opera-libretti with preface, short 
 review, biography, etc.), and a " Volkslieder- 
 buch." His great work was the " Musikalisches 
 Conversations-Lexikon " (1870-83, written by 
 M. to letter M ; completed by Reissmann). 
 
 Men'delssohn, Felix, (full name! Jacob, 
 Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn-Barthol'dy,) b. 
 
 Hamburg, Feb. 3, l8og ; d. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 
 1847. Grandson of the philosopher Moses Men- 
 delssohn ; son of the banker Abraham M., who 
 removed to Berlin in 1812, during the French oc-„ 
 cupation of Flamburg ; his mother was Lea Sa- 
 lomon-Bartholdy, of Beriin, and from her he re-:^ 
 ceived his first piano-lessons, in company witn^ 
 his elder sister Fanny [1805-47]. These lessons; 
 were continued by L. Berger; M.'sother teachers, 
 were Zelter (theory), and Hennings (violin) ; also,'; 
 Mme. Bigot for a short time in 1816 at P^™',^ 
 whither M. had accompanied his father Pn a 
 
 388 
 
MENDELSSOHN 
 
 business trip. On Apr. ii, iSlg, he entered the 
 Singakadetnie (cond. by Zelter) as an alto ; on 
 Sept. i8 a composition by M., the 19th Psalm, 
 was performed by the Akademie, of which, after 
 the change of his 
 voice to a tenor in 
 his i6th year, he still 
 remained a favorite 
 member. M.'s talent 
 for composition was 
 likewise fostered by 
 the Sunday perform- 
 ances of a small 
 orchestra at his fa- 
 ther's house, his own 
 works finding speedy 
 production. In 1825 
 his father again took 
 him to Paris, to ask 
 Cherubini's opinion 
 on the adoption of a musical career by Felix ; this 
 opinion was strongly affirmative, and the master 
 even offered to undertake the boy's further train- 
 ing, but the elder Mendelssohn considered the 
 home atmosphere preferable. Indeed, M.'s 
 genius could nowhere have been more health- 
 fully stimulated ; as early as 1820 he was regu- 
 larly engaged in composition, producing in that 
 year between 50 and 60 movements (a cantata. 
 In riihrend fcicrlichen Tonen ; a little musical 
 comedy for voices and pf. ; a pf.-trio ; 2 pf. -so- 
 natas ; a sonata for violin and pf. ; 2 songs for 4 
 men's voices ; songs, etc.) ; this many-sided ac- 
 tivity is characteristic of his work through life. 
 As a piano-player, his debut was even earlier — 
 on Oct. 24, 1818, he played at a public concert 
 the piano-part of a trio with 2 horns, by Wblffl. 
 In 1821 his talent for extemporizing was already 
 noteworthy ; being presented to Goethe in that 
 year, and requested to execute a Bach fugue, 
 his memory played him false, but not his quick 
 wit, for he extemporized the forgotten develop- 
 ment ! The overture to A Midsummer Night's 
 Dream was written in 1826, and is a most aston- 
 ishing proof of the young composer's mental 
 maturity, showing no less mastery and finish of 
 form than the remaining numbers composed fif- 
 teen years later. In 1827 his opera, IHe Hoch- 
 %dt des Camacho, was performed with much ap- 
 plause at the Berlin Opera, but was nevertheless 
 soon withdrawn by Spontini, then general mu- 
 sical director with almost unlimited powers, who 
 had a dislike to M. In no single instance is the 
 thoroughness of M.'s musical training more ap- 
 parent than in his determination to bring out 
 Bach's "Passion ace. to St. Matthew "in the 
 Singakademie ; in spite of Zelter's opposition, 
 grudgingly withdrawn, the performance (the 
 first anywhere since Bach's death) took place 
 on March 11, 1829, and gave the initial im- 
 pulse to the successful Bach propaganda in 
 which M. was long the leading figure. In 
 '830, M. declined the proffered chair of music 
 at the Berlin University in favor of Marx. 
 His first journey to England, undertaken at 
 
 Moscheles' suggestion, had been made in the 
 preceding year ; on May 25 (1829) he conducted 
 his symphony in C minor seated, after the fash- 
 ion of the time, at the piano ; some months 
 after this performance the London Philharmonic 
 Society, to which he dedicated the symphony, 
 elected him an honorary member. Later he 
 played the Concertstiick by Weber, and (for the 
 first time in England) Beethoven's concerto in 
 Et). Here it should be remarked, that M. was 
 not only a pianist of the highest rank, but also 
 a finished organist. P'ollowing this active con- 
 cert-season, a long pleasure-tour through Scot- 
 land stimulated his teeming imagination. This 
 was followed, 1S30-32, by travels through Ger- 
 many, Austria, Italy and Switzerland to Paris ; 
 he then made his second visit to London, where 
 he conducted the "Hebrides" overture, and 
 played his G min. concerto and B min. Capric- 
 cio brilliant. Here, too, his first book of 6 
 " Songs without Words," finished in Venice, 
 1830, was published. In England, now and 
 later, he found the musical environment far more 
 genial than in Berlin, where, for some reason, 
 he was not generally popular — witness his fail- 
 ure, in competition with Rungenhagen, to obtain 
 the conductorship of the Singakademie on his 
 return in 1833. And this after he had arranged 
 a series of concerts for the benefit of the Or- 
 chestral Pension-Fund, himself conducting his 
 "Reformation" symphony, the three overtures 
 " Midsummer Night's Dream," " Hebrides," and 
 "Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage," etc. He 
 was called to conduct the Lower Rhine Musical 
 Festival at Dusseldorf in May, 1833; after a short 
 visit to London, he returned to Dusseldorf to take 
 charge, as Town Musical Director, of the church- 
 music, the opera, and two singing-societies, all 
 for the annual salary of 600 Thaler (about $450}! 
 He gave most of the theatrical work into the 
 hands of Julius Rietz within six months ; after 
 conducting the Lower Rhine Festival at Co- 
 logne, June 7-9, 1835, he accepted a call to the 
 conductorship of the Gewandhaus Orchestra in 
 Leipzig — an epoch-making point, not only in his 
 personal career, but for the musical life of Leip- 
 zig and the world. Leipzig was not slow to re- 
 spond to his masterly activity as a conductor, 
 composer, and player ; the University created 
 him, in 1S36, Dr. phil. honoris causa; he in- 
 fused new life into the orchestra, and, by calling 
 Ferdinand David to his aid, gave it a leader who 
 not merely (and most ably) seconded his own ef- 
 forts, but who, by native force of character and 
 musicianly ability, gave a tone of precision and 
 pliability to this body of players which is still a 
 tradition of vital force in the Gewandhaus. M.'s 
 oratorio Paulus was brought out at the Lower 
 Rhine Festival in Diisseldorf, May 22-24, 1836, 
 he himself conducting. On March 28, 1837, he 
 married Cecile Charlotte Sophie Jeanrenaud of 
 Frankfort, the daughter of a French Protestant 
 clergyman. Five children, Carl, Marie, Paul, 
 Felix and " Lili " (Elisabeth) were born to 
 them, and their union was happy. During four 
 
 389 
 
MENDELSSOHN 
 
 weeks of this year M. was in England, and con- 
 ducted- Paiilus (St. Paul) at the Birmingham 
 Festival. In 1841 Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in- 
 vited M. to Berlin to take charge of the grand 
 orchestral and choral concerts ; but M. found 
 the attitude of the court, the musicians, and 
 even the public, more or less openly hostile, and 
 wished to resign in October, 1842, but, at the 
 King's especial request, remained to organize 
 the music in the cathedral ; the chosen body of 
 singers later became famous as the " Domchor" 
 (cathedral-choir). M. also received the title of 
 Royal General Musical Director ; residence in 
 Berlin was not required. Late in 1842, with 
 von Falkenstein, Keil, Kistner, Schleinitz, and 
 Seeburg as directors, and Schumann, Haupt- 
 mann, David, Becker, and Pohlenz as teachers, 
 Mendelssohn organized the Conservatorium of 
 Music at Leipzig (from the beginning under the 
 patronage of the King of Saxony, and since 
 1876 the "Royal" Cons.); it was opened on 
 Jan. 16, 1843. M. himself taught when his 
 other manifold duties permitted. The financial 
 nucleus of the foundation was a legacy from 
 Bliimner of 20,000 Thaler ($15,000), left at the 
 disposal of the King of Saxony for the promotion 
 of art ; M. had made a special journey to Dres- 
 den to interest the King in the conservatory- 
 project. During his frequent absences, Hiller 
 conducted the Gewandhaus Concerts 1843-4, 
 and Gade 1844-5 i ih the autumn of 1845, M. 
 resumed the baton. During the summer of 
 1S44 he conducted the Philharmonic Concerts in 
 London, and took part, as a pianist, in numerous 
 other concerts, everywhere receiving a most en- 
 thusiastic welcome. This was his eighth visit 
 to^ Britain ; his ninth was made memorable by 
 his conducting the iirst performance of Elijah 
 (at Birmingham, August, 1846). Returning to 
 Leipzig, he resigned the Gewandhaup'^hduc- 
 torship to Gade, and the superintendency of the 
 piano-department to Moscheles, whom he in- 
 vited from London to accept the position. For 
 several years he had been jaded by overwork ; 
 the sudden death of his favorite sister, Fanny, 
 was a shock which his overwrought nervous sys- 
 tem could not withstand, and in a few months 
 he followed her. — Mendelssohn left no mark as 
 a dramatic composer, although he long and 
 eagerly sought after a suitable libretto. Besides 
 Die Hochzeit des Camacho he left fragments of 
 the opera Lorelei (an Ave Maria, a vintage 
 chorus, and the beautiful finale to Act 1) ; the 
 operetta Son and Stranger, op. 89 ; and 5 small 
 unpubl. operas. His grandest productions are 
 the oratorios Paulus (St. Paul) and Elias (Elijah), 
 op. 36 and 70 respectively, the greatest works of 
 their kind since the tkne of Handel and Haydn ; 
 Christus, op. 97, is unfinished. Other important 
 vocal works with orch. are the symphony-cantata 
 Lobgesang, op. 52 ; the ballade Die erste Wal- 
 furgisnacht, op. 60, f. soli, ch., and orch.; 2 
 " Festgesange," An die Kiinstler (f. male ch. 
 and brass), and Zur Sdcularfeier der Btick- 
 druckerkunst ("Gutenberg Cantata," ^. male 
 
 ch. and orch.) ; music to the choruses, etc., of 
 Antigone (op. 55), Athalie (op. 74), (Edipus in 
 Colonos (op. 93), and A Midsummer Nights 
 Dream (op. 61) ; Hymn f. alto solo, ch., and 
 orch. (op. 96) ; Lauda Sion f. ch. and orch. (op. 
 73) ; Tu es Petrus, f. 5-p. ch. w. orch. (op. 
 Ill) ; Psalms 115 (op. 31) and 95 (op. 46) f. soli, 
 ch., and orch.; Psalms 114 (op. 51) and 98 (op. 
 91), f. male ch. and orch..; prayer " Verleih' uns 
 Frieden," f. ch. and orch.; soprano concert-aria 
 " Infelice ! ", w. orch. (op. 94). — Vocal works 
 WITHOUT ORCH. are Psalm 42, f. ch. and organ; 
 Psalms 2, 22, and 43, a 8, a cappella ; Funeral 
 Song f. mixed ch, (op. 116) ; Kyrie eleison f. 
 double ch.; 6 anthems (" Spriiche") f. 8-p. ch. 
 (op. 79); 3 motets f. soli, ch., and organ (op. 23) ; 
 3 motets f. female ch. and organ (op. 39) ; 3 
 motets f. solo and ch. a cappella (op. 69) ; 21 
 quartets for men's voices, and 28 quartets for 
 mixed voices (among these vocal quartets are 
 some of his finest and most popular composi- 
 tions) ; 13 vocal duets ; and 83 songs for solo 
 voice w. pf. ("Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rath," 
 " Wer hat dich, du schSner Wald," " O Thaler 
 weit, c Hohen," and many others, have become 
 genuine folk-songs in Germany). — Orchestral 
 works: 4 symphonies (op. 11, in C min.; op. 
 56, in A min., " Scotch" ; op. 90, /in A, " Ital- 
 ian " ; op. 107, in D, " Reformation ") ; the con- 
 cert-overtures ' ' A Midsummer Night's Dream " 
 (^Sommernachtstrattm ; op. 21), "Hebrides" 
 {Die Fingalshohle ; op. 26), "Calm Sea and 
 Prosperous Voyage " (Meeresstille und gliickliche 
 Fahrt ; op. 27), "The lovely Melusine" (Die 
 schone Melusine ; op. 32), " Ruy Bias " (op. 95), 
 and the " Trumpet " overture (op. loi) ; also an 
 overture for wind-band (op. 24) ; Andante, 
 Scherzo, Capriccio, and Fugue, f. string-orch. 
 (op. 81) ; Funeral March (op. 103) and March 
 (op. 108) ; pf.-concerto No. i, in G min. (op. 
 25), and No. 2, in D min. (op. 40) ; Capriccio 
 brilliant f. pf. w. orch. (op. 22) ; Rondo bril- 
 lant, f. do. (op. 29) ; Serenade and Allegro gio- 
 joso, f. do. (op. 43) ; I violin-concerto in E min. 
 (op. 64 ; a classic, and one of the finest of its 
 class ; while writing it, M. constantly consulted 
 and often deferred to David's judgment.) — 
 \Chamber-music : An octet f. strings, op. 20; 
 2 string-quintets, op. 18, 87 ; a pf.-sextet, op. 
 no; 7 string-quartets, op. 12, 13, 44 [3], 80, 
 81 ; 3 pf.-quartets, op. 1,2,3; 2 pf. -trios, op. 49, 
 66 ; 2 trios f. clar., basset-horn, and pf., op. 
 113, 114; 2 sonatas f. 'cello and pf., op. 45, 
 58 ; a sonata f. violin and pf., op. 4; Varia- 
 tions concertantes (op. 17) and Lied ohne 
 Worte (op. 109), f. 'cello w. pf.— Pianoforte- 
 MUSic ; 3 sonatas, op. 6, 105, 106 ; Capriccio, 
 op. 5 ; Charakterstucke, op. 7 ; Rondo capric- 
 cioso, op. 14; Fantasia on "The last rose 
 of summer," op. 15 ; 3 Fantasias, op. 16; the 
 original and popular "Songs without Words 
 (Lieder ohne Worte), in 8 books (op. 19b, 30, 38, 
 53, 62, 67, 85, 102) ; Fantasia in FJf min., "Se- 
 nate ecossaise," op. 28 ; 3 Caprices, op. 33 I ^ 
 preludes and fugues, op. 35 ; Variations seri- 
 
 390 
 
MENDfes— MERCADANTE 
 
 euses, op. 54 ; 6 Kinderstiicke, op. 72 ; Varia- 
 tions in E^, op. 82 ; do. in B|7, op. 83 ; 3 pre- 
 ludes and 3 studies, op. 104 ; Albumblatt, op. 
 117; Capriccio in E, op. 118; Perpetuum 
 mobile, op. 119 ; etc. ; — 4-hand Variations in B J7, 
 op. 83a ; 4-hand Allegro brillant, op. 92 ; Duo 
 concertant (with Moscheles) f. 2 pf.s, on the 
 march-theme in Preciosa. — Organ-music : 3 
 Preludes and Fugues, op. 37 ; 6 Sonatas, op. 65 ; 
 Preludes in C min. 
 
 Biographies: "Felix M.-B.: ein Denkmal," 
 by Lampadius (1848 ; Engl, transl. by Gage, 
 Phila., 1865, London, 1878) ; the same enlarged 
 as " F. M.-B., ein Gesammtbild seines Lebens 
 und Schaffens" (1886); "Sketch of the Life 
 and Works of the late F. AL", by Benedict (2nd 
 ed. 1853); "Reminiscences of F. M.", by J. 
 Schubring (1866); " Meine Erinnerungen an 
 F. M.", by E. Devrient (i86g ; also in Engl.) ; 
 "Goethe und F. M.", by Carl, M.'s eldest son 
 (1871 ; also in Engl., 1872 ; 2nd ed. 1874) ; by 
 Hiller (1874, German and Engl., the latter as 
 " Mendelssohn, Letters and Recollections ") ; 
 "Die Familie M.", by S. Hensel (1879; 3 
 vol.s) ; " Ferdinand David und die Familie 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy," by J. Eckardt (1888) ; 
 an excellent 57-page sketch in Grove's Diction- 
 ary ; many compilations and essays (by Reiss- 
 mann, EUse Polko, La Mara, Ferd Gleich, J. 
 Sittard, etc.). His letters are scattered : 
 " Reisebriefe " from 1830-32, edited by his 
 brother Paul (1861 ; 2 vol.s), and " Briefe " by 
 the same, from 1833-47 (1863, also in Engl.) ; 
 " Briefe von F. M.-B. an I. und C. Moscheles" 
 (1888; Ger. and Engl.); " Brief wechsel zwi- 
 schen F. M.-B. und Julius Schubring," edited by 
 Schubring (1892) ; some in L. Nohl's " Musiker- 
 briefe " (1867) ; and 8 letters to Frau Voigt 
 (1871). 
 
 Mend&s, CatuUe, poet, dramatist, novelist ; 
 b. Bordeaux, May 22, 1841, has written the li- 
 bretti of several popular operas and operettas, 
 e. g. , Le Capitaine Fracasse (music by Pessard), 
 Gwendoline (Chabrier), La Femme de Tabarin 
 (Chabrier), Isoline (Messager), Le docteur Blanc 
 (Pierne). 
 
 Mengal, Martin-Joseph, horn-virtuoso ; b. 
 Ghent, Jan. 27, 1784 ; d. there July 3, 1851. 
 Pupil of Duvernoy (horn), Catel (harm.), and 
 Reicha (comp.) in Paris Cons. ; belonged to the 
 Imperial Guard, the orch. of the Odeon, and 
 that of the Th. Feydeau ; after failure as a 
 theatre-manager in Ghent, he became conductor 
 there and in Antwerp, and in The Hague ; from 
 1835, Director of Ghent Cons. — Brought out 5 
 operas, and wrote 2 horn-concertos, chamber- 
 music f. wind and strings, duos f. horn and 
 harp, fantasias f. horn and pf., etc. 
 
 Men'gewein, Karl, b. Zaunroda, Thuringia, 
 Sept. 9, 1852 ; from i88i-6 teacher at Freuden- 
 berg's Cons., Wiesbaden, and with the latter 
 founded a Cons, at Berlin in 1886.— Works : 
 Oratorio Johannes der Tdufer (1892) ; festival 
 cantata Martin Luther ; operetta Schulmeisters 
 
 Brautfahrt (y^'issh&A&n, 1884) ; overture "Dorn- 
 rOschen " ; a requiem, female choruses, etc. 
 
 Mengoz'zi, Bernardo, b. Florence, 1758 ; 
 d. Paris, March, 1800. Pupil of P. Potenza at 
 Venice ; sang on Italian stages, and at concerts 
 in London and Paris, also for years at the Th. 
 de Monsieur. He brought out 13 operas and a 
 ballet in Paris ; from 1795 was prof, of singing 
 in the Cons. ; and wrote the greater part of the 
 " Methode de chant du Cons." publ. by Langle. 
 
 Men'ter, Joseph, b. Deutenkofen, Bavaria, 
 Jan. 19, 1808 ; d. Munich, Apr. 18, 1856., 
 'Cello-pupil of Moralt at Munich, where he 
 entered the court orch. in 1833. Won fame by 
 tours in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, 
 and England. Wrote fantasias, etc., f. 'cello w. 
 orch. — His daughter, 
 
 Men'ter [Menter-Popper], Sophie, dis- 
 tinguished pianist ; b. Munich, July 29, 1848 ; 
 pupil there of Schonchen, later of Lebert and 
 Niest. Debut 1863 ; in 1867, after sensational 
 successes at Frankfort, Tausig persuaded her to 
 study with him ; she met Liszt in 1869, who 
 recognized and zealously promoted her wonder- 
 ful talent. Married the 'cellist Popper in 1872 
 (divorced 1886). Court pianist to the Prince of 
 Hohenzollern and the Emperor of Austria. Pro- 
 fessor at St. Petersburg Cons., 1878-87 (?). 
 Both in technique and style her playing ap- 
 proaches perfection. Wassily Sapellnikoff was 
 her pupil. Resides at her country-seat, Castle 
 Itter, in the Tyrol. 
 
 Mer'becke, John. See Marbeck. 
 
 Mercadan'te, Francesco Saverio, b. Al- 
 
 tamura, Sept. 17, 1795 ; d. Naples, Dec. 17, 
 1870. Favorite 
 pupil of Zingarelli 
 in the R. Collegia 
 di Musica, Naples ; 
 after having comp. 2 
 symphonies (praised 
 by Rossini), concer- 
 tos, quartets, a 4-p. 
 mass w. orch., and 
 a cantata, his career 
 as a dramatic com- 
 poser began with 
 L'apoteosi d' Ercole 
 (San Carlo Th., Na- 
 ples, Jan. 4, 1819), 
 a grand success. Up to 1866 he produced about 
 60 operas with fluctuating fortune, the last being 
 Virginia (Naples, Apr. 7, 1866). His greatest 
 triumphs were won with Elisa e Claudia (Milan, 
 I/a Scala, Oct. 30, 1821 ; the work which secured 
 his fame), / Briganti (Paris, Th. Italien, Mar. 
 22, 1836), // Giuratnento (Milan, La Scala, Mar. 
 II, 1837 ; considered his best), and '// Bravo 
 (ibid., Mar. 9, 1839). He composed operas for 
 different cities, residing, after the manner of 
 Italian opera-composers, in the city for which 
 he was writing ; thus he lived in Rome, Bologna, 
 Turin, Milan, Venice, Madrid (1827-8), Lisbon 
 
 391 
 
MERCADIER— MERTKE 
 
 (1827-8-g), Paris, and Vienna (where lie prod. 3 
 operas in 1824). In 1833 lie succeeded I'ietro Ge- 
 neral! as m. di capp. at Novara Cathedral ; here he 
 lost the sight of one eye, and in 1862 total blind- 
 ness ensued. In 1839 he became ni.di capp. at 
 Lanliano ; and in 1840 succeeded Zingarelli as 
 director of the Naples Cons. — Other works : A 
 Messa solenne, and some 20 other masses ; Le 7 
 parole di Nostro Signore, f. 4 voices w. string- 
 quartet ; a Salve Regina, a De profundis, 2 Tan- 
 tum ergo, litanies, vespers, psalms ; cantatas, 
 hymns (one to Garibaldi in 1861 ; to Rossini in 
 1866) ; funeral symphonies to Rossini, Doni- 
 zetti, Bellini, Pacini ; orchestral fantasias (" L'au- 
 rora," "La rimembranza," "II lamento dell' 
 Arabo;" " II lamento del Bardo " (written after 
 he had become blind) ; pieces for various instr.s ; 
 many songs ; solfeggi for the Conservatory; etc. 
 
 Mercadier, Jean-Baptiste, b. Belesta, 
 Ariege, P'rance, Apr. 18, 1750; d. Foix, Jan. 
 14, 1S15. Wrote " Nouveau systeme de musique 
 theorique et pratique" (1776), a critique of Tar- 
 tini's and Rameau's systems, favoring Rameau. 
 
 M^reaux, Jean-Nicolas-Am6d6e Lefroid 
 
 de, b. Paris, 1745 ; d. there 1797. Organist ; 
 prod. 7 operas, etc. ; also oratorios and can- 
 tatas. — His son, Joseph-Nicolas Lefroid de 
 M., b. Paris, 1767, was an organist and pianist, 
 and wrote pf.-sonatas ; his son, Jean-Am6d6e 
 Lefroid de M., b. Paris, 1803, d. Rouen, Apr. 
 25, 1874 ; pianist, pupil of Reicha ; publ. an 
 interesting coll. of clavecin-music, " Les clave- 
 cinistes de 1637 i 1790" (1867); comp. pf.- 
 music, etc. 
 
 Muriel, Paul, b. Mondoubleau, Loire-et- 
 Cher, Jan. 3, 1818 ; d. Toulouse, March, 1897. 
 As a boy he earned his living as violinist in an 
 orch.; taught later by Aless. Nepoleano and 
 Somma. Became chef d'orchestre of a travelling 
 orch.; prod, a comic opera, Corndius V argen- 
 tier, at Amiens ; then settled in Toulouse, 
 bringing out a symphony, " Le Tasse " 
 (" Tasso"), a dramatic oratorio, Cain, chamber- 
 music, and a 4-act grand opera VArmorique, of 
 which he wrote text and music. Then app. 
 Director of the Toulouse Cons.; later chev. of 
 the Legion of Honor. Afterwards prod, the 
 i-act comic opera Les pr^cieuses ridicules, and 
 the comic operas Le Retour au pays, VOrphion 
 en voyage, and Les Pdques de la Reine (1S86). 
 
 Merk, Joseph, 'cello-virtuoso ; b. Vienna, 
 Mar. 15, 1795 ; d. Ober-Dbbling, June 16, 
 1852. Trained by Schindlocker ; in 1818, ist 
 'cello at the court opera ; 1823, teacher at the 
 Cons.; 1834, Imp. chamber-virtuoso. Many 
 successful tours in Germany and Italy. — Works 
 (f. 'cello) : Concerto, concertino, fantasias, 
 polonaises, etc.; his 'cello-etudes, op. 11 and 
 20, are excellent. 
 
 Mer'kel, Gustav (Adolf), b. Oberoderwitz, 
 Saxony, Nov. 12, 1827 ; d. Dresden, Oct. 30, 
 1885. Pupil of Joh. Schneider (org.) and Jul. 
 Otto (cpt.) ; also aided by Schumann and Reis- 
 
 siger. Org. of the Waisenhauskirche, Dresden, 
 1858 ; of the Kreuzkirche, i860 ; of the Catholic 
 Court Ch., 1864. 
 Taught in the Cons, 
 from 1861 ; cond. the 
 Dreyssig Singakade- 
 mie 1867-73. — Val- 
 uable organ- works (9 
 sonatas, op. 30 [f. 4 
 hands, w. double 
 pedal], op. 42, 80, 
 115, 118, 137, 140, 
 183 ; 3 fantasias ; 
 30 pedal-studies; 
 chorals and fugues ; 
 an Organ - method ; 
 etc.); also pf. -pieces, 
 motets, songs. 
 
 Mer'kel, Karl Ludwig, medical prof, at 
 Leipzig Univ.; publ. " Anatomic und Physiolo- 
 gie des menschlichen Stimm- und Sprachor- 
 gans " (1856 ; 2nd ed. 1876) ; and " Die Funk- 
 tionen des menschlichen Schlund- und Kehl- 
 kopfes " (1862). 
 
 Merklin', Joseph, famous organ-builder ; b. 
 Oberhausen, Baden, Jan. 17, 1819. Trained in 
 the workshops of his father, organ-builder at 
 Freiburg, and Walcker ; estabhshed himself in 
 Brussels, 1843 ; won a medal at the National 
 Exposition of 1847 ; took his brother-in-law, F. 
 Schutze, into partnership, changing the firm- 
 name to " Merklin, Schiitze etCie."in 1853, and 
 to " Merklin-Schiitze " in 1858. In 1855 they 
 bought out Ducroquet of Paris, and established 
 a branch-establishment in that city. 
 
 Mersenne, Marie, b. Oize (Maine), France, 
 Sept. 8, 1588 ; d. Paris, Sept. I, 1648. Fran- 
 ciscan monk, living in Paris. — Wrote " Traite 
 de I'harmonie universelle " (1627), later expanded 
 to "Harmonie imiverselle " (1636-7; 2 large 
 folio vol.s with illustrations and musical exam- 
 ples ; includes a " Traite des instruments," de- 
 picting and describing all instr.s of the 17th 
 century ; his most important work) ; " Quaes- 
 tiones celeberrimae in Genesin " (1623 ; chiefly 
 on Hebrew music) ; "Questions harmoniques" 
 (1634) ; " Les preludes de I'harmonie univer- 
 selle" (1634); "Harmonicorum libri XII" 
 (1635 ; enlarged ed. 1648) ; etc. 
 
 Mertens, Joseph, b. Antwerp, Feb. 17, 
 1834. 1st vioHn at the Opera there ; violin- 
 teacher at the Cons.; cond. the Flemish Opera, 
 Brussels, 1878-9. Brought out a number of 
 Flemish and French operettas and operas with 
 local success ; De zwarte LCapitein (The Hague, 
 1877) was also prod, in Germany. 
 
 Mert'ke, Eduard, pianist ; b. Riga, June 
 17, 1833 ; d. Cologne, Sept. 25, 1895. Pupilof 
 S. von Ltitzau (pf .) and Agthe (theory). Played 
 in public at ten ; succ. concerts in St. Peters- 
 burg and Moscow, 1850 ; from 1853-9, 1st vio- 
 lin in the Gewandhaus, Leipzig ; pianistic tour 
 in Norway and Sweden, 1859 ! ^f'^'' """^ ^' 
 
 392 
 
MERULA— M]fiTRA 
 
 Wesserling (Alsatia), Lucerne, Freiburg, and 
 Mannheim, he was app. (1869) teacher of pf. 
 at the Cologne Cons. — Works : Lisa, oder die 
 Sprache des Herzens, opera (Mannheim, 1872) ; 
 the posth. opera Kyrill von Thessalonica ; 2 
 cantatas, Des Liedes Verklarung and Blumen- 
 geister (f. sopr. and alto soli, fem. chorus, and 2 
 pf.s) ; pf.-suite in G min., op. 8 ; 4 pf. -pieces, op. 
 7 ; Nocturne and Valse, op. 23 ; technical exer- 
 cises and School of Octaves f. pf. ; arr.s of Men- 
 delssohn's, Weber's, and Hummel's concerted 
 pieces, f . pf . w. 2nd pf . ; edited Chopin's works ; 
 publ. a coll. of " Melodies of the Ukraine." 
 
 Me'rula, Tarquinio, early composer for vio- 
 lin, and a native of Bergamo ; publ. " Canzoni 
 ovvero sonate per chiesa e camera a 2 e 3 " (4 
 books; 1623-51); other sonatas in his " Con- 
 certi spirituali" (1628) and " Pegaso musicale " 
 (1640). 
 
 Me'rulo (recte Merlotti), Claudio, called 
 " da Coreggio " because born in Coreggio, 
 
 Apr. 8, 1533 ; d. Parma, May 4, 1604. A pupil 
 of Menon and G. Donati ; organist at Brescia ; 
 from July 2, 1557, organist of the 2nd organ at 
 San Marco, Venice, and from 1566-86 Pado- 
 vano's successor as ist organist there. There- 
 after court organist to the Duke of Parma. One 
 of the greatest organists of the time, he stands 
 at the head of the Venetian School, and his 
 works open a new era of independent composi- 
 tion for the king of instruments : " Toccate 
 d'intavolatura d'organo " (1604 ; 2 books), and 
 " Ricercari d'intavolatura d'organo" (1605). 
 Among his pupils were Angleria, Bonizzi, and 
 Conforti. He also prod, an opera in madrigal- 
 style, La Tragedia (Venice, 1574), and publ. 4 
 vol.s of madrigals a 3-5 (1566-1604), 2 vol.s of 
 motets a 5 (1578), " Ricercari da cantare " « 4 
 (1607, 1608), and "Canzoni alia francese " 
 (1620). — " Memorie " by Catelani (i860). 
 
 Merz, Karl, b. Bensheim, n. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, Sept. 19, 1836 ; d. Wooster, Ohio, Jan. 
 30, 1890. Pupil of his father and F. J. Kunkel. 
 Went to the United States in 1854, and lived in 
 Philadelphia and other cities as a teacher. Con- 
 tributed mus. articles to " Mu.sic and Culture " 
 and other periodicals. 
 
 Messager, Andr^ (-Charles-Prosper), b. 
 
 Montlucon, Allier, France, Dec. 30, 1855. 
 Pupil of the Niedermeyer School ; then of Saint- 
 Saens. Org. of the choir at St.-Sulpice, 1874 ; 
 chef d'orchestre at Brussels ; org. at Saint- Paul- 
 Saint-Louis ; then mailre de chapelle at Sainte- 
 Marie des Batignolles ; in i8g8 app. by Carre 
 orchestral conductor of the Opera-Comique. — 
 After bringing out several ballets at the Kolies- 
 Berg^re, he prod, the 3-act comic opera Francois 
 les bas bleus at the Folies-Dramatiques, 1883 
 (completing Bernicat's unfinished score) ; since 
 then about 20 more similar stage-pieces have 
 appeared, the latest being the operetta La Fian- 
 cee en loterie (1896 ; mod. succ), the 5-act comic 
 
 opera L-e Chevalier d' L/armenlal (Op. -Com., 
 1896), the operetta Les ftites Michu (1897 ; 
 succ), and the operetta Ftfronii/ue {l8g8 ; .succ). 
 La Basoche, 3-act comic opera (Op. -Com., 1890), 
 was prod, at Bremen, 1892, as Zwei IConige. — 
 Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 Mes'serschmidt-Griin'ner (Frau), b. Vi- 
 enna, about 1847 ; d. there Oct. 15, 1895 ; cele- 
 brated for organizing at Vienna, in 1870, the 
 first Ladies' Orchestra, a successful and widely 
 imitated enterprise. 
 
 Mestri'no, Niccolo, b. Milan, 1748 ; d. 
 Paris, Sept., 1790. Solo violin in the orches- 
 tras of Prince Esterhazy and Count Erdody ; 
 successful concerts in Italy, Germany, and 
 (1786) Paris, where he settled as a teacher ; 
 1789, cond. of the Th. de Monsieur. — Publ. 12 
 violin-concertos, duets, etudes and caprices f. 
 vln., and sonatas f, do. w. figured bass. 
 
 Metasta'sio, Pietro Antonio Domenico 
 Bonaventura (son of the Papal soldier Tra- 
 passi, but changed his name at the instance of 
 Gravina, his patron) ; b. Rome, Jan. 3, 1698 ; 
 d. Vienna, Apr. 12, 1782. Celebrated poet and 
 dramatist ; from 1730 until his death he was 
 court poet at Vienna. Of 34 opera-texts writ- 
 ten by him, and set to music by Gluck, Hasse, 
 P(ypora, Handel, Jommelli, Caldara, Galuppi, 
 and others, Mozart's La Clemenza di Tiio{iy(ji) 
 alone still holds the stage. His libretti were 
 less remarkable for dramatic power than for 
 graceful and melodious verse ; some have been 
 composed 30 or 40 times. 
 
 Meth'fessel [mat'-], Albert Gottlieb, b. 
 Stadtilm, Thuringia, Oct. 6, 1785 ; d. Hecken- 
 beck, n. Gandersheim, Mar. 23, 1869. 1832— 
 42, court composer at Brunswick, then retiring 
 on pension. — Works : Opera Z>er Prins von 
 Basra ; oratorio Das befreite Jerusalem ;. sona- 
 tas and sonatinas f . pf. ; and still popular songs 
 and part-songs, publ. in his " Liederbuch," 
 " Liederkranz," and other collections. — His 
 brother, Methfessel, Friedrich, b. Stadtilm, 
 Aug. 27, 1771 ; d. there May, 1807 ; publ. 
 songs w. guitar-accomp. — Ernst Methfessel, 
 a relative ; b. Mulhausen, 1802 ; d. Bern, Nov. 
 19, 1878, as mus. cond. [Not the same as 
 Ernst M. (1811-1886), conductor at Winter- 
 thur.] 
 
 M£tra, (Jules-Louis-) Olivier, b. Rheims, 
 June 2, 1830 ; d. Paris, Oct. 22, 1889. An ac- 
 tor's son, and himself a boy-actor, he was taught 
 musicby Ed. Roche, and was in turn violinist, 
 'cellist, and double-bass player in minor Parisian 
 theatres. Pupil in Paris Cons, of Elwart (1849- 
 54), then of Ambr. Thomas for a short time, 
 then conducting the orch. at the Th. Beau- 
 marchais, and successively at the dance-halls 
 Robert, Mabille, Chateau des Fleurs, Athenee 
 musicale, Elysee - Montmartre, Casino - Cadet, 
 Frascati ; the masked balls at the Opera-Co- 
 mique (1871) I the orch. at the Folies-Berg^re 
 
 393 
 
METTENLEITER— MEYERBEER 
 
 (1872-7) ; the balls at the Th. de la Monnaie, 
 Brussels {1874-6) ; finally the Opera balls. His 
 waltzes (" Le tour du monde," " La vague," 
 " Les roses"), mazurkas, polkas, quadrilles, 
 etc. , are extremely popular ; at the Folies-Ber- 
 gere he prod. 18 operettas and ballet-divertisse- 
 ments ; and at the Opera the 3-act ballet Yedda 
 (1879 ; mod. succ). 
 
 Met'tenleiter, Johann Georg, b; St. Ul- 
 rich, n. Ulm, Apr. 6, 1812 ; d. Ratisbon, Oct. 
 6, 1S58, as choirmaster and organist at the ca- 
 thedral. An erudite church-composer, he publ. 
 " Manuale breve cantionum ac precum " (1852), 
 and an "Enchiridion chorale . . ." (1855), 
 both with added organ-accompaniments ; also 
 Psalm 95, for 6 male voices (1854) ; other works 
 in MS. (masses ; a Stabat Mater ; 2 Misereres ; 
 Ave Maria f. double chorus, etc.).— Biography, 
 "J. G. M., ein Kiinstlerbild," publ. 1866 by his 
 brother, 
 
 Met'tenleiter, Dominicus, b. Tannenhau- 
 sen, Wiirttemberg, May 20, 1822 ; d. Ratisbon, 
 May 2, 1868 ; Dr. theol. 3.nd phil.; wrote " Mu- 
 sikgeschichte der Stadt Regensburg " (i865), 
 " Musikgeschichte der Oberpfalz " (1867) ; and 
 contributed to his brother's "Enchiridion." 
 His fine mus. library was united with Proske's 
 in the Bishop's Library, Ratisbon. 
 
 Metz'dorff, Richard, b. Danzig, June 2I, 
 1844. Pupil at Berlin of P'l. Geyer, Dehn, and 
 Kiel ; Kapellmeister successively at Diisseldorf 
 (1865), Berlin, Nuremberg, Brunswick, and 
 Hanover. In 1875 he prod, the grand opera 
 Rosaviunde at Weimar ; in 1893 the opera Hug- 
 hart und Signe, also at Weimar, with great suc- 
 cess. Has also written 3 symphonies (in F, D 
 min. ["tragic"], and E^); overture " ICittg 
 Lear''\' Fran A lice ^ ballade f. contralto, ch., and 
 orch. ; Phantasiestuck f . orch. ; a symphonic con- 
 certo f. violin w. orch., op. 48 ; a pf.-quintet ; a 
 string-quartet ; pf.-trios ; sonatas and other pf.- 
 pieces ; songs. 
 
 Metz'ler & Co., music-pubUshers in Lon- 
 don. Valentine M. founded the firm about 1790 
 as a business for selling instr.s ; the publishing 
 department was added in 1816. 
 
 Metz'Ier-Lowy, Pauline, alto stage-singer ; 
 b. Theresienstadt, 1850 (?). Eng. at Leipzig 
 City Th. 1875-87. Married the piano-teacher 
 Ferdinand Metzler in 1881. Is now an adinired 
 concert-singer. 
 
 Meur'sius, Johannes, b. Loozduinen, near 
 The Hague, Feb. 9, 1579 ; d. as prof, af Soro 
 Acad., Denmark, Sept. 20, 1639. Learned phi- 
 lologist ; publ. the Greek text, with Latin notes, 
 of " Aristoxenos, Nikomachos, Alypius" (1616); 
 and " Orchestra, sive de saltationibus veterum" 
 (1618). 
 
 Meu'sel, Johan Georgf, b. Eyrichshof, Mar. 
 17, 1743 ; d. Erlangen, Sept. 19, 1820, as prof, 
 of history in the Univ. — Publ.' " Deutsches 
 Kiinstler-Lexicon" (1778, 1789 ; 2vol.s ; 2nd ed. 
 
 1808-9 ; suppl. 1814) ; " Das gelehrte Deutsch- 
 land " (as the 4th ed. of Hamburger's work, ed- 
 ited by M.; 1783-4, 4 vol.s, and 3 supplemen- 
 tary vol.s 1786-8 ; 5th ed. 1802-20, in 17 vol.s); 
 " Deutsches Museum fiir Kunstler und Lieb- 
 haber " (a periodical ; 1772-89) ; " Miscellaneen 
 artistischen Inhalts" (1779-83). 
 
 Mey'er, Joachim, b. Perleberg, Branden- 
 burg, Aug. 10, 1661 ; d. Gottingen, Apr. 2, 
 1732, as prof, of music. Publ. " Unvorgreif- 
 liche Gedanken tlber die neulich eingerissene 
 theatralische Kirchenmusik " (1726 ; attacking 
 the new-fangled church-cantatas) ; to Matthe- 
 son's reply, " Gottingischer Ephorus," Meyer 
 responded with " Der anmaassliche hambur- 
 gische Criticus sine crisi ..." (1728). 
 
 Mey'er, Leopold von (called " de Meyer"), 
 b. Baden, n. Vienna, Dec. 20, 1816 ; d. Dres- 
 den, Mar. 6, 1883. Piano-virtuoso of great 
 technical ability ; pupil of Czerny and Fischhof. 
 From 1835, after his debut, he spent most of his 
 life on extended pianistic tours throughout Eu- 
 rope and America (1845-7), sojourning 1867-8 
 in Vienna. He abjured classical music in favor 
 of his own shallow compositions, chiefly light 
 j-a/i9«-pieces and dances, which he played, how- 
 ever, in peculiarly effective style, somewhat 
 marred by his extravagant contortions. His valse, 
 "Souvenir de Vienne," is op. 180. — Cf. "The 
 Biography of L, de M." (London, 1845). 
 
 Mey'er, Julius Eduard, b. Altenburg, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 5, 1822 ; pupil of Schumann, Mo- 
 scheles, Hauptraann, and David at Leipzig; 
 became a vocal teacher at Mendelssohn's sug- 
 gestion, taught successfully, and settled in 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1852, remaining here till 
 his death on Sept. 20, 1899, despite two offers 
 of a vocal professorship at the Leipzig Cons. 
 
 Mey'er, Jenny, b. Berlin, Mar. 26, 1834 ; d. 
 there July* 20, 1894. Excellent concert-singer, 
 taught singing from 1865 at the Stern Cons., of 
 which she became owner and directress in 1888. 
 
 Mey'er, 'Waldemar, b. Berlin, Feb. 4, 1853. 
 Violinist ; pupil of Joachim ; from 1873-81, 
 member of the Berlin Court Orch.; since then, 
 concert-player of repute. 
 
 Mey'er, Gustav, b. Kbnigsberg, Prussia, 
 June 14, 1859. Pupil thereof Robert Schwalm; 
 from 1880-4, of Reinecke and Jadassohn in 
 Leipzig Cons. Held positions as Kapellm. in 
 Liegnitz, Gbrlitz, Eisenach, Dorpat, Breslau 
 (5 years), Stettin, and finally, since 1895, at the 
 Leipzig City Theatre. — Works : The 4-act farce 
 with songs, Atis bewegter ZczV (Bremen) ; ballet- 
 pantomme Kiinstlerfest(V>x^s\a.'a)\ 3-act operetta 
 Der Hochstapler (Leipzig, Old Th. , 1897 ; prod, 
 since then in Munich, Prague, Stettin, Magde- 
 burg, Nuremberg, and Liverpool [in English]) ; 
 the ballet Elektra (Leipzig); and upwards of 30 
 melodious songs. 
 
 Mey'erbeer, Giacomo, the famous dramatic 
 composer, born Berlin, Sept. 5, 1791, died Pans, 
 
 394 
 
MEYERBEER 
 
 May 2, 1864. Of Jewish family, his real name 
 was Jakob Liebmann Beer ; a wealthy rel- ■ 
 ative made him his heir on condition that he 
 should prefix the name " Meyer " to his patro- 
 nymic ; and " Giacomo " (Jacob Italianized ) was 
 later assumed as an artist-name. He was a 
 piano-pupil of Lauska and Clementi, and played 
 in public at 7 ; began the study of theory under 
 Zelter,;but soon left this strict master for Anselm 
 Weber, and from 1810-12 lived and studied 
 with Abbe Vogler at Darmstadt, C. M. von 
 Weber and Gansbacher being his fellow pupils. 
 Here he wrote an oratorio, Gott und die Natur 
 (.Singakaderaie, Berlin, l8li), and 2 operas, /f//^- 
 thas Gelubde (Court Opera, Munich, i8i3),and 
 AHmelek, oder die beiden Kalifen (Munich, 1813); 
 the first two were 
 failures, but Abi- 
 melek was accepted 
 for Vienna, and 
 thither M. repaired. 
 Already a brilliant 
 pianist, Hummel's 
 suave style so im- 
 pressed him that he 
 deferred his own 
 debut at Vienna for 
 severalmonths, suc- 
 cessfully working 
 to acquire the same 
 fluent ease and fin- 
 ish. His opera was 
 rather coolly re- 
 ceived in Vienna 
 (and later, as Wif'th und Cast, in Prague and 
 Dresden) ; still, despite pianistic triumphs, he 
 felt dramatic composition to be his real vocation. 
 Acting on Salieri's suggestion that Italian melody 
 would prove a corrective for his heavy contra- 
 puntal style, M. went to Venice in 1815; the vogue 
 of Rossini's operas indicated the pajji to popu- 
 larity, and M. entered it with a series of operas 
 in the Italian vein — Romilda e Coj/a«zrt! (Padua, 
 1815), Semiraniide riconosciuta (Turin, 1819), 
 Emma di Resburgo (Venice, 1819 ; in Germany 
 as Emma von Leicester), Margherita d'Angiii 
 (La Scala, Milan, 1820), L'esule di Granata 
 (Milan, 1822), sxvirlJ^ crociato in Egitio (Venice, 
 1824), this last with immense success. While 
 writing it, he had visited Berlin with the vain hope 
 of bringing outa 3-act German o'pera.-jDas Bran- 
 denburger Thor, and embraced the opportunity to 
 call on his old friend Weber, in Prague, whose 
 strong remonstrances against M.'s Italian trans- 
 formation of himself seem to have borne fruit. 
 Certain it is, that for six years M. produced no 
 more operas. In 1826 he went to Paris to prepare 
 the first representation of // crociato. After 
 this, his father's death, his own marriage, and 
 the death of two of his children, also serve to ex- 
 plain his silence. But at this time he was also, 
 on Mendel's authority, immersed in the study of 
 French opera, from Lully onward ; the result 
 being Meyerbeer's third style of operatic com- 
 position, in which "he united to the flowing 
 
 melody of the Italians and the solid harmony of 
 the Germans the pathetic declamation and the va- 
 ried, piquant rhythm of the French." Combin- 
 ing with these M.'s undeniable fecundity and 
 originality of orchestral effect, and the theatrical 
 ability and routine of his librettist. Scribe, it is 
 no wonder that M.'s first French " grand opera," 
 Robert le Diable {Grani Opera, Nov. 21, 1831), 
 fairly electrified the Parisians, and (incidentally) 
 caused the Opera to prosper financially. Les 
 Huguenots followed on Feb. 20, 1836, and was 
 recognized by cultured critics as vastly superior 
 to Robert ; though the general public, enjoying 
 the flamboyant unrealities of the latter, was dis- 
 appointed at first. Two years later M. began 
 the composition of VAfr-icaine, which was des- 
 tined to occupy him through life ; irritated by 
 the composer's continual dehiand for changes. 
 Scribe after a while testily withdrew the libretto, 
 but was mollified by M.'s entering heart and 
 soul into the composition of another of his 
 te.yAs,-Le Proplihe, finished in the year 1842-3. 
 After the production of Les Huguenots at Ber- 
 lin, 1842, M. was called to that city by King 
 Friedrich Wilhelm IV. as General Mus. Direc- 
 tor. Here his opera. Das Feldlager in Schlc- 
 sien (1843), achieved only moderate success until 
 Jenny Lind assumed the role of Vielka in 1844. 
 He visited Vienna and London in 1847 ; on his 
 return to Berlin, he brought out Wagner's Rienzi. 
 In 1849 Le Prop kite was at last produced at the 
 Grand Opera, Paris, on April 16; in 1854 it was 
 followed by VEtoile du Nord at the Opera-Co- 
 mique (much of the music taken from Das Feld- 
 lager itt Schiesien), where Dinora/i, ou le Par- 
 don de Ploermel, was brought out in 1859. Last 
 in the series was I' Africaine (Grand Opera, Apr. 
 28, 1865), just a year after his death ; he had 
 returned to Paris to take charge of the rehear- 
 sals in the spring of 1864. — M.'s fame is insep- 
 arably knit with his dramatic music, the popu- 
 larity of which has long been on the wane. — 
 Other works ; Incidental music to Struensee 
 (tragedy by Michael Beer, his brother ; Berlin, 
 1846), one of his finest works ; choruses to 
 yEschylus' Eumenides; festival-play Das Hoffest 
 Ton Ferrara ; monodrama Thevelindens Hebe, f. 
 sopr. solo, ch., with clar. obbligato (Vienna, 181 3); 
 " Gutenberg " cantata ; cantata Maria und ihr 
 Genius, for the silver wedding of Prince and 
 Princess Carl of Prussia ; Serenade " Brautge- 
 leite aus der Heimath," for the wedding of 
 Princess Luise of Prussia ; cantata Der Genius 
 der Musik am Grabe Beethovens ; ode to Rauch 
 (the sculptor), f. soli, ch., and orch.; 7 sacred 
 odes by Klopstock, f. 4 voice-parts a cappella; 
 Festhymnas for the King of Prussia's silver wed- 
 ding, f. 4 voices andxhorus; " Freundschaft," f. 
 4-part male ch.; Psalm 91, 08; Pater noster a 
 4 w. organ ; in MS. are 12 Psalms f. double 
 choir, a Te Deum, a Stabat Mater, and a Mise- 
 rere " Quarante melodies a une et plusieurs 
 voix" were publ. in Paris (Brandus); others are 
 " Neben dir," f. tenor w. 'cello obbl.; " Des 
 Jagers Lied," f. bass w. horns obbl.; "Des 
 
 395 
 
MEYER-HELMUND— MICHAELIS 
 
 Schafers Lied," f. tenor w. clar. obbl. ; " A Vene- 
 zia," barcarolle; "Dichters Wahlspruch," canon 
 f. 3 voices. — Instrumental: 3 " Fackeltanze " 
 for wind-band, also scored f. orch., for the 
 weddings of the King of Bavaria, and the Prin- 
 cesses Charlotte and Anna of Prussia ; Grand 
 March for the Schiller Centenary (1859) ; over- 
 ture in march-form (for opening of London Ex- 
 hibition, 1862) ; Coronation March for King 
 ^Yilhelm L (1863); pf. -music in MS. — Bio- 
 graphical : A de Lasalle, " M., sa vie et le cata- 
 logue deses oeuvres "(1864) ; A. Pougin, " Mey- 
 erbeer" (1864); H. Blaze de Bury, " M., sa 
 vie, ses oeuvres etson temps " 1865) ; Ella, " Per- 
 sonal Memoir of M., with an analysis of Les 
 Huguenots" (1868); H. Mendel, " G. M." 
 (1868) ; the same in epitome, " M., sein Leben 
 und seine Werke" (1869) ; J. Schucht (i86g) ; 
 etc. — M. left by will 10,000 Thaler ($7,500) for 
 the foundation of a Meyerbeer Scholarship ; 
 only Germans under 28, and pupils of the Ber- 
 lin " Hochschule," the Stern Cons., and the Co- 
 logne Cons., may compete. Competitors must 
 submit a vocal fugue a 8 (tor double chorus), an 
 overture f . full orch. , and a dram, cantata a 3, 
 w. orch. (text of cantata, and text and theme of 
 fugue, are given). Six months in Italy, six in 
 Paris, and six more in Vienna, Munich, and 
 Dresden together, is the plan of study mapped 
 out for the winner of the scholarship. 
 
 Mey'er-Hel'mund, Erik, b. St. Petersburg, 
 April 13 (25, N. S.), 1861. His first instruc- 
 tion was received from his father ; subsequently 
 he studied in Berlin under Kiel and Stockhausen. 
 He is best known to the general public as a song- 
 composer, and three score or more of his light 
 and graceful, but highly effective vocal numbers 
 have been published, to the majority of which 
 he himself has written the words. As an 
 opera-composer he has also been in evidence 
 since the production of his comic opera Mar- 
 gitta at Magdeburg, in 1889 ; it has been fol- 
 lowed by Die beiden Kliiigsberg (?), Der Liebes- 
 kamtf {2 acts ; Dresden, 1892 ; succ), the bal- 
 let Riibezahl [or Der Berggeisi] (Leipzig, 1893 ; 
 V. succ), and the i-act burlesque opera Tischka 
 (Riga, 1894). 
 
 Mey'er-Lutz, Wilhelm, b. Miinnerstadt, n. 
 Kissingen, 1829. Pupil of Eisenhofer and Kel- 
 ler, Wurzburg ; since 1848 in England (org. at 
 Birmingham, Leeds, and St. George's R. C. Ch., 
 London), also 1851-5 cond. at Surrey Th., and 
 since 1869 at Gaiety Th. Has brought out 8 
 operas, and several masses ; also chamber-music. 
 
 Mey'er-Ol'bersleben, Max, b. Olbersleben, 
 n. Weimar, Apr. 5, 1850. Pupil of his father; 
 then of MuUer-Hartung and Liszt at Weimar. 
 On Liszt's recommendation he received a liberal 
 allowance from the Duke for further study ; 
 passed two years at Munich under Cornelius, 
 Rheinberger, and WlUlner ; a year at Brussels ; 
 then another at Munich. In 1876, teacher of 
 pf. and theory at Miiiler-Hartung's Orchestra- 
 
 School, Weimar; in 1877, teacher of cpt. and 
 comp. at the R. Cons, of Music, Wi'irzburg; cond. 
 of the famous" WurzburgerLiedertafel" in 1879; 
 " Royal Prof." in 1885 ; in l8g6, elected member 
 of Board of Directors of the " DeutscherSanger- 
 bund," and directed, with Kremser, the Fifth 
 National Sangerfest at Stuttgart. — As a com- 
 poser, his talent was early shown by chamber^ 
 music, pf. -pieces, and songs ; his numerous cho- 
 ruses take high rank ; a 3-act romantic opera 
 Cla7-e Dettin (WUrzburg, 1896) has been suc- 
 cessful, and a new 3-act comic opera, Der Hauben 
 Krieg, has been accepted for the Munich Opera. 
 • — Other works: 2 overtures, "Feierklange" and 
 " P'estouverture " ; pf.-trio, op. 7; 3 pes. f. pf. 
 and 'cello, op. 10 ; sonata f. via. and pf., op. 14; 
 sonata f. flute and pf., op. 17 ; 22 male choruses 
 (ofwhichop. 52, " Konradin,"op. 45, " Gothen- 
 treue," and op. 56, " Dance Kingdoms," arew. 
 orch.) ; 7 mixed choruses (op. 40, " Das begra- 
 bene Lied," and op. 54, "Der Blumen Rache," 
 w. orch . ) ; 9 3-part female choruses (op. 5 1 , " The 
 Blind Elf," is a cantatina f. sopr. and alto soli, 
 female ch., w. pf. or orch.) ; about 30 character- 
 istic pf. -pieces in modern and original style ; and 
 40 or 50 songs for one voice ("Loreley" is a 
 dramatic scene w. orch. or pf.). 
 
 M^zeray, Louis-Charles-Lazare-Costard 
 
 de, b. Brunswick, Nov. 5, 1810 ; d. Asnieres, n. 
 Paris, April, 1887. At 15, 2nd leader in the 
 Strassburg Th.-orch. ; studied under Talliez and 
 Wachethal, and brought out a little opera, Lc 
 Sicilien ; at 17, maitre de chapelle at the Liege 
 Th., also cond. of the Cons, concerts and the 
 Concerts Gretry. In 1830, ist cond. at the 
 Court Th., The Hague ; in 1832 he prod, the 
 heroic opera Guillaunie de Nassau; studied 
 under Reicha in Paris (1833), was cond. at Ghent, 
 Rouen, and Marseilles, and baritone singer at 
 Bordeaux, Montpellier, Antwerp, and Nantes ; 
 finally (1843) ist m. de chap, at the Grand Thea- 
 tre, Bordeaux, which under his 30 years' sway 
 won a high reputation. He founded the Societe 
 Sainte-Cecile in 1843. 
 
 Mice'li, Giorgio, b. Reggio di Calabria, 
 Italy, Oct. 21, 1836 ; d. Naples, Dec. 2, 1895. 
 Studied in Naples under N. Gallo and G. Lillo; 
 his first opera, Zoe, was successful (1852). In 
 1872, Director of the R. Educandati Femmenili, 
 Naples ; 1887-94, Dir. of Palermo Cons. — 
 Works : Operas (all first given in Naples) : 
 Zoe (1852), Gli amanii sessagenari (1853), H 
 conte di Rossiglione (1854 ; v. succ). La Som- 
 nambule (French operetta, 1869 ; reprod. in 
 Italian, 1871, as L'Oinbra bianco). La Lata 
 (1875), ^l Convito di Baldassare (1878), and 2 
 biblical operas. La leggenda di Pisa (1885) and 
 La Figlia di Jefte (1886). Also church- and 
 chamber-music 
 
 Michae'lis, Christian Friedrich, b. Leip- 
 zig, 1770; d. there as " Docent" (reader) at the 
 University, Aug. i, 1834.— Publ. " Ueber den 
 Geist der Tonkunst mit Rucksicht auf Kants 
 
 396 
 
MICHAELIS— MILILOTTI 
 
 Kritik der aesthetischen Urtheilskraft " (2 vol.s, 
 1795, 1800) ; " Entwurf der Aesthetik, als Leit- 
 faden bei akademischen Vorlesungen " (1796); 
 " Catechisraus ttber J. B. Logiers System der 
 Musikwissenschaft" (1828) ; short essays ; trans- 
 lation of Busby's " Hist, of Music " (1820) ; etc. 
 
 Michae'lis, Gustav, b. Ballenstedt, Jan. 23, 
 1828 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 20, 1887. — Kapcllm. at 
 the Wallner Th., Berlin ; prod. mus. farces and 
 operettas. 
 
 Michae'lis, Theodor, brother of preceding, 
 b. Ballenstedt, Mar. 15, 1831 ; d. Hamburg, 
 Nov. 18, 1887. Orchestral player. Comp. "Die 
 turkische Schaarwache," "Die Schmiede im 
 Walde," and other popular open-air pieces. 
 
 Michel (the clarinettist). See Yost. 
 
 Miche'li, Romano, Roman contrapuntist ; b. 
 about 1575 ; d. about 1660. Pupil of Soriano and 
 Nannini ; from 1625 m. di capp. at the church S. 
 Luigi de' Francesi. Remarkable canon-writer. 
 Publ. " Musica vaga ed artificiosa" (1615 ; 50 
 " motets and artistic canons ") ; " Madrigali a sei 
 voci in canoni " (1621) ; " Canoni musicali com- 
 posti sopra le vocali di piu parole . . . "(1645); 
 and masses, complines, psalms, responses, etc. ; 
 also " Lettere di Romano Micheli romano alii 
 musici della Cappella di N. S. ed altri musici 
 romani " (1618 ; explaining canons of a kind in- 
 vented by himself). 
 
 Mick'witz, Harald von, pianist ; b. Hel- 
 singfors, May 22, 1859. Pupil of Brassin and 
 Rimsky-Korsakov at .St. Petersburg Cons. , and 
 of Leschetizky at Vienna (1880-3). 1886, teacher 
 of advanced piano-classes at the Karlsruhe Cons. ; 
 1893 ditto at Wiesbaden Cons. Has publ. ele- 
 gant pf. -music. 
 
 Mieksch. See Miksch. 
 
 Mierzwin'ski, Ladislas, tenor singer ; b. 
 Warsaw, Oct. 21, 1850. Natural singer of 
 short-lived celebrity. 
 
 Miha'lovich, Edmund von, b. Fericsancze, 
 Slavonia, Sept. 13, 1S42. Pupil (1865) of Haupt- 
 mann at Leipzig ; later at Munich of v. Bulow 
 (pf.) ; living as a composer in Pesth. A disciple 
 oftheneo-German school. — Works : The roman- 
 tic opera Hagbarth unci Signe (Dresden, 1882); 
 the 3-act opera Toldi (Pesth, 1893 ; succ.) ; bal- 
 lads f. full orch. ("Das Geisterschiff," "Hero 
 und Leander," "La ronde du sabbat ' [V. 
 Hugo], " Die Nixe ") ; a symphony, pf.-music, 
 etc. 
 
 Miksch, Johann Aloys, b. Georgenthal, 
 Bohemia, July 19, 1765 ; d. Dresden, Sept. 24, 
 1845. Choir-boy in Dresden, 1777; " Cere- 
 moniensanger " at the Court Church, 1786 ; bari- 
 tone singer in the Italian Opera, 1797 ; chorus- 
 master of the German Opera, 1820, pensioned 
 1831. Acelebratedsinging-teacher; theSchroder- 
 Devrient, A. Mitterwurzer, and Agnes Schebest, 
 were his pupils. 
 
 Mi'kuli, Karl, b. Ciernowitz, Bukowina, 
 Oct. 22, 1821 ; d. Lemberg, May 21, 1897. A 
 
 student of medicine at Vienna (1839), his pro- 
 nounced talent for music won him over ; in 1844 
 he went to Paris, and studied under Chopin (pf.) 
 and Reicha (comp.), returning home on the out- 
 break of the revolution of 1848. After highly 
 successful pianistic tours through Russia, Ruma- 
 nia, and Galicia, hewasapp. Artistic Director of 
 the Lemberg Cons, in 1858 ; in 188S he founded a 
 music-school of his own, which waswellattended. 
 His edition of Chopin's works, containing numer- 
 ous emendations made by Chopin as marginal 
 notes in M.'s student-copies, is regarded as a 
 standard. He has publ. a number of pf. -pieces 
 generally influenced by Chopin's style. 
 
 Milanol'lo, Teresa and Maria, sisters ; b. 
 Savigliano, n. Turin, Aug. 28, 1827, and July 
 ig, 1832, respectively. Teresa, a pupil of 
 Caldera and Morra at Turin, became a celebrated 
 violinist, travelling in Italy, France, Belgium, 
 Holland, and England from 1836 ; from 1838 
 with her sister Maria (also a violinist), who died 
 of consumption in Paris, Oct. 21, 1848. Teresa, 
 after her marriage in 1857 to the military engi- 
 neer Parmentier, ceased to appear in public. 
 She lives in Toulouse. 
 
 Milch'meyer, Philipp Jakob, b. Frankfort- 
 on-Main, 1750; d. as a pf.-teacher in Strass- 
 burg. Mar. 15, 1813. From 1780, court mechani- 
 cian at Mayence. Invented a 3-manual piano- 
 forte ; publ. " AnfangsgrUnde der Musik . . ." 
 (a pf. -method ; 1797). 
 
 Mil'de, Hans Feodor von, stage baritone, 
 the creator of Telramund in Lohctigrin at 
 Weimar, 1850, and a life-member of the Weimar 
 Court Opera, was born on the estate Petronek, 
 near Vienna, Apr. 13, 1821, and was a pupil of 
 Hauser and Manuel Garcia. — His wife Rosa 
 {n/e Agthe), b. Weimar, June 25, 1827, created 
 the role of Elsa, and sang at Weimar till 1876. 
 
 Mil'der-Haupt'mann, Pauline Anna, dra- 
 matic soprana ; b. Constantinople, Dec. 13, 1785 ; 
 d. Berlin, May 29, 1838. She was " discovered" 
 by Schikaneder, and taught by Tomaschelli and 
 Saheri at Vienna. Debut 1803 ; sang in the 
 Vienna Court Opera ; Beethoven wrote the role 
 of Fidelio for her. Prima donnain Berlin, 1816- 
 29, leaving on account of difficulties with Spon- 
 tini. Toured Russia, Sweden, etc.; farewell 
 appearance Vienna, 1836. Her voice was so 
 powerful that Haydn said to her " Liebes Kind, 
 Sie haben cine Stimme wie ein Plans " [Dear 
 child, you have a voice like a house]. 
 
 Mild'ner,Moritz, b. Turnitz, Bohemia, Nov. 
 7, 1812 ; d. Dec. 4, 1865, at Prague, where he had 
 been a violin-pupil of Pixis in the Cons. , teach- 
 ing there from 1842. He was a leader in the 
 theatre-orch. ; among his pupils were Laub, 
 Hrimaly, and Zajic. 
 
 Mililot'ti, Leopoldo, b. Ravenna, Aug. 6, 
 1835. Settled in Rome, where he had studied 
 music, as a singing-teacher. Publ. many beauti- 
 ful songs, and wrote (with his brother Giuseppe 
 [1833-1883]), 2 operettas. La vendetta d'un fol- 
 
 397 
 
MILLARD— MINGOTTI 
 
 letto, and Un sogno nella luna (both Rome, 
 1875). 
 
 Mil'lard, Harrison, b. Boston, Mass., Nov. 
 27, 1830. Sang in a ciiurch-choir, and at 10 in 
 the chorus of the Handel and Haydn Soc. 
 Studied 1851-4 in Italy; tenor concert-singer; 
 toured Great Britain with Catherine Hayes. Re- 
 turned to Boston 1854 ; settled in New York, 
 1856, as a singer, composer, and vocal instructor. 
 — Works : The 4-act Italian opera Deborah (not 
 perf .) ; Grand Mass ; Church-services ; 4 Te 
 Deums ; he is a noted song-composer, having 
 publ. over 350 songs, besides adaptations from 
 the French, Italian, and German. 
 
 Miller, Edward, English composer and 
 theorist ; b. Norwich, 1735 ; d. Doncaster, 
 Sept. 12, 1807. Apprenticed to a street-paver, 
 he ran away and studied music under Burney at 
 Lynn. Organist at Doncaster, 1756-1807 ; Mus. 
 Doc, Cambridge, 1786. — Publ. 6 solos f. Ger- 
 man flute (with remarks on double-tonguing ; 
 1752) ; 6 harpsichord-sonatas ; elegies, songs, 
 and an ode, w. instr.l parts ; psalms and hymns ; 
 etc. ; also " Institutes of Music, or Easy Instruc- 
 tions for the Harpsichord" (1771) ; "Elements 
 of Thorough-bass and composition " (1787) ; etc. 
 
 Milleville, Francesco, b. about 1565 at 
 Ferrara ; pupil of his father, Alessandro M., 
 organist and composer to the Ducal court. Was 
 for a time in the service of the King of Poland, 
 then of the Emperor Rudolf II.; returned to Italy 
 in 1614, and acted as m. di capp. at Milan, Vol- 
 terra, and Chioggia. He was the teacher of 
 Frescobaldi. — Publ. 6 books of Madrigals a 3 
 (1614-24); 7 of motets a 2-4 (up to 1626); i mass 
 «4and 2 <; 8(1617); masses and psalms a 3 (1620); 
 I mass « 8, a Dixit, a Magnificat and a motet a g 
 (1626) ; etc. 
 
 Miriocker, Karl, operetta -composer ; b. 
 Vienna, May 29, 1842.. Studied in the Cons, 
 there ; theatre-A'a- 
 pellm. at Graz, 1864 ; 
 at the Harmonic 
 Th.in Vienna,l866; 
 since i86g, at the 
 Th. an der Wien. 
 — Works: Der 
 todie Cast and Die 
 beiden Bitider (both 
 P e s t h , I S 6 5) ; 
 Diana (Vienna, 
 1S67) ; Die Frau- 
 cninsel ( P e s t h , 
 1878) ; and the fol- 
 lowing (all at Vi- 
 enna) ; Der Regi- 
 me nt s tambour 
 (1869), Drei Paar Schuhe (1870), Die Musik 
 des Teufels (1870), Kin Abenteuer in Wien 
 (1873), Das vei'wunschene Schloss (1878, with 
 songs in Upper Austrian dialect), Grdfin Du- 
 barry (1879), Apajune der Wasserinann (1880), 
 Die Jung frail von Belleville (1881), Der Bettel- 
 
 student (Dec. 6, 1881 ; popular everywhere ; in 
 Italian as // Guitarrero), Gasparone (1884), Der 
 Feldprediger (1884), Der Viceadmiral (1886), 
 Der Dieb (1886 [Berlin]), Die Sieben Schwaben 
 (1887), Der arme Jonathan (1890), Das Sonn- 
 tagskind {lii^2), Der Probekuss (1895), and Das 
 Nordlicht (1897). M.'s music is melodious and 
 sprightly, and, like the instrumentation, well 
 suited to the situations. He has also brought 
 out a number of mus. farces, and for years con- 
 tributed piano-pieces to the monthly " Musika- 
 lische Presse." 
 
 Mills, Sebastian Bach, noted pianist ; b. 
 Cirencester, England, Mar. I, 1838 ; d. Wies- 
 baden, Dec. 21, 1898. 
 Taught by his father, 
 by C. Potter, and by 
 Sterndale Bennett, he 
 played before Queen 
 Victoria at the age of 
 7 ; studied later at the 
 Leipzig Cons. (Mo- 
 scheles, Plaidy, Karl 
 Mayer, Julius Rietz, 
 and Hauptmann) ; later 
 the pf. with Liszt. 
 Was organist of the R. 
 C. Catli., Sheffield, in 
 1855 ; played in a Ge- 
 wandhaus Concert on Dec. 2, 1858, and went to 
 New York in 1859, where he was so well received 
 at his debut in Schumann's ConcertstUck (with 
 the Philharm. Soc), that he, settled there. In 
 1859, '^7i ^"^d '7^1 li^ made brilliant tours in 
 Germany ; he also toured America, and up to 
 1877 played in New York in every season. He 
 did yeoman service in the cause of good music in 
 the United States ; and was a most successful 
 teacher. — Works : Pf.-music (Barcarolle veni- 
 tienne, op. 12 ; 2 Tarantellas, op. 13, 20; Mur- 
 muring P'ountain, op. 22; Recollections of Home, 
 op. 23 ; Fairy Fingers, op. 24 ; polka " Toujouis 
 gai,"op. 25 ; etc.). 
 
 Mills, Watkin, b. Painswick, Gloucester- 
 shire, England, about 1861. Bass-baritone 
 singer (basso cantante) in oratorio and concert, 
 with a compass from E [7 to f '. Pupil of Edwin 
 Holland at the R. A. M., and of F. Blasco, 
 Milan ; later of Sir J. Barnby, Randegger, and 
 Blume. Very succ. debut at the Crystal Palace, 
 May 17, 1884. Has filled many engagements 
 in oratorio, in which his popularity is great. In 
 America 1894-5. 
 
 Milton, John, father of the English poet ; d. 
 1646 (7 ?). A scrivener in Bread Street, Cheap- 
 side, London, he was an excellent musician ; 
 his fine 6-part madrigal " Fayre Oriana in the 
 Morne " was published in the " Triumphes of 
 Oriana '' (1601) ; 4motets were publ. in " Teares 
 and Lamentacions " (1614) ; also psalm-tunes in 
 Ravenscroft's "Whole Booke of Psalms" 
 (1621). 
 
 Mingot'ti, Regina, nh Valentini, famous 
 
 398 
 
MINOJA— MOLIQUE 
 
 soprano; b. Naples, 1728; d. (?). Pupil of 
 Porpora, and the rival at Dresden of Faustina 
 Hasse ; they left the Dresden stage in the same 
 year (1751), and M. then sang for two years at 
 Madrid under Farinelli ; later in London, Italy, 
 Munich (1763), and Neuberg-on-Danube (1787). 
 
 Mino'ja, Ambrosio, b. Ospedaletto, n. Lodi, 
 Oct. 21, 1752 ; d. Milan, Aug. 3, 1825. From 
 1814-24, prof, of comp. at the R. Cons., Milan ; 
 from 1789-1809 also maestro al cembalo at La 
 Scala, where his opera Tito nelle Gallic was 
 prod, in 1787. — Works : A symphony ; cantatas ; 
 hymns ; a De Profundis a 3 ; celebrated Sol- 
 feggi (M. was an excellent singing-teacher) ; and 
 " Lettere sopra il canto " (Milan, 1812 ; publ. in 
 German as " Ueber den Gesang "). 
 
 Miolan-Carvalho. See Carvalho-Miolan. 
 
 Mirande, Hippolyte, born Lyons, May 4, 
 1862. Pupil of Dubois and Guiraud in Paris 
 Cons.; 1886-90, prof, in the Acad, of Music 
 and the Cons., at Geneva ; since 1890, Secre- 
 tary-General of the Grand Th., Lyons, and prof, 
 of mus. history at the Lyons Cons. He is also 
 critic for the Lyons " Progres," and organist at 
 the synagogue. — Works : Une fete Directoire, 
 ballet (Lyons, 1895 ; 45 representations up to 
 1898); overtures " Rodogune," "Frithjof," 
 "Macbeth," " Promethee," and "La mort de 
 Roland"; Suite de ballet f, pf. 4 hands; pf.- 
 music ; songs. 
 
 Mi'rus, Eduard, b. Klagenfurt, 1856. At- 
 tended Hanslick's lectures in Vienna Univ. ; 
 studied singing in Italy ; after some experience 
 as a baritone stage-singer, he settled in Vienna 
 (i8gi). Has publ. some songs. 
 
 Mi'ry, Karel, b. Ghent, Aug. 14, 1823 ; d. 
 there Oct. 5, 1889. Pupil of Mengal and Ge- 
 vaert. He wrote 18 Flemish operas and ope- 
 rettas for Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent, where 
 he was prof, of harm, and Vice-Director of the 
 Cons. 
 
 Mis'sa, Edmond-Jean-Louis, dram, comp.; 
 b. Rheims, Marne, June 12, 1861. Pupil of 
 Massenet at Paris Cons. ; won the Prix Cressent. 
 Residing (1899) in Paris as a comp. and 
 teacher. — Works : Juge et Partie, 2-act opera 
 comique (Op. -Com., 1886) ; Lydia, i-act do. 
 (Dieppe, 1887) ; Le Chevalier timide, i-act do. 
 (Paris, Menus-Plaisirs, 1887) ; La belle Sophie, 
 3-act opera (ibid., 1888); Doctoresse, I-act pan- 
 tomime (188S) ; La Princesse Nangara, 3-act 
 opera (Rheims, 1892); Mariage galant, 3-act 
 opera (Paris, 1892) ; Tararaboum-revtte (1892) ; 
 VHSte, 3-act pant. (1893) ; lyric comedy Dinah 
 (3 acts, 1894) ; Le dernier, des Marigny, 4-act 
 revue (1896) ; Les deux Peaples, I-act (1896) ; 
 Ninon de Lenclos, 4-act lyric episode (1895) ; 
 also orch.l music, pf.-pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Mit'terwurzer, Anton, baritone stage- 
 singer ; b. Sterzing, Tyrol, Apr. 12, 1818 ; d. 
 Dobling, n. Vienna, Apr. 2, 1872. Pupil of 
 Gansbacher, his uncle ; choir-boy at St. Ste- 
 phen's, Vienna ; stage-debut Innsbruck, as the 
 
 Jager in Das Nachtlager von Granada. Sang 
 in Austrian provincial theatres ; eng. 1S39 at 
 Dresden Court-Opera ; pensioned 1870. Fa- 
 vorite roles : Flying Dutchman, Hans Heiling, 
 Don Giovanni, Hans Sachs, etc. 
 
 Miz'ler, Lorenz Christoph, (later ennobled 
 as Mizler von Kolof,) b. Heidenheim, WUrttem- 
 berg, July 25, 1711 ; d. Warsaw, March, 1778. 
 Pupil of J. S. Bach on the clavichord and in 
 comp.; graduate of Leipzig Univ. (" Disserta- 
 tio, quod musica ars sit pars eruditionis musi- 
 cae," 1734 ; 2nd ed. 1736) ; lecturer at the Univ., 
 1736; establ. the " Societat der musikalischen 
 Wissenschaften," 1738 ; from 1743, private tutor 
 in Warsaw. His " Neu eroffnete musikalische 
 Bibliothek . ." (1736-54) was one of the earli- 
 est mus. periodicals. Publ. " Die Anfangs- 
 grlinde des Generalbasses, nach mathematischer 
 Lehrart abgehandelt " (1739) '< ^ transl. of Fux's 
 Gradus as " Gradus ad Parnassum, oder An- 
 fuhrung zur regelmassigen mus. Composition " 
 (1742) ; etc. 
 
 Mode'na, Giulio di. .See Segni. 
 
 Moder'nus, Jacobus {rec/e Jacques Mo- 
 derne ; alsocalledGrand Jacques, or J. M. de 
 Pinguento, by reason of his stoutness) ; inattre 
 de chap, at Notre-Dame, Lyons ; music-printer 
 there 1732-58, publishing chiefly works by 
 French contrapuntists. Also comp. 4-part chan- 
 sons, and 5- or 6-p. motets, all probably lost. 
 
 Mohr, Hermann, b. Nienstedt, Oct. 9, 
 1830 ; d. Philadelphia, May 26, 1896. Pupil 
 of the Teachers' Seminary, Eisleben ; went to 
 Berlin in 1850 ; founded the Luisenstadt Cons, 
 there; taught in Zeckwer's Cons., Phila. , from 
 1886. — Works : Cantata Bergniannsgruss j male 
 choruses (e.g., "Jauchzend erhebt sich die 
 Schopfung," "Am Altare der Wahrheit"); 
 songs ; instructive pf.-pieces ; etc. 
 
 Moh'ring, Ferdinand, b. Alt-Ruppin, Jan. 
 18, 1816 ; d. Wiesbaden, May i, 1887. Pupil 
 for composition of the Berlin Akademie ; in 
 1840, (jrg. and mus. dir. at Saarbriicken ; 1844, 
 "Royal Music- Director"; 1845, org. and sing- 
 ing-teacher at Neu-Ruppin. — Works : 2 unsucc. 
 operas. Das Pfarrhaus, and Schloss Warren ; 
 many male choruses (e.g. , " Normannenzug "), 
 widely known and appreciated ; other music in 
 MS. 
 
 Moir, Frank Lewis, b. Market Harborough, 
 Engl., Apr. 22, 1852. While a student of paint- 
 ing at S. Kensington, he also learned music ; 
 won scholarship in the Nat. Training School 
 (1876), and has made a name as a song-com- 
 poser. — Works: Acomicopera, The RoyalWaicIi- 
 man ; church-services; madrigal "When at 
 Chloe's eyes I gaze" (Madr. Soc. prize, 1881) ; 
 duets; many songs; "Melody" in A, f. vln. 
 and pf.; etc. 
 
 MoHque, Wilhelra Bernhard, famous vio- 
 linist and comp.; b. Nuremberg, Oct. 7, 1802 ; 
 d. Kannstadt, May 10, 1869. His first teacher 
 was his father, a tovifn-musician ; King Maxi- 
 
 399 
 
MOLLENHAUER— MONK 
 
 milian I., hearing of his extraordinary talent, had 
 him trained (1816) by Rovelli at Munich. A 
 member of the court 
 orch. at Vienna in 
 1818, in 1820 he suc- 
 ceeded Rovelli as 
 leader in the Munich 
 orch. After finish- 
 ing-lessons from 
 Spohr, he made his 
 first artistic tour in 
 1822 ; in 1826 Lind- 
 paintner called him 
 to Stuttgart as lead- 
 er, with the title of 
 " Musik director." 
 He won celebrity 
 abroad by extended 
 tours in Holland, Russia, England, and France. 
 The political crisis of 1849 caused him to settle 
 in London, where he remained (excepting a 
 visit to Stuttgart, Munich, and Frankfort, in 
 1S59) until 1866, enjoying deserved success as a 
 soloist, quartet-player, and teacher. He retired 
 to Kannstadt in 1866. — Works ; The oratorio 
 Abraham (Norwich Festival, i860 ; comp. in 3 
 months) ; 2 massed, a symphony, 2 pf.-trios ; 
 his highly prized compositions for violin include 
 the 6 concertos (real classics), a concertino, 8 
 .string-quartets ; concertantes f . violin and pf . , 
 and f. violin and flute ; violin-duets ; fantasias, 
 rondos, etc., f. solo vln.; besides a 'cello-con- 
 certo, concertantes f. flute and pf. ; etc. 
 
 Mol'lenhauer, three brothers, born in Erfurt : 
 (i) Friedrich (1818), violinist and- comp.; (2) 
 Heinrich (1825), fine 'cellist ; and (3) Eduard 
 (Apr. 12, 1827), violinist, 1841 pupil of Ernst, 
 1843 of Spohr ; went to New York in 1853, 
 establ. a violin-school for advanced students, 
 and was one of the originators of the ' ' Conser- 
 vatory system " in America. — Works : Opera 
 The Corsican Bride (New York, 1861) ; comic 
 operas Breakers (N. Y., 1881) and 7"he Mashed 
 Ball ; 3 symphonies, one being the " Passion"; 
 string-quartets, violin-pieces ; songs. 
 
 Mol'ler (or Moller), Joachim. See Burgk. 
 
 MoUoy, James Lyman, b. Cornolore, King's 
 County, Ireland, 1837. An amateur comp. and 
 writer, whose operettas (^Students' Frolic^ My 
 Annfs Secret, Very Catching, numerous songs, 
 and Irish melodies with new accompaniments, 
 have enjoyed considerable vogue. 
 
 Momigny, J6rome-Joseph de, b. Philippe- 
 ville, Jan. 20, 1762 ; d. (?). At 12, org. at 
 St.-Omer, later at Ste.-Colombe, and 1785 at 
 Lyons ; establ. a music-business in Paris, 1800 ; 
 lived later in Tours. — Comp. string-quartets, 
 string-trios, pf.-sonatas, vln. -sonatas, an opera, 
 Arlequin-Cendrilloti, cantatas, etc. Wrote 
 " Cours complet d'harmonie et de composition 
 d'apres une theorie neuve" (1806; bases the 
 scales on the overtone-series up to 13) ; and 
 other books supporting his theories. 
 
 Momolet'to. See Albertini, Michael. 
 
 Monaste'rio, Gesd, b. Potes, Spain, Mar. 
 21, 1836. Distinguished violinist ; debut 1845 
 as "infant prodigy"; studied Brussels Cons., 
 1849-51, under de Beriot ; after long and bril- 
 liant tours, he founded the Quartet Soc. at Ma- 
 drid in 1861. Influential in forming taste for 
 classical music in Spain. Court violinist ; prof, 
 in, and (1894) Director of, Madrid Cons., suc- 
 ceeding Arrieta. Has publ. various violin - 
 pieces, some of which (e.g., " Adieux 4 I'Al- 
 hambra ") are very popular. 
 
 Monbel'li, Marie, famous stage-soprano ; b, 
 Cadiz, Feb. 13, 1843. Pupil of Mme. Eugenie 
 Garcia in Paris ; from 1869, prima donna at 
 Covent Garden, London, after sensational tours 
 with Ullmann. 
 
 Mondonville, Jean-Joseph Cassanea do 
 
 [de Mondonville was his wife's maiden name], 
 b. Narbonne, Dec. 25, 1711 ; d. Belleville, r. 
 Paris, Oct. 8, 1772. A violinist in the Concerts 
 spirituels, Paris, he prod, successful motets, and 
 succeeded Gervais in 1744 as Intendant of the 
 " musique de la chapelle " at Versailles ; 1755- 
 72, cond. of the Concerts spirituels, succeeding 
 Royer. — Also comp. operas and oratorios. 
 
 Moniusz'ko, Stanislavr, b. Ubiel, Govt, of 
 Minsk, Lithuania, May 5, 1813 ; d. Warsaw, 
 June 4, 1872. Pu- 
 pil of the organist 
 A. Freyer in War- 
 saw, and of Run- 
 genhagen in Berlin 
 1837-9, earning 
 his living there as 
 an organist and mu- 
 sic-teacher. Then 
 settled in Wilna. 
 H i s career as a 
 composer began 
 with songs, of 
 which, after long 
 waiting, he publ. 
 6 books in Wilna ; he also wrote many masses 
 with accomp. of org. or orch., several cantatas 
 w. orch., the " Ostrobramer Litany " f. ch. and 
 orch. , and other church-music ; but his most 
 famous works are his 15 national (Polish) operas, 
 written in melodious and graceful style (The 
 Lottery, Ideal [1846], The New Don Quixote, 
 Night-camp in the Apennines, Idylle, Belly, 
 The Gypsies, Halka, Jawmiia [The Paria], The 
 Faftsinan, Verbuni nobile, Rokitschana, The 
 Countess, The Haunted Castle, Beata, and Tea 
 [unfinished]). In 1858 he was app. Director of 
 the Warsaw Opera ; later prof, at the Cons. — 
 Biography in Polish by A. Walicki (Warsaw, 
 1873). 
 
 Monk, Edwin George, b. Frome, Somerset- 
 shire, Engl., Dec. 13,1819. Organist and comp., 
 pupil of G. A. Macfarren ; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 
 1848 ; Mus. Doc, 1856. 1859-83, Camidge's 
 successor as organist of York Minster. — Works: 
 
 400 
 
MONK— MONTEVERDE 
 
 Ode to the Nativity [Milton] ; ode "The Bard " ; 
 unison service in A ; other comp.s ; edited "An- 
 glican Chant Book" ; " Anglican Choral Service 
 Book " ; " Anglican Hymn Book " (with Single- 
 ton) ; "The Psalter and Canticles pointed for 
 chanting " (with Ouseley ) ; and ' ' Anglican 
 Psalter Chants " (with Ouseley) 
 
 Monk, William Henry, b. London, Mar. i6, 
 1823 ; d. Stoke Newington, London, Mar. 18, 
 1889. Pupil of T. Adams, J. A. Hamilton, and 
 G. A. Griesbach. Org. in various London 
 churches ; 1847 choirmaster, 1849 organist, and 
 1874 prof, of vocal music in King's College, 
 London ; prof, of music at the School for the 
 Indigent Blind, 1851 ; prof, in Nat.l Training 
 College, 1876; in Bedford Coll., London, 1878; 
 Mus. Doc. hon. causa (Durham), 1882. He ed- 
 ited for the Church of Scotland " The Book of 
 Psalms in Metre," "Scottish Hymnal," "The 
 Psalter," and "Book of Anthems"; was the 
 mus. editor of " Hymns, Ancient and Modern," 
 and comp. many popular hymn-tunes (" Even- 
 tide"), also anthems, chants, etc.; he edited 
 "The Parish Choir," and lectured in London, 
 Edhiburgh, etc. 
 
 Monpou, (Frangois-Louis-) Hippolyte, b. 
 Paris, Jan. 12, 1804; d. Orleans, Aug. 10, 1841. 
 At nine a choir-boy in Notre-Dame, he was a 
 pupil of Choron's school in 1817, becoming later 
 accompanist and " coach " in the institution un- 
 til 1830, when he obtained a certain vogue as a 
 song-composer and writer of light operas, which 
 his defects in mus. training and temperament 
 rendered short-lived. 
 
 Monsigny, Pierre-Alexandre, b. Fauquem- 
 bergue, n. St.-Omer, Oct. 17, 1729; d. Paris, 
 Jan. 14, 1817. Forced at an early age, by his 
 father's death, to support his family, he obtained 
 a clerkship in 1749, and later the post of mat Ire 
 d'hotel to the IJuke of Orleans ; renouncing 
 former musical studies until, in 1754, a perform- 
 ance of Pergolesi's Serva padrona so fired his 
 imagination, that he, after a five-months' course 
 of harmony under Gianotti, succeeded in scor- 
 ing 3 i-act comic opera, Les Aveux indiscrets, 
 most successfully prod, at the Th. de la Foire in 
 1759. The same theatre having brought out in 
 quick succession and with increasing success 3 
 more operas of his, Le Mattre en droit and Le 
 Cadi dupi (1760), and On ne s'avise jamais de 
 tout (1761), the Comedie Italienne, jealous of its 
 rival's good fortune, closed it by exercise of a 
 vested privilege, and took over its best actors. 
 M. thenceforward wrote exclusively for the 
 Comedie Italienne : Le Roi et le fermier (1762), 
 Rose et Colas (1764), Aline, reine de Golconde 
 (1766), V lie sonnante (l'](>%),Le D^serieur(i-;(>t)), 
 Le Faucon (1772), L.a belle Arskne (1773), Le 
 rendezvous Hen employ^ {illt^, were a series of 
 triumphs culminating in F^lix, ou V enfanttromi^ 
 1^777). Here M. stopped abruptly ; either fear- 
 ful that he had done his best, or (as he himself 
 modestly explained it) for lack of ideas. He 
 lost a government position, and the stewardship 
 
 of the Duke of Orleans' estates, in the Revolu- 
 tion, but the Opera-Comique allowed him a pen- 
 sion of 2400 francs, and he was made Inspector 
 of Instruction at the Cons, (resigning in 1802). 
 In 1813 he was elected to Gretry's chair in the 
 Academie. He had a wonderful gift of melody, 
 and rare sensibility in dramatic expression, but 
 his theoretical training was deficient ; still, he 
 is regarded as one of the creators of French 
 comic opera. — Biographies by Quatremere de 
 Quincy (1818), Alexandre (1819), and Hedouin 
 (1820). 
 
 Monte, Filippo de [Philippe de Mens, or 
 Philippus de Monte], b. Mons (or Malines), 
 1521; d. Vienna, July 4, 1603. Kapellmeister 
 to Emperor Maximilian II. ; later to Rudolf II. 
 Celebrated contrapuntist ; works still extant are 
 masses a 5-8 (1557), mass a 6, Benedicta es (1580), 
 masses a 4-5 (1588), 6 books of motets, a 5-6 
 (1569-84), 2 of motets a 6 and 12 (1585, '87), ig 
 of madrigals a 5 (1561-88), 8 of madrigals a 6 
 (1565-92), canzonets and madrigals a 7, "La 
 fiammetta " (1598), " Madrigali spirituali " a 5 
 (1581), and French chansons and " Sonnets de 
 Pierre deRonsard" (1576, a 5-7). Some of these 
 are also in collections ; a few others are found in 
 modern works (Hawkins' "History" has a mad- 
 rigal a 4; Dehn's " Sammlung " and Commer's 
 " CoUectio," each contains a motet). 
 
 Mont€clair, Michel Pignolet de, b. Chau- 
 mont,l666; d. Saint-Denis, n. Paris, Sept., 1737. 
 One of the earliest players on the modern double- 
 bass, he was a member of the Opera orch., Paris, 
 1707-37. He prod, at the Opera Les Fetes de 
 I'M, ballet-opera (1716), anAJepht^, 3-act grand 
 opera (1732) ; also comp. cantatas, a requiem 
 (1736), 6 trios (sonatas) for 2 violins and bass, 
 " Brunettes " for flute and violin, flute-duos, etc. 
 — Wrote " Methode pourapprendre la musique " 
 (1700; revised ed.s 1709, 1736), and a " Me- 
 thode pour apprendre a jouer du violon " (1720 ; 
 a pioneer violin-method ; 2nd ed. 1736). 
 
 Montever'de [signed his name Monte- 
 verdi], Claudio (Giovanni Antonio), b. Cre- 
 mona [bapt. May 15], 1567 ; d. Venice, Nov. 
 29, 1643. He began his career as a viola-player 
 in the orch. of Duke Gonzaga of Mantua, and 
 studied counterpoint under the Duke's maestro, 
 Ingegneri. His first published works, Canzo- 
 nette a 3 (1584) and 5 books of madrigals u, 5 
 (1587-99), foreshadowed his course as a com- 
 poser ; the harmonic progressions show a strong 
 feeling for modern tonality, and the dominant 
 seventh and other dissonances enter without 
 preparation. M. was one of the reformers at- 
 tacked by Artusi in the pamphlet " L'Artusi, 
 ovvero delle imperfettioni della moderna musica " 
 (1600) ; he was, indeed, heartily in sympathy 
 with the efforts of the Florentines Caccini and 
 Peri to establish a modern musical drama. In 
 1603, he succeeded Ingegneri as maestro to the 
 Duke, and wrote, for the wedding of the tatter's 
 son with Margherita of Savoy, his first dramatic 
 work, Orfeo, received with unbounded enthu- 
 
 26 
 
 401 
 
MOORE— MORELLI 
 
 siasm. In 1608 he set to music Rinuccini's 
 Arianna, and a ballet, Ballo delle ingrate. 
 Meantime he had not only continued secular 
 composition in the smaller forms (Scherzi rausi- 
 cali a tre voci " in the French chanson-style 
 [1607]), but had also won fame as a sacred com- 
 poser (vespers and motets were publ. 1610) ; and 
 in 1613 was elected to succeed Martinengo as 
 maestro di cappella at San Marco, Venice, at a 
 salary of 300 ducats (raised to 500 in 1616), and 
 a house, besides travelling expenses. For sev- 
 eral years his duties as composer for the church, 
 and chorusmaster, absorbed his attention ; in 
 1624 his epico-dramatic // combattimenlo di 
 Tancredi e Clorinda, in which a narrator 
 (" testo ") connects the dialogue, was brought 
 out at the palace of Senator Mocenigo ; in 1627 
 he wrote 5 dramatic intermezzi in episodes from 
 " Bradamante " and "Dido" for the court of 
 Parma, and in 1630 an opera, Proserpine rapita, 
 was performed at the wedding of Mocenigo's 
 daughter. In 1637 the first opera-house was 
 opened at Venice, the Teatro di S. Cassiano, 
 followed by a dozen more within sixty years ; up 
 to this time operas had been performed at the 
 palaces of the nobility. M. now produced 
 the operas Adone (Teatro SS. Giovanni e 
 Paolo, Venice, 1639), Le Nozze di Enea con 
 Lavinia (ibid., 1641), // ritorno di Ulisse 
 in patria{T , S. Cassiano, 1641), and L' Incorona- 
 zione di Poppea (SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 1642). 
 His dramatic works have earned for M. the title 
 of "the father of the art of instrumentation"; 
 he enlarged the orchestra, selected and com- 
 bined with skill the instruments accompanying 
 the voices, and first employed the tremolo of 
 strings (Orpheus' lament, in // combattimento di 
 Tancredo, is accomp. by bass viols tremolo) ; 
 besides this, his recitative is far freer and more 
 dramatic, sometimes expanding to an arioso, 
 and of a sentiment and force greatly surpassing 
 the monotonous first-fruits of the stile rappresen- 
 tativo. Orfeo (publ. 1609), and Ulisse (MS. in 
 the Vienna Library), are his sole extant music- 
 dramas; the former was republ. 1881 by the 
 " Gesellschaft fur Musikforschung " (vol. x). 
 3 more books of madrigals were publ. ; 13ook vi, 
 a 5, with a "dialogue" a 7 (1614), Book vii, 
 " II concerto," a 1-6, and some songs (1619), 
 and Book viii, " Madrigali guerrieri ed amorosi 
 con alcuni opuscoli in genere rappresentativo " 
 (1638). A few detached madrigals and other 
 numbers have been reprinted in modern works. 
 Besides the vespers and motets (1610), a mass 
 a 6, masses a 4, psalms a 1-8, with litanies to 
 the Virgin (1650), and "Selva morale e spiritu- 
 ale " (a collection of masses, psalms, hymns. 
 Magnificats, motets. Salves, and a Lamento 
 from Arianna ; in MS. in the Vienna Library), 
 have been preserved. 
 
 Moore, Thomas, the famous poet, was born 
 in Dublin, May 28, 1779 > died Sloperton Cot- 
 tage, near Devizes, Feb. 25, 1852. He had no 
 regular musical training, but picked up an ama- 
 
 teurish knowledge of piano-playing with the 
 aid of the organist, William Warren, and pos- 
 sessed a naturally pleasing voice. He set to 
 music many of his 125 Irish songs ; and sang 
 them with great effect to his own accompani- 
 ment, in the home-circle. Some of his original 
 melodies are "Love thee, dearest," "When 
 'midst the gay,'' " One dear smile," and "The 
 Canadian Boat-song." He also composed short 
 concerted vocal pieces; the terzetto "O lady 
 fair," and the 3-part glee " The Watchman," 
 won wide popularity. 
 
 Mora'les, Cristofano [Cristofero], a na- 
 tive of Sevilla, entered the Papal chapel about 
 1540. Compositions by this eminent Spanish 
 contrapuntist are still sung at Rome. Modern 
 reprints of motets and parts of masses, etc., are 
 in coll.s by Eslava, Choron, Martini, Proske, and 
 Rochlitz ; 2 books of masses (Book i at Paris, 
 n.d., 2nd ed. 1546 ; Book ii 1544, oft republ.), 
 Magnificats a 4 (1541, etc.), motets a 4 (2 
 books, 1543, '46), motets a 5 (1543), and Lamen- 
 tations a 4-6 (1564), appeared during his life- 
 time. 
 
 Mo'ralt, Joseph, the eldest in a famous Mu- 
 nich quartet-party of brothers, and ist violin ; 
 b. Schwetzingen, n. Mannheim, Aug. 5, 1775 ; 
 d. 1828 at Munich as orchestral leader ; — Jo- 
 hann Baptist, the 2nd violin ; b. Mannheim, 
 Jan. 10, 1777 ; d. Munich, Oct. 7, 1825 ; also 
 comp. symphonies, quartets, and concertantes 
 and duos f. violin ; — Philipp, the 'cellist, b. 
 Munich, 1780 ; d. there 1829 ; — and Georg, the 
 tenor, b. Munich, 1781 ; d. there 1818. 
 
 Mo'ran-Ol'den, Fanny, distinguished dra- 
 matic soprano ; b. Oldenburg, Sept. 28, 1855. 
 Taught by Haas at Hanover, and Auguste 
 Gotze at Dresden, she made her debut as 
 "Fanny Olden" (her real name was Tappen- 
 horn) at a Gewandhaus concert in 1877 ; sang 
 the role of Norma at Dresden a few months 
 later, and was eng. as leading soprano at Frank- 
 fort in the autumn of 187S. From 1884 she 
 sang in opera at Leipzig (City Th.). Sang in 
 New York in 1888-9. Twice married : in 1879 
 to the tenor Karl Moran, and in 1897 to Herr 
 Bertram, court singer at Munich. 
 
 More, Felicity. See Pradher. 
 
 Morel, Auguste-Fran§ois, self-taught dra- 
 matic composer ; b. Marseilles, Nov. 26, 1809 ; 
 d, Paris, Apr. 22, 1881. From 1836-50 in 
 Paris as a song-composer and writer ; also set 
 to music Autran's La fille d'Eschyle (1848), and 
 a ballet, I'Atoile du marin(iSio); then returned 
 to Marseilles, becoming director of the Cons, 
 there in 1852. Prod, a grand opera, Le Juge- 
 ment de Dieu (Grand Th., i860); wrote much 
 fine chamber-music (a string-quintet, 5 string- 
 quartets, and a pf.-trio), for which he twice won 
 the Prix Chartier ; also 2 symphonies, over- 
 tures, cantatas, etc. 
 
 Morel'li, Giacomo, b. Venice, Apr. 14, 1745 \ 
 d. there May 5, 1819. Librarian at San Marco, 
 
 402 
 
MORELOT— MORNINGTON 
 
 and the discoverer of the fragments of Aris- 
 toxenos' "Art of Rhythm," which he publ. in 
 1785- 
 
 Morelot, Stephen, b. Dijon, Jan. 12, 1820 ; 
 Dean of the Faculty of Jurisprudence there, and 
 a connoisseur of sacred music. Co-editor from 
 1845 of Danjou's " Revue de la musique reli- 
 gieuse, populaire et classique"; sent to Italy in 
 1S47 by the Ministry of Pub. Instruction to 
 stndy church-music and sacred song. Publ. 
 numerous essays, among them " De la musique 
 au XV= siecle . . ." (1856 ; pp. 28, and 24 
 music-pages containing several motets and chan- 
 sons by Dunstable, Haynes, and Binchois in 
 modern notation), " Elements de I'harmonie ap- 
 pliques a I'accompagnement du plain-chant, 
 d'apres les traditions des anciennes ecoles " (1861 ; 
 pp. ig6 ; an excellent work). His " Manuel de 
 Psalmodie en faux-bourdons a 4 voix . . ." 
 (1855) is an ingenious attempt to revive the 
 ancient style of harmonization. 
 
 Moret'ti, Giovanni, b. Naples, 1S07; d. 
 Ceglie, n. Naples, Oct., 1884. Pupil of Casella, 
 Furno, Tritto, Zingarelli, etc., at Naples Cons.; 
 was leader at several theatres, and m. di capp. 
 at the San Carlo. From 1829-57 he wrote 22 
 operas ; also comp. 12 masses, a Requiem, lita- 
 nies, and other church-music. 
 
 Morgan, George Washbourne, b. Glouces- 
 ter, Engl., Apr. 9, 1822 ; d. Tacoma, Washing- 
 ton, in July, 1892. Sang in the Philh. Glouces- 
 ter chorus, 1834 ; articled to John Amott ; org. 
 in several churches, and cond. of the Gloucester 
 Philh. about 1845 ; went to New York in 1853 ; 
 org. at St. Thomas's (1854-5), Grace Ch. (1855- 
 68), St. Ann's R. C. Ch. (1868-9), St. Stephen's 
 R. C. Ch. (1869-70), Brooklyn Tabernacle (1870- 
 82), and the Dutch Ref. Ch. at Madison Av. 
 and 29th St. (1886-8).— Works : A Morning Ser- 
 vice, and anthem f. quartet, ch. and orch. ; bal- 
 lads and songs ; organ- and pf. -music. 
 
 Morgan, John Paul, b. Oberlin, Ohio, Feb. 
 
 13, 1841 ; d. Oakland, Cal., in Jan., 1879. Tal- 
 ented organist, for many years in New York. 
 Composed church-music, chamber-music, organ- 
 pieces, songs. Made the best English transla- 
 tion of Richter's " Manual of Harmony " (New 
 York, 1867). 
 
 Morja. Pen-name of MoRiz Jaffe. 
 
 Morlac'chi, Francesco, b. Penigia, June 
 
 14, 1784 ; d. Innsbruck, Oct. 28, 1841. Pupil 
 of Mazzetti and Caruso in Perugia, of Zingarelli 
 at Loreto, and of Padre Martini at Bologna, 
 where he received the diploma of "maestro 
 compositore " from the Liceo Filarmonico in 
 1805. Besides a coronation-cantata for Napo- 
 leon (as King of Italy), he prod, a Te Deum, a 
 Miserere a 16, a Pater noster, a cantata, and 
 other church-music. His dramatic firstling was 
 a farce, // Siiiioncino (Parma, -1803) ; an ope- 
 retta, // Poeta spiantaio, il Poeta in canipagna, 
 (Florence, 1807), and a comic opera II Riiratto, 
 
 ossia la Forza delV astrazione (Verona, 1807), 
 aided his growing reputation; 7 more were 
 prod, up to 1810, when he was eng. as Ka- 
 pellm. for the Italian Opera at Dresden, his 
 tenure for life being confirmed in 1811. Here, 
 according to Chilesotti in " I nostri maestri del 
 passato," M. formed a classic style blending 
 Italian vivacity with German philosophical pro- 
 fundity ; he brought out 11 more operas in 
 Dresden and Italy, and wrote much sacred mu- 
 sic : Requiem for the King of Saxony, 10 grand 
 masses w. orch., a Passion-oratorio (1812), the 
 oratorios Jsacco (1817) and La viorte di Abele 
 (1821), cantatas, hymns, etc.; besides organ- 
 pieces and songs. 
 
 Morley, Thomas, English contrapuntist ; 
 b. about 1557 ; d. 1604. A pupil of Byrd ; 
 Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1588 ; Gentleman of the 
 Chapel Royal, 1592, also Epistler and Gospel- 
 ler.- — Publ. compositions: " Canzonets, or Lit- 
 tle Short Songs to three voyces " (1593) ; " Mad- 
 rigalls to foure Voyces" (1594); "The First 
 Booke of Ballets to five voyces" (l5gS ; re- 
 printed 1842 in score by the Mus. Antiq. Soc.) ; 
 ' ' The First Booke of Canzonets to Two Voyces " 
 (1595); "Canzonets, or Little Short Aers to 
 five and sixe voices " (1597) ; " The First Booke 
 of Aires or Little Short Songes to sing and play 
 to the Lute with the Base-Viol " (1600 ; con- 
 tains the song " It was a lover and his lass" 
 from As yoti like it, reprinted in Knight's 
 " Shakspere," and Chappell's "Popular Music 
 of the Olden Time"). — M.'s works are unu- 
 sually melodious for the period, and many of 
 the madrigals and ballets are still popular ; the 
 canzonets a 3-4, and madrigals, were publ. in 
 modern score by Holland and Cooke ; 5 sets of 
 harpsichord-lessons are in " Queen Elizabeth's 
 Virginal Book"; services and anthems are in 
 Barnard's and Boyce'scoU.s. — M. edited " Can- 
 zonets or Little Short Songs to Foure Voyces, 
 selected out of the best approved Italian au- 
 thors " (1598); "Madrigals to five voyces, 
 [ditto]" (1598)^ and "The Triumphes of Ori- 
 ana, to five and sixe voyces, composed by divers 
 several authors " (1601 ; reprinted in score by 
 Wm. Hawes). — He wrote the first regular trea- 
 tise on music publ. in England: "A Plaine 
 and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke 
 . . ." (1597 ; an excellent work ; publ. in Ger- 
 man as " Musica practica"); and edited the 
 curious treatise, "The First Booke of Consort 
 Lessons, made by divers exquisite Authors for 
 sixe Instruments to ■ play together, viz. the 
 Treble Lute, the Pandora, the Citterne, the 
 Base VioU, the Flute, and the Treble VioU" 
 (1599 ; rev. ed. i6ri). 
 
 Mornington, Garret Colley Wellesley, 
 
 Earl of ; the father of Wellington ; b. Dangan, 
 Ireland, July 19, 1735 ; d. May 22, 1781. He 
 excelled as a glee-composer. In 1776 and '77 
 the Catch Club awarded him prizes for catches ; 
 and in 1779 for the glee " Here in a cool grot." 
 Sir II. R. Bishop edited a complete coll. of his 
 
 403 
 
MORSE— MOSCHELES 
 
 glees and madrigals (1846). He was Mus. 
 Doc, Dublin, and prof. 1764-74 at Dublin 
 Univ. 
 
 Morse, Charles Henry, b. Bradford, Mass., 
 Jan. 5, 1853. Graduate (a) of the New Engl. 
 Cons., Boston, 1873, under J. C. D. Parker 
 (pf.), S. A. Emery (harm.), and Geo. E. Whit- 
 ing (org.) ; (b) of the Boston Univ. College of 
 Music, 1876, under Parker, J. K. Paine, and 
 Whiting. Then St. pf. i year with Perabo, and 
 3 years w. Baermann. Mus. Bac., Boston Univ., 
 1879. Teacher of pf. and org. at N. E. Cons., 
 1873-8 ; Mus. Dir. at Wellesley College, 1875- 
 84 ; founder and director of the Northwestern 
 .Cons, of Music, Minneapolis, 1885-91 ; since 
 1891, org. and choirmaster at Plymouth Church, 
 Brooklyn. Pres. of N. Y. State M. T. A., 
 1874-6 ; Pres. of Alumni, and Trustee, of N. 
 E. Cons.; co-founder, and first " Sub- Warden," 
 of A. G. O. Excellent organist and chorus- 
 cond. ; teacher of organ-playing and voice- 
 building. — Publ. a Choral Song, Agnus Dei, 
 anthems, Christmas Carols ; many arr.s f. org., 
 and several valuable compilations ("The Con- 
 temporary Organist," "A March-Album," 
 " The Church-Organist," " The Junior Church- 
 Organist"). 
 
 Mortier de Fontaine, Henri-Louis-Sta- 
 nislas, pianist ; b. May 13, 1816, Wisniewiec, 
 Volhynia, Russia ; d. Balham, London, May 10, 
 1883. Debut Danzig, 1832 ; 1S33 in Paris ; 
 1837, Italy ; 1842, again in Paris, going to Rus- 
 sia in 1850, and settling in St. Petersburg 1853- 
 60 as a teacher; taught 1860-8 in Munich; 
 travelled ; and spent his last years in London. 
 Noted as the first to play in public one of the 5 
 last Beethoven sonatas (op. 106). 
 
 Mortimer, Peter, a Moravian brother ; b. 
 Putenham, Surrey, Dec. 5, 1750 ; d. Dresden, 
 Jan. 8, 1828. Wrote a valuable treatise on the 
 old church-modes, " Der Choralgesang zur Zeit 
 der Reformation " (1821). 
 
 Mosca, Giuseppe, b. Naples, 1772; d. 
 Messina, Sept. 14, 1839. Pupil of Fenaroli ; 
 accompanist at the Th. Italien, Paris, 1803-g ; 
 m. di capp. 2A Palermo Th., 1817-21 ; mus. dir. 
 of Messina Th., from 1823. Very prolific 
 opera-composer ; 44 operas (comic or serious), 
 and 2 ballets, were prod, on leading Italian 
 stages. — His brother, 
 
 Mosca, Luigi, b. Naples, 1775 ; d. there 
 Nov. 30, 1824. Likewise a pupil of Fenaroli, 
 and a dramatic comp., having prod. 16 operas. 
 He was maestro al cembalo at the San Carlo Th., 
 and later prof, of singing at the Cons, di San 
 Sebastiano. Also comp. an oratorio, Joas^ a 
 festival mass, etc. t 
 
 Mo'scheles [m6'-sh^-less], Ignaz, eminent 
 pianist, pedagogue, and composer ; b. Prague, 
 May 30, 1794; d. Leipzig, Mar. 10, 1870. His 
 father was a Jewish merchant. From 1804 he 
 was trained by Dionys Weber at the Prague 
 Cons. , and at 14 played publicly a concerto of 
 
 his own composition. On his father's death, 
 shortly after, he went to Vienna to study under Al- 
 brechtsberger (cpt.) 
 and Salieri (comp.), 
 earning his living as 
 a pianist and teacher. 
 His conspicuous tal- 
 ents won him access 
 to the best circles ; 
 he prepared the pf.- 
 score of Beethoven's 
 Fidelio under the , 
 
 composer s supervis- 
 ion, and entered into 
 friendly rivalry with 
 Meyerbeer, then a 
 brilliant pianist, and 
 Hummel. On tours 
 to Munich, Dresden and Leipzig (1816), and to 
 Paris (] 820), his remarkable playing was much 
 applauded ; he was the pioneer in developing 
 the various modifications of tone by touch, after- 
 wards exploited by Liszt and his following of the 
 "orchestral" school. In 1821 M. settled in 
 London ; though he made frequent trips to the 
 Continent, and gave Mendelssohn piano-lessons 
 at Berlin in 1824. He had increasing success in 
 London both as a teacher and composer, and his 
 concerts were thronged. His friendship with 
 Mendelssohn was cemented by the latter's re- 
 peated visits to London ; and in 1846 he was 
 persuaded to join Mendelssohn's staff of teachers 
 in the newly founded Leipzig Conservatorium. 
 Here he contributed in no small measure to the 
 fame of the institution, and trained a host of 
 pupils from all quarters of the globe. He was 
 noted for his sympathetic interpretation of com- 
 positions of the most various schools, and for 
 fine flights of free improvisation ; his playing was 
 energetic, brilliant, and strongly rhythmical — 
 features equally characteristic of his composi- 
 tions, in which a sustained loftiness of style is 
 blended with no mean emotional power. — 
 Works (142 opus-numbers ; those up to op. 80 
 appeared before 1830) : 8 pf.-concertos : — No. 
 I, op. 45 ; No. 2, op. 56 in E[) ; No. 3, op. 60 
 in G min. ; No. 4, op. 64 ; No. 5, op. 87 in C ; 
 No. 6, op. go in B[) (" fantastique ") ; No. 7, 
 op- 93 (" pathetique ") ; No. 8, op. 96 ("pas- 
 toral"); Nos. 3, 5, and 6, are favorites ;— also 
 f. pf . and orch. , Marche d'Alexandre, op. 32 I 
 Souvenirs d'Irlande, op. 62 ; Anklange aus 
 Schottland, op. 75 ; Souvenirs de Danemark, 
 op. 72 ; — f. pf. w. other instr.s. Grand septuor 
 (pf., vln., via., clar., horn, 'cello, d.-bass), op. 
 88; Grand sextuor (pf., vln., flute, 2 horns, 
 'cello), op. 35 ; Var.s on an Austrian melody 
 (pf., 2 vin.s, via., 'cello, d.-bass), op. 42; pf.- 
 trio, op. 84 ; duos w. violin, w. horn, and w. 
 guitar ; sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 121 ; etc.— 
 f. 2 pf.s, Hommage a Handel, op. 92 (very ef- 
 fective) ; Duo concertant on Freciosa, op. 87b ; 
 Les Contrastes, op. 115 (2 pf.s, 8 hands) ;—f. 
 pf. 4 hands, Sonata in E[7, op. 47, and Senate 
 symphonique in B rain., op. 112; — f. pf- solo, 
 
 404 
 
MOSEL— MOSZKOWSKI 
 
 Senate caracteristique, op. 27 ; Senate melanco- 
 lique, op. 49 ; Allegro di bravura, op. 51 ; La 
 'I'euerezza (rondo), op. 52 ; Les Charmes de 
 Paris, op. 54 ; also excellent studies (24 Charac- 
 teristic St., op. 70 ; 12 ditto, op. 95 ; 54 Etudes 
 de concert, op. Ill ; "I'Ambition," and " I'En- 
 jouement" [2 etudes] ; etc.). — His wife, Char- 
 lotte M., nh Embden, (d. Detmold, Dec. 13, 
 1889,) wrote " Aus Moscheles' Leben. Nach 
 Briefen und Tagebuchern' herausgegeben " 
 (1872 ; 2 vol.s ; Engl, transl. by Coleridge). 
 His correspondence with Mendelssohn was 
 publ. 1888 (Ger. and Engl.). 
 
 Mo'sel, Ignaz Franz, Edler von, b. Vienna, 
 Apr. I, 1772 ; d. there Apr. 8, 1844. Composer 
 (operas, overtures, etc.), conductor, vice-director 
 of the court theatres (1820), and from 1829 cus- 
 todian of the Imperial Library. — Wrote " Ver- 
 such einer Aesthetik des dramatischen Tonsaztes" 
 (1813) ; " Ueber das Leben und die Werke des 
 Antonio Salieri " (1827) ; " Ueber die Original- 
 partitur des Requiems von W. A. Mozart " 
 (1829) ; " Geschichte der HofbibHothek " (1835) ; 
 and " Die Tonkunst in Wien wahrend der letzten 
 fiinf Decennien" (1818, in the Vienna " AUgem. 
 musikal. Zeitung " ; separate reprint 1840). 
 
 Mo'senthal, Joseph, b. Kassel, Nov. 30, 
 1834; d. New York, Jan. 6, 1896. Pupil of his 
 father and Spohr ; for 4 years leader of 2nd violins 
 in the court orch. cond. by Spohr. Went to 
 America 1853 ; became organist and choirmaster 
 in Calvary Ch., New York, in i860, resigning 
 in 1887. From 1867 to the day of his death, he 
 was cond. of the N. Y. Mendelssohn Glee Club ; 
 played for forty years with the first violins in the 
 Philharm. Orch. ; and was 2nd violin in the 
 Mason and Thomas Quartet during the 12 years 
 of its existence. ^Publ. works : Anthems, hymns, 
 etc., for the Episcopal church ; part-songs f. 
 malech. (" Thanatopsis,"'" Blest pair of Sirens," 
 "Music of the Sea," etc.) ; "Sunday Lyrics" 
 (6 songs); psalm "The earth is the Lord's"; 
 numerous songs. 
 
 Mo'ser, Karl, violinist ; b. Berlin, Jan. 24, 
 1774 ; d. there Jan. 27, 1851. Pupil of Bottcher 
 and Haacke. Joined the royal orch.; then 
 travelled for several years, and rejoined it in 
 1811. Received the title of " Royal Kapellm." 
 His son August, b. Berlin, Dec. 20, 1825, died 
 while touring America in 1859 ; he publ. a few 
 violin-pieces. 
 
 Mose'wius, Johann Theodor, b. Kanigs- 
 berg, Sept. 25, 1788 ; d. Schaffhausen, Sept. 15, 
 1858. Opera-singer in Konigsberg and Breslau ; 
 in 1829, Univ. Mus. Dir. in Breslau, and 1831 
 Dir. of the Acad. Inst, for Church-music. By 
 establishing the Singakademie (1825), and giving 
 masterly performances of the finest classical 
 works from Bach to Beethoven, he exercised a 
 mighty influence on the musical life of Breslau. 
 —Publ. "J, S. Bach in seinen Kirchencantaten 
 und Choralgesangen " (1845), and "J. S. Bachs 
 Matthauspassion " (1852). 
 
 Moson'yi, (real name Michael Brandt,) b. 
 Boldog-Aszony, Hungary, Sept. 31, 1814; d. 
 Pesth, Oct. 31, 1870. At first a piano-teacher, 
 and, as a composer, a disciple of the classic 
 school, he became enamoured of the national 
 music. Liszt (who later regarded him as the 
 noblest representative of Hungarian music) pro- 
 posed in 1857 to bring out M.'s German opera 
 Maximilian, but ventured to suggest some 
 changes, whereupon the composer threw the 
 MS. into the fire. From 1842 he lived in Pesth ; 
 the transformation of his style took place about 
 i860, and in 1861 he prod, an Hungarian opera, 
 Szep Ilonka , a second, Almos, was not perf. 
 His other works are a funeral symphony for 
 Count Szechenyi ; a symphonic poem, " Triumph 
 and Mourning of the Honved " ; an overture with 
 the national song " Szozat " ; piano-pieces 
 ("Studies for the improvement of Hungarian 
 music " ; " Childhood's Realm ") ; etc. 
 
 Mosz'kva, Prince of the [Joseph Napoleon 
 Ney, eldest son of Marshal Ney] ; b. Paris, 
 May 8, 1803 ; d. St.-Germain-en-Laye, July 25, 
 1857. A senator, and Brigadier-Gen. under 
 Napoleon III., he was a thorough and talented 
 musician. In 1843 he establ. the " Soc. de 
 musique vocale, religieuse et classique " (for 
 prod, works of the i6th-i7th centuries), himself 
 conducting the concerts in his palace ; the 
 society publ. 11 vol.s of these works. He 
 brought out 2 successful operas at the Opera- 
 Comique, Le Cent-suisse (1840), and Yvonne 
 (1855) ; also prod, a solemn orch.l mass in 1B31. 
 
 Moszkow'ski [-kov-], Moritz, concert- 
 pianist and composer ; b. Breslau, Aug. 23, 
 1854. His father, a 
 Polish gentleman of 
 independent means, 
 early recognized his 
 son's mus. talent. M. 
 was trained at home, 
 in the Dresden Cons., 
 and at the Conserva- x^ 
 tories of Stern and /(<!.. 
 KuUak in Berlin, in '1'/^ 
 which latter he taught i'j 
 for several years. His 
 first public concert, at 
 BerHn, 1873, was 
 highlysuccessful,and, 
 followed by tours to 
 other German cities, 
 and to Warsaw and Paris, establ. his fame as a 
 pianist. Until 1897, M. made Berlin his head- 
 quarters ; he then removed to Paris. — As a com- 
 poser he is most widely known by his elegant 
 and dainty salon-ra\X5\c for piano ; the " Spanish 
 Dances " brought his pieces into vogue, and the 
 concert-studies, concert-waltzes, gavottes, ' ' Skiz- 
 zen," a Tarantella, a Humoresque, etc., have 
 also won favor among pianists. In larger forms 
 he has successfully produced an opera, Boabdil, 
 der Maurenkonig (Berlin, 1892), the music to 
 Grabbe's Don Juan and Faust (1896), a sym- 
 
 405 
 
MOSZKOWSKI— MOZART 
 
 phonic poem " Jeanne d' Arc,'' a " Phantastischer 
 Zug " f. orch., 2 orch.l suites, and a violin-con- 
 certo. About 60 opus-numbers have appeared. 
 
 Moszkow'ski, Alexander, brother of Mo- 
 ritz ; b. Pilica, Poland, Jan. 15, 1851. Living 
 in Berlin as mus. critic for the " Deutsches Mon- 
 tagsblatt" and joint-editor of the "Berliner 
 Wespen." Has publ. the humorous booklets 
 "Anton Notenquetschers Neue Humoresken" 
 (1893), and "Anton Notenquetschers heitere 
 Dichtungen " (1894). 
 
 MottI, Felix, born at Unter-St. Veit, near 
 Vienna, Aug. 24 [correct date], 1856. His fine 
 boy-soprano voice gained him admission to the 
 Lowenberg "Konvikt"; he studied thereafter at 
 the Vienna Cons, under Hellmesberger (con- 
 ducting), DessofI (comp.), Bruckner (theory), 
 and Scheuer and Door (pf.), graduating with 
 high honors. He cond. the Academical JVag- 
 nerverein for some time, and in 1880 [correct 
 date] succeeded Dessoff as court Kapellm. at 
 Karlsruhe, where he also cond. the Philharm. 
 Concerts until 1892 ; in 1893 the Grand Duke 
 app. him General Musical Director. In 1886 
 he acted as conductor-in-chief at Bayreuth, and 
 his distinguished success in that capacity won 
 the flattering offer of an appointment as court 
 Kapellm. of the Berlin Opera, which he de- 
 clined. In 1898 he was also obHged to decline 
 a similar call to Munich. As a " travelling con- 
 ductor" M. has given successful concerts in 
 London (1893, '94) and Paris. In 1892 he mar- 
 ried Henriette Standhartner, " k. k. Hofopern- 
 sangerin"in Vienna, now Grand Ducal " Kam- 
 mer- und Hofopernsangerin " at Karlsruhe. — 
 His operas, Agnes Bernauer (Weimar, 1880), 
 and the i-act FUrst und Sanger (Karlsruhe, 
 1893), were well received ; he has also prod, 
 a " Festspiel," Ebcrstein (ICarlsruhe, 1881), 
 songs, etc. In 1890 he brought out Berlioz's 
 Les Troyens (Parts I and II ; Karlsruhe). M. 
 is one of the most enterprising and energetic 
 among contemporary baton-wielders. 
 
 Mount-Edgcumbe, Richard, Earl of, Eng- 
 lish amateur composer; b. Sept. 13, 1764; d. 
 Richmond, Surrey, Sept. 26, 1839. Prod, an 
 opera, Zenobia, at the King's Th., London, 
 1800. Wrote " Mus. Reminiscences of an Ama- 
 teur ..." chiefly on Ital. opera from 1773- 
 1823 (London, 1823 ; 4th ed. 1834). 
 
 Mouret, Jean-Joseph^ b. Avignon, 1682 ; d. 
 in Charenton insane asylum, Dec. 12, 1738. 
 Cond. of the Concerts spirituels, and comp. to 
 the Comedie Italienne. He prod, ephemeral 
 operas and ballets. 
 
 Moussorgsky. See Mussorgski. 
 
 Mouton, (Jean de HoUingue, called Mou- 
 ton,) important contrapuntist ; b. HoUing (?), n. 
 Metz ; d. St.-Quentin, Oct. 30, 1522. A pupil 
 and follower of Josquin ; chapel-singer to Louis 
 XII. and Francis I.; canon at Therouanne and 
 St.-Quentin. He was Willaert's teacher.— Ex- 
 
 tant comp.s : Nine masses : 5 printed by Pe- 
 trucci (1508 ; 2nd ed. 1515), 2 "sine nomine," 
 "Alleluia," "Alma redemptoris,"and " Regina 
 mearum"; this last also in Attaignant's coll. 
 (1532) as " Missa d'Allemaigne," with another, 
 " Tu es potentia"; "Alma redemptoris," and 
 one of the above unnamed masses as"Dites 
 moy touttes vos pensees," are in Antiquis' "XV 
 Missae " (1516) ; and J. Moderne printed "Quern 
 dicunt homines "-in his " Liber X missarum" 
 (1540) ; finally 2 in MS., " Missa de sanctatrini- 
 tate" (Ambras Coll., Vienna), and " M. sine 
 cadentia" (Cambrai). (MSS. of most of these 
 are in the Munich Library.) — Many motets ; Pe- 
 trucci printed 21 in the " Mottetti della corona" 
 (1514-19) ; Le Roy and Ballard printed 22 in 
 1555 ; some are in Books vii-xi of Attaignant's 
 collection (1534),, also in his " XII Motetz" 
 (1529), and in Ott's " Novem et insigne opus" 
 (1537) ; etc. Montan-Neuber printed a Gospel 
 narrative in " Evangeliadominicarum " (1554-6); 
 Petrejus publ. psalms, and T. Susato chansons. 
 Glarean's " Dodekachordon " contains some mo- 
 tets, etc. ; 3 motets and a hymn are in the histo- 
 ries of Burney, Forkel, Hawkins, and Busby ; 
 also in Commer's "Collectio." 
 
 Mouzin, Pierre-Nicolas (called ^douard), 
 b. July 13, 1822, at Metz, where he studied in 
 the branch of the Paris Cons., becoming a 
 teacher there in 1842, and Director in 1S54; 
 from 1871 (after the Franco-German war), teacher 
 in the Paris Cons.' — Works : 2 operas ; cantatas, 
 symphonies, church-music, songs ; historical 
 sketches of the Metz Music-school and the " So- 
 ciete chorale de I'Orpheon " there ; also a " Pe- 
 tite grammaire musicale " (1864). 
 
 Mo'zart, (Johann Georg) Leopold, the 
 
 father of Wolfgang Amadeus ; b. Augsburg, 
 Nov. 14, 1719 ; d. Salzburg, May 28, 1787. A 
 poor bookbinder's son, he learned music as a 
 choir-boy in Augsburg and at Salzburg, whither 
 he went to 'study law, supporting himself by 
 giving music-lessons. An excellent violinist, he 
 entered the Prince-Bishop's orch. in 1743, was 
 app. court composer in 1762, and vice-JCapellm. 
 He married Anna Maria Pertlin of Salzburg in 
 1747 ; of their 7 chiljjren only, two, "Nannerl" 
 and Wolfgang, passed the age of one year. The 
 parents devoted their lives to the musical edu- 
 cation of these two {cf. MoZAET, W. A.).- Leo- 
 pold M. was a noteworthy composer : 12 orato- 
 rios, other sacred music, opefas (probably writ- 
 ten by his son), pantomimes, etc.; many sym- 
 phonies (18 publ.), serenades, divertimenti (the 
 Musikalische Schlittenfahrt " was publ.), con- 
 certos, chamber-music (6 trio-sonatas f. 2 vio- 
 lins w. basso continuo were publ.), organ-music, 
 pf. -music (12 pieces, " Der Morgen und der 
 Abend," were publ.). His celebrated violin- 
 method, " Versuch einer grilndMchen Vioiin- 
 schule"'(i756 ; 2nd rev. ed. 1770; then often 
 republ. up to 1804 ; in French 1770 and 1801 ; 
 also in Dutch), is thought to be the earliest after 
 Geminiani's (1740). 
 
 406 
 
MOZART 
 
 Mo'zart, (Maria) Anna ["Nannerl"], 
 
 daughter of Leopold ; b. Salzburg, July 30, 1751 ; 
 d. there Oct. 29, 1 829. Taught by her father 
 from 1759, ^^^ quickly developed into an excellent 
 pianist, at first the equal of her gifted brother ; 
 but after their Vienna trip in 1768 she remained 
 at home, aided in supporting the family by 
 teaching, and in 1784 married Baron von Berch- 
 thold zu Sonnenburg. After his death she re- 
 sumed lesson-giving ; in 1S20 her eyesight failed. 
 
 Mo'zart [mo'tsart], Wolfgang Amadeus, 
 (baptismal names Johannes Chrysostomus 
 Wolf gangu s 
 Theophilus,) was 
 born in Salzburg, 
 Jan. 27, 1756 ; died 
 in Vienna, Dec. 5, 
 1791. In his fourth 
 year he manifested 
 such eager and in- 
 telligent interest in 
 his sister's clavi- 
 chord-lessons, that 
 his father began 
 teaching him, as 
 well ; he also com- 
 posed little pieces. 
 His progess was so 
 rapid that in Janu- 
 ary, 1762, the father ventured to introduce his 
 children to the public on a concert-trip to Munich, 
 and in September to Vienna; the Emperor, 
 Francis I., frequently invited the children to the 
 palace, where Wolfgang was wholly at his ease 
 amid the brilliant assemblage, caring only for 
 the approval of connoisseurs. Some of the pieces 
 which he played were sonatas byD. Paradiesand 
 J. C. Bach, and a concerto by Lucchesi. While 
 in Vienna, a small violin was given him, on which 
 he learned to play without instruction ; he learned 
 the organ in the same manner, after the use of 
 the pedals had been explained. A longer jour- 
 ney, to Paris, was undertaken in 1763 ; the 
 brother and sister gave private and public con- 
 certs on the way, and in Frankfort Wolfgang 
 played concertos both on the harpsichord* and 
 the violin ; accompanied symphonies on the 
 harpsichord ; and finished by long improvisations 
 " out of his head." In Paris the pair played before 
 the royal family, and gave two brilliant public 
 concerts. Here Wolfgang's first publ. composi- 
 tions appeared, op. I and 2, each comprising " II 
 Senates pour le clavecin " [2 harpsichord-so- 
 natas] with violin aii lib. The travellers' recep- 
 tion in England (1764) was so cordial, that they 
 remained there about 15 months ; the King tried 
 M.'s faculty for sight-reading with works by 
 Bach, Handel, Abel, etc., and greatly admired 
 his playing. Here Wolfgang composed six so- 
 
 •The clavichord and harpsichord were his instru- 
 ments up to 1777, when he visited Augsburg^ and tried 
 the new pianofortes constructed by Stein ; with which 
 he was so delighted that he thenceforward played on, 
 and wrote for, the pianoforte. 
 
 natas for violin and harpsichord, and his first 
 symphonies, whicn were performed repeatedly. 
 Of his marvellous progress his father wrote home ; 
 " Our high and mighty Wolfgang knows every- 
 thing in this, his eighth year, that one can re- 
 quire of a man of forty." On the return-journey 
 they passed through Lille, The Hague, Paris, 
 Dijon, Bern, Zurich, Donaueschingen, Ulm, 
 Munich, etc. ; and arrived in Salzburg in No- 
 vember, 1766, having been absent three years. 
 After an interval of rest and serious study, dur- 
 ing which M. composed his first oratorio (1767), 
 they revisited Vienna in 1768, and M. wrote, at 
 the Emperor's request, his first opera, La fin ta 
 semplice ; its production was prevented by in- 
 trigues, although Hasse and Metastasio declared 
 that thirty operas, in no way equal to the boy's, 
 had been given there (it was brought out at Salz- 
 burg in 1769). However, the " Liederspiel " 
 Bastien «K(/i?fljft>K«f wasprivatelyperformed ; 
 and M. made his first appearance at a large pub-- 
 lie concert as a conductor, directing his own 
 Solemn Mass (Dec. 7, 1768). Returning to Salz- 
 burg, he was appointed * Co«f?r/»i«j/^r to the 
 Archbishop. For the purpose of broadening his 
 son's education, Leopold Mozart decided on an 
 Italian tour, leaving home in Dec. , 1769. The 
 program of a concert at Mantua, Jan. 16, 1770, 
 exhibits M.'s versatility at the age of 14: — A 
 Symphony of his own composition ; a Clavichord- 
 concerto, which will be handed to him, and which 
 he will immediately -play frima vista; a Sonata 
 handed him in like manner, which he will pro- 
 vide with variations, and afterwards repeat in 
 another key ; an Aria, the words for which will 
 be handed to him, and which he will immediately 
 set to music and sing himself, accompanying 
 himself on the clavichord ; a Sonata for clavi- 
 chord on a subject given him by the leader of the 
 violins ; a Strict Fugue on a theme to be selected, 
 which he will improvise on the clavichord [harp- 
 sichord ?] ; a Trio, in which he will execute a 
 violin-part aU'improvviso; and finally, the latest 
 Symphony composed by himself. — It was in 
 Rome that M., after twice hearing AUegri's 
 famous Miserere, wrote out the entire score from 
 memory, without a mistake. This journey was 
 a veritable triumphal progress ; his concerts 
 were crowded, his genius recognized by the 
 highest musical authorities ; the Pope conferred 
 on him the order of the Golden Spur, and he was 
 elected a member of the Bologna Philharmonic 
 Academy, after passing the required examina- 
 tions. At Milan his 3-act opera seria Mitridate, 
 re diPonto, was enthusiastically received on Dec. 
 16, 1770, and had 20 consecutive performances 
 under M.'s own direction. He returned to Salz- 
 burg in March, 1771 ; but in August again 
 visited Milan to bring out a dramatic serenade, 
 Ascanio in Alba, written for the wedding festivi- 
 ties of Archduke Ferdinand ; it quite eclipsed 
 Hasse's festival opera Ruggiivo. Next year his 
 friendly protector, the Archbishop of Salzburg, 
 died ; his unmusical successor, Hieronymus, 
 Count of Colloredo, cared little for M.'s genius, 
 
 407 
 
MOZART 
 
 and in the end heaped indignities upon him. It 
 was for his installation that M.'s dramatic // 
 sogno di Scipione was penned. Lucio Silla 
 (1772) and La Jinta giardiniera {iT]z)vitre the 
 occasion of trips to Milan for their production. 
 In April, 1775, II re paslore ^a.a brought out at 
 Salzburg during Archduke Maximilian's visit. 
 M.'s insufificient income caused him to resign 
 his position in 1777 ; accompanied by his mother, 
 he repaired to Munich, in hopes of obtaining an 
 appointment commensurate with his abilities ; 
 disappointed here, and also in Augsburg and 
 Mannheim, they journeyed to Paris, where a 
 symphony of M.'s was performed at a Concert 
 spirituel. But the war between the Gluckists and 
 Piccinnists was at its height, and little attention 
 was paid to the young composer. He had the 
 further misfortune to lose his mother, who died 
 July 3, 1778. His expectations unrealized, M. 
 resumed his function of Concerimeisier at Salz- 
 ■ burg, also succeeding Adlgasser as court organ- 
 ist in 1779, with a salary of 400 florins. The 
 opera Idomeneo (Munich, Jan., 1781) was the 
 ,first dramatic work in his mature (classic) style. 
 In the summer of that year M. definitively left 
 the service of the Archbishop, whose treatment 
 had grown unbearable ; and settled in Vienna. 
 (Kozeluch declined the Archbishop's offer of 
 Mozart's place, at a salary of 1,000 florins, with 
 the remark, "If he lets such a man go, how 
 would he treat me!") Commissioned by the 
 Emperor to write an opera, M. composed Bel- 
 monie imd Constance^ oder Die Kntfiihrung aus 
 dem Serail, which was most successfully pro- 
 duced, despite the machinations of the theatrical 
 clique, in July, 1782 ; a month later he married 
 ConstanceWeber, the sister of his youthful flame 
 Aloysia, whom he had met in Mannheim. A 
 period of real poverty set in. His wife was a 
 careless housekeeper, and he himself an improvi- 
 dent liver, fond of pleasant company and fine 
 dress, of dancing, bowling, billiards, and kindred 
 pleasures (but, despite allegations to the con- 
 trary, never dissipated or dissolute) ; the meagre 
 receipts for compositions and concerts were 
 quickly spent, and, though an indefatigable 
 worker, he was never free from pecuniary anxie- 
 ties. A musical comedy, Der Schauspieldirec- 
 tor, was produced at Schonbrunn in February, 
 1786 ; on May i his admirable opera buffa Le 
 nozze di Figaro (Marriage of Figaro) came near 
 failing in Vienna through the intentional lapses 
 of the jealous Italian singers (at that time Paisi- 
 ello, Sarti, and Cimarosa, were the supreme 
 arbiters of musico-dramatic taste in Vienna). But 
 the hearty and spontaneous welcome accorded to 
 this masterpiece and its author in Prague, par- 
 tially made up for this rebuff ; he was invited to 
 lodge in the palace of Count Thun, and every 
 attention was bestowed on him. Next year, the 
 unexampled success of his grandest work, Don 
 Giovanni [Don Juan] at Prague, coupled with 
 the fear that M. might accept favorable offers 
 to go to England, moved the Emperor to show 
 tardy and scanty recognition of his genius by 
 
 appointing him "chamber-composer" at 800 
 florins annually (Gluck, just deceased as court 
 composer, had 2,000 florins). In this year (1788) 
 M. ceased giving public concerts at Vienna, 
 appearing there but once more, in 1791. In 
 1789 he accompanied Prince Carl Lichnowski to 
 Berlin, on the way playing before the Dresden 
 court, and in the Thomaskirche at Leipzig. King 
 Friedrich Wilhelm II., after hearing him at 
 Potsdam, offered him the post of ist Royal .A'a/^//- 
 meister,Vi\Xh 3,000 Thaler ($2,250) a year; but 
 M. , with simple trust in and loyalty to his " good 
 Kaiser," refused the benevolent offer — his last 
 opportunity, as it proved, of ridding himself of 
 money-troubles. For the Emperor's only re- 
 sponse to the news of the King's offer, was an 
 order for a new opera {Cosi fan tuUe ; Vienna, 
 Jan. 26, 1790), which seems to have made httle 
 impression beside the fashionable Italian works. 
 In October M. attended the coronation of Em- 
 peror Leopold II. at Frankfort, full of joyful 
 anticipations which, as usual, were not realized. 
 He caine back to Vienna in time to bid farewell 
 to his fatherly friend Haydn, then about to set 
 out for London., For the coronation of Leopold 
 II. at Prague, as King of Bohemia, M. was in- 
 vited to write a festival opera' ; and La clemcnza 
 di Tito was performed on^Sept. 6, 1791, the eve 
 of the ceremony. Already suffering from ill- 
 ness, overwork, and the excitement and fatigue 
 of the journey, he returned to Vienna, and still, 
 at Schikaneder's entreaty, ca\a^o%t&. Die Zauher- 
 flote [Magic Flute] (Vienna, Sept. 30, 1791). 
 The writing of his last work, the Requiem, was 
 interrupted by fainting fits, and in his morbid 
 depression of spirits he imagined that he had 
 been poisoned. The Requiem was just com- 
 pleted when he died (v. Engl's pamphlet on the 
 Mozart Centenary, 1891). The immediate cause 
 of his death was malignant typhus ; the funeral 
 was in the open air, near St. Stephen's Cathedral, 
 and the coffin was accompanied by a few friends 
 only part way to the cemetery of St.^^Marx, where 
 he was buried in the ground allotted to paupers. 
 Thus even his last resting-place is not exactly 
 known. A monument was erected to his memory 
 in the above cemetery in 1859 ; Salzburg had 
 honored him with a grand monument in 1841. 
 
 Mozart is one of the brightest stars in the 
 musical firmament. In his music breathes the 
 warm-hearted, laughter-loving artist, living in 
 and for art, whose genial nature all the slifigs 
 and arrows of outrageous fortune might wound, 
 but could not embitter. Joy is the keynote of 
 his compositions ; the rare note of tragedy or 
 mourning is but a brief minor episode. From 
 an instinctive repugnance to demonstrative ex- 
 cess of feeling, flowed plastic serenity of form ; 
 in his heartfelt melody German depth of emotion 
 is expressed with Italian frankness, making his 
 great dramatic works perennially fresh. That 
 his piano-works are less so, is due chiefly to a 
 century of progress in technical means of ex- 
 pression ; yet his D-major concerto of 1788 (for 
 example) still charms by suave euphony, like 
 
MOZART 
 
 many lesser pieces. Among his symphonies the 
 "Jupiter," in C, and those in G minor (1789) 
 and E[j, are prominent. In finish of form, 
 Clierubini and Mendelssohn are most akin to 
 M.; in soulful melody, Schubert is his lineal suc- 
 cessor. Like Schubert and Mendelssohn, his 
 productivity was astounding, and embraced all 
 departments of musical composition. — The cata- 
 logue of Breitkopf & Hartel's complete edition 
 {1876-86) of M.'s works gives a detailed list ; it 
 contains : (i) Church-music [Series 1-4] : 15 
 masses, 4 litanies, i Dixit, I Magnificat, 4 
 Kyries, a madrigal, a Veni Sancte, a Miserere, 
 an Antiphone, 3 Regina coeli, a Te Deum, 2 
 Tantum ergo, 2 German church-songs, 9 offer- 
 tories, a De profundis, an aria, a motet f . sopr. 
 solo, a 4-p. motet, a Graduale, 2 hymns, a Pas- 
 sion cantata, and the cantatas Davidde peni- 
 tente, and (masonic) Maurerfreude and Kleine 
 Preimaurercantate. — (2) Stage-works [Series 
 5] : Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots (only par- 
 tially by M.), Apollo et Hyacinthns (Latin 
 comedy w. music), Basiien et Bastienne, La 
 finta semplice, Mitridaie, Ascanio in Alba, II 
 sogno di Scipione, Lucio Silla, La finta giardi- 
 niera, lire pastore, ZaiV^? (German operetta ; un- 
 finished), Thamos, Konig in Agypten (heroic 
 drama ; choruses and entr'actes ; Berlin, 1786), 
 Idomeneo, re di Creta, ossia Ilia ed Idamanie, 
 Belmonte und Constance, Der Schauspieldirector , 
 Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosl fan 
 iiitte. La clemenza di Tito, Die Zauberflote. — 
 
 (3) Vocal concert-music [Series 6] : 27 arias, 
 and I rondo, fl sopr. w. orch. ; I alto aria ; 8 
 tenor arias ; 5 arias and an arietta f. bass ; a 
 German warsong ; a duet f . 2 soprani ; a comic 
 duet f . sopr. and bass ; 6 terzets ; i quartet. — 
 
 (4) Songs, etc. [Series 7] ; 34 songs f. solo 
 voice w. pf. ; a song w. ch. and org. ; a 3-part 
 chorus w. org. ; a comic terzet w. pf . ; 20 canons 
 fl2-i2. — (5) Orchestral works [Series 8-1 i] : 
 41 symphonies, 2 symphonic movements, 31 
 divertimenti, serenades, and cassations, 9 
 marches, 25 dances, "Masonic Funeral-music," 
 "A musical jest"f. string-orch. and 2 horns; 
 further (f. various instr.s) a sonata f. bassoon 
 and 'cello, an Adagio f. 2 basset-horns w. bas- 
 soon, an Adagio f. 2 clarinets and 3 basset- 
 horns, an Adagio f. harmonica. Adagio and Al- 
 legretto f. harmonica, flute, oboe, viola, and 
 
 • 'cello, Phantasie f. Glockenspiel, Andante f. 
 barrel-organ. — (6) Concertos and solo pieces 
 w. orch. [Series 12 and 16] : 6 violin-con- 
 certos, 6 soU f. violin, a " Concertone " f . 2 
 violins, a " Concertante" f. violin and viola, a 
 bassoon-concerto, a concerto f. flute and harp, 
 2 flute-concertos, an Andante f. flute, 4 horn- 
 concertos, a clarinet-concerto, 25 pianoforte- 
 concertos, a Concert Rondo f. pf., a double 
 concerto f. 2 pf.s, a triple concerto f. 3 pf.s. — 
 (?)_ Chamber-music [Series 13-15, 17, 18]: 7 
 string-quintets (w. 2 violas) ; a quintet f. violin, 
 2 violas, horn [or 'cello], and 'cello ; a quintet 
 f. clar. and strings ; 26 string-quartets ; a 
 "Nachtmusik" f. string-quintet (inch double- 
 
 bass) ; Adagio and Fugue f. string-quartet ; a 
 quartet f. oboe w. string-trio ; a divertissement 
 f . string trio ; 2 duos f . vln. and via. ; i duo f. 
 2 vln s ; a quintet f. pf., horn, oboe, clar., and 
 bassoon ; 2 pf. -quartets ; 7 pf. -trios ; i pf.-trio 
 w. clar. and viola ; 42 violin-sonatas ; an Al- 
 legro f. pf. and vln.; 2 sets of variations f. pf. 
 and vln. — (S) Pianoforte-music [Series ig- 
 22] : (a) 4 hands, 5 sonatas, and an Andante vjf. 
 variations ; (b)/. 2 pf.s, a Fugue, and a Sonata ; 
 (c) solo pieces, 17 sonatas ; a Fantasia and 
 fugue ; 3 Fantasias ; 15 sets of variations ; 35 
 cadences to pf. -concertos ; several minuets ; 3 
 rondos, a suite, "a fugue, 2 Allegros, an Allegro 
 and Andante, Andantino, Adagio, Gigue. — (9) 
 For Organ [Series 23] : 17 sonatas, mostly w. 
 2 violins and 'cello ; — Supplement [Series 24] : 
 Unfinished works, doubtful works, and arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 Biographical. Otto Jahn's " W. A. Mo- 
 zart" (1856-9, 4 vol.s ; 2nd ed. 1867, 2 vol.s ; 
 3rd ed. 1891-3, rev. by Deiters ; Engl, transla- 
 tion by Pauline D. Townsend, 3 vol.s, London, 
 1882) is an exhaustive and reliable work, quite 
 replacing the earlier Lives by Niemtschek 
 (1798), Nissen (1828), Ulibischeff (1844), 
 Holmes (1845), etc. Other publications of value 
 are Ludwig Nohl's "Die Zauberflote" (1862), 
 " Mozart's Leben" (2nd ed. 1876, Engl, transl. 
 by Mrs. Wallace, 1877), "Mozart's Briefe" 
 (Salzburg, 1865 ; 2nd ed. 1877), and " M. nach 
 Schilderungen seiner Zeitgenossen " (1880); — 
 Pohl's " Mozart und Haydn in London " (1867, 
 2 vol.s) ; Freiherr von Prochazka's " Mozart in 
 Prag " (Prague, 1892) ; and von Kbchel's excel- 
 lent " Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichniss 
 sammtlicher Tonwerke W. A. Mozart's" (1862 ; 
 Suppl. 1889). 
 
 There should be mentioned, finally, (i) the 
 Mozart Scholarship, based on the surplus re- 
 ceipts of a Musical Festival given by the Frank- 
 fort " Liederkranz " on June 25, 1838. The 
 interest of the fund, amounting in 1896 to 1500 
 marks, is applied quadrennially to the aid of 
 talented young composers of limited means ; and 
 (2) the Mozarteum at Salzburg, a celebrated 
 municipal musical institute founded in memory 
 of Salzburg's greatest son ; it consists of an or- 
 chestral society, pledged to perform M.'s church- 
 music in the 14 churches of the town, and to give 
 12 philharm. concerts yearly ; a music-school, 
 in which the musicians of the orchestra give in- 
 struction ; and an interesting museum of Mozart 
 relics, etc. 
 
 Mo'zart, Wolfgang Amadeus, son of the 
 great composer ; b. Vienna, July 26, 1791 ; d. 
 Karlsbad, July 30, 1844. Talented pianist and 
 composer, pupil of A. Streicher, Albrechtsberger, 
 and Neukomm. Founded the Cecilia Society at 
 Lemberg, Where he lived many years as a music- 
 teacher, then going to Vienna and Karlsbad. — 
 Works : 2 pf. -concertos, a string-quartet, a pf.- 
 trio, a violin-sonata, a pf.-sonata, variations, 
 polonaises, etc., f. pf. 
 
 409 
 
MUCK— MtfLLER 
 
 Muck, Karl, b. Darmstadt, Oct. 22, 1859. 
 Student of philosophy at Heidelberg and Leip- 
 zig {Dr. phil. ) ; pupil of the Leipzig Cons, for 
 3 years ; then cond. at Zurich, Salzburg (1881), 
 Brunn (1882), Graz (1884 ; Styrian Mus. Soc), 
 and Prague (1886 ; German Opera). Since 1892, 
 court Kapellm. of the Royal Opera, Berlin. 
 
 Mudie, Thomas Molleson, b. Chelsea, 
 Engl., Nov. 30, 1809; d. London, July 24, 
 1876. Pupil of Crotch and Potter at the R. A. 
 M., 1823-32; prof, of pf. there, 1832-44; or- 
 ganist at Galton, Surrey, 1834-44 ; then taught 
 in Edinburgh, and returned to London in 1863. 
 — Works: Symphonies in C, BJj, F, and D; 
 string-quintets, -quartets, -trios, etc.; pf. -music; 
 anthems, sacred duets and songs, .songs, etc. 
 Macfarren praises 3 symphonies, a quintet, and 
 a trio, prod, by the Soc. of Brit. Mus. 
 
 Muf'fat, Georg, noteworthy comp.; b. (?); 
 d. Passau, Feb. 23, 1704. He studied Lully's 
 style in Paris for 6 years, was org. of Strassburg 
 Cath. till 1675, to the Bishop of Salzburg till 
 1687, then org. and (1695) Kapellm. to the 
 Bishop of Passau. — Publ. " Armonico tribute " 
 (1682; instr.l sonatas); " Suavioris harmoniae 
 instrumentalis hyporchematicae florilegium " 
 (1685 ; 50 dance-pieces f. 4 and 8 violins) ; 
 ditto. Part ii (i6g8 ; f. do.; 62 pieces); "Ap- 
 paratus musico-organisticus" (1690 ; 12 toccatas, 
 a chaconne, and a passagaclia) ; and "Auser- 
 lesener . . Instrumentalwerke erste Samm- 
 lung" (1701; 12 concertos f. strings). — His son, 
 
 Muf'fat, August Gottlieb, b. Apr. 17, 1683; 
 d. Vienna, Dec. 10, 1770. Pupil of Fux; Imp. 
 court org. at Vienna, 1717 ; pensioned 1764. — 
 Publ. "72 Versetten oder Fugen, sammt 12 
 Toccaten . . ."(1726; f. organ); and " Com- 
 ponimenti musicali" (1727; f. harpsichord, w. 
 treatise on graces). 
 
 Miihrdorfer, Wilhelra Karl, b. Graz, Styria, 
 Mar. 6, 1837 [son of Wilhelm M., court In- 
 spector of Theatres at Mannheim ; b. 1803 ; d. 
 Mannheim, Apr. 22, 1897]. Studied at Linz- 
 on-Danube, and Mannheim ; began his stage- 
 career as an actor at Mannheim; 1855, Kapellm. 
 at the City Th., Ulm ; 1867-81, 2nd Kapellm. 
 at Leipzig; since then, ist Kapellm. at Cologne. 
 — Operas Im Kyffhauser (1855); Der Comtnan- 
 dant von Konigstein ; Prinzessin Rebenbliithe j 
 Der Goldmacher ■von Strassburg (Hamburg, 
 1886) ; lyric-romantic opera lolanthe (Cologne, 
 1890 ; succ); the ballet Waldeinsamkeit (i86g) ; 
 incid. music to several dramas ; overtures ; part- 
 songs ; songs. 
 
 Miih'ling, August, b. Raguhne, Sept. 26, 
 1786 ; d. Magdeburg, Feb. 3, 1847, as R. Mus. 
 Dir. and cathedral-organist. — Works : Oratorios 
 Abbadona and Bonifazius ; orch.l pieces ; publ. 
 sacred duets and songs (e. g. , 40 poems from 
 Spitta's " Psalter und Harfe "). 
 
 Miil'ler {recte Schmidt), Adolf, Sr., b. 
 Tolna, Hungary, Oct. 7, 1801 ; d. Vienna, July 
 29, i885. In 1826, singer in the Karnthner 
 
 court theatre ; 1828, Kapellm. and composer at 
 the Th. an der Wien, Vienna. Brought out 
 sixty or more " Singspiele," mus. farces, etc., 2 
 operas, and many instrumental and vocal pieces 
 all of mediocre quality. — His son, 
 
 Miil'ler, Adolf, Jr., b. Vienna, Oct. 15, 
 1839 ; since 1875 cond. of the German Opera at 
 Rotterdam. Has prod, the operas Heinrich der 
 Goldschmidt^ Waldmeisters Brauifahrt^ Van 
 Dyck ; and the operettas Das Gespenst in der 
 Spinnsiube, Der kleine Prinz, Der Hofnarr, 
 Der LiebeshPf, Des Teufels Weib, Die Kammer- 
 jungfer (1890), Der Millionen-Onkel (1892), 
 Lady Charlatan (1894), and Der Blondin von 
 Namur (Vienna, 1898 ; succ). 
 
 Miil'ler, August, eminent double-bass 
 player ; b. 1810 ; d. Nov. (Dec. ?) 25, 1867, as 
 Coneertmeister in Darmstadt. — Publ. variations, 
 etc., f. double-bass. 
 
 Miil'ler, August Eberhard, b. Nordheim, 
 Hanover, Dec. 13, 1767 ; d. Weimar, Dec. 3, 
 1817. In 1789, organist of St. Ulrich's, Magde- 
 burg ; in 1794, of the Nikolaikirche, Leipzig; 
 in 1800, asst. to Joh. Adam Hiller, whom he 
 succeeded in 1804 as cantor of the Thomas- 
 schule, and mus. dir. of the Thomas- and Niko- 
 laikirche. In 1810, court Kapellm. at Weimar. 
 — Publ. 3 concertos and 18 sonatas f. pf., and 
 many lesser pieces ; cadenzas to Mozart's con- 
 certos ; suites, choral variations, and a sonata for 
 organ ; a pf.-trio ; 2 violin-sonatas ; 11 concertos 
 and one fantasia f. flute and orch. ; flute-duos ; 
 vocal pieces; 11 church-cantatas; motets; an 
 operetta, Der Polterabend ; etc. Also an ex- 
 cellent pf. -method (1805 ; really the 6th ed. of 
 Lohlein's "Pianoforte-Schule," rev. by M.; on 
 it Kalkbrenner's method is based ; Czerny publ. 
 the 8th ed. in 1825) ; a Guide to the interpreta- 
 tion of Mozart's concertos ; a flute-method ; etc. 
 
 Miil'ler, Bernhard, b. Sonneberg, Jan. 25, 
 1824 ; d. Meiningen, Dec. 5, 1883. Pupil of 
 Bogenhardt and Mahr in the Hildburghausen 
 Seminary. 1850, cantor in Salzungen, where he 
 organized a celebrated church-choir, the per- 
 formances of which in various cities were looked 
 upon as events in mus. circles. He was made 
 superintendent of church-music, and music in 
 the public schools, for the Duchy of Saxe-Meinin^ 
 gen. 
 
 Miil'ler, Carl Christian, b. Saxe-Meiningen,' 
 July 3, 1831. F. W. and Heinrich Pfeifferwere 
 his teachers for pf. and organ, Andreas ZSllner 
 for comp. Went to New York in 1854 ; was at 
 first eng. in a pf. -manufactory, then as leader of 
 the Barnum's Museum orch. Since 1879, prof, 
 of harmony at the N. Y. College of Music. 
 Transl. Sechter's " Grundsatze der musika- 
 lischen Composition " (as "Fundamental Har- 
 mony"; New York, 1871, and g subsequent 
 editions) ; also supplemented it by 4 sets of 
 Tables, on primary instruction, modulation, 
 chord-succession, and harmonization (1882-93)- 
 —Publ. works: For pf., "Pleasant Recollec- 
 
 410 
 
mOller 
 
 tions," and " Golden Hours" ; 2 organ-sonatas, 
 op. 47 ; sonata f. violin and pf., op. 6i, in A ; 
 string-quartet in A min., op. 63 ; 4-part male 
 choruses ; songs ; and for organ, 2 Pastorales, a 
 Scherzo, " March of the Crusaders," and " Res- 
 ignation." — In MS., symphony in D min.; 
 orch.l suite in G min. ; Idyl f. orch. (on an ex- 
 cerpt from "Hiawatha"); overture to Nathan 
 der Weise ; Romanze f. horn, harp, and orch.; 
 Schiller's Die Kraniche des Ibicus, i. soli, ch. 
 and orch.; etc. (in all, 69 works). 
 
 Miil'ler, Christian, organ-builder at Am- 
 sterdam circa 1720-70. Built the great organ 
 at Haarlem in 1738 (sixty registers). 
 
 Mul'ler, I^'ranz Karl Friedrich, b. Weimar, 
 Nov. 30, 1806 ; d. there Sept. 2, 1876, as govern- 
 ment councillor. One of the first to recognize 
 Wagner's real importance. — ^Publ. the treatises 
 " Tannhauser " (1853), " R. Wagner und das 
 Musikdrama" (1861), "Der Ring des Nibe- 
 lungen : eine Studie " (1862), "Tristan und 
 Isolde" (1865), " Lohengrin " (1867), and " Die 
 Meistersinger von Nurnberg " (1869), the last 
 three at the desire of King Ludwig II. of Ba- 
 varia ; also " Im Foyer" (1868; on theatrical 
 affairs in Weimar). 
 
 Miil'ler, Friedrich, b. Orlamiinde, Dec. 10, 
 1786; d. Rudolstadt, Dec. 12, 1871. Fine 
 clarinettist ; 1803, in the royal orch. at Rudol- 
 stadt, succeeding Eberwein in 1831 as Kapellm. ; 
 pensioned 1854. — Works : 2 symphonies ; over- 
 tures ; a hymn f. soli and mixed ch. w. orch.; 2 
 concertos, 2 concertinos, and other clar. -music ; 
 var.s f. clar. and strings ; clar.-etudes ; quartets 
 and terzets f. horns ; var.s f. bassoon w. orch.; 
 a prize-quartet f . clar. and strings ; 4-part male 
 choruses ; etc. 
 
 Mul'ler, Gustav. See Brah-MOller. 
 
 Miil'ler, Hans, writer on mus. history ; b. Co- 
 logne, Sept. 18, 1854; d. Berlin, Apr. 11, 1897. 
 Son of the poet Wolfgang Miiller von Konigs- 
 winter. Dr. pldl., Leipzig; 1888 teacher, 1889 
 Royal Prof, of hist, of music, at the HochschuU 
 fiir Musik, Berlin ; also First Permanent Sec- 
 retary, and Senator, of the Acad, of Fine Arts. 
 — Principal works: "Die Musik Wilhelms 
 von Hirschau " (1884); " Hucbalds echte und 
 unechte Schriften iiber Musik" (1884) ; and an 
 "Abhandlung Uber Mensuralmusik " (Leipzig, 
 1S86). 
 
 Miil'ler, Ivan [I wan], clarinettist ; b. Reval, 
 Dec. 23, 1786 ; d. Buckeburg, Feb. 4, 1854. 
 Inventor of the clarinet with 13 keys ; also of 
 the " Altclarinet " (superseded by the basset- 
 horn). Went to Paris in 1809, and establ. a 
 clarinet-factory, which failed on account of the 
 prejudiced opposition of the Academy, despite 
 which the improved instr.s soon won general 
 popularity. M. died as court musician at Bucke- 
 burg. — Publ. a Method for his new instr.s ; 3 
 quartets f. clar. and strings ; a concertante f. 
 2 clar.s ; pieces for clar. and pf . ; 6 flute-con- 
 certos ; etc. 
 
 Miil'ler, Johannes, b. Koblenz, July 14, 
 1801 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 28, 1858. Ordinary prof. 
 of physiology at Bonn, 1830-33. — Wrote " Un- 
 tersuchungen iiber die menschliche Stimme " 
 (1837)1 " Uber die Compensation der physischen 
 Krafte am menschlichen Stimmorgan" (1839), 
 and valuable articles on the organs of speech 
 and hearing in his " Handbuch der Physiologic 
 des Menschen" (1833, '40 ; 2 vols). 
 
 Mul'ler, Joseph, b. 1839 ; d. Berlin, June 
 18, 1880, as seer, of the Hochschule fiir Musik. 
 Editor (1871-4) of the "AUg. mus. Zeitung." 
 Publ. a valuable catalogue, "Die musikalischen 
 Schatze der koniglichen und Universitatsbiblio- 
 thek zu Kbnigsberg" (1870). 
 
 Miil'ler, Karl, conductor ; b. Weissensee, n. 
 Erfurt, Oct. 21, 1818 ; d. Frankfort, July 19, 
 1894. Pupil of GOtze at Weimar, and violinist 
 there under Hummel ; 1846-60, mus. dir. at 
 Munster ; 1860-92, cond. of the Cecilia Soc, 
 Frankfort. — Comp. successful cantatas (Tasso 
 in Sorrent ; Rinaldo) ; overtures; etc. 
 
 Miil'ler, Peter, b. Kesselstadt, ii. Hanau, 
 June 9, 1791 ; d. Langen, Aug. 29, 1877. 
 While a teacher in the Friedberg Seminary, he 
 wrote his renowned " Jugendlieder," also male 
 choruses, organ-preludes, and 2 string-quintets ; 
 in 1839 he became pastor at Staden, writing 5 
 more quintets (often pei-f. at Darmstadt). His 
 opera Die letzten Tage von Pompeii [after Bul- 
 wer] was prod, at Darmstadt, Dec. 25, 1853. 
 Another opera, a string-quartet, etc., are in MS. 
 
 Miil'ler Quartets. Two famous German 
 quartet-parties, their members being 
 
 (i) The brothers Karl (1797-1873) ; Gustav 
 (1799-1855) ; Theodor(i8o2-i875) ; andGeorg 
 (1808-1855) ; they were all born in Brunswick, 
 and belonged to the orchestra there, Karl as 
 Concertmeister, Theodor as 1st 'cello, Gustav as 
 symphony-director, and Georg as Kafellm. 
 Their artistic tours included not only all large 
 German cities, but also Vienna and Paris (1833), 
 Copenhagen (1838), St. Petersburg in 1845, and 
 Holland in 1852. 
 
 (2) The four sons of Karl ; this quartet-party 
 organizing in 1855, after the death of two mem- 
 bers of the first one): Karl, ist violin, b. Apr. 
 14, 1829 ; Hugo, 2nd violin, b. Sept. 21, 1832 ; 
 d. June 26, 1S86 ; Bernhard, viola, b. Feb. 24, 
 1825 ; and Wilhelm, 'cello, b. June i, 1834. 
 For ten years they held the position of court 
 quartet at Meiningen ; then, after extended 
 and successful travels, they settled in Rostock as 
 members of the orch., Karl being appointed 
 Municipal Mus. Dir. The party was broken up 
 by the appointment of Wilhelm (1873) to succeed 
 Sweerts as 1st 'cello in the R. Orch. at Berlin, 
 and prof, in the Hochschule. Karl has since 
 lived at Stuttgart and Hamburg ; he is also a 
 noted composer (Miiller-Berghaus, Berghaus 
 being the maiden-name of his wife Elvira), his 
 works including an operetta, a caxAsXa. Jephihas 
 Tochter, an overture to Fiesco, a symphony, con- 
 cert-pieces f, violin and f. 'cello, songs, etc. 
 
 411 
 
mOllER— MUSIN 
 
 Miil'ler, Richard, b. Leipzig, Feb. 25, 1830. 
 Pupil of Zollner, Hauptmann, and Rietz ; cond. 
 of tlie " Arion " until 1893, of the "Hellas," 
 and the " Liedertafel " ; teacher of singing in 
 the Nikolai Gymnasium. — Works : Die Lotsen, 
 for chorus witli copnectiug declamation ; motets, 
 part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Miil'ler, Wenzel, b. Tyrnau, Moravia, Sept. 
 26, 1767 ; d. Baden, n. Vienna, Aug. 3, 1835. 
 Kafellm. at the Leopoldstadt Th., Vienna, from 
 1813. His 200 operas, " Singspiele,"etc., were 
 extremely popular in their day, e.g., Das Neu- 
 sonnlagskind (1793), Die Schwestern von Frag 
 (1794), etc. 
 
 Miil'ler, Wilhelra Christian, b. Wasungen, 
 n. Meiningen, Mar. 7, 1752 ; d. Bremen, July 
 6, 1831, as mus. director. — Wrote " Versuch 
 einer Geschichte derTonkunst in Bremen" (1799, 
 in the " Hanseatisches Magazin "), and "Ver- 
 such einer Aesthetik der Tonkunst " (1830). 
 
 Miil'ler, William, b. Hanover, Feb. 4, 1845. 
 The son of a shoemaker, and by trade a thatcher, 
 he was trained in singing by H. Dorn, Lind- 
 huldt, and Fischer, and made his debut at Han- 
 over in 1868 in the o'gtra. Joseph ; sang tenor 
 roles there, and 1874-6 at Leipzig ; since then 
 at the court opera, Berlin. 
 
 Miil'ler-Berg'haus. See Karl Muller in 
 the Junior Muller Quartet. 
 
 Murier-Har'tung, Karl (Wilhelm), b. 
 Suiza, May 19, 1834. Pupil of Kiihmstedt at Ei- 
 senach, succeeding him in 1859 as mus. director 
 and teacher at the Seminary; 1864, " Professor" ; 
 1865, dir. of church-music in Weimar ; 1869 
 o^ersL-Kapellm., 1S72 Director of the Grand 
 Ducal " Orchester- und Musikschule," which he 
 founded. He resigned other positions in 1889. 
 — Works : Organ-sonatas ; part-songs f. male 
 ch.; church-music ; also a system of mus. theory, 
 of which vol. i, " Harmonielehre," appeared in 
 1879. 
 
 Miirier-Reu'ter,Theodor,b. Dresden, Sept. 
 
 I, 1858. Pupil of Fr. and Alwin Wieck (pf.) ; 
 J. Otto and Meinardus (comp.) ; and the Hoch 
 Cons., Frankfort (1878-9). Teacher of pf. and 
 theory at Strassburg Cons., 1879-87,; went to 
 Dresden 1887, becoming cond. of the male 
 chorus "Orpheus" in 1888; also 1889 of the 
 Dreyssig Singakademie. 1892, teacher in the 
 Cons. — Works : The operas Ondolina (Strass- 
 burg, 1883); and Der tolle Graf (Nuremberg, 
 1887); Paternoster f. mixed ch. and orch.; female 
 choruses w. pf. ; male choruses with and without 
 accomp.; songs ; pf. -pieces and studies. 
 
 Miil'ler von der Wer'ra, artist-name of 
 Friedrich Konrad Miiller, b. Ummerstadt, 
 Meiningen, Nov. 14, 1823 ; d. Leipzig, Apr. 26, 
 1881. Popular poet ; founder of the " Deutscher 
 Sangerbund"; editor of the " Neue Sanger- 
 halle" 1861-71, and of the " Allgemeines 
 Reichskommersbuch " for students. 
 
 Munck, Ernest de. See Demunck. 
 
 Mu'ris, Johannes de, eminent mus. theorist, 
 a disciple of Franco. Author of a treatise 
 " Speculum musicae," written (probably) about 
 1325, in 7 books (L Miscellaneous ; IL On 
 Intervals; III. Mus. Ratios ; IV. Consonance 
 and Dissonance ; V. Theory of Ancient Music, 
 after Boetius ; VI. Church-modes, and Solmisa- 
 tion ; VII. Measured Music, and Discant) ; 
 printed by Coussemaker in " Scriptores," vol. ii ; 
 2 MSS. are in the Paris Library. Cf. Dr. Robert 
 Hirschfeld's dissertation "Johannes de Muris" 
 (1884). 
 
 Mursch'hauser, Franz Xaver Anton, b. 
 Zabern, n. Strassburg, about 1670; d. Munich, 
 1724, as Kapellm. at the Frauenkirche. Publ. 
 organ-pieces, violin-music, and theoretical works 
 of minor importance. 
 
 Mur'ska, lima di, famous dram, soprano ; b. 
 in Croatia, 1836 ; d. Munich, Jan. 16, 1889. 
 Pupil of the Marchesis in Vienna ; debut at the 
 Pergola Th., Florence, 1862 ; after singing at 
 Pesth, Berlin, and Hamburg, she was eng. at 
 Vienna. London debut May 11, 1865, at H. 
 M.'s Th., as Lucia; also sang- Linda, Amina, 
 and Astrifiammante ; and at the Philharm. on 
 May 29. Up to 1873 she was repeatedly eng. 
 at H. M.'s Th., Covent Garden, and Drury 
 Lane ; sang in Paris and other Continental 
 cities ; visited America, Australia, etc., 1873-6 ; 
 and England again in 1879. With a voice of 
 nearly 3 octaves' compass, great in coloratura, 
 she united brilliancy and originality of acting, — 
 Other roles: Dinorah, Isabella, Martha, Ophelia, 
 Marguerite de Valois, Gilda, etc. 
 
 Musard, Philippe, b. Paris, 1793 ; d. there 
 Mar. 31, 1859. Famous dance-composer, pri- 
 vate pupil of Reicha ; first came into public 
 view at the pfomenade concerts begun Nov., 
 1833, in a bazaar of the Rue St. Honore, at 
 which Dufresne's soli on the cornet 4 pistons 
 were a novel feature ; M. also cond. the Opera 
 balls 1835-6, his orch. of 70 pieces winning 
 great applause. Up to 1852 he held first place 
 in France as a conductor of promenade concerts 
 and dance-composer. His quadrilles and galops 
 enjoyed immense popularity ; he was called the 
 " king of quadrilles." In London he cond. the 
 promenade concerts at Drury Lane from Oct. 
 12, 1840 (his English debut), till March, 1841, 
 and reappeared at the Lyceum the following 
 autumn. — His son Alfred (1828-81), was like- 
 wise an orch.-cond. and quadrille-comp., but of 
 mediocre talent. 
 
 Musin, Bonaventura. See Furi.anetto. 
 
 Musin, Ovide, distinguished violinist; b. 
 Nandrin, n. Liige, Sept. 22, 1854. Pupil of 
 Heynberg and Leonard at Li^ge Cons., enter- 
 ing at 7 and taking ist violin-prize at 11. Fol- 
 lowing Leonard to the Paris Cons., he won, at 
 14, the gold medal for solo and quartet-playing. 
 After teaching a year at the Cons., he com- 
 menced a series of triumphal tours throughout 
 Europe. Later he went to America, and or- 
 
 412 
 
MUSIOL— NAGELI 
 
 ganized a concert-troupe of his own ; finally, he 
 made a tour of the world, returned to Liige in 
 1897, and was app. head of the advanced class 
 for violin at the Cons. In 1898 he succeeded 
 Cesar Thomson as violin-prof. ; also made ar- 
 rangements to spend half his time in New 
 York. He is a brilliant player, and an excellent 
 teacher. 
 
 Mu'siol, Robert Paul Johann, b. Breslau, 
 Jan. 14, 1846. Attended the Seminary at Lie- 
 benthal, Silesia ; from 1873 teacher and cantor 
 at Rbhrsdorf, n. Fraustadt, Posen ; pensioned 
 1891. — Publ. " Musikalisghes Fremdworter- 
 buch"; " Catechismus der Musikgeschichte"; 
 edited Tonger's " Conversations-Lexikon der 
 Tonkunst" (i888)and " Musikerlexikon" (i8go), 
 also the loth ed. of J. Schuberth's " Musika- 
 lisches Conversations - Lexikon " (1877) ; and 
 wrote " Wilhelm Forster," and " Theodor Kor- 
 ner und seine Beziehung zur Musik " (1893). 
 Wrote for mus. periodicals ; comp. male part- 
 songs, pieces f. pf. and f. organ, songs, etc. 
 
 Mussorg'ski, Modest Petrovitch, b. Toro- 
 petz, Gov.t of Pskov, Russia, Mar. 28 (N. S.), 
 1839 ; d. St. Petersburg, Mar. 28, 1881. He 
 entered a regiment at the age of 17 ; but was 
 drawn to music, and became a pupil of Bala- 
 kirev, intimacy with whom and with Cui ren- 
 dering him a disciple of the neo- Russian school. 
 — Operas : Boris Godunoff (Imp. Opera, St. 
 Petersburg, 1874); Chovanshtchina ["Adhe- 
 rents of Chovanski"] (St. Petersburg, 1893); 
 also, f. pf., " Danse macabre russe," "Scenes 
 d'enfants," etc.; and songs. 
 
 Mu'zio, Emanuele, b. Zibello, n. Parma, 
 Aug. 25, 1825. Pupil of Provesi and Verdi, and 
 (for pf.) of the latter's first wife, Margherita 
 Barezzi. In 1852 he cond. the Italian Opera at 
 Brussels ; was later in London and New York 
 (Acad, of Music), and settled in Paris (1875) as 
 a singing-teacher (Adelina and Carlotta Patti, 
 and Clara Louise Kellogg, were his pupils). — 
 Works : The operas Giovanna la pazza (Brus- 
 sels, 1B52), Claudia (Milan, 1853), Le due Jie- 
 ^;w (Milan, 1856), and Z» Sorre7itina (Bologna, 
 1857) ; also many songs and pf.-pieces. 
 
 Mysliweczek, Joseph, called " II Boemo," 
 or " Venatorini," in Italy; b. in a village n. 
 ^Prague, Mar. 9, 1737 ; d. Rome, Feb. 4, 1781. 
 Pupil of Habermann and Segert at Prague, and 
 in 1760 publ. 6 symphonies named after the 
 months Jan. -June. Studied dramatic music 
 with Pescetti at Venice, 1763 ; brought out a 
 successful opera at Parma, 1764 ; and was com- 
 missioned to write Bellerofonte for Naples. His 
 operas, about 30 altogether, were extraordinarily 
 popular with the public and singers alike ; but 
 M. was poorly remunerated, and of extravagant 
 habits, consequently always in financial difficul- 
 ties. Mozart greatly admired his pf.-sonatas. 
 He also wrote 2 oratorios, and publ. 12 string- 
 quartets and 6 string-trios. 
 
 N 
 
 Naaff, Anton E. August, poet and writer ; 
 b. Weitentrebelitzsch, Bohemia, Nov. 28, 1850. 
 Editor, 1881, of the Vienna " Musikalische 
 Welt"; since 1882, of the " Lyra." Abt, Spei- 
 del, Tschirsch, et al., have composed many of 
 his poems (" Es rauscht ein stolzer Strom zum 
 Meer"; "Deutsche sind wir und woUen's blei- 
 ben "; etc.). 
 
 Nach'baur, Franz, famous dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Schloss Giessen, n. Friedrichshafen, Mar. 
 25, 1835. While attending the Polytechnic 
 School at Stuttgart, Pischek noticed his fine 
 voice, and instructed him in singing. He sang 
 at Basel as a chorister, and then at theatres in 
 Luneville, Mannheim, Hanover, Prague, Darm- 
 stadt, and Vienna ; engaged at Munich 1S66- 
 90, with the title of " Kammersanger " ; then 
 pensioned. He also sang in Italy, creating 
 Lohengrin at Rome, 1878. Favorite roles were 
 Raoul, Prophet, Arnold. 
 
 Na'chez, Tivadar [Theodor Na'schitz], b. 
 Pesth, May I, 1859. Brilliant violin-virtuoso, a 
 pupil of Sabatil at Pesth, Joachim at Berlin (3 
 years), and Leonard at Paris (l year). Estab- 
 lished himself at Paris, making tours on the Con- 
 tinent, and finally went to London, where he was 
 eminently successful. After further Continental 
 tours, he settled (lS8g) in London as concert- 
 player and composer. — Works : 2 concertos f. 
 violin and orch.; 2 Hungarian Rhapsodies, and 
 4 Hung, dances ; 2 Romances and various minor 
 pieces f. vln. w. orch. ; Suite in 6 movem., f. vln. 
 and pf.; Requiem Mass f. soli, ch., and orch.; 
 arrangements ; songs. 
 
 Nadaud, Gustave, b. Roubaix, France, Feb. 
 20, 1820 ; d. Paris, Apr. 19, 1893. Celebrated 
 chansonnier (poet-composer) ; 15 vol.s of his 
 works, each containing 20 chansons, have been 
 publ. ; also a vol. of "Chansons legeres." 
 Monument in Roubaix. — He prod. 3 operettas : 
 Le docteur Vieuxtemps, La volihre, and Porte et 
 fenitre. 
 
 Na'dermann, Francois-Joseph, harpist ; b. 
 Paris, 1773 ; d. there Apr. 2, 1835. Pupil of 
 Krumpholz ; 1816 court harpist at Paris, and 
 1825 harp-prof, at the Cons. In his father's 
 harp-factory, continued by him and his brother 
 Henry [b. 1780, asst.-harpist in the King's mu- 
 sic, and asst.-prof. in the Cons, till 1835], the 
 old-fashioned instr.swith crooks were made until 
 wholly driven out by Erard's inventions. N. 
 publ. a great deal of music for harp. 
 
 Na'gel, Julius, 'cellist ; b. Gotha, 1837 ; d. 
 St. Petersburg, Sept. 15, 1892. Composer ; 
 teacher in St. P., from 1865, at the Alexander 
 Lyceum. 
 
 Na'gel, Dr. Willibald, contemporary Ger- 
 man writer; publ. " Geschichte der Musik in 
 England " down to Purcell's death, in 2 parts 
 (Strassburg, 189 [?], 1897). 
 
 Nageli, Johann Hans Georg, b. Wetzikon, 
 
 413 
 
NAGILLER— NARES 
 
 n. Zurich, May l6, 1773 ; d. there Dec. 26, 
 1836. Music-publisher at Wetzikon (establ. 
 1792) ; founder and president of the Swiss As- 
 soc, for the Cultivation of Music ; singing- 
 teacher at a primary school, applying the Pesta- 
 lozzian system. As a song-composer he is best 
 known by " Freut euch des Lebens" (Life let 
 us cherish). He wrote " Gesangsbildungslehre 
 nach Pestalozzischen Grundsatzen " (w. M. G. 
 Pfeiffer ; 1812) ; " Christliches Gesangbuch " 
 [an "Auszug" of the same] (1818) ; "Vorle- 
 sungen ilber Musik m.it Berilcksichtigung der 
 Dilettanten" (1826); " Musikalisches Tabellwerk 
 fLir Volksschulen zur Herausbildung fiir den 
 Figuralgesang " (1838); and a polemical pam- 
 phlet against Thibaut, " Der Streit zwischen der 
 alten und neuen Musik" (1827) ; etc. Monu- 
 ment at Zurich, 1848. — Biographies by Bierer 
 (1844), Keller (1848), and Schnabeli (1873). 
 
 Nagiller, Matthaus, b. Milnster, Tyrol, 
 Oct. 24, 1815 ; d. July 8, 1874, at Innsbruck, as 
 cond. of the " Musikverein."- — Works: An op- 
 era, Herzog Friedrichvon 7V/W (Munich, 1854); 
 successful orch.l and choral comp.s. 
 
 Nani'ni, Giovanni Maria, b. Vallerano, 
 Italy, about 1540; d. Rome, Mar. 11, 1607. 
 Pupil of Goudimel ; after completing his studies, 
 he officiated in Vallerano as m. di capp.; but on 
 Palestrina's resignation as maestro at Santa 
 Maria Maggiore, Rome, he was called thither 
 in 1571. Resigning in 1575, he founded the 
 first public school of music opened in Rome by 
 an Italian, in which his nephew, Giovanni Ber- 
 nardino, and Palestrina, were active instructors. 
 N.'s compositions were performed at the Sistine 
 Chapel; in 1577 he became a member of the 
 Papal choir, and, in 1604, m. di capp. of the Sis- 
 tine Chapel. His works are among the best of 
 the Palestrina epoch ; the 6-part motet " Hodie 
 nobis coelorum rex" is still sung annually on 
 Christmas morning in the Sistine Chapel. Ha- 
 berl publ. a sketch of N. in the " Kirchenmu- 
 sikalisches Jahrbuch" for 1891, with 5 hitherto 
 unpubl. Lamentations a 4. Other printed works 
 are motets a 3-5 in canon-form with cantus 
 firmus (1586); 4 books of madrigals a 5 (1578- 
 86) ; canzonets a 3 (1587) ; psalms in Constan- 
 tini's " Psalmi a 8 voci"(i6i4); other motets 
 and madrigals in coU.s of the time. 3 motets 
 a 3, one a 4, and a Miserere, are in Proske's 
 " Musica divina "; detached numbers in the col- 
 lections of Rochlitz, Tucher, Liick, and Prince 
 von der Moszkva. An admirable work in MS. 
 is the "Cento cinquanta sette coutrappunti e 
 canoni a 2-1 1 voci, sopra del canto fermo intito- 
 lato la base di Costanzo Festa"; also a " Trat- 
 tato di contrappunto." 
 
 Nani'ni, Giovanni Bernardino, nephew of 
 Giov. Maria ; b. Vallerano, about 1560 ; d. Rome, 
 1624. From 1577 m. di capp. at the French 
 church of St.-Louis ; later at San Lorenzo in 
 Damaso. Proske printed 4 psalms a 4 in "]\Iu- 
 sica divina." — Publ. 3 books of madrigals a 5 
 (1598-1612) ; 4 of motets a 1-5, w. organ-bass 
 
 (1608-18) ; Psalms « 4 and 8 (1620) ; and a " Ve- 
 nite exultemus " a 3, w. org. (1620). 
 
 Napoleon, Arthur, pianist ; b. Oporto, Mar. 
 6, 1843. After sensational concerts at the courts 
 of Lisbon and London (1852), and Berlin (1854), 
 he studied under Halle at Manchester, made 
 tours throughout Europe, and N. and S. Amer- 
 ica. Settled in Rio de Janeiro in 1868 (1871?) 
 as a dealer in music and instr.s. Has publ. 
 comp.s f. pf. and orch., solo pieces for pf., etc. ; 
 has also acted as a conductor. 
 
 Ndpra'vnik [N4prawnik] Eduard, b. Bejst, 
 n. Koniggratz, Au^. 24, 1839. Pupil of the 
 Prague Organ-School 1853-4; from 1856, teacher 
 in the Maydl Inst, for Music in Prague ; 1861, 
 Kapellm. to Prince Yussupoff at St. Petersburg ; 
 then organist, and 2nd conductor at the Russian 
 Opera, and from 1869 ist cond. From 1870-82 
 he was Balakirev's successor as cond. of the sym- 
 phony concerts of the Mus. Soc. He is a dis- 
 tinguished pianist, conductor, and composer. — 
 Works : The operas The Tempest ; The Inhab- 
 itants of Nishnii Novgorod (St. Petersburg, 
 1869) ; Harold {St. P., 1886) ; Dubroffsky, in 4 
 acts (St. P., 1895 ; Leipzig, 1897 ; succ.) ; sym- 
 phonic poem " The Demon " (after Lermontov's 
 poem); the overture" Vlasta" (1861), and others; 
 fantasia f. pf. w. orch., op. 39; a quartet; a 
 trio ; Bohemian and Russian songs ; pf. -music ; 
 etc. 
 
 Nardi'ni, Pietro, fine violinist ; b. Fibiana, 
 Tuscany, 1722 ; d. Florence, May 7, 1793. Pu- 
 pil of Tartini at Padua ; from 1753-67, solo-vio- 
 linist in the court orch., Stuttgart; lived with 
 Tartini until the latter's death in 1770 ; then 
 maestro of the court music at Florence. Both 
 Leopold Mozart and Schubert praised his play- 
 ing. — Publ. 6 violin-concertos ; 6 sonatas f. vln. 
 and bass ; 6 violin solos ; 6 violin-duets ; 6 
 string-quartets ; 6 flute-trios. Sonatas are in 
 Alard's " Les maitres classiques" and David's 
 " Hohe Schule des Violinspiels " ; others in Jen- 
 sen's " Classische Violinmusik." 
 
 Nares, James, English comp. and organist ; 
 b. Stanwell, Middlesex, 1715 ; d. London, Feb. 
 10, 1783. Chorister in the Chapel Royal under 
 Gates ; also studied with Pepusch. Deputy-org. 
 of St. George's Chapel, Windsor ; org. of York 
 Cath., 1734 ; in 1756 he succeeded Greene as 
 org. and comp. to the Chapel Royal ; Mus. Doc, 
 Cantab., 1757 ; Master of the. Children, at the 
 Ch. Royal, 1757-80.— Publ. " 8 Setts of Les- 
 sons" f. harpsichord (1747); 5 Lessons f. do. 
 (1758); "3 Easy do."; "II Principio, or A 
 Regular Introduction to Playing on the Harpsi- 
 chord or Organ" (n. d.) ; 2 Treatises on Singing ; 
 a dramatic ode, " The Roj^al Pastoral " ; 20 an- 
 thems in score (1778) ; Morning and Evening 
 Service, with 6 anthems in score (1788) ; a coll. of 
 catches, canons, and glees (1772) ; etc. Detached 
 pieces are in Arnold's "Cathedral Music,"Page's 
 " Harmonia Sacra," and Stevens' " Sacred Mu- 
 
 414 
 
NARET-KONING— NAUMANN 
 
 Naret-Koning, Johann Joseph David, b. 
 
 Amsterdam, Feb. 25, 1838. Violinist ; pupil of 
 David at Leipzig ; 1859-70 leader of the Mann- 
 heim orch., also cond. cf the Mus. Soc. and the 
 Sangerbund until 187S. Since then, leader at 
 the City Th., Frankfort, and member of the 
 Heermann Quartet. Has publ. songs, etc. 
 
 Nasoli'ni, Sebastiano, b. Piacenza, about 
 176S ; d. (?). Prolific opera-composer, produc- 
 ing some 30 operas from 1788-1816 at Venice, 
 Milan, Florence, Naples, Vicenza, etc. 
 
 Nata'le, Porapeo, choir-singer at S. Maria 
 Maggiore, Rome, and the teacher of Pitoni ; 
 publ. " Madrigali e canzoni spirituali a 2, 3 e 4 
 voci col basso per I'organo " (1662). 
 
 Nathan, Isaac, b. Canterbury, 1792 ; d. Syd- 
 ney, Australia, Jan. 15, 1864. Pupil of D. Corri. 
 — Works : Music to the comedy Sweethearts and 
 Wives (1823, very popular) ; an opera, The Al- 
 M!V(i824); an operetta. The Illustrious Stranger 
 (1827) , " MusurgiaVocalis, an essay on the His- 
 tor)-and Theory of Music, and on theQuaUties, 
 Capabilities, and Management of the Human 
 Voice" (1823, 2nd ed. 1826) ; " Life of Madame 
 Malibran de Beriot ..." (1836) "Hebrew Melo- 
 dies" [Byron], v\r. Braham(i822 ; 1861); songs. 
 
 Na'torp, Bernhard Christian Ludvrig, b. 
 Werden-on-Ruhr, Nov. 12, 1774 ; d. Miinster, 
 Feb. 8, 1846. Studied theology and pedagogics 
 at Halle Univ. ; pastor at Essen, 1798 ; Coun- 
 sellor of the Consistory at Potsdam, 1808 ; Gen- 
 eral Supt. at Munster, 1819. — Publ. " Anleitung 
 zurUnterweisung im Singen fiir Lehrer anVolks- 
 schulen" (2 courses, 1813, 1820; often republ.) ; 
 "LehrbUchleinder Singekunst" (2 courses,i8i6, 
 1820) , " Ueber den Gesang in der Kirche der 
 Protestanten " (1817); " Ueber den Zweck, die 
 Einrichtung und den Gebrauch des Melodien- 
 buchs fur den Gemeindegesang in den evange- 
 lischen Kirchen " (1B22), followed by the " Me- 
 lodienbuch" (1822); "Choralbuch fiir evang. 
 Kirchen" (1829; harmonized in 4 parts, w. 
 preludes and interludes by Rinck) ; and " Ueber 
 Rincks Praludien " (1834). — By his labors the 
 singing in churches and schools was greatly im- 
 proved. 
 
 Nau, Maria Dolores Benedicta Josefina, 
 
 noted soprano stage-singer ; born of Spanish 
 parents at New York, Mar. 18, 1818. Pupil of 
 Mme. Daraoreau-Cinti at the Paris Cons, from 
 1832, taking ist prize in 1834 ; debut at the 
 Opera, 1836, as Page in the Huguenots ; sang in 
 minor roles here for 6 years ; then with much 
 success in Brussels, London, etc., and was reen- 
 gaged at the Opera for leading roles (1844-8). 
 In 1S48 she went to London, and thence to 
 America ; returning to London, she sang for 18 
 months at the Princess's Th. ; then again at the 
 Ope'ra in Paris from 1851-3. She revisited 
 America in 1854, and was welcomed with ex- 
 travagant enthusiasm ; she retired in 1856. 
 
 Nau'bert, Friedrich August, celebrated 
 song-composer ; b. Schkeuditz, Saxony, Mar. 
 
 23, 1839 ; d. Neubrandenburg, Aug. 26, 1897, 
 where he was organist and singing-teacher at the 
 Gymnasium. 
 
 Naudin, Emilio, operatic tenor ; b. Parma, 
 Oct. 23, 1823. Pupil of Panizza at Milan ; 
 debut at Cremona ; sang in several Italian thea- 
 tres, toured Europe, and was eng. 1S62 at the 
 Th. Italien, Paris. At Meyerbeer's testament- 
 ary desire he created the role of Vasco on the 
 production of V Africaine (Opera, 1865), but 
 soon returned to the Th. Italien. 
 
 Nau'e, Johann Friedrich, b. Halle, Nov. 
 17, 1787 ; d. there May ig, 1868. Pupil of 
 Turk; in 1813, mus. dir. of the Univ., and or- 
 ganist. He spent an inherited fortune in col- 
 lecting a fine mus. library, and on preparations 
 for the Halle Mus. Festivals of 1829 and 1835 ; 
 and died poor. — Works: "Versuch einer mu- 
 sikalischen Agende " (1818) ; " AUgem. evang. 
 Choralbuch mit Melodien, grosstentheils aus 
 den Urquellen berichtigt, mit vierstimmigen 
 Harmonien" (1829, w. histor. Introd.) ; he 
 comp. a triumphal march f. chorus and wind- 
 orch., church-music, pf. -pieces, etc. 
 
 Nau'enburg, Gustav, baritone concert-singer 
 and excellent singing-teacher ; b. Halle, May 
 20, 1803. He wrote valuable studies (" Tag- 
 liche Gesangstudien," " Tagliche Coloraturstu- 
 dien ") ; wrote for various mus. papers ; and publ. 
 " Ideen zu einer Reform der christlichen Kirch- 
 enmusik " (1854). 
 
 Nau'mann, Johann Gottlieb, b. Blasewitz, 
 n. Dresden, Apr. 17, 1741 ; d. Dresden, Oct. 23, 
 1801. Intended for a school-teacher, he was 
 trained in the Dresden Kreuzschule, where he 
 learned singing. In 1757 a Swedish musician 
 named Weestrom offered to take him to Italy ; 
 they travelled thither via Hamburg, and Wee- 
 strom studied at Padua under Tartini, not al- 
 lowing N., however, to share the master's in- 
 struction. On account of this slight, and general 
 ill-treatment, N. left his former patron ; Tartini 
 taught him gratuitously ; in 1761 he went to 
 Rome and Naples with the violinist Pitscher to 
 study dramatic composition ; studied counter- 
 point later with Padre Martini at Bologna ; 
 brought out his first opera at the San Samuele 
 Th., Venice ; and returned to Dresden in 1763, 
 receiving next year the appointment of court 
 composer of sacred music, and of " chamber- 
 comp." in 1765. On a second Italian tour he 
 brought out several operas ; then, after refusing 
 an offer from Frederick the Great, he was app. 
 Kapellm. at Dresden (1776), advancing in 1786 to 
 Kapellm.-\-a-<X\e.i. In 1777 he was also invited 
 to Stockholm to reorganize the orchestra, and 
 brought out operas then and in 1780. In all he 
 prod. 23 operas ; also a ballet, 10 oratorios, 
 sacred music (incl. the fine " Vater unser, " after 
 Klopstock) ; an elegy, " Klopstocks Grab" ; 18 
 symphonies; sonatas f. pf., violin, and har- 
 monica ; songs (new complete ed. by Breitkopf 
 & Hiirtel) ; etc. (Mannstein publ. a catalogue of 
 N.'s comp.s). — Biographical : Meissner wrote 
 
 415 
 
NAUMANN— NEEFE 
 
 " Bruchsttlcke aus Naumanns Lebensgeschichte " 
 (2 vol.s ; Prague, 1803-4) ; biographies also by G. 
 H. von Schubert (Dresden, 1844), and Emil Nau- 
 mann (in the " Allgem. deutsche Biographic "). 
 
 Nau'mann, Emil, grandson of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Berlin, Sept. 8, 1827 ; d. Dresden, June 
 23, 1888. Pupil of Schnyder von Wartensee at 
 Frankfort ; of Mendelssohn, 1842 ; and of Leip- 
 zig Cons., 1843-4; then attended Bonn Univ. 
 In 1848 his first great work, the oratorio Christus 
 der Friedensioie, was prod, at Dresden ; also 
 the o^era. Judith. In 1856 his treatise on " Die 
 Einfuhrung des Psalmengesanges in die evang. 
 Kirche " procured his appointment as mus. dir. 
 in the court church, Berlin, for which he comp. 
 motets, psalms, etc., publishing " Psalmen auf 
 alle Sonn- und Feiertage des evang. Kirchen- 
 jahres" [vol.s viii-x of Commer's " Musica 
 sacra"]. The Univ. of Berlin conferred on 
 him the title of £>r. phil. for ' ' Das Alter des 
 Psalmengesanges"; his masterwork, "Die 
 Tonkunst in der Culturgeschichte " (2 vol.s; 
 i86g, 1870) brought him that of " Professor." 
 He went to Dresden in 1873, and lectured on 
 mus. history at the Cons. — Other writings : 
 " Deutsche Tondichter von Seb. Bach bis auf 
 die Gegenwart" (1871 ; often republ.) ; " Ital. 
 Tondichter von Palestrina bis auf die Gegen- 
 wart" (1876); " Illustrirte Musikgeschichte " 
 (1880-85) ! — these three consist largely of ex- 
 tracts from other authors; — " Nachklange ; 
 Gedenkblatter aus dem Musik-, Kunst- und 
 Geistesleben unsrer Tage" (1872); " Deutsch- 
 lands musik. Heroen und ihre Ruckwirkung 
 auf die Nation" (1873); " Musikdrama oder 
 Oper" (1876; contra Wagner); " Zukunfts- 
 musik und die Musik der Zukunft" (1877); 
 " Uber ein bisher unbekanntes Gesetz in Aufbau 
 klassischer Fugenthemen" (1878); " Der mo- 
 derne musikalische Zopf " (1880) ; etc. 
 
 Nau'mann, Karl Ernst, (grandson of J. G. 
 N.,) b. Freiberg, Saxony, Aug. 15, 1832. St. 
 in Leipzig (1850) under Hauptmann, Richter, 
 Wenzel and Langer ; took degree of Dr. phil. 
 at the Univ. in 1858 for his dissertation " Ueber 
 die verschiedenen Bestimmungen der Tonver- 
 haltnisse und die Bedeutung des pythagorei- 
 schen und reinen Quintensystems fur unsre 
 Musik"; then studied for 2 years in Dresden 
 under Joh. Schneider (org,), soon afterward 
 being called to Jena as academical music-director 
 and organist ; " Professor " in 1877. Composed 
 chiefly chamber-music (wrote the first sonata f. 
 viola and pf.) ; publ. many valuable revisions 
 and arrangements of classical works, especially 
 for the Bach-Gesellschaft. — Works : Salvum fac 
 regem, f. male ch. , op. 14 ; Ehre sei Gott in der 
 Hohe, f. 4-p. mixed ch.; Pastorale in V , f. small 
 orch. , op. 16 ; Serenade in A (nonet f. strings, 
 flute, oboe, bassoon, and horn), op. 10 ; 2 string- 
 quintets, op. 6 and 13 ; string-trio, op. 12 ; pf.- 
 trio, op. 7 ; string-quartet in G min., op. 9 ; etc. 
 
 Na'va, Gaetano, singing-master ; b. Milan, 
 Mar, 16, 1802 ; d. there Mar. 31, 1875. Taught 
 
 by his father (Ant. Maria N., 1775-1826), and 
 PoUini ; then at Milan Cons. 1817-24 by Or- 
 landi, Ray, Piantanida, and Frederici. App. 
 1837 prof, of solfeggio at the Cons.; in 1848, 
 maestro of choral singing and harmony for the 
 alumni. Wrote a great number of excellent sol- 
 feggi and vocalizzi ; also a " Metodo pratico di 
 vocaHzzazione"; church-music, songs, pf.- 
 pieces, a " Notturino " f. harp and harmoni- 
 flute, etc. 
 
 Nawra'til [-vrah'-], Karl, b. Vienna, Oct. 7, 
 1836. Pupil of Nottebohm (cpt.). Excellent 
 teacher ; Essipoff, Schutt, and A. Riickauf are 
 his pupils. — Publ. works : Psalm xxx, f. soli, ch. 
 and orch.; an overture ; chamber-music (a string- 
 quartet, pf.-quintets, trios). 
 
 Naylor, John, Engl, comp.; b. Stanningley, 
 n. Leeds, June 8, 1838 ; d. at sea. May 14, 1897, 
 Choir-boy at Leeds Parish Ch., while S. S. Wes- 
 ley and R. S. Bunton were organists. Org. of 
 Scarborough Ch., 1856; Mus. Bac, Oxon., 
 1863 ; Mus. Doc, 1872. Org. of All Saints', 
 Scarb., 1873 ; in 1883, org. and choirmaster 
 of York Minster, and also (1892) cond. of York 
 Mus. Soc, succeeding Burton. — Works: 4 can- 
 tatas, Jeremiah, The Brazen Serpent, Mcribah, 
 and Manna ; church-services, anthems, hymns, 
 part-songs, organ-pieces, and a well-known book 
 of chants. 
 
 Naylor, Sidney, b. London, July 24, 1841 ; 
 d. Shepherd's Bush, Mar. 4, 1893. Chorister at 
 the Temple Ch.; pupil of Dr. Hopkins (org. 
 and harm.). Organist, successively, at 4 Lon- 
 don churches ; a skilful accompanist, often tour- 
 ing with Sims Reeves. In 1868 he married 
 Miss Blanche Cole, the well-known soprano con- 
 cert-singer [d. London, Aug. 31, 1888]. 
 
 Ned'bal, Oscar, viola-player in the "Bo- 
 hemian " String-quartet ; b. Tabor, Bohemia, 
 Mar. 25, 1874. St. in Prague Cons. (comp. 
 under Dvorak). 'Wrote a Scherzo-Caprice f. 
 orch. ; sonata f . pf. and violin ; etc. 
 
 Neebj Heinrich, b. Lich, Upper Hesse, 
 1807 ; d. Frankfort, Jan. 18, 1878. Pupil of 
 Peter M tiller at Friedberg, and Aloys Schmitt 
 at P'rankfort, where he cond. the " Germania," 
 " Neeb's Quartet," the " Teutonia," and the 
 " Neeb'scher Mannerchor." — Works : 3 operas, 
 Dmnenico Baldi, Der Cid, and Die schwarzen 
 Jdger); popular ballads ("Die Zobeljagd," 
 "Andreas Hofer''; "Der todte Soldat," "Der 
 sterbende Trompeter," etc.) ; a cantata, Das 
 deutsche Lied und sein Sanger. Other comp.s 
 MS. 
 
 Nee'fe, Christian Gottlob, b. Chemnitz, 
 Feb. 5, 1748 ; d. Dessau, Jan. 26, 1798. While 
 a law-student at Leipzig, he had lessons in music 
 with A. Killer ; acted as a conductor at Leipzig 
 and Dresden, then of Seller's travelling opera- 
 troupe, and (1779) of the Grassmann-Hellmuth 
 company at I5onn, where he was app. deputy- 
 organist, and succeeded van den Eeden as Elec- 
 toral mus. dir. in 1782, also as Beethoven's 
 
 416 
 
NEF— NESSLER 
 
 teacher. In 1796 he became cond. of the Des- 
 sau opera. — Works : 8 vaudevilles and operas 
 for Leipzig and Bonn ; Klopstock's ode ' ' Dem 
 Unendlichen," f. 4 voices and orch.; double 
 concerto f. pf., violin, and orch.; sonatas, varia- 
 tions, and fantasias f. pf . ; songs ; etc. ' 
 
 Nef, [Dr.] Karl, contemporary Swiss writer ; 
 publ. " Die Collegia musica in der deutsch- 
 reformirten Schweiz von ihrer Entstehungf bis 
 zum Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts " (St. Gallen, 
 1897). [The " Collegia musica" were associa- 
 tions of dilettantes for the cultivation of music, 
 and flourished more especially in the 17th and 
 i8th centuries.] 
 
 Nehr'lich, Christian Gottfried, b. Ruh- 
 land, Upper Lusatia, Apr. 22, 1802 ; d. Berlin, 
 Jan. 8, 1868. A vocal teacher, who establ. a 
 school for singing at Leipzig, later going to 
 Berlin. His work "Die Gesangskunst ..." 
 (1841), followed by a " Gesangschule fur gebil- 
 deteStande" (1844), though twice republ., had 
 no lasting success. 
 
 Neid'hardt, Johann Georg, d. as Kafellm. 
 at Konigsberg, Jan. 1,1739. His two works on 
 temperament have a certain historical interest. 
 
 Neid'linger, William Harold, talented com- 
 poser; b. Brooklyn, N. Y., July 20, 1863. Pu- 
 pil of Dudley Buck. His compositions include 
 a mass, other church-music, mixed and male 
 choruses, and numerous delightful songs. 
 
 Neit'hardt, August Heinrich, b. Schleiz, 
 Aug. 10, 1793 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 18, 1861. Pupil 
 of Ebhardt and Graner in Schleiz ; oboist in the 
 Gardejager Corps in the War of Liberation ; 
 app. bandmaster in 1816, and bandmaster of the 
 Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regt. in 1822-40 ; in 
 1843, teacher of singing for the Domchor (Ber- 
 lin cathedral-choir), arid in 1845 its conductor. 
 For its improvement he inspected the Imp. Choir 
 at St. Petersburg in 1846, and the Sistine Chapel 
 at Rome in 1857 ; under his conductorship the 
 Domchor became famous. — Works : An opera, 
 Juliette (1834) ; fine music for military band ; 
 male choruses ; songs (he set to music Thiersch's 
 " Ich bin ein Preusse ") ; horn-quartets and -trios, 
 pf. -music ; his chief work is "Musica sacra: 
 Sammlung religioser Gesange alterer und neue- 
 rer Zeit"; vol.s v, vii and xii are by N. him- 
 self. 
 
 Nei'tzel, Otto, b. Falkenburg, Pomerania, 
 July 6, 1852. Pupil of KuUak's Acad., Berlin, 
 and studied also at the Univ. {Dr. phil., 1875) ; 
 then made a concert- tour, as pianist, with Pauline 
 Lucca and Sarasate ; and in 1878 became cond. 
 of the " Musikverein " at Strassburg, where 
 (1879-81) he likewise conducted in the City Th. 
 Until 1885 he taught at the Moscow Cons. ; then 
 at the Cologne Cons. ; since 1887 also critic for 
 the " Kalnische Zeitung." His operas Angela 
 (Halle, 1887), Dido (Weimar, 1888 ; N. wrote 
 both text and music), and Der alte Dessauer 
 (Wiesbaden, 1889), have had fair success. Publ. 
 a " Fuhrer durch die Oper," in 3 vol.s. 
 
 27 417 
 
 Nen'na, Pomponio, a native of Bari, Naples, 
 publ. detached madrigals in 1585 and 1594 
 (Phalise's " Melodia Olympica") ; 8 books of 5- 
 p. madrigals 1609-24, and i book of 4-p. madri- 
 gals in 1631 ; all now very rare. 
 
 Ne'ri, Filippo, b. Florence, July 21, 1515 ; 
 d. Rome, May 26, 1595. He took holy orders 
 in 1551, and began giving lectures in the oratory 
 of San Girolamo (later at Santa Maria, Valli- 
 cella), for which Animuccia, and after his death 
 Palestrina, composed the " Laudi spiritual!" as 
 a kind of musical illustration of the lectures, 
 growing after many years into the art-form of 
 thp oratorio, which derives its name from the 
 "oratory" (Ital. "oratorio") in which the 
 lectures were held. The attendance on these 
 lectures increased, and in 1575 N. organized a 
 seminary for secular priests, recognized in 1575 
 by Pope Gregory XIII. as the " Congregazione 
 deir Oratorio." 
 
 Neru'da [Nor'mann-Neru'da], Wilma 
 Maria Francisca, celebrated violinist ; b. 
 Brunn, Mar. 29, 1839. Her father was an or- 
 ganist. She studied under Jansa, and first played 
 in public at Vienna, 1846, with her sister Amalie, 
 a pianist ; thence making a tour with her father, 
 sister, and brother Franz (a 'cellist) through 
 Germany. In 1849 ^^e played at a Philharm. 
 concert in London ; after prolonged travels on 
 the Continent, chiefly in Russia, she gave sensa- 
 tional concerts at Paris in 1864, and there 
 married Ludwig Normann. She returned to 
 London in 1869, and has since then played in 
 every winter and spring season (at the Popular 
 Concerts, the Philharm., the Crystal Palace, 
 Halle's recitals and the Manchester Concerts, 
 etc.). She married Halle in 1888, and visited 
 Australia with him in 1890 and 1891. In Feb., 
 1899, she commenced an American tour. Ad- 
 mirers call her a rival of Joachim. 
 
 Ness'ler, Victor E., b. Baldenheim, Alsatia, 
 Jan. 28, 1841 ; d. Strassburg, May 28, 1890. A 
 student of theology and music (Th. Stern) at 
 Strassburg, he prod, a successful opera, /^&««-f«^, 
 in 1864, and threw himself into the arms of art. 
 Studied furthurin Leipzig, where he became very 
 popular as chorusmaster at the City Th., cond. 
 of the " Sangerkreis," and a composer of operas 
 which strongly appealed to popular taste ; the 
 above theatre brought out his romantic fairy 
 opera Dornroschens Brauifahrt (1867), and the 
 operettas Die Hochzeitsreise (1867), Nacht- 
 wachter und Student (1868), and Am Alexan- 
 dertag (i86g) ; then followed the operas Irmen- 
 gard (1876), Der Ratten/anger von Ilameln 
 (1879), Der wilde Jdger (1881), and Der Trom- 
 feter von Sakkingen, (1884); the Rattenfanger 
 and the Trompeter have achieved more than 
 passing success ; Otto der Schiltz (1886), and Die 
 Rose von Strassburg (Munich, 1890), closed the 
 series. — Other works : Der Blumen Rache, 
 ballade f. soli, ch., and orch.; double chorus 
 " Sangers FrUhlingsgruss," f. men's voices; a 
 part-song cycle, w. soli and pf.-accomp., " Von 
 
NESVADBA— NEUMARK 
 
 der Wiege bis zum Grabe " ; male quartets ; 
 popular songs, also comic (" Drei Schneider," 
 " Frater Kellermeister," etc.). 
 
 Nesvad'ba, Joseph, b. Vyskei^, Bohemia, 
 Jan. ig, 1824 ; d. Darmstadt, June 20, 1876. 
 While studying philosophy at Prague, he brought 
 out an opera, Blauhart, at the Bohemian Th. in 
 1844 ; then acted as theatre-cond. at Karlsbad 
 (1848), Olmtitz, Brilnn, Graz, the Bohemian Th. 
 in Prague (1857-8, as 1st Kapellm^, the Italian 
 Opera, Berlin (1859-60), the City Th., Hamburg 
 (1861-3) ; and from 1864 as court Kapellm. at 
 Darmstadt, where he prod, several ballets. His 
 Bohemian songs and choruses are prized -in 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Nesvera, Joseph, b. Proskoles, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 24, 1842. From 1878, mus. dir. of the 
 Episcopal Ch. in ICOniggratz ; now Kafellm. at 
 Olmtitz Cath. — Works : Opera Perdita (Prague, 
 i8g7 ; succ.) ; masses ; a De profundis f. soli, 
 ch., and orch.; male and mixed choruses ; Bo- 
 hemian songs ; Idyll f. 3 violins, 2 violas, 'cello 
 and bass ; violin-music and pf.-pieces. 
 
 Net'zer, Joseph, b. Irast, Tyrol, Mar. 18, 
 1808 ; d. Graz, May 28, 1864. After studies 
 with local teachers, he went to Vienna, becoming 
 a pupil of Gansbacher and Sechter. Brought 
 out tlie operas Die Belagerttng von Gothenburg 
 (1839), Mara (1841), and Die Eroberzcng von 
 Granada (1844) ; was Lortzing's ass\.- Kapellm. 
 at Leipzig, 1844-5 I in 1846 Kapellm. at the 
 Th. an der Wien, Vienna, producing there the 
 opera Die seltene Hochzeit j in 1849, Kafiellni. 
 at Mayence, 1853 at Graz. Besides over 100 
 songs, he also wrote symphonies, overtures, and 
 string-quartets. 
 
 Neu'bauer, Franz Christian, b. Horzin, 
 Bohemia, 1760 ; d. Buckeburg, Oct. 11, 1795. 
 A violinist, taught by the village schoolmaster, 
 he led a wandering life ; prod, an operetta, 
 Ferdinand und Yariko^ at Vienna in 1786 (?), 
 where he met Mozart and Haydn ; in 1789, 
 Kapellm. to Prince Weilburg ; later court com- 
 poser and Chr. Fr. Bach's successor as court 
 Kapellm. at Buckeburg. —Publ. 12 symphonies ; 
 10 string-quartets ; concertos f. pf. , f. flute, and 
 f . 'cello ; other chamber-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Neu'endorff, Adolf, b. Hamburg, June 13, 
 1843 ; d. New York, Dec. 4, 1897. Went to 
 America in 1855; pupil of G. Matzka and J. 
 Weinlich (vln.), and Dr. Schilling (pf.). Debut 
 as pianist 1859 ; also ist violin in the old Stadt 
 Theatre, New York ; 1861, tour of Brazil as vio- 
 linist ; 1863, mus. dir. of German theatre, Mil- 
 waukee ; 1864-7, cond. of German opera, N. Y. ; 
 1867-71, cond. of Stadt Theatre {Lohengrin 
 given for first time in America). In 1871 he 
 brought Wachtel over ; 1872, cond. opera in 
 Acad, of Music, N. Y. ; 1872-4, manager of 
 Germania Th.; 1875, brought over Wachtel and 
 Pappenheim ; 1877, director and conductor of 
 Wagner Festival at N. Y. ( Walkure given first 
 time) ; 1878, cond. of N. Y. Philharm.; 1884-9, 
 
 concert director in Boston ; 1889-91, cond. of 
 the Juch Engl. Opera Co.; 1892, of English 
 grand opera, N. Y. ; 1893-5 in Vienna, his wife, 
 Georgine v. Januschowsky, being prima donna 
 at the Imp. Opera ; then returned to N. Y., be- 
 coming (1896) dir. of music in the Temple 
 Emanu-El ; 1S97, cond. of the Metropolitan 
 Permanent Orch., succeeding Seidl. — Works : 4- 
 act comic opera The Rat-charmer of Hamelin 
 (1880) ; do. Don Qui3:ote (1SS2) ; 3-actr0m.com. 
 opera Prince }Voodriiff {iSS7) ; comic opera TVk 
 Minstrel (1892) ; 2 symphonies, overtures, can- 
 tatas, male quartets, many songs, etc. 
 
 Neu'komm, Sigismund, . (Ritter von,) b. 
 Salzburg, July 10, 1778 ; d. Paris, Apr. 3, 1858. 
 Pupil of the organist Weissauer, and of M. 
 Haydn forcomp.; at 15, Univ. organist; at 18, 
 chorusmaster at the opera. From 1798 he stud- 
 ied at Vienna under J. Haydn, who showed him 
 fatherly care. In 1807 he passed through Stock-, 
 holm, where he was elected a member of the 
 Acad., to St. Petersburg, there becoming cond. 
 of the German opera. i8og found him in Paris, 
 an intimate of Gretry and Cherubini, and pianist 
 to Talleyrand after Dussek. For his requiem 
 in memory of Louis XVI. (Vienna, 1814), Louis 
 XVII. ennobled him in 1815, decorating him 
 with the cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1816 
 he went to Rio de Janeiro, and was app. court 
 mus. dir. by Emperor Dom Pedro, whom he ac- 
 companied to Lisbon on the outbreak of the 
 revolution in 1821. He was in Talleyrand's ser- 
 vice until 1826 ; then travelled for many years ; 
 and finally resided alternately in London and 
 Paris. He was extremely popular in England 
 before Mendelssohn's advent in 1837. Despite 
 his active life, he was a most industrious com- 
 poser of fluent and interesting works, now mostly 
 consigned to oblivion. Besides much church- 
 music (5 German and 2 Engl, oratorios \_Mount 
 Sinai and David'\, a complete Morning and 
 Evening Service [for London], 15 masses, 5 can- 
 tatas, psalms in Ger., Engl., Ital., and Latin, 
 etc.), he prod. 10 German operas [Alexander am 
 Indus\ 3 Ital. dram, scenas, a symphony, 5 
 overtures and 7 fantasias f. orch., military 
 marches, chamber-music (about 20 numbers), a 
 pf. -concerto and many pf.-pieces, 57 organ- 
 pieces, about 200 French, English, Italian and 
 German songs ; etc. 
 
 Neu'mann, Angelo, b. Vienna, Aug. 18, 
 1838. Began a mercantile career, but deserted 
 it after vocal lessons from Stilke-Sessi, and 
 after his debut as a lyric tenor in 1869; sang at 
 theatres in Cracow, Odenburg, Pressburg, Dan- 
 zig, and the Vienna court opera (1862-76) ; from 
 1876-82 he was manager of the Leipzig opera 
 under Fbrster ; then gathered together a travel- 
 ling company for prod. Wagner operas, journey- 
 ing as far as Italy ; from the end of 1882 to 1885 
 he was manager of the Bremen opera ; then of 
 the German opera in Prague. 
 
 Neu'mark, Georg, poet and musician ; b. 
 Langensalza, Mar. 6, 1621; died July 8, 1681, 
 
 418 
 
NEUSIEDLER— NICHOLL 
 
 as librarian at Weimar. Publ. poems (with 
 melodies): " Keuscher Liebesspiegel " (1649), 
 " Poetisch und musikalisches Lustwaldchen " 
 (1652; Partii,i657), " Poetisches Gesprachspiel " 
 (1662). Wrote the words of "Wer nur den 
 lieben Gott lasst walten." 
 
 Neu'siedler (or Newsidler), Hans, a Nu- 
 remberg lute-maker ; b. Pressburg ; d. Nurem- 
 berg, Jan., 1563. Publ. " Ein newgeordnet kilnst- 
 lich Lautenbuch, in zwen Theyl getheylt" (1536 ; 
 Part i, expl. of lute and tablature ; P. ii, " Fan- 
 taseyen, Preambeln, Psalmen und Muteten " in 
 tablature) ; valuable, like other tablature-books, 
 in showing exactly where the semitones were 
 employed. 
 
 Neu'siedler (or Neysidler), Melchior, an 
 Augsburg lutenist, who publ. in Venice, 1566, 2 
 books of lute-music (reprinted by Phalese and 
 Jobin in 1571) ; also a " Deutsch Lautenbuch, 
 darinnen kunstreiche Motetten " (1574 ; 2nd ed. 
 1596 ; also in Italian) ; in 1587 he publ. 6 
 motets by Josquin in lute-tablature. Died Nu- 
 remberg, 1590. 
 
 Neva'da, Emma, stage-name of Emma 
 Wixon, soprano stage-singer ; b. in Nevada, 
 United States, about i860. St. from 1877 with 
 the Marchesi in Vienna. Debut London, May, 
 1880, in La Sonnambula ; sang at Trieste in 
 the autumn ; then in Florence, Leghorn, Na- 
 ples, Rome and Genoa, and obtained an engage- 
 ment for 21 nights at La Scala, Milan. Parisian 
 debut at the Opera-Comique, 1883. Sang in 
 Chicago at the Opera Festival, 1885, and again 
 in i88g. Sang at the Op. -Com., Paris, in spring 
 of 1898; and in Oct. at Florence. She married 
 Dr. Palmer. Leading roles in // Barbiere^ Tra- 
 viala, Sonnambula^ Rigoletto^ Don Pasquale 
 ("Spanish Widow"), Lakme, Faust, Mignon 
 (sang Mignon a whole year in Paris), Hamlet, 
 Mirella, Perle du Brhil{" Zora "), I Puriiani, 
 etc. 
 
 Nev'in, Ethelbert Woodbridge, pianist 
 and comp. ; b. Edgeworth, Penn., Nov. 25, 
 1862. Pupil of von 
 der Heide and W. 
 Giinther (pf.) at 
 Pittsburg ; of von 
 Boehme (voice) at 
 Dresden (1877-8) ; 
 of Pearce (N. Y.) 
 and Lang an d 
 Emery (Boston) ; 
 and of Billow, 
 Klindworth, and 
 K. Bial at Berlin 
 (1884-6). Living 
 (1899) as a teacher 
 and comp. in New 
 York.— Works: A 
 pf. -suite ; waltzes, etc., f. pf. ; numerous at- 
 tractive songs. 
 
 Newsidler ; Neysidler. See Neusiedler. 
 Ney, Joseph Napoleon. See Moszkva. 
 
 Niccolini, Giuseppe. See Nicoi.mi. 
 
 Niccold de Malta. See Isouard. 
 
 Nich'elmann, Christoph, b. Treuenbrietzen, 
 Brandenburg, Aug. 13, 1717 ; d. BerHn, July 
 20, 1762. Pupil of Bach at the Leipzig Thomas- 
 schule, and of Quantz at Hamburg ; from 1744- 
 56, 2nd cembalist to Frederick the Great. 
 Known as the author of " Die Melodie, nach 
 ihrem Wesen sowohl als nach ihren Eigen- 
 schaften " (1755), which he successfully defended 
 against a pseudonymous " DUnkelfeind." He 
 comp. (w. Graun and Quantz) a pastoral play, 
 Galatea ; a serenade, Ilsogno ili Scipione (1756) ; 
 clavichord-pieces ; and songs. 
 
 Nich'oll, Horace Wadham, composer ; b. 
 Tipton, n. Birmingham, Engl., Mar. 17, 1848. 
 Son of an excellent musician, John N., his first 
 teacher ; studied from 16 to 18 with the organist 
 Samuel Prince. Organist at Dudley, n. Bir- 
 mingham, 1867-70 ; at Stoke-on-Trent, 1870-1 ; 
 in the latter year he was induced by an Ameri- 
 can gentleman to accompany him to Pittsburg, 
 Pa., where he became org. at St. Paul's Cath. 
 (4 or 5 years), later at the Third Presb. Ch., 
 and also teacher at the Female College. Dur- 
 ing this time N. gave many recitals at Pitts- 
 burg, Indianapolis, and elsewhere. Removing 
 to New York in 1878, he became editor of the 
 organ-dept. in Freund's "Music Trades' Re- 
 view," his "Church Articles" attracting wide 
 attention. 1879-80, org. at St. Mark's. From 
 1888-95, N. was associated with B. Boekelman 
 as prof, of harmony and ensemble-playing at 
 Miss Porter's school, Farmington, Conn. Reg- 
 ular contributor to the "Musical Courier"; 
 writes analyses of symphonies for the ' ' Araer. 
 Musician" and the "Art Journal," with type- 
 illustrations ; since 1883, regular reader of mu- 
 sic-proofs for G. Schirmer. N. is also noted as 
 a teacher. — As a composer, he wrote " thousands 
 of pages " of contrapuntal works, etc., as a mere 
 lad ; an organ-fantasia was publ. in the "Or- 
 ganists' Quar. Journal " in 1872 ; in 1877 a suite 
 f . full orch. (op. 3) was given by Hamerik at 
 Baltimore with pronounced success ; in 1874 the 
 "Cloister Scene" (op. 6, f. ch. and orch.) was 
 prod, at Pittsburg by the Gounod Soc; in 1888, 
 Seidl brought out at New York the symphonic 
 poem "Tartarus," the March from "Elsie, or 
 The Golden Legend," and the 1st movem. of the 
 Second Symphony. The 4 oratorios, a colossal 
 work, were completed l88o-gO. — Works : A 
 cycle of 4 oratorios : Adam (op. 16), Abraham 
 (op. 17), Isaac (op. 18), and Jacob (op. 19) [ail 
 MS.] ; Elsie, or The Golden Legend, op. 4, f. 
 ch. and orch. [MS.] ; Cloister Scene, op. 6, f. 
 do. [publ.] ; Mass No. i, in E^ [publ.] ; — For 
 ORCH.: Suite, op. 3 ; -symphonic fantasia, op. 
 5 ; do., op. 7 ; ist symphony, in G min., " The 
 Nation's Mourning," op. 8 ; symphonic poem 
 "Tartarus," op. II ; 2nd symphony, in C, op. 
 12; " Hamlet," psychic sketch in C maj., op. 
 14 [publ.] ; Scherzo-Fugue f. small orch., op. 
 15; — For pf.: Concerto in D min., op. 10; 
 
 419 
 
NICODE— NICOLINI 
 
 numerous studies and charact. pieces [several 
 are publ.] ; l6 pes. f. pf. 4 liands [9 publ.] ; — 
 For organ [all publ.]: Fantasia, 12 symph. 
 Preludes and Fugues (masterpieces of contr. 
 ingenuity ; 6 single, 4 double, I triple, I quad- 
 ruple) ; 3 melodic pieces ; — a sonata, op. 13, 
 f. pf. w. 'cello [publ.] ; sonata, op. 21, f. pf. 
 and violin; "Salve regina," w. vln. and org. 
 ad lib.; several songs and anthems, also a 
 " Text-book on Harmony" (New York). 
 
 Nicod^, Jean-Louis, gifted pianist and 
 comp.; b. Jerczik, n. Posen, Aug. 12, 1853. 
 Taught by his father, and the organist Hartkas ; 
 ent. KuUak's Acad, der Tonkunst, Berlin, 1869 
 (Kullak, pf . ; Wuerst, harm. ; Kiel, cpt. and 
 comp.). Dwelt for some years in Berlin as a 
 teacher and pianist ; won renown on a concert- 
 tour (1878) with Mme. Artot through Galicia 
 and Rumania ; 1878-85, pf. -teacher at Dresden 
 Cons.; till 1888, cond. of the Philharm. Con- 
 certs ; then devoted himself to composition. In 
 1897, temporary cond. of the Leipzig " Riedel- 
 Verein," succeeding Kretzschmar. — Works : 
 Symphonic poem " Maria Stuart," op. 4 ; " Fa- 
 schingsbilder " f. full orch., op. 24 ; Sinfonische 
 Variationen f. do., op. 27; "Das Meer," sym- 
 phonic ode f. solo, male ch., full orch., and or- 
 gan, op. 31 ; 2 pieces f. string-orch. w. 2 oboes 
 and 2 horns, op. 32 ; symphonic suite f. small 
 orch., op. 17; " Erbarmen," hymn f. alto w. 
 orch., op. 33 ; 2 sonatas f. 'cello and pf. , op. 
 23, 25 ; a number of interesting pieces f. pf. 
 solo and 4 hands ; songs. 
 
 Ni'colai, Otto, gifted opera-comp.; b. KO- 
 nigsberg, June 9, 1810; d. Berlin, May 11, 
 1849. A pf. -pupil 
 of his father, a 
 singing-teacher, he 
 escaped from pa- 
 rental tyranny at 
 the age of 16, and 
 found a protector 
 in Justizrath Adler 
 of Stargard, who 
 sent him to Berlin 
 in 1827 to study 
 under Zelter and 
 Klein. He had 
 developed excellent 
 ability as a teacher, 
 when the Prussian 
 ambassador at Rome, von Bunsen, app. him 
 organist of the embassy chapel at Rome, where 
 he also studied the old Italian masters under 
 Baini. Going to Vienna in 1837, he was Ka- 
 pdlm. at the Karnthnerthor Th. till Oct., 1838, 
 when he returned to Rome, and launched out 
 on the smooth sea of Italian opera-composition. 
 He had great vogue, partly in consequence of 
 his Italian-looking patronymic, bringing out 
 Rosmonda d' Inghilterra (Turin, 1838 ; at Tri- 
 esfe, 1839, as Enrico I/), II Templario [after 
 "Ivanhoe"] (Turin, 1840; often at Vienna as 
 Der Templer), Odoardo e Cildippe (Turin, 1841), 
 
 and // Proscritto (Milan, 1842 ; in Vienna as 
 Die Heimkehr des Verbannten). Succeeding 
 Kreutzer as court Kapcllm. at Vienna, 1841-7, 
 he founded the Philharmonic Soc. in 1842 ; also 
 brought out his Templer and Die Heimkehr 
 (see above). He began to compose Die lustigen 
 Weiber von Windsor, the opera on which his 
 fame rests, in Vienna ; but was called to Berlin 
 (1847) as Kapellm. of the opera and of the newly 
 establ. Domchor. His last-mentioned opera, 
 (in English The Merry Wives of Windsor}) 
 came out at Berlin, Mar. 9, 1849, only two 
 months before his death by a stroke of apoplexy. 
 — H. Mendel wrote "Otto Nicolai ; eine Bio- 
 graphie" (Berlin, 1868). N.'s "Tagebucher" 
 (Diary), edited by B. Schroeder, with added 
 biogr. notes, was publ. at Leipzig, 1893. — N.'s 
 other works were a mass (dedicated 1843 to Fr. 
 Wilhelm IV.), a Festival Overture on "Ein' 
 feste Burg" (1844), apf.-concerto, and otherpf.- 
 pieces,; a symphony, a requiem, and a Te Deum 
 (these 3 MS., perf. at Berlin) ; songs (op. 6, 16), 
 and part-songs. 
 
 Ni'colai, Willera Frederik Gerard, b. Ley- 
 den, Nov. 20, 1829 ; d. The Hague, Apr. 25, 
 1896. Pupil (1849) of Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, 
 Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz), and of Joh. 
 Schneider at Dresden (org.) ; 1852, prof, of org., 
 pf., and harm, at the R. Music-school at The 
 Hague, becoming Director on Liibeck's death 
 (1865). A musician of modern tendency, he made 
 his mark as a conductor and composer. For 25 
 years he was editor-in-chief of the " Cicilia." In 
 1892 he was created officer of the Paris Acade- 
 mic. — Works : Oratorio Bonifaciy.s ; Schiller's 
 " Song of the Bell," f. soli, ch., and orch. ; can- 
 tata The Swedish Nightingale (prod. Dec. I, 
 1880, on the 25th anniversary of Jenny Lind's 
 endowment of the Musicians' Pension-Fund at 
 The Hague) ; cantaXa. Jahveh^s Wraak (Utrecht, 
 1892) ; cantata Hanske van Gelder; a symphony, 
 and several overtures, songs, etc. 
 
 Nicoli'ni (or Niccolini), Giuseppe, b. Pia- 
 cenza, Jan. 29, 1762 ; d. there Dec. 18, 1842. 
 Pupil of Insanguine at the Cons, di San Onofrio, 
 Naples, which he left in 1792, and in 1793 prod, 
 his first opera. La famiglia stravagante, at 
 Parma, which was followed by some 60 others, 
 written for Venice, Milan, Bergamo, Piacenza, 
 Genoa, Rome, etc. Even after his appointment 
 as maestro of Piacenza Cath. in 18 19, he brought 
 out half a dozen dramatic works, but not so suc- 
 cessfully as before ; he devoted himself princi- 
 pally, however, to sacred composition (7 orato- 
 rios, 40 masses, 2 requiems, 3 Miserere, 2 De 
 profundis, 6 litanies, 100 psalms, cantatas). Also 
 wrote sonatas f . pf . ; string-quartets ; arias and 
 canzonets (3 coll.s). 
 
 Nicoli'ni, stage-name of Ernest Nicholas, 
 
 dramatic tenor ; b. Tours, France, P'eb. 23, 
 1834 ; d. Pau, Jan. ig, 1898. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons., taking a second accessit for comic opera 
 in 1855, when he was eng. at the Opera-Comique 
 
 420 
 
NICOLO— NIKISCH 
 
 till 1859 ; then went to Italy, and sang as ' ' Nico- 
 lini" with fair success. From 1862-70 he sang 
 at the Salle Ventadour, Paris, visiting London in 
 1866 (St. James's Hall, May 26). In 187 1 he 
 sang in opera at Drury Lane ; from 1872 for sev- 
 eral years at Covent Garden. After starring 
 tours with Adelina Patti, he married her in 1886. 
 His best roles were Lohengrin, Faust, and 
 Radames. 
 
 Nicolo'. See Isouard. 
 
 Niecks, Frederick [Friedrich], b. Dassel- 
 dorf. Mar. 3, 1845. St. the violin under Lang- 
 hans, Griinewald, and Auer; debut at 12. In 
 1868, organist at Dumfries, Scotland, and viola- 
 player in a quartet with A. C. Mackenzie . After 
 2 terms in Leipzig Univ. (1877), and travels in 
 Italy, he won a position in London as critic 
 for the "Monthly Mus. Record" and " Mus. 
 Times " ; in 1891, app. Ried Prof, of music in 
 Edinburgh Univ. (his inaugural lecture on 
 " Mus. Education and Culture " was publ.). By 
 his lectures and literary work he has risen to a 
 high place in musical circles. — Works : "Dic- 
 tionary of Musical Terms " (2nd ed. 1884) ; 
 "Frederic Chopin as a Man and a Musician" 
 (1888 ; German ed. 1889 ; an impartial and valu- 
 able work) ; and a monograph on the history of 
 the accidentals, "The Flat, Sharp, and Natural" 
 (1890 ; in Proceedings of the Mus. Assoc). 
 
 Nie'den, zur. See ZuR Niede.v. 
 
 Nie'dermeyer, Louis, b. Nyon, Switzerland, 
 Apr. 27, 1802 ; d. Paris, Mar. 14, 1861. Pupil 
 in Vienna of Moscheles (pf . ) and Forster (comp.) ; 
 in 1819, of Fioravanti in Rome, and Zingarelli 
 in Naples, where he was intimate with Rossini, 
 and prod, the opera IlReofer amove (1821) ; lived 
 in Geneva as an admired song-composer ; and 
 settled in Paris in 1823. Brought out 4 unsuc- 
 cessful operas (La Casa nel bosco, Th. Italien, 
 1828 ; Stradella, Opera, 1837 ; Maria Siuart, 
 Opera, 1844; and Lafronde, Opera, 1853). He 
 then bent his energies to sacred composition, and 
 reorganized Choron's institute for church-music 
 asthe "Ecole Niedermeyer," now a flourishing 
 institution with government subvention ; he also 
 founded (with d'Ortigue) a journal for church- 
 music, "La Maitrise"; and publ. with him a 
 " Methode d'accompagnement du plain-chant" 
 (1855 ; 2nd ed. 1876). His masses, motets, 
 hymns, etc., were well received ; his romances 
 (Le lac ; Le soir ; La mer ; L'automne ; etc.) 
 are widely known ; he also publ. organ-preludes, 
 pf.-pieces, etc. His bust in bronze is in the 
 foyer of the Grand Opera. 
 
 Niedt, Friedrich Erhardt, writer on music, 
 was a notary at Jena, and died at Copenhagen in 
 1717.— Works : " Musikalische Handleitung " 
 (method of comp., in 3 parts, 1700-1717, the 
 last edited by Mattheson) ; and " Musikalisches 
 ABC zura Nutzen der Lehrer und Lernenden " 
 (1708). 
 
 Nie'mann, Albert, renowned dram, tenor ; 
 b. Erxleben, n. Magdeburg, Jan. 15, 1831. En- 
 
 dowed with a good natural voice, he appeared 
 at Dessau (1849,) in minor roles, and sang in the 
 chorus ; he was then taken in hand by F. Schnei- 
 der and the baritone Nusch ; after this training, 
 he sang at Hanover, then went to study under 
 Duprez at Paris, sang with good fortune at 
 Halle and other towns, and was eng. at Hanover 
 as dram, tenor 1860-6, since then at the court 
 opera in Berlin. Wagner eng. him to create 
 the roles of Tannhauser at Paris, 1861, and Sieg- 
 mund at Bayreuth, 1876. A grand actor, and 
 an admirable interpreter of dramatic r61es (Tann- 
 hauser, Lohengrin, Siegmund, Tristan, Prophet, 
 etc.). He retired in i88g. 
 
 Nie'mann, Rudolf (Friedrich), b. Wessel- 
 buren, Holstein, Dec. 4, 1838 ; d. Wiesbaden, 
 May 3, i8g8. Pupil at Leipzig Cons. (1853-6) ' 
 of Moscheles, Plaidy, and Rietz ; then at the 
 Paris Cons, of Marmontel (pf.), and Halevy 
 (comp.) ; later of Biilow and Kiel at Berlin. As 
 accompanist to Wilhelmj, he toured Germany, 
 Russia, and England (1873-7); lived for years 
 in Hamburg ; since 1883 at Wiesbaden. Piano- 
 pieces (Gavotte, op. 10), a violin-sonata, op. 18, 
 and songs, are his chief works. 
 
 Nie'tzsche, Friedrich, the philosopher ; b. 
 Rocken, n. Liltzen, Oct. 15, 1844. Prof, of 
 classical philology at the Univ. of Basel 1869-79, 
 retiring on account of impaired eyesight. At first 
 a warm partisan of Wagner, he publ. " Die 
 Geburt der Tragodie aus dem Geiste der Musik " 
 (1872 ; 2nd ed. 1874), and " Richard Wagner in 
 Bayreuth " (1876) ; the first, especially, is fantas- 
 tic in its enthusiasm. In " Der Fall Wagner " 
 (1888) he as sharply opposes the former demi- 
 god ; later his intellect became wholly unbal- 
 anced. His unique philosophical writings con- 
 tain much to interest musicians. 
 
 Nigf'gli, Arnold, b. Aarburg, Switzerland, 
 Dec. 20, 1843. Studied law at Heidelberg, 
 Zurich, and Berlin. Since 1875, secretary to the 
 town council at Aarau. A diligent student of 
 mus. history, he publ. , as a " Sammlung musi- 
 kalischer Vortrage " (Leipzig), monographs on 
 Chopin, Schubert, Faustina Hasse, Gertrud 
 Elisabeth Mara, Paganini, and Meyerbeer ; also 
 on Schumann and Haydn in a coll. of lectures 
 given in Switzerland (Basel) ; a biography of 
 Jensen; a valuable work, " Die Schweizerische 
 Musikgesellschaft : eine musik- und kulturge- 
 schichtliche Studie " (1886) ; and a " Geschichte 
 des EidgenOssischen Sangervereins, 1842-92." 
 He is an esteemed contributor to various mus. 
 periodicals. 
 
 Nik'isch, Arthur, b. Szent Mikl'os, Hungary, 
 Oct. 12, 1855. His father was head-bookkeeper 
 to Prince Liechtenstein. N. attended the Vi- 
 enna Cons., studying with Dessoff (comp.), and 
 Hellmesberger (violin), graduating in 1874 with 
 prizes for violin-playing, and for a string-sextet. 
 He was at first eng. as a violinist in the court 
 orch.; thenbyAngelo Neumann as 2nd cond. in 
 the Leipzig Th. (he began by conducting ope- 
 rettas in the Old Theatre, without score), later 
 
 421 
 
NIKITA— NISSEN 
 
 being placed on an equality with Seidl and Sucher. 
 From 1882-g he was 1st Kapellin. under Sta- 
 gemann's manage- 
 ment ; then (1S89- 
 93) greatly distin- 
 guished himself as 
 cond. of the Boston 
 (Mass.) Symphony 
 Orch. From 1893- 
 95 he was Director 
 of the Royal Opera 
 in Pesth, and con- 
 ducted the Philhar- 
 monic Concerts 
 there; since 1895, 
 cond. of the Ge- 
 wandhaus Con- 
 certs, Leipzig, succeeding Reinecke, and of the 
 Philharm. Concerts, Berlin. He conducts the 
 most intricate orch.l music without score. 
 
 Niki'ta, stage-name of Louisa Margaret 
 Nicholson, dramatic soprano and coloratura 
 singer ; b. Philadelphia, Aug. 18, 1872. Pupil 
 for a time of M. Le Roy in Washington ; sang 
 in various cities (Boston, New York) with a 
 travelling opera-troupe, then studied with Mau- 
 rice Strakosch in Paris, and sang in concerts 
 (also in Berlin, Oct. 12; Leipzig, Nov. 25, 1887 ; 
 and again in Germany, 1890) with much success. 
 In 1894 she was eng. at the Paris Opera as 
 "prima donna soprano." — Sings leading roles 
 in Lakm^^ Fille du regiment, Manon, Barbiere, 
 Traviata, Pecluurs de perles, PagliacH (]>itdAa). 
 
 Niko'machus, called Gerasenus after Gerasa 
 in Syria, his birthplace. Greek writer on music 
 of the 2nd century A. D. ; treatise " Harmonices 
 Enchiridion," printed 1616 by Meursius, and 
 1652 by Meibom. 
 
 Nil'sson, Christine, brilliant stage-soprano ; 
 b. on the estate Sjoabel, n. Wexio, Sweden, 
 Aug. 20, 1843. Her teachers were Baroness 
 Leuhausen, and F. Berwald at Stockholm ; with 
 him she continued study in Paris, and in 1864 
 made her debut (as Violetta in La Traviatd) at 
 the Th.-Lyrique, where she was eng. for 3 years. 
 After successful visits to London, she was eng. 
 1868-70 at the Paris Opera ; then made long 
 tours with Strakosch in America (1870-2), and 
 sang in the principal Continental cities. In 
 1872 she married Auguste Rouzaud (d. 1882) ; 
 her second husband (1887) is Count Casa di 
 Miranda. N. is still a welcome guest at the 
 European capitals. She revisited America in 
 the winters of 1873, '74, and '84. At London she 
 created Edith in Balfe's Talismano (1874), and 
 Elsa in Lohengrin (1875). Her voice is not 
 powerful, but sweet, brilliant, and even ; com- 
 pass about 2^ octaves. She excels as Marguerite 
 and Mignon. 
 
 Ni'ni, Alessandro, b. Fano, Romagna, Nov. 
 I, 1805 ; d. Bergamo, Dec. 27, 1880. Pupil of 
 Palmerini at Bologna ; from 1830-7, Director of 
 the School of Singing at St. Petersburg ; from 
 
 1843, m. di capp. at Bergamo Cath. — Works: 
 The operas Ida delta I'orre (1837), La Mare- 
 scialla d' Anere (iS^ig), Cristina di Svezia [lii^o) 
 Margherita di York (1841), Odalisa (1842)! 
 Virginia (1843), and // Corsaro (1847) ; also 
 church-music (masses, requiems, psalms, a fine 
 Miserere a cappella, etc.). 
 
 Nisard, Theodore, pen-name of Abbe 
 Theodule-El^azar - Xavier Normand, b. 
 Quaregnon, n. Mons, Jan. 27, 1812. He was a 
 chorister at Cambrai, and also studied music in 
 Douay ; attended the priests' seminary at Tour- 
 nay ; and in 1839 was app. director of Enghien 
 Gymnasium, occupying his leisure with the 
 study of church-music. In 1842 he became 
 2nd chef de chant and organist at St. -Germain, 
 Paris ; but soon devoted himself wholly to liter- 
 ary work. — Publ. " Manuel des organistes de la 
 campagne " (1840) ; " Le bon Menestrel " (1840 ; 
 songs for church-seminaries) ; " Le plain-chant 
 Parisien " (1846) ; a rev. ed. of Jumilhac's " La 
 science et la pratique du plain-chant " (1847 ; w. 
 Le Clercq) ; " De la notation proportionelle au 
 moyeneige " (1847); " Diet, liturgique, historique 
 et pratique du plain-chant et de musique d'eglise 
 au moyen age et dans les temps modernes" 
 (1854; w. d'Ortigue) ; " Methode de plain-chant 
 pour les e'coles primaires" (1855), " !l£tudes sur 
 la restauration du chant gregorien au XIX= 
 sitele" (1856); " Du rhythme dans le plain- 
 chant" (1856); "Methode populaire de plain- 
 chant romain et petit traite de psalmodie" 
 (1857) ; " L'accompagnement du plain-chant sur 
 I'orgue . . ." (i860); " Les vrais principes de' 
 l'accompagnement du plain-chant sur I'orgue 
 d'apr^s des maitres du XV et XVI= slides " 
 (i860) ; monographs on Franco of Cologne 
 (1856, in the " Revue de mus. anc. et mod."), 
 Odo de Clugny, Palestrina, Lully, Rameau, 
 Abbe Vogler, Pergolesi, et at. — N. discovered 
 the Antiphonary of Montpellier (neumes and 
 Latin letter-notation from A to P). 
 
 Nis'sen, Georg Nicolaus von, Danish 
 Councillor of State ; b. Hardensleben, Den- 
 mark, Jan. 22, 1761 ; d. Salzburg, Mar. 24, 
 1826. He married the widow of Mozart in 
 1809, and collected materials for a biography of 
 M., publ. by his widow in 1828 as " Biographic 
 W. A. Mozarts nach Originalbriefen." 
 
 Nis'sen [Nissen-Saloman], Henriette, b. 
 Gothenburg, Sweden, Mar. 12, 1819 ; d. Harz- 
 burg, Aug. 27, 1879. Pupil (1839) of Chopin 
 (pf.) and Manuel Garcia (singing) at Paris. 
 Debut at the Italian Opera as Adalgisa {Norma), 
 1843, led to immediate engagement. Toured 
 Italy, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and England 
 (1845-8) ; in Leipzig (1849-50 and 1853) she 
 sang at most of the Gewandhaus Concerts, and 
 at Berlin rivalled Jenny Lind in popularity. 
 Married Siegfried Saloman in 1850 ; after fur- 
 ther tours, became teacher of singing at the St. 
 Petersburg Cons. (1859).— Her Vocal Method 
 was publ. in German, French, and Russian, in 
 1881. 
 
 422 
 
NISSEN— NOSZLER 
 
 Nis'sen, Erica. See Lie. 
 
 Nivers, GuiUaume - Gabriel, born near 
 Melun, 1617 ; still living in 1701. In 1640, 
 org. of St.-Sulpice ; 1642, singer in the Royal 
 Chapel ; 1667, org. to the King, later music- 
 teacher to the Queen. — Publ. " La Gamme du 
 si ; Nouvelle Methode pour apprendre a chanter 
 sans muances " (1646 ; 4th ed. 1696 ; influential 
 against solmisation) ; " Methode pour apprendre 
 le plain-chant de I'eglise " (1667) ; " Traite de 
 la composition de musique " (1667) ; "Disserta- 
 tion sur le chant gregorien" (1683) ; a " Gradu- 
 ale romanum" and an " Antiphonarium roma- 
 num " (both 1658) ; a book of 100 original organ- 
 pieces (1665), followed by two others (1671, '75) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Nob, Victorine. See Stoltz. 
 
 Nohl, (Karl Friedrich) Lud-wig, b. Iser- 
 lohn, Dec. 5, 1831 ; d. Heidelberg, Dec. 16, 
 1885. Studied jurisprudence at Bonn (1850), 
 Heidelberg, and Berlin ; and entered the legal 
 career against his own desire, to please his father. 
 In music he was instructed by Dehn, later 
 (1857) by Kiel, in Berhn, then having embraced 
 music as his profession. Lecturer at Heidel- 
 berg, i860 ; honorary prof, at Munich, 1865-8 ; 
 retired to Badenweiler till 1872, when he settled 
 in Heidelberg as a private lecturer, becoming 
 prof, in 1880 (the Univ. had created him Dr. 
 phil. in i860). — Works (most also in English) : 
 " Beethovens Leben" (in 3 vol.s, 1864-77); 
 " Briefe Beethovens " (1865) ; " Mozarts Brief e " 
 (1865; 2nd ed. 1877); " Neue Briefe Beetho- 
 vens" (1867); " Musikerbriefe" (1867); "Mo- 
 zarts Leben" (2nd ed. 1876); "Beethoven, 
 Liszt, Wagner " (1874); " Beethoven nach den 
 Schilderungen seiner Zeitgenossen " (1880) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Nohr, Christian Friedrich, b. Langensalza, 
 Thuringia, Oct. 7, 1800; d. Meiningen, Oct. 5, 
 
 1875. Pupil of Spohr, Hauptmann, and Um- 
 breit. After successful tours, Concerimeister 
 (1830) to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. — Works : 
 The operas Der Alpenhirt, Liebeszauber, Die 
 wundirbaren Lichter, and Der vierjdhrige Fas- 
 ten (Meiningen, 1851) ; oratorios Martin Lulher, 
 Frauenlob, and Helvetia ; orchestral pieces, 
 quintets, quartets, violin-pieces (many publ.), 
 songs. 
 
 Norblin, Louis-Pierre-Martin, noted 'cell- 
 ist; b. Warsaw, Dec. 2, 1781 ; d. Chateau Con- 
 nantre, Marne, July 14, 1854. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons.; 1811-41, 1st 'cello at the Opera; 1826- 
 46, 'cello-prof, at Cons. — His son £mile (1821- 
 1880) was also a fine 'cellist. 
 
 Nordica, Lillian (stage-name of Mme. Lil- 
 lian Norton [-Gower] -Doerae), distinguished 
 operatic soprano; b. Farmington, Me., 1859. 
 St. with John O'Neill and in N. E. Cons., 
 Boston ; made her concert-debut in Boston, 
 
 1876. In 1878 she travelled in Europe with 
 Gilmore's Band, as soloist. She then st. ope- 
 ratic roles with San Giovanni in Milan, making 
 
 her operatic debut at Brescia in La Traviata, 
 and sang with success in Genoa, St. Petersburg 
 (where the assassination of the Czar in 1881 cut 
 short her engagement), Danzig, Konigsberg, and 
 BerUn. In 1881 she made her first appearance 
 in Paris as Marguerite at the Gr. Opera. In 
 1882 she married Frederick A. Gower; in 1885 
 proceedings begun by her for a separation were 
 suspended on account of his mysterious disap- 
 pearance in a balloon. She did not sing in public 
 again till 1887, then appearing at Covent Garden 
 Th. , London. She first sang in opera in America 
 at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, 
 1893. Since then she has appeared frequently 
 in opera, oratorio, and concert in the U. S. and 
 England. In 1896 Mme. Nordica married Zol- 
 tan F. Doeme, a Hungarian singer. Besides 
 the roles mentioned she has had great success in 
 Aida, Les Huguenots^ and in Wagnerian parts, 
 especially Elsa, Isolde, and Brilnnhilde. 
 
 Normand. See Nisard, Theodore. 
 
 Nor'man(n), Ludwig, b. Stockholm, Aug. 
 28, 1831 ; d. there Mar. 25, 1884. Under the 
 patronage of Prince (now King) Oscar, Jenny 
 Lind, and Lindblad, he was sent to Leipzig 
 Cons. (Moscheles, Hauptmann, Rietz) 1848-52 ; 
 returning to Stockholm, he became (1859) cond. 
 of the new Philharm Soc, in 1861 prof, of 
 comp. in the R. Swedish Acad., and cond. of 
 the Opera ; also Pres. of the Mus. Acad. ; re- 
 tired in 1879. Married the violinist Wilma 
 Neruda in 1864. — Works : A Concertstuck f. pf. 
 w. orch., op. 54; pf.-quartet, op. 10; pf.-trio, 
 op. 4 ; violin-sonata, op. 3 ; 'cello-sonata, op. 
 28 ; viola-sonata, op. 32 ; pf. -pieces f. 2 and 4 
 hands ; 30 well-written arrangements of Swedish 
 melodies, f . pf . ; etc. 
 
 Norton, Lillian B. See Nordica. 
 
 Noszkow'ski [-kov-], Sigismund, [Zyg- 
 munt von,] b. Warsaw, May 2, 1848. Pupil of 
 the Warsaw Mus. Inst., 1864-7. After his in- 
 vention of a mus. notation for the blind, the 
 Mus. Soc. sent him (1873) to study under Kiel 
 and Raif at Berlin. 1876, cond. of the Bodau 
 Society, Constance ; 1881, director of the Mus. 
 Soc. at Warsaw, and (1888) prof, at the Cons. 
 there. — Works : The opera Livia (Lemberg, 
 1898 ; succ.) ; symphonies ; ballet-music ; over- 
 ture " Das Meerauge "; string-quartet ; pf. -music 
 (op. 24, Impressions ; op. 27, Images ; op. 31, 
 Chansons et danses cracoviennes ; op. 36, Mo- 
 ments melodiques ; — for 4 hands, op. 33, Melo- 
 dies ruthe'niennes ; op. 38, Danses masoviennes) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Nosz'ler, Karl Eduard, b. Reichenbach, 
 Saxony, Mar. 26, 1863. Pupil 1882-5 of Rei- 
 necke, Papperitz, Paul, Piutti, etc., at Leipzig 
 Cons.; 1885-7, Kafellm. at Bremen City Th.; 
 1888-93, organist at the Frauenkirche there, and 
 since 1887 cond. of the Male Choral Union; also, 
 since 1893, successor of Reinthaler as org. and 
 dir. at Bremen Cath., and cond. since 1896 of 
 the Neue Singakademie . — Works: A "Marchen- 
 
 423 
 
NOTKER— OAKELEY 
 
 spiel " DornroscJien (Bremen) ; symphony in A 
 min.; " Lustspiel-Ouverture " ; " Des Rhein- 
 stroms Schirmlierr," patriotic hymn for Janissary 
 music ; male and mixed choruses ; a score of 
 songs ; also pf.-music. 
 
 Not'ker (called Balbulus, "the stammerer"), 
 monk at St. Gallen ; b. 840 ; d. 912 ; known 
 from his sequences, some (e. g-, " Media in vita 
 in morte sumus ") still extant, and reproduced 
 in Schubiger's "Die Sangerschule von St. Gal- 
 len" (1858). Gerbert gives (in " Scriptores," 
 vol. i) 4 treatises by N. (or by Notker Labeo ?) : 
 " De octo tonis," " De tetrachordis "; " De octo 
 modis," and " De mensura fistularum organica- 
 rum"; Riemann (in " Studien z. Gesch. d. No- 
 tenschrift ") prints another, on the division of 
 the monochord, and also Nos. i and 4 above. 
 
 Not'tebohm, Martin Gustav, b. Ltiden- 
 scheid, Westphalia, Nov, 12, 1817 ; d. Graz, 
 Oct. 31, 1882. Pupil of Berger and Dehn at 
 Berlin, 1828-9 I "^ Schumann and Mendelssohn 
 at Leipzig, 1840; and 1846 of Sechter at Vienna, 
 where he settled as a music-teacher and writer 
 (a Beethoven specialist). — Works: "Ein Skizzen- 
 buch von Beethoven " (1865) ; ' ' Thematisches Ver- 
 zeichniss der im Druck erschienenen Werke von 
 Beethoven" (1868); " Beethoveniana" (2 vol.s, 
 1872, 1887); " Beethovens Studien " (vol. i, 1873; 
 B.'s exercises, etc., under Haydn, Albrechts- 
 berger, and Salieri, after the orig. MSS.) ; 
 "Thematisches Verzeichniss der im Druck er- 
 schienenen Werke Franz Schuberts " (1874) ; 
 " Neue Beethoveniana" (in the " Musikal. 
 Wochenblatt" for 1875, etc.); " Mozartiana " 
 (1880); "Ein Skizzenbuch von Beethoven aus 
 dem Jahre 1803 " (1880). — Comp.s unimportant. 
 Nourrit, Adolphe, celebrated dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Paris, Mar. 3, 1802 ; d. Naples, Mar. 8, 
 1839. Trained by Garcia, who persuaded his 
 father to let him become a singer, his debut at 
 the Grand Opera (1821), as Pylades in Gluck's 
 Iphighiie.en Tmiride, was successful. In 1825 
 he succeeded his father (Louis N., 1780-1831) 
 as leading tenor ; he resigned in 1837 because 
 Duprez was associated with him for the interpre- 
 tation of principal roles. This fancied slight so 
 preyed upon his spirits that, in spite of warm 
 receptions on a tour through Belgium, southern 
 France, and Italy, he threw himself out of a 
 window after singing at a benefit-concert in 
 Naples. He was an exceptionally endowed 
 singer, an excellent teacher (in the Paris Cons, 
 for ten years), and a comp. of talent (ballets La 
 Sylphide, La Tempete, I^e diable boiteux. Vile 
 des pirates, etc., written for the Taglioni and 
 Fanny Elssler). The roles of Robert, Mas- 
 saniello, Arnold, Eleazar, Raoul, and many 
 others, were written expressly for Nourrit. 
 
 Novakov'ski [Nowakowski], Jozef, b. 
 Mniszck, Poland, 1805 ; d. Warsaw, 1865. Dis- 
 tinguished pianist, pupil of Wiirfel and Eisner 
 at the Warsaw Cons, ; after long pianistic travels, 
 prof, at the Alexandra Inst., Warsaw. — Works 
 (about 60 publ.) : An overture, quintets, quar- 
 
 tets, etc., and, for pf., 12 grandes etudes, op. 
 25 ; Grande Polonaise pathetique, op. 14 ; 
 Mazurkas, op. 19 and 26 ; a Method f. pf. ; etc. 
 
 Novel'lo, Vincent, b. London, Sept. 6, 1781 ; 
 d. Nice, Oct. g, l85i. He was chorister in the 
 Sardinian Chapel, Duke St., under Webbe ; later 
 deputy-organist to Webbe and Danby, and 1797- 
 1822 organist at the chapel of the Portuguese 
 Embassy. Pianist to the Italian Opera, 1812 ; 
 co-foimder of the Philharm. Soc, sometimes 
 conducting its concerts ; 1840-3, organist at the 
 R. C. Chapel, Moorfields. Retired to Nice in 
 1849. He was the founder of the great London 
 music-publishing firm of Novello & Co. (now 
 Novello, Ewer & Co.) in 1811. Himself a com- 
 poser of sacred music (masses, motets, anthems, 
 Kyries, etc.), he also gathered together and publ. 
 excellent collections: " A Collection of Sacred 
 Music " (1811, 2 vol.s) ; " Purcell's Sacred Mu- 
 sic " (1829; 5 vol.s); "Croft's Anthems"; 
 "Greene's Anthems"; " Boyce's Anthems"; 
 masses by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven ; etc. — 
 His daughter Clara Anastasia, b. London, 
 June 19, 1818, was an excellent soprano singer 
 in oratorio and concert (retired i860). She mar- 
 ried Count Gigliucci in 1843. 
 
 Novel'lo, Joseph Alfred, son of Vincent N.; 
 b. London, 1810; d. Genoa, July 17, 1896. 
 Bass singer, organist, composer ; choirmaster at 
 Lincoln's Inn Chapel. Entered his father's 
 business at Ig. Inaugurated an important in- 
 novation, the printing of separate vocal parts 
 for choir use; did much to popularize classic 
 music in England by publ. cheap oratorio-scores. 
 Retired in 1856. 
 
 Noverre, Jean-Georges, the introducer of 
 dramatic action into the ballet (ballet-panto- 
 mime) ; b. Paris, April 29, 1727 ; d. St. Ger- 
 main, Nov. 19, 1810. Solo dancer at Berlin ; 
 ballet-master at the Opera-Com., Paris, 1749; 
 at London, 1755 ; at Lyons, Stuttgart, Vienna, 
 Milan, and (1776-80) at the Grand Opera, Paris. 
 — Publ. ' ' Lettres sur la danse et les ballets " 
 (1760, several editions). 
 
 Nowakowski. See Novakovski. 
 
 Nuceus. See Gaucquier. 
 
 Nux, Paul V^ronge de la, b. Fontainebleau, 
 June 29, 1853. Pupil of F. Bazin in Paris 
 Cons.; 2nd "Premier grand prix" in 1876^ — 
 Works : The 2-act grand opera Zaire (Opera, 
 i88g ; mod. succ; Stuttgart, l8g5 ; succ); 
 music-drama Labdacides (not perf.) ; incid. mu- 
 sic to Isora (drama by Aderer) ; pf.-music ; etc. 
 
 Oakeley, Sir Herbert Stanley, English com- 
 poser; b. Ealing, Middlesex, July 22, 1830. 
 While at Oxford, he studied harmony under El- 
 vey ; later attended the Leipzig Cons. (Mo- 
 scheles, Plaidy, Papperitz) ; and took organ- 
 lessons of Schneider in Dresden ; finishing with 
 
 424 
 
OBERTHCr— OEGLIN 
 
 Breidenstein at Bonn. 1865-gi, Ried Prof, of 
 Music at Edinburgh Univ., succeeding Donald- 
 son. He soon became a power in musical cir- 
 cles ; the annual Ried Concert developed into a 
 3-days' Festival ; the concerts of the Univ. Mus. 
 Soc, and his own regular organ-recitals, had a 
 wide-spread educational influence ; and his suc- 
 cessful exertions were acknowledged by the be- 
 stowal of numerous high distinctions ; he was 
 knighted in 1876 ; Mus. Doc, Cantuar., 1871; 
 Mus. Doc, Cantab., 1871 ; Mus. Doc, Oxon., 
 1879; LL.D., Aberdeen, i88i ; D. C. L., To- 
 ronto, 1886; Mus. Doc, DubUn, 1887 ; of St. 
 Andrews, 1888 ; of Adelaide, 1889 ; LL.D., 
 Edinburgh, i89i,and Emeritus Professor, 1892. 
 He is Composer to the Queen, in Scotland, and, 
 since 1887, Pres. of the Cheltenham Mus. Festi- 
 val. — Publ. works : A cantata "Jubilee Lyric," 
 for the Chelt. Fest.; a Festival March, and a 
 Funeral March (op. 23), f. orch.; a Morning and 
 Evening Service, and various anthems ; a sonata 
 (op. 20), a Rondo capriccioso, a Romance (op. 
 21), 3 other romances, f. pf. ; and 12 Scottish 
 Nat.l Melodies, arr. for chorus (op. 18) ; 12 
 part-songs f. mixed ch. (op. 25) ; 6 part-songs 
 f. male voices (op. 17) ; an Album of 26 songs 
 (dedicated to the Queen) ; 3 duets w. German 
 words (op. 8); etc. His orch.l "Suite in the 
 olden style " was prod, at the Chelt. Fest. in 
 1893 ; and a " Pastorale " f. orch. at Manches- 
 ter, 1891. 
 
 O'berthiir, Karl, b. Munich, Mar. 4, i8ig ; 
 d. London, Nov. 8, 1895. Harpist ; pupil of 
 Elise Brauchle and G. V. ROder, at Munich ; 
 harp-player in theatres at Zurich (1837-9), Wies- 
 baden, Mannheim, H. M.'s Th. in London 
 (1844). Composer, teacher, and player of Eu- 
 ropean celebrity ; many tours on the Continent. 
 — Works : 2 operas, Floris •von Natnur (Wies- 
 baden, 1840?), and Der Berggeist des Harzes 
 (ibid., 1850?); 3 cantatas. The Pilgrim Queen 
 (f. treble voices), The Red Cross Ktiight (female 
 voices), and Lady Jane Grey; 2 overtures, 
 " Macbeth," and "Riibezahl"; symphonic le- 
 gend "Loreley"; grand mass "St. Philip di Neri" 
 (w. harp) ; concertino f . harp and orch. , op. 175 ; 
 orch.l prelude "Shakespeare"; nocturne f. 3 
 harps; 2 trios f. harp, vln., and 'cello; very 
 many elegant soli f . harp (Elegy ; Pensees musi- 
 cales; Reveil des elfes ; " Miranda"; Lesylphe ; 
 etc.) ; also pf.-pieces, part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Obin, Louis-Henri, dram, basso cantante ; 
 b. Ascq, n. Lille, Aug. 4, 1820 ; d. Paris, Nov. 
 II, 1895. Debut Paris (Opera, 1844) ; sang in 
 provinces till 1850 ; then at the Opera till 1869. 
 Retired 1871. Succeeded Levasseur as prof, of 
 singing at the Cons. (1871-91). — Roles : Moise, 
 Leporello, etc. 
 
 O'brecht. See Hobrecht. 
 
 O'Carolan, Turlogh, one of the last Irish 
 bards ; b. Newtown, Meath, 1670 ; d. Roscom- 
 mon, Mar. 25, 1738. Blind from 16, he wan- 
 dered through Ireland after i6gi, singing to the 
 harp national ballads of his own conception (a 
 
 coll. was publ. 1747 ; republ. 1785 as " A 
 Favourite Collection . . ."). 
 
 Ochs, Traugott, b. Altenfeld, Schw.-Son- 
 dersh.,Oct. 19, 1854. Pupil of Stade, Erdmanns- 
 dorfer, Kiel, and the R. Inst. f. Church-music ; 
 1883, org. at Wismar, 1889 also cond. of the 
 Singakademie ; later in Guben ; from autumn of 
 1899, artistic director of the Mus. Union and the 
 Music-School at Briinn. — Works: " Deutsches 
 Aufgebot " f. male ch. and orch.; requiem, part- 
 songs. Method f. male voices, organ-music 
 
 Ochs, Siegfried, b. Frankfort-on-Main, Apr. 
 19, 1858. Student of medicine and chemistry, 
 but finally devoted himself to music ; attended 
 the R. Hochschule fUr Musik at Berlin, then 
 studied with Kiel and Urban, and profited chiefly 
 by long personal intercourse with von Billow. 
 O. was at this time cond. of a comparatively ob- 
 scure choral union, the " Philharmonischer 
 Chor," which Billow utilized in numerous per- 
 formances, thus attracting public attention. It 
 is now (1899) the largest singing-society in 
 Berlin ; does good work by prod, unknown 
 comp.s by contemporary composers (Bruckner, 
 Tinel, Hugo Wolf, Hans Koessler, Arnold 
 Mendelssohn, etc.). O. also gives singing-les- 
 sons, and contributes to mus. papers. — Works : 
 Text and music of the 3-act comic opera Im 
 Namen des Gesetzes (Hamburg, 1888 ; succ.) ; 2 
 operettas ; duets f. sopr. and alto ; male cho- 
 ruses, vocal canons, and several books of songs. 
 
 Och'senkuhn [ok-], Sebastian, lutenist ; d. 
 Heidelberg, Aug. 2, 1574. Publ. a " Tabula- 
 turbuch auf die Lauten " (1558). 
 
 Ock'enheim. See Okeghem. 
 
 O'denwald, Robert Theodor, b. Franken- 
 thal, n. Gera, May 3, 1838. A very successful 
 teacher of singing and cond. of choral societies ; 
 since 1882 teacher at the " Realgymnasium " and 
 " Wilhelmgymnasium " at Hamburg, where he 
 organized a flourishing church-choir. Has publ. 
 psalms and part-songs. 
 
 O'dington, Walter, "Monk of Evesham," 
 d. about 1316. His treatise " De speculatione 
 musicae " (printed by Coussemaker in ' ' Scrip- 
 tores," i ; MS. in the Cambridge Library), is im- 
 portant in the history of mensural music and 
 discant. 
 
 Odo de Clugny (Saint), in 927 abbot of 
 Clugny, where he died in 942, wrote " Dialogus 
 demusica" (printed by Gerbert, " Scriptores," 
 i). He was apparently the first to employ the 
 letter-notation A B C D E P' G in the modern 
 sense of a minor series (the succession C, D, 
 etc., formerly represented our A, B, etc., and 
 was, therefore, a viinor series instead of the 
 present major scale). 
 
 Oeglin, Erhard, the first German printer 
 (Augsburg) to print figured music with types : 
 (l) with wooden type, P. Tritonius's " Melopoiae 
 sive harmoniae tetracenticae (1507, publ. by 
 Riman) ; and (2) with metal type, the " Deutsches 
 Liederbuch " (1512 ; new score ed., w. pf.- 
 
 425 
 
OELSCHLAGEL— OGINSKI 
 
 score by Eitner, is in vol. ix of the " Gesell- 
 schaft fur Musikforschung "). 
 
 OeKschlagel, Alfred, b. Anscha, Bohemia, 
 Feb. 25, 1S47. Pupil of Prague Organ-School ; 
 thealre.-Ji'apeUm. at Hamburg, Teplitz, Wurz- 
 burg, Karlsbad, and Vienna (Karltheater) ; later 
 bandmaster at Klagenfurt. — Operettas Prinz 
 tmd Maurer (Klagenfurt, 1884), Die Rmibrit- 
 ter, oder Der Schelm ■von Bergen (Vienna, 1 888 ; 
 succ), and Der Landstreicher (3 acts, Magde- 
 burg, 1893 ; succ.). 
 
 Oels'ner, (Friedrich) Bruno, b. Neudorf, n. 
 Annaberg, Saxony, July 29, 1861. Pupil at 
 Leipzig Cons. (1877-80) of Schradieck and 
 Hermann (vln.), and Grill (theory). Eng. as 
 solo viola for court orch., Darmstadt, and St. 
 comp. with de Haan. Since 1882, violin-teacher 
 at Darmstadt Cons. , with title of Grand Ducal 
 Chamber-musician. Has prod. 2 one-act operas 
 at Darmstadt, Vardhdmana (1893), and Der 
 Brautgang (1894 ; succ.) ; also a cantata f. ten. 
 and bar. soli, ch., and orch.; a pf.-trio ; songs ; 
 etc. 
 
 Oes'ten, Theodor, pianist and comp.; b. 
 Berlin, Dec. 31, 1813 ; d. there Mar. 16, 1S70. 
 Pupil of Dreschker (pf.), A. W. Bach, Rungen- 
 hagen, and Schneider. A successful teacher, 
 whose studies f . pf. are of value ; as a salon-cora- 
 poser he is light and graceful, but often shallow. 
 
 Oe'sterle, Otto, brilliant flutist ; b. St. Louis, 
 Mo., Nov. 22, 1861 ; d. Darien, Conn., July 22, 
 1894. Was ist flute in the Thomas Orch., the 
 Philharm. Societies of New York and Brooklyn, 
 and the Seidl Orch. Taught in the National 
 Cons., N. Y. 
 
 Oe'sterlein, Nikolaus, the indefatigable col- 
 lector of Wagneriana ; b. 1840 ; d. Vienna, 
 Sept. 8, i8g8. His perusal of Wagner's " Oper 
 und Drama " awakened such enthusiasm, that he 
 set about collecting everything relating to the 
 master. His coll., known as the "Wagner 
 Museum," was subsequently given to the town 
 of Eisenach ; the catalogue, publ. by Breitkopf 
 & Hiirtel, fills 4 vol.s. O. also publ. a vol. on 
 the inauguration of the Festival Plays in 1876, 
 entitled " Bayreuth." 
 
 Oet'tingen, Arthur Joachim von, b. Dor- 
 pat, Mar. 28, 1836. He studied physics, physi- 
 ology, and mathematics at the Universities of 
 Dorpat, Paris, and Berlin ; qualifying in 1863 
 as lecturer on physics at Dorpat, and becoming 
 prof, in ordinary in 1866. Since 1877, corr. 
 member of the St. Petersburg Acad, of Sciences. 
 Likewise a well-trained musician, he is pres. of 
 the Dorpat Mus. Soc, and cond. of an ama- 
 teur orch. Besides numerous other scientific 
 works, he publ. "Das Harmoniesystem in du- 
 aler Entwickelung " (1866), reconciling and de- 
 veloping the systems of Helmholtz and Haupt- 
 mann. Thllrlings, Hostinsky, and Hugo Rie- 
 mann, are among his followers. 
 
 Offenbach, Jacques, the creator of French 
 burlesque opera ; b. Cologne, June 21, 1819 ; d. 
 
 Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. The son of a Jewish cantor, 
 he came early to Paris ; attended Vaslin's 'cello- 
 class for a year (1S33-4) in the Cons., then ioin- 
 ing the Opera-Co- 
 mique orch., playing 
 beside Seligmann. 
 Soon appeared 
 chansonnettes ( on 
 parodies of La Fon- 
 taine); he also 
 played the 'cello in 
 concerts, and wrote 
 'cell o-d u e ts and 
 pieces for pf. and 
 'cello. In 1849 he 
 became cond. at the 
 Theatre Franyais, 
 where his really fine 
 ' ' Chanson de For- 
 tunio" (in de Mus- 
 set's Chandelier) made a hit. His l-act operetta 
 Pepito (Op. -Com., 1853) made slight impres- 
 sion ; but he prod, one operetta after another, 
 and in 1855 ventured to open a theatre of his 
 own, the Bouffes-Parisiens (the old Theatre 
 Comte, in the Passage Choiseul), which he car- 
 ried on until 1866, producing many of his most 
 popular pieces. From 1872-6 he was manager 
 of the Theatre de la Gaite ; turned it over to 
 Vicentini, and in 1877 undertook a not wholly 
 successful tour in America (described in his 
 " Notes d'un musicien en voyage," 1877). Re- 
 turning, he continued composing industriously 
 until death. In the intervals of theatrical man- 
 agement, he brought out operettas on other 
 stages — the Varietes, Palais Royal, and even 
 the Opera-Comique ; his ballet-pantomime Le 
 Papillon was prod, at the Opera in i860 with 
 some success. In his best works (OrpMe aux - 
 en/ers, 1858; La belle Heline, 1864; Barbe- 
 Bleue and La vie parisienne, 1866 ; La grande 
 duchesse de G^rolstein^ 1867 ; Madame Favart, 
 1879), the music happily follows the extravagant 
 burlesque of the situations ; the orchestration is 
 clever, and the melodic vein inexhaustible 
 (though his melody is often trivial and vulgar) ; 
 the whole is seasoned with a sprightly and ironic 
 humor wholly in keeping with the subjects mu- 
 sically illustrated. He certainly ' ' knew his pub- 
 lic"; his stage-works (102 in number) were all 
 the rage at the time, and many are still played 
 in Paris and elsewhere. 
 
 Ogin'ski, Prince Michael Cleophas, b. 
 
 Guron, n. Warsaw, Sept. 25, 1765 ; d. Florence, 
 Oct. 31, 1833. Grand treasurer of Lithuania; 
 in music a pupil of Kozlowski. Wrote cele- 
 brated polonaises f. pf., 14 of which are publ.; 
 the so-called " Death Polonaise " was popularly 
 named from its supposed connection with a 
 tragically romantic incident. His uncle, 
 
 Ogin'ski, Michael Casimir, b. Warsaw, 
 1731 ; d. there 1803. He is said to have in- 
 vented the pedals of the harp. He was Grand 
 Commander of Lithuania. 
 
 426 
 
OKEGHEM— ORGENI 
 
 O'keghem (or Okekem, Okenghem, Ock- 
 enheim), Jean de (or Joannes), the founder of 
 the Second (or New) Netherland School (which 
 includes Josquin, de la Rue, Compere, etc. ; to 
 the First, or Old, School belonged Dufay, Bin- 
 chois, Brasart, Eloy, etc.) ; b. probably at Ter- 
 raonde, East Flanders, about 1430 ; died Tours 
 (?)i 1495-1513 [dates differ]. Chorister in Ant- 
 werp Cathedral 1443-4 ; pupil of Dufay at Cam- 
 brai about 1450 ; mentioned in 1454 as composer 
 axii premier chapellain to King Charles VII. at 
 Paris ; made treasurer of the Abbey of Saint- 
 Martin at Tours by Louis XI.; royal mailre de 
 chapelU at Paris in 1465 ; travelled 1469 in Spain, 
 and 1484 to Flanders (Bruges), at the King's 
 expense ; 'probably retired from active life soon 
 after 1490. Great as a composer and teacher, 
 Josquin and, Pierre de la Rue being his most 
 famous disciples in the art of imitative counter- 
 point, which O. elevated from the comparatively 
 crude and ungainly efforts of the older school 
 to the rank of a beautiful science. — Extant 
 works ; 17 masses ; 7 motets ; a ninefold canon 
 " Deo gratia" in 36 parts ; 19 chansons and sev- 
 eral canons (detailed information in M. Brenet's 
 "Jean de Okeghem," 1893). Forkel, Kiese- 
 wetter, Rochlitz, and Ambros, gave fragments 
 of the mass " Cujusvis toni " (ad omnem tonum), 
 a MS. copy of which is in Munich ; Ambros 
 prints an enigmatical canon ; in Eellermann's 
 " Contrapunkt " is a fragment of the " Missa 
 prolationum." 
 
 Oli'brio, Flavio Anicio. See J.F.Agricola. 
 
 Oliphant, Thomas, b. Condie, Perthshire, 
 Dec. 25, 1799; d. London, Mar. 9, 1S73. For 
 40 years hon. secretary, later pres. , of the Lon- 
 don Madrigal Soc. — Wrote "Brief Account of 
 theMadr. Soc." (1835); " Short Account of Mad- 
 rigals ..." (1836) ; "La Musa Madrigalesca" 
 (1837 ; the words of 400 madrigals, chiefly of the 
 Elizabethan period). Also publ. several coU.s of 
 madrigals, of glees, catches, rounds, etc. 
 
 Oliver, Henry Kemble, b. Beverly, Mass., 
 Nov. 24, 1800 ; d. Boston, Aug. 10, 1885. Boy- 
 soprano in Park St. Ch., 1 8 10; graduate Dart- 
 mouth Coll., 1818 ; taught in Salem till 1844, 
 then going to Lawrence, where he was mayor 
 in 1859; 1861-5, treasurer'of State of Mass.; 
 later mayor of Salem. Organist and mus. dir. at 
 Lawrence and also in Salem, where he founded 
 a glee club (1823) and a Mozart Assoc. (1826). 
 1883, Mus. Doc. (Dartmouth). Composed many 
 well-known hymn-tunes (Federal Street, Morn- 
 ing, Harmony Grove, Beacon Street, Hudson, 
 Merton), motets, chants, and a Te Deum ; publ. 
 "The National Lyre" (1848; w. Tuckerman 
 and Bancroft) ; " Coll. of Church Music "(i860) ; 
 "Original Hymn Tunes " (1875). 
 
 Ol'sen, Ole, b. Hammerfest, Norway, July 4, 
 1851. Orchestral comp. in modern style ; his 
 works (the symphonic poem " Asgaardsreien," 
 i8gi ; a suite f. pf . and string-orch. ; etc.) are 
 played in Norway. 
 
 On'driczek, Franz, violinist; b. Prague, Apr. 
 29, 1859. Taught by his father, and played in 
 the latter's small orch. for dance-music till 14 ; 
 then attended the Prague Cons, for 3 years, 
 studied further under Massart at Paris Cons. , 
 winning ist prize for violin-playing after 2 years. 
 On many concert-tours he has gained a high 
 reputation. 
 
 Onslow, George, grandson of the first Lord 
 Onslow ; b. Clermont-Ferrand, France, July 27, 
 1784 ; d. there Oct. 
 3, 1852. Pf. -pupil 
 in London of H ilU- 
 mandel, Dussek, 
 and Cramer ; St. 
 comp. with Reicha 
 in Paris, to fit him- 
 self for opera- writ- 
 ing (his 3 comic op- 
 eras, r Alcalde de la 
 Vega [1824], Le 
 Colportetir [1827], 
 and Le due de Guise 
 [1837], had tem- 
 porary success). 
 He passed his win- 
 ters in Paris, and 
 the summers on his estate near Clermont. His 
 passion was chamber-music, of which he comp. 
 much, playing with other amateurs, the 'cello 
 being his instr. ; his music was prized in Parisian 
 mus. circles ; in 1842 the Academie elected him 
 to succeed Cherubini. Only his string-quintets 
 still survive ; he publ. 34 of them (either f. 2 
 vlns., via., and 2 'celli ; or f. 2 vlns., 2 violas, 
 and 'cello ; or f. 2 vlns., via., 'cello, and double- 
 bass, — the excessively difficult double-bass parts 
 were written for Dragonetti). Other works : 4 
 symphonies ; a nonet f. wind and string-quar- 
 tet ; septet f. pf., flute, oboe, and strings ; sextet 
 f. do.; 36 string-quartets; 10 pf. -trios ; 6 so- 
 natas f. pf. and violin ; 3 sonatas f. pf. and 
 'cello ; pf.-music ; and a solo scena f. bass w. 
 orch., "Abel's Death." 
 
 O'pelt, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Rochlitz, 
 Saxony, July g, 1794; d. Sept. 22, 1S63, at 
 Dresden, as privy councillor for finance. — Publ. 
 " Ueber die Natur der Musik " (1834), and 
 " AUgem. Theorie der Musik, auf den Rythmus 
 der Klangwellenpulse gegriindet . . ." (1852); 
 treatises of a mathematico-physical character. 
 
 Or'denstein, Heinrich, b. Worms, Jan. 7, 
 1856. Pupil 1871-5 at Leipzig Cons, of Wenzel, 
 Reinecke, Jadassohn, etc.; also private pupil of 
 Paul (pf.). After concert-tour with the Peschka- 
 Leutner and Grtitzmacher, he studied in Paris ; 
 from 1878 gave successful concerts in Leipzig, 
 etc, ; music-teacher at the Countess Rehbinder's 
 school at Karlsruhe, 1879-81 ; at Kullak's 
 Acad., Berlin, 1881-2 ; in 1884 founded the 
 Karlsruhe Cons., a flourishing institution. Title 
 of " Professor" from Grand Duke of Baden. 
 
 Orge'ni [OrgenyiJ, Aglaia, stage-soprano 
 
 427 
 
ORLANDUS LASSUS— OTHMAYER 
 
 (fine coloratura singer) ; b. Tismenice, Galicia, 
 Dec. 17, 1843. Pupil of Mme. Viardot-Garcia 
 at Baden-Baden ; debut Sept. 28, 1865, as 
 Amina, at Berlin Opera, where she was eng. 
 for a year. First appearance in London, Apr. 
 7, 1866, as Violetta, at Covent Garden ; sang 
 later at Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Copenhagen, 
 etc.; since 1886, vocal teacher at the Dresden 
 Cons. 
 Orlan'dus Lassus. See Lasso, Orlando 
 
 DI. 
 
 Or'low, Count Gregor Vladimir, b. 1777 ; 
 d. St. Petersburg, July 4, 1826. Wrote " Essai 
 sur I'histoire de la musique en Italic" (1822; 
 2 vol.s ; in German as " Entwurf einer Ge- 
 schichte der ital. Musik" (1824). 
 
 Ornithopar'cus, (Greek form of his real 
 name, Vogelsang,) Andreas, a native of 
 Memmingen ; led a wandering life ; about 1516, 
 Magister artium at Tiibingen. Author of a 
 rare and valuable theoretical treatise, " Musicae 
 activae micrologus " (Leipzig, 1516 ; 6th ed. 
 1540 ; Engl, transl. by Dowland, London, 
 1609). 
 
 Or'pheus, the fabled son of Apollo, and 
 sweetest of singers to the lyre, or seven-stringed 
 kithara, is said to have accompanied the Argo- 
 nauts on their expedition in 1350 B.C., and 
 founded the mystic sect worshipping Dionysos 
 Zagraeus for many centuries. [See the " Or- 
 phica " by Gottfried Hermann (1805).] 
 
 Ortigue, Joseph-Louis d', b. Cavaillon, 
 Vaucluse, May 22, 1802 ; d. Paris, Nov. 20, 
 i856. Writer on church-music, frequently by 
 commission of the French government. Founded 
 1857 (w. Niedermeyer) "La Maitrise," a pe- 
 riodical for church-music, and was sole editor 
 1S58-60 ; contributed to other papers. — Princi- 
 pal writings : " De la guerre des dilettanti, ou 
 de la revolution operee par M. Rossini dans 
 I'opera franfais" (1820); " Le Balcon de 
 I'Opera" (1833; a coll. of newspaper /d?«;7/^- 
 tons); " De I'ecole italienne et de I'administra- 
 tion de I'Acad. roy. de Mus. . . " (1839 ; on 
 Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini ^ republ. 1840 as 
 " Du Thesltre Italien et de son influence . . .") ; 
 " Abecedaire du plain-chant" (1841) ; " Palin- 
 genesie musicale," and " De la memoire chez 
 les musiciens " (pamphlet reprints from the 
 "Revue et Gazette mus."); " Dictionnaire li- 
 turgique, etc." (1854 ; cf. Nisard) ; " Introd. a 
 I'etude comparee des tonalites et principalement 
 du chant gregorien et de la musique moderne" 
 (1853); " La musique a I'eglise " (l86i), " Traite 
 theorique et pratique de I'accompagnement du 
 plain-chant" (1S56 ; cf. Niedermeyer). 
 
 Or'to, Giovanni de, {recte Jean Dujardin; 
 Lat. de Horto,) called " Marbriano " ; contra- 
 puntist of the I5th-l6th centuries. In Petrucci's 
 " Odhecaton "(1500-1503) are several " Misse 
 de Orto," an Ave Maria a 4, and chansons ; P. 
 also printed a Lamentation in his " Lamenta- 
 tionum Jeremie" (1506). Masses in MS. at 
 
 Rome, Library of the Papal Chapel ; mass 
 " Mi-Mi," and other pieces, in Vienna Library. 
 
 Osborne, George Alexander, a fine pianist 
 and popular teacher and composer ; b. Limerick, 
 Ireland, Sept. 24, 1806 ; d. London, Nov. 16, 
 1893. Said to have been self-taught until 18 
 years of age, then studied at Paris under Kalk- 
 brenner and Pixis (pf.), and Fetis (comp.). Set- 
 tled in London, 1848.' — Works : Sextet f. pf., 
 flute, oboe, horn, 'cello, and d.-bass ; famous 
 duets f. pf. and violin (43 w. de Beriot, 2 w. 
 Ernst, I each w. ArtSt and Lafont) ; 3 pf. -trios; 
 a sonata f. pf. and 'cello ; a pf.-quartet ; much 
 brilliant and graceful .salon-music f. pf. (" Pluie 
 de perles," " Nouvelle pluie deperles," " Marche 
 militaire," " Summer's Eve," etc.). 
 
 Osborne (real name Eisbein), Adrienne, 
 
 dramatic soprano ; b. Buffalo, N. Y. Pupil of 
 Auguste Gotze and Max Stagemann in Leipzig ; 
 advised by Rubinstein to adopt a stage-career. 
 Debut as Mignon. For her interpretation of 
 Carmen she received gold medals from the Prince 
 of Sondershausen and Duke of Altenburg. At 
 present (1899) engaged at Leipzig City Th. ; 
 also sings in concerts (Gewandhaus, Berlin, Dres- 
 den, Amsterdam, etc.). 
 
 Osgood, George Laurie, b. Chelsea, Mass., 
 April 3, 1844. At Harvard, where he graduated 
 in 1866, he was for 3 
 years dir. of the Glee 
 Club, andthe college 
 orch. He now spent 
 3 years in Germany , 
 studied singing un- 
 derSieberandHaupt, ' 
 and German song and 
 choral works under 
 R. Franz. After 3 
 years' further vocal 
 study with the elder 
 Lamperti in Italy, O. 
 made a very success- 
 ful concert-tour in Germany ; at once eng. by 
 Th. Thomas for a winter tour in America. Since 
 1872 he has lived in Boston as a much-sought 
 vocal teacher ; since 1875, cond. of the Boylston 
 Club (200 voices), famed for the brilliancy of its 
 performances (since' l8go, the " Boston Singers' 
 Soc"). For many years O. gave concerts of 
 classical music. Publ. "Guide in the Art of 
 Singing " (pp. 200 ; 8 editions) ; anthems, cho- 
 ruses, part-songs, and over 50 songs. 
 
 Osiander, Lucas, Protestant Abbot at Adel- 
 berg in Wurttemberg ; b. Nuremberg, Dec. 16, 
 1534; d. Stuttgart, Sept. 17, 1604. — Publ. 
 ' ' Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen mit vier Stim- 
 men auf contrapunctische Weise " (1586). 
 
 Os'ten. See Oesten. 
 
 Oth'mayer [ot-], Caspar, b. Amberg, Mar. 
 12, 1515 ; d. Nuremberg, Feb. 4, 1553- F™™ 
 1548, rector at Ansbach. Esteemed as a vocal 
 coniposer. — Works: I book of "Tricinia"; I 
 
 428 
 
OTHO— OWST 
 
 of " Bicinia sacra '' ; 2 Latin motets ; Ode on the 
 death of Luther ; songs (in G. FOrster's coll.s). 
 
 Otho. See Odo. 
 
 Ott (or Ottl, Otto), Hans, publisher in Nu- 
 remberg about 1533-50. He printed " 115 gute 
 und newe Lieder" (1544). 
 
 Ottani, Abbate Bernardino, b. Bologna, 
 1735 ; d. Turin, Oct. 26, 1827. Pupil of Padre 
 Martini ; at 22, chnrch-maestro in Bologna ; from 
 1779, at Turin. — Works: 12 operas; much ex- 
 cellent church-music (2 oratorios, 46 masses, mo- 
 tets, psalms, etc.). 
 
 Ot'tingen. See Oettingen. 
 
 Ot'to, (Ernst) Julius, b. KOnigstein, Saxony, 
 Sept. I, 1804 ; d. Dresden, Mar. 5, 1877. From 
 1814-22 he attended the Kreuzschule at Dres- 
 den, Weinlig being his music-teacher ; as a pu- 
 pil in " Ober-Secunda " he comp. a cantata, soon 
 followed by others. While a student at Leipzig 
 Univ. 1822-5, he continued musical work under 
 Schicht and WeinUg, and brought out cantatas 
 and motets in the churches. Returning to Dres- 
 den, he taught at the Blochmann Inst. , and from 
 1830-75 was cantor at the Kreuzkirche, where 
 his choir became one of the finest in Germany ; 
 was also for years mus. dir. at the principal Lu- 
 theran churches, and cond. of the " Liedertafel." 
 — Works : Admirable male choruses in his col- 
 lection ' ' Ernst und Scherz " ; he created the im- 
 mensely popular "cycles" for male voices 
 {" Burschenfahrten," " Gesellenfahrten," " Sol- 
 datenleben," " Der Spinnabend," " Der Sanger- 
 saal," etc.) ; also wrote 4 comic operas for ama- 
 teur-performance {Die Mordgrundbruck bci 
 Dresden is the best) ; settings of Hofmann's 
 " Kinderfesten ; ' many fine songs for solo voice 
 (" In die Feme," and " Des deutschen Rheines 
 Braut," took prizes) ; his pf.-sonatas, rondos, 
 etudes, etc., are likewise excellent. O. prod. 2 
 operas, Das Schloss am Rhein (Dresden, 1838), 
 and Der Schlosser von Augsburg (Augsburg) ; 
 3 oratorios, Des Heilands leizte Worte, Die 
 Feier der Erlosten am Grabe Jesu, and Niob ; 
 also masses, festival cantatas, a Te Deum, etc. 
 
 Ot'to, Franz, b. Konigstein, Saxony, i8og ; 
 d. Mayence, 1841. His songs for male voices, 
 " In dem Himmel ruht die Erde," " Blauer 
 Montag," etc., have had some vogue. 
 
 Ot'to, Rudolf Karl Julius, b. Berlin, Apr. 
 27, 1829. Solo boy-soprano in the Berlin Dom- 
 chor ; from 1848, tenor singer in the same. In 
 1852, teacher of singing in the Stern Cons. ; 
 1873, in the R. Hochschule fiir Musik. He was 
 an eminent singer in oratorio. 
 
 Ot'to-Alvs'leben, Melitta (nSe Alvsleben), 
 dramatic soprano ; b. Dresden, Dec. 16, 1842 ; 
 d. there Jan. 13, 1893. Pupil of Thiele at the 
 Dresden Cons. 1856-g ; eng. at the court the- 
 atre for coloratura (later dramatic) roles from 
 1860-73 ; sang in concerts 1873-5 i" England, 
 Scotland, and Germany ; prima donna at Ham- 
 burg City Th. 1875-6, at Dresden court the- 
 
 atre 1877-83. Married (1866) Commissioner of 
 Customs Otto. Sang at the Cincinnati Mus. 
 Festival in 1879. 
 
 Oudin, Eugfene (Esp^rance), b. New York, 
 Feb. 24, 1858 ; d. London, Nov. 4, 1S94. Bari- 
 tone dramatic and concert-singer ; song-compo- 
 ser ; accomplished pianist. Sang with great 
 success in London, 1886, '89, etc.; and as the 
 Templar in Sullivan's Ivanhoe, 1891 ; also sang 
 at St. Petersburg, 1893. 
 
 Oudrid y Segura, Cristobal, Spanish zar- 
 0z«/a-composer ; b. Badajoz, Feb. 7, 1829 ; d. 
 Madrid, Mar. 15, 1S77. In 1867, chorusmaster 
 of the Italian Opera, Madrid ; 1872, cond. at 
 the Zarzuela Th. ; later at the Theatre de I'Ori- 
 ente. From 1850 he prod, over 30 operettas 
 (zarzuelas) in Madrid (some w. Gaztambide, 
 Caballero, etc.). 
 
 Oulibichef. See Ulibishev. 
 
 Oury. See Belleville-Oury. 
 
 Ouse'ley, Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, 
 
 English composer and theorist ; b. London, 
 Aug. 12, 1825 ; d. Hereford. Apr. 6, 1889. 
 Son of the Orientalist Sir William O., ambassa^ 
 dor to Russia and Persia. Graduate of Oxford 
 (B. A., 1846 ; M. A., 1840). He was ordained 
 in 1849, and curate of St. Paul's, Knights- 
 bridge, 1849-50, then taking the degree of Mus. 
 Bac, and that of Mus. Doc, Oxon., in 1854. 
 In 1855 he succeeded Sir Henry Bishop as Prof, 
 of Music at Oxford Univ., and also became pre- 
 centor of Hereford Cath. The degree of Mus. 
 Doc. was conferred on him by Durham (1856), 
 and Cambridge (1862) ; that of LL.D. by Cam- 
 bridge (1883), and Edinburgh (1885). A fine 
 pianist and organist, he excelled in fugal impro- 
 visation. — Sacred compositions : 2 oratorios, The 
 Martyrdom of St. Polycarp (1855), and Hagar 
 (Hereford Fest., 1873); 11 church-services ; 70 
 anthems; "The Psalter, arr. for Chanting, 
 with Appropriate English Chants " (several ed.s); 
 " AngHcan Psalter Chants " (1872) ; "Cathedral 
 Services by English Masters" (1853) ; "Coll. of 
 Anthems" (2 vol.s,l86l, '66); — Other comp. s: An 
 opera, L'Isola disabitata (comp. at the age of 
 8) ; 18 preludes and fugues for organ ; other do. , 
 also 3 Andantes, and a sonata, f . org. ; a string- 
 sextet, 2 string-quartets, a pf. -quartet, 2 pf.- 
 trios, and sonatas, nocturnes, etc., f. pf. ; glees, 
 part-songs, and songs. — Writings: "Treatise 
 on Harmony" (1868, 3rd ed. 1882) ; "Counter- 
 point, Canon and Fugue" [after Cherubini] 
 (1868; 2nd ed. 1884); "Musical Form and 
 General Composition " (1875 ; 2nd ed. 1886) ; 
 articles for Grove's " Dictionary." He left his 
 fine mus. library to St. Michael's College, Ten- 
 bury. — Biographical : " Memorials," by Haver- 
 gal (1889); "Life of Rev. Sir F. A. G. Ouse- 
 ley, Bart., etc.", by Joyce (London, 1896). 
 
 Owst, Wilberfoss George, b. London, 
 Engl., June 13, 1861. Pupil of Eaton Faning 
 and IT. Gadsby ; studied 1886-93 at Stuttgart 
 Cons, under Faiszt, Goetschius, Paul Klengel, 
 
 429 
 
PABST— PACINI 
 
 Karl Doppler, and H. Zumpe. From 1893-5, 
 organist at P. E. Ch. of St. Michael and All 
 Angels, Baltimore, Maryland ; now (l8gg) org. 
 and choirmaster at St. John's, Waverley, Balti- 
 more. — Publ. works : Communion Service in A ; 
 6 anthems ; male quartets ; quartet f. mixed 
 voices ; 7 songs. 
 
 Pabst, August, b. Elberfeld, May 30, iSii ; 
 d. Riga, July 21, 1885, as Dir. of the Cons, 
 there. — Operas : Der Kastellan von Krakatt 
 (1846), Unser Johann (1848), Die letzten Tage 
 von Fompeji {i?)$i), and Die Longobarden (not 
 perf.) — His son Louis, b. Konigsberg, July 18, 
 1846, is a pianist and composer. From autumn, 
 i8g9, head-teacher for pf. -playing at the Moscow 
 Philharm. School. 
 
 Pabst, Paul, talented pianist, son of August 
 P.; b. Konigsberg, May 27, 1854; d. Moscow, 
 May 28, 1897. Gave concerts at 9 ; studied 
 some years with Liszt. N. Rubinstein invited 
 him to Moscow in 1878 aspf.-prof. at the Cons. ; 
 he succeeded Rubinstein as Director, and was 
 also director of the Imp. Soc. of Music. His 
 pf.-compositions, and transcriptions from A. 
 Rubinstein's Demon and Tchaikovski's Eugen 
 Oiu-gin, are popular in Russia. 
 
 Pacchiarot'ti, Gaspare, celebrated musico ; 
 b. Fabriano, Ancona, 1744 ; d. Padua, Oct. 28, 
 1821. Choir-boy at Forli Cath.; trained in 
 Venice by a sopranist of San Marco ; debut 
 there about 1770 ; soon became famous in Italy ; 
 lived in London 1778-85, where he was idolized, 
 and settled again, after a stay in Italy, from 
 1790-1800. He gained wealth, and was noted 
 for his charities. 
 
 Pachelbel, Johann, influential organist ; b. 
 Nuremberg, Sept. i, 1653 ; d. there Mar. 3, 
 1706. A pupil of Schwemmer, studying further 
 at Altdorf and Ratisbon ; organist at Vienna, 
 1674 ; court org. at Eisenach, 1675 ; of the 
 Predigerkirche at Erfurt, 1678 ; court org. at 
 Stuttgart, 1690 ; at Gotha, 1692. Org. at St. 
 Sebald's, Nuremberg, 1695. This varied ex- 
 perience is reflected in his organ-works ; his 
 chaconnes, toccatas, and arr.s of chorals, are 
 fluently and easily written, much in J. S. Bach's 
 style. — Works: " Musikalische Sterbensgedan- 
 ken, aus 4 variirten Choralen bestehend " (1683) ; 
 "Musikalische Ergotzung, aus 6 verstimmeten 
 Parthien von 2 Violinen und Generalbass" (1691) ; 
 "78 Chorale zum Praambuliren " (1693); 
 " Hexachordum Apollinis" (1699 ; 6 themes w. 
 var.s). — Several organ-pieces are printed by 
 Commer in " Musica sacra," vol. i; others by 
 G. W. Korner in " Der Orgelvirtuose," and in 
 vol. i of a projected, but unfinished, complete 
 ed. of P. 's works ; by Winterfeld in " Evang. 
 Kirchengesang ; " and a chaconne w. 13 var.s, 
 a fugue, and a fughetta (all f. pf. , i.e., clavi- 
 chord), by Trautwein (Berlin, i860). — P.'s son, 
 Wilhelm Hieronymus, b. Erfurt, 1685, from 
 
 1725 org. at St. Sebald's, Nuremberg, publ. a 
 " Musikal. Vergniigen " (1725 ; prelude, fugue, 
 and fantasia f. org. or clavichord) ; also a clav,- 
 fugue. 
 
 Pach'er, Joseph Adalbert, b. Daubrawitz, 
 Moravia, Mar. 29, 1816 ; d. Gmunden, Sept. 3, 
 1871. Pupil of G. Preyer and A. Halm ; lived 
 in Vienna as a comp. of favorite j«/iJK-pieces f. 
 pianoforte. 
 
 Pach'mann, Vladimir de, brilliant pianist ; 
 b. Odessa, July 27, 1848. Pupil of his father 
 [prof, at Vienna Univ. , and a good violinist], 
 and from 1866 of Dachs at the Cons. Success- 
 ful concert-tour in Russia, 1869 ; played later 
 in Vienna, Paris, London (1882), Germany, Den- 
 mark (where he received the Order of the Dane- 
 brog from the King) ; also in America (1892 and 
 subsequently). His specialty is Chopin. In 
 i8g6he settled in Berlin. He began an Ameri- 
 can tour at New York, Oct., 1899. 
 
 Paci'ni, Antonio Francesco Gaetano Sa- 
 verio; b. Naples, July 7-, 1778; d. Paris, Mar. 
 10, 1866. Pupil of the Cons, della Pieta, Na- 
 ples ; singing-teacher in that city, then for a 
 time tn. de chap, at Nimes ; went to Paris in 
 1804, prod, some comic operas, and finally 
 founded a music-publishing business, a specialty 
 of which was contemporary Italian operas. 
 
 Paci'ni, Giovanni, opera-composer ; b. Cata- 
 nia, Feb. 17, 1796; d. Pescia, Dec. 6,1867. 
 Pupil of Marchesi 
 and Padre Mattei at 
 Bologna, and of 
 Furlanetto at Ven- 
 ice ; first opera was 
 Annetta e Lucinda 
 (Th. of Santa Rade- 
 gonda, Venice, 
 1813); up to 1835 
 he had prod, over 
 40 operas on vari- 
 ous Italian stages, 
 when the failure of 
 Carlo di Borgogna 
 
 at Venice temporarily checked the flow of dra- 
 matic composition ; he went to Viareggio, near 
 Lucca, and established a very successful school 
 of music there, for which he wrote several short 
 treatises: " Corso teoretico-pratico di lezioni di 
 armonia," " Principi elementari col metodo pel 
 meloplasto," " Memoria sul migliore indirizzo 
 degli studi rausicali " (1863), " Cenni storici sulla 
 musica e trattato di contrappunto " (1864), and 
 built a private theatre. Later he removed the 
 school to Lucca. In 1840 P., who prided him- 
 self on rapid work, wrote his dramatic master- 
 piece, Saffo, in 28 days ; its reception at Naples 
 on Nov. 29 was enthusiastic. Forty more operas 
 followed up to 1867 ; the best were Medea (Pa- 
 lermo, 1843), La regina di Cipro (Turin, 1846), 
 and Nicoib de' Lapi (Rio de Janeiro, 1855). 
 This indefatigable composer also prod, numer- 
 ous oratorios, cantatas, masses, etc.; "Dante" 
 symphony ; an octet ; 6 string-quartets ; other 
 
 430 
 
PACIUS— PAGANINI 
 
 chamber-music ; vocal duets and arias ; he was 
 an active contributor to several mus. papers ; 
 and publ. memoirs, ' ' Le mie raemorie artistiche " 
 (Florence, 1865 ; enlarged by Cicconetti, 1872 ; 
 rev. by F. Magnani, 1875). — Saffo still remains 
 on the Italian dramatic repertory. — His brother, 
 Emilio Pacini, b. 1810 ; d. Neuilly, n. Paris, 
 Dec. 2, 1898, was a distinguished librettist : // 
 Trovatore was from his pen. 
 
 Pa'cius, Friedrich, fine violinist, pupil of 
 Spohr; b. Hamburg, Mar. ig, 1B09; d. Hel- 
 singfors, Jan. 9, 1891, where he had been mus. 
 dir. at the Univ. since 1834. Prod. 2 operas 
 at Helsingfors : Karls XII. Jagd (1854), and 
 Loreley (1857). 
 
 Paderew'ski [reff'-], Ignace Jan, b. Podo- 
 lia, Poland, Nov. 6, 1859. Admirable pianist ; 
 pupil, at Warsaw 
 Cons., of Raguski 
 (harm, and cpt.) ; at 
 Berlin, of Urban and 
 Wuerst ; at Vienna, 
 of Leschetitzki. 
 1878-83, teacher of 
 pf. at Warsaw Cons. ; 
 since then his con- 
 cert-tours through 
 Europe and America 
 have assured his fame 
 as one of the fore- 
 most pianists of the 
 time. In the United 
 States and England, 
 especially, he is 
 everywhere received with enthusiasm. In Jan. 
 and Feb., 1899, he was concertizing in Russia. 
 — Works : Op. I, Prelude and Minuet f. pf.; op. 
 4, Elegie f. pf. ; op. 5, Danses polonaises, f. pf. ; 
 op. 6, Introd. et toccata f . pf . ; op. 7, 4 songs 
 (German and Polish) ; op. 8, Chants du voya- 
 geur f . pf.; op. 9, Danses polonaises f. pf. ; op. 
 10, Album de mai, scenes polon. f. pf. ; op. Ii, 
 Var.s and fugue on orig. theme, f. pf. ; op. 13, 
 sonata f. vln. and pf. ; op. 14, Humoresques de 
 concert f. pf. (Book i : Menuet, Sarabande, Ca- 
 price ; Book ii. Burlesque, Intermezzo polacco, 
 Cracovienne fantastique) ; op. 15, Dans le de- 
 sert, toccata f. pf. ; op. 16, Miscellanea f. pf. 
 (Legende, Melodic, Theme varie. Nocturne) ; 
 op. 17, pf.-concerto ; op. 18, 6 songs w. pf. 
 (" My tears were flowing"; " Wand'ring along"; 
 "My sweetest darling"; "Over the waters"; 
 "Ah what tortures"; "Were I the ribbon"); 
 op. ig, Polish fantasia on orig. themes, f. pf. 
 w. orch. ; op. 20, Legende No. 2, f. pf . — Pade- 
 rewski Fund. After his American tour of 
 1895-6, P. established a cash fund of $10,000 
 (orig. trustees were Wm. Steinway, Major H. L. 
 Higginson, and Dr. Wm. Mason), the interest 
 to be devoted to triennial prizes " to composers 
 of American birth without distinction as to age 
 or religion": I. $500 for best orch.l work in 
 symphonic form ; 2. $300 for best composition 
 for solo instr. w. orch. ; 3. $200 for best cham- 
 
 ber-music work. Mr. Steinway added $1500 
 for prizes, to institute the first competition in 
 1897. 
 
 Padi'lla y Ra'mos [pah-dil'-yah], baritone 
 opera-singer ; b. Murcia, Spain, 1842. Pupil 
 of Mabellini at Florence ; sang at Messina, 
 Turin, etc., St. Petersburg, Vienna, and Berlin. 
 Married DesireeArtot in 1869. 
 
 Paer,Ferdinando, dramatic comp. ; b. Parma, 
 June I, 1771 ; d. Paris, May 3, 1839. After 
 lessons from the violinist Ghiretti, he gave up 
 study for operatic composition, bringing out 
 La locanda dei vagabondi sX. Parma in 1789, and 
 I pretendenii burlati (\lyS), after which he was 
 called to Venice as theatre-cond., and wrote 
 several operas in the light and melodious style 
 of Cimarosa, Paisiello, etc. In Vienna, I7g7- 
 1802, his style, doubtless influenced by Mozart's 
 masterpieces, underwent a change, both har- 
 mony and orchestration showing increased variety 
 and fullness ; Camilla, ossia il sotterraveo (i7gg) 
 is considered his best opera. P. succeeded Nau- 
 mann as court Kapellm. at Dresden in 1802 ; 
 Eleanora, ossia JJamore conjugate (1805) is iden- 
 tical in subject with Beethoven's Fidelia. In 
 1807 he went to Paris, becoming iitailre de 
 chapelle to Napoleon, and conductor of theOpera- 
 Comique ; later (1812) he succeeded Spontini at 
 the Th. Italien, where he remained, through the 
 vicissitudes of the Catalini's domination, and 
 the joint-conductorship of Rossini (1824-6), his 
 successful rival on the stage, until his forced 
 resignation in 1827 (he was held to blame for 
 the poor financial condition of the theatre). In 
 1828 he received the cross of the Legion of 
 Honor ; was elected to the Academic in 1831 ; 
 and in 1S32 was app. cond. of the royal chamber- 
 music. His 43 operas have disappeared from 
 public view ; he also wrote 2 oratorios and a 
 Passion, 10 cantatas, and much other vocal music; 
 a " Symphonic bacchante," and var.s on " Vive 
 Henri IV," f. full orch. ; 4 grand military 
 marches ; 6 waltzes f . wind-band ; 3 grand so- 
 natas f. pf., violin obbl., and 'cello ad lib.; a 
 fantasia f. pf., 2 flutes, 2 horns, and bassoon ; 
 many pf. -variations. 
 
 Paesierio. See Paisiello. 
 
 Pagani'ni, Niccolo, most famous of violin- 
 virtuosi ; b. Genoa, Oct. 27, 1782 ; d. Nice, 
 May 27, 1840. His father, a poor shopkeeper 
 with little musical knowledge, but loving the art, 
 taught him to play on the mandolin, and then 
 procured abler teachers for his gifted son ; un- 
 der G. Servetto, and after him the maestro dl 
 cappelta G. Costa, Niccolo's progress in violin- 
 playing was rapid ; at 8 he comp. a sonata for 
 violin ; in 1793 he appeared in public ; and from 
 1795 he studied with Ghiretti and Aless. Rolla 
 at Parma, but soon surpassed his instructors. 
 His career as an independent virtuoso dates 
 from 1798, when he ran away from his father 
 after a concert at Lucca, and made a tour by 
 himself to Pisa and other places. Though only 
 
 431 
 
PAGE— PAINE 
 
 i6, he was passionately fond of gambling, and 
 addicted to all forms of dissipation; at Leg- 
 horn he had to part 
 with his violin to 
 payagambling debt, 
 but a M. Levron 
 lent him a fine 
 Joseph Guarnerius, 
 and was so charmed 
 with his playing that 
 he made him a pres- 
 ent of it. (P. left it 
 by will to the city 
 of Genoa ; it may 
 be seen in the Mu- 
 nicipal Building, 
 where it is kept un- 
 der glass.) In 1804 he went home, and spent a 
 year in assiduous practice ; set out again on his 
 travels in 1805, arousing unbounded enthusiasm ; 
 was soon app. court solo violinist at Lucca, 
 (where his novel performances on the G-string 
 began), and stayed there until 1808 ; then up 
 to 1827 travelled throughout Italy, his renown 
 spreading from year to year, and his vast techni- 
 cal resources maturing and augmenting so that 
 victory over would-be rivals (Lafont at Milan, 
 1816, and Lipinski at Piacenza, 1817) was easy. 
 Leaving Italy for the first time in 1828, his open- 
 ing concert at Vienna was an unparalleled 
 triumph ; from the municipality he received the 
 great gold medal of St. Salvator ; from the 
 Emperor the (honorary) title of court virtuoso. 
 He reached Berlin in March, 1829, Paris in 
 March, 1831 ; and played for the first time in 
 London on June 3, 1831. Within a year he 
 accumulated a fortune in Britain. The winter 
 of 1833-4 was passed in Paris ; he then retired 
 for a time to his villa at Parma, though often 
 visiting Paris ; his health had already begun to 
 fail seriously, as a result of life-long dissipation 
 and excitement. He spent the winter of 1838 in 
 Paris, where his chief disorder, laryngeal phthisis, 
 was aggravated by the climate and by chagrin 
 at financial losses ; he lived for several months 
 at Marseilles with a friend, but finding no relief, 
 repaired to Nice for the winter, and died there 
 the following spring. — As a soloist, P. was the 
 most wonderful and original of violin-players. 
 His stupendous technique (in double-stops, left- 
 hand pizzicato, staccato, harmonics), great power 
 and perfect control of tone, the romantic passion 
 and intense energy of his style, quite apart from 
 his personal eccentricities (which were number- 
 less) and mere tricks of virtuosity (such as tuning 
 up the A-string by a semitone), made him the 
 marvel of his time. He never controlled his in- 
 dividuality so far as to become even a good 
 quartet-player ; he was an artist quite sui generis, 
 whose dazzHng genius held his audiences spell- 
 bound, and impressed musicians and amateurs 
 alike. That such gifts could be united with the 
 most sordid avarice and unbridled sensuality, is 
 a fact requiring no further comment here ; it aids 
 in explaining the small number and ephemeral 
 
 character of his compositions. — Works : 24 Ca- 
 pricct per violino solo (op. i ; pf. -transcriptions 
 by Schumann and Liszt) ; 6 Sonate per violino 
 e chitarra (op. 2) ; do. (op. 3) ; 3 gran quartetti 
 a violino, viola, chitarra e violoncello (op. 4, 5) ; 
 Concerto in E [j (solo part written in D, for a 
 violin tuned a semitone higher) (op. 6) ; Con- 
 certo in B min., "La Campanella," w. Rondo 
 k la clochette (op. 7), " Le Streghe," var.s on 
 theme by S. Mayr (op. 8) ; Var.s on " God save 
 the King" (op. 9) ; "II Carnevale di Venezia," 
 20 variations (op. 10) ; the concert Allegro 
 " Moto perpetuo" (op. 11) ; Var.s on "Nonpiii 
 mesta" (op. 12) ; do. on " Di tanti palpiti" (op. 
 13) ; "Variazioni di bravura " on airs from Mose ; 
 60 Studies in 60 progressive var.s on the air 
 " Barucaba," and a Sonata w. accomp. of violin 
 and 'cello, or -pf. — Biographical : Schottky, 
 " Paganini's Leben und Treiben als Kiinstler 
 und als Mensch" (Prague, 1830); Fetis, "No- 
 tice biographique sur N. P." (Paris, 1851 ; Engl, 
 transl. London, 1852); A. Niggli, "Paganini" 
 (1882); Conestabile, "Vita di N. P." (Perugia, 
 1851) ; O. Bruni, " N. P., racconto storico" 
 (Florence, 1873). 
 
 Page, John, b. England, about 175c ; d. 
 London, Aug., 1812. Tenor singer ; lay-clerk 
 at St. George's, Windsor, 1790 ; Gentleman of 
 Chapel Roj'al ; Vicar-choral at St. Paul's, 1801. 
 — Publ. "Harmonia sacra" (1800; 3 vol.s; a 
 coll. of 74 anthems in score, by eminent Engl, 
 composers of the i6th-i7th centuries ; new ed. 
 by Rimbault) ; " Festive Harmony ..." (1804; „ 
 4 vol.s; madrigals, glees, and elegies); "Col- 
 lection of Hymns ..." (1804); "The Burial 
 Service, Chant, Evening Service, Dirge, and 
 Anthems App. to be Perf . at the Funeral of Lord 
 Nelson" (1806); anthems, psalms, etc. 
 
 Paine, John Knowles, b. Portland, Me., 
 ■Jan. 9, 1839. Pupil of Kotzschmar ^ Portland, 
 and of Haupt (cpt.), 
 Fischer (singing), 
 and Wieprecht (in- 
 strumentation) at 
 Berlin, 1858-61. Af- 
 ter organ-concerts in 
 Berlin and various 
 American cities, he 
 settled in Boston as 
 organist of the West 
 Church, Cambridge 
 St. In 1862 he be- 
 came teacher of mu- 
 sic at Harvard Univ. , 
 and organist at Ap- 
 pleton Chapel, Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. ; since 1876 he has occupied the 
 newly created professorship of music at Har- 
 vard, the first in any American University. A 
 fine concert-organist. As a composer his first, 
 classic, period has been followed by a turn to 
 romanticism, and he is one of the leaders in 
 American musical development. — Works [those 
 with * are publ.] : Domine salvum fac, f. male 
 
 432 
 
PAISIELLO— PALADILHE 
 
 ch. and orch., op. 8 (1863) ; * Mass in D, f. soli, 
 ch.,and orch., op. 10; * oratorio Si. Peter, op. 
 20; * Centennial Hymn in D, f. ch. and orch., 
 op. 27 (Phila., 1876) ; music to * (Edipus ty- 
 rannus [Sophocles], f. male voices and orch., 
 op. 35 ; * TAe Realm of Fancy, cantata f. sopr. 
 solo, ch. , and orch. , op. 36 ; * " Phoebus, arise " ; 
 
 * The Nativity, cantata f. soli, ch., and orch., 
 op. 38 ; *Song of Promise, cantata f. sopr., ch., 
 and orch., op. 43 ; — 2 symphonies, op. 23 in C 
 min., and op. 34 in A (* Spring Symphony) ; 2 
 symphonic poems, op. 31 in D min., on The 
 Tempest, and op. 44 in GjJ min. and A|j, " An 
 Island Fantasy" ; overture to As you like it ; 
 Duo concertante f. vln. and 'cello w. orch., in A, 
 op. 33 ; String-quartet, op. 5 ; pf.-trio, op. 22 ; 
 Larghetto and Scherzo f. pf., vln., and 'cello, op. 
 32 ; Romanza and Scherzo f. pf. and 'cello, op. 
 30; Sonata f. pf. and violin, op. 24 ; a variety of 
 
 * characteristic pieces f. pf. ; * variations and 
 fantasias f. organ ; motets, part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Paisiel'lo, Giovanni, famous dram. comp. ; 
 b. Taranto, Italy, May 9, 1741 ; d. Naples, June 
 3, 1816. From the 
 age of 5 he studied 
 at the Jesuit school 
 in Taranto, wliere 
 he was taught by a 
 priest, Resta, and 
 where his singing 
 
 so delighted Gua- <«nnw, tW^raMB^^ 9 
 ducci, ffia^j^?-oat the 
 Capuchin church, 
 that he advised his 
 father to place him 
 in the Cons, di .S. 
 Onofrio at Naples. ■ »/ . v ♦ y 
 Here he studied un- / 
 
 der Durante, Cotumacci, and Abos, from 1754- 
 59, remaining 4 years longer as a teacher, and 
 occupying himself with sacred composition 
 (masses, oratorios, etc.). But a comic inter- 
 mezzo, perf. at the Cons, theatre in 1763, dis- 
 covered such dramatic talent, that he was com- 
 missioned to write an opera for the Marsigli Th. 
 at Bologna; here his first comic opera was prod.. 
 La Pupilla, ossia II Mondo alia rovescia (1764). 
 For 12 years, during which he brought out no 
 less than 50 operas, his successes were many, 
 and reverses few, even in rivalry with Piccinni 
 and Cimarosa ; though he did not scruple to win 
 his triumphs by the aid of low trickery and in- 
 trigues prompted by artistic jealousy. Impor- 
 tant works of this period are // marchese di 'Tu- 
 lipano (Rome, 1766), L'Idolo cinese (Naples, 
 1767; Paris, Acad. R. de Mus., 1779), ^"d La 
 Serva padrona (Naples, 1769). Invited to St. 
 Petersburg by Empress Catherine in 1776, he 
 lived there 8 years on a princely salary ; II Bar- 
 Here di Siviglia, given at St. P. in 1776, was the 
 first opera with that title, and so charmed the 
 Romans that Rossini's masterpiece was not even 
 allowed a hearing at its initial performance. 
 During the next 15 years he acted as maestro di 
 
 28 433 
 
 cappella to Ferdinand IV. of Naples (1784-99) ; 
 L Olimpiade (1786), and Nina, La Pazzaper 
 amore {I'jiit), a charming " opera semiseria," a 
 genre in which Paisiello excelled). La Molinara, 
 and / Zingari in fcra, are especially note- 
 worthy. During the revolutionary period of 
 1799-1801 P. stood well with the republican gov- 
 ernment, but lost the favor of the King, together 
 with his place and salary. From 1802-3 he was 
 Napoleon's mattre de chapelle at Paris, and a 
 favorite of the First Consul, who preferred his 
 music to Cherubini's. From 1803 to the Bour- 
 bon restoration of 1815, he held his former po- 
 sition at Naples, and other places of importance, 
 all of which latter he lost on Ferdinand's return in 
 1815, being retained solely as maestro di cappella 
 in recognition of his eminent abilities. — P. was 
 an extraordinarily productive composer, and one 
 of the most popular of his time ; yet of his 100 
 or more operas only La Serva padrona and pos- 
 sibly one or two others are ever played nowa- 
 days. His vein of melody was original, fresh, 
 and natural ; although he introduced instru- 
 mental effects that were novel in Italy, he care- 
 fully avoided the over-elaborate vocal numbers 
 common to the period, obtaining his effect by 
 the grace, beauty, and dramatic truthfulness of 
 his melody. Seven operas were printed : II mar- 
 chese di Tulipano, La Serva padrona, II Bar- 
 biere, II re Teodoro, La Molinara, Nina, and 
 Proserpine. — Church-music : A Passion ora- 
 torio (Warsaw, 1784); 3 solemn masses f. double 
 choir and 2 orchestras ; Te Deum f . do. ; Re- 
 quiem f. 4 voices and orch. (perf. at his own 
 funeral) ; 30 masses f. do. ; 2 5-part masses ; 
 Dixit, Magnificat, Miserere, about 40 motets w. 
 orch. ; etc. — 12 symphonies ; funeral march for 
 Gen. Hoche ; 6 pf. -concertos ; 12 pf. -quartets ; 
 6 string-quartets ; sonata and concerto f . harp ; 
 2 vol.s of sonatas, caprices, etc., f. pf.. — 
 Biogr. sketches by Arnold (in German, 1810), 
 Gagliardo (1816), Le Sueur (1816), Quatremere 
 de Quincy (1817), Schizzi (Milan, 1833), Villa- 
 rosa (Naples, 1840, in " Memorie dei composi- 
 tore . . . "). 
 
 Paix, Jacob, b. Augsburg, 1550 ; d. after 
 1590 as organist at Lauingen. — Publ. " Ein 
 schon nutz- und gebreuchlich Orgel-Tabulatur- 
 buch " (1583 ; motets a 4-12, .songs, passamezzi, 
 etc.) ; ' ' Selectae, artificiosae et elegantes fugae " 
 (1587, 1590); 2 orig. masses, " Missa parodia 
 Mutetae " (1587), and " Missa Helveta " (1590) ; 
 " Thesaurus motettarum" (1589 ; 22 motets by 
 various comp.s) ; " Kurzer Bericht aus Gottes 
 Wort und bewahrte Kirchenhistorie von der 
 Musik" (1589). 
 
 Paladilhe, Emile, b. Montpellier, June 3, 
 1844. Entered Paris Cons, in 1853 ; studied 
 under Marmontel (pf.), Benoist (org.), and Ha- 
 levy (cpt.) ; 1st prize for pf. and organ, 1857 ; 
 won the Grand prix de Rome in i860 with the 
 cantata Le czar Ivan /F(Opera, i860). While 
 in Rome, he sent to the Academie an Italian 
 opera buffa, an overture, and a symphony ; re- 
 
PALESTRINA 
 
 turning to Paris, he brought out a number of 
 
 songs, and in 1872 the i-act comic opera Le 
 
 Passant, at the Op.- 
 
 Comique, followed 
 
 by the 2-act ditto, 
 
 V Amour africain 
 
 (1875), the 3-act do., 
 
 Suzanne (1878), the 
 
 3-act do., 'Diana 
 
 (1885), the 5-act opera 
 
 Patrie! (Opera, 
 
 1886 ; in Hamburg, 
 
 1889, as Vaterland; 
 
 at La Scala, Milan, 
 
 1895, as Patria) ; and 
 
 Les Saintes Maries 
 
 de la . mer, a lyric 
 
 drama (MontpelUer, 1892). Has also prod. 2 
 
 masses, a symphony, some sacred music, and 
 
 numerous songs, among which the ' ' Mando- 
 
 linata," "Premieres pensees," and "Melodies 
 
 ecossaises," are popular. 
 
 Palestri'na, [Giovanni Pierluigi Sante, 
 called da Palestrina,] the greatest composer of 
 the Catholic 
 Church and of the 
 Roman School, 
 was born at Pale- 
 strina, near Rome, 
 probably 15 14 or 
 I 5 I 5 ; died at 
 Rome, Feb. 2 , 
 1594. Born of 
 poor parents, his 
 early life is ob- 
 scure ; it is said 
 that he earned his 
 living at first as a 
 church-singer ; he 
 was probably a 
 pupil in CI. Goudimel's famous school in 1540, 
 and organist at his native town 1544-51, in 
 which year he succeeded Rosseli as magister 
 puerorum (master of the boys) in the Cappella 
 Giulia, with the title of "maestro della cappella 
 della Basilica Vaticana." His first published 
 work was a book of masses a 4, dedicated to 
 Pope Julius III., who, recognizing his genius, 
 caused him to be admitted to the Pontifical 
 Chapel as a singer (a gross infraction of the 
 rules, P. being married, and a poor singer) in 
 Jan., 1554. Paul IV., on his accession to the 
 Holy See, dismissed P. with a pension of 6 
 scudi per month (July 30, 1555) ; however, on 
 the latter's recovery from a severe illness caused 
 by this blow, the Pope appointed him maestro di 
 cappella at the Lateran (Oct. i, 1555). In 1560 
 his famous Improperia for Holy Week attracted 
 such attention, that the Pope (Pius IV.) secured 
 them for the Sistine Chapel, where they have 
 since been performed on every Good Friday. 
 In 1561 he exchanged his post for the better- 
 salaried one of maestro at Santa Maria Mag- 
 giore. He remained in this church for a decade. 
 
 during which his fame was firmly established. 
 The scheme of Pope Paul IV. for the reform of 
 church-music, laid before the Council of Trent 
 (1545-63), had resulted in the determination by 
 that august body to suppress all distinctly secu- 
 lar elements, and more particularly the canli 
 fenni borrowed by even eminent composers 
 from the melodies of indecent songs ; but they 
 hesitated to adopt the more radical features in 
 the Pope's program, especially the abolition of 
 figural song. During further discussion of this 
 matter by the College of Cardinals in 1564, Pa- 
 lestrina was requested to write a mass which, 
 without banishing the beauties of florid melody 
 and polyphonic art, should be in every way ap- 
 propriate for church-performance. He wrote 
 not one, but three, of which the third, the 
 " Missa papae Marcelli," was so wholly satis- 
 factory that the idea of banishing polyphonic 
 music from the church-service was definitively 
 abandoned, and P. ("the saviour of music") 
 was appointed composer to the Pontifical 
 Chapel, a post of honor held only by himself 
 and Anerio. In 1571 he succeeded Animuccia 
 as maestro of St. Peter's, an office which he re- 
 tained until his death. He was also interested 
 in Neri's " Congregazione del Oratorio" as a 
 composer {v. Neri), taught 'occasionally in 
 Nanini's school, and was maestro concertatore to 
 Prince Buoncompagni from 1581. The desire 
 of Pope Sixtus V. to make P. maestro of the 
 Sistine Chapel, was frustrated by the opposition 
 of the singers, who refused to serve under a 
 layman. The revision of the Roman Gradual 
 and Antiphonal, entrusted to P. by Pope Greg- 
 ory XIII., remained unfinished; there were 
 published the " Directorium chori " (15S2), the 
 Passion songs after the 4 Evangelists (1586), 
 the Offices of Holy Week (1587), and the Prae- 
 fationes (1588). On the death of his pupil and 
 assistant, Giudetti, P. was obliged to suspend 
 the work. — Palestrina's works mark the cul- 
 mination of the era of strict simple contra- 
 puntal composition in the Gregorian modes ; 
 the perfection of a cappella church-music within 
 these limits. Orlandus Lassus and Giovanni 
 Gabrieli approach, but hardly equal him. A 
 monumental edition of his complete composi- 
 tions has been publ. by Breitkopf and Hartel in 
 33 volumes (1862-94) ; vol.s i-iii edited by 
 Theodor de Witt and J. N. Rauch ; vol.s iv- 
 viii by Franz Espagne ; vol. ix by Fr. Commer ; 
 and vol.s x-xxxiii by Fr. X. Haberl. The con: 
 tents of these volumes is as follows : Vol. I, 24 
 Motets o 5, 7 do. a 6, 2 do. u. 7 ; Vol. II, 17 
 Motets « 5, 8 do. a 6, 4 do. a 8 ; Vol. Ill, 18 
 Motets a 5, 9 do. a 6, 6 do. a 8 ; Vol. IV, 40 
 Motets a 5 ; Vol. V, 57 Motets a 4 ; Vol. VI, 
 2 Motets a 5, 8 do. a 6, 25 do. « 8 ; Vol. VII, 7 
 Motets « 4, 2 do. a 6, 22 do. a 8, 4 do. a 12; 
 Vol. VIII, 45 Hymns a 4 ; Vol. IX, 68 Offer- 
 tories a 5 ; Vol.s X-XXIV, 92 Masses a 4, 5. 
 6, and 8 ; Vol. XXV, 9 Lamentations, each in 
 several different arrangements a 3, 4, 5. 6, or 8 ; 
 Vol. XXVI, 17 Litanies, Motets and Psalms* 
 
 434 
 
PALLAVICINI— rANOFKA 
 
 3-12; Vol. XXVII, 35 Magnificats a 4, 5, 6, 
 and 8 ; Vol. XXVIII, about 90 Italian (secu- 
 lar) Madrigals a 3, 4, 5, and 6 ; Vol. XXIX, 
 56 Church-Madrigals (Latin) ; Supplementary 
 volumes : Vol. XXX (from publ. collections of 
 the 16th and 17th centuries), 12 Cantiones sacrae 
 a 3-8, 12 Cantiones profanae a 3-5, and 14 
 Cant, sacrae a 4-12 ; Vol. XXXI (from ar- 
 chives of Pontifical Chapel, etc.), 56 miscel- 
 laneous numbers, many doubtful; includes 11 
 "Esercizi sopra la scala"; Vol. XXXII, 60 
 miscellaneous, incl. 8 Ricercari a 4, also Re- 
 sponses, Antiphones, etc.; Vol. XXXIII, 
 Documents, Index, Bibliography, etc. — Several 
 especially fine works are publ. separately ; — 
 Masses: " Aeterna Christi munera" f. A. T. 
 Bar. B.; "Dies sanctificatus " f. S. A. T. B.; 
 "0 sacrum convivium " f. S. A. T. (I. II.) B.; 
 an 8-part mass ; " Assumpta est Maria in 
 coelum" a 6 ; " Dilexi quoniam" f. S. A. T. (I. 
 II.) B.; " Ecce ego Joannes " f. S. A. T. (I. II.) 
 B. ; " Papae Marcelli " at ; " Tu es Petrus " a 6 ; 
 — the Motet " Exaudi Domine " a 4; I Lamenta- 
 tion a 3, and 204 (male voices) ; also selected 
 Madrigals, Canzonets, etc. In Waldersee's 
 "Sammlung musikalischer Vortrage," No. 52, 
 will be found full information ; Br. & H. also 
 publ. a special catalogue. As this nevir edition 
 supersedes and includes all previous ones, a list 
 of original editions is omitted. — Biographical : 
 Baini, " Memorie storio-critiche della vita e 
 dalle opere di G. P. da P." (Rome, 1828, 2 
 vol.s ; an excellent monograph ; German ed. 
 1834); Nisard, " G. P. da P." (Paris, date?) ; 
 A. Bartolini, " Elogio di G. P. da P." (Rome, 
 1870) ; Baumker (sketch ; 1877) ; A. Cametti, 
 "Cenni biografici di G. P. da P." (Milan, 
 1895). 
 
 Pallavici'ni (or Pallavicino), Benedetto, 
 b. Cremona ; d. Mantua (?) after 1616, where he 
 was maestro to the Duke. He publ. I book of 
 madrigals a 4 (1570), 7 books a 5 (1581, '93, '96, 
 '97, 1612, '13), I book a 6 (1587), and other mad- 
 rigals in coll.s ; also a book of motets n 8, 12, and 
 16 (1595). 
 
 Pallavici'ni (or Pallavicino), Carlo, b. 
 Brescia, 1630 ; d. Dresden, Jan. 27, 1688. Vice- 
 Kapellm. in 1667, and Kapellm. in 1672, to the 
 Dresden court ; after a stay in Italy, he became 
 Kapellm. of the new Italian Opera at Dresden. 
 Composed over 20 operas for Italian theatres and 
 Dresden ; La Gerusalemme liberata (1688), and 
 AnHope (finished by Strungk, and prod, at Dres- 
 den, 1689), were the last. 
 
 Pallo'ni, Gaetano, b. Camerino, Italy, Aug. 
 4, 1831 ; a pupil of Cellini at Fermo, where he 
 became the favorite organist in 1854 ; studied 
 further with Mabellini at Florence, where he 
 still (1899) lives as a much-sought singing- 
 teacher. Has publ. many graceful songs, duets, 
 etc. 
 
 Pal'me, Rudolf, b. Barby-on-Elbe, Oct. 23, 
 1834. Organist ; pupil of A. G. Ritter. Royal 
 Mus. Dir., and org. of the Ch. of the Holy Ghost 
 
 at Magdeburg. — Works : Much organ-music 
 (concert-fantasias w. male chorus, sonatas, cho- 
 rale-preludes) ; male choruses, songs, school- 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Palmer, Horatio Richmond, b. Sherburne, 
 N. Y., Apr. 26, 1834. Taught by his father 
 and sister, later by various teachers in New 
 York, Berlin, and Florence. Began composing 
 at 18, and chorus-conducting at 20. In 1857, 
 head of mus. dept., Rushford Acad.; settled in 
 Chicago after the Civil War ; edited the "Con- 
 cordia " ; cond. associations in the Northern 
 States and Canada ; from 1873 he had charge, 
 for many years, of the New Church Choral 
 Union, giving concerts with as many as 4,000 
 singers. Since 1877, Dean of the Summer 
 School of Music at Chautauqua, conducting from 
 2 to 4 concerts weekly. Active popular teacher ; 
 of his coll.s "The Song Queen," "The Song 
 King," "The Song Herald," and "Concert 
 Choruses," have had great success ; also "Theory 
 of Music," " Class Method " (of elem. teaching), 
 "Manual for Teachers" (in public schools), 
 " Brief Statements," " Mus. Catechism," etc. — 
 Mus. Doc. (Chicago Univ. and Alfred Univ.). 
 
 Palo'schi, Giovanni, of the publishing- 
 house of Ricordi, Milan ; b. 1824 ; d. Jan. 2, 
 1892 ; publ. 1876 (2nd ed. 1878), a valuable 
 "General Musical Calendar" (" Annuario mu- 
 sicale universale ") ; also contributed to the 
 " Gazzetta Musicale." 
 
 Palot'ta, Matteo, b. Palermo, 1680; d. 
 Vienna, Mar. 28, 1758. Court comp. at Vienna, 
 1733-41, and again from 1749. Wrote "Gre- 
 gorian! cantus enucleata praxis et cognitio." 
 Motets and masses in MS., Vienna. 
 
 Pa'miflger (or Pammi'gerus, Panni'gerus), 
 Leonhardt, b. Aschau, Upper Austria, 1484 ; 
 d. Passau, May 3, 1567, as school-rector and 
 seer, of the St. Nicolaus monastery. — Works : 
 4 books of motets, " Ecclesiasticarum cantionum 
 4, 5, 6 et plurimura vocum . . ." (Nuremberg, 
 1573), remarkable for skilful polyphony. 
 
 Pan'ny, Joseph, b. Kolmitzberg, Lower 
 Austria, Oct. 23, 1794 ; d. Sept. 7, 1838, at 
 Mayence, where he had founded a music-school. 
 Violinist ; comp. a scena f. violin and orch. for 
 Paganini ; publ. easy string-quartets (op. 15), a 
 sonata for the G-string, trios and solos f. violin, 
 masses, a Requiem, male choruses, etc. 
 
 Panof'ka, Heinrich, b. Breslau, Oct. 2, 1807 ; 
 d. Florence, Nov. 18, 1887. Violinist, a pupil 
 of the cantors Strauch and Forster, at ten he 
 played in a concert, and from 1824-7 studied at 
 Vienna under Mayseder and Hoffmann ; then 
 gave concerts, went to Munich in 1829, thence to 
 Berlin, and settled in Paris (1834), playing at 
 the Cons, concerts, and studying the art of sing- 
 ing and vocal instruction under Bordogni, with 
 whom he founded, in 1842, an "Academic de 
 chant," which failed in competition, with the 
 Prince of Moszkva's " Soc. de concerts." Lived 
 
 435 
 
PANSERON— PARADIS 
 
 1844-52 at London, becoming famous as a sing- 
 ing-teacher ; was also Lumley's asst.-cond. at H. 
 M.'s Th. in 1847, during Jenny Lind's appear- 
 ances ; returned to 
 Paris, 1852 ; settled 
 in Florence, 1866. 
 — He wrote consid- 
 erable violin-music 
 during his virtuoso- 
 period (variations, 
 rondos, a sonata, 
 studies, charact. 
 pieces, duos con- 
 certants w. pf .), and 
 transl. Baillot's 
 Method f. Violin in- 
 to German ; but his 
 instructive vocal 
 works are more im- 
 portant : "The Practical Singing Tutor;" 
 " L'art de chanter" (op. 81); an "Abecedaire 
 vocal " ; "24 Vocalises progressives " (op. 85) ; 
 "12 Vocalises d'artiste " (op. 86); " Erholung 
 und Studiura" (op. 87); "86 nouveaux exer- 
 cices" (op. 88); " 12 Vocalises pour contralto " 
 (op. 8g) ; " 12 Vokalisen filr Bass" (op. go). 
 
 Panseron, Auguste-Mathieu, b. Paris, 
 Apr. 26, 1796 ; d. there July 29, 1859. His fa- 
 ther, who instru- 
 mented manyoperas 
 for Gretry, taught 
 him until he entered 
 the Paris Cons, in 
 1804 ; he studied 
 under Gossec, Le- 
 vasseur,and Bertini, 
 winning the Grand 
 prix de Rome in 
 1813 with his can- 
 tata Her mini e . 
 After study in Bo- 
 logna (with Mattel), 
 Rome, Naples, 
 Vienna (Salieri), 
 and Munich, he 
 returned to Paris in 1818, taught singing, was 
 accompanist at the Opera-Comique, and prod. 3 
 i-act operas ; became prof, of solfeggio at the 
 Cons, in 1826, prof, of vocalisation in 1831, and 
 prof, of singing in 1836. From 1825-40 he 
 brought out some 200 charming romances ; he 
 also comp. church-music (2 masses f. 3 soprani, 
 and motets a 3-4, " Mois de Marie," werepubl.), 
 etc. ; but attained real eminence as a vocal teacher 
 and as a writer of instructive works on singing : 
 "ABC musical " (solfeggi written for his 
 daughter, aged 8) ; " Solf eges d'artiste" (50 
 solfeggi w. change of clefs) ; 36 do. , of advanced 
 difficulty ; " Solfege d'ensemble a 2, 3 et 4 voix," 
 3 books ; " Solfege du pianiste" ; " Solfege du 
 violoniste," " Methode de vocalisation," followed 
 by a "Methode complete de. vocalisation " in 
 three books, and another series of special studies 
 and exercises for the different voices and grades 
 
 of difficulty ; also a " Traite de I'harmonie pra- 
 tique et de modulation." 
 
 Paoluc'ci, Giuseppe, b. Siena, 1727 ; d. 
 1777 as maestro of the Assisi Monastery. Pupil 
 of Padri Martini. — Publ. " Preces piae" f. 
 double choir (j-liii) \ and "Arte pratica di con- 
 trappunto dimostrato con esempj di vari autori " 
 (3 vol.s ; 1765-72). 
 
 Pa'pe, Johann Heinrich, b. Sarstedt, n. 
 Hanover, July I, 1789; d. Paris, Feb. 2, 1875. 
 A piano-maker ; worked 1811-15 for Pleyel in 
 Paris, later for himself. He built an 8-octave 
 piano ; introduced padded hammers ; and in- 
 vented (?) overstringing. 
 
 Papier, Louis, b. Leipzig, Feb. 26, 1829 ; 
 d. there Feb. 13, 1878 ; org. at the Thomas- 
 kirche from 1869 ; singing-teacher in public- 
 schools. Publ. pieces f. org. and pf. ; also 
 songs. 
 
 Papier, Rosa, b. Baden, n. Vienna, 1858. 
 Fine mezzo-soprano ; eng. at the Imp. Opera, 
 Vienna. Married Dr. Hans Paumgartner in 
 1881. 
 
 Papillon de la Fert6, Intendant of the 
 " menus plaisirs " of Louis XVL (1777), Inspec- 
 tor of the " Ecole royale de chant," director of 
 the Opera, was guillotined in 1793. — His son 
 was Mus. Intendant-in-chief after the Restora- 
 tion (1814). 
 
 Pap'peritz, Benjamin Robert, b. Pirna, 
 Saxony, Dec. 4, 1826. Studied under Haupt- 
 mann, Richter, and Moscheles, at the Leipzig 
 Cons., where he became teacher of harmony 
 and counterpoint in 1851. From 1868-99 he 
 was also organist of the Nikolaikirche, then re- 
 tiring. Excellent instructor ; ' ' Royal Professor " 
 in 1882. Publ. organ-music, choral works, and 
 songs. 
 
 Paque, Guillaume, 'cello-virtuoso, pupil of 
 Demunck ; b. Brussels, July 24, 1825 ; d. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 2, 1876. Teacher in Barcelona Cons. ; 
 soloist at the Royal Th., Madrid ; member of 
 the R. Orch., London, from 1863, and teacher 
 in Dr. Wylde's London Acad, of Mus. 
 
 Paradi'es (or Paradi'si), Pietro Domenico, 
 
 dram. comp. and harpsichord-player ; b. Naples, 
 1710 ; d. Venice, 1792. Pupil of Porpora ; 
 brought out operas in Italy, went to London in 
 1847, and lived there many years as a harpsi- 
 chord-teacher. — Publ. " 12 Sonate di gravicem- 
 balo" (London, 1746). Some pieces are in 
 Pauer's " Old Ital. Masters" ; many in MS. in 
 the Fitzwilliam Coll. 
 
 Paradis', Maria Theresia von, b. Vienna, 
 May 15, 1759 ; d. there Feb. I, 1824. Blind 
 from her fifth year, she was taught by Richter 
 and Kozeluch (pf.), Salieri and Righini (sing- 
 ing), and Friberth and Abbe Vogler (comp.), 
 becoming an excellent pianist and organist ; 
 played in Paris in 1784, and made a tour to Lon- 
 don, Brussels, and German capitals in 1786. By 
 the aid of a system of notation invented by a 
 
 436 
 
PARADISI— PARKER 
 
 friend, she became a skilful composer, her chief 
 works being a melodrama, Ariadne und Bacclnis 
 (Vienna, 1791), an operetta, Der Sclmlcandidat 
 (1792), the fairy opera Rinaldo und Alcina 
 (Prague, 1797), a funeral cantata on the death of 
 Louis XVI. (1794), a pf.-trio, sonatas and var.s 
 f. pf., songs, etc. In her last years she taught 
 singing and piano-playing. 
 
 Paradi'si. See Paradies. 
 
 Pare'ja. See Ramos di Pareja. 
 
 Parent, Charlotte-Francfes-Hortense, b. 
 London, Mar. 22, 1837. Pianist, pupil of Mme. 
 Farrenc (Paris Cons., 1853-7) ; foundress of an 
 ' ' Ecole preparatoire au prof essorat " (pf .-teachers' 
 seminary) at Paris ; authoress of a Method f. pf . 
 (1872) with supplementary exercises ; etc. 
 
 Pare'pa-Ro'sa («/^ Parepa de Boyescu'), 
 Euphrosyne, famous soprano ; b. Edinburgh, 
 May 7, 1836 ; d. London, Jan. 21, 1874. Her 
 father was a native of Bucharest, her mother, 
 Elizabeth Seguin, was a well-known singer, un- 
 dertaking her daughter's mus. education at first. 
 After the father's death she was trained for the 
 stage ; made her debut at 16, as Amina, in Malta ; 
 then sang in Naples, Genoa, Rome, Florence, 
 Madrid, and Lisbon, appearing in London as 
 Elvira in I Puriiani on May 21, 1857. She be- 
 came a great favorite there, singing frequently in 
 opera and oratorio up to her American tour in 
 1865 with Carl Rosa, whom she married on their 
 second American tour in 1867, when they organ- 
 ized an opera-company, with " Parepa" as lead- 
 ing lady, and gained great success. On her 
 third visit to America, in 1871, Parepa sang 
 with Santley and Wachtel in Italian opera ; re- 
 turned to England in 1873, intending to give 
 Lohengrin in English at Drury Lane the follow- 
 ing March; a project defeated by Parepa's sudden 
 illness. — Her voice, sweet and powerful, had a 
 compass of 2j octaves (to d'). She was even 
 more successful in oratorio than in opera. 
 
 Parish-Alvars, Elias, noted player on and 
 comp. for the harp; b. Teignmouth, Engl., 
 B'eb. 28, l8io; d. Vienna, Jan. 25, 1849. Of 
 Jewish parentage ; pupil of Dizi, Labarre, and 
 Bochsa. Tours in Germany, 1831, and Italy, 
 1834 ; concerts in London 1836-7 ; Oriental tour 
 1838-42, succeeded by further tours in Germany 
 and Italy. Settled in Vienna, 1847, as cham- 
 ber-harpist to the Emperor. Many fine works 
 for harp: Op. 62, "Voyage d'un harpiste en 
 Orient" (Turkish, Greek, and other melodies 
 f. solo harp) ; op. 67, March f. harp ; op. 81, 
 concerto f. harp w. orch., in G min.; op. 98, 
 do. in EI7 ; op. 91, concertino f. 2 harps w. 
 orch.; fantasias, romances, characteristic pieces, 
 transcriptions, etc., f. harp w. orch. or pf. 
 
 Parisi'ni, Federico, b. Bologna, Dec. 4, 
 1825 ; d. there Jan. 4, 1891. Pupil of P'abbri 
 at the Liceo Musicale, ' Bologna, becoming 
 teacher of harmony, etc., in that inst., succeed- 
 ing Gaspari as librarian of the Acad. Filarmo- 
 
 nica, of which he was twice president. Wrote 
 theoretical treatises on choral singing, harmony, 
 etc. ; comp. 5 well-received operettas for stu- 
 dents ; and lectured on mus. aesthetics and 
 history. 
 
 Parker, Henry, b. London, Aug. 4, 1845. 
 Pupil, in Leipzig Cons., of Plaidy, Moscheles, 
 and Richter ; at Paris, of Lefort. Residing 
 (1899) as a composer, singing-teacher, and cond. 
 in London. — Works : Rom. -comic opera Migno- 
 nette {'London, 1889); Jerusalem, f. bass solo and 
 chorus (Albert Hall, 18S4) ; gavottes, etc., f. 
 orch.; pf. -music ; songs. — Wrote " The Voice, 
 its Production and Improvement, with Practical 
 Exercises." 
 
 Parker, Horatio William, b. Auburndale, 
 Mass., Sept. 15, 1863. Pupil, in Boston, of 
 Emery (theory), J. 
 Orth (pf.), and Chad- 
 wick (comp.). Organ- 
 ist at Dedham and 
 Boston ; studied in 
 Munich 1882-5 with 
 Rheinberger (org. and 
 comp.) and L. Abel 
 (conducting), bringing 
 out a cantata. King 
 Trojan, in 1885. Re- 
 turning to America, he 
 became organist and 
 prof, of music at the 
 Cathedral Schools, 
 Garden City, L. I.; 
 1886, org. and choirmaster at St. Andrew's, 
 Harlem ; 1888, do. at Ch. of the Holy Trinity, 
 Madison Av. In 1894 he was called to the chair 
 of music at Yale Univ. — Works prod, in Mu- 
 nich : Cantata King Trojan ; Psalm 23, f. 
 female ch., organ, and harp; Romance f. ch. 
 and orch. ; symphony in C ; Concert-overture 
 in EI7; " Regulus," heroic overture. — Later 
 works : Der Normannenzug, f. male ch. and 
 orch. (1889) ; cantata The Holy Child ; motet 
 Adstant angelorum chori ; op. 21, The Kobold, 
 I. ch. and orch. (1891) ; op. 26, Harold Har- 
 fagar, f. do.; op. 29, overture to Count Robert 
 of Paris; op. 30, oratorio Hora novissiina (1893 ; 
 Worcester, Mass., 1897; Festival of "The 3 
 Choirs," Worcester, Engl., Sept. 14, 1899, cond. 
 by the composer) ; op. 31, prize-cantata Dream 
 King (1893) ; op. 40, Cohal Mohr, f. bar. solo 
 and orch. (1893) ; op. 42, Commencement Ode, 
 Yale Univ., f. male voices (1895) ; op. 43, ora- 
 torio St. Christopher {l%(j(>) ;op. 45, prize-comp. 
 f. chorus a caffella (1898) ; op. 46, " A Northern 
 Ballad," f. orch. (1899) ; — choruses f. female 
 voices ; anthems ; many songs, sacred and secular ; 
 pf.-pieces ; 4 sets of organ-pieces (op. 17, 20, 
 28, 36), each comprising 4 numbers; a Collection 
 f. organ of 30 arr.s and transcriptions of master- 
 works ; etc. 
 
 Parker, James Cutler Dunn, b. Boston, 
 Mass., June 2, 1828. Studied law in Boston 
 
 437 
 
PARRATT— PARRY 
 
 1848-51, and music in Leipzig 1851-4 under 
 Moscheles and Plaidy (pf.), liauptmann (harm.), 
 and Richterand Rietz (comp.). Has lived since 
 tlien in Boston and the suburban Brookline. In 
 1862 he organized the " Parlcer Club," an ama- 
 teur vocal society ; organist and choir-director 
 of Trinity Ch. 1864-91, and for many years org. 
 of the Handel and Haydn Soc; was prof, at 
 the Boston Univ. College of Music, and is Ex- 
 aminer for the New Engl. Cons. — Works f . soli, 
 ch., and orch.: "Redemption Hymn" (1877); 
 cantata The Blind King (1886) ; " St. John"; 
 The Life of Man (oratorio) ; several church- 
 services, and other church-music. Translated 
 Richter's " Manual of Harmony "; publ. an orig- 
 inal " Man. of Harm." (1855), and " Theoretical 
 and Practical Harmony" (1870). 
 
 Parratt, Sir Walter, b. Huddersfield, Feb. 
 10, 1841. At 7 sang regularly in church ; at ten, 
 knew the " Well-temp. Clavichord" by heart ; 
 at II, organist at Armitage Bridge, and passed 
 through successive similar positions to Magdalen 
 Coll., Oxford (1872), and St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor (l8g2), succeeding Elvey. Mus. Bac, 
 Oxon., 1873; organ-prof, at R. C. M., 1883; 
 knighted in 1892 ; Master of Music in Ord. to 
 the Queen, 1893. — Works : Music to .lEschylus' 
 Agamemnon and Orestes ; Elegy to Patroclus 
 (1883) ; anthems, songs, music f. organ and pf. 
 Contributor to Grove's Dictionary. 
 
 Parry, John, Welsh bard ; b. Ruabon, N. 
 Wales ; d. as harper to Sir W. W. Wynne at 
 Wynnstay, Oct. 7, 1782. — Publ. " Antient Brit- 
 ish Music . . ." (tunes of the Cambro-Britons, 
 1742) ; " Coll. of Antient Welsh Airs ..." 
 (1781); " Coll. of Welsh, English and Scotch 
 Airs" (1761). 
 
 Parry, John (called " Bardd Alaw,'' master 
 of song), b. Denbigh, Feb. 18, 1776 ; d. London, 
 Apr. 8, 1851. Clarinettist in a band, then band- 
 master ; teacher of flageolet ; comp. to Vaux- 
 hall, 1809; cond. of " Eisteddfodau " in Wales 
 for years; was critic for the " Morning Post," 
 and treasurer of the R. Soc. of Musicians (1831- 
 49).— Works : " The Welsh Harper" (1839-48 ; 
 coll. of Welsh music, with historical introd.); 
 "Cambrian Harmony" (coll. of Welsh airs, 
 1810) ; various other collections ; also much 
 original music (incid. music to several plays, 
 harp-sonatas, glees, songs, part-songs, etc.). 
 
 Parry, John Orlando, son of preceding ; 
 pianist, harpist, and singer ; b. London, Jan. 3, 
 1810 ; d. E. Molesey, Feb. 20, 1879. Appeared 
 at the German Reed Entertainments 1860-9. 
 Wrote songs, comic and sentimental. 
 
 Parry, Joseph, b. Merthyr Tydvil, Wales, 
 May 21, 1841. The son of a laborer, and put 
 to work at 10 in a puddling furnace ; his parents 
 emigrated to America, but he returned to Britain, 
 won Eisteddfod prizes for songs, and through 
 Brinley Richards' influence entered the R. A. 
 M. in 1868, studying under Bennett, Garcia, and 
 
 Steggall. Mus. Bac, Cambr., 1871 ; then app. 
 prof, of music at the Univ. Coll. , Aberystwith ; 
 Mus. Doc, 1878 ; in 
 1888, Mus. Lecturer 
 at Univ. Coll. of S. 
 Wales, Cardiff. Also 
 F.R. A.M.— Works: 
 4 operas, Blodtuen, 
 1878 ; Arianiven, /////^ 
 1890; Sylvia, 1895; 
 King Arthur (fin- 
 ished 1897); the or- -^ 
 atorios Emmamiel, 
 1880, and Saul of 
 Tarsus, 1892 ; the 
 cantatas The Prodi- 
 gal Son, Nebuchadnezzar, and Cambria ; " Dru- 
 ids' Chorus"; an orchestral ballade, overtures, 
 a string-quartet, pf.-music, anthems, songs. 
 
 Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings, b. 
 
 Bournemouth, Engl., Feb. 27, 1848. While at 
 Eton, from 1S61, 
 he studied composi- 
 tion with G. Elvey ; 
 took part in the con- 
 certs of the Musical 
 Soc. as a pianist, 
 organist, vocalist, 
 and composer. At 
 18, still a lad at 
 Eton, he took the 
 degree of Mus. Bac. 
 at Oxford, his ex- 
 ercise being a can- 
 tata, "O Lord, 
 Thou hast cast us 
 out." Entered Exeter Coll., Oxford, in 1867; 
 was a founder of the " Univ. Mus. Club," and 
 took the degree of M. A. in 1874. Here he be- 
 gan to study music in earnest under Bennett 
 and Macfarren, also taking pf. -lessons of Dann- 
 reuther 1872-9, and a 2-months' vacation-course 
 with Pierson at Stuttgart. His public career as 
 a composer began with the prod, of an " Inter- 
 mezzo religioso " f . strings at the Gloucester Fes- 
 tival of 1868 ; in 1880, his settings of scenes 
 from Shelley's Prometheus Unbound, f. soli, ch., 
 and orch. (Glouc. Fest.), opened a series of 
 works on a large scale : "The Symphony No. i, 
 in G (Birmingham, 1882), " The glories of our 
 blood and state" (Glouc, 1883), "Suite mo- 
 derne," in A min. (ibid., 1886), the oratorio 
 Judith (Birm., 1888), Ode on St. Cecilia's Day 
 (Leeds, 1889) L'AUegro ed il Pensieroso (Nor- 
 wich, 1890), De profundis, f. sopr. solo, 3 choirs, 
 and orch. (Hereford, 1891), oratorio _/oi5 (Glouc, 
 1892), symphonic overture "to an unwritten 
 tragedy " (Worcester, 1893), oratorio King Saul 
 (Birm., 1894), "Invocation to Music " (Leeds, 
 1895), Magnificat, in Latin (Hereford, 1897) ; 
 also " Blest Pair of Sirens" (1887) ; choral song 
 "The Lotos-eaters" (1892); music to Aristo- 
 phanes' Birds (1883) and Frogs (1892), and to 
 Hypatia (1893). In 1883 P. was app. Choragus 
 
 438 
 
PARSONS— PASQUINI 
 
 of Oxford Univ. ; in tliat year Cambridge con- 
 ferred on him the hon. degree of Mus. Doc., fol- 
 lowed by Oxford (1884), and Dublin (1891). In 
 i8g4he succeeded Sir George Grove as Director 
 of the Royal College of Music ; and was knighted 
 in 1898. P. is a distinguished lecturer and 
 writer ; he contributed numerous excellent arti- 
 cles to Grove's Dictionary, and has publ. " Stu- 
 dies of Great Composers " (1886), "The Art of 
 Music" (1893 ; enlarged as " The Evolution of 
 the Art of Music," 1896), " Summary of Mus. 
 History" (1893) ; etc. — Publ. compositions (incl. 
 all noted above) : 3 further symphonies (No. 2 
 in F, No. 3 in C, No. 4 in E min.) ; overture 
 "Guillem de Cabestanh"; symphonic var.s 
 f. orch., in E min. (1897) ; a string-quintet ; 
 a string-quartet ; a pf. -quartet ; 3 pf. -trios ; a 
 sonata f. pf. and 'cello ; a Fantaisie-Sonata, a 
 Partita, and a Sonata (all 3 f. pf. and violin) ; 12 
 Short Pieces f. pf. and violin, a pf.-concerto in 
 Fjt min., a Duo in E min. f. 2 pf.s, pf.-sonatas 
 in F and A, other pf.-music, a Fantasia and 
 Fugue f. organ, 4 sets of " English Lyrics," 3 
 Odes of Anacreon, 6 Shakespearian songs, other 
 songs, 20 part-songs, a Service in D, anthems, 
 etc. 
 
 Parsons, Albert Ross, b. Sandusky, O., 
 Sept. 16, 1847. Pupil 1863-6 of F. L. Ritter, 
 New York ; 1867-9, ^' Leipzig Cons., of Mo- 
 scheles, Reinecke, Wenzel, and Papperitz (pf.), 
 and Richter and Paul (cpt. and fugue) ; later of 
 Tausig, Kullak, Weitzmann and Wuerst at Ber- 
 lin. Settled in New York 1871, holding various 
 positions as organist, finally (since 1885) at the 
 Fifth Av. Presb. Ch. In 1889, Pres. of the 
 M.T. N. A. Translated Wagner's " Beethoven" 
 and 0. Lessmann's "Liszt" into English; 
 edited KuUak's " Complete Works of Chopin "; 
 etc. Comp. vocal quartets, songs, etc. 
 
 Parsons, E. A., pianist, organist, teacher, 
 composer ; since 1894, organist and choir-direc- 
 tor of the Ch. of the Divine Paternity, New 
 York. — Works : For pf., a concerto, a Mazurka- 
 Arabesque, " Legend of the Fountain," 3 Im- 
 promptus, Gavotte sicilienne, Valse styrienne. 
 Polka-transcription, Pensee mignonne, a Ca- 
 price on " Home, sweet home," etc. — Vocal, 
 " The Conqueror," " A Prince of Peace," etc. 
 
 Pasch, Oskar, b. Frankfort-on-Oder, Mar. 
 28, 1844. Pupil of the R. Inst, for Church- 
 music and the Acad, for Composition, Berlin, 
 winning the Michael Beer prize in 1874 with 
 Psalm 130 f. soli, ch., and orch.; " Royal Mus. 
 Dir." in 1884. He is an organist, and sing- 
 ing-teacher at schools, in Berlin. — Works : A 
 symphony ; vaudevilles ; oratorios, motets, 
 psalms, etc. 
 
 Pascuc'ci, Giovanni Cesare, b. Rome, 
 
 Feb. 28, 1841. Composer of comic operas and 
 many operettas in Roman dialect ; also 2 orato- 
 rios, other church-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Pasdeloup, Jules-]€tienne, distinguished 
 conductor; b. Paris, Sept. 15, 1819 ; d. Fon- 
 
 tainebleau, Aug. 13, 1887. Pf.-pupil, at the 
 Conservatoire, of Laurent and Zimmerman ; 
 1841, rdpMieur of a solfeggio-class ; 1847-50, 
 teacher of a pf. -class, which he gave up to or- 
 ganize the celebrated symphony-concerts of the 
 " Societe des jeunes eleves du Cons." (1851), 
 developing (1861) into the " Concerts populaires 
 de musique classique" at the " Cirque d'hiver," 
 a pioneer series of good cheap popular concerts 
 which were a success from the start. Not only 
 classic music, but the best modern French and 
 foreign authors, had a hearing. P. also taught 
 a vocal ensemble-class at the Cons., 1855-68, 
 and likewise cond. a section of theOrpheons for 
 a time ; he unsuccessfully attempted the direc- 
 tion of the Th.-Lyrique, 1868-9, ^°<^ ^"'^ popu- 
 lar concerts gradually lost ground in competition 
 with Colonne and Lamoureux, ceasing in 1884. 
 A grand popular mus. festival at the Trocadero, 
 instituted for his benefit, netted him nearly 
 100,000 francs. 
 
 Pashaloff, Victor Nikandrovitch, very 
 popular Russian song-composer ; b. Saratoff, 
 Apr. 18, 1841 ; d. Kasan, Feb. 28, 1885. 
 
 Pasmore, Henry Bickford, b. Jackson, 
 Wis., June 27, 1857. Pupil of J. P. Morgan 
 (organ and harm.) ; in Leipzig, 1882, of Jadas- 
 sohn, Reinecke, and Frau Unger-Haupt (voice) ; 
 further vocal studies at London under W. Shake- 
 speare and R. H. Cummings. Settled in San 
 Francisco; organist of St. John's Episc. Ch., 
 and prof, of singing at the Univ. of the Pacific, 
 San Jose. — Works: "Conclave" march, and 
 " Miles Standish" overture, f. orch.; suite f. or- 
 gan and string-orch. ; a Tarentelle f. pf.; masses, 
 part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Pasqua'H, Nicolo, Ital. comp. at Edinburgh 
 1740-57, when he died. — Publ. "Thorough- 
 bass made easy" (1757); "Dirge on Romeo and 
 Juliet"; 12 overtures f. horns ; 2 sets of violin- 
 sonatas w. bass, and i set f. 2 vln.s, via., and 
 contiriuo. 
 
 Pasqu6, Ernst, b. Cologne, Sept. 3, 1821 ; 
 d. Alsbach, Mar. 20, 1892. Baritone singer, 
 pupil of Paris Cons.; debut Blayence, 1844; 
 sang at Darmstadt till 1855 ; operatic stage- 
 manager at Weimar 1856-72; theatre-director at 
 Darmstadt till 1874, then pensioned. — Wrote 
 opera-bopks ("Otto der Schiitz," " Melusine," 
 " Van Dyck,"etc.); a " Geschichte des Theaters 
 zu Darmstadt 1559-1710" (1852), "Frankfurter 
 Musik- und Theatergeschichte " (1872), " Aus 
 dem Reich der Tone," novels, etc. 
 
 Pasqui'ni, Bernardo, b. Massa di Valdine- 
 vole, Tuscany, Dec. 8, 1637 ; d. Rome, Nov. 
 22, 1710. Famous organist; pupil in Rome of 
 Vittori and Cesti. Long the organist of S. 
 Maria Maggiore ; chamber-musician to Prince 
 Giambattista Borghese. Dtirante and Gasparini 
 were his pupils. — Works : 2 operas, an oratorio, 
 etc.; clavichord-pieces were publ. in " Toccates 
 et suites pour le clavecin de MM. Pasquini, 
 
 439 
 
PASTA— PAUER 
 
 Paglietti et Gaspard de Kerle" (Paris, 1704) ; a 
 sonata is in Pauer's " Old Ital. Composers." 
 
 Pa'sta {fi^e Negri), Giuditta, celebrated 
 soprano stage-singer ; b. Como, Apr. g, 1798 ; 
 d. at her villa on Lake Como, April i, 1865. 
 At first a pupil of Asioli at Milan Cons. , she 
 sang without success, after her debut in 1815, in 
 Italy, London, and ]?aris ; returned to Italy for 
 further serious study under Scappa, and reap- 
 peared at Paris in 1822 as a vocal phenomenon ; 
 the compass of her voice was from a to d'^, 
 and in power, dramatic intensity, and truth of 
 expression she had then no rival, though her 
 voice, even in her best days, was not perfectly 
 equalized. In 1829 she had acquired a fortune 
 in London and Paris, and sang but little there- 
 after (in London 1837 and 1850 ; in St. Peters- 
 burg 1840 ; etc.), as her singing rapidly deterio- 
 rated. For the Pasta, Bellini wrote La Sonnam- 
 btUa and Norma, Donizetti his Anna Bolena, 
 Pacini his Niobe ; she excelled in the leading 
 rSles of the Italian operas then in vogue. 
 
 Pastou, fitienne-Jean-Baptiste, b. Vigan, 
 Gard, France, May 26, 1784 ; d. Ternes, n. 
 Paris, Oct. 8, 1851. Founded a singing-school at 
 Paris in 1819 ; publ. a method for ensemble- 
 singing, "Ecole de la lyre harmonique," and 
 was made prof, at the Cons, in 1836. 
 
 Patey, Janet Monach, n^e Whytock, alto 
 singer in oratorio and concert ; b. London, May 
 I, 1842 ; d. Sheffield, Feb. 28, 1894. Pupil of 
 J. Wass, Pinsuti, and Mrs. Sims Reeves. She 
 sang at the festivals in Worcester (i865 ; in this 
 year she married John Patey, the bass vocalist), 
 Birmingham (1867), Norwich (1869), and Leeds 
 (1874) ; American tour, 1871 (sang in Elijah at 
 New York, Oct. 31) ; in Paris, 1875 ; Australian 
 tour, i8go. After Mme. Sainton-Dolby's retire- 
 ment in 1870, she was considered the foremost 
 English contralto, singing at all the principal 
 concerts and the great festival competitions. 
 
 Paton, Mary Ann, [Mrs. Wood,] soprano 
 stage-singer; b. Edinburgh, Oct., 1802; d. Bu- 
 cliffe Hall, n. Wakefield, July 21, 1864. Of 
 mus. family, shQ sang in concerts as a child of 8 ; 
 after further appearances at London, (whither 
 the family had removed,) in 1811, she retired 
 temporarily to complete her education (under 
 what teachers does not appear), and in 1820-21 
 sang at Bath. In 1822 she appeared as Susanna 
 in Figaro at Covent Garden ; and till her retire- 
 ment in 1844 was a prominent figure on the 
 English dramatic and concert-stage. She created 
 the role of Rezia in Weber's Oberon (Drury Lane, 
 Apr. 12, 1826). Married Jos. Wood, the tenor, 
 in 1831. Toured the United States 1834-6. 
 
 Pat'ti, Carlotta, b. Florence, 1840; d. Paris, 
 June 27, 1889. Her father, Salvatore P., a 
 tenor singer, and her mother, Caterina, nh 
 Chiesa, a stage-soprano, were her first teachers 
 in singing ; she had piano-lessons with Henri 
 Herz, at Paris. Her early youth was spent in 
 New York. Lameness prevented success on the 
 
 stage, but she was more fortunate as a concert- 
 singer, making her debut in New York, 1861, 
 followed by an American tour with the im- 
 presario Ullmann. Here, and in Europe, she 
 became a favorite on the concert-stage, more 
 especially as a coloratura vocalist of exquisite 
 technique united with great sentiment. In 1871 
 she married the violoncellist Demunck, with 
 whom her artistic tours were continued. 
 
 Pat'ti, Adelina (Adela Juana Maria), sis- 
 ter of Carlotta, and one of the greatest singers 
 of the century in coloratura roles, both in opera 
 and concert ; b. Madrid, Feb. 10, 1843. Taught 
 at first by her parents, and later by Max Stra- 
 kosch (the husband of her sister Amelia), her de- 
 but was made at New York on Nov. 24, 1859, 
 as Lucia (under the stage-name of " the little Ho- 
 rinda "). In London she first appeared in La Son- 
 nambula on May 14, 1861, at Covent Garden, 
 her success rivalling that of the Grisi ; her Pari- 
 sian debut was in the same role, at the Th. 
 Italien, on Nov. 19, 1862. Here she married 
 the Marquis de Caux in 1868. She sang for the 
 first time in Italy at La Scala, Milan, Nov. 3, 
 1877, Violetta in Za Traviata being the role se- 
 lected. She has sung in all the chief towns of 
 Europe, and has everywhere been received with 
 enthusiasm. Her voice is of wide compass, and 
 matchless sweetness ; wonderfully flexible, and 
 perfectly even throughout. She now (1899) 
 appears only in concerts, and but rarely, resid- 
 ing for the greater part of the year at her villa 
 Craig y nos, in Wales. Her second husband, 
 the tenor Nicolini, died in 1898 ; she married 
 a Swedish nobleman. Baron Cederstrom, in 1899. 
 
 Pat'tison, John Nelson, b. Niagara Falls, 
 N. Y., Oct. 22, 1845. Pf.-pupil of Liszt, Thal- 
 berg, Henselt, and von Billow ; st. harmony 
 with Haupt at Berlin. In the United States he 
 is well known as a successful concert-pianist, and 
 has made tours with Parepa-Rosa, Kellogg, Al- 
 bani, Lucca, and others. — Works: "Niagara" 
 symphony f. orch. and military band ; concert- 
 overture ; a romantic concerto-fantasia f . pf. and 
 orch. ; many compositions f. pf . solo (over 200 in 
 all). 
 
 Pat'zold, Hermann, b. Neudorf, Silesia, 
 Aug. 15, 1822 ; d. Feb. 6, 1861, at Konigsberg, 
 as cond. of the Singakademie . Wrote music to 
 Kdthchen von Heilbronn ; also pf. -pieces and 
 vocal numbers. 
 
 Pau'er, Ernst, b. Vienna, Dec. 21, 1826. 
 Pupil of Theodor Dirzka until 1839 ; 1839-44, 
 of W. A. Mozart, Jr. (pf.), and Sechter (comp.); 
 1845-7, of Fr.Lachner, Munich. 1847-51, dir. 
 of the mus. societies at Mayence ; visited Lon- 
 don, and played at the Philharm. and Mus. Union 
 Concerts, and settled in London, 1851. Suc- 
 ceeded C. Potter as prof, at the R. A. M. in 
 1859 ; in 1861, began his historical performances 
 of clavecin- and pf. -music in chronological order 
 (3 series) ; in 1862, juror of the Internat. Exhib. 
 for Austria and Germany, writing the official 
 
 440 
 
PAUER— PAUR 
 
 report for the German governments. 1867, 
 principal prof, at tlie Nat. Training School ; 
 1883, do. at the R. C. M. (resigned 1896). In 
 1878, member of the Board of Mus. Studies at 
 Cambridge Univ., and Examiner in 1879. He 
 was app. pianist to the Austrian court in 1866 ; 
 many other high distinctions have been conferred 
 upon him. His lectures (from 1870) on the his- 
 tory of pf. -music have received conspicuous ap- 
 probation ; his publications of classic music for 
 harpsichord and pianoforte are interesting and 
 valuable. — Publ. Primers on " The Art of Pf.- 
 playing," "Mus. Forms," and "The Beautiful 
 in Music " (all popular) ; " Alte Claviermusik," 
 12 books, and " Alte Meister," 65 numbers, con- 
 tain clavier- works of old English, Italian, French, 
 and German masters ; " Old Engl. Composers 
 for the Virginals and Harpsichord," " Old 
 French Composers," " Old German Composers," 
 "Old Italian Composers,." etc., etc. — Educa- 
 tional : " The New Gradus ad Parnassum " (100 
 selected studies) ; ' ' Classical Companion " (100 
 pieces); "Celebrated Concert-studies" (50); 
 " Culture of the Left Hand " (4 books). He has 
 also publ. many original studies and educational 
 pieces for piano, a quintet f. pf. and wind, a 
 violin-sonata, a 'cello-sonata, solo sonatas f . pf . , 
 characteristic pieces, etc.; and excellent ar- 
 rangements of Beethoven's and Schumann's 
 symphonies, for solo pf . , 4 and 8 hands ; 42 
 overtures; and Mendelssohn's orch.l works (4 
 and 8 hands). 
 
 Pau'er, Max, son of the preceding ; distin- 
 guished pianist and teacher ; b. London, Oct. 
 31, 1866. Pupil of his father till I881 ; then 
 of V. Lachner at Karlsruhe (theory) till 1885 ; 
 made concert-tours, settled in London, and in 
 1887 was called to the Cologne Cons, as pf.- 
 prof. In 1893, chamber-virtuoso to the Grand 
 Duke of Hesse. Since 1897, Pruckner's succes- 
 sor as prof, at Stuttgart Cons., with title of 
 "Professor" (1898) from the King of Wurttem- 
 berg. Has publ. pf-pieces, and arr.s of Mo- 
 zart's and Haydn's symphonies for 2 and 4 hands. 
 
 Paul, Oscar, b. Freiwaldau, Apr. 8, 1836 ; 
 d. Leipzig, Apr. 18, 1898. Student of theology 
 at Leipzig Univ., 185S, but chose music for a 
 profession, studying at the Cons., with private 
 lessons from Plaidy (pf.), and Hauptmann and 
 Richter (theory). After taking the degree of 
 Dr. fhil. in i860, he lived in Cologne and 
 elsewhere, and in 1866 qualified as lecturer at 
 Leipzig Univ. with the treatise ' ' Die absolute 
 Harmonik der Griechen" (Leipzig, 1866). 
 Teacher in the Cons., 1869 ; after publishing 
 his translation of Boetius' " De Musica," 1872, 
 he was app. Prof, extraordinarius at the Univ. 
 A disciple of Hauptmann, he publ. the latter's 
 "Lehre von der Harmonik" (1868), of which 
 his own " Lehrbuch der Harmonik " (1880) is a 
 practical exemplification (Engl, transl. New 
 York, 1885). He also wrote a " Geschichte des 
 Claviers" (1869), and was considered an expert 
 on questions relative to pianoforte-making 
 
 (elected expert to the Imp. Patent Office, Ber- 
 lin, 1878). At the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, 
 he represented the German Empire as juror and 
 reporter in the musical section. His " Hand- 
 lexikon der Tonkunst " was publ. in 1873. He 
 founded and edited 2 mus. periodicals, " Die 
 Tonhalle " (i86g), and after its decease "Das 
 musikalische Wochenblatt " (1870), which he 
 edited 3 months. 
 
 Paumann, Conrad, born blind at Nurem- 
 berg, about 1410 ; d. Munich, Jan. 25, 1473. Au- 
 thor of the oldest extant organ-book, " Funda- 
 mentum organisandi," containing exercises, pre- 
 ludes, and other pieces (not all by P.) ; it was 
 publ. by Arnold in Chrysander's " Jahrbilcher " 
 (2nd year, 1867). Arnold also publ. some other 
 compositions (MSS. at Wernigerode) ; the MS. 
 of a 3-part song, " Weiblich Figur," is in the 
 " Munchener Liederbuch"; organ-studies in 
 MS. are in the Munich Library. 
 
 Paumgartner, Dr. Hans, d. Vienna, May 
 23, 1896, aged 52. Fine pianist; comp. ; cho- 
 rusmaster at the Court Opera. For 20 years the 
 mus. critic for the " Kaiserl. Wiener Zeitung." 
 Married Rosa Papier in 1881. — Works: Cham- 
 ber-music, many songs, interesting pf. -pieces. 
 
 Paur, Etnil, noted conductor ; b. Czernowitz, 
 Bukovina, Aug. 29, 1855. Taught by his father, 
 at 8 he played the vio- 
 lin and piano in pub- 
 lic ; in 1866 he entered 
 the Vienna Cons., 
 
 studying underDessoS iW^^&nii^Ss^Sii)'} 
 (comp.), and Hellmes- ^ liWjKBB^^W'j^'MEtl] 
 berger (vln.). Among '• < /m^^^^^^ W^U}l 
 his fellow-pupils were l|||| liipM^HLiSw) 1 
 Nikisch, Mottl, and ™i»'t''J(i»»amHlPr>m' H 
 Eugene Gruenberg. 
 In 1870, after gradu- 
 ating with first prizes, 
 he joined the court 
 opera-orch. as first vio- 
 lin and asst.-soloist. 
 Became Kapellm. at 
 
 Kassel (1876), Konigsberg, and 1st court Ka- 
 pellm. and cond. of the Subscription Concerts at 
 Mannheim (1880) ; Kapellm. at Leipzig City Th. , 
 1891 ; and from 1893-8 of the Boston (Mass.) 
 Symphony Orch. , succeeding Nikisch. In 1898 
 he was elected cond. of the New York Phil- 
 harm. Concerts by a vote of 55 to 5, succeeding 
 Anton Seidl. In 1899 he succeeded Dvorak as 
 Director of the Nat.l Cons., N. Y.— Works : A 
 violin-concerto ; string-quartet ; violin-sonata ; 
 pf. -pieces ; songs. — His wife, 
 
 Paur, Marie, n^e Biirger, b. Gengenbach in 
 the Black Forest, 1862 ; d. New York, Apr. 27, 
 1899 ; a pupil of Stuttgart Cons. (Lebert, Pruck- 
 ner), finishing pf.-study under Leschetizky and 
 Essipoff at Vienna. Was an excellent pianist, 
 cultivating modern romanticism by preference. 
 
 441 
 
PAUWELS— PEDROTTI 
 
 Pau'wels, Jean Engelbert, b. Brussels, 
 Nov. 26, 1768 ; d. there June 3, 1804. Violinist, 
 pupil of Le Sueur at Paris, where he played in 
 the Ital. Opera ; lygo-l, Kapellm. at Strass- 
 burg ; then soloist at the Brussels opera, becom- 
 ing cond. in 1794. He founded a series of con- 
 certs remarkable for technical precision. Prod. 
 3 operas at Brussels. Publ. a violin-concerto, a 
 horn-concerto, 3 string-quartets, 6 violin-duets, 
 etc. 
 
 Pave'si, Stefano, prolific opera-comp.; b. 
 Casaletto Vaprio (Crema), Jan. 22, 1779 ; d. 
 Crema, July 28, 1850, as maestro at the cathe- 
 dral (from 1 818). For 6 months in each year 
 from 1826—30 he also acted as cond. in the 
 " Teatro di Corte " at Venice. Among his 60- 
 odd operas, Ser Marcantonio (Milan, 1810) was 
 thought the best. Also comp. much sacred mu- 
 sic, symphonies, etc. — Biography by Sanseverino 
 (Milan: Ricordi). 
 
 Pa'yer, Hieronymus, b. Meidling, n. Vi- 
 enna, Feb. 15, 1787; d. Wiedburg, n. Vienna, 
 Sept., 1845. Chiefly self-taught, he was organ- 
 ist at Wiedburg, Kapellm. at the Th. an der 
 Wien, Vienna, and cond. at Amsterdam in 1824, 
 settling in Paris 1825 as teacher of voice and 
 piano, from 1831-2 also conducting the newly 
 founded German Opera. 1832-8, Kapellm. at 
 the Josephstadt Th., Vienna. He prod, operas 
 and operettas in Amsterdam, Paris, and Vienna ; 
 comp. masses, motets, chamber-music, pf.- 
 pieces ; concertos and fugues f. organ ; etc. 
 
 Peace, Albert Lister, fine organist ; b. Hud- 
 dersfield, Engl., Jan. 26, 1844. Precocious 
 pupil of Henry Horn and H. Parratt, he became 
 at 9 organist of Holmfirth Parish Ch. ; 1865, 
 org. of Trinity Congr. Ch., Glasgow; 1870, 
 to the Univ. of Glasgow, in that year graduat- 
 ing Mus. Bac, Oxon., and Mus. Doc. in 1875. 
 In 1873, organist of Glasgow Cathedral ; and in 
 1897 succeeded Best as org. of St. George's 
 Hall, Liverpool, the highest position in the 
 kingdom. — Works: Psalm 138, f. soli, ch., and 
 orch. ; cantata St. John the Baptist ; church- 
 services ; anthems ; organ-music [Sonata da 
 camera No. i (D rain.), No. 2 (C min.). No. 3 
 (G min.) ; Concert-fantasia on Scotch melodies ; 
 Fantasia in B (7 ; two Andantes] ; etc. 
 
 Pearce, Stephen Austen, b. London, Engl., 
 Nov. 7, 1836. Pupil of J. L. Hopkins ; grad- 
 uate of Oxford Univ. (Mus. Bac, 1859; Mus. 
 Doc, 1864). Visited the United States and 
 Canada in 1864 ; became organist and mus. dir. 
 of 2 London churches ; returned to America in 
 1S72, and vifas app. instructor of vocal music at 
 Columbia College, New York, lecturer on har- 
 mony, etc., at the Gen. Theol. Seminary, on 
 "Music of all nations" at the Peabody Inst., 
 Baltimore, and on classical orch.l music at Johns 
 Hopkins Univ. Organist of the Collegiate 
 Church, Fifth Av. and 48th St., New York, 
 1879-85. Contributor to the "Encyclopaedia 
 Americana," and to " The N. Y. Evening Post," 
 
 " The Mus. Courier,'' and other periodicals. 
 Has given many recitals (pf. and org.). At 
 present (1899) living in New York. — Works : 
 3-act opera, La belle Am^ricaine ; a children's 
 opera ; dram, oratorio. Celestial Visions, and a 
 church-cantata. The Psalm of Praise (the last 
 2 in strict fugal style, f. soli, 8-p. ch., full orch., 
 and org. ; perf. at Oxford Univ.) ; overture in E 
 min. (Crystal Palace); orch.l " Allegro agitato " 
 in D min. (Thomas Orch.) ; several char. pes. f. 
 pf. ; vocal trio in canon-form, "Bright be thy 
 dreams"; songs ; " Dictionary of Mus. Terms" 
 in 21 languages (New York) ; complete ed.s of 
 celebrated pf.-methods ; etc 
 
 Pearsall, Robert Lucas de, English comp. ; 
 b. Clifton, Mar. 14, 1795 ; d. Aug. 5, 1856, at 
 Schloss Wartensee, Lake of Constance, where he 
 had resided since 1832. Practised law till 1825 ; 
 then studied composition under Panny at May- 
 ence. In London, 1829 ; Karlsruhe, 1830. — 
 Publ. Madrigals a 4-8 (London, 1840) ; 8 Glees 
 and Madr.s (1863) ; 24 Choral Songs (1863 ; ed. 
 by Hullah) ; a Catholic Hymn-book (1863) ; 
 part-songs a 4 ("Sir Patrick Spens," a 10); 
 " Essay on Consecutive Fifths and Octaves in 
 Counterpoint" (London, no date) ; etc. 
 
 Pearson. See Pierson. 
 
 Pease, Alfred Humphries, b. Cleveland, 
 Ohio, May 6, 1838 ; d. St. Louis, Mo., July 13, 
 1882. Pupil for 3 years, at Berhn, of Th. Kul- 
 lak and v. Billow (pf .), Wuerst (comp.), and Wie- 
 precht (instrumentation) ; visited the United 
 States, studied 3 years longer in Germany, and 
 made long,pianistic tours to chief Amer. cities. 
 — Works (f. orch.; perf. by Thomas Orch.): A 
 pf.-concerto ; Reverie and Andante ; Andante 
 and Scherzo ; Romance ; — also many pieces and 
 arr.s, etc., f. pf. ; and songs. 
 
 Pedrell', Felipe, eminent contemporary 
 Spanish musician and writer ; b. about 1835 ; 
 living in Madrid. Chief editor of the Barcelona 
 " Illustracion " ; critic for the " Diario " ; has 
 publ. a valuable " Diccionario Tecnicode la Mu- 
 sica" (Barcelona, 1894; pp. xix and 529); an 
 important compilation, " Hispania schola mu- 
 sica sacra. Opera varia saecul. XV, XVI, XVII 
 et XVIII " (1894 ? ) ; a Span, transl. of Richter's 
 "Harmony": a study in folk-lore, " Musicos 
 anonimos" ; and an essay " Por nuestra miisica " 
 (his chief aim is the establishment of a Spanish 
 national school of music ; — ' ' every country should 
 establ. its system of music on the basis of na- 
 tional song "). — Compositions: 2 operas. El ulti- 
 mo Abencerrajo, and Quasimodo; a dram, trilogy, 
 Los Pirineos ; a symphonic " Scene " ; a mass ; 
 songs, etc. In 1894 P. was app. prof, of Mus. 
 History and .(Esthetics at the Royal Cons., 
 Madrid. 
 
 Pedrot'ti, Carlo, b. Verona, Nov. 12, 1817; 
 committed suicide there, Oct. 16, 1893, by 
 drowning in the Adige. Pupil of Dom. Foroni ; 
 the great success of his first opera, Lina., caused 
 his appointment as cond. of the Ital. Th. at 
 
 442 
 
PELLEGRINI— PEPUSCH 
 
 Amsterdam. Returned 1846 to Verona. 1868, 
 Dir. of the Cons, at Turin, and cond. at the 
 Royal Th. ; estabh and cond. the eminently suc- 
 cessful popular concerts at Turin. 1882, Dir. of 
 the Liceo Rossini, Pesaro, holding this position 
 till shortly before death. — Operas : Lina and 
 Clara del Mainland (Verona, 1840) ; Mathilde 
 (Amsterdam, 1844) ; La Figlia del arciere (ibid., 
 1844) ; Romea di Monfort (Verona, 1846) ; Fio- 
 rina (ib. , 1851); II Parrucchiere della reggenza 
 (ib., 1852) ; Gelmina, col fuoco non si scherza 
 (Milan, 1853) ; Genoveffa del Brabante (Milan, 
 La Scala, 1854) ; Tutti in maschera (Verona, 
 1856 ; Paris, as Les Masques, Th. Athenee, 
 1869) ; Isabella d'Arragona (Turin, 1859) ; La 
 Gtterra in quattro (Milan, 1861) ; Mazeppa (Bo- 
 logna, 1861) ; Marion Delorme (Trieste, 1865) ; 
 II Favorito (Turin, 1870) ; Olema la schiava 
 (Modena, 1872). — Also church-music (a Salve 
 Regina), romances, etc. 
 
 Pellegri'ni, Felice, basso buffo ; b. Turin, 
 1774 ; d. Paris, Sept. 20, 1832. Stage-singer in 
 Italy, then (1826-9) ^t London ; from 1S29, 
 prof, of singing at Paris Cons. — Publ. solfeggi, 
 terzets, duets, etc. 
 
 Pellegri'ni, Giulio, basso serio ; b. Milan, 
 Jan. I, 1806 ; d. Munich, July 12, 1858, after 
 long engagement at the Court Opera. He stud- 
 ied in Milan Cons. 
 
 Pelletan, Fanny, b. Paris (?), 1830 ; d. there 
 1876. Daughter of a French army-surgeon ; 
 pupil of Bazille (pf.) and B. Damcke (theory). 
 An enthusiastic and thoroughly trained amateur, 
 she was inspired by Berlioz's essay on "Les 
 grotesques de la musique " (1859) to institute an 
 absolutely correct edition of Gluck's operas ; with 
 Damcke's editorial aid she publ., at great ex- 
 pense, the 2 " Iphigenies " ; also, with Saint- 
 Saens, Alceste. Death interrupted her unfin- 
 ished task. 
 
 Pera'baur, Joseph, b. Innsbruck, May 23, 
 1848. He gave up a university-course to study 
 at the Vienna Cons. , later at the Munich R. Sch. 
 of Music (Buonamici, Hey, WuUner, Rhein- 
 berger). Since 1875, Dir. and headmaster in 
 the Innsbruck Music-School. — Works : Masses ; 
 Gott der Weltenschopfer, f . male ch. and orch. ; 
 Die Wettertanne, f . do. ; Bilder aus dent Leben 
 Walthers von der Vogelweide, i. soli, mixed ch., 
 and orch. ; part-songs ; songs (popular) ; sym- 
 phony " In Tirol " ; technical studies f. pf . ; Im- 
 prowisataf. organ; essay " tJberdasDirigiren." 
 In i8g8 he prod, the opera Zigeunerleben, in 3 
 acts with Prologue (May 2 ; v. succ). 
 
 Pefla y Goni, Antonio, comp., writer, and 
 critic ; b. San Sebastian, Spain, 1846 ; d. Madrid, 
 Nov. 13, 1896. Pupil of Manterola ; friend of 
 Wagner and Gounod. Mus. critic for over 30 
 years of the Madrid " Imparcial" ; a successful 
 champion of Wagner and of advanced ideas in 
 music. Wrote a " History of Opera in Spain." 
 Comp. the Basque national hymn "VivaHer- 
 nani " ; a mass ; pf .-music, etc. 
 
 Penfield, Smith Newell, b. Oberlin, Ohio, 
 Apr. 4, 1837. Pupil of Jas. Flint in New York; 
 of Moscheles, Reinecke, Plaidy and Papperitz 
 (pf.), Richter (org.), and Uauptmann (theory), 
 at Leipzig. Founder, at Savannah, Ga. , of the 
 Cons, and the Mozart Club ; also of the ' 'Arion " 
 Cons., Brooklyn, N. Y. Since 1882 in New 
 York ; 1884, Mus. Doc. of the Univ. of the 
 City of N. Y. ; 1885, pres. of the M. T. N. A. 
 Organist of the Broadway Tabernacle. — Works: 
 Psalm 18, f. soli, ch., and orch.; overture ; string- 
 quintet ; anthem ; pf. -music ; songs. 
 
 Pen'na, Lorenzo, b. Bologna, 1613 ; d. 
 Imola, Oct. 20, 1693. Maeslro at the Carmelite 
 Monastery, Parma; later at Imola Cath. — Publ. 
 2 books of masses a 4, w. insVc.s ad lib. (166?, 
 1670) ; 2 books of Psalms ditto ; " Psalmi per 
 tutto I'anno . . . ", w. a fauxbourdon Mass, 
 Antiphones, and Litanies (1669) ; and treatises : 
 " Li prirai albori musicali per li principianti 
 della musica figurata ..." (1656) ; " Albori 
 musicali per li studiosi della mus. fig." (1678) ; 
 " Direttorio del canto fermo" (1689). 
 
 Pen'tenrieder, Franz Xaver, b. Kaufbeu- 
 ren, Bavaria, Feb. 6, 1813 ; d. Munich, July 17, 
 1867. Pupil of Kalcher and Stunz ; became 
 court Kapellin., chorusmasterat the court opera, 
 court organist, and choirmaster at St. Ludwig's. 
 — Works : 2 operas, Die Nachtauf Paluzzi('^&Ti. 
 throughout Germany), and Das Haus ist zu ver- 
 kaufen (Leipzig, 1846) ; masses, cantatas, and 
 motets. 
 
 Pe'pusch [pa-], John Christopher [Johann 
 Christoph}, b. Berlin, 1667 ; d. London, July 
 20, 1752. For a year he was taught by Klin- 
 genberg (theory), and Grosse (organ), but was 
 obliged to complete his mus. education by private 
 study. He had a position at the Prussian court 
 1681-97 ; then went to Holland, and thence 
 (1700) to London, joining the Drury Lane orch. 
 as violinist, later as cembalist and composer ; 
 from 1707 adapting Italian airs to English operas, 
 adding recitatives and songs. In 1710 he founded 
 (with Needier, Gates, Galliard, and others) the 
 "Academy of Antient Music," famous for the 
 revival of 16th-century compositions (P. was 
 deeply versed in mus. lore) ; 1712, org. and 
 comp. to the Duke of Chandos, preceding Han- 
 del ; 1713, Mus. Doc, Oxon. ; 'for many years 
 director of Lincoln's Inn Theatre, for which he 
 wrote the masques Venus and Adonis (1715), 
 Apollo and Daphne (1716), The Death of Dido 
 (1716), The Union of the three Sister-arts {\12'i), 
 and music to the ballad-operas The Beggar s 
 Opera [Gay], Polly, and The Wedding. In 1724 
 his scheme for founding a college in the Ber- 
 mudas with Dr. Berkeley was frustrated by 
 shipwreck. In 1730 a fortune of ;^ 10,000 
 brought him by marriage with the singer Mar- 
 guerite de rillpine, rendered him independent. 
 From 1737 till death he was organist of the Char- 
 terhouse. P. wasa learned, though conservative, 
 musician, and a high authority in England be- 
 
 443 
 
PERABO— PERGOLESI 
 
 fore Handel. He publ. a " Treatise on Har- 
 mony" (1731), the final attempt of the kind to 
 revive solmisation ; an essay on the 3 genera of 
 the Greeks is in the ' ' Philosophical Transac- 
 tions" of 1746. His odes and cantatas, and the 
 concertos and sonatas for strings and wind, are 
 of slight importance. 
 
 Per'abo, (Johann) Ernst, b. Wiesbaden, 
 Germany, Nov. 14, 1845 ; the family removed 
 to New York in 1852. Pupil of his father 
 from the age of 5 ; then, in Leipzig Cons. 
 (1862-5, and 1878-9), of Moscheles and Wenzel 
 (pf.), Papperitz,RichterandHaup mann(harm.), 
 and Reinecke (comp.). Returning to America 
 in 1865, he gave concerts in the West, and at 
 Boston, 1866, established his reputation as a 
 concert-pianist. He has resided there till now 
 (1899) as a well-known and influential teacher 
 (nearly 1,000 pupils, one of whom is Mrs. H. H. 
 A. Beach) and pianist. — Works : Various ori- 
 ginal pf. -compositions (Moment musical, op. I ; 
 Scherzo, op. 2 ; Prelude, op. 3 ; Waltz, op. 4 ; 
 3 Studies, op. 9; Pensees, op. 11; "Circum- 
 stance, or Fate of a Human Life," op. 13) ; his 
 arrangements and transcriptions f. pf. include 
 the 1st movem. of Rubinstein's "Ocean" sym- 
 phony, ditto of Schumann's unfinished symphony, 
 ten selections from lolanlhe, and several of 
 Lowe's ballades. 
 
 Pere'ira, Marcos Scares, Portuguese comp. ; 
 b. Ciminha ; d. Lisbon, Jan. 7, 1655. — Works : 
 A mass a 12, Te Deum a 12, Vesper-Psalms a 
 12, psalms a 8, motets, responses, etc. 
 
 Pere'ira, Domingos Nufles, b. Lisbon ; d. 
 Camarate, n. Lisbon, Mar. 2g, 1729. Maestro 
 at Lisbon Cath. ; comp. Requiems, Responses a 
 8 for Holy Week, villancicos, etc. 
 
 Perepelitzin, Polycarp de, Russian colonel 
 of hussars ; b. Odessa, Dec. 14, 1818. Violin- 
 pupil of Lipinski ; a student of mus. history. — 
 Publ. a "Dictionary of Music " (1884) ; " Illus- 
 trated Plistory of Music in Russia" (1885-6) ; 
 "Album of Mus. History" (illustrations of 
 ancient and modern mus. instr.s.). — Instr.l 
 adaptations. 
 
 Pe'rez, Davide, b. Naples, of Spanish par- 
 ents, in 1711 ; d. Lisbon, 1778. Pupil, at the 
 Cons, di Loreto, of A. Galli (violin), and Fr. 
 Mancini (cpt.). 1739, times tro at Palermo Cath., 
 and in 1741 brought out his first opera, Siroe, 
 re di Persia, at Naples. His first dram, work 
 was a mus. comedy, / Travestimenti amorosi 
 (Naples, 1740) ; then followed the o^^xa. V Amor 
 pittore (2 weeks later), when he was app. 2nd 
 maestro of the court orch. at Palermo, remain- 
 ing there and bringing out operas until 1748. 
 He now lived the life of a travelling opera- 
 composer (at Naples, Vienna, Rome, etc.) till 
 1752, then receiving an appointment as maestro 
 at the court theatre, Lisbon. Among his 30 
 operas Siroe, re di Persia, and DeTuofoonte, 
 rank high ; he was contemporary with, and a 
 rival of, Jomraelli. — Church-comp.s important: 
 
 Masses a 4 and 8, w. orch. ; Miserere a 5, w. 
 bassoons obbligati and organ ; ' ' Mattutini de' 
 morti" (London, 1774); etc. * 
 
 Perfair, Karl, Freiherr von, b. Munich, 
 Jan. 29, 1824. Law-student and government 
 official, but studied music 1848-9 with Haupt- 
 mann at Leipzig, and became cond. of the 
 Munich Liedertafel in 1850 ; founded the still 
 vigorous " Oratorio Soc." in 1854, conducting 
 it till 1864, and composing fine songs, part- 
 songs, and the cantata Dornroschen. In 1864 
 he was app. Intendant of the court music, and 
 in 1867 Intendant of the court theatre (retired 
 1893). — Operas (prod, at Munich) ; Sakuntala 
 (1853), Das Conterfei (1863), Raitnondin [or 
 Melusine'] (1881), and Junker Heinz (1B86) ; 
 the fairy cantatas Dornroschen, Undine, and 
 RUbezahl ; and the melodramas Prinz Karne- 
 val, Barbarossa, and Der Friede. — Publ. a " Ge- 
 schichte der Munchener Theater " from 1867-92. 
 
 Per'ger, Richard von, composer and con- 
 ductor ; b. Vienna, Jan. 10, 1854. Pupil of 
 Brahms. 1890-5, Director of Rotterdam Cons., 
 and cond. of the concerts, succeeding Gerns- 
 heim ; in 1895, cond. of the " Gesellschaftscon- 
 certe " at Vienna. — P. wrote text and music of 
 the 3-act comic opera Der Richter von Granada 
 (Cologne, 1889 ; succ), prod, the vaudeville 
 Die ^ Nothhelfer (Vienna, 1891); also a violin- 
 concerto in C-minor (1894), a serenade in B[j f. 
 'cello and strings, a string-quartet in A, a trio- 
 serenade in G, etc. 
 
 Pergole'si, Giovanni Battista, b. Jesi, 
 Papal States, Jan. 4, 1710 ; d. Mar. 16, 1736, at 
 Pozzuoli, near Na- 
 ples. In 1726 he 
 entered the Cons, 
 dei Poveri di Gesii 
 Cristo at Naples, 
 studying the violin 
 with de .Matteis, 
 and counterpoint 
 with Greco, Du- 
 rante, and Feo. His 
 (harmonically) 
 novel improvisa- 
 tions attracted at- 
 tention ; though 
 his last student- 
 work, the biblical 
 drama San Gugliel- 
 mo d'Aquitania (prod, with comic intermezzi at 
 the convent of S. Agnello Maggiore, Naples, 
 1731), and the opera Sallustia, the intermezzo 
 Amor fa ruomo cieco, and the opera seria Rici- 
 mero (all Naples, 1731), made little impression. 
 For his patron, the Prince of Stigliano, he 
 wrote 30 terzets for violin with bass ; probably 
 through the Prince's influence, he was commis- 
 sioned to write a solemn mass for Naples, 
 which, performed after the terrible earthquake 
 of 1731 as a votive offering to the patron saint 
 of Naples, rendered the young maestro at once 
 
 /fry ^f_f 
 
 444 
 
PERI— PERKINS 
 
 famous in that city. For two years he con- 
 tinued sacred composition, though four stage- 
 works prod, in 1732 showed his leaning toward 
 dramatic writing ; with the opera bufia (" inter- 
 mezzo") La Serva padrona (Naples, 1733; 
 teatro San Bartolomeo) he won immediate and 
 lasting distinction ; it is his finest work, and has 
 served as a model for succeeding Italian com- 
 posers in that genre. P. obtained his effects 
 with the simplest means ; the string-orch. is his 
 main dependence throughout, being supported 
 in only a few numbers by the horns, and at the 
 finale by the entrance of the trumpet ; even the 
 string-accompaniment is sometimes reduced to 
 two parts, the violins playing in octaves, and 
 the viola being reinforced by the 'cello an octave 
 lower. This was his sole real success on the 
 stage ; none of the operas written for Naples 
 (// maestro di viusica^ II geloso schernito^ Lo 
 Frate'nnamoraio, Jl^prigionero superbo, Adri- 
 ano in Siria) received popular approbation ; 
 L'Olimpiade (Rome, 1735) did no better ; only 
 the intermezzo to Adriatic, given at first as 
 Livietta e Tracollo, and later, independently, as 
 La Contadina asiuta, had a fair measure of 
 success. Flaminio, written in 1735, was first 
 perf. at Naples in 1749. Musicians, far more 
 than the general public, admired P.'s works; 
 while L'Olimpiade was rehearsing, Duni, the 
 composer of the successful opera Nerane, is 
 said to have told P. that his music was too deli- 
 cately beautiful for appreciation by the vulgar — 
 and so it proved: L'Olimpiade failed utterly, 
 and Nerone was applkuded'. After P.'s death, 
 his compatriots recognized his genius, and a re- 
 vival of his operas was enthusiastically welcomed. 
 They were, indeed, new, as fairly beginning the 
 modern era of harmonically (in contradistinc- 
 tion to contrapuntally) accompanied melody. — 
 Repeated disappointments, and irregular habits, 
 undermined his constitution ; consumption set 
 in, and he died at the baths of Pozzuoli, work- 
 ing to the last, finishing the pathetically beauti- 
 ful Stabat Mater five days before the end. It is 
 his best-known sacred work, written for soprano 
 and alto with string-orch. and organ ; he also 
 composed a mass for 5-part chorus w. orch., a 
 mass a 5 w. orch., a mass fl 4 w. orch., a mass 
 a 2 w. organ, a Kyrie cum gloria w. orch., a 
 Dixit a 4 w. strings and org., a Dixit f. double 
 ch. and orch., a Miserere a 4 w. orch., a Dies 
 irae f. sopr. and alto w. strings, a Confitebor a 
 4i 2 Domine ad adjuvandum a 4 and 5, a Lau- 
 date a 5 w. orch., a Laudate for solo voice w. 
 instr.s, a Laetatus sum a 5, and one do. f. 2 so- 
 prani and 2 basses, a Salva Regina f. solo 
 voice, strings and organ, and an oratorio. La 
 Nativith. He also wrote a cantata, Orfeo, f. 
 solo voice and orch.; a cantata a 5, Giasone ; 6 
 cantatas w. string-accomp. ; and the 30 trios 
 mentioned above ; a violin-concerto with string- 
 accomp.; and a "sinfonia" f. 'cello and bass. — 
 Biographical: By Carlo Blasis (1817); by the 
 Marquis of Villarosa : " Lettera biografica in- 
 terne alia patria ed alia vita di G. B. P." (1831) ; 
 
 and a sketch by H. M. Schlettcrer (in Walder- 
 see's " Musikalische Vortrage," No. 17). 
 
 Pe'ri, Jacopo, called "II Zazzerino" from 
 his abundant hair ; b. Florence, about 1560 ; 
 d. there about 1630. Of noble family, he stud- 
 ied at Lucca under Cristoforo Malvezzi ; was 
 maestro at the court of Ferdinando I. and Cosi- 
 mo II. de' Medici, and from 1601 at the court 
 of Ferrara. A member of the distinguished cir- 
 cle at the houses of Count Bardi and Corsi, where 
 the revival of ancient Greek musical declamation 
 was planned. P., with Caccini and Corsi, set to 
 music Rinuccini's text of Dafne (1594). En- 
 couraged by its success, he composed alone 
 Rinuccini's Euridice for the wedding of Maria 
 de' Medici with Henri IV. of France (prod. Oct. 
 6, 1600). Dafne was the first "opera," or 
 drama set to music in monodic style (i.e., vocal 
 soli supported by instr.s) ; this style was termed 
 "stile- rappresentativo." Peri publ. in 1609 
 " Le varie musiche del Signor Jacopo Peri ..." 
 in 1-3 parts, some to be suiig with harpsichord 
 or chitarrone, others to be played on the organ. 
 Kiesewetter printed 3 madngals a 4 in " Schick- 
 sale und BeschaiTenheit des weltlichen Ge- 
 sanges " (1841). Fragments from Euridice are in 
 several histories of music. 
 
 Pe'ri, Achille, b. Reggio d'Emilia, Italy, 
 Dec. 20, 1812 ; d. there Mar. 28, 1880. Opera- 
 cond. in Reggio ; prod, half a score of operas, 
 among them Circe (1843), Tancreda (1848), / 
 Fidanzaii (1856), Rienzi (1867), and Orfano e 
 Diavolo (1862) ; also a biblical drama Giudilta 
 (Milan, i860). 
 
 Perkins, Henry Southwick, b. Stock- 
 bridge, Vt., Mar. 20, 1833. Graduate, 1861, of 
 Boston Music School (vocal teachers Baker, 
 Wetherbee, and Guilmette) ; Pres. 1867-71 of 
 the Iowa Normal Acad, of Music ; 1867-8, prof, 
 music at the State Univ., Iowa; 1870-4, Pres. 
 of Kansas Normal Acad, of Music, Leaven- 
 worth ; 1887-8, of the Illinois M. T. A.; 1888, 
 seer, and treas. of the M. T. N. A.; in 1890 he 
 founded the Chicago Nat. Coll. of Music, now 
 a flourishing institution. For over 20 years he 
 also cond. mus. festivals and conventions, from 
 Maine to California ; active mus. critic ; one of 
 the organizers of the M. T. N. A. in 1876. The 
 year 1875 he spent in study under Wartel at 
 Paris, and Vannuccini at Florence. Has edited 
 30 song-books, hymn-books, class-books, etc.', 
 and comp. numerous vocal quartets and songs. 
 —His brother, 
 
 Perkins, William Oscar, b. Stockbridge, 
 May 23, 1831. Pupil of Wetherbee, and of G. 
 Perini, Milan. Mus. Doc, Hamilton Coll., 
 1879. Living in Boston as a teacher, cond., 
 and composer. Has publ some 40 books of 
 songs, anthems, etc., which contain many of his 
 own comp.s. 
 
 Perkins, Julius Edson, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Stockbridge, 1845 ; d. Manchester, 
 Engl., Feb. 24, 1875. ^^^^ singer; studied in 
 
 445 
 
PERNE— PERTI 
 
 Paris and Italy ; debut 1868 ; joined Mapleson 
 Opera Co. in 1873, and was prima basso in the 
 R. Ital. Opera, London. In 1874 he married 
 Marie Roze (later Col. Mapleson's wife). 
 
 Perne, Francois-Louis, b. Paris, 1772 ; d. 
 there May 26, 1832. He studied harm, and cpt. 
 under Abbe d'Haudimont at the mattrise of St.- 
 Jacques-de-la-Boucherie ; chorus-singer at the 
 Opera, 1792 ; double-bass player in the orch. 
 there, 1799. In 1801 he brought out a grand 
 festival mass. His theoretical knowledge was 
 illustrated by a triple fugue, to be sung back- 
 wards on reversing the page. Continued study 
 of mus. theory and history won him the position 
 of Catel's successor as prof, of harmony at the 
 Cons.; he became Inspector-General in 1816, 
 and also librarian in i8ig. In 1822 he retired 
 to an estate near Laon ; he returned to Paris a 
 few weeks before his death. The few printed 
 works of this learned and voluminous writer (on 
 Greek notation, the songs of the troubadours, 
 etc.) appeared in vol.s i-ix of Fetis' "Revue 
 musicale," excepting his essay on the Chatelain 
 de Coucy (in Michel's monograph, 1830). His 
 publ. comp.s include a " Cours d'harmonie et 
 d'accompagnement" (1822), 2 pf. -methods, varia- 
 tions and easy sonatas f . pf . , and the famous triple 
 fugue. 
 
 Pero'si, Don Lorenzo, b. Tortona, Italy, 
 Dec. 23, 1872. Pupil, 1S91, of Saladino ; 1893, 
 of Milan Cons.; 1894, of Haberl's Domchor- 
 schule (School for Church-music) at Ratisbon. 
 1895, maestro di cafpella at Imola ; from 1897, 
 at San Marco, Venice. He is a young priest, 
 whose sacred trilogy La Passione di Crisio (I. 
 La cena del Signore ; II. Vorazione al 7nonte j 
 III. La morte del Hedentcre), prod, in Milan, 
 1897, at the Ital. Congress for Sacred Music, 
 created a sensation (not equalled at later per- 
 formances in Germany, London, New York, 
 etc.). Other oratorios are La Trasfigurazione 
 del Nostra Signore Gesii Crista (189S), La Risur- 
 reziane di Lazara (yQn\Qe, July 27, 1898, in La 
 Fenice theatre, by special permission), and // 
 A^atale del Hedentore {Como, 1899). Toward the 
 end of 1898 the success of his oratorios was so 
 emphatic in Italy that Pope Leo XIII. app. him 
 honorary maestro of the Papal Choir. — P. has 
 also written 15 masses, and is an excellent organ- 
 ist. (Oratorios publ. in pf. -score.) 
 
 Peroti'nus, Magnus, Magister, maitre de 
 chapelle at Notre-Dame, Paris. Celebrated com- 
 poser of the I2th century. Some comp.s publ. 
 in Coussemaker's " L'art harraonique au XI 11= et 
 XIII^ siecles." 
 
 Perot'ti, Giovanni Agostino, b. Vercelli, 
 Apr. 12, 1760; d. Venice, June 28, 1855. 
 Pupil of Mattei in Bologna ; in 1817 he suc- 
 ceeded Furlanetto as maestro at San Marco, 
 Venice. Besides excellent church-music, an 
 opera {La Contadina nobile, 1795), etc., he wrote 
 essays " SuUo stato attuale della musica in 
 Italia" (Venice, 1812), and " II buon gusto della 
 musica " (1808). 
 
 Perrin, Pierre, b. Lyons, about 1620; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 25, 1675. Author of the libretti for 
 the first French operas (so called) : Cambert's 
 La Pastorale (1659), Pomone (1671), and Ariane 
 (1672). The privilege obtained of Louis XIV. 
 by P. and Cambert, to organize an " Academic 
 de musique " (1668), was revoked in LuUy's favor 
 (1669). 
 
 Perry, Edward Baxter, pianist ; b. Haver- 
 hill, Mass., Feb. 14, 1855. He early lost his 
 sight ; was taught by J. W. Hill at Boston ; 
 studied later in Germany (inder Kullak, Clara 
 Schumann, Pruckner, and Liszt. Played before 
 the German Emperor. Returning to America, 
 he gave 1,200 concerts in 10 years. He ori- 
 ginated the " lecture-recital." Has composed a 
 "Loreley" fantasia, "The lost Island," and 
 other pf.-works. 
 
 Perry, George, English comp. ; b. Norwich, 
 1793 ; d. London, Mar. 4, 1862. Director of 
 music at Haymarket Th., 1822 ; organist of 
 Quebec Chapel; 1832-47, leader, from '1848 
 conductor, of Sacred Harmonic Soc. orch.; in 
 1846, also org. of Trinity Ch., Gray's Inn Road. 
 — OrSiioTios, Elijah and the priests of £aal{i&l?i), 
 The Fall of Jerusalem (1830), The Death of 
 Abel (1846), Hezekiah (1847) ; a cantata, Bel- 
 shazzar's Feast (1836) ; 2 operas. Family Quar- 
 rels (1830) and Morning, Noon, and Night (i?i22) ; 
 overture to "The Persian Hunters"; anthems, 
 songs, and pf. -pieces. 
 
 Persia'ni {n^e Tacchinardi), Fanny, famed 
 soprano (coloratura) stage-singer; b. Rome, Oct. 
 4, 1812 ; d. Passy, n. Paris, May 3, 1867. Her 
 father, the tenor singer Nicola T., was her 
 teacher. After a successful debut at Leghorn 
 in 1832, she sang in the principal cities of the 
 peninsula ; at Milan she was called "la piccola 
 Pasta"; from 1837-48 she shone in London and 
 Paris as one of the greatest singers ever heard, 
 also visited Holland and Russia, but returned 
 to Paris in 1858. — In 1830 she married Giuseppe 
 Persiani [1804-1869], a composer of 11 operas. 
 
 Persuis, Louis-Luc-Loiseau de, b. Metz, 
 July 4, 1769; d. Paris, Dec. 20, 1819. A vio- 
 linist, he went to Paris in 1787 ; prod, an orato- 
 rio, Le passage de la mer Eouge, at a Concert 
 spirituel ; became ist violin at the Th. Montan- 
 sier (1790), and at the Opera (1793) ; chef de 
 chant aX the Opera (1804), and chef d'archcstre 
 in 1810, succeeding Rey. Was also prof, of 
 violin at the Cons. 1795-1802. In 1814, In- 
 spector-General of the Opera, supersedingChoron 
 as Director in 1817. Under his management 
 the Opera prospered ; and this is his chief claim 
 to fame. He was likewise asst.-cond. of Napo- 
 leon's court orch., and succeeded Le Sueur as 
 Intendant-in-chief of the Royal Orch. in 1816. 
 
 Per'ti, Jacopo Antonio, b. Bologna, June 
 6, 1661 ; d. there Apr. 10, 1756. A celebrated 
 dram, and sacred composer, pupil of Padre Pe- 
 tronio Franceschini. As early as 1680 he 
 brought out a solemn mass, and next year was 
 elected a member of the Accademia Filarmonica, 
 
 446 
 
PESCETTI— PETRINI 
 
 of which he was five times the president. After 
 spending several years as an opera-composer at 
 Parma, he became maestro at San Pietro in 
 Bologna (1690), and in i6g6 maestro at San Pe- 
 tronio. He wrote 21 operas, and 4 oratorios ; 
 publ. " Cantate morali e spirituali " (1688) and 
 " Messe e salmi concertati " (1735) ; in Novel- 
 lo's " Sacred Music" are 2 fine choruses. His 
 MSS. were dispersed ; Abbate Santini has made 
 a valuable collection. 
 
 Pescet'ti, Giovanni Battista, b. Venice, 
 1704; d. there (probably) 1766. A pupil of 
 Lotti, he prod, several operas in Venice 1725- 
 37; lived in London till 1740, writing operas 
 of which the overtures and some arias were publ. 
 by Walsh ; from 1762 he was second organist 
 at San Marco, Venice. 
 
 PeschTsa - Leut'ner, Minna, celebrated 
 stage-soprano (coloratura) ; b. Vienna, Oct. 
 25> 1839 ; d. Wiesbaden, Jan. 12, i8go. Pupil 
 of Proch ; debut Breslau, 1846 ; after singing 
 there a year, she retired temporarily, married 
 Dr. Peschka of Vienna in 186 1, then sang in 
 Dessau. After several appearances at the Vi- 
 enna Court Opera, and further study under Frau 
 Bochkoltz-Falconi, she was eng. as prima donna 
 at Darmstadt in 1865. From 1868-76, at the 
 height of her powers and fame, she was eng. at 
 Leipzig under Director Haase ; in 1872 she sang 
 at the Philharm. and Crystal Palace, London, 
 and in that autumn at the Peace Jubilee at Bos- 
 ton, U. S.; it is said that over-exertion there 
 seriously impaired her voice. PoUini eng. her 
 for the Hamburg opera in 1876 ; in 1883 she 
 went to Cologne. 
 
 Pessard, ^mile-Louis-Fortun^, b. Mont- 
 raartre, Seine, May 28, 1843. Pupil, in the 
 Paris Cons., of Bazin (harm.), Laurent (pf.), 
 Benoist (org.), and Carafa (comp.) ; won the ist 
 harmony-prize in 1862, and the Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1866 with the cantata Dalila (Opera, 
 1867). From 1878-80, inspector of singing in 
 the Paris school? ; succeeded Savard as prof, of 
 harmony at the Cons, in 1881. He is director 
 of mus. instruction in the educational department 
 of the Legion of Honor. Since 1895, mus. critic 
 for " I'Evenement." Officerof Legion of Honor 
 and of Pub. Instruction. — Works : La cruche 
 cass/e (Op.-Com., 1870); Le Char (ib., 1878); 
 Lecttpitaine Fracasse (Th.-Lyr., 1878) ; Tabarin 
 (Opera, 1885) ; Tartarin sur les Alpes (Gaite, 
 1888); Don Quichotte (Menus-Plaisirs, i88g) ; 
 Les Folies amoureuses (Op.-Com., 1891) ; Une 
 nuit lie Noel (Ambigu, 1893) ; Mile. Carabin 
 (Bouffes, 1893) ; Le Muet (1894) ; La Dame de 
 trifles (1898) ; all comic operas or operettas. 
 Also masses, orch.l suites, a pf.-trio, pf.-pieces, 
 songs. 
 
 Peters, Carl Friedrich, Leipzig music- 
 publishing firm, founded in 1814, C. F. Peters 
 then purchasing Klihnel & Hoffmeister's "Bu- 
 reau de Musique " (establ. 1800). Gained celeb- 
 rity by the critical complete ed. of J. S. Bach's 
 
 works ; since 1868, by the issue of classical works 
 in the cheap and reliable " Edition Peters." Its 
 large and important musical library was opened 
 to the public in 1893 as the " Bibliothek Peters." 
 Dr. Max Abraham is at present (i8gg) sole 
 proprietor (since 1863). 
 
 Petersi'lea, Carlyle, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 
 18, 1844. Distinguished pianist and teacher; 
 pupil of his father, and (1862-5) of Moscheles, 
 Reinecke, Richter, Hauptmann, etc., at Leipzig 
 Cons., winning the Helbig prize for pf.-playing. 
 After a successful tour in Germany, he returned 
 to Boston; establ. "The Petersilea Acad, of 
 Music" in 1871, closing it in 1886 to become a 
 teacher in the New Engl. Cons. He spent the 
 Spring of 1884 with Liszt at Weimar, and gave 
 a concert at the Berlin Singakademie. — Has 
 publ. technical studies, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Petit, Adrien. See Coclicus. 
 
 Petre'jus, Johannes, a native of Langen- 
 dorf, Franconia, and music-printer at Nurem- 
 berg, where he died Mar. 18, 1550. Began as a 
 book-printer in 1526 ; commenced music-printing 
 in 1536. 
 
 Petrel'Ia, Errico, b. Palermo, Dec. 10, 1813 ; 
 d. Genoa, Apr. 7, 1877. An opera-composer ; 
 violin-pupil of Saverio del Giudice ; then at the 
 Naples Cons. (CoUegio di S. Sebastiano) from 
 1825-30 of Costa, Bellini, Furno, Ruggi, and 
 Zingarelli. His first theatrical attempt was the 
 2-act opera buffa // Diavolo color di rosa (Naples, 
 1829). Being successful, it was followed up to 
 1874 by over 20 more operas, both comic and 
 serious ; I^e Miniere di Freiburgh (Naples, 1839) 
 was his finest buffo work ; Elnava, I'Assedio di 
 Leida, the best in the serious genre. Marco 
 Visconti (Naples, 1854) immediately obtained 
 immense popularity in Italy, and La Contessa 
 d'Amalfi (Turin, 1864) also had noteworthy suc- 
 cess. During a quarter of a century he vied with 
 Verdi in Italian favor : but he belonged to the 
 "old" school, and his operas have disappeared 
 before the influence of Germanism. Despite his 
 many successes, he died in extreme poverty. 
 
 Pe'tri, Johann Samuel, b. Sorau, Sept. i, 
 1738 ; d. as cantor at Bautzen, Apr. 22, 180S. 
 Publ. "Anleitung zur praktischen Musik" 
 (1767; 2nd ed. 1782), and " Anweisung zum 
 regelmassigen und geschmackvoUen Orgelspiel " 
 (1802). 
 
 Pe'tri, Henri, b. Zeyst, n. Utrecht, Apr. 5, 
 1856. Fine violinist, pupil of David at Leipzig. 
 Leader of the Gewandhaus Orch. 1882-g (with 
 Brodsky), then succeeding Lauterbach as leader 
 of the Dresden court orch. Has publ. studies 
 and pieces f. violin. 
 
 Petri'ni, Franz, harpist ; b. Berlin, 1744 ; 
 d. Paris, l8ig. Court musician at Schwerin, 
 1765 ; harp-teacher in Paris, 1770. — Publ. 4 
 concertos, 8 sonatas, variations, duets, etc., f. 
 harp ; also a harp-method, and a manual of har- 
 mony. 
 
 447 
 
PETRUCCI— PFEIFFER 
 
 Petruc'ci, Ottaviano (de), the inventor of 
 music-printing with movable types ; b. Fossom- 
 brone, June l8, 1466 ; d. May 7, 1539. In 1498 
 he received from the Council of the Republic of 
 Venice the privilege of printing music by his 
 neAV method for 20 years, and worked there in- 
 dustriously 1501-11, then ceding the business to 
 A. Scotti and N. da Rafael, and removing to 
 Fossombrone, with a 15-year privilege for print- 
 ing within the Papal States. His editions, 
 printed with great neatness, are rare and highly 
 prized specimens of early press-work. In Fos- 
 sombrone he worked from 1513-23. His inven- 
 tion appeared at the most flourishing epoch of 
 the Netherland School, and his first work, 
 " HarmonicEe musices Odhecaton . A" (1501), 
 contains 94 chansons a 3, 222 a 4, and 15 motets, 
 by famous composers before 1501. Further pub- 
 lications : 1502, " Canti . B" (dated P'eb. 15, 
 1501 ; but as the Venetian New Year's Day was 
 Easter Sunday, the date ace. to modern style is 
 1502; 2nd ed. Aug. 4, 1503); " Misse Jos- 
 quin" (also a 2nd ed.) ; " Missaruni Josquin, 
 Lib. I"; — 1503, "Canti. C"; " Mottetti . B"; 
 " Missarum Josquin, Lib. II-III"; "Misse 
 Brumel"; "Misse Ghiselin " ; "Misse Pierre 
 de la Rue " ; " Misse Obrecht " ; — 1504, " Misse 
 Alexandri Agricolae " ; "Mottetti. C"; "Frot- 
 tole. Lib. I-IV" (Book IV as " Strambotti, Ode, 
 Frottole, Sonetti et modo de cantar versi Latini 
 ecapituli"); — 1505, "Frottole," Lib. V-VI ; 
 " Misse de Orto " ; " Mottetti," Lib. IV; — 1506, 
 " Lamentationum Jeremie prophetae," Lib. I- 
 II ; " Misse Henrici Izac" ; — 1507, "Frottole," 
 Lib. VII-VIII ; " Missarum diversorum aucto- 
 rum," Lib. I; — 1508, "Frottole, Lib. IX"; 
 " Intabolatura de lauto," Lib. I-IV (contains 
 " Padoane, Calate, Frottole," etc.); "Misse 
 diversorum auctorum " ; — 1509, " Tenori e con- 
 trabass! intabolati col soprano in canto figu- 
 rato . . . P'rancisci Bo.ssoniensis opus " ; — printed 
 at Fossombrone : 1513, a vol. of Masses ; — 1514, 
 "Mottetti della Corona"; — 1515, "Missarum 
 Joannis Mouton, Lib. I"; " Misse Antonii de 
 Fevin" ;— 1516, " Missarum X a clarissimi mu- 
 sicis, . . . Libri II"; 1519, "Mottetti della 
 Corona," Lib. II-IV. — Of the " Missarum Jos- 
 quin," Book II was reprinted in 1515, and 
 Books I and III in 1516; there is an undated 
 reprint of Book I of " Motetti della Corona" ; 
 and 2 books of Laudi were publ. without date. 
 P.'s last publications were 3 books of masses 
 (1520-3) printed in folio as chorus-books. — An- 
 ton Schmid's monograph on P. (1845) is valu- 
 able, but not up to date. 
 
 Pe'trus de Cru'ce [Pierre de la Croix], of 
 
 Amiens, was a 13th-century writer on mensural 
 music ; treatise printed in Coussemaker's "Scrip- 
 tores." 
 
 Pe'trus Platen'sis. See La Rue. 
 
 Petsch'ke, Dr. Hermann Theobald, b. 
 
 Bautzen, Mar. 21, 1806 ; d. Leipzig, Jan. 28, 
 1888, On Board of Directors of the Gewand- 
 
 haus Concerts. Comp. excellent choruses for 
 men's voices. 
 
 Petch'nikoff, Alexander, b. Moscow (?), 
 about 1873. Violinist ; pupil of Moscow Cons.; 
 his precocious talent gained influential protec- 
 tion. Very successful German tour 1895-6. 
 His Stradivarius formerly belonged to Ferdinand 
 Laub. 
 
 Pet'zold, Christian, b. Konigstein, 1677 ; d. 
 Dresden, July 2, 1733, as court org. and cham- 
 ber-comp. — Harpsichord-concertos and cham- 
 ber-music in MS. at Dresden. 
 
 Pet'zold (or Petzhold), Wilhelm Lebe- 
 recht, b. Lichtenhain, Saxony, July 2, 1784 ; 
 d. (?). Piano-maker, with J. Pfeiffer in Paris, 
 1806-14, later independent. His squares were 
 favored before Pape's time, as his strings were 
 longer and thicker, and his instr.s more solidly 
 built, than the generality. 
 
 Pet'zold, Eugen Karl, b. Ronneburg, Al- 
 tenburg, Nov. 7, 1813 ; d. Zofingen, Switz., Jan. 
 22, 1889, as mus. dir. and organist (since 1844). 
 Active promoter of mus. art in Zofingen, estab- 
 lishing subscription and sacred concerts, and 
 composing music to Goethe's Faust, Schiller's 
 Wilhelm Tell, etc. 
 
 Pevernage, Andrd [Andreas], b. Courtray, 
 Belgium, 1543 ; d. Antwerp, July 30, 1591, as 
 choirmaster at Notre-Dame. — Publ. chansons a 
 5 and a 6-8, motets a 6-8, masses a 5-7, and 
 "Laudes vespertinae Mariae ..." (1604; 04-6). 
 Other music in collections. 
 
 Pe'zel [Pezelius], Johann, town-musician 
 at Bautzen and Leipzig ; an industrious 17th- 
 century instrumental composer. Among some 
 13 publ. sets of pieces, the following exhibit his 
 instr.l combinations. " Bicinia variorum instru 
 mentorum, ut a Violinis, Cornettis, Flautis, 
 Clarinis et Fagottis cum appendice a 2 Bombar- 
 dinis vulgo Schalmey " (1674) ; " Deliciae musi- 
 cales Oder Lustmusik, bestehend in Sonetten 
 AUemanden, Balletten, Gavotten, Couranten 
 Sarabanden und Giguen von 5 Stimmen, als 2 
 Violinen, 2 Violen nebst dem B C " (1678) 
 ' ' Intraten a 4, nehmlich mit einem Cornett und 
 drei Trombonen" (1683) ; " Opusmusicum sona- 
 tarum praestantissimarum 6 instruraentis in- 
 structum, ut 2 Violinis, 3 Violis et Fagotto ad- 
 juncto B C " (1686). He printed essays : Obser- 
 vationes musicae " (1678-83), " Infelix musicus" 
 (1678), and " Musica politico-practica " (1678). 
 
 Pfeiffer, Karl, b. 1833 (?) ; d. Vienna, Feb. 
 17, 1897. For 30 years chorus-director at the 
 Vienna Imp. Opera. Wrote 2 operas. Das 
 Nordlicht and Harold (both unsucc. prod, at 
 the Vienna Opera) ; i mass, several part-songs, 
 and songs. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Jean-Georges, b. Versailles, Dec- 
 12, 1835. Pianist and comp., pupil of the Male- 
 den and Damcke. Successful debut at the Cons, 
 concerts, 1862. Has received the Prix Chartier 
 for chamber-music ; has also prod, a symphony ; 
 
 448 
 
PFEIL— PHILIDOR 
 
 a symphonic poem, "Jeanne d'Arc " ; pf.-con- 
 certos, a pf. -quintet, trios, etc.; the operetta 
 Ca/rilaine Roche (1862), l-act opera, VEnclunie 
 (1884), 3-act comic opera, Le L^gataire universel 
 (?), and an oratorio, Hagar. — Mus. critic for the 
 "Voltaire" ; Vice-pres. of the Soc. of Compos- 
 ers. Member of tlie firm Pleyel, Wolff et Cie., 
 pf.-makers at Paris. 
 
 Pfeil, Heinrich, b. Leipzig, Dec. 18, 1835. 
 Editor, since 1862, of the " Sangerhalle" (organ 
 of the German Sangerbund) ; has composed 
 numerous male choruses. 
 
 Pfit'zer, Hans Erich, b. Moscow, May 5, 
 1869. Pupil at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 
 1886-90, of Kwast (pf.), and Iwan Knorr 
 (comp.). Teacher of pf. and theory at Koblenz 
 Cons., winter of 1892-3 ; asst.-cond. of City 
 Th., Mayence, winter of 1894-5, and prod, his 
 2-act music-drama Der arme Heinrich (Mayence, 
 1895; succ), also incid. music to Ibsen's Festi- 
 valon Solhaug. 1895-6, 3rd Kapellm. at Mann- 
 heim ; 1897-8, teacher in Stern Cons., Berlin. — 
 Publ. works : Pf. -score of Der arme Heinrich ; 
 Scherzo f. orch. ; pf .-trio, op. 8 ; sonata f. 'cello 
 and pf., op. 1 ; over 30 songs. Other comp.s 
 MS. 
 
 Pflug'haupt, Robert, b. Berlin, Aug. 4, 
 1833 ; d. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 12, 1871. Pian- 
 ist ; pupil of Dehn (Berlin), Henselt (St. Peters- 
 burg), and Liszt (Weimar), where he lived 1857- 
 62, then settling in Aix. His fortune, left to the 
 "Allgem.deutscher Musikverein," was employed 
 to found a Beethoven scholarship. — Pf.-works : 
 Op. I, orig. Theme and Var.s ; op. 3, PetTte 
 valse ; op. 6, Mazurka ; op. 9, Galop de con- 
 cert ; op. II, Invitation a la Polka ; etc. 
 
 Pflug'haupt, Sophie («/«■ Stschepin), ex- 
 cellent pianist, pupil of Henselt and Liszt, was 
 b. Dunaburg, Russia, Mar. 15, 1837 ; d. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Nov. 10, 1867. 
 
 Pfohl, Ferdinand, b. Elbogen, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 12, 1863. Law-student at Prague ; student 
 of philosophy and music at Leipzig (1885) ; be- 
 came a mus. critic. 1891, mus. editor of the 
 " Hamburger Nachrichten," succeeding Paul 
 Mirsch. — Publ. " HoUenbreughel als Erzieher" ; 
 "Bayreuther Fanfaren " ; "guides" to Tann- 
 /liiuser and Die Meistersinger ; an orch. 1 suite 
 (f. pf., 4 hands) ; songs. 
 
 Pfundt, Ernst Gotthold Benjamin, famous 
 tympanist ; b. Dommitzsch, n. Torgau, June 17, 
 1806 ; d. Leipzig, Dec. 7, 1871, as drummer in 
 the Gewandhaus Orch. (since 1835). He invented 
 the " machine-head," and publ. a Method, for 
 the kettledrum. 
 
 Phalfese, Pierre, [Petrus Phalesius,] b. 
 
 about 1510 at Louvain, where he establ. a music- 
 publishing business in 1545 (?), which was re- 
 moved to Antwerp in 1579 as " Pierre Phalise 
 et Jean Bellire." His heirs still published in 
 1669. 
 
 Phelps, Ellsworth C, b. Middletown, Conn. , 
 
 Aug. II, 1827. Self-taught in music, he became 
 organist in New London at the age of ig ; 
 taught successfully there, in Syracuse, and New 
 York, and settled in Brooklyn in 1857, where he 
 still (1899) resides. Has held various important 
 positions as organist, and has taught in the pub- 
 lic schools for more than 30 years. — Works ■ 
 (MS.) : 2 comic operas ; sacred operetta David 
 (perf. twice in Brooklyn) ; " Hiawatha" sym- 
 phony (1878) ; " Emancipation " symph. (1880); 
 2 concert-overtures (i860, '97) ; " Elegie," cho- 
 ral work in 6 movem . (perf. in New York, Phila. , 
 etc.) ; 4 symphonic poems ; Psalm 145, f. soli, 
 ch., and orch. ; pieces f. military band (perf. by 
 Gilmore and .Sousa) ; etc. — in all over 200 
 comp.s in every style. 
 
 Philidor, recte Danican, famous family of 
 French musicians. — (i) Jean Danican-Phili- 
 dor, d. Paris, Sept. 8, 1679, as " Phiphre de la 
 Grande Ecurie " (piper in the King's military 
 band). — (2) Andri Danican-Philidor (/'«?«/), 
 b. Aug. II, 1730. In 1659 he became cromorne- 
 player in the above band, later of the King's 
 private band (oboe, cromorne, trompette marine, 
 and bassoon). As asst. -librarian of the R. Mus. 
 Library at Versailles, he made a fine collection 
 of old instr.l pieces performed at court since the 
 time of Fran9ois I. He composed masques, 
 ballets, etc., for the court, and military music 
 (marches, etc.). — Publ. works : " Mascarade des 
 Savoyards " (1700) ; " Masc. du roi de la Chine " 
 (1700); "Suite de danses pour les violons et 
 hautbois . . ." (1699) ;" Pieces a deux basses 
 de viole, basse de violon et basson . . ." 
 (1700) ; " Marches et batteries de tambour 
 
 . . . avec les airs de fifre et de hautbois." 
 — (3) Anne Danican-Philidor, Andre's eldest 
 son; b. Paris, Apr. 11, 1681 ; d. Oct. 8, 1728. 
 Flute-player; composed pastoral operas(/'y4ffic«r 
 vainqueur, 1697 ; Diane et Endymion, 1698 ; 
 Danae, 1701), and publ. music f. flutes, violins, 
 and oboes. He founded the Concerts spirituals. 
 — (4) Pierre Danican-Philidor, fiute-player ; 
 \>. Aug. 22, 1681 ; d. Sept. i, 1731. Publ. 3 
 books of suites f. 2 cross-flutes (1717, '18), and 
 flute-trios. — (5) Frangois- Andr6 Danican- 
 Philidor, last and greatest of the family, the 
 youngest son of Andre ; b. Dreux, Sept. 7, 1726 ; 
 d. London, Aug. 31, 1795. Campra was .his 
 teacher in music, but cheSs was for a long time 
 his master-passion, and after vanquishing many 
 celebrated Continental players, he wrote an 
 "Analyse du jeu d'echecs," which he publ.Njn 
 London in 1749, when he commenced a series of 
 victories at the London Chess Club, later receiv- 
 ing ■-' pension from the Club. From 1756 he 
 appeared in the novel and unexpecteH role of a 
 successful composer of comic operas, producing 
 at Paris the 4-act opera Le diahle>a quatre (Op.- 
 Com.) and the opera-ballet Le retour du prin- 
 temps ; these were followed by several one-act 
 pieces (j9/aj> le savetier, 1759; VHuiireet les 
 plaideurs, 1759 ; Le quiproquo, ou L.e volage 
 fix^, 1760; Le soldat magicien, 1760; Le jar- 
 
 29 
 
 449 
 
PHILIPP— PHILPOT 
 
 dinier et son seigneur, 1761) ; then one of his 
 best, in 2 acts, Le marichal (1761), perf. over 
 200 times ; followed by more one-act pieces 
 (^Sancho Fan^a, 1762 ; Le bAcheron, ou Les trois 
 souhaits, 1763). Le sorcier, 2 acts (1764), and 
 Tom Jones, 3 acts (1764), were only 8 weeks 
 apart ; the latter had, finally, great vogue, and 
 contained a noteworthy novelty, a quartet a cap- 
 pella. In 1767 appeared his finest effort, the 
 grand opera Ernelinde, princesse de Norvege 
 (revised in 1769 as Sandomir, prince de Dane- 
 fnark), Le jardinier de Sidon (1768), VAmant 
 de'gids^ (1769), La nouvelle ^cole des femmes 
 (iT/O), Le bon fils {^ITi), Zitnire et MMde 
 {iTri), Berthe (Brussels, 1775, with Gossec and 
 Botson), Les feninies veng^es (1775), Le puits 
 d'a7nour (1779), Persie (Grand Opera, 1780), La 
 belle esclave (1787), and Le mari comvie il les 
 faudrait tous (1788) close the long list. BMi- 
 saire, finished by IJerton, was prod, in 1796. 
 P. surpassed his rivals Gretry and Monsigny 
 both in skilfulness of orchestration and richness 
 and correctness of harmony, though their infe- 
 rior in dramatic expression and melodic charm. 
 He was adored by the Parisians ; but his love 
 for chess caused him to forsake them at frequent 
 intervals for their neighbors across the Channel. 
 — P. also wrote church-music ; a set of 12 " Ari- 
 ettes periodiques " (in ajternation with Trial) 
 f. vocal solo w. violin, bass, oboe, and horn ; 
 " L'Art de la modulation," quartets f. 2 violins, 
 oboe, and bass ; etc. — George Allen wrote a 
 "Life of Philidor" (Philadelphia, 1863). 
 
 Philipp, Isidor (-Edmond), fine pianist ; b. 
 Pesth, Sept. 2, 1863 [name and date are cor- 
 rect]. He is a natu- 
 ralized French citi- 
 zen ; came to Paris 
 very young, entering 
 the Cons, at 16 as a 
 pupil of Georges 
 Mathias, and win- 
 ning ist pf. -prize in 
 1883 ; taught later by 
 Saint-Saens, Stephen 
 Heller, and Ritter (4 
 years). Has played 
 at the concerts of 
 Lamoureux, the 
 Cons., and Le Cha- 
 telet ; in all large 
 French towns ; also 
 
 in Brussels, London, Geneva, Barcelona, etc. 
 An enthusiastic admirer of chamber-music, P. 
 establ. concerts in the Salle Erard, with Loeb 
 and Berthelier, performing many of the finest 
 among modern French chamber-compositions 
 for the first time. Also reorganized the " So- 
 ciete des instr.s i vent"; and was a co-founder 
 of the " Soc. d'Art," of which he is the presi- 
 dent. Has publ. pf. -works marked by breadth 
 and refinement of style ; his exercises and etudes, 
 also his editions of classic studies, are esteemed. 
 For orch. P. has publ. a Suite fantastique, a 
 
 Reverie melancolique, and a Serenade humoris- 
 tique. 
 
 Philippe de Caserte. See Caserta. 
 
 Philippe de Mens. See Monte. 
 
 Philippe de Vitry. See Vitry. 
 
 Philipps, Peters (or Petrus Philippus, Pie- 
 tro Filippo,) English contrapuntist ; b. about 
 1560 ; d. April, 1625. Canon at Bethune, Flan- 
 ders ; organist of the vice-royal chapel, Ant- 
 werp ; and, finally, canon at Soignies. The 
 earliest regular fugue on one subject, discovera- 
 ble by Burney, was one by P. in " Queen Eliza- 
 beth's Virginall-Booke." — Publ. " MelodiaOlym- 
 pica di diversi eccel™'. musici" a 4-8 (1591) ; 3 
 books of madrigals (1596 and 1603, a 5 ; 1598, 
 a 8) ; motets a 5 (1612) and a 8 (1613) ; " Ge- 
 mulae sacrae " a 2-3 w. continuo (1613) ; Lit- 
 anies <!: 4-6(1623); " Paradisus sacris cantionibus 
 conditus" (1628). 
 
 Phillipps, Adelaide, alto dramatic singer ; b. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, Engl., 1833 ; d. Karlsbad, 
 Oct. 3, 1882. The family emigrated to Amer- 
 ica in 1840, settling in Boston. Taught by her 
 mother, Adelaide appeared as a child-dancer at 
 the Tremont Th., Jan. 12, 1842, and was eng. 
 at the Museum Th. 1843-50, as a dancer and 
 actress. Jenny Lind then started a subscription 
 to enable her to study singing ; at first under 
 Garcia in London, and then in Italy. Her de- 
 but was at the Teatro Carcano, Milan, Dec. 17, 
 1854, as Rosina. Returning to Boston in 1855, 
 she sang in concerts and English opera ; her 
 first American appearance in Italian opera being 
 at the Acad, of Music, New York, Mar. 17, 1856, 
 as Azucena. Her great success won her an en- 
 gagement for five seasons. She next went to 
 Havana, and thence to Paris (1861), Madrid, 
 Barcelona, Hungary, and Holland, singing lead- 
 ing contralto parts in all the Italian operas then 
 in vogue. Joining the " Boston Ideal Opera 
 Company" in 1879, she made her last Boston 
 appearance at the Museum on Nov. 30, 1880 ; 
 and her final stage-appearance at Cincinnati in 
 December, 1881. Miss Phillipps also excelled in 
 oratorio, and on the concert-stage. 
 
 Philomathes, Wenzeslaus, called "de 
 Nova domo " because b. at Neuhaus, Bohemia ; 
 publ. in 1512 a treatise on plain song and men- 
 sural music, " Musicorum Hbri quatuor" (re- 
 publ. 1518, '34, '43). 
 
 Philp, Elizabeth, English singer and vocal 
 comp ; b. Falmouth, 1827 ; d. London, Nov. 
 26, 1885. Pupil of Garcia, Marchesi, and Ferd. 
 Hiller. Publ. many songs ; also part-songs, 
 and a pamphlet " How to Sing an English 
 Ballad." 
 
 Philpot, Stephen Rowland, contemporary 
 English composer ; pupil of Macfarren in the 
 R. A. M.— Works: Operas, Dante and Beatrice 
 (1889), Zelica (1890, concert-perf.), and La Gi- 
 tana, I act (1896) ; also pieces f. pf. and strings, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 450 
 
PIATTI— PICCINNI 
 
 Piat'ti, Carlo Alfredo, 'cello-virtuoso ; b. 
 Bergamo, Jan. 8, 1822. Son of the violinist 
 Antonio P. [d. Feb. 27, 1878] ; pupil at first of 
 Zanetti, and 1832-7 of Merighi at Milan Cons. 
 Concert-debut at Milan, 1834 ; in 1838 his con- 
 cert-tours began ; he played (1843) with Liszt 
 at Munich, and next year in Paris. Again in 
 Milan, 1846, and in the same year in London, 
 where from 1849 he was 1st 'cello at the Italian 
 opera, and since 1859 a leading figure in the 
 Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts of cham- 
 ber-music. — Publ. 2 'cello-concertos, a concer- 
 tino, vocal music w. 'cello obbligato, fantasias, 
 capricci, and other orig. pieces for 'cello solo ; 
 also edited 6 string-sonatas by Boccherini and 
 Locatelli, a sonata (op. 2) by B. Marcello, etc. ; 
 and a Method f. 'cello. 
 
 Piccin'ni [Piccini, Picinni], Nicola, pro- 
 lific and celebrated opera-composer ; b. Bari, 
 Jan. 16, 1728 ; d. Passy, n. Paris, May 7, iSoo. 
 His father, though a musician, gave him no mu- 
 sic-lessons, intending him for the church ; but 
 the Bishop of Bari, recognizing the boy's talent, 
 overcame paternal opposition, and at 14 years of 
 age P. entered the Cons, di San Onofrio, Naples, 
 where he studied for 12 years, becoming the fa- 
 vorite pupil of Leo and Durante. His student- 
 compositions were a mass and other church- 
 music. At this time Logroscino's buffo operas 
 ruled the Neapolitan stage ; young P. boldly in- 
 vaded the popular favorite's field, a few months 
 after leaving the Cons. , with the opera, Le donne 
 dispettose (Teatro de'Fiorentini, i754),wliTch was 
 received with acclamation. There followed, in 
 1755. Gelosia per gelosia and // curioso del sua 
 propria danno; the latter had a run of four years, 
 a thing then unheard of in Italy. His first 
 Roman venture, Alessandro nelle Indie (1758), 
 was also successful, and Cecchina zitella, La 
 buona figliuola (Rome, 1760) was lauded to the 
 skies as the most perfect of opere buffe ; P. wrote 
 it in 3 weeks, and it extorted praise even from 
 Jommelli. Logroscino, who died in 1763, was 
 already outrivalled ; the freshness of P.'s melody, 
 the increased dramatic vigor of his duets, and 
 his effective finales (extended to several scenes 
 with corresponding changes in tempo and key) 
 made him the idol of the hour. His productive- 
 ness was astounding ; in 1762 he brought out no 
 less than six operas, and in the course of his 
 career wrote (on the authority of his friend and 
 biographer Ginguene) 133 dramatic works. This 
 period of triumphant success, to which // re pa- 
 store (1760), VOlimpiade (1761 ; revised, 1771), 
 Berenice (1764), La Cecchina mariiata (1765), 
 Didone abbandonata (1767), Antigone (1771), and 
 many others contributed, was rudely interrupted 
 in 1773, when the fickle Roman public turned to 
 the far inferior Anfossi, and hissed one of P.'s 
 operas off the stage. He fell seriously ill on his 
 return to Naples ; on recovering, he wrote / 
 Viaggiatori for Naples, and its enthusiastic re- 
 ception in some measure consoled him for the 
 previous undeserved failure. Negotiations begun 
 
 about this time by La Borde, valet de cjiambre 
 to Louis XV., and author of the " Essai sur 
 la musique," to induce P. to visit Paris, were 
 continued in 1775 by the Marquis of Caraccioli 
 by special desire of Marie Antoinette. In con- 
 sequence of flattering offers, P. removed with his 
 family to Paris in December, 1776. He required 
 an entire year to obtain sufficient mastery of the 
 language to write his first French opera, Roland 
 (Opera, Paris, Jan. 27, 1778), a mediocre work 
 which probably owed its temporary success as 
 much to partisan intrigue as to its intrinsic value. 
 For as soon as the celebrated Italian maestro 
 reached Paris, the opponents of the innovator 
 Gluck rallied around P. as the standard-bearer 
 of Italian musical taste [melody simply accom- 
 panied, in contradistinction to the dramatic 
 declamation and heavier scoring of Gluck's 
 operas] ; the controversy between the " Gluck- 
 ists " and " Piccinnists " rose to a pitch of acri- 
 mony and animosity inconceivable to the present 
 generation, even after the long (but chiefly "aca- 
 demical ") warfare against Wagner. It is pleas- 
 ant to note that P. took no part whatever in this 
 quarrel, which his frank and generous nature 
 abhorred. When Gluck died (1787) he endeav- 
 ored, though vainly, to raise a fund for annual 
 memorial concerts. His own successes were 
 great. In 1778 he was appointed director of the 
 newly engaged Italian opera-troupe, whose per- 
 formances alternated with those of the French 
 company at the Opera, and was thus enabled to 
 produce his best Italian scores, meeting his rival 
 on less unequal terms. Unfortunately the man- 
 agement of the Opera commissioned both Gluck 
 and P. to compose the opera IphigMe en Tauride 
 at the same |time ; P. was dissatisfied with his 
 text, and lost time by having it rewritten by 
 Ginguene, so that his version appeared in 1781, 
 the year after Gluck left Paris, and failed utterly 
 in comparison with the German composer's mas- 
 terpiece. [His successful French operas were 
 Le fat m^prisi (1779), Atys (1780), Didon, Le 
 dormeur ^veill/, and the Le faux Lord (these last 
 3 in 1783) ; half a dozen others either failed, or 
 were never performed.] To add to his discom- 
 fiture, a new rival, Sacchini, now began success- 
 fully to dispute the field of Italian opera ; al- 
 though P.'s French opera Didon (1783) renewed 
 his earlier triumphs. In 1784 he was appointed 
 inattre de chant at the new ' ' Ecole royale de mu- 
 sique et declamation " ; 2 years thereafter, his 
 opera Rolattd was represented by his pupils 
 there. His last operatic attempts in French were 
 unfortunate. In 1789, at the outbreak of the 
 Revolution, he lost his positions, and retired to 
 Naples, where the King granted him a pension. 
 But because of his daughter's marriage with a 
 young French radical, P. was suspected of re- 
 publicanism ; he was kept a prisoner in his own 
 house for four years, with the added misfortune 
 of extreme poverty, which he alleviated as best 
 he might by the composition and sale of church- 
 music. After the treaty of peace with the French 
 republic (1798), he returned to France, was fSted 
 
 451 
 
PICCINNI— PINELLI 
 
 at the Conservatoire, and received a present of 
 5,000 francs and a small pension, which was not 
 regularly paid, however. He was prostrated for 
 some months by paralysis ; after his recovery, a 
 sixth Inspectorship was created at the Cons, for 
 his benefit, but he soon became ill again, and re- 
 tired to Passy to die. 
 
 Piccin'ni, Luig^i, son of Nicola ; b. Naples, 
 1766; d. Passy, July 31, 1827. Pupil of his 
 father, with whom he lived in Paris and Naples ; 
 1796-1801, R. conductor at Stockholm. Wrote 
 some 15 French and Italian operas of no special 
 merit for Paris, Naples, etc. 
 
 Piccin'ni, Louis-Alexandre, grandson of 
 Nicola ; b. Paris, Sept. 10, 1779 ; d. there Apr. 
 24, 1850. Pupil of Hausmann, Le Sueur, and 
 his grandfather ; cond. and accompanist at sev- 
 eral minor Parisian theatres ; chef de chant at 
 the Opera 1816-26. His more than 200 operas, 
 melodramas, ballets, etc., require only 'casual 
 mention. 
 
 Piccolo'mini, Maria, soprano stage-singer ; 
 b. Sienna, 1836. Pupil of Mazzarelli and Rai- 
 mondi, Florence ; debut there in 1852 as Lu- 
 crezia Borgia, with pronounced success ; sang 
 in Italian cities, London (H. M.'s Th.), Paris 
 (Th. Italien, 1856), and New York (1858). Mar- 
 ried the Marquis Gaetani in 1863, and retired 
 from the stage. 
 
 Pich'el (or Pichl), Wenrel, b. Bechin, 
 Bohemia, Sept. 15, 1741 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 23, 
 1805. A violinist, pupil of Pokorny, and of 
 vSegert in composition, he was chamber-com- 
 poser to Archduke Ferdinand at Milan 1775- 
 96; then violinist at the Court Th., Vienna. 
 His compositions (about 700) include 88 sym- 
 phonies (28 publ.), 13 serenades (3 publ.), violin- 
 concertos, clarinet-concertos, a concertante f. 2 
 violins w. orch., 12 string-quintets, 12 string- 
 quartets, 6 octets and 7 septets f . barytone, flute, 
 and strings ; 6 sextets, 6 quintets, and 3 quartets 
 f. barytone w. strings ; much other chamber- 
 music ; besides 4 masses, 6 motets, 10 psalms, 
 2 graduals, and i Miserere (all publ.), and other 
 sacred music (MS.) ; a score of operas (i Ger- 
 man, 4 Latin, 8 French, 7 Italian) ; etc. 
 
 Picinni. See Piccinni. 
 
 Piel, Peter, b. Kessenich, n. Bonn, Aug. 12, 
 1835. Since 1868, music-teacher at the Seminary 
 in Boppard-on-Rhine, with title (1887) of " Royal 
 Music-Director." — Works : Many masses a 2-4 
 (f . equal or mixed voices, with or without organ) ; 
 motets ; 8 Magnificats (in the church-modes) ; 
 antiphones to the Virgin a 4-8 (f. male choir) ; 
 other church-music; organ-pieces; a " Har- 
 monielehre " ; etc. 
 
 Pierne, (Henri-Constant-) Gabriel, b. Metz, 
 Aug. 16, 1863. Pupil of Marmontel, Cesar 
 Franck, and Massenet, at Paris Cons., taking 
 ist piano-prize (1879), do. for cpt. and fugue 
 (1881), do. f. organ (1882), and the Grand prix 
 de Rome (1882). In 1890 he succeeded Cesar 
 Franck as organist at Ste. -Clothilda. Has prod. 
 
 the 5-act spectacle Bon/on d'or (1893), the 4-act 
 opera IzHl (1894), the 3-act lyric drama Vendde 
 (Lyons, 1897 ; mod. succ.) ; and several other 
 stage-pieces ; a hymn to the Russian visitors in 
 1893, "La Fraternelle " ; the lyric episode f. 
 orch., " Nuit de Noel " ; a pf. -concerto ; etc. 
 
 Pierre, Constant, b. Passy, Aug. 24, 1855. 
 Pupil of Paris Cons.; orch.l bassoon-player; 
 writer for mus. journals, and (since l88i) asst.- 
 secr. at the Cons. Editor of " Le Monde musi- 
 cal." — Works: Essays on " Les Noels popu- 
 laires" (1886) and " La Marseillaise " (1887); 
 "La facture instrumentale i I'Exposition de 
 1889" (i8go) ; and (MS.) a history of the Opera 
 orch., for which the " Soc. des compositeurs" 
 awarded him a prize in 1889. 
 
 Pierson. See La Rue. 
 
 Pierson {recte Pearson), Henry Hugo 
 [early pen-name " Edgar Mansfeldt "], English 
 composer; b. Oxford, Apr. 12, 1815 ; d. Leip- 
 zig, Jan. 28, 1873. He studied medicine at 
 Cambridge, also music under Attwood and Corfe, 
 and from 1830 under Rinck, Tomaschek, and 
 Reissiger in Germany. In 1844 he succeeded 
 Bishop as prof, of music at Edinburgh Univ., 
 but soon resigned, and settled in Germany, 
 changing then the spelling of his name to retain 
 its pronunciation. He lived in Vienna, Ham- 
 burg, and Leipzig. — Works : The operas Der 
 Elfensiegi^runn, 1845), Leila (Hamburg, 1848), 
 Contarini (ib., 1872), and Fenice (Dessau, 1883) ; 
 oratorios Jerusalem (Norwich Mus. Fest., 1852) 
 and Hezeldah (fragmentary ; Norwich, 1869) ; 
 symphony "Macbeth," op. 54; 4 overtures; 
 Funeral March iox Hamlet ; Roman dirge "Salve 
 aeternum," op. 30 ; communion-service, hymn- 
 tunes, Te Deums, etc. ; part-songs, songs. 
 
 Pi6ton, Loyset, a French contrapuntist 
 whose motets, psalms, and chansons, are scat- 
 tered in collections of his time (1531-45). 
 
 Pilger, Karl. See Spazier. 
 
 Pilot'ti, Giuseppe, b. Bologne, 1784 ; d. 
 there June 12, 1838. At first he followed his 
 father's trade, that of an organ-builder ; later 
 studied under Mattel, produced an opera, L'Ajo 
 »rf/'jOTi5a?-rt:zi7 (Bologna, about 1810), and adopted 
 music as his profession. Was maestro at a 
 church in Pistoja, in 1826 succeeded Mattel as 
 maestro of San Petronio, Bologna, and in 1829 
 became prof, of counterpoint at the Liceo Filar- 
 _ monico. — Other works : A 2-act opera buffa Non 
 essere geloso (Florence, 1816) ; much church- 
 music (Dies irae w. orch.; Psalms a 8; etc.); 
 publ. " Breve insegnamento teorico sulla natura, 
 estensione, proporzione armonica . . . per tutti 
 gli stromenti." 
 
 Pinel'li, Ettore, b. Rome, Oct. 18, 1843. 
 Violinist, pupil of Ramaciotti in Rome and (1864) 
 of Joachim at Hanover. Returned to Rome in 
 1866, and founded, with Sgambati, a society for 
 classical chamber-music ; also (1874) the " Soci- 
 eta Orchestrale Romana," which he still con- 
 ducts, and which has prod. St. Paul, The Crea- 
 
 452 
 
PINNER— PISTOCCHI 
 
 tioH, The Seasons, and other important works. 
 From a school for violin and pf . , organized by 
 him at the Accad. of S. Cecilia, grew the Liceo 
 Musicale, in which he has been violin-teacher 
 since 1877. He conducts the court concerts in 
 alternation with Sgambati. — Works: A " Rap- 
 sodia italiana," and an overture, f. orch.; a 
 string-quartet ; etc. Enthusiastic admirer of 
 German music ; his orch. has played, for exam- 
 ple, all nine of Beethoven's symphonies. 
 
 Pin'ner, Max, pianist ; b. New York, Apr. 
 14, 1851 ; d. Davos, Switzerland, May 10, 1887. 
 Pupil (1865-7) of Leipzig Cons. ; and at Berlin 
 (i867-g)of Tausig (pf.) and Weitzmann (theory). 
 After long pianistic tours, he settled in New 
 York, 1877 ; he was a player and teacher of 
 high repute. 
 
 Pinsu'ti, Ciro, celebrated singing-teacher ; b. 
 Sinalunga, Florence, May g, i82g ; d. Florence, 
 Mar. 10, 1888. His talent developed so rapidly, 
 that at II he was elected an honorary member 
 of the Accad. Filarmonica, Rome. Taken to 
 England soon after by Henry Drummond, he 
 St. the pf. under C. Potter, and the violin un- 
 der Blagrove ; returned to Bologna, 1845, and 
 studied at the Liceo Filarm. , also privately with 
 Rossini, soon becoming asst. -teacher of a pf.- 
 class. In 1848 he went back to England, 
 organized a mus. society at Newcastle, and 
 speedily became famous as a vocal teacher, being 
 appointed prof, of singing at the R. A. M. in 
 1856. He divided his time between London 
 and Italy ; brought out an opera, // mercante di 
 Venezia, at Bologna (1873), another, Mattia 
 Corvino, at Milan (1877), and a third, Marghe- 
 rita, at Venice (1882). In 1871 he represented 
 Italy at the opening of the London Exhibition, 
 for which he comp. the hymn " O people of this 
 favoured land." As a recipient of the order of 
 the Italian Crown, he was styled "Cavaliere" 
 Pinsuti. The theatre at, Sinalunga was named 
 "Teatro Ciro Pinsuti." — Publ. works: Opera 
 // mercante di Venezia ; over 200 English and 
 ItaHan songs ; part-songs, terzets, duets, and 
 other vocal music. 
 
 Pi'pegrop (better known as Baryphonus), 
 Heinrich, b. Wernigerode, Sept. 17, 1581 ; d. 
 Quedlinburg, Jan. 3, 1655, as town-cantor. He 
 was held in high esteem by contemporary authori- 
 ties. — Works : ' ' Isagoge musica " ( 1609 ? ) ; 
 " Plejades musicae " (161 5) ; " Ars canendi " 
 (1630). A " Weihnachtsgesang •' a 6 was publ. 
 (i8g7?) in the " Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musik- 
 wissenschaft." 
 
 Pipela're, Matthaeus, Belgian contrapuntist, 
 whose known printed works are a mass a 4 (in 
 Antiquis' " Missae XV"), an Ave Maria (in 
 Petrucci's " Mottetti," Lib. iv, 1505), and two 
 2-part numbers (in Rhaw's " Bicinia," 1545) ; in 
 MS. at Munich are a mass and a Salve regina, 
 both a 5. 
 
 Pira'ni, Eugenic, pianist and composer ; b. 
 Bologna, Sept. 8, 1852. Pupil of Golinelli at the 
 
 Bologna Liceo Musicale, graduating in 1869 ; 
 then studied in Berlin with Th. KuUak (pf.) and 
 Kiel (comp.) ; taught in KuUak's Acad. 1870- 
 80, also touring Italy (1873, '76), England, and 
 Germany, France, and Russia. He lived in 
 Heidelberg till 1895, and then settled in Berlin. 
 Correspondent for the " Gazzetta Musicale" of 
 Milan, and other papers. In 1888, chairman of 
 the German committee for the Musical Exhibi- 
 tion at Bologna. A member of numerous socie- 
 ties. — Works : A i-act ballet, Un sogno d'artista 
 (MS.); symphonic poem " Heidelberg "; a Bal- 
 lata f. full orch.; "Venetian Scenes" f. pf. w. 
 orch.; pf.-trios (op. 24, 48); Concert-studies 
 (op. ig, 41) ; many pieces for pf. solo, songs, 
 duets, etc. 
 
 Pi'sa, Agostino, author of the earliest 
 known treatise on the details of conducting, 
 " Battuta della musica dichiarata" (2nd ed. 
 Rome, 161 1 ; ist ed. not extant). It also dis- 
 cusses other mus. questions. 
 
 Pisa'ri, Pasquale, called by Padre Martini 
 the " Palestrina of the i8th century"; b. Rome, 
 1725 ; d. there 1778. Pupil of Giovanni Biordi ; 
 in 1752 he was taken into the Papal Chapel, be- 
 ing a fine bass singer. Most of his comp.s are 
 in MS. in the archives of the Papal Chapel ; they 
 include a Dixit in 16 real parts, for 4 choirs, and 
 a series of motets for the entire year, written for 
 the Lisbon court. 
 
 Pisaro'ni, Benedetta Rosamonda, b. Pia- 
 cenza, Feb. 6, I7g3 ; d. there Aug. 6, 1872. 
 From her debut at Bergamo (1811) until 1813 
 her voice was a high soprano, then changing 
 after a severe illness to a magnificent contralto. 
 In Italy and in Paris (i82g) she won great ap- 
 plause on the stage ; also sang 1838-48 at Cadiz. 
 Her failure at London was probably due to her 
 unprepossessing appearance, her face being dis- 
 figured by the smallpox. 
 
 Pi'schek, Johann Baptist, stage-baritone ; 
 b. Mscheno, Bohemia, Oct. 14, 1814 ; d. Sig- 
 maringen, Feb. 16, 1873. Debut at Prague ; 
 sang in ISriinn, Pressburg, Vienna, Frankfort, 
 and lived for years as court singer in Stuttgart. 
 
 Pisendel, Johann Georg, b. Karlsburg, Dec. 
 26, 1687; d. Dresden, Nov. 25, 1755. Excel- 
 lent violinist, pupil of Torelli at Ansbach, and 
 later of Vivaldi at Venice ; succeeded Volumier 
 in 1728 as leader of the Electoral orch. at Dres- 
 den. He travelled much, and assimilated the 
 characteristics of the French and Italian schools. 
 A symphony, 2 Concerti grossi, 8 violin-con- 
 certos, 3 concertos f. 2 oboes w. strings, and 2 
 violin soli w. bass, are in MS. at Dresden. 
 
 Pistoc'chi, Francesco Antonio, founder of 
 the famous School of Singing at Bologna ; b. 
 Palermo, i65g ; d. Bologna, after 1717. Taken 
 to Bologna very young, his first work was publ. 
 there in 1667 : " Capricct puerili saviamente com- 
 posti e passeggiati in 40 modi sopra un Basso 
 da un balletto, per il clavicembalo ed altri istru- 
 
 453 
 
PITONI— PIZZI 
 
 menti," when he was but 8 years old ! His 
 teacher in theory was G. A. Perti ; he studied 
 singing under Padre Vastamigli and B. Monari. 
 As a lad he became maestro at the church of San 
 Giovanni in Monte ; later = priest in the Ora- 
 torian order ; from 1697-9 was Kapellm. at the 
 court of Ansbach ; and returned to Bologna, 
 via Vienna and Venice, about 1700. Here he 
 founded, soon after his return, the first school 
 of music in which vocal instruction was given 
 systematically in the several classes. In this 
 school were trained many eminent singers (Ber- 
 nacchi, Bertolino da Faenza, Minelli, Pio Fa- 
 bri, etc.) ; similar institutions soon sprang up in 
 other Italian cities. P. was twice elected presi- 
 dent of the Accad. Filarmonica, in 1708 and 
 1710. — Works: The operas Narciso (Ansbach, 
 1697) ; Le risa di Democrito (Vienna, 1700) ; 
 and two early works, Leandro (1679) and // 
 Girello (168 1) ; — the oratorios // martirio di S. 
 Adriano (Venice, 1699), Maria Virgine addo- 
 lorata (1698), and La fuga di S. Teresia lXT^i)\ 
 " Scherzi musicali " (French, Italian, and Ger- 
 man airs ; publ. at Amsterdam) ; " Duetti e ter- 
 zetti" (1707); and a MS. " Lauda Jerusalem " 
 (Psalm 147) a 5 w. basso continuo. 
 
 Pito'ni, Giuseppe Ottavio, b. Rieti, Italy, 
 Mar. 18, 1657 ; d. Rome, Feb. i, 1743. He 
 began mus. studies at 5, under Pompeo Natale 
 in Rome ; at 8 was chorister at S. Giovanni de' 
 F'iorentini, later at the SS. Apostoli, and study- 
 ing counterpoint under Foggia. In 1673, m. di 
 capp. at Terra di Rotondo ; in 1674, at Assisi ; 
 in 1676, at Rieti ; finally, in 1677, he became 
 maestro di cappella of the Collegio di S. Marco, 
 Rome, retaining this post until death, though 
 simultaneously engaged at San Apollinare (1686), 
 San Lorenzo in Damaso (1686), San Giovanni 
 in Laterano (1708-19), and St. Peter's (1719), 
 also in smaller Roman churches. He was an 
 excellent teacher, and taught after the same 
 method by which he himself rose to eminence 
 as a composer, i.e., the writing out in score of 
 Palestrina's works to study his style ; — Durante, 
 Leo, and Feo were his greatest pupils. As a 
 composer he cultivated a distinctive feature of 
 the Roman school, the writing in many parts ; 
 his finest works are a Dixit a 16 (for 4 choirs), 
 still sung yearly at St. Peter's during Holy 
 Week, and 3 masses based on popular airs, "Li 
 pastori a Maremme," " Li pastori a Montagna," 
 and " Mosca." Of masses and psalms he comp. 
 over 40 a 12 (f. 3 choirs) and over 20 a 16 (f. 4 
 choirs), psalms and motets a 24 and 36 ; and 
 left an unfinished mass a 48. He also wrote for 
 St. Peter's a set of masses, vespers, etc., for the 
 entire year, besides motets a 3-8, hymns, etc. 
 Only one book of motets a 2 was publ. (Rome, 
 1607) during his lifetime, probably because he 
 insisted that music written for one church should 
 not be perf. in any other. Proske, in his 
 " Musica divina" (1855, etc.) has printed a 
 mass, a Requiem, 6 motets, a psalm, a hymn, 
 and a Christus factus est. In the Vatican Li- 
 
 brary is a MS. work by P., " Notizie dei maestri 
 di cappella si di Roma che oltramontani . . ," 
 from 1 500-1 700; and a fragmentary "Guida 
 armonica" (loS printed pages). 
 
 Pit'trich, George (Washington), b. Dres- 
 den, Feb. 22, 1870. Studied 1884-90 in the 
 Dresden Cons, under Hoppner, Roth, Kirchner, 
 Braunroth, Draeseke, and Hagen, graduating 
 with high honors. From l8go, chorusmaster 
 (" Correpetitor ") in Dresden Court Opera ; has 
 also cond. operas, ballets, etc., and taught 
 chorus-singing in the Cons. From Sept. i, 
 1898, Kapellm. of Hamburg opera ; from Sept. 
 I, i8gg, 1st Kapellm. of the Cologne opera. — 
 Works : i-act opera Marga (Dresden, Feb. 8, 
 1894); complete incid. music to Jungfrau von 
 Orleans, As you like it. Blonde Kathrein, Meis- 
 ter von Palmyra, Das Mdrchen vovi Gliick ; a 
 clarinet-concerto ; a fantasia f. pf. w. string- 
 orch. ; orchestral pieces, many songs. 
 
 Piu'tti, Karl, b. Elgersburg, Thuringia, Apr. 
 30, 1846. Studied in Leipzig Cons., where he 
 has taught since 1875 ; in 1880, organist of the 
 Thomaskirche, succeeding Rust. — Organ-works : 
 Op. I, 6 fugal fantasias ; op. 2, 8 preludes; op. 
 3, 3 interludes ; op. 4, 5 choral-preludes ; op. 5, 
 5 charact. pieces; op. 9, "Wedding Sonata"; 
 op. 10 and II, 12 pes.; op. 15, 10 improvisations 
 on chorals ; op. 16, " Pfingstfeier." Also publ. 
 " Regeln und Erlauterungen zum Studium der 
 Musiktheorie." 
 
 Piu'tti, Max, b. Luisenhall, n. Erfurt, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 13, 1852 ; d. Jackson, Mich., Aug. 
 9, 1885. Educated at the Erfurt Gymnasium, 
 and (musically) at Leipzig and Stuttgart. In 
 1874 he went to America, settling in Aurora, 
 N. Y., as instructor at Wells College. He was 
 director of music there for 9 years, until failing 
 health obliged him to resign. A very cultured 
 and successful teacher and lecturer. He left an 
 unfinished work on the " Folk-songs of the Na- 
 tions." 
 
 Pix'is, Friedrich Wilhelm, violinist ; b. 
 Mannheim, 1786 ; d. Oct. 20, 1842, in Prague, 
 where he was Kapellm. at the City Th. , and 
 teacher at the Cons. 
 
 Pix'is, Johann Peter, brother of preceding ; 
 pianist and comp. f. pf. ; b. Mannheim, 1788; 
 d. Baden-Baden, Dec. 22, 1874. A good player 
 at 9, and travelled with his brother ; lived 1825- 
 33 in Paris as a fashionable teacher, from 1840 
 in Baden-Baden. — Works : 3 operas, and a vau- 
 deville ; much pf. -music (concerto, op. 100; 
 quartet, op. 4 ; trios, op. 75 and 87 ; sonatas w. 
 strings, and f. pf. solo ; Fantaisie militaire, op. 
 121 ; ja/o«-pieces). 
 
 Piz'zi, Emilio, b. Verona, Feb. 2, 1862. 
 Pupil of Ponchielli and Bazzini at Milan Cons., 
 graduating 1884. Took ist prize, Milan, 1885, 
 for l-act opera Lina , ist and 2nd prize at 
 Florence, 1887-89, for 2 string- quartets ; prize 
 of 5,000 francs, Bologna, i88g, for 4-act grand 
 opera Guglielmo Ratcliff (Bologna, Oct. 3I1 
 
 454 
 
PLAIDY— PLATO 
 
 1889 ; succ). Also the i-act opera seria Gabri- 
 etla (written for Adelina Patti, who created title- 
 role in Boston, 1893) ; the comic opera Le testa- 
 ment de bric-a-brac (London, 1895) ; and the 
 l-act opera Rosalba (written for Patti in 1896). 
 In 1897, app. Dir. of Music-School at Bergamo, 
 and m. di capp. at church of S. Maria Maggiore, 
 succeeding Cagnoni. 
 
 Plai'dy, Louis, b. Hubertsburg, Saxony, 
 Nov. 28, 1810 ; d. Grimma, Mar. 3, 1874. 
 Pupilof Agthe(pf.) 
 and Haase (vln.). 
 He entered the 
 Wunderlich Orch. 
 at Leipzig, 1S31, as 
 a violinist; later 
 devoted himself to 
 the piano, carefully 
 studying the princi- 
 ples of technique, 
 and teaching ; in 
 1843 Mendelssohn 
 invited him to join 
 the staff of instruc- 
 tors at the Cons., 
 and he taught there until 1865, later giving 
 private lessons in Leipzig. He was eminently 
 successful as a pedagogue ; and publ. the still 
 standard text-book ' ' Technische Studien fur das 
 Pianofortespiel " ; also a booklet, " Der Clavier- 
 lehrer" (1874 ; Engl, by Ritter as " The Piano- 
 forte Teacher's Guide," and by Dwight as "The 
 Piano-Teacher "). 
 
 Planquette, (Jean-) Robert, b. Paris, July 
 31, 1850. St. comp. at Paris Cons, under Du- 
 prato ; debut as composer with chansons and 
 saynites for ' ' cafes-concerts " ; first stage- work 
 the i-act operetta Paille d'avoine (1874) ; his 
 first hit was with Les cloches de Corneville, a 
 3-act comic opera (Folies-Dramatiques, 1877), 
 given over 400 times running, and popular both 
 in England and Germany. Some of his latest 
 are Surcoufiiii-f), Le Talisman (1892), Panurge 
 (1895), and a spectacular comic opera in 3 acts. 
 Mam' zelle Qtiai' sous {Gahi, 1897). For London 
 he wrote The Old Guard (i?,&l), and Paul Jones 
 (1889). 
 
 Plantade, Charles-Henri, b. Pontoise, Oct. 
 19, 1764 ; d. Paris, Dec. 18, 1839. From 8 he 
 studied singing and the 'cello in the royal school 
 for the ' ' pages de musique " ; afterwards Langle, 
 HUllmandel, and Petrini were his teachers. 
 From 1797, he was singing-teacher at the Cam- 
 pan Inst, at Saint-Denis, where Hortense de 
 Beauharnais, the future queen of Holland, was 
 his pupil. From 1802 he was prof, of singing 
 at the Cons. ; but resigned this position. Queen 
 Hortense calling him to Holland as court con- 
 ductor, and remained in her service at Paris, 
 after the King's abdication in 1810, until 1815. 
 From 1 8 12-15, P- was also mattre de chant and 
 stage-manager at the Opera ; 1816-28, again 
 prof, of singing at the Cons., also succeeding 
 Persuis as mattre de chapelle to Louis XVIII. 
 
 Losing his positions in the revolutionary year 
 1830, he retired to BatignoUes. His most dis- 
 tinguished pupil was Mme. Cinti-Damoreau. 
 Besides half-a-score of operas, {Palma and Le 
 mart de circonstance were publ.,) he comp. 
 masses, motets, etc., for the Chapelle royale ; 
 publ. 20 sets of romances, 3 books of vocal 
 duets (nocturnes), and a harp-sonata. — His son, 
 
 Plantade, Charles-Francois, b. Paris, Apr. 
 14, 1787 ; d. there May 26, 1870. He comp. 
 romances, and was a co-founder, in 1828, of the 
 " Concerts du Conservatoire." 
 
 Plants, Frangois, celebrated pianist ; b. 
 Orthez, Basses-Pyrenees, Mar. 2, 1839. From 
 1849, pupil of Marmontel at Paris Cons. ; won 
 1st prize after 7 months' tuition, and was in- 
 stalled by Alard and Franchomme as pianist in 
 their trio soirees. After a course of harmony 
 and reading from a figured bass, in Bazin's class 
 (1853), he retired for private study during ten 
 years, and then reappeared as a pianist of finished 
 technique and style. Has made excellent tran- 
 scriptions of classic pieces (Gluck, Mozart), but 
 has publ. no original compositions. 
 
 Platania, Pietro, b. Catania, Apr. 5, 1828. 
 Pupil of P. Raimondi at the Cons, there ; 1863, 
 Dir. of Palermo Cons.; later m. di capp. at 
 Milan, and (1888) Dir. of the R. College of 
 Music at Naples. — Operas : Matilde Bentivoglio 
 (Palermo, 1852); Piccarda Donati (ib., 1857); 
 La vendetta slaiia (ib. , 1865) ; 4-act opera Spar- 
 taco (Milan, 1893) ; Giulio Sabino (not perf.). 
 Also a Hymn to the Queen of Italy, a symphony 
 "L'ltalia"; funeral-symphony in memory of 
 Pacini ; festival symphony w. choruses to wel- 
 come King Humbert in 1878 ; " Pensiero sin- 
 fonico"; a Requiem; etc.; and a treatise on 
 canon and fugue. 
 
 Platel, Nicolas-Joseph, famous 'cellist ; b. 
 Versailles, 1777 ; d. Brussels, Aug. 25, 1835. A 
 pupil of Duport and Lamare ; considered the 
 best 'cellist in Paris from 1801-5, when he went 
 on a long tour, became 1st 'cello at the Antwerp 
 opera in 1813, and the same about 1819 at Brus- 
 sels, where he was app. prof, at the royal school 
 of music (reorganized as the Cons, in 1831). — 
 Works : 5 'cello-concertos ; 3 'cello-sonatas, w. 
 bass ; 8 airs varies f. 'cello ; caprices or preludes 
 f . 'cello ; 3 string-trios ; 6 duos f . violin and 
 'cello ; 6 romances w. pf.-accomp. (all publ.). 
 
 Plato, the eminent Greek philosopher (429- 
 347, B.C.), formulated in his Timaeus a system 
 of musical harmony, eruditely interpreted by 
 Th. -Henri Martin in his "Etudes sur le Timee 
 de Platon" (Paris, 1841). R. von Westphal, 
 in his " Harmonik," and von Jan in " Die Har- 
 monic der Spharen," may also be consulted. 
 Plato's thoughts on music are collected in an 
 essay by Deyk in Weber's "Cacilia" (1828). 
 P. likened the movements of music to those of 
 the soul, whose development may therefore be 
 influenced by musical art. 
 
 455 
 
PLAYFORD— POHL 
 
 Playford, John, London music-publisher ; b. 
 1623 ; d. 1693. He was in business from 1648-85. 
 Publ. Hilton's " Catch that catch can "(1652); 
 " Select Musicall Ayres and Dialogues " (1653) ; 
 " Musick's Recreation on the Lyra Violl" 
 (1652 ; in a collection) ; " Breefe Introduction to 
 the Skill of Musick for Song and Viall " (1654 ; 
 2nd enlarged ed. 1655, with an essay on " The 
 Art of Descant" by Dr. Thos. Campion, which 
 was revised by Purcell in the loth ed. of 1683 ; 
 this very popular work ran through 19 numbered 
 ed.s up to 1730, besides 6 or more unnumbered 
 ed.s) ; " Psalms and Hymns in Solemn Musick 
 of foure parts . . ." (1671) ; "The Whole 
 Book of Psalms, with the usual Spiritual Songs " 
 a 3 (2nd ed. 1695, 20th ed. 1757); "The Mu- 
 sical Companion " (1673 ; Book i, catches and 
 rounds a 3 ; Book ii, dialogues, glees, ayres and 
 songs a 2-4) ; ' ' Choice Ayres, Songs and Dia- 
 logues to be sung to the theorbo . . ." (5 books ; 
 1676-84); "Musick's Delight on the Cithern" 
 (1666) ; etc. — His son and successor, Henry 
 Playford, b. May 5, 1657 ; d. about 1710 ; 
 publ. "The Theatre of Musick" (4 books; 
 1685-7 ; " the newest and best songs ") ; " Ban- 
 quet of Music " (6 books ; 1688-92 ; ditto) ; 
 Purcell's "Orpheus Britannicus " (1698-1702) 
 and "Ten Sonatas" with Te Deum and Jubi- 
 late for St. Cecilia's Day (1797) ; Blow's " Am- 
 phion Anglicus " (1700) and Ode on Purcell's 
 death ; etc. 
 
 Pleyel, Ignaz Joseph, b. Ruppertsthal, n. 
 
 d. 
 
 his estate near 
 
 Vienna, June i, 1757 ; 
 Paris, Nov. 14, 1831. 
 His pianoforte- 
 teacher till his 15th 
 year was Wanhal ; 
 Count Erdady, his 
 patron, then placed 
 him under Haydn's 
 care, with whom he 
 lived 5 years. The 
 Count now app. him 
 his private A'apellm., 
 but granted leave of 
 absence for further 
 study in Rome, to- 
 gether with means of 
 maintenance. P. re- 
 mained in this congenial atmosphere until 1781, 
 then making a brief visit to Vienna, and return- 
 ing to Rome, departing for the second time, in 
 1781, to become 2nd Kapellm. at the Strassburg 
 Minster. He was advanced to 1st Kapellm. in 
 1789 ; lost his position through the mad attacks 
 of the Revolution on Church and State, and 
 went to London in the winter of 1791-2 on an 
 invitation to conduct the Professional Concerts, 
 a rival enterprise (though P. did not know it) to 
 his old teacher Haydn's concerts under Salo- 
 mon's management. These Professional Con- 
 certs were successful in themselves, but did not 
 overwhelm the rival enterprise; P., after con- 
 ducting them for a few years, returned to his 
 
 property near Strassburg, but was subjected to 
 such annoyances from the revolutionists that he 
 sold his place in 1795, and went to Paris. Here 
 he began business as a music-seller, and in 1797 
 founded a piano-factory, the growing prosperity 
 of which gradually absorbed his attention, and 
 caused him to give up composition. (The firm- 
 name is now Pleyel, Wolff & Cie. ; the 100,- 
 oooth instrument was sold in 1889.) P. was an 
 extremely prolific instrumental composer ; he 
 publ. 29 symphonies ; a septet f. strings w. 2 
 horns ; a sextet f. 2 violins, 2 violas, 'cello, and 
 d.-bass ; 5 books of string-quintets ; 45 string- 
 quartets ; 6 quartets f. flute and strings (12 
 more, called by Onslow the best, are still MS.) ; 
 string-trios ; 2 violin-concertos ; 7 symphonies 
 concertantes f. 2 violins, f. strings, f. strings 
 and wind, f. wind, or pif. and violin ; 4 'cello- 
 concertos ; 2 pf.-concertos, many sonatas f. pf. 
 and violin, 6 grand sonatas f. pf. solo, sonatas 
 f. pf. 4 hands, and other pf. -music ; etc., etc. 
 
 Pleyel, Camille, son of preceding ; b. Strass- 
 burg, Dec. 18, 1788 ; d. Paris, May 4, 1855. 
 Pupil of his father, and an excellent pianist ; 
 had some success as a composer (op. I, 3 pf.- 
 trios ; op. 3, a pf.-quartet ; also pieces f. pf. 
 solo,.f. pf. and violin, etc.) ; but is chiefly note- 
 worthy as a piano-manufacturer, the business 
 prospering greatly under his skilful supervision. 
 Kalkbrenner was his partner for a time ; Auguste 
 Wolff, his successor. — His wife, Marie-F6- 
 licit^-Denise, a distinguished pupil of Henri 
 Ilerz, Moscheles, and Kalkbrenner ; b. Paris, 
 Sept. 4, 1811 ; d. St.-Josse-ten-Noode, Mar. 30, 
 1875. In her fifteenth year, as Mile. Moke, her 
 virtuosity created a sensation in Belgium, Aus- 
 tria, Germany, and Russia. From 1848-72 she 
 was prof, at the Brussels Cons. 
 
 Pliid'deraann, Martin, b. Kolberg, Sept. 
 24, 1854 ; d. Berlin, Oct. 8, 1897. Pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons. ; cond. at St. Gallen ; then stud- 
 ied singing under Hey at Munich ; in 1887, 
 cond. of the Singakademie at Ratibor ; 1889, 
 singing-teacher at the Styrian Music-School, 
 Graz. — Very popular male choruses ; as a comp. 
 of " ballades " he approaches Lowe ; also publ. 
 songs, and pamphlets of Wagnerian tendency. 
 
 Plutarch [Plutarchos], b. Chceronea, Bceo- 
 tia, about 50 A.D. ; d. there 120 (131 ?). Greek 
 biographer and essayist, among whose minor 
 treatises (" Moralia ") one, " De musica," con- 
 tains important historical data concerning music 
 (Lat. transl. by R. Volkmann ; German transl., 
 with parallel Greek text, by R. Westphal 
 [1865]). 
 
 Pohl, Karl Ferdinand, b. Darmstadt, Sept. 
 6, 1819 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 28, 1887, where he 
 had been archivist and librarian to the " Gesell- 
 schaft der Musikfreunde " since 1866. During 3 
 years' residence in London (1863-6) he gathered 
 all attainable facts concerning the residence 
 there of Mozart and Haydn, embodying them 
 in his " Mozart und Haydn in London " (1867 ; 
 
 456 
 
POHL— POLKO 
 
 2 vol.s). P. also began an extended biography 
 of Haydn, but publ. only one vol. (in 2 parts : 
 1875, '82 ; to be continued by E. von Mandy- 
 czewski) ; " Zur Geschichte der Glasharmonika " 
 (1862) ; and an interesting historical review, 
 " Die Gesellschaft der Mujikfreunde . . . und 
 ihr Conservatorium " (1871). 
 
 Pohl, Richard, (pen-name " Hoplit,") b. 
 Leipzig, Sept. 12, 1826 ; d. Dec. 17, i8g6, at 
 Baden-Baden, where he had lived since 1864. 
 Study at Gottingen and Leipzig, and long inter- 
 course with Liszt at Weimar, showed their in- 
 fluence in P.'s sturdy advocacy of neo-German 
 tendencies, both in the " Neue Zeitschrift fur 
 Musik," of which he was joint-editor for some 
 years, and in his writings : " Akustische Briefe 
 fUr Musiker und Musikfreunde " (1853) ; " Bay- 
 reuther Erinnerungen " (1877); " Autobiogra- 
 phisches"(i88i) ; " Richard Wagner "(1883 ; in 
 Waldersee's " Vortrage ") ; " Richard Wagner, 
 Studien und Kritiken " (18S3) ; " Franz Liszt" 
 (1883) ; " Hector Berlioz, Studien und Erin- 
 nerungen" (1884); "Die HOhenziige der mu- 
 sikalischen Entwickelungen " (l888). Also 
 publ. "Gedichte" (1859; 2nd ed. 1883); a 
 comedy, " Musikalische Leiden " (1856) ; a Ger- 
 man transl. of Berlioz's Collected Writings ; 
 wrote connecting text for Schumann's Manfred 
 and Liszt's Prometheus ; and comp. the melo- 
 drama Die Wallfahrt nach Kevelaar, an 
 "Abendlied" f. string-orch., a "Wiegenlied" 
 f. violin w. pf., ballads, songs, male choruses, etc. 
 
 Poh'lenz, Christian August, b. Saalgast, 
 Niederlausitz, July 3, 1799 ; d. Leipzig, Mar. 
 10, 1843. Organist of the Thomaskirche, Leip- 
 zig, and cond. of the Gewandhaus Concerts 
 1827-35, when he was replaced by Mendels- 
 sohn. — Choruses f. male voices are in the " Or- 
 pheus" coll.; his songs were popular ("Der 
 kleine Tambour Veit," " Auf , Matrosen, die 
 Anker gelichtet," etc.). 
 
 Poise, Jean - Alexandre - Ferdinand, b. 
 
 Nimes, June 3, 1828 ; d. Paris, May 13, 1892. 
 Pupil (1850-3) of A. Adam and Zimmerman at 
 the Paris Cons. , taking 2nd Grand prix de Rome 
 in 1852. His first opera, Bonsoir (Th.-Lyr., 
 1853), had a run of 100 nights, and was fol- 
 lowed by 13 other comic operas and operettas ; 
 Le midecin vialgre' lui (1887) was the last ; Car- 
 moisine is not yet performed. 
 
 Poisot, Charles-Emile, b. Dijon, France, 
 July 8, 1822. Pianist ; pupil of Senart, L. 
 Adam, Stamaty and Thalberg ; of Leborne in 
 cpt.; and of Halevy (at the Cons., 1844-8) in 
 comp. Co-founder of the " Soc. des Composi- 
 teurs." Founder and Director of Dijon Cons., 
 also conducting the Soc. for Sacred and Classi- 
 cal Music from 1872. He comp. 3 operas and 
 several ' ' parlor " operas ; the cantata Jeanne 
 d'Arc, church- and chamber-music, etc.; and 
 wrote historical essays for mus. journals. 
 
 Poiszl, Johann Nepomuk, Freiherr von, 
 b. Haukenzell, Bavaria, Feb. 15, 1783 ; d. Mu- 
 
 nich, Aug. 17, 1865, as royal Intendant of Mu- 
 sic, and chamberlain. A pupil of Danzi, he 
 prod. 14 serious and comic operas at Munich 
 1806-43 ; an oratorio, Der Erndtetag; Psalm 
 95, f. soli and chorus ; a Stabat Mater, 2 Mi- 
 sereres, etc. 
 
 Pol'chau, Georg, b. Cremon, Livonia, July 
 5, 1773 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 12, 1836. From 1833, 
 librarian of the Singakademie at Berlin. His 
 fine mus. library, including autographs by C. 
 Ph. E. Bach and operas by Keiser, was divided 
 between the Singakademie axA the Royal Library. 
 
 Pole, William, b. Birmingham, Engl., Apr. 
 22, 1814. Prof, of Civil Engineering at Uni- 
 versity College, London ; also a student of mu- 
 sic (Mus. Doc, Oxon., 1864), and Examiner in 
 Music for London Univ., 1876-go. Besides re- 
 ports and scattered essays, his works " Philoso- 
 phy of Music " (1879 ; republ. 1895) and " The 
 Story of Mozart's Requiem" (1869, in "Mus. 
 Times"; republ. in pamphlet-form, 1879) are 
 valuable. Comp.s : Psalm 100 in cantata-form 
 (i86i) ; organ-music, arrangements, etc. 
 
 Polido'ro, Federico, b. Naples, Oct. 20, 
 1845. Pupil for pf. and singing of his father, 
 Giuseppe P. [vocal teacher in the Cons, at 
 Naples, where he died Mar. 21, 1873] ; later, 
 in comp., of Lillo, Conti, and d'Arienzo. Well- 
 known musical lecturer ; active contributor to 
 the Milan " Gazzetta Musicale" (pen-name 
 ' ' Acuti ") and the ' ' Giornale napoletano di 
 filosofia e lettere." Among his valuable studies 
 are sketches of Beethoven, Mozart, Mendels- 
 sohn, Wagner (" musician, philosopher, poet"), 
 Cimarosa, Rossini, Verdi, Gounod, Herold 
 (" Le pre aux clercs"), etc., the majority publ. 
 in the " Archivio Musicale"; a course of lec- 
 tures on mus. EESthetics ; studies in mus. history, 
 ' ' Dei pretesi portenti della musica antica " ; "II 
 Pianoforte, 11 sua storia . . . " ; etc. 
 
 Pol'ko (k/^ Vogel), Elise, b. Wackerbarths- 
 ruhe, n. Dresden, Jan. 31, 1826 ; d. Munich, 
 May 15, 1899. Gifted with a fine mezzo-so- 
 prano voice, she studied under Garcia at Paris 
 for the stage ; but after a few appearances at 
 Frankfort, she married the railway engineer 
 Eduard Polko, and thenceforward sang only 
 occasionally on the concert-stage. She lived at 
 Minden, Wetzlar, and Wiesbaden until her hus- 
 band's death (1887) ; since then in Hanover, 
 Frankfort, and latterly in Munich. Her musi- 
 cal proclivities are strongly displayed in many 
 novels and romances of sentimental tendency 
 (" Ein Frauenleben," " Unsere Pilgerfahrt," 
 etc.) ; in mus. circles she became widely known 
 by the "Musikalische Marchen " (publ. in the 
 "Signale"; later in book-form, 3 vol.s, 1852, 
 and other ed.s ; also in English) ; then followed 
 "Faustina Hasse " (a novel in 2 vol.s, i860, 
 2nd ed. 1870); "Die Bettleroper" (3 vol.s, 
 1864) ; " Alte Herren" (1866 ; Bach's 6 prede- 
 cessors at the Thomaskirche, Leipzig); " Ver- 
 klungene Accorde " (1868 ; 3rd ed. 1873) ; 
 
 457 
 
POLLAROLO— PONCHIELLl 
 
 " Erinnerungen an F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy " 
 (1868) ; " Niccolo Paganini und die Geigen- 
 bauer" (1876; also Ital. transl.) ; "Vom Ge- 
 sang " (1876) ; " Aus der Kunstlerwelt " (1878) ; 
 "Die Classiker der Musik " (1880; Handel, 
 Bach, Gluclc, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven) ; etc. 
 
 Pollaro'lo, Carlo Francesco, b. Brescia, 
 1653 ; d. Venice, 1722. Pupil of Legrenzi ; 
 1665, singer at San Marco, Venice ; l6go, or- 
 ganist of the 2nd organ, and from 1692 vice- 
 maestro. At Venice alone he prod. 64 operas 
 from 1686-1721 ; at least 3 others are known. 
 They were very popular in their day. — His son, 
 
 Pollaro'Io, Antonio, b. Venice, 1680 ; d. 
 there 1750 ; succeeded liis father in 1723, and 
 was Lotti's successor (1740) as ist maestro at 
 San Marco. Comp. 8 operas for Venice, also 
 church-music. 
 
 PoUe'dro, Giovanni Battista, noteworthy 
 violinist ; b. Piova, n. Turin, June 10, 1781 ; 
 d. there Aug. 15, 1853. A pupil of Pugnani, 
 he joined the court orch. at Turin, gave his 
 first concert in 1797, travelled 1799-1801, lived 
 in Milan and Moscow, toured Germany and 
 France, was Kapellm. at Dresden 1814-24, and 
 maestro of the court orch. at Turin 1824-44. — 
 Publ. Sinfonia pastorale f . full orch. ; a mass ; 
 a Miserere 3 4 w. orch.; 5 violin-concertos; i 
 bassoon-concerto ; duets and trios for strings ; 
 pieces f . violin w. orch. ; studies f . violin ; etc. 
 
 Polli'ni, Francesco (Giuseppe), pianist ; b. 
 Laibach, Carniola, 1763 ; d. Milan, Sept. 17, 
 1846. Pupil of Mozart (who dedicated a violin- 
 rondo to him) at Vienna, later of Zingarelli at 
 Milan, where he was app. prof, of pf. shortly 
 after the opening of the Cons. (1809). The 
 first (?) to write pf. -music on 3 staves, imitated 
 therein by Liszt, Thalberg, and others ; a speci- 
 men of this style being one of his " 32 Ezercizi 
 in forma di toccata" (op. 42), a central melody 
 surrounded by passage- work for both hands. — 
 Publ. (f. pf.) Toccatas, op. 31, 50, 67 ; Tocca- 
 tina in G ; 3 Sonatas, op. 26 ; Caprices, op. 28, 
 29 ; Rondo, op. 43 ; 6 books of Variations ; 
 Divertimento pastorale, op. 34 ; a Method f. pf. 
 (2 editions) ; a Stabat Mater in Ital. f. sopr. and 
 alto, w. 2 violins, 2 'celli, and organ ; etc. 
 
 Polli'ni, Bernhard, (real family-name Pohl,) 
 famous impresario ; b. Cologne, Dec. 16, 1838 ; 
 d. Hamburg, Nov. 27, 1897. A tenor singer, 
 he made his debut at Cologne, 1858, as Arturoin 
 Bellini's / Puritani ; later sang baritone roles in 
 an Italian opera-troupe, of which he subsequently 
 became manager and artistic director. He then 
 undertook the management of the Lemberg Th., 
 later of the Italian opera at St. Petersburg and 
 Moscow. His fame dates from his assumption, 
 in 1874, of the directorship of the Hamburg 
 CityTh.; in 1876 he also became manager of 
 the Altona Th., and in 1894 (?) of the Thalia 
 Th. in Hamburg. All these enterprises were 
 in a highly prosperous condition at his death. — 
 In 1897 he married the singer Bianca Bianchi 
 
 (his second wife). He had received the title of 
 " Hofrath " in recognition of his services. His 
 successors are Franz Bittong and Max Bachur. 
 
 Polli'ni, Cesare, Cavaliere de', b. Padua, 
 July 13, 1858. After legal studies at the Univ. 
 there, he took a 2-year course in music with 
 Bazzini in Milan (1881-3) ; was from 1883-5 
 Director of the chief Cons, at Padua ; resigned 
 to devote himself to writing and composition. 
 Has publ. a " Terminologia musicale tedesco- 
 italiana " ; a " Teoria generale della musica" ; 
 "La musica italiana nelle sue principale fasi 
 storiche " ; also, in the journal " II Teatro illu- 
 strate" of Milan, translations and analyses of 
 works by Ambros, Hirschfeld, Langhans, and 
 Riemann (he is an advocate of the theories of the 
 last-named). 
 
 Pol'litzer, Adolf, b. Pesth, 1832. Pupil, at 
 Vienna, of IBbhm (vln.) and Preyer (comp.) ; 
 then, after a European tour, of Alard at Paris. 
 In 1851, leader of orch. at H. M.'s Th., Lon- 
 don ; later, to the New Philharm. Society. Prof, 
 of violin at the London Acad, of Music, of which 
 he has been a director since 1890, succeeding Dr. 
 Wylde. 
 
 Ponchard, Louis-Antoine-fildonore, b. 
 
 Paris, Aug. 31, 1787 ; d. there June 6, 1866. 
 Tenor singer, pupil of Garat at the Cons.; de- 
 but 1812 at the Opera-Comique inGretry's Tab- 
 leau parlant, singing there until 1817 ; in l8ig 
 he became prof, of singing at the Cons. He 
 was the first stage-singer accepted into the Le- 
 gion of Honor. — His son Charles, b. Paris, Nov. 
 17, 1824, d. there in May, 1891, had a class in 
 comedy-opera at the Cons. 
 
 Ponchiel'li, Amilcare, a modern opera-com- 
 poser who stands next to Verdi in Italian esti- 
 mation ; b. Paderno 
 Fasolaro, Cremona, 
 Aug. 31, 1834 ; d. 
 Milan, Jan. 16,1886. 
 Studied 1843-54 at 
 the Milan Cons. ; his 
 first dramatic work 
 (written with 3 other ,, 
 students) was the op- W 
 eretta // Sindaco *^^ 
 Babbeo{\9,Ci\). Leav- 
 ing the Cons., he at 
 first took the organ 
 at S. Ilario in Cre- 
 mona ; then became 
 bandmaster ; but in 1856 brought out the opera 
 I promessi sposi at Cremona, followed by La 
 Savojarda {libl ; revised as Li?ta, Milan, 1877), 
 Roderico, re de' Goti (Piacenza, 1864), and La 
 Stella del monte (1867) ; his first striking success 
 was achieved with a revised version of I pro- 
 messi sposi (Milan, 1S72), whereupon he was 
 commissioned to write a ballet for La Scala, 
 Milan, where Le due gemelle, in 7 acts, was 
 prod, in 1873. Continuous good fortune at- 
 tended the production of the operas I Lituani 
 
 458 
 
PONIATOWSKI— PORPORA 
 
 (La Scala, 1874 ; revised and revived in 1884 as 
 Alduna), La Gioconda (ibid., 1876), II figliuol 
 frodigo (1880), and Marion Delorme (1885). 
 Bertrando del Bornio, and the unfinished / 
 Mori di Venezia, have not been perf. He also 
 brought out a mus. farce, // parlatore eterno 
 (1873), and the ballet Clarina (1873) ; a cantata 
 A Gaetano Donizetti ; a funeral march, " II 29 
 Maggio,"for Manzoni; a fine "Garibaldi Hymn" 
 (1881) ; etc. — In 1881 he became maestro of 
 Piacenza Cath. , for which he wrote sacred mu- 
 sic. Gioconda has made its way abroad. 
 
 Poniatow'ski, Jozef (Michal Xawery 
 Franciszek Jan), Prince of Monte Rotondo, 
 b. Rome, Feb. 20, 1816 ; d. Chiselhurst, Engl., 
 July 3, 1873. Tenor singer and opera-composer ; 
 pupil of Ceccherini at Florence, where he made 
 his stage-debut, and also brought out his first 
 opera, Giovanni da Procida (1838). In Italy 
 he also prod. Don Desiderio, Rtiy Bias, Bonifa- 
 zio, I Lambertazzi, Malek Adel, Esmeralda, La 
 Sposa d'Abido; in Paris (1860-8) Pierre de Mi- 
 dicis, Au travers du mur, I'Aventurier, and 
 La Contessina ; and in London (1872) Gclmina. 
 After Sedan, he followed Napoleon III. into 
 exile. 
 
 Po'nitz, Franz, fine harpist ; b. Bischofs- 
 werda, W. Prussia, Aug. 17, 1850. Pupil of L. 
 Grimm ; since 1866, member of the Berlin royal 
 orch., from 1891 with title of "chamber-virtu- 
 oso." — Works : Opera Cleopatra ; sinfonietta f. 
 violin, 'cello, and harmonium ; a string-quar- 
 tet ; pieces f . harp ; etc. 
 
 Pon'te, Lorenzo da, b. Ceneda, Venice, 
 Mar. 10, 1749 I <^- New York, Aug. 17, 1838. 
 He lived at Venice as a writer, and at Treviso 
 as prof, of rhetoric ; then at Vienna as court 
 poet to Joseph II. (following Metastasio), and 
 in intimacy with Mozart, for whom he wrote the 
 libretti of Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, 
 and Cosl fan tutte. After the Emperor's death 
 in 1790, da P. led a wandering life, settling in 
 New York in 1803, at first as an unsuccessful 
 dealer in tea, tobacco, and drugs. He did fairly 
 well as a teacher of Italian, but lost money by 
 imprudent speculation, and died in destitution. 
 
 Pontecoulant, Louis-Adolphe le Doulcet, 
 
 Marquis de, b. Paris, 1794; d. Bois Colombe, n. 
 Paris, Feb. 20, 1882. After a stirring and ad- 
 venturous career, he began the study of mus. 
 history and the construction of instr.s about 
 1837 ; contributed to periodicals ; and publ. the 
 works ' ' Essai sur la f acture musicale consideree 
 dans ses rapports avec I'art, I'industrie, et le 
 commerce" (1857 ; 2nd augm. ed. as " Organo- 
 graphie : essai, etc.," in 2 parts, 1861) ; " Douze 
 jours i Londres ..." (on the World's Fair, 
 1862) ; " Musee instrumental du Cons, de rau- 
 sique ..." (1864); "La musique a I'Exposi- 
 tion universelle de 1867" (1868); and " Les 
 phenomtoes de la musique" (1868). 
 
 Ponto'glio, Cipriano, b, Grumello del Piano, 
 Italy Dec. 25, 1831 ; d. Milan, Feb. 23, 1892. 
 
 Pupil of Ant. Cagnoni. Director of a music- 
 school in Milan. Prod. 5 fairly successful op- 
 eras ( Tebaldo Brusato, 1865 ; Edoardo Stuart, 
 1887), and a ballet, Rolla. 
 
 Pop'per, David, famous 'cellist ; b. Prague, 
 June 18, 1845 ; pupil of Golterraannin theCons. 
 there. He was at first 
 a member of Prince 
 von Hechingen's orch. 
 at LOwenburg ; since 
 1863 he has toured Eu- 
 rope, visiting all im- 
 portant capitals, and 
 everywhere winning 
 enthusiastic applause 
 as one of the finest of 
 living 'cellists. From 
 1868-73 he was ist 
 'cello in the Vienna 
 court orch. , and in 1872 
 married Sophie Men- 
 ter ( divorced 1886 ). 
 His works for 'cello, 
 which are favorites 
 
 with musicians, include a concerto, a serenade, 
 polonaise, mazurka, gavotte, etc.; a Suite f. 
 'cello and pf., in A, is op. 6g. 
 
 Por'ges, Heinrich, b. Prague, Nov. 25, 
 1837. Pupil of Colestin MUUer (pf.), Rummel 
 (harm.), and Zwonar (cpt.). In 1863 he became 
 co-editor with Brendel of the " Neue Zeitschrift 
 filr Musik," and was in close intercourse with 
 Wagner and Cornelius ; lived for a time in Vi- 
 enna, and in 1867 was called to Munich by King 
 Ludwig II., for whom he had written a study 
 on Tristan und Isolde. Here he was literary 
 editor of the" Suddeutsche Presse," pf. -teacher 
 at the R. School of Music, and, since 1871, Royal 
 Mttsikdirector. Organized the " Porges'schen 
 Gesangverein" in 1886, giving modern programs 
 (Liszt, Berlioz, Cornelius), together with classic 
 works. P. is among the foremost champions of 
 Wagner. — Writings : ' ' Die Auffiihrung von Bee- 
 thovens g. Symphonic unter R. Wagner in Bay- 
 reuth am 22. Mai 1872," "Die Biihnenproben 
 zu den l876er Festspielen," and many essays in 
 periodicals ; has comp. songs. 
 
 Porpora, Niccolo Antonio, (signed his name 
 " Niccola," but in his publ. works it is spelled 
 " Niccol6,") b. Naples, Aug. 19, 1686; d. there 
 in 1766 or 1767. Until 1709 he studied at the 
 Cons, di San Loreto under Greco, Padre Gae- 
 tano of Perugia, and Mancini. His first opera, 
 Basilio, re di Oriente, was prod, at the Teatro 
 de' Fiorentini, Naples, in 1709, in which year 
 he became maestro to the Portuguese ambassa- 
 dor. Berenice, written to order for the Teatro 
 Capranica, Rome, and prod, in 1710, was praised 
 by Handel. About 1712 he opened a vocal 
 school in Naples, which soon attained celebrity 
 through its illustrious pupils (Farinelli, Caffa- 
 relli, Senesino, il Porporino, Tosi, and others). 
 In 1719 he was app. singing-teacher at the Cons, 
 di San Onofrio, for which he wrote an oratorio, 
 
 459 
 
PORPORINO— PORTUGAL 
 
 // inartirio di Santa Eugenia, in 1722. Mean- 
 time he had brought out 6 more operas, among 
 them Faramondo (Naples, lyig), and had been 
 made "chamber-virtuoso" about 1721 to the 
 Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt. Hasse came in 
 1724 to study under P., but left him for Aless. 
 Scarlatti ; P. never forgot or forgave the slight. 
 In 1725 he was called to the Cons, degli Incu- 
 rabili at Venice as singing-teacher, staying there 
 till 1728, vyith the brief interruption of a rather 
 unsuccessful trip to Vienna ; then went to Dres- 
 den as singing-master to the Electoral princess, 
 and maestro of the opera, but in 1729 obtained 
 leave of absence to go to London, whither he 
 was invited by the opposition to Handel. Here 
 he prod, several operas {Ariadne, 1733 ; Agrip- 
 pina, 1735 ; etc.), and two others on interm'edi- 
 ate visits to Venice (Annibale, 1731 ; Mitri- 
 date, 1733) ; although he resigned his Dresden 
 posts, he was unable to make head as a compo- 
 ser against Handel, and left London in 1736, 
 settling in Venice, and becoming Dir. of the 
 Cons, del!' Ospedaletto. About 1745 he returned 
 to Vienna with the Venetian ambassador, and 
 stayed there 3 years : Haydn was his pupil 
 part of the time. From 1748-51 he was court 
 Kapellm. at Dresden with Hasse, who was made 
 1st Kapellm. in 1 750 ; the old grudge which P. 
 bore his successful rival, and which had caused 
 bitter competition during P.'s former sojourn in 
 Dresden, very probably influenced the latter to 
 leave the Saxon capital again, and forever. He 
 returned to Naples in 1755 (?), and in 1760 suc- 
 ceeded PAo%3smaestro at the cathedral and Dir. 
 of the Cons, di San Onofrio. As a dramatic 
 composer, however, he had already outlived his 
 popularity ; his last stage-work, // trionfo di 
 Ca?«27/i5 (Naples, 1760), was unsuccessful; and 
 he is said to have died in such poverty that his 
 friends had to raise a sum to secure his decent 
 burial. He wrote about 50 operas, and 6 ora- 
 torios, none of which have survived ; many 
 masses, and other church-music ; numerous ex- 
 cellent cantatas f. vocal solo w. harpsichord (12 
 publ. in London, 1735) ; also publ. 6 " Sinfonie 
 da camera," f. 2 violins, 'cello, and bass (Lon- 
 don, 1736) ; 12 violin-sonatas w. bass (Vienna, 
 1754); 6 fugues f. harpsichord (in dementi's 
 " Practical Harmony " ; 2 are in Pauer's "Old 
 Ital. Comp.s.") — Marchese Villarosa (in " Me- 
 morie del compositore, etc.," 1840) and Clement 
 (in " Mupiciens cel^bres") have written bio- 
 graphical sketches of P. His posthumous fame 
 rests wholly on his wonderful ability as a teacher 
 of singing, as which he was unique and unex- 
 celled. 
 
 Porpori'no. See Uberti. 
 
 Por'ta, Padre Costanzo, b. Cremona about 
 1530 ; d. Padua, May 26, 1601. Contrapuntist ; 
 pupil of Willaert at Venice ; maestro successively 
 at Padua, Osimo, Ravenna, and Loreto. — Publ. 5 
 books of motets a 5-8 (1555-85) ; i of masses a 
 4-6 (1578) ; 2 books of Introits a 5 (1566, '88) ; 
 4 of madrigals a 4-5 (1555-88) ; hymns a 4 
 
 (1602); vesper psalms and cantica a 8 (1605). 
 Lamentations, madrigals, and a treatise on 
 counterpoint, are in MS. 
 
 Por'ta, Francesco della, b. Milan, about 
 1590 ; d. there 1666, asmaestrosA S. Antonio. — 
 Publ. "Villanelle u 1-3 voci " (1619) ; " wSalmi 
 da cappella" a 3-5 (1637) ; " Motetti a 2-5" 
 (1645 ; also Antwerp, 1654) ; Ricercari a 4 
 (Milan) ; other motets ; etc. 
 
 Por'ta, Giovanni, b. Venice, about 1690 ; d. 
 Munich, 1755, as comx\. Kapellm. and composer 
 (since ifil)- For 20 years previously he had 
 been chorusmaster at the Cons, della PietA in 
 Venice, where he brought out a score of operas. 
 
 Porter, Frank Addison, b. Dixmont, Maine, 
 Sept. 3, 1859. Graduate of the New England 
 Cons, of Music, Boston, in 1884, after a 5-year 
 course under Turner, Emery, Chadwick, and 
 others ; st. later in Leipzig under Hofmann, 
 Freitag, etc. Eng. as piano-prof, at the N. E. 
 Cons, in Sept., 1884; app. superintendent of 
 Normal Course f. pf., in 1892 ; still (1899) occu- 
 pies both positions. — Publ. works : Prelude and 
 Fugue, Nocturnes, Mazurka, instructive pieces, 
 "System of Finger-Technique," and a Method, 
 for pf. ; also songs. 
 
 Port'mann, Johann Gottlieb, b. Oberlich- 
 tenau. Saxony, Dec. 4, 1739 ; d. Sept. 27, 1798, 
 at Darmstadt, as cantor at the Pddagogium and 
 court singer. — Publ. " Leichtes Lehrbuch der 
 Harmonic, Composition und des Generalbasses " 
 (1789); " Kurzermusik. Unterricht fur Anf anger 
 und Liebhaber" (1785 ; augm. ed. 1802, by J. 
 K. Wagner); "Die neuesten und wichtigsten 
 Entdeckungen in der Harmonic, Melodie und 
 dem doppelten Contrapunkt " (1798) ; a " Neues 
 Hessen-Darmstadtisches Gesangbuch " (1786); 
 also a " Musik auf das Pfingstfest." 
 
 Portugal [Portogallo], Marcos Antonio, 
 
 [real name, ace. to Vasconcellos, was " Portugal 
 da Fonseca,"] the greatest composer of Por- 
 tugal ; b. Lisbon, Mar. 24, 1762 ; d. Rio de 
 Janeiro, Feb. 7, 1830. A pupil of the priests' 
 seminary at Lisbon, his mus. education was con- 
 tinued under the opera-singer Borselli (singing 
 and composition), by whose influence he was 
 app. cembalist at the Madrid opera in 1782. 
 The Portuguese ambassador aided him to study 
 in Italy from 1787 ; his first opera, L'Eroe 
 cinese, had slight success at Turin, 1788; but 
 La Bacchetta portentosa (Genoa, 1788), II Moli- 
 naro (Venice, 1790), and L'Astuto (Florence, 
 1790) made him famous. He was appointed 
 court conductor at Lisbon in 1790, but returned 
 to Italy, and up to 1799 brought out 24 more 
 operas. From 1799-1810 he acted as cond. at 
 the San Carlos Th., Lisbon, producing a score 
 of Italian and Portuguese operas. His Ilfilosofo 
 seducente, ossia Non irritar le donne (Venice, 
 1798), was selected by Napoleon for opening 
 the TheStre Italien at Paris in 1801. In 1807 
 the royal family fled to Brazil before the French 
 invasion ; P. remained until the San Carlos Th. 
 
 460 
 
POTHIER— PRAGER 
 
 was closed in 1810, and then followed the court 
 to Rio de Janeiro, where he was made general 
 musical director. The royal theatre of Sao Joao, 
 after its inauguration in 1813, prod, several new 
 operas by P. In that year he became Director 
 of the new Cons, at Vera Cruz, jointly with his 
 brother Simao ; visited Italy in 1815, returned to 
 Rio de Janeiro, and passed his last years there 
 as an invalid. Of Jhis 40 operas, 2 were also 
 played in German, Le donne cambiate (Der 
 Teufel ist los : Dresden, 1799), and La confu- 
 sione nata della somiglianza(Verwirrung durch 
 A hnlichkeit, oder Die beiden Buckeligen : Vienna, 
 1794) ; others were given in Italian in Germany, 
 London, and St. Petersburg. P. also prod, sev- 
 eral occasional pieces, operettas, etc., 5 grand 
 masses, 5 masses with organ, 2 Te Deums w. 
 orch., psalms w. orch., and other church-music. 
 Pothier, Dom Joseph, raus. historiographer ; 
 b. Bouzemont, n. Saint-Die, Dec. 7, 1835. Bene- 
 dictine monk ; 1862, sub-prior, 1866, prof, of 
 theology, at the Solesmes monastery. His im- 
 portant publications, based on the study of ori- 
 ginal MSB., are " Les melodies gregoriennes " 
 (Tournai, 1880) ; " Liber gradualis " (Tournai, 
 1883) ; ' ' Paleographie musicale " (Solesmes, 1889 ; 
 phototype facsimiles of neume-notation of the 
 gth-i6th centuries). 
 
 Potter, Philip Cipriani Hambly, pianist 
 and composer ; b. London, Oct. 2, 1792 ; d. 
 there Sept. 26, 1871. Pupil of his father, and of 
 Callcott, Attwood, and Crotch (theory) and 
 Woelfil(pf .) ; during subsequent study at Vienna, 
 under Forster (1817— 18), Beethoven gave him 
 good advice. In 1822, pf.-teacher at the R. A. 
 M., succeeding Crotch as Principal in 1832, and 
 resigning in 1859, his successor being Ch. Lucas. 
 — MS. works : 9 symphonies, 4 overtures, 3pf.- 
 concertos, string-quartets, a concertante f. pf. 
 w. 'cello ; etc. — Publ. works : Op. I, 2, 3, so- 
 natas f. pf. ; op. 6, Grand duo f. 2 pf.s ; op. 7, 
 duet f. 2 pf.s ; op. II, sextet f. pf., flute, and 
 strings ; op. 12, 3 pf.-trios ; op. 13, Sonata di 
 bravura f. pf. w. horn (or bassoon) ; op. 19, pf.- 
 studies in all keys ; op. 20, Introd. and Rondo 
 I. pf. ; op. 21, 2nd Rondo brillant f. pf.; also 
 rondos, toccatas, 6 sets of variations, 4-hand 
 pieces, and transcriptions of 2 symphonies and 
 an overture ; a Fantasia and Fugue f. 2 pf.s ; a 
 trio f. 3 pf.s, 6 hands ; etc. 
 
 Pougin, Arthur, (pen-name of Fran9ois- 
 Auguste-Arthur Paroisse-Pougin,) distinguished 
 writerand critic ; b. Chateauroux, Indre, France, 
 Aug. 6, 1834. Pupil of Alard (vln.) and Reber 
 (harm.) at the Paris Cons.; 1855, cond. of the 
 Th. Beaumarchais ; later, leader at Musard's 
 Concerts ; 1856-9, asst.-cond. of the Folies-Nou- 
 velles ; till 1863, violinist in the Op.-Comique 
 orch. ; since then has devoted himself to letters. 
 Active contributor to leading French mus. papers 
 ("Le Menestrel," "France musicale," "I'Art 
 musical," etc.), and mus. feuilletoniste to " Le 
 Soir," "La Tribune," " I'lJvenement," and the 
 "Journal Official." He started the " Revue de 
 
 la musique '' in 1876, but it appeared only 6 
 months. Has publ. many biographical sketches 
 and essays : " Andre Campra " (1861), " Gres- 
 nick" ('62), "DezMes" ('62), "Floquet" ('63), 
 "Martini" ('64), "Devienne" (1864) [all six 
 collected as " Musiciens fran9ais du XVIII= 
 siecle"], " Meyerbeer " ('64), " F. Halevy, ecri- 
 vain"('65), "William Vincent Wallace" ('66), 
 "Leon Kreuzer" ('68), "Bellini" ('68), "A. 
 Grisar " ('70), " Rossini " ('71), " Auber" ('73), 
 "Notice sur Rode" ('74), " Boieldieu." ('75), 
 "Rameau" ('76), " Adolphe Adam" ('76); 
 "Verdi" ('81), and others in mus. periodicals; 
 further, an " Almanach de la musique" (i856, 
 '67, '68 ; the last two with necrological suppl.s) ; 
 " De la litterature musicale en France" (1867) ; 
 " De la situation des compositeurs de musique et 
 del'avenirdel'art musical en France" (1867); "A 
 propos de I'execution du Messie de Haendel" 
 (1873); " Figures de I'opera comique : Elleviou, 
 Mme. Dugazon, la tribu desGavaudan" (1875) ; 
 " Question de la liberte des theatres" (1879); 
 " Question du theatre lyrique " (1879) ; " Essai 
 historique sur la musique en Russie" (1896); 
 " Acteurs et actrices d'autrefois " (1897) ; etc. 
 He likewise edited the supplement to Fetis' 
 "Biographic universelle" (2 vol.s, 1878-80), 
 and the new edition of the "Diet, lyrique, ou 
 histoire des operas " of Felix Clement and P. 
 Larousse (Paris, 1898 ; pp. 1200), but left it very 
 incomplete, and with many errors. 
 
 Pradher {recHus Pradfere), Louis-BarthS- 
 lemy, pianist and composer ; b. Paris, Dec. 18, 
 1781 ; d. Gray, Haute-Saone, in Oct., 1843. 
 Pf.-pupilof Gobert in the Ecole royale de mu- 
 sique and Conservatoire, studying theory with 
 Berton in the latter ; succeeded Jadin as pf.- 
 prof. in 1802. Eminent teacher ; Henri and 
 Jacques Herz, Dubois, Lambert and Rosellen, 
 were some of his pupils. He also gave lessons 
 to the daughters of King Louis-Philippe, and 
 was accompanist in his chapelh, and in the pri- 
 vate orchestras of Louis XVIII. and Charles X. 
 In 1827 he retired on pension to Toulouse. He 
 prod. 7 comic operas, and publ. considerable 
 pf.-music (a concerto ; a grande sonate f. pf ., 
 vln., and 'cello; an Adagio and Rondo f. do.; 
 a Rondo f. 2 pf.s ; several solo sonatas ; Ron- 
 dos, Fantaisies, Variations, etc.) ; and 22 sets of 
 songs. 
 
 Pra'ger, Ferdinand Christian Wilhelm, b. 
 Leipzig, Jan. 22, 1815 ; d. London, Sept._ i, 
 iSgi. Son of the violinist and cond. Heinrich 
 Aloys P. [b. Amsterdam, 1783 ; d. Magdeburg, 
 1854]. On Hummel's advice he renounced 
 'cello-playing for the piano, studying under 
 Hummel (Weimar) and Pape (Liibeck) ; was 
 music-teacher in the Hague 1831-4, and then 
 settled in London, becoming a most successful 
 teacher. He was the English correspondent 
 for Schumann's " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik," 
 and an early and staunch supporter of ^yagner. 
 — Works : The symphonic poem ' ' Life and 
 love, battle and victory" (1885); an overture 
 
 d6i 
 
PRATORIUS— PREITZ 
 
 " Abellino " ; sytnph. prelude to Manfred ; pf.- 
 trio ; pf. -pieces (Caprice, Crepuscule, Flocons de 
 neige, Elfenmarchen ; etc. ; a selection was publ. 
 in the " Prager Album," Leipzig); " Wagner as 
 I knew him " (i8g2). 
 
 Prato'rius [the German name Schulz or 
 Schulze Latinized], Gottschalk, b. Salzwedel, 
 Mar. 28, 1528 ; d. Wittenberg, July 8, 1573, as 
 prof, of philos. Publ. (with M. Agricola) " Me- 
 lodiae scholasticae ... in usum scholae Magde- 
 burgensis " (1556). 
 
 Prato'rius, Christoph, published " Froh- 
 liche und liebliche Ehrenlieder, von zuchtiger 
 Lieb und ehelicher Treue " a \ (1581) ; a funeral 
 song on Melanchthon (1560) ; and comp. other 
 church-music. 
 
 Prato'rius, Hieronymus, b. Hamburg, Aug. 
 10, 1560 ; d. there Jan. 27, i62g. Organist, 
 pupil of his father (org. of the Jacobikirche), 
 studied further at Cologne, became town cantor 
 at Erfurt in 1580, and asst.-org. in 1582 to his 
 father, whom he succeeded in 1586. — Publ. 
 " Caution es sacrae " a 5-8 (1599 ; augm. ed., a 
 2-12, 1607, '22) ; Magnificat a 8 (1602, '22) ; 
 "Liber missarum " u, 5-8 (1616) ; " Cantiones 
 sacrae variae" a 5-20 (1618, '23) ; all the above 
 coll. as " Opus musicum novum et perfectum" ; 
 "Cantiones novae officiosae " a 5-15 (1618, '25) ; 
 and a " Choralbuch " (Hamburg, 1604; with 
 his son Jacob [d. 1651], J. Decker, and D. 
 Scheidemann). 
 
 Prato'rius [Praetorius], Michael, a musi- 
 cian of high attainments both as a composer and 
 writer; b. Kreuzberg, Thuringia, Feb. 15, 1571 
 (27) ; d. Wolfenblittel, Feb. 15, 1621. Few 
 facts are known concerning his career ; he was 
 Kapellm. at Liineburg ; later organist, and 
 finally Kapellm. and secretary, to the Duke of 
 Brunswick. — Compositions: " Musae Sioniae," 
 a coll. of 1244 vocal numbers, in g Parts (P. 
 i-iv, " Concertgesange " a 8-12 on German 
 psalms and church-songs ; P.v, songs and psalms 
 a 2-8 ; P. vi-ix, church-songs a 4, in note- 
 against-note counterpoint. Part ix was publ. 
 1605-10; 2nd ed., as " Bicinia et tricinia," 
 1611) ; " Musarum Sionanim motetae et psalmi 
 4-16 voc." (Parti, 1607); " Eulogodia Sionia " 
 1611 ; 60 motets a 2-8 for "the close of the 
 Divine Service"); " Missodia Sionia" (1611), 
 " Hymnodia Sionia" (161 1 ; hymns a 2-8); 
 " Megalynodia" (1611 ; madrigals and motets a 
 5-8) ; " Terpsichore " (1612 ; dance-pieces a 4-6, 
 by P. and some French composers) ; ' ' Poly- 
 hymnia caduceatrix et panegyrica" (i6ig ; songs 
 of peace and rejoicing a 1-21) ; " Polyhymnia 
 exercitatrix " (1619 ; a 2-8) ; " Uranodia " [Ura- 
 nochordia] (1613 ; 19 songs 04); " Kleine und 
 grosse Litaney . . "(1606); " Epithalamium " 
 (1614); " Puericinium" (1621 ; 14 church-songs a 
 3-12) ; — Writings : " Syntagma musicum . . .", 
 his magnum optts^ of which three volumes were 
 printed : Vol. i (161 5), in 2 parts, is an historical 
 and descriptive treatise in Latin on ancient and 
 
 ecclesiastical music, and ancient secular instr.s ; 
 — Vol, ii (1618), written in German, in 5 parts 
 and an Appendix (1620), is by far the most im- 
 portant extant source for musical instr.s of the 
 period, describing their form, compass, tone- 
 quality, etc., the organ, in particular, being 
 treated at great length ; the Appendix contains 
 42 woodcuts of the principal instr.s enumerated 
 [Vol. ii has been reprinted as vol. xiii of the 
 publications of the " Gesellschaft filr Musik- 
 forschung "] ; — Vol. iii contains a valuable and 
 interesting account of secular composition at 
 that time, and a treatise on solmisation, nota- 
 tion, etc., etc. 
 
 Pratt, Silas Gamaliel, b. Addison, Vt., Aug. 
 4, 1846. Studied pf.-playing in 1868 under 
 Bendel and KuUak, Berlin, and comp. under 
 Wilerst and Kiel. In 1871 he organized the 
 Apollo Club in Chicago ;, returned to Berlin in 
 1875, and studied score-reading under H. Dorn ; 
 his ' ' Anniversary Overture " was perf . on July 
 4, 1876. In 1877 he went back to Chicago, giv- 
 ing symphony concerts in 1878, and bringing 
 out his first opera, Zenobia, in 1882. In 1885 
 he gave concerts of his own works at the Crystal 
 Palace, London ; returned to Chicago in 18S6, 
 and since i8go has been pf.-prof. at the New 
 York Metropolitan Cons. — Works : The above 
 opera and overture ; 5-act lyric opera, Lucille 
 (Chicago, 1887) ; The Last Inca, cantata f. soli, 
 ch., and orch. ; 2 symphonies (No. 2 is "The 
 Prodigal Son ") ; " Magdalena's Lament, " f. orch. ; 
 symphonic suite on The Tempest ; Serenade f. 
 string-orch. ; dance-suite f . orch. ; ' ' Cente- 
 nary Hymn to Washington " ; pf. -music ; part- 
 songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Predie'ri, Giacomo Cesare, maestro at Bo- 
 logna Cath. from 1696, and pres. of the Accad. 
 Filarmonica ; d. after 1711. Publ. " Canzoni 
 morali e spirituali " a 3, with bass (1696) ; wrote 
 9 oratorios. 
 
 Predie'ri, Luca Antonio, b. Bologna, Sept. 
 13, 1688 ; d. there 1769. In 1723, pres. of the 
 Accad. Filarmonica ; became maestro at the ca- 
 thedral ; from 1739-46, vice-Kapellm. , then till 
 1751 1st Kapellm., of the court Kapelle, Vienna. 
 Prod. II operas, 2 serenades, an oratorio, etc. 
 
 Preindl, Joseph, b. Marbach, Lower Austria, 
 Jan. 30, 1756 ; d. Vienna, Oct. 26, 1823. Pupil 
 of Albrechtsberger ; in 1780, choirmaster at St. 
 Peter's, Vienna ; in i8og, Kapellm. at St. Ste- 
 phen's. — Publ. masses, a Requiem, a Te Deum, 
 etc.; 2 pf. -concertos, pf. -sonatas, etc. ; a"Ge- 
 sanglehre " ; the " Wiener Tonschule " for strict 
 composition, edited by Seyfried (1827 ; 2nd ed. 
 1832) ; also " Melodien aller deutschen Kirchen- 
 lieder, welche im St. Stephansdom in Wien 
 gesungen werden," w. preludes and cadenzas. 
 
 Preitz, Franz, b. Zerbst, Aug. 12, 1856. Pu- 
 pil of Leipzig Cons. 1873-6 ; is a concert-organ- 
 ist, and now teacher of singing at Zerbst Gym- 
 nasium, and cantor at the court church. — Publ. 
 
 462 
 
PRELL— PROCHASKA 
 
 an a cappella Requiem, motets, songs, organ- 
 preludes, etc. 
 
 Prell, Johann Nicolaus, b. Hamburg, Nov. 
 9, 1773 ; d. there Mar. i8, 1849. Fine 'cellist, 
 pupil of Romberg ; eminent in quartet-playing, 
 and an excellent teacher. — His son and pupil, 
 August Christian P., b. Hamburg, Aug. i, 
 1805, was 2nd 'cello at Meiningen from 1822, ist 
 'cello at Hamburg from 1825 ; pensioned 1869. 
 He was a distinguished teacher. 
 
 Prentice, Thomas, English pianist ; b. Pas- 
 low Hall, Ongar, Essex, July 6, 1842; d. Hamp- 
 stead, July 15, 1895. Pupil, from 1861, of G. A. 
 and Walter Macfarren at the R. A. M., winning 
 silver medal and Potter Exhibition (1863). 
 Founded a series of Monthly Popular Concerts 
 at Brixton in 1869 ; became org. at Christ Ch., 
 Lee, in 1872 ; gave up both on account of ill- 
 health, but in 1880 started the Kensington 
 " Two-penny Concerts " (successful attempts to 
 popularize high-class music), and was app. prof, 
 of pf. at the Guildhall School of Music ; from 
 1883, also Principal of the new Beckenham Sch. 
 of Mus. — P. was eminently successful in teach- 
 ing; he publ. " The Musician, a Guide for Piano- 
 forte Students" in 6 grades (1883-6), a treatise 
 on " Hand-gymnastics " (Novello), and several 
 solos f. pf. ; also the cantata Linda, i. female 
 voices, trios f. do., anthems, part-songs, etc. 
 
 Pres'sel, Gustav Adolf, b. Tubingen, June 
 u, 1827 ; d. Berlin, July 30, 1890. Pupil of 
 Silcher, and (1850, at Vienna) of Sechter. Prod, 
 the operas I)ie Si. Johannisnacht (i860) and 
 Der Schneider von Ulm (1866) at Stuttgart ; 
 from 1868 he lived at Steglitz, near Berlin. His 
 researches proved that Mozart wrote the Re- 
 quiem in its entirety. P. comp. the ballad 
 " Barbarossa," and songs. 
 
 Presser, Theodore, b. Pittsburg, Pa., Julys, 
 1848. Studied music at Boston and Leipzig, and 
 established himself at Philadelphia as a publisher 
 of music and mus. literature. In 1883 he founded 
 "The Etude," a well-known mus. monthly of 
 which he is the editor, and which is chiefly de- 
 voted to the interests of teachers and students 
 of the pianoforte. He has written instructive 
 pieces and studies f. pf., and transl. several for- 
 eign text-books on music. Co-founder of the 
 Music Teachers' Nat. Association. 
 
 Pr6vost, Eugene-Prosper, b. Paris, Aug. 
 23, 1809 ; d. New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1872. Pu- 
 pil, at Paris Cons., of Jelensperger, Seuriot, and 
 Le Sueur, winning the Grand prix de Rome in 
 1831 with the cantata Bianca Capello. Cond. at 
 Havre theatre 1835-8 ; was then cond. and sing- 
 ing-teacher in New Orleans until 1862, except- 
 ing one year's conductorship at Niblo's Garden, 
 New York, in 1842 ; 1862, chef d'orchesire^ at the 
 Bouffes-Parisiens, later of the Champs Elysees 
 concerts, Paris ; returned to New Orleans in 
 /e ^^ prad. several operas in Paris, and one 
 (Blanche et Rend) at New Orleans ; also comp. 
 oratorios and masses. 
 
 Prey'er, Gottfried, b. Hausbrunn, Lower 
 Austria, May 15, 1809. A pupil of Sechter, 
 1828-34 ; in 1835, organist of the Lutheran ch., 
 Vienna ; 1838, prof, of harm, and cpt. at the 
 Cons., of which he was Director 1844-8 ; 1844, 
 vice -court- conductor ; 1846, court organist; 
 1853, Kapellm. at St. Stephen's ; pensioned as 
 ' ' Vice-Hofkapellm. " in 1876. — Heprod. 3 operas, 
 and the oratorio Noah (often perf. by the " Ton- 
 ktinstler-Verein ") ; publ. a symphony, masses 
 (l f. male voices), other church-music, and 
 " Hymnen der griechisch-katolischen Kirche " 
 (1847) ; a string-quartet ; music f. pf. and org. ; 
 songs. 
 
 Preyer, William Thierry, b. Manchester, 
 Engl., July 4, 1841 ; studied at Bonn Univ. ; 
 1869, prof, of physiology at Jena ; retired to 
 Wiesbaden in 1894. — Wrote " ttber die Grenzen 
 der Tonwahrnehmung " (1876). 
 
 Prill, Karl, b. Berlin, Oct. 22, 1864. Pupil 
 of his father (a mus. director), and of Helmich, 
 Wirth, and Joachim (at the Hochschule), also 
 playing as solo violinist in Brenner's and Laube's 
 orchestras; 1883-5, leader in Bilse's orch. ; 1885, 
 at Magdeburg; since 1891, of the Gewandhaus 
 Orch., Leipzig. He is an excellent soloist and 
 quartet-player. 
 
 Printz, Wolfgang Caspar, b. Waldthurn, 
 Upper Palatinate, Oct. 10, 1641 ; d. Sorau, Oct. 
 13. 1717. Originally a theological student, he 
 later led a roving life, and then was cantor suc- 
 cessively at Promnitz, Triebel, and (1665) Sorau. 
 Autobiography in his "HistorischeBeschreibung 
 der edeln Sing- und Kling-Kunst " (1690) ; also 
 publ. "Compendium musicae signatoriae et mo- 
 dulatoriae " (1668); " Phrynis Mytilenaeus, oder 
 satirischer Componist" (1676, '77, 2 parts ; 2nd 
 ed. 1694, w. 3rd part) ; " Musica modulatoria 
 vocalis " (1678) ; " Exercitationes musicae theo- 
 retico-practicae de consonantiis singulis " (frag- 
 mentary, 1687-89); three novels, "Musicus vex- 
 atus" (i6go), "Musicus magnanimus " (i6gi), 
 and " Musicus curiosus " (1691), are also as- 
 cribed to him. 
 
 Proch, Heinrich, an excellent conductor, 
 and once popular song-composer ; b. Bbhmisch- 
 Leipa, June 22, 1809 ; d. Vienna, Dec. 18, 1878. 
 He studied the law and violin-playing together ; 
 became Kapellm. at the Josephstadt Th., Vi- 
 enna, in 1837, and of the Court Opera 1840-70, 
 when he was pensioned. Among his pupils 
 were Materna, Dustmann, Csillag, Tietjens, 
 and Peschka-Leutner ; the last-named made P.'s 
 coloratura variations with flauto concertante 
 famous, and many of his simpler songs were 
 favorites. He prod. a. 3-act comic opera. Ring 
 und Maske, at Vienna, in 1844 ; also 3 one-act 
 operas, 1846-8. 
 
 Prochas'ka, Ludwig, noted comp. of Bo- 
 hemian songs and duets ; b. Prague, 1835 (?) ; 
 d. there July 18, 1888. He was a member of 
 the Prague City Council ; also lived for a long 
 time in Hamburg as a singing-teacher. 
 
 463 
 
PROKSCH— PRUCKNER 
 
 Proksch, Josef, b. Reichenberg, Bohemia, 
 Aug. 4, 1794; d. Prague, Dec. 20, 1864. A 
 piano-pupil of Kozeluch, he became blind in 
 I Si I, but still learned Logier's system, and in 
 1830 founded a " Musikbildungsanstalt " (school 
 of pf .-playing) in Prague. An excellent teacher, 
 he wrote a " Versuch einer rationellen Lehrme- 
 thode im Pianofortespiel " accepted by numer- 
 ous teachers; a " Musikalisches Vademecum "; 
 " Aphorismen ilber katholische Kirchenmu- 
 sik"; " AUgemeine Musiklehre " (1857) ; made 
 for his pupils transcriptions (for 4-8 pianos) of 
 orch.l works ; and comp. a concerto f. 3 pf.s, 
 sonatas, etc., masses and cantatas, and other 
 vocal music. — His son, Theodor (1843-1876) 
 and a daughter, Marie, managed the inst. after 
 his death. 
 
 Pro'ny, Gaspard-Claire-Frangois-Marie- 
 Riche, Baron de, b. Chamelot, Rhone, France, 
 July 12, 1755 ; d. Paris, July 29, 1839. Ex- 
 aminer at the Polytechnique, and member of the 
 Academic, for which he wrote a " Rapport sur 
 la nouvelle harpe i double mouvement" (1815), 
 Erard's double-pedal harp ; " Note sur les avan- 
 tages du nouvel etablissement d'un professorat 
 d'harpe a I'ecole royale de musique ..." (1825) ; 
 " Instruction elementaire sur les moyens de cal- 
 culer les intervalles musicaux" (1822 ; employ- 
 ing Euler's system of logarithms). 
 
 Pros'ke, Karl, b. Grobnig, Upper Silesia, 
 Feb. II, 1794 ; d. Ratisbon, Dec. 20, i86l. 
 Medical student ; regimental physician during 
 the war of 1813-15 ; took degree of M.D. at 
 Halle in 1817, and practised at Oberglogau and 
 Oppeln. In 1823 he renounced medicine for 
 theology, and studied at Ratisbon ; was or- 
 dained in 1826, became Vicar-choral in 1827, 
 and canon and Kapelhn. of the Church of Our 
 Lady at Ratisbon in 1830. After diligent re- 
 search in Germany and Italy, he began his life- 
 work, the publication of sacred classics,- the first 
 being Palestrina's " Missa Papae Mareelli" 
 (Palestrina's original version, and arrangements 
 by Anerio a 4, and Suriano a 8), followed by the 
 famous collection " Musica divina," containing 
 chiefly Italian masterworks of the i6th-i7th 
 centuries : Vol. i, 12 masses a 4 (1853) ; Vol. 
 ii, motets for the entire church-year (1855) ; 
 Vol. iii, Fauxbourdons, Psalms, Magnificats, 
 hymns and antiphones(i859) ; Vol. iv. Passions, 
 Lamentations, Responses, Te Deums, Litanies 
 (1863 ; edited by Wesselack) ; publication con- 
 tinued by Schrems and Haberl ; also a " Selec- 
 tus novus missarum " a 4-8 (1855-9). His valu- 
 able library was purchased for the Episcopal 
 Library at Ratisbon. 
 
 Prout, Ebenezer, eminent English com- 
 poser and theorist ; b. Oundle, Northampton- 
 shire, Mar. I, 1835. Excepting some piano- 
 lessons as a boy, and a later course with Charles 
 Salaman, he was wholly self-taught. His father 
 had him trained for a school-teacher, and he took 
 the degree of B.A. at London Univ. in 1854; 
 but in 1859 went over definitively to music ; was 
 
 organist at Union Chapel, Islington, 1861-73 I 
 prof, of pf. at the Crystal Palace School of Art, 
 1861-85 ; prof, of harm, and comp. at the Nat. 
 Training School from 1876, and took Sullivan's 
 class at the R. A. M. in 1879 '< ^'so conducted 
 the Hackney Choral 
 Assoc. 1876-go, 
 bringing it to a high 
 state of efficiency ; 
 edited the ' ' Month- 
 ly Mus. Record " 
 1871-4, was critic 
 on the "Academy" 
 1874-9, ^'J'l °" t'^^ 
 "AthenEeuVn" 1879- 
 89. To Grove's 
 " Dictionary " he 
 contributed 53 arti- 
 cles. In 1894 he 
 was called to Dublin 
 Univ. as prof, of 
 music, succeeding * 
 
 Sir R. Stewart ; in 1895 both Dublin and 
 Edinburgh Universities conferred on him the 
 degree of Mus. Doc. hon. causa. His valua- 
 ble theoretical works are the following: "In- 
 strumentation" (Novello primer, 1876); "Har- 
 mony, its Theory and Practice" (1S89 ; 9 
 editions to 1896); "Counterpoint, Strict and 
 Free" (1890); "Double Counterpoint and 
 Canon" (1891); "Fugue" (1891); " Fugal 
 Analysis" (1892); "Musical Form" (1893); 
 "Applied Forms" (1895); all of which have 
 passed through twoor more editions ; and " The 
 Orchestra" (2 vol.s, i8g8). — Compositions; 
 4 symphonies, in C, G min., F, and D ; 2 over- 
 tures, "Twelfth Night" and " Rokeby"; Suite 
 de ballet f. orch., op. 28 ; Suite in D ; 2 organ- 
 concertos, in E min. and E[j ; a pf.-quintet, 
 op. 3 ; 2 string-quartets, op. 1 (prize) and op. 
 15 ; 2 pf.-quartets, op. 2 (prize), and op. 18 ; 
 sonata f. pf. and clar., op. 26 ; organ-sonata, 
 op. 4 ; Duo concertante f. pf. and harmonium, 
 op. 6 ; the cantatas Hereward, op. 12 (1878), 
 Alfred, op. 16 (1882), The Red Cross Knight, 
 op. 24 (Huddersfield, 1S87), Damon and Phin- 
 tias, op. 25, f. male ch. (Oxford, 1889), and 
 Queen Aini^e, f. female ch., op. 21 (1885); a 
 Magnificat, op. 7, f. soli, ch., and orch.; Even- 
 ing Service, op. 8, w. orch.; Psalm 126, f. soli, 
 ch., and orch. (St. Paul's; 1891); Psalm 100, 
 op. 23, f. sopr. solo, ch., and orch. (1886); 
 " The Song of Judith," contralto solo w. orch. 
 (Norwich, 1867); "Freedom," op. 20, ode f. 
 bar. solo and orch. (1885) ; anthems, organ- 
 arrangements, etc. 
 
 Prout, Louis Beethoven, son of preced- 
 ing ; b. London, Sept. 14, 1864. Since 188S, 
 prof, of harm, at Crystal Palace School of 
 Art. — Publ. "Harmonic Analysis"; "Time, 
 Rhythm, and Expression " ; and set Psalm 93 
 for voices and organ. 
 
 Pruck'ner, Dionys, distinguished pianist ; 
 b. Munich, May 12, 1834 ; d. Heidelberg, Dec. 
 
 464 
 
PRUCKNER— PUDOR 
 
 I, 1896. Taught by Niest, he played in the 
 Gewandhaus, Leipzig, at 17 ; studied with Liszt 
 at Weimar, 1852-6 ; lived 3 years in Vienna, 
 making concert-tours ; from 1859, teacher at 
 Stuttgart Cons. ; from 1864, court pianist, and 
 in 1868, " Royal Professor." With Singer (vio- 
 hn) and Golterraann ('cello) he organized cham- 
 ber-music soirees in 1861. His reputation as a 
 teacher was high. 
 
 Pruck'ner, Caroline, b. Vienna, Nov. 4, 
 1832. Soprano stage-singer, from 1850 at Han- 
 over, from 1852 at Mannheim, having striking 
 success as Martha, Elvira, Leonora (Stradella), 
 and Valentine ; suddenly lost her voice in 1855, 
 seriously studied voice-production in all its 
 branches, and in 1870 opened a School of Opera 
 in Vienna. Publ. a valuable treatise, " Theorie 
 und Praxis der Gesangskunst " (1S72 ; 2nd ed. 
 1883, for which the Grand Duke of Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin bestowed on her a gold medal 
 and the title of Profess<jr). 
 
 Prudent, [Beunie-Prudentj, ^mile, pianist ; 
 b. Angouleme, Feb. 3, 1817 ; d. Paris, May 14, 
 1863. Early orphaned, he was adopted by a 
 piano-tuner ; studied under Lecouppey and Zim- 
 merman (pf.) and Laurent (harm.) at Paris Cons. , 
 taking ist prize in 1833. He modelled his style 
 on Thalberg's, between whom and Dohler, ac- 
 cording to contemporary critics, he ranked. Suc- 
 cessful tours in France, Belgium, England, and 
 Germany ; highly esteemed in Paris as a teacher ; 
 compositions well written, but neither warmly 
 inspired nor original. — Concert symphonique w. 
 orch. ; Pf .-works : pf.-trio ; concerto No. 2, in 
 Bt) ; 6 etudes de salon, op. 60 ; much elegant 
 salon-music (L'hirondelle, op. 11 ; La Berceuse 
 and Chanson sicilienne, op. 30 ; Le reveil des 
 fees, op. 41 ; etc.). 
 
 Prume, Frangois-Hubert, b. Stavelot, n. 
 Liege, June 3, 1816 ; d. there July 14, 1849. 
 Violin-virtuoso ; pupil of Liege Cons. 1827-30, 
 then of Habeneck at Paris Cons.; from 1833-9, 
 prof, at the Liege Cons., then undertaking a 
 tour through Germany, Scandinavia, and Russia, 
 returning in 1842, and becoming ist prof, of 
 violin at Liege in 1844. — Op. i, "La melan- 
 colie" f. violin w. pf. or orch. (very popular) ; 
 op. 2, 6 Grandes etudes ; a concertino and a 
 morceau de concert, f . vin. w. orch. ; Grande 
 Polonaise, f . do. ; etc. 
 
 Prume, Frantz Henry, nephew of the above. 
 See J^hin-Prume. 
 
 Prumier, Antoine, b. Paris, July 2, 1794 ; 
 d. there Jan. 20, 1868. Harp-player, pupil at 
 the Cons.; harpist at the Th. Italien, and at the 
 Opera-Comique in 1835, then also succeeding 
 Nadermann as harp-prof, at the Cons. — Works : 
 About 100 fantaisies, rondos, and airs w. varia- 
 tions, for harp. — His son and pupil, 
 
 Prumier, Ange-Conrad, b. 1821 (?) ; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 3, 1884. His father's successor at 
 the Opera-Comique ; played later at the Opera ; 
 and succeeded Labarre as prof, of the harp at 
 
 the Cons, in 1870.— Works : Solos and e'tudes f. 
 harp ; nocturnes f . harp and horn ; sacred songs. 
 
 Psellos, Michael, writer at Constantinople 
 about 1050. Wrote a treatise on music, printed 
 by Arsenius in " Opus in quatuor mathematicas 
 disciplinas" (1532, 1535), in German by Mitzler 
 (Vol. iii of his " Mus. Bibliothek ") ; another 
 treatise, on rhythm, was publ. by Morelli(i785). 
 
 Ptolemy, Claudius, the celebrated Alexan- 
 drian astronomer, geographer, and mathemati- 
 cian, early in the 2nd century wrote a very im- 
 portant treatise on music, a poor Latin version 
 of which was made by Gogavinus (1562) ; Wal- 
 lis publ. the orig. Greek text in 1688 ; O. Paul 
 gives a fragment in Greek, with German transl., 
 in his " Boetius." 
 
 Pucci'ni, Giacomo, b. Lucca, Italy, in 1858. 
 At first private pupil of Angeloni at Lucca ; then 
 studied at the R. 
 Cons., Milan, under 
 A. Ponchielli, grad- 
 uating with a fine 
 Capriccio sinfonico 
 f. orch. He has 
 since won promi-'/i//< 
 nence as a dramatic 
 
 composer, having 
 prod, the i-act op- 
 era Le Villi (Milan, 
 Dal Verme Th., 
 1884; extended later 
 to 2 acts, and given 
 at La Scala and else- 
 where) ; Edgar (Milan, La Scala, 1889 ; succ); 
 4-act lyric drama Manon Lescaut (Turin, 1893 ; 
 succ.) ; and the 4-act opera seria La Bohlme 
 (Turin, 1896 ; London, Covent Garden, 1897 ; 
 succ). Verdi is said to have called him the 
 most promising of his successors. In 1893 he 
 succeeded Catalani as prof, of comp. at Milan 
 Cons. 
 
 Pucit'ta, Vincenzo, b. Civitavecchia, 1778 ; 
 d. Milan, Dec. 20, 1861. Prod, some 30 operas 
 at Rome, Venice, Milan, London, and Paris, 
 where he was cembalist at the Italian Opera. 
 
 Puchat, Max, b. Breslau, 1859. Composer 
 and pianist ; pupil of Kiel at Berlin, and winner 
 of the Mendelssohn prize in 1884. — Works: 
 Symphonic poems " Euphorion " (1888), and 
 " Tragbdie eines Kilnstlers " (1894 ; 5 movem.); 
 an overture ; a pf. -concerto in C minor; and 
 numerous songs. 
 
 Puch'tler, Wilhelm Maria, b.Holzkirchen, 
 Franconia, Dec. 24, 1848 ; d. Nice, Feb. 11, 
 l88i. Pupil of Faiszt, Lebert, and Stark, at 
 Stuttgart Cons. (1868-73) ; teacher and cond. at 
 G8ttingen till 1879. — Works : " Der Geigervon 
 Gmund," a choral comp. (1881) ; pf.-pieces in 
 virtuoso-style. 
 
 Pu'dor, Johann Friedrich, b. Delitzsch, 
 Saxony, 1835 ; d. Dresden, Oct. 10, 1887, where 
 he had been manager and proprietor of the 
 Cons, since 1859. — His son. 
 
 30 
 
 465 
 
PUDOR— PURCELL 
 
 Pu'dor, Dr. Heinrich, b. about i860, suc- 
 ceeded his father in the Cons. , which he disposed 
 of, in 1890, to E. Krantz. He is a voluminous 
 and eccentric writer on mus. subjects. — Worlds : 
 " Wiedergeburt in der Musik " (1892, 9 collected 
 essays) ; "-Die alten und die neuen Wege in der 
 Musik" (1892) ; etc. 
 
 Puget, Paul -Charles -Marie, b. Nantes, 
 June 25, 1848. Pupil, at Paris Cons., of Mar- 
 montel(pf.), Bazin (harm.), and Masse (comp.); 
 1st Grand prix de Rome in 1875. — Prod, the 
 comic opera Le Signal (Op. -Com., 1886), and 
 the 4-act opera Beaucoup de bruit pour rien 
 (ibid.. Mar. 24, 1899 ; mod. succ.) ; incid. music 
 to de Mussel's Lorenzaccio ; a setting of P. Col- 
 lin's " Ulisse et les Sir^nes" ; and songs. 
 
 Pugna'ni, Gaetano, famous violinist ; b. 
 Turin, Nov. 27, 1731 ; d. there July 15, 1798. 
 Studied under Somis ; later in Tartini's school 
 at Padua. In 1752, leader in the court orch., 
 Turin ; from 1754 he made concert-tours, spent 
 some years in London as leader at the Ital. Opera, 
 and played at Paris in the Concerts spirituels. 
 From 1770 m. di capp. at the court theatre, 
 Turin ; alsoopenedaschoolfor violinists, among 
 whose alumni were Viotti, Conforti, Buini, and 
 PoUedro. — Publ. a violin-concerto (he wrote g), 
 and 14 violin-sonatas ; 6 quintets f. 2 violins, 2 
 flutes, and 'cello ; 6 string-quartets ; 12 octets 
 (sinfonie) f. strings, 2 oboes, and 2 horns ; 3 
 sets of trios f. 2 violins and 'cello ; and 2 sets of 
 violin-duets. One sonata is in Jensen's " Clas- 
 sische Violinmusik." He prod, several operas, 
 a ballet, and 2 cantatas. 
 
 Pu'gni, Cesare, b. Milan, 1805 ; d. St. 
 Petersburg, Jan. 26, 1870, where he had resided 
 since 1840. Prod. 5 operas and 21 ballets of 
 little importance. 
 
 Pugno, Raoul, brilliant pianist ; b. Mont- 
 rouge, Seine, France, June 23, 1852. Studied 
 in the Paris Cons., taking ist pf. -prize in 1866, 
 1st harmony-prize in 1867, and ist organ-prize 
 lS6g. Organist and inaitre de chapellein Paris ; 
 since l8g6, prof, of piano at the Conservatoire, 
 as Henri Fissot's successor. In i8g7-8 he made 
 a conspicuously successful tour of the United 
 States with Ysaye. Officer of the Academie. 
 He has prod, an oratorio. La resurrection de La- 
 zare (Concert Pasdeloup, i87g), and a number 
 of light stage-pieces, among them the 3-act 
 comic opera Ninetta (1882), the 3-act opera- 
 bouffe Le Sosie (1887), the 3-act do. Le retour 
 d^ Ulisse (1889), the 3-act vaudev. -operetta La 
 petite Poucette (i8gl ; in Berlin, 1893, as Der 
 Talisman)^ the pantomime Pour le drapeau 
 (1895), etc. Has also written pf. -pieces and 
 vocal music. 
 
 Puli'ti, Leto, b. Florence, June 29, 1818 ; d. 
 there Nov. 15, 1875. A student of music and 
 natural science ; publ. songs, and music f. pf. 
 and orch. ; also valuable essays in the Proceed- 
 ings of the R. Inst, of Music at Florence, espe- 
 cially " Cenni storici della vita del serenissimo 
 
 Ferdinando de' Medici " (1S84, printed sepa- 
 rately), with information concerning Cristofori, 
 the inventor of the pf . 
 
 Pun'to, Giovanni. See Stick, 
 
 Pup'po, Giuseppe, an eccentric violinist; b. 
 Lucca, June 12, 1749; d. in poverty at Florence, 
 Apr. 19, 1827. Lived for years in London (till 
 1784), then in Paris as cond. at the Th. de 
 Monsieur, and as fashionable accompanist and 
 teacher till 1811, and in Naples 1811-17 as 
 maestro at the San Carlo Th. — Publ. 3 con- 
 certos, 3 violin-duets, 8 violin-etudes and 6 pf,- 
 fantasias. 
 
 Purcell', Henry (called " the younger," be- 
 cause the son of Henry P., Gentleman of the 
 Chapel Royal, and Master of the Choristers at 
 Westminster Abbey), b. in St. Ann's Lane, Old 
 Pye St., Westminster, London, in 1658 ; d. 
 Dean's Yard, Westminster, Nov. 21, 1695. 
 From 1664, the year of his father's death, he 
 studied as a chorister of the Chapel Royal under 
 Cooke and Humfrey, also receiving instruction 
 from Dr. Blow. As early as 1676 he wrote the 
 music for Dryden's tragedy Aurenge-Zehe, and 
 Shadwell's comedy Epsom Wells ; he also publ. 
 a song in Playford's "Choice Ayres, etc.," 
 Book i. In 1677 he wrote the overture, act- 
 tunes, etc., to Mrs. Behn's tragedy Abdelazor, 
 and an elegy on 
 Matthew Locke (in 
 Book ii of " Choice 
 Ayres "). Next year 
 he composed the 
 overture, instr.I mu- 
 sic, and the masque, 
 in Shadwell's ver- 
 sion of Tinion of 
 A thens ; to 1680 be- 
 long the incid. music 
 to Lee's tragedy The- 
 odosius and D'Ur- 
 fey's comedy The 
 Virtuous Wife, and 
 a little opera. Dido and jEneas, written to the 
 order of Josias Priest for his ' ' boarding-school for 
 young gentlewomen " ; also the "Ode or Wel- 
 come Song for his Royal Highness " the Duke 
 of York, and "A Song to welcome home His 
 Majesty from Windsor." Appointed organist at 
 Westminster Abbey, he wrote no more theatrical 
 music for six years, presumably turning his atten- 
 tion to church-music. In 1682 he became organ- 
 ist of the Chapel Royal as Lowe's successor ; in 
 1683, composer-in-ordinary to the King. His 
 first publ. chamber-music dates from 1683, 
 " Sonatas of III parts, two Viollins and Basse to 
 the Organ or Harpsichord " (with engraved por- 
 trait), 12 numbers, based on Italian models, 
 each having an Adagio, a Canzone (fugue), a 
 slow movem. , and an air (3 recently reprinted by 
 Augener). More "Odes" appeared at this 
 time ; the last one to King Charles in 1684, and 
 the greeting to King James in 1685 ; in all, P. 
 wrote 28 of these. Dramatic composition re- 
 
 466 
 
PURCELL— PYNE 
 
 commenced in 1686, with Dryden's Tyrannic 
 Love; D'Urfey's A Fool's Preferment followed 
 in 1688, and Shadwell's version of The Tempest 
 in i6go, " The Yorkshire Feast Song," called 
 by D'Urfey, the author, " one of the finest com- 
 positions he ever made," was composed and pro- 
 duced in 1690 ; also his first real opera, Diocle- 
 sian. During the next five years he developed 
 extraordinary activity in theatrical composition, 
 as the list below proves. It is probable that he 
 died after a lingering illness (consumption) ; he 
 lies in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey, 
 and his burial-tablet well expresses contemporary 
 estimation of his worth : " Here lyes Henry 
 Purcell, Esq. ; who left this life, and is gone to 
 that blessed place where only his harmony can 
 be exceeded." His church-music shows the 
 original melodist, and a master of form, har- 
 mony, and all contrapuntal devices ; his dramatic 
 music is equally original in invention, dramatic 
 instinct, and power of characterization ; his 
 chamber-works surpass those of his predecessors 
 and contemporaries. ' ' We see in him the im- 
 prover of our cathedral music ; the originator of 
 English melody, as the term is now understood ; 
 the establisher of a form of English opera which 
 was almost universally adopted for upwards of a 
 century and a half ; the introducer of a new and 
 more effective employment of the orchestra in 
 •accompaniment ; the man who excelled all others 
 in his accurate, vigorous, and energetic setting 
 of EngUsh words ; and the most original and 
 extraordinary musical genius that our country 
 has produced." [Grove.] His stage-music is 
 as dramatic as and more melodious than that of 
 his model, Lully ; his sacred compositions were 
 eagerly and profitably studied by Handel. — The 
 "Purcell Society," organized in 1876 to publish 
 and perform his works, has issued the 12 sona- 
 tas, The Yorkshire Feast Song, Timon of Athens, 
 and the Birthday Ode to the Duke of Gloucester. 
 Other publ. works : The Prophetess, or the His- 
 tory of Dioclesian, by Betterton, after Beaumont 
 and Fletcher (in score, 1891); Dido and Mneas, 
 by Nahura Tate [1675] (in score, 1840, by the 
 Mus. Antiq. Soc.) ; King Arthur [i6gl], by 
 Dryden (in score, 1843, by the Mus. Ant. Soc.) ; 
 Bonduca [1695], by Powell, after Beaumont and 
 Fletcher (in score, by ditto) ; his widow publ. 
 in 1697 "A Collection of Ayres Composed for 
 the Theatre and upon other Occasions " ; also' 
 songs for 1-3 voices, from his theatrical works 
 and odes ; and the ' ' Orpheus Britannicus " in 
 2 parts (Parti, 1698, 2nd ed. 1706 ; Part ii, 1702, 
 2nd ed. 1711 ; 3d ed., of both parts, 1721). 
 Playford's " Theatre of Musick" (1687), and the 
 coU.s of Boyce, Arnold, Tudway, and Page, 
 contain many of P. 's works ; many sacred songs 
 were printed in the " Harmonia sacra" (1688) ; 
 Novello's " Purcell's Sacred Music " contains a 
 Te Deum and Jubilate (for St. Cecilia's Day), 3 
 services, 20 anthems w. orch., 32 do. w. organ, 
 19 songs (some w. chorus), 2 duets, one terzet, 
 II hymns a 3-4, 2 Latin Psalms, and 5 canons 
 (1829-32 ; six vol.s, with portrait and biography) ; 
 
 in 1697, 10 more sonatas (similar to the former 
 12) were printed, No. 9 being the celebrated 
 and oft-republ. "Golden Sonata"; further, 
 ' ' Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinet " (1696) ; 
 and catches in the coll. " The Catch Club, or 
 Merry Companion." Novello's catalogue names 
 the anthems most used in English churches. — 
 In addition to the pieces mentioned above, Pur- 
 cell set to music the following dramatic works ■. 
 The Libertine, by Shadwell (1676), Massacre of 
 Paris, Lee (1690), Amphitryon (1690), Dis- 
 tressed Innocence, Settle (1691), The Gordian 
 Knot untyed{\i>Qji), Sir Anthony Low, Southerne 
 (1691), The Fairy Queen [Shakespeare's Mid- 
 summer Night's Dream] (1692), The Wife's 
 Excuse, Southerne (1692), The Indian Queen, 
 Dryden (1692), The Indian Emperour, Dryden 
 (1692), CEdipus (1692), Cleomenes (1692), The 
 Marriage Hater Match'd, D'Urfey (1692), The 
 Old Bachelor, Congreve (1693), The Richmond 
 Heiress, D'Urfey (1693), The Maid's Last 
 Prayer, Southerne (1693), Henry II., Bancroft 
 (1693), Don Quixote, .D'Urfey (1694-5, in 2 
 parts) ; The Married Beau, Crowne (1694), The 
 Double Dealer, Congreve (1694), The Fatal 
 Marriage, Southerne (1694), Love Triumphant, 
 Dryden (1694), The Canterbury Cafj/j, Ravens- 
 croft (1695), The Mock Marriage, Scott (1695), 
 The Rival Sisters, Gould (1695), Oroonoko, 
 Southerne (1695), The Knight of Malta, Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher (1695). 
 
 Purceir, Daniel, brother of Henry ; b. Lon- 
 don, 1660 ; d. there Dec. 12, 1718. Also an 
 excellent musician, he became org. of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, in 1688 ; took his brother's place 
 as dramatic composer in 1695, and was org. of 
 St. Andrew's, Holborn, from 1713. — Works : 
 Incid. music to ten dramas ; several odes (e. g., 
 funeral ode for his brother); publ. " The Psalm 
 Tunes set full for the Organ or Harpsichord 
 . . ." (n.d.) ; songs in collections.— Six anthems 
 are in the choir-books of Magdalen Coll. chapel. 
 
 Puteanus, Ericius (Latinized from Heinrich 
 van de Putte ; also Gallicized Dupuy) ; b. 
 Venloo, Holland, Nov. 4, 1574; d. Louvain, 
 Sept. 17, 1646, as prof, of literature, having suc- 
 ceeded J. Lipsius in 1606. Early opponent of 
 solmisation ; pub. " Modulata Pallas sive septem 
 discrimina vocum" (1599; 2nd ed. as "Musa- 
 thena sive notarum heptas," 1602) ; and other 
 essays. 
 
 Pyne, Louisa Fanny, soprano stage-singer ; 
 b. England, 1832 ; pupil of Sir George Smart. 
 Debut at Boulogne, 1849, as Amina in La Son- 
 nambula ; from Oct. i, eng. at the Princess's 
 Th., London; sang here, at the Haymarket, the 
 Italian Opera, and in oratorio and concert, till 
 1854, when she set out on a American tour last- 
 ing 3 years. In 1858 she organized an English 
 opera-troupe in London (with Harrison), which 
 played in the Lyceum, Drury Lane, and Covent 
 Garden, until 1862. She sang later at H. M.'s 
 Th.; in 1868, married Frank Bodda, a baritone 
 vocalist. 
 
 467 
 
PYTHAGORAS— QUERCU 
 
 Pytha'goras, famous philosopher and mathe- 
 matician ; b. Samos, Greece, about 582 B.C. ; 
 d. Metapontum, about 500 B.C. His doctrines 
 on the musical ratios are preserved in the writ- 
 ing of his followers, as P. himself wrote no 
 books. The Pythagoreans (Archytas, Didymos, 
 Eratosthenes, Euclid, Ptolemy, etc.) reckoned 
 only the fifth and octave as pure consonances 
 (the fourth being the fifth below) ; their system 
 recognized only intervals reached by successive 
 skips of pure fifths, their major third being the 
 4th fifth above (ratio 64 : 81, instead of the 
 modern 64 : 80, or 4 : 5), their minor third the 
 3rd fifth below ; etc. Their thirds and sixths 
 were, consequently, dissonant intervals. 
 
 Qua'dri, Domenico, b. Vicenza, 1801 ; d. 
 Milan, Apr. 29, 1843. Pupil of Marchesi and 
 Pilotti. Devoted himself to teaching and theo- 
 retical research. An advocate of the theory of 
 chord-building by thirds, he pub. in 1830 two 
 fascicles of a work, "La ragione armonica, 
 dimostrata sui partimenti del Padre Mattei"; 
 opened a school in Naples (1831) for teaching 
 harmony, and next year publ. " Lezioni di ar- 
 monia per facilitare lo studio della composizione 
 musicale "; but could make no headway against 
 the opposition of powerful musicians, and died 
 in poverty. 
 
 Qua'drio, Francesco Saverio, b. Ponte, 
 Valtellina, Dec. i, l6g5 ; d. Milan, Nov. II, 
 1756. Wrote " Delia storia e della ragione 
 d'ogni poesia" (7 vol.s, 1739-46 ; vol.s ii and iii 
 treat of the opera, oratorio, and cantata). 
 
 Quaglia'ti, Paolo, comp. and excellent cem- 
 balist ; d. Rome, about 1660. Publ. Carro di 
 fedelth d'amore, one of the earliest mus. dramas, 
 containing not only monodies, but ensemble- 
 numbers up to 5 voices (Rome, 161 1); also Mot- 
 tetti and Dialoghi a 2-8 (1620), Canzonette a 3, 
 etc. 
 
 Quandt, Christian Friedrich, b. Herrnhut, 
 Saxony, Sept. 17, 1766 ; d. Niesky, n. Gorlitz, 
 Jan. 30, 1806. Publ. papers on the MoWan 
 harp, the harmonica, etc., in the " Lausitzische 
 Monatsschrift " (1795, '97), and the " Allgem. 
 mus. Zeitung" (1798-1800). 
 
 Quantz, Johann Joachim, flute-teacher of 
 Frederick the Great ; b. (according to his auto- 
 biography in Marpurg's " Beitrage zur Auf- 
 nahme der Musik") at Oberscheden, Hanover, 
 Jan. 30, i6g7 ; d. Potsdam, July 12, 1773. 
 Naturally musical, at 8 he played the double- 
 bass at village festivals. His father died when 
 he was but 10, and Q. was apprenticed to an 
 uncle, the Stadtmusikus at Merseburg, in 1708, 
 learning various instr.s, among them the clavi- 
 chord with Kiesewetter. His apprenticeship 
 ended, he went to Radeburg, Pirna, and in 1716 
 joined the town-orch. of Dresden, under Heine. 
 In 1717, during 3 months' leave of absence, he 
 
 studied counterpoint with Zelenka and Fux at 
 Vienna ; in 1718 he became oboist in the Royal 
 Polish orch. of Warsaw and Dresden, but soon 
 took up the flute, which he studied under Buffar- 
 din. In 1724 he was sent to Italy in the suite 
 of the Polish ambassador ; studied counterpoint 
 under Gasparini at Rome ; went to London via 
 Paris in 1726 ; and returned to Dresden in 1727, 
 resuming his position as orchestral flute-player 
 ia 1728. In this year he played before Frederick 
 the Great (then Crown Prince) at Berlin, and so 
 pleased him that he engaged Q. to teach him 
 the flute, and to make two long yearly visits to 
 Berlin for that purpose. Frederick ascended the 
 throne in 1740, and next year called Q. to Berlin 
 (Potsdam) as chamber-musician and court com- 
 poser at a salary of 2000 Thaler, besides an hono- 
 rarium for each composition furnished, and 100 
 ducats for each flute supplied by Q. Here he 
 remained until his death. He left in MS. 300 
 concertos for one and two flutes, and some 200 
 other flute-pieces (soli, duets, trios, and quatuors). 
 Publ. "Sei sonate" w. bass (1734) ; "Seiduetti" 
 (1759)1 "Neue Kirchenmelodien " (1760; set- 
 tings of 22 odes by Gellert as chorals) ; ' ' Versuch 
 einer Anweisung, die Fl5te traversiere zu spielen" 
 (1752; flute-method; 2nd and 3rd ed.s 1780, '89; 
 French, 1752 ; Dutch, 1755) ; and "Application 
 pour la fliite traversiere i deux clefs " (n. d. ; Q. 
 invented the second key for the flute ; also the 
 sliding top for tuning the instr.). — Biography by 
 his grandnephew Albert Quantz (Berlin, 1877). 
 
 Quaran'ta, Francesco, b. Naples, Apr. 4, 
 1848 ; d. Milan, Mar. 26, 1897. Pupil of 
 Naples Cons., settled in Milan as a popular sing- 
 ing-teacher. — Works : The opera Ettore Fiera- 
 mosco ; grand mass w. orch. ; a great number of 
 songs. 
 
 Quaren'ghi, Guglielmo, b. Casalmaggiore, 
 Oct. 22, 1826 ; d. Milan, Feb. 4, 1882. Pupil at 
 Milan Cons., 1839-42 ; from 1850, 1st 'cello at 
 La Scala Th. ; 1851, prof, of 'cello-playing at the 
 Cons. ; from 1879, m. di capp. at Milan Cath.— 
 Works; Excellent 'cello' method, and original 
 pieces and transcriptions f . 'cello ; church-music ; 
 and an opera, // dl di S. Michele (Milan, 1863). 
 
 Quatremfere de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysos- 
 tome, b. Paris, Oct. 28, 1755 ; d. there Dec. 28, 
 1849. Secretary of the Academie des Arts. 
 Publ. " De la nature des operas buffons " (Paris, 
 1789 ; pamphlet) ; and eulogies of Catel, Boiel- 
 dieu, Gossec, Mehul, Monsigny, Paisiello, and 
 other deceased members of the Academie (in 
 " Recueil de notices historiques . . . "(1834-7, 
 2 vol.s ; also printed separately). 
 
 Quercu, Simon de (Latinized from Van 
 Eycken or Du Chesne), b. in Brabant, became 
 first chapel-singer to Ludovico Sforza, at Milan, 
 about 1500 ; about 1508 he accompanied Massi- 
 miliano and Francesco Sforza to Vienna. — Publ. 
 an "Opusculum musices" treating of Gregorian 
 and figurate song (Vienna, 1509), and " Vigiliae 
 cum vesperis et exequiis mortuorum" (1513)- 
 
 468 
 
QUIDANT— RAFF 
 
 Quidant, Alfred {i-ecte Joseph), b. Lyons, 
 France, Dec. 7, 1815 ; d. Paris, Oct. 9, 1893. 
 St. 1831 at^ Paris Cons., but left it to exhibit the 
 pianos in Erard's warerooms, where he was em- 
 ployed for some 30 years. Good pianist ; comp. 
 light pf. -music of considerable vogue. 
 
 Quinault, Jean-Baptiste-Maurice, singer 
 and actor at the Theatre Franyais, Paris, 1712- 
 33, then retiring to Gien, where he died 1744. He 
 set to music over 20 intermhdes, ballets, etc . ; also 
 a grand 4-act ballet, Les amours des dresses 
 (Grand Opera, 1729). 
 
 Quinault, Philippe, b. Paris, 1635 ; d. there 
 Nov. 26, 1688 ; was LuUy's librettist, as which 
 he exhibited unusual dramatic instinct. 
 
 Raaff (or Raff), Anton, b. Holzem, n. Bonn, 
 1714 ; d. Munich, May 27, 1797. Stage-tenor, 
 pupil of Ferrandi at Munich and Bernacchi at 
 Bologna ; sang 1742-52 at Bonn, Vienna, and 
 other German courts ; then in Lisbon 1753-5, 
 Madrid 1755-g, and Naples, returning to Ger- 
 many in 1770, where was attached to the court 
 of Carl Theodor at Mannheim and (1779) ^'^- 
 nich. In 1778 he went to Paris with Mozart, 
 who wrote the role of Idomeneo, and also the 
 aria " Se al labbro mio," for R. 
 
 Rachma'ninoff, Sergei Vassilievitch, b. 
 Novgorod, Russia, 1873. Pianist and com- 
 poser ; pupil, at Moscow Cons., of Siloti (pf.) 
 and Arensky (theory), winning the great gold 
 medal in 1891. — Works: i-act opera Aleko 
 (Moscow, 1893 ; succ.) ; pf.-concerto, op. i ; 
 Morceaux de fantaisie f. pf., op. 3 ; Fantaisie f. 
 2 pf.s, op. 5 ; Trio elegiaque, op. g ; etc. 
 
 Ra'decke, Rudolf, b. Dittmannsdorf , Silesia, 
 Sept. 6, 1829 ; d. Beriin, Apr. 15, 1893. Pupil 
 of Baumgart in the Acad. Inst, for Church-mu- 
 sic, Breslau, and (1851-3) of Leipzig Cons.; 
 from 1859 in Berlin, teaching 1864-71 at the 
 Stern Cons.; cond. 1864-8 of the "Cacilien- 
 Verein " ; founded the Radecke Choral Soc. in 
 1868, and a music-school in 1869. — Publ. part- 
 songs and songs. — His brother, 
 
 Ra'decke, (Albert Martin) Robert, b. Ditt- 
 mannsdorf, Oct. 31, 1830. Pupil of Leipzig 
 Cons. 1848-50, then ist violin in Gewandhaus ; 
 in 1852, 2nd cond. of the Singakademie ; in 1853, 
 mus. dir. of the City Th. for a short time ; later 
 pianist, organist, and quartet-player in Berlin, 
 giving grand choral and orch.l concerts 1858-63, 
 then becoming mus. dir. of the court theatre, and 
 court Kapellm. in 1871. From 1883-88 he suc- 
 ceeded Stern as artistic dir. of the Stern Cons. ; 
 resigned his opera-directorship in 1887 ; and in 
 1892 succeeded Haupt as dir. of the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music, Berlin. — Works : i-act " Lieder- 
 spiel," Die Monkguter (Berlin, 1874) ; a sym- 
 phony, 2 overtures, 2 Scherzi, a Capriccio, and 
 a " Nachtstiick " f. orch. ; 2 pf.-trios ; many ex- 
 cellent part-songs and songs. 
 
 Ra'decke, Luise, stage-soprano ; b. Celle, 
 Hanover, June 27, 1847. Pupil of the Marches! 
 at Cologne Cons., 1866-7, then making debut at 
 Cologne as Agathe in Der Freischutz ; eng. 
 there till 1869, then at Weimar till 1871, at Riga 
 till 1873, and then as prima donna at Munich 
 till her marriage, in 1876, with Baron von Brtim- 
 mer, when she retired. 
 
 Ra'decke, Ernst, son of Robert R. ; b. Ber- 
 lin, Dec. 8, 1866. Took degree of Dr. phil. 
 at Berlin, 1891, with a dissertation on " Das 
 deutsche weltliche Lied in der Lautenmusik des 
 16. Jahrhunderts " (publ. in the " Vierteljahrs- 
 schrift fUr Musikwissenschaft," 1891). Became 
 " Correpetitor " at the Leipzig City Th. ; from 
 1893, town mus. director, and director of the 
 Music-school, at Winterthur, Switzerland. 
 
 Radoux, Jean-Th6odore, b. Li^ge, Nov. g, 
 1835. Pupil of Daussoigne-Mehul and Bacha 
 (bassoon) at the Cons. , where he became teacher 
 of bassoon in 1856 ; won the Prix de Rome with 
 the cantata Le Juif errant (1859) ; St. with 
 Halevy at Paris ; and in 1872 was app. Director 
 of Li^ge Cons. — Works ; Operas Le B^arnais 
 (comic ; Li^ge, 1866), and La cotipe enchanUe 
 (comic ; Brussels, 1872) ; oratorio Cain (1877) ; 
 cantata La fille de JephU, f. soli, ch., and orch. ; 
 chorus f . female voices, w. orch. , Le Printemps; 
 the symphonic tone-pictures "Ahasvire" and 
 " Le festin de Balthasar"; symph. overture 
 " Epopee nationale " ; Te Deum ; church-music, 
 male choruses, songs, etc. — Also the work ' ' Henri 
 Vieuxtemps, sa vie et ses ceuvres" (1891). 
 
 Radziwill, Prince Anton Heinrich, b. 
 
 Wilna, June 13, 1775 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 8, 1833. 
 Stadthalter of Posen ; mus. amateur, an excellent 
 singer, and a patron of art.^ — Works : Incid. 
 music to Goethe's Faust (often perf. at Berlin, 
 Leipzig, etc.; publ. 1835); " Complainte de 
 Maria Stuart," w. 'cello and pf. ; French ro- 
 mances (1802), vocal duets (1804), male quartets 
 (for Zeltner's " Liedertafel "), etc. "To him 
 Beethoven dedicated the " Namensfeier " over- 
 ture, op. 115 ; he was also Chopin's patron. 
 
 Raff, Joseph Joachim, important composer ; 
 b. Lachen, Lake of Zurich, May 27, 1822 ; d. 
 Frankfort-on-Main, _ 
 
 June 25, 1882. The 
 son of an organist, 
 he was educated at 
 Wiesens tet ten, 
 Wurttemberg, and 
 at the Jesuit Ly- 
 ceum in Schwyz; 
 being too poor to 
 take a University 
 course, he then be- 
 came a school- 
 teacher, but con- 
 tinued the study of 
 composition, and of 
 the piano and violin, 
 by himself. In 
 
 1843 he sent some MS. 
 
 469 
 
RAFF 
 
 works to Mendelssohn ; he recommended him 
 to Breitkopf & H artel, who publ. R.'s op. 2-14, 
 all pf. -pieces. Thus encouraged, he gave up 
 school-teaching for the career of a composer, 
 and worked hard, though without improving his 
 material condition for some time. Liszt invited 
 him to accompany him on a concert-tour ; R. 
 went as far as Cologne (1846), and then intended 
 to go to Mendelssohn at Leipzig, but Mendels- 
 sohn died in 1847, and R. remained in Cologne 
 for a time, writing reviews for Dehn's " Cacilia," 
 and composing industriously. His hopes of re- 
 munerative employment by the Viennese pub- 
 lisher, Mechetti, were dashed by the latter's 
 death ; R. returned to Wiesenstetten, but often 
 visited Stuttgart, and there met von Biilow, who 
 greatly aided his reputation by publicly playing 
 his Concerts/tick ; R.'s opera, Konig Alfred, 
 was also accepted for performance at the court 
 theatre; but the Revolution of 1848 again frus- 
 trated his hopes. In 1850 he joined Liszt at 
 Weimar; entered heart and soul into the neo- 
 German movement, which he championed in the 
 " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik," and had the 
 satisfaction of seeing his opera, Konig Alfred, 
 brought out in a revised form at Weimar by 
 Liszt ; though it never got any further. He 
 publ. (1854) a pamphlet, " Die Wagnerfrage." 
 In 1856 he followed the actress Doris Genast to 
 Wiesbaden, and married her in 1859. I" Wies- 
 baden he was in great demand as a pf. -teacher. 
 In 1S63 his first symphony, "Andas Vaterland," 
 won the prize of the Viennese " Gesellschaft der 
 Musikfreunde " over 32 competitors; in 1870 a 
 second opera. Dame Kobold (comic), was prod, 
 at Weimar ; and in 1877 he was app. Director 
 of the Hoch Cons, at Frankfort. — Raff was a 
 composer of prodigious fertility of invention, 
 an inexhaustible vein of melody, and thorough 
 mastery over the technical and formal require- 
 ments of composition. He wrote over 230 works 
 of very unequal value ; poverty, the demands of 
 publishers and " popularity," and his own native 
 facility, conspired to induce rapidity of writing ; 
 yet his masterpieces, like the 3rd and 5th sym- 
 phonies, the orch.l overtures op. loi and 194, 
 the pf.-concerto op. 185, the 'cello-concerto op. 
 193, etc., won him, both with regard to origi- 
 nality and fine workmanship, a leading place 
 among contemporary composers. The Raff 
 Memorial Soc. publ. (Frankfort, 1886) a com- 
 plete list of his works. It includes 11 sym- 
 phonies: No. I, op. 96, "An das Vaterland "; 
 No. 2, op. 140 in C; No. 3, op. 153 in F, "Im 
 Walde " (1869); No. 4, op. 167 in G min. ; No. 
 5, op. 177 in E, "Lenore"; No. 6, op. 189 in 
 D min., " Gelebt, gestrebt — gelitten, gestritten 
 — gestorben, umworben"; No. 7, op. 201 in 6(7, 
 " In den Alpen "; No. 8, op. 205 in A, "Friih- 
 lingsklange"; No. 9, op. 208 in E min., " Im 
 Sommer"; No. 10, op. 213 in F min., " Zur 
 Herbstzeit"; No. 11, op. 214 in A min., "Der 
 Winter " (posth. ; ed. by Erdmannsdorfer) ; — 
 sinfonietta, op. 188, f. 8 wood-wind instr.s and 
 2 horns ; 4 suites (No. i, op. loi, in C ; No. 2, 
 
 op. 194 in F, " In ungarischer Weise"; No. 3, 
 no opus-number, in E min., " Italienisch"; 
 No. 4, op. 204 in B[7, " Thilringer" [MS.]); 
 9 overtures (" Jubelouvertiire," op. 103 ; 
 " FestouvertUre," op. 117, in A; "Concert- 
 ouverture," op. 123, in F; "FestouvertUre," 
 op. 124, f. wind; on " Ein' feste Burg," op. 
 127 ; 4 others, in MS., to Romeo and Juliet, 
 Othello, Macbeth, and The Tempest); " Fest- 
 marsch," op. 139; orch.l rhapsody " Abends," 
 op. 163 in B|;>; orch.l " Elegie " (MS.); orch.l 
 fugue (MS., unfinished); — for pf. w. orch.: 
 "Ode au printemps," op. 76; concerto in C 
 min., op. 135 ; suite in £[?, op. 200; — for violin 
 w. orch.: " La fete d' Amour," op. 67 ; concerto 
 No. I, op. 161, in B min.; suite, op. 180; con- 
 certo No. 2, op. 206, in A min.; — for 'cello w. 
 orch.: Concerto No. i, in D min., op. 193; 
 No. 2 (MS.) in G; — Chamber-music : String- 
 octet, op. 176, in C ; string-sextet, op. 178 ; 
 pf.-quintet, op. 107 in A min.; 10 string-quar- 
 tets (op. 77, D min.; op. 90, A; op. 136, E 
 min.; op. 137, A min.; op. 138, G ; op. 192 [3 
 nos., " Suite alterer Form," " Die schone Mill- 
 lerin," "Suite in canon-form "] ; op. 202 [2 
 nos., in G, and in C min.]); 4 pf.-trios (op. 102, 
 112, 155, 158); 5 sonatas f. pf. and violin (op. 
 73, 78, 128, 129, 145) ; suite f. pf. and violin, 
 op. 210 ; other pieces f. pf. and vin. (op. 58, 63 
 [3 books, on Wagner operas], 67 ["La fee 
 d'amour," w. orch.], 85, 203, duo in G [MS.]); 
 2 Fantasiestucke f. pf. and 'cello, op. 86 ; duo 
 f. do., op. 59; 'cello-sonata, op. 183; 2 ro- 
 mances f. horn or 'cello w. pf., op. 182; very 
 numerous solo pieces f. pf. (op. 1-46 were ex- 
 clusively such) ; 2 sonatas, op. 14, 168 ; 7 
 suites, op. 69, 71, 72, 91, 162, 163, 204 ; 3 
 sonatinas, op. gg ; " Hommage au neo-roman- 
 tisme," op. 10 ; suite of 12 pieces without oc- 
 taves, op. 75 ; Capriccio, op. 64 ; Elegy, Ro- 
 mance, Valse, op. 22 ; Tanz-Capricen, op. 54 ; 
 " Messagers du printemps," op. 55; "Chant 
 d'Ondine " (arpeggio tremolo etude), op. 84 ; 
 Airs suisses, op. 60 ; Introd. and Allegro scherz- 
 ando, op. 87 ; Etude de salon, op. 88 ; Valse in 
 C, op. Ill ; Fantaisie-Polonaise, op. 106 ; Un- 
 garische Rhapsodic, op. 113 ; Spanische Rhap- 
 sodic, op. 120 ; Gavotte, Berceuse, Espi^gle, 
 op. 125 ; 2 etudes melodiques, op. 130 ; Taran- 
 tella, op. 144 ; Scherzo, op. 148 ; Allegro agi- 
 tato, op. 151 ; Cavatina, and La Fileuse, op. 
 157 ; Reisebilder, op. 160 ; La Cicenerella, op. 
 165 ; Polka glissante, op. 170; Polka de la reine, 
 op. 95 ; Var.s on an orig. theme, op. 179 ; Im- 
 promptu, op. 196 ; 30 etudes (without opus- 
 number) ; many paraphrases (e. g., " Die Oper 
 im Salon," in 12 books); — f, pf. 4 hands: 12 
 ja/ii«-pieces without octaves, op. 82 ; Marche 
 brillante, op. 132 ; Chaconne, op. 50 ; Humo- 
 resken in waltz-form, op. 159 ; Reisebilder, op. 
 160 ; Aus dem Tanzsalon, op. 174 ; Humoreske 
 " Todtentanz," op. 181 ; — ■/. z pf.s : The Cha- 
 conne, op. 150, and a Fantasia, op. 207a ; — Vo- 
 cal : " Wachet auf " [Geibel], f. male ch. w. 
 orch., op. 80; festival cantata " Deutschlands 
 
 470 
 
RAFF— RAMfiAU 
 
 Auferstehung," f. ditto, op. ico ; De profundis 
 a 8, w. orch., op. 141; other church-music in 
 MS.; " Iin Kahn " and " Der Tanz," f. mixed 
 ch. w. orch., op. 171; "Morgenlied" and 
 "Einer Entschlafenen," f. sopr. solo, mixed 
 ch. and orch., op. 186 ; " Die Tageszeiten," f. 
 chorus, pf. and orch., op. 209; "Die Jager- 
 braut und die Hirtin," 2 scenes f. solo voice w. 
 orch., op. igg ; the oratorio Weltende, Gericht, 
 neue Welt [Revelations], op. 212 (prod, at 
 Leeds, 1882) ; also " Die Sterne" and " Dorn- 
 rSschen " (both MS.), and 4 unperformed operas 
 (Die EifersUchtigen [book also by R.], Die Pa- 
 role, Benedetto Marcelh, and Samson) ; also 
 music to Genast's Bernhard von Weimar (lii'^V). 
 Many songs, op. 47-53, op. 66 (Traumkonig 
 und sein Lieb), op. 88 (Sangesfruhling, 30 num- 
 bers, several of which are favorites), op. 172 
 (Maria Stuart, cycle of 11 songs), 173, igi, 211 
 (Blondel de Nesle ; cycle) ; also " Frilhlings- 
 lied" and " Standchen," without opus-number ; 
 12 duets, op. 114 ; 6 terzets f. female voices wr. 
 pf., op. 184 ; 2 songs f. mixed ch., op. 171 ; 10 
 ditto, op. 198 ; 30 male quartets, op. 97, 122, 
 195. — R.'s arrangements include Bach's D-minor 
 Chaconne f . orch. ; Bach's 6 'cello-sonatas, 3 orch. 1 
 suites, and movements from the violin-sonatas, 
 f. pf. 2 hands ; one march from Handel's Saul, 
 and another iroxa Jephtha. 
 
 Raff, Anton. See Raaff. 
 
 Ragghian'ti, Ippolito, b.Viareggio, n. Pisa, 
 1B66; d. there Nov. 21, 1894. Fine violinist. 
 Comp. the one-act lyric drama Jean-Marie, 
 which was edited by Paul Gilson and prod, at 
 Brussels, Jan. 15, 1896. 
 
 Raif, Oscar, b. The Hague, July 31, 1847 ; 
 d. Berlin, Aug. i, 1899. Pupil of his father, 
 Carl Raif, and Tausig ; from 1875, teacher of 
 piano-playing at the Berlin Hochschule, with title 
 "Royal Professor." Excellent pianist; he 
 comp. a pf. -concerto, and a sonata f. pf. and 
 violin. 
 
 Raillard, Abbe F., b. Montormentier, France, 
 1804; teacher of science at the colleges of Ntmes 
 and Juilly ; publ. " Explication des neumes ou 
 anciens signes de notation musicale ..." 
 (Paris; n. d.) ; " Le chant gregorien restaure" 
 (1861) ; " Sur I'emploi du quart de ton dans le 
 chant gregorien " and ' ' Sur les quarts de ton du 
 graduel Tibi Domine" (both, in the " Revue 
 archeologique," 1861) ; and " Memoire sur la 
 restauration du chant gregorien" (1862). 
 
 Raimon'di, Ignazio, b. Naples, 1733 ; d. 
 1802. Violinist ; founded and conducted con- 
 certs in Amsterdam from 1762-80, producing a 
 symphony, "Les aventures de Telemaque," in 
 I777i and (in Paris, 1791) the opera-bouffe La 
 muette ; also publ. 3 violin-concertos, 6 string- 
 quartets, and 3 string-trios. 
 
 Raimon'di, Pietro, b. Rome, Dec. 20, 1786 ; 
 d. there Oct. 30, 1853. For six years he stud- 
 ied under La Barbara and Tritto at the Cons. 
 
 della Pieti de' Turchini, Naples ; lived for a time 
 at Rome and Florence, and in 1807 brought 
 out an opera buffa, La Bizzarria d'amore, at 
 Genoa, where he had estab. himself as a teacher 
 and composer. It was followed by about 60 
 other dramatic works, which were generally suc- 
 cessful, and 21 ballets, for whose production he 
 went from place to place (Florence, Naples, 
 Rome, Messina, Milan, etc.) ; from 1824-32 he 
 was director of the royal theatres at Naples, also, 
 from 1825, prof, of counterpoint at the R. Cons. ; 
 from 1832-52, prof, of cpt. at. Palermo Cons. ; 
 on Dec. 12, 1852, he succeeded Basili as m. di 
 capp. at St. Peter's, Rome. — R. was a contra- 
 puntist of remarkable originality, and of a skill 
 in combination rivalling that of the masters of 
 the contrapuntal epoch ; he publ. 4 fugues a 4, 
 which might be combined as a quadruple fugue 
 a 16 ; 6 fugues a 4, to be combined as a sextuple 
 fugue a 24 ; in the "24 Fughe a 4, 5, 6 e 8 
 voci " publ. by Ricordi, there is one such quad- 
 ruple fugue a 16, and a quintuple fugue a 20 ; 
 further, 6 fugues a 4, performable as a sextuple 
 fugue a 24 ; and a fugue a 64, for 16 choirs a 4. 
 His most astounding feat in combination, how- 
 ever, was the sacred trilogy Giuseppe (Joseph), 
 comprising 3 oratorios, Potifar, Giuseppe, Gia- 
 coibe, performed at the Teatro Argentino, Rome, 
 1852, at first separately, and then simultaneously, 
 the ensemble of 400 musicians on the stage and 
 in the orchestra presenting a most striking effect, 
 and evoking indescribable enthusiasm. — He also 
 comp. 5 other oratorios, 4 masses w. orch., 2 
 masses « 8 a cappella, 2 Requiems a 4 w. orch. , 
 a third a 8, and a fourth a 16 ; the 150 Psalms 
 of David a 4-8, in Palestrina-style (15 volumes) ; 
 2 "Sinfonie religiose," to be executed together 
 or separately ; a Credo a 16 ; much other church- 
 music ; and publ. several essays designed to 
 elucidate the composer's system of contrapuntal 
 combination. 
 
 Ra'mann, Lina, b. Mainstockheim, n. Kit- 
 zingen, June 24, 1833. Pupil of Franz Brendel 
 and Frau Brendel, at Leipzig. Founded (1858) 
 a mus. seminary, for female teachers, at Gluck- 
 stadt, Holstein ; in 1865, with Ida Volkmann, a 
 music-school at Nuremberg. — Publ. " DieMusik 
 als Gegenstand der Erziehung " (1868) ; " AUge- 
 meine Erzieh-und Unterrichtslehre der Jugend" 
 (1869; 2nd ed. 1873); " Aus der Gegenwart" 
 (1868) ; " Bach und Handel " ; " Fr. Liszt's Ora- 
 torium Christus ; eine Studie zur zeit- und mu- 
 sikgeschichtliche Stellung desselben " (1880) ; 
 biography of Liszt, in 3 vol.s (1880-1893); edited 
 a complete edition of Liszt's writings ; also wrote 
 a " Grundriss der Technik des Klavierspiels," 
 in 12 books. Comp. 4 sonatinas (op. 9), and 
 other pf. -music. 
 
 Rameau, Jean-Philippe, the creator of the 
 modern science of harmony, and an original and 
 distinguished dramatic composer, was born at 
 Dijon, Sept. 25, 1683 ; died Paris, Sept. 12, 1764. 
 Of a musical family, at 7 he could play at sight, 
 on the harpsichord, any music given him ; from 
 
 471 
 
RAMEAU— RANDEGGER 
 
 lo to 14 he attended the Jesuit College at Dijon ; 
 then devoted himself to music, and in 1701 was 
 sent to Italy, but 
 found the prevail- 
 ing style not at all 
 to his liking, and 
 joined the orches- 
 tra of a travelling 
 French opera- 
 troupe as violinist, 
 wandering through 
 France for several 
 years, winning rep- 
 utation as an excel- 
 lent organist, and 
 finally going to 
 Paris in 1717. He 
 at first took organ- 
 lessons of Louis Marchand, who found that his 
 pupil was fast becoming a dangerous rival, and 
 favored his competitor, Daquin, for organist of 
 St. -Paul ; so that R. had to content himself with 
 a post as organist at Lille. After four years de- 
 voted to theoretical study and composition, R. 
 returned to Paris with matured talents, and publ. 
 a treatise on harmony which, though not under- 
 stood, attracted general attention ; also, some 
 cantatas and clavecin-sonatas. Pie became or- 
 ganist at Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie ; and 
 began stage-writing with songs and dances for 
 pieces by Piron, given at the Opera-Comique. 
 In 1726 appeared his " Nouveau systeme de 
 musique theorique." The leading ideas of his 
 system of harmony are (l) chord-building by 
 thirds ; (2) the classification of a chord and all 
 its inversions as one and the same, thus reducing 
 the multiplicity of consonant and dissonant com- 
 binations to a fixed and limited number of root- 
 chords ; (3) his invention of a fundamental bass 
 ("basse fondamentale "), which does not cor- 
 respond to our thorough-bass, but is an imaginary 
 series of the root-tones forming the real basis of 
 the varied chord-progessions employed in a 
 composition. The stir which these novel theories 
 occasioned, and his reputation as the foremost 
 French organist, by no means satisfied Rameau's 
 ambition ; his ardent desire was to bring out a 
 dramatic work at the Ope'ra. Having become 
 music-master to the wife of the fermier-ghih-al, 
 M. la Popeliniere, the latter obtained of Voltaire 
 a libretto on Satnson, which R. set to music ; but 
 it was rejected on account of its biblical subject. 
 Asecond libretto, by Abbe Pelegrin, was accepted, 
 and Hippolyte et Aricie was produced at the 
 Opera in 1733 ; its reception was cool, despite 
 undeniable superiority (over the operas of Lully 
 and his following) in the rich and varied har- 
 mony and instrumentation ; and Rameau almost 
 renounced dramatic composition ; but the per- 
 suasions of his friends, who also influenced pub- 
 lic opinion in his favor, were effective ; in 1735 
 he brought out the successful opera-ballet Les 
 Indcs galantes, and in 1737 his masterpiece. 
 Castor et Pollux, a work which for years held its 
 own beside the operas of Gluck. A career of 
 
 uninterrupted prosperity commenced ; he was 
 recognized as the leading theorist of the time, 
 and his instruction was eagerly sought ; for the 
 next 30 years his operas dominated the French 
 stage ; the King created for him the office of 
 cabinet-composer, and later raised him to the 
 nobility. — Writings: " Traite d'harmonie . . ." 
 (1722) ; " Nouveau systeme de musique theo- 
 rique " (1726); "Plan abrege d'une methode 
 nouvelle d'accompagnement " (1730) ; " Les dif- 
 ferentes methodes d'accompagnement pour le 
 clavecin ou pour I'orgue " (1732) ; "Generation 
 harmonique " (1737) ; " Demonstration du prin- 
 cipe de I'harmonie" (1750) ; " Nouvelles reflex- 
 ions sur la demonstration . . ."(1752); "Re- 
 flexions . . , sur la maniere de former la voix 
 . . ."(1752); "Observations sur notre instinct 
 pour la musique " (1754) ; "Code de musique 
 pratique ..." (1760) ; also numerous pamph- 
 lets, polemical or otherwise, and 3 works in MS. 
 • — Operas (besides the 4 named) ; Les fttes 
 d'Hdbi, ou les talents lyriques(i'] 'it)) ; Dardanus 
 (1739) I L<^ princesse de Navarre, Les files de 
 Polhymnie, and Le temfle de la gloire (1745) ; 
 Les fetes de V Hymen et de V Amour, ou les 
 dieux d'^gypte (1747) ; Zais (1748) ; Pygmalion 
 (1748); Platte, ou Junon jalouse, JVeis, and 
 Zoroastre [the Samson music to a new libretto] 
 (1749) ; Acanthe et Ciphise, ou la sympathie. 
 La guirlande, ou les fleurs enchant^es, and La 
 naissance d^ Osiris, ou la fete de famille (1751) ; 
 Daphnis et £gl/, Lycis et DMe, and Le retour 
 d'Astrie (1753); Anacr^on, Les surprises de 
 V amour, and Les Sybarites (1757) ; Les Paladins 
 (1760) ; several others not perf. Most of the 
 above were publ. in short score (voice-parts, 
 violin, and bass, with the ritornelli in full) ; Les 
 Lndes galantes. Castor et Pollux, Les talents 
 lyriques, and Dardanus, have been publ. in a 
 new edition by Breitkopf & Hartel. — Other 
 publ. music : " Premier livre de pieces de cla- 
 vecin " (1706); "Pieces de clavecin avec une 
 methode pour la mecanique des doigts " (n. d. ; 
 with important notes) ; "Pieces de clavecin avec 
 une table pour les agrements " (1731) ; and 
 " Nouvelles suites de pieces pour clavecin avec 
 des remarques sur les differents genres de 
 musique" (n. d.; Farrenc publ. these last two 
 inhis"Tresor des pianistes," 1861) ; " Pitees 
 de clavecin en concerts" (1741 ; w. accomp. of 
 violin, flute, and viola [or 2nd vln.] ) ; detached 
 numbers of the ajjove are in Pauer's ' ' Old French 
 Composers " and ' ' Popular Pieces by Rameau " ; 
 Hugo Riemann edited a complete ed. of the 
 clavecin-compositions (publ. by Steingraber). — 
 Biographical : ' ' Reflexions sur divers ouvrages 
 de M. Rameau," bydu Charger (1761) ; "Mono- 
 graphic de J.-P. R.," byNisard (1867); "Ra- 
 meau, sa vie et ses oeuvres," by Pougin (1876) ; 
 " Rameau, sa vie, ses ouvrages," by H. Grique 
 (1876). 
 
 Ran'degger, Alberto, b. Trieste, April 13, 
 1832. Pupil of Lafont (pf.) and Ricci (comp.j ; 
 prod. 2 ballets, and an opera (// lazzarone,\'a'i'i ; 
 
 472 
 
RANDHARTINGER— RAUCHENECKER 
 
 written with 3 others), at Trieste; was theatre- 
 cond. at Fiume, Zara, Sinigaglia, Brescia, and 
 Venice (grand opera Bianca Capello, 1854), and 
 about 1854 settled in London, where he has 
 become famous as a 
 singing-teacher. In 
 1868 he was app. 
 prof, of singing at 
 tlie R. A. M., subse- 
 quently becoming a 
 director, and a mem- 
 ber of the Committee 
 of Management ; is 
 liljewise prof, of sing- 
 ing in the R. C. M. 
 In 1857 he cond. 
 Italian opera at the 
 St. James's Th. ; from 
 1879-85, the Carl 
 Rosa company ; also 
 the Norwich Triennial Festival since the resig- 
 nation of Benedict in 18S1. — Other works: A 
 comic opera. The Rival Beauties (London, 1864) ; 
 the isotfa Psalm f. sopr. solo, ch., orch., and org. 
 (for the Boston Jubilee, 1872) ; the dram, cantata 
 Fridolin (1873, Birmingham) ; 2 dram, scenes, 
 Medea (Leipzig, i86g) and 5'fl^o (London, 1875) ; 
 Funeral Anthem in memory of the Prince Con- 
 sort; scena f. tenor w. orch., from Byron's 
 " Prayer of Nature" (1887) ; much other vocal 
 music; and a valuable "Primer of Singing" 
 (Novello). — The London " Mus. Times" for 
 Oct., 1899, contains an excellent sketch. 
 
 Randhart'inger, Benedict, b. Ruprechts- 
 hofen, Lower Austria, July 27, 1802 ; d. Vienna, 
 Jan. 23, 1894. Solo soprano, in his tenth year, 
 in the court choir, Vienna (fellow -pupil of Schu- 
 bert under Salieri) ; studied law and music, was 
 Count Szechenyi's secretary for 10 years, and in 
 1832 entered the court choir as a tenor singer. 
 In 1844, Vice-Hofkapellm. ; in 1862 succeeded 
 Aszmayer as 1st Kapellm. ; retired 1866. — 
 Works : The opera Koiiig Enzio ; 20 masses ; 
 60 motets ; hundreds of songs and part-songs ; 
 2 symphonies ; a string-quintet, 2 string-quartets, 
 a pf.-trio, pf. -music, etc. (over 600 works, of 
 which about 125 have been publ.). 
 
 Raoul de Coucy. See Coucy. 
 
 Rappol'di, Edouard, b. Vienna, Feb. 21, 
 1839 ; pupil in the Cons, of L. Jansa and J. 
 Bohm (violin) and Sechter (comp.) ; 1854-61, 
 violinist in the cOurt-opera orch. ; then leader at 
 Rotterdam, cond. at Lubeck, Stettin, and Prague, 
 teacher at the Berlin Hochschule, and leader in 
 the opera-orch., at Dresden, where he has been 
 head-teacher qf violin at the Cons, since 1893. — 
 Publ. chamber-music. — His wife, Laura Rap- 
 poldi-Kahrer, b. Mistelbach, n. Vienna, Jan. 
 14. 1853, pupil of the Vienna Cons, and Liszt, is 
 a distinguished pianist. 
 
 Rastrel'li, Joseph, (son of Vincenzo R., 
 1760-1839,) b. Dresden, Apr. 13, 1799 ; d. there 
 Nov. 14, 1842. Pupil of his father and Padre 
 
 Mattel ; in 1829, 2nd Kapellm. of the Court 
 Opera, Dresden ; in 1830, court Kapellm. — 
 Works : Operas prod, at Dresden, Milan, etc. 
 {Salvator Rosa ; Dresden, 1826); masses, motets, 
 vespers, etc. 
 
 Rasumov^ski, Count (from 1815 Prince) 
 Andrei Kyrillovitch, Russian ambassador at 
 Vienna 1793-1809 ; 
 b. Nov. 2, 1752 ; d. 
 Sept. 23, 1836. 
 From 1808-16 he 
 maintained the cele- 
 brated " Risu- 
 movski Quartett " 
 (ist violin, Schup- 
 panzigh ; 2nd vio- 
 lin, R.; viola, 
 Weiss; 'cello, 
 Lincke), later 
 known astheSchup- 
 panzigh Quartett, 
 with Sina as 2nd 
 violin. To R. Beethoven inscribed the 3 quar- 
 tets, op. 59. He was a munificent patron of art, 
 and in every way prodigal of expenditure ; but 
 after the burning-down of his Vienna palace in 
 1815, he gave up the quartet, and disappeared 
 from musical history. 
 
 Ratez, Emile-Pierre, b. Besanyon, Nov. 5, 
 1851. Pupil 1872-81 of Bazin and Massenet at 
 Paris Cons. ; viola-player in the Opera-Comique 
 orch.; chorusmaster under Colonne ; 1891, Dir. 
 of the Lille branch of the Paris Cons. — Works : 
 2 operas, Ruse d'amour (Besan9on, 1886) and 
 Lyd&ic (Lille, 1895 ; succ.) ; a symphonic poem, 
 " Scenes heroiques," f. soli, ch., and orch. (1899); 
 publ. 1 pf. -quartet, 3 pf.-trios, music f. violin 
 and pf., oboe and pf., and horn and pf. ; a 'cello- 
 sonata ; etc. 
 
 Rath'geber, Valentin, Benedictine monk at 
 Banz, Franconia ; b. about i6go ; d. after 1744. — 
 Publ. " Chelys sonora : constans 24 concerta- 
 tionibus " (1728); " Musikalischer Zeitvertreib 
 auf dem Clavier" (1743) ; and many masses and 
 other church-comp.s. 
 
 Ra'tzenberger, Theodor, pianist ; b. Gross- 
 breitenbach, Thuringia, Apr. 14, 1840 ; d. Wies- 
 baden, Mar. 8, 1879. Pupil of Liszt (pf.) and 
 Cornelius (comp.) ; court pianist at Schwarzburg- 
 Sondershausen ; teacher at Lausanne (1864) and 
 Dusseldorf (1868). — Publ. a few ja/i?K-pieces 
 and songs. 
 
 Rau'chenecker, Georg Wilhelm, b. Mu- 
 nich, Mar. 8, 1844. Pupil of Th. Lachner (pf., 
 org.), Baumgartner (cpt.), and Jos. Walter (vio- 
 lin) ; 1860-2, violinist at the Grand Th., Lyons ; 
 m. de. chap, at Aix and Carpentras until 186S, 
 then dir. of Avignon Cons. ; in 1873, mus. dir. 
 at Winterthur, and in 1874 prod, a prize-cantata, 
 Niklaus von der Flue, at the Zurich Music Fes- 
 tiva.l ; cond. the Berlin Philharm. Concerts for 
 one season ; and has been, since 18S9, mus. dir. 
 at Elberfeld, where he has prod. 3 successful 
 
 473 
 
RAUSCHER— READING 
 
 operas : The romantic opera Die letzen Tage von 
 Thuie (1889), Ingo (1893), and Sanna (i act, 
 1S93). Has another opera, Le Florentin, and a 
 symphony, in MS.; of his 3 string-quartets, the 
 Florentiner Quartett has repeatedly played 2. 
 
 Rau'scher, Max, b. Wettstetten, Bavaria, 
 Jan. 20, i860. Took holy orders in 1884 ; since 
 1885 Kapellm, and inspector at Ratisbon Cath. 
 
 Rauzzi'ni, Venanzio (Matteo), dramatic 
 comp. and tenor singer ; b. Rome, 1747 ; d. 
 Bath, Engl., Apr. 8, 1810. Pupil of a singer in 
 the Papal Chapel ; debut at the Teatro Valle at 
 Rome, 1765, in a female role, which his beauty 
 enabled him to play to perfection ; was eng. at 
 Munich in 1767, and sang at London 1774-8, 
 living there until 1787 as a much-sought singing- 
 teacher ; he retired to Bath. — Works : 8 operas, 
 written for Munich and London ; 3 string-quar- 
 tets, I pf. -quartet, 3 violin-sonatas, 2 sonatas f. 
 pf. 4 hands, etc. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Thomas, Engl. comp. and ed- 
 itor, b. 1582 (?) ; d. London, 1635. Chorister 
 at St. Paul's under E. Pearce ; Mus. Bac, Can- 
 tab., 1607. — Publ. " Pammelia. Musickes Mis- 
 cellanie : or Mixed Varietie of pleasant Rounde- 
 layes and delightful Catches of 3-10 Parts in 
 one" (1609; the first coll. of rounds, catches 
 and canons printed in England ; 2nd ed. 1618) ; 
 " Deuteromelia : or the Second Part of Musick's 
 Melodie, or melodious Musicke of Pleasant 
 Roundelays . . ."(1609; with the catch in 
 Twelfth Night, ' ' Hold thy peace, thou knave ") ; 
 " Melism.ata. Musicall Phansies, fitting the 
 Court, Citie, and Countrey Humours, to 3, 4 and 
 5 Voyces" (i5ii); " A Briefe Discourse of the 
 true (but neglected) use of Charact'ring the De- 
 grees by their Perfection, Imperfection, and 
 Diminution in Mensurable Musicke . . ." 
 (1614) ; and "The Whole Booke of Psalmes : 
 With the Hymnes Evangelicall and Spirituall. 
 Composed into 4 parts by Sundry Authours 
 ." (1621 ; 2nd ed., "newly corrected and 
 enlarged," 1633 ; his best-known and most valu- 
 able work, containing numbers by 15 leading 
 British' composers, and some by R. himself.) — A 
 set of sonatas by R. , for 2 violins and violone, was 
 publ. in Rome, 1695. 
 
 Rave'ra, Niccolo Teresio, b. Alessandria, 
 Italy, Feb. 24, 1851. Pupil of Milan Cons., 
 winning ist prizes for pf . , organ, and comp. At 
 present (1899) chef d'orchestre at the Th.- 
 Lyrique de la Galerie-Vivienne, Paris. — Works : 
 Opera-comique Lucette et Colin (1888) ; 4-act 
 opera Fiainma (Alessandria, i8go) ; i-act op. 
 com. Le divorce de Pierrot (Paris, 1892) ; 3-act 
 "pastorale lyrique " La Mare au Diable (1895) ; 
 3-act opera Estelle (not perf.). 
 
 Ravina, Jean-Henri, b. Bordeaux, May 20, 
 1818. Pianist; pupil at Paris Cons, of Zimmer- 
 man (pf.) and Laurent (theory) ; won ist pf.- 
 prize in 1834, and was app. asst. -teacher ; stud- 
 ied further under Reicha and Leborne ; won ist 
 harmony-prize in 1836, resigned his position at 
 
 the Cons, in 1837, and made long concert-tours 
 (to Russia, 185S ; to Spain, 1871). Chevalier of 
 the Legion of Honor, 1861. Resides in Paris. — 
 Works ; Finished and elegant j-fl&«-pieces f. pf. 
 (op. 41, Douce pensee ; op. 55, Jour debonheur ; 
 op. 62, Petit bolero. Confidence, Nocturne ; op. 
 13, Nocturne in^D[j; op. 85, Calinerie ; also 
 etudes — op. 14, Etudes de style et de perfec- 
 tionnement ; op. 50, twenty-five Etudes harmo- 
 nieuses ; etc.) ; also a pf.-concerto. R. has 
 publ. 4-hand arrangements of all Beethoven's 
 sets of variations. 
 
 Raymond, Georges-Marie, b. Chambery, 
 1769 ; d. there Apr. 24, 1839, as director of the 
 Gymnasium. — Wrote " Essai sur la determina- 
 tion des bases physico-mathematiques de I'art 
 musical " (1813) ; " Des principaux syst^mes de 
 notation musicale . . ." (1824); " Lettre a M. 
 Villoteau, touchant ses vues sur la possibilite et 
 I'utilite d'une theorie exacte des principes natu- 
 rels de la musique" (18 11) ; etc. 
 
 Raymond-Ritter, Fanny. See Ritter. 
 
 Rea, William, b. London, Mar. 25, 1827. 
 Articled pupil of Josiah Pittmann ; in 1843, 
 organist of Christ Ch., Watney St., studying 
 further under Sterndale Bennett (pf. , comp., and 
 instrumentation). In 1849 he st. at Leipzig 
 under Moscheles and Richter ; then at Prague 
 under Dreyschock. Returning to London, he 
 gave cliaraber-concerts at the Beethoven Rooms ; 
 became org. to the Harmonic Union in 1853 ; 
 founded the London Polyhymnian Choir in 1856, 
 proving an excellent drillmaster ; also cond. an 
 amateur orchestral society. In 1858, org. at St. 
 Michael's, Stockwell ; in i860, org. to the Cor- 
 poration of Newcastle-on-Tyne ; also org. at 
 North Shields 1864-78, and since then at St. 
 Hilda's, South Shields. 
 
 Read, Daniel, b. Rehoboth, Mass., Nov. 2, 
 1757; d. New Haven, Conn., Dec. 4, 1836; 
 combined the occupations of comb-maker, com- 
 poser, and music-teacher. Publ. "The Amer. 
 Singing Book, or a New and Easy Guide to the 
 art of Psalmody, devised for the use of Singing 
 Schools in America " (1785) ; "Columbian Har- 
 monist" (1793; 4th ed. 1810) ; and "New 
 Haven Collection" (1818). Some of his hymn- 
 tunes are still sung (Sherburne, Windham, Lis- 
 bon). 
 
 Reading, John, English organist ; b. in first 
 half of 17th century ; d. Winchester, Engl., in 
 1692. Lay-vicar of Lincoln Cath., 1667, and 
 Master of the Choristers, 1670 ; org. of Win- 
 chester Cath., 1675-81 ; then of Winchester 
 College. The " Portuguese Hymn," Adeste 
 fideles, is ascribed to him. In J;he Harmonia 
 Wiccamica is a hymn, " Dulce domum." 
 
 Reading, John, son of preceding ; b. 1677 ; 
 d. London, Sept. 2, 1764. Chorister of the 
 Chapel Royal under Blow ; org. of Dulwich 
 College, 1700-1702 ; lay-vicar at Lincoln Cath., 
 1702, and Master of the Choristers, 1703 ; later 
 org. in several London churches. — Publ. " A 
 
 474 
 
READING— REDHEAD 
 
 Book of New Anthems . . . with thorough 
 Bass figur'd for the Organ or Harpsichord " 
 (1715) ; " A Book of New Songs . . ." (1720). 
 
 Reading, John, organist of Chichester Cath. 
 1674-1720. 
 
 Reading, Rev. John ; Prebendary of Can- 
 terbury Cath. — Publ. " A Sermon lately de- 
 livered in the Cathedral Church of Canterbury, 
 concerning Church Musick " (London, 1663). 
 
 Reay, Samuel, b. Hexham, Engl., Mar. 17, 
 1822. Chorister of Durham Cath. in 1830, and 
 a pupil of the organist, W. Henshaw ; later of 
 J. Stimpson, Newcastle, whom he succeeded in 
 1841 as organist of St. Andrew's. After hold- 
 ing several similar posts, he succeeded Dr. 
 Dearie as Song Schoolmaster of Newark Par- 
 ish Ch., an honorable and important position 
 still held (1899). Also conducts the Newark 
 Philharm. Soc. — Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1851. — 
 Works: Psalm 102, f. solo, ch., and string- 
 orch. ; Morning, Evening, and Communion Ser- 
 vice in F ; anthems, part-songs, etc. Editor of 
 J. Stokes's " Songs and Ballads of Northern 
 England " (1892). 
 
 Rebel, Jean-Ferry, b. Paris, 1669 ; d. there 
 1747. Chef d'orchestre of the Grand Opera, 
 1707 ; member of the 24 " violons du roi," and 
 royal chamber-composer. — Prod, an unsuccess- 
 ful 5-act lyric tragedy, Ulysse, at the Opera in 
 1703 ; publ. a book of violin-sonatas w. bass, 
 and another of trios f. 2 violins w. bass. — His 
 son. 
 
 Rebel, Francois, b. Paris, June 19, 1701 ; 
 d. there Nov. 7, 1755. Violinist, pupil of his 
 father ; entered the Opera-orch. at 13, and be- 
 came the intimate friend of his fellow-player 
 Francoeur ; both were leaders in the orch. 1733- 
 44, then Inspectors of the Opera, Directors 
 1753-7, then managers of private theatrical en- 
 terprises for 10 years. R. also was app. In- 
 tendant-in-chief of the King's music, and was 
 Administrator-general of the Opera 1772-5. 
 With Francoeur he wrote ten operas ; he also 
 comp. a Te Deum, a De profundis, cantatas, 
 etc. 
 
 Rebello, Joao Lourenco [Joao Soares], 
 
 eminent Portuguese composer ; b. Caminha, 
 i6og ; d. San Amaro, Nov. 16, 1661. Psalms 
 a i6, Magnificats, Lamentations, and Misereres 
 were publ. at Rome (1657) ; masses, and many 
 other sacred works, are in MS. at Lisbon. To R. 
 his pupil. King John IV., dedicated his " De- 
 fensa de la musica moderna." 
 
 Reber, NapoUon-Henri, b. Milhlhausen, 
 Alsatia, Oct. 21, 1807 ; d. Paris, Nov. 24, 1880. 
 Pupil of Refcha and Le Sueur at the Paris 
 Cons.; became prof, of harmony in 1851, suc- 
 ceeded Halevy as prof, of comp. in 1862 (being 
 succeeded in turn by Saint-Saens, in 1880), and 
 was also Inspector of the branch-conservatories 
 from 1871. Elected to Onslow's chair in the 
 Academic, 1853. — Works : A ballet, Le diable 
 amoureux (1840) ; the comic operas La nuit de 
 
 Noel (1848), Le ph-e Gaillard (1852), Les pa- 
 pillottes de M. Benoisl (1853), and Les dames ca- 
 piiaines (1857), all at the Opera-Comique ; Le 
 inMitrier h. la cour and Nairn (grand opera) 
 were not perf. His instrumental works, in the 
 classic German style and spirit, are very fine ; 
 they include 4 symphonies, an overture, a suite, 
 and the scenes lyriques "Roland," f. orch.; 
 I string-quintet, 3 string-quartets, i pf.-quartet, 
 7 pf. -trios, pieces f. violin and pf., and pf.- 
 music for 2 and 4 hands ; he also wrote an Ave 
 Maria and Agnus Dei f. 2 soprani, tenor, bass, 
 and organ ; " Le soir," f. 4-p. male ch. and pf. ; 
 " Choeur de pirates," f. 3-p. do. w. do.; 33 
 songs w. pf.-accomp. ; vocalises f. sopr. or tenor 
 (op. 16) ; and a " Traite d'harmonie " (1862, and 
 several later ed. s ; one of the best modern 
 manuals). 
 
 Rebicek, Josef, b. Prague, Feb. 7, 1844. 
 Studied 6 years in Prague Cons.; in 1861, vio- 
 linist in Weimar court orch.; 1863, leader of 
 orch. at the Bohemian National Th., Prague; 
 1868, leader at the royal theatre, Wiesbaden, 
 and (1875) Royal Music-Director ; 1882, leader 
 and opera-director at the Imp. theatre, Warsaw ; 
 i8gi, conductor at the National Th., Pesth ; 
 1893, cond. at Wiesbaden ; and in 1897, 
 Kapellm. of the Berlin Philharm. Orch., suc- 
 ceeding Fr. Mannstadt. 
 
 Reb'ling, Gustav, organist ; b. Barby (Mag- 
 deburg), July 10, 1821. Pupil of Fr. Schneider 
 at Dessau, 1836-9 ; then organist of the French 
 church, Magdeburg, and teacher in the seminary 
 in 1847 ; 1853, cond. of the cathedral-choir, 
 and singing-teacher at the Gymnasium ; 1S56, 
 "Royal Mu.sic-Director"; 1858, org. of the 
 Johanniskirche. Founded a church choral soci- 
 ety in 1846, which he conducted until his retire- 
 ment in 1897. — Works : Psalms a 4-8 a cappella ; 
 motets ; pieces f . org. and pf . ; choruses and 
 songs ; a 'cello-sonata ; etc. 
 
 Reb'ling, Friedrich, b. Barby, Aug. 14, 
 1835. Pupil of Leipzig Cons., taking private 
 singing-lessons of GOtz. Lyric tenor at theatres 
 in Rostock, Konigsberg, Breslau, and Leipzig 
 (1865-78) ; since 1877, teacher of singing at 
 Leipzig Cons. 
 
 Reck'endorf, Alois, b. Trebitsch, Moravia, 
 June 10, 1841. Student of science at Vienna 
 and Heidelberg, and of music at Leipzig Cons. 
 (1865-7), where he has been teacher of pf. and 
 theory since 1877. Has publ. pf. -pieces and 
 vocal works. 
 
 Redan, Karl. Pen-name of Charles C. 
 Converse. 
 
 Redhead, Richard, b. Harrow, Engl., 1820. 
 Educated at Magdalen Coll., Oxford; organist 
 of St. Mary Magdalene's Ch., Paddington, Lon- 
 don. — Works: Masses, and much vocal cliurch- 
 music»! edited the collections "Cathedral and 
 Church Choir Book," "Parochial Church Tune 
 Book," and " The Universal Organist." 
 
 475 
 
REE— REHBERG 
 
 Ree, Anton, pianist; b. Aarhus, Jutland, 
 Oct. 5, 1820 ; d. Copenliagen, Dec. 20, 1886. In 
 1835, pupil of Jacques Schmitt and Carl Krebs 
 in Hamburg ; went to Vienna, 1839, and Paris, 
 1841, giving successful concerts ; also had les- 
 sons of Chopin. Settled in Copenhagen, 1842, 
 as a teacher and writer, contributing also to 
 German papers. Comp.s chiefly instructive. 
 Publ. ' ' MusikhistoriskeMomenter," and a book of 
 exercises, " Bitrag ti Klavierspildets Teknik" ; 
 a sonatina, op. g, 3 Danses caracteristiques, op. 
 17 ; etc. 
 
 Reed, Thomas German, b. Bristol, June 
 27, 1817 ; d. Upper East Sheen, Surrey, Mar. 
 21, 1888. At ten he appeared as a pianist and 
 singer in Bath ; soon afterwards at the Hay- 
 market Th., London, where his father was cond., 
 and where, in 1838, he himself became mus. 
 director (until 1851). He greatly improved the 
 quality of the music given there, and took an ac- 
 tive part in the mus. life of London. In 1844 
 he married Miss Priscilla Horton [b. 1818 ; d. 
 i8g5 ; a fine actress and contralto singer], and 
 with her aid started the celebrated "Mr. and 
 Mrs. German Reed's Entertainment " in 1855, to 
 provide unobjectionable dramatic amusement for 
 persons opposed to theatre-going. The enter- 
 tainments began in St. Martin's Hall as " Miss 
 P. Horton's Illustrative Gatherings," with small 
 dialogue- plays ; were at the " Gallery of Illus- 
 tration," Regent Street, from 1856, gradually in- 
 creasing the little company until it numbered 7 
 members, and adding "opere da camera "for four 
 characters to the repertory. These entertain- 
 ments were uniformly successful, and were con- 
 tinued by his son, Alfred German Reed, who 
 died in London, Mar. 10, 1895. 
 
 Reeve, William, b. London, 1757 ; d. there 
 June 22, 1815. Pupil of Richardson ; organist 
 at Totness, Devon, 1781-3 ; returned to London, 
 and comp. operettas, pantomimes, and incid. 
 music for plays, for Astley's Circus and Covent 
 Garden (1791) ; in 1792, org. of St. Martin's, 
 Lu'dgate Hill ; from 1802, part-proprietor of 
 Sadler's Wells Th. Besides music to some 40 
 plays, he comp. glees and songs ; the song " I 
 am a friar in orders grey," in the play of Merry 
 Sherwood, was very popular. 
 
 Reeves, John Sims, celebrated tenor ; b. 
 Woolwich ; Sept. 26, 1818. At 14, organist of 
 North Cray Ch. ; learned to play the violin, 
 'cello, oboe, and bassoon ; and had lessons with 
 J. _B. Cramer (pf.) and W. H. Callcott (harm.). 
 Debut (as a baritone) at Newcastle-on-'Tyne, in 
 the role of Rodolfo (Sonnambula), in 1839. 
 Studied further under Hobbs and Cooke, and 
 sang minor tenor parts in Der Freischiitz, etc., 
 at Drury Lane, 1842-3 ; studied in Paris under 
 Bordogni, and in Milan under Mazzucato, ap- 
 pearing at La Scala, in 1846, as Edgardo (Z««a), 
 reappearing at Drury Lane, 1847, in the same 
 role, with great success. Debut in Italian opera, 
 1848, at H. M.'s Th., as Carlo in Linda; also 
 in oratorio at the Worcester and Norwich Festi- 
 
 vals. Till his retirement in 1891 he was the 
 leading English concert- and oratorio-singer. On 
 account of reverses, he reappeared in 1893 ; and 
 even made a successful tour in South Africa in 
 1896.^ — Publ. " Life and Recollections " (Lon- 
 don, 188S). 
 
 Re'gan, Anna. See Schimon-Regan. 
 
 Re'ger, Max, b. Brand (Kemnath), Bavaria, 
 Mar. 19, 1873. Pupil of Lindner (Weiden) and 
 H. Riemann (Sondershausen and Wiesbaden). 
 Promising composer : op. i and 3, violin-sonatas; 
 op. 2, trio w. viola ; op. 4, 8, 12, 15, songs ; op. 
 5, 'cello-sonata ; op. 6, 4 choruses w. pf. ; op. 7, 
 3 organ-pieces ; op. 9, Walzer-Capricen,andop. 
 
 10, Deutsche Tanze (both f. pf. 4 hands) ; op. 
 
 11, Walzer, and op. 13, Lose Blatter (f. pf.) ; 
 op. 14, vocal duets. 
 
 Regino (Prumiensis), abbot of Brum mon- 
 astery, n. Trier, 892 ; later of St. Maximin, 
 Trier ; died 915. Wrote " Epistola de harmo- 
 nica institutione ad Rathbodum Episcopum Tre- 
 virensem, ac tonarius sive octo toni cum suis 
 differentiis " (autograph in Leipzig Munic. Li- 
 brary, in very neat neume-notation ; copies at 
 Ulm and Brussels; the "Tonarius" publ. by 
 Gerbert in " Scriptores," vol. i). 
 
 Regis, Johannes, Belgian contrapuntist, con- 
 temporary of Okeghem. Petrucci printed a Credo 
 and several motets ; masses are in MS. at Rome. 
 
 Regnal, Fr6d6ric. Pen-name of FRfinfeRic 
 b'Erlanger. 
 
 Regnart (or Regnard), Jacob, Netherland 
 composer ; b. 1540 ; d. as Imperial Vice-Kapellm. 
 at Prague, about 1600. Publ. 1574-1611 agreat 
 number of masses, motets, canzone, villanelle, 
 and German songs (many books of these last 
 went through 7 editions ; in a coll. of 1590 are 
 some songs by his brothers, Franz, Karl, and 
 Pascasius). In the " Monatshefte fur Musikge- 
 schichte " (vol. xii, p. 97) is a full list of his 
 works. 
 
 Reh'baum, Theobald, b. Berlin, Aug. 7, 
 1835. Boy-chorister in the cathedral ; later a 
 pupil of H. Ries (violin) and Kiel (comp.). 
 Now (1899) living in Wiesbaden. Wrote text 
 and music of the following operas : Don Pablo, 
 comic, 3 acts (Dresden, 1880) ; Das steinerne 
 Herz (Magdeburg, 1885) ; Turandot, comic, 3 
 acts (Berlin, 1888) ; Oberst Lumpus, I act, 
 comic (Wiesbaden, 1892) ; 3 more notperf. {Das 
 Weib des Uria ; Die Konskribirten ; Der Gold- 
 schmidt von Paris) ; has publ. instructive pieces 
 f. violin, part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Reh'berg, Willy, fine pianist ; b. Merges, 
 Switz., Sept. 2, 1863. Pupil of his father, 
 Friedrich R., a music-teacher; later, at the 
 Zurich Music-School, of Hegar, Weber, and 
 Freund ; and 1882-5 of Leipzig Cons., where he 
 was eng. as pf. -teacher until 1890. From 1888- 
 90 he also successfully cond. the subscription- 
 concerts of the court orch. and the Singakademie 
 at Altenburg. Since 1890, head teacher of pf. 
 
 476 
 
REHFfiLD— REICHARDT 
 
 at Geneva Cons. ; since 1892, also Kapelbn. of 
 the Geneva Munic. Orch. — Works : Op. 2, 
 Menuet, Chanson d'amour, and Gavotte, f. pf. ; 
 op. 3, Sonata in G min.; op. 4, 2 Etudes de con- 
 cert ; op. 10, Sonata f. pf. and violin, in D ; etc. 
 
 Reh'feld, Fabian, violinist and comp.; b. 
 Tuchel, W. Prussia, Jan. 23, 1842. Pupil of 
 Zimmerniann and Grilnwald, Berlin ; 1868, royal 
 chamber-musician ; 1873, leader in the court 
 orch. 
 
 Rei'cha, Anton, eminent theorist and in- 
 strumental composer ; b. Prague, Feb. 27, 1770 ; 
 d. Paris, May 28, 1836. Nephew and pupil of 
 Joseph Reicha \recte Rejcha ; comp. and violinist, 
 leader, and later Kapelbn., of the Electoral orch. 
 at Bonn]. From 1788, flutist in the Bonn orch., 
 in which Beethoven was a viola-player ; 1794-9, 
 piano-teacher in Hamburg, writing an opera, and 
 going to Paris in hopes of producing it ; but had 
 to content himself with the successful perform- 
 ance of two symphonies. From i8oi-8 he lived 
 in Vienna, intimate with Beethoven, and associa- 
 ting with Haydn, Albrechtsberger, and Salieri. 
 On the French invasion he returned to Paris ; 
 brought out the moderately successful comic 
 operas Cagliostro (1810) and Natalie (1816) ; 
 but gained a high reputation as a theorist and 
 teacher (some of his pupils were Jelensperger, 
 Elwart, Lefebvre, and Dancla), also as an in- 
 strumental composer. In 1818 he succeeded 
 Mehul as prof, of counterpoint and fugue at the 
 Cons. ; was naturalized in 1829; and succeeded 
 to Boieldieu's chair in the Academic in 1835. — 
 Publ.comp.s : 2 symphonies ; an overture ; decet f. 
 5 stringed and 5 wind instr.s ; octet f. 4 stringed 
 and 4 wind instr.s ; a clar. -quintet ; 6 string-quin- 
 tets ; 20 string-quartets ; 24 quintets f. flute, oboe, 
 clar., horn, and bassoon ; 6 quartets f. flute and' 
 strings; a quartet f. pf., flute, 'cello, and bas- 
 soon ; a quartet f . 4 flutes ; 6 string-trios ; 24 
 trios f. 3 horns ; a trio f . 3 'celli ; 6 violin-duets ; 
 22 flute-duets ; 12 violin-sonatas; and, f. pf., so- 
 natas, etudes, fugues (e.g. "36 fugues pour le 
 piano d'apris un nouveau syst^me," comp. in 
 Vienna), variations (" L'art de varier" has 57), 
 etc. — Writings: "Etudes ou theories pour le 
 pianoforte, dirigees d'une maniere nouvelle " 
 (1800) ; " Traite de melodie, abstraction faite de 
 ses. rapports avec Tharmonie " (1814 ; 2nd ed. 
 1832); "Cours de composition musicale ..." 
 (l8i8) I " Traite de haute composition musicale " 
 (1824, '26 ; 2 vol.s ; edited 1834 by Czerny in 
 French and German as " VoUstandiges Lehr- 
 buch . . . ," 4 vol.s) ; " L'art du compositeur 
 dramatique ..." (1833) ; " Petit traite d'har- 
 monie pratique " (n. d.). 
 
 Rei'chardt, Johann Friedrich, b. Konigs- 
 berg, Nov. 25, 1752 ; d. Giebichenstein , n. 
 Halle, June 27, 1814. A pupil of C. G. Richter 
 (pf. and comp.) and Veichtner (violin), he later 
 studied philosophy at the Universities of Konigs- 
 berg and Leipzig ; travelled, a keen observer, 
 through Germany (1771-4) ; and on Agricola's 
 
 death in 1775 applied for, and obtained, the post 
 of Kapellm. to Frederick the Great. After a. 
 visit to Italy in 1782 he founded (1783) the 
 Concerts spirituels for the performance of new 
 works, for which he wrote short analytical pro- 
 grams. During a long leave of absence in Lon- 
 don and Paris (1785-6) he brought out his Pas- 
 sion music (after Metastasio) in both cities, and 
 was commissioned to write two operas. Tamer Ian 
 and Panih/e, for the Grand Opera ; Frederick's 
 death necessitated his hasty return to Berlin, and 
 the operas were not produced. Friedrich Wil- 
 helm II. allowed him to enlarge the orchestra, 
 and to obtain new singers from Italy ; but later, 
 hearing of R.'s sympathy with the French Rev- 
 olution, suspended him for 3 years, and dis- 
 missed him in 1794. R. lived in Altona till 
 1797 ; was then app. Inspector of the salt works 
 at Giebichenstein, and held the appointment 
 after his return to Berlin on the King's decease 
 in the same year. Friedrich Wilhelm III. in- 
 creased his salary ; but the French invasion 
 drove him to Konigsberg in 1806, and on Jerome 
 Napoleon's threat to confiscate his property R. 
 joined him at Kassel, and became his court con- 
 ductor. On account of disagreements with the 
 authorities, R. was soon granted leave of absence, 
 which he improved by visiting Vienna to produce 
 his operas and Singspiele ; the trip was unsuc- 
 cesful, and he returned to Giebichenstein, where 
 he remained until his death. — For Berlin and 
 Potsdam R. composed numerous Italian and 
 German operas, incid. music to plays, and Ger- 
 man Singspiele, the latter exercising considerable 
 influence on the development of German opera. 
 He also wrote a Passion ; cantatas (sacred and 
 secular) ; psalms, 2 Te Deums ; etc. ; as a song- 
 composer [^y. Lindner, " Geschichte des deut- 
 schen Liedes "] he ranks high (he set about 60 
 of Goethe's lyrics to music); his instr.l music 
 includes 7 symphonies (the ' ' Schlachtsymphonie " 
 celebrates the battle of Leipzig), a "Victory'' 
 overture, 14 pf. -concertos, a concertante f. 
 string-quartet and orch., a quintet f. pf. w. 2 
 ■ flutes and 2 horns, 2 pf.-quartets, 6 string-trios, 
 a violin-concerto, 11 violin-sonatas, 17 pf.-sona- 
 tas, a flute-sonata. An extremely diligent writer, 
 he edited a number of mus. periodicals ; and 
 publ. " Ueber die deutsche komische Oper" 
 (1774), " Ueber die Pflichten des Ripienviolini- 
 sten" (1776), " Briefe eines aufmerksamen 
 Reisenden, die Musik betreffend" (2 parts; 
 1774, '76), " Schreiben iiber die BeHinische 
 Musik" (1775), "Vertraute Briefe aus Paris" 
 (1804, 1805; 3 parts), "Vertraute Briefe, ge- 
 schrieben auf einer Reise nach Wien " (2 vol.s ; 
 1810). Autobiography in the " Berlinische mu- 
 sikalische Zeitung" (1805; Nos. 55-89)- Of 
 Schletterer's biography, vol. i was publ. in 1865. 
 
 Rei'chardt, Luise, daughter of preceding ; 
 b. Berlin, 1788 ; d. Hamburg (where she had 
 lived from 1814 as a singing-teacher), Nov. 17, 
 1826. She composed a number of beautiful 
 songs (" Es singt ein Vbglein," etc.). 
 
 477 
 
REICHARDT— REINECKE 
 
 Rei'chardt, Gustav, composer of "Was ist 
 des Deutschen Vaterland ? " ; b. Schmarsow, n. 
 Demmin, Nov. 13, 1797 ; d. Berlin, Oct. 19, 
 1884. A pupil of Bernhard Klein ; lived in 
 Berlin as a music-teacher, publishing 36 works 
 (chieily popular songs) ; also cond. of the junior 
 Berlin Liedertafel ; and was the late Emperor 
 Friedrich's music-teacher. 
 
 Rei'chardt, Alexander, tenor opera-singer ; 
 b. Packs, Hungary, Apr. 17, 1825 ; d. Boulogne- 
 sur-Mer, Mar. 14, 1885. Debut Lemberg, 1845, 
 as Otello in Rossini's opera ; sang at the court 
 opera, Vienna ; also yearly, from 1851-7, at 
 London in opera and concert. At Boulogne, 
 where he settled in i860, he organized a singing- 
 society, and was president of a music-school. — 
 Composed songs. 
 
 Rei'chel, Adolf Heinrich Johann, b. Tursz- 
 nitz, W. Prussia, 1816. Pupil of Dehn and 
 L. Berger in Berlin ; lived 14 years in Paris as a 
 pf.-teacher and composer (pf. -concertos, 2 pf.- 
 trios, 4 preludes and fugues, also mazurkas and 
 sonatas, f. pf. ; masses ; many songs) ; 1857-67, 
 teacher of comp. at Dresden Cons., and cond. 
 of Dreyssig's Singakademie ; from 1867, munici- 
 pal Mus. l3ir. at Bern, Switzerland. 
 
 Rei'chel, Friedrich, b. Oberoderwitz, Lusa- 
 tia, Jan. 27, 1833 ; d. Dresden, Dec. 29, 1889, as 
 cantor and org. at the Johanniskirche. Pupil of 
 Wieck, Otto, and Rietz, at Dresden. Chief 
 among 32 publ. works are a " Friihlingssym- 
 phonie," op. 25 ; part songs f. men's voices, op. 
 4, 5, 7 ; and some motets. He prod, an ope- 
 retta. Die geangsteten Diplomaten, at Dresden 
 in 1875. 
 
 Rei'cher - Kin'dermann, Hedwig, gifted 
 dram, soprano ; b. Munich, July 15, 1853 ; d. 
 Trieste, June 2, 1883. Daughter of the baritone 
 A. Kindermann ; sang in the Court Th., then 
 in the Gartnerplatz 'Th., at Munich ; later at 
 Hamburg ; from 1880-82 at Leipzig ; then in 
 A. Neumann's Wagner troupe. She married the 
 opera-singer Reicher. 
 
 Rei'chert, Mathieu-Andr6, b. Maestricht, 
 1830. Flute-virtuoso ; pupil from 1844 of the 
 Brussels Cons. , taking ist prize in 1847. Made 
 long tours in Europe and America. Comp. dif- 
 ficult music for flute. 
 
 Reich'mann, Theodor, celebrated dram, 
 baritone ; b. Rostock, Mar. 18, 1849. Pupil of 
 Man tins and Elsler (Berlin), Ress (Prague), and 
 I^amperti (Milan). Sang in theatres at Magde- 
 burg, Berlin, Rotterdam, Strassburg, Cologne, 
 Hamburg, and Munich (1874) ; 1882-9 at the 
 Court Opera, Vienna ; in 1882 he created the 
 role of Amfortas at Bayreuth. Sang in German 
 opera at New York, 1889-90 ; made extended 
 tours ; and was re-engaged at Vienna. 
 
 Ried, General John, b. Straloch, Perthshire, 
 F~eb. 13, 1721 (?) ; d. London, Feb. 6, 1807. A 
 musical amateur, he left ;^52,ooo to found a 
 chair of music in Edinburgh Univ., also provid- 
 ing that an annual concert of his own composi- 
 
 tions should be given. The " Ried " professors 
 since thefoundation(i839) have been John Thom- 
 son ; Sir Henry Bishop, 1842 ; Henry Hugo Pier- 
 son, 1844 ; John Donaldson, 1845 ; Sir Herbert 
 Stanley Oakeley, 1865 ; and Frederick Niecks, 
 1889. 
 
 Reijnvaan (or Reynwaen), Jean Ver- 
 schuere, LL.D.; b. Middelburg, Holland, 1743; 
 d. Flushing, May 12, 1809. Organist and caril- 
 lonneur at Flushing. Compiled the first Dutch 
 mus. dictionary : ' ' Musikaal konstwoorden- 
 boek" (1789; one vol., A-E, and part of vol. 
 ii ; and ed., 1795, only to letter M). Alsopubl. 
 a " Catechismus der Muzijk " (1788) ; comp. 6 
 violin-sonatas, psalms, motets, and songs. 
 
 Rei'mann, Mathieu [Matthias Reyman- 
 nus], b. LOwenberg, 1544 ; d. Oct. 21, 1597. 
 Publ. " Noctes musicae " (1598) and " Cithara 
 sacra Psalmodiae Davidis " (1603), in lute-tabla- 
 ture. 
 
 Rei'mann, Ignaz, b. Albendorf , Silesia, Dec. 
 27, 1820 ; d. Rengersdorf, June 17, 1885. Pro- 
 lific church-composer ; publ. 18 masses, 4 Re- 
 quiems, 3 Te Deums, 48 offertories, 40 graduals ; 
 many others, also instrumental works, in MS. — 
 His son, 
 
 Rei'mann, Heinrich, b. Rengersdorf, Sile- 
 sia, Mar. 14, 1S50. Taught by his father ; at- 
 tended the Glatz Gymnasium, and studied phi- 
 lology at Breslau Univ. (1870-4), also conduct- 
 ing the academical Gesangverein " Leopoldina." 
 He taught at several Gymnasia, and bec?me di- 
 rector of that at Gleiwitz in 1885 ; but soon re- 
 signed to devote himself to music. Since 1887 
 he has lived in Berlin, where he is asst. -librarian 
 at the R. Library, organist to the Philharm. 
 Soc, teacher of organ and theory at the Schar- 
 wenka-Klindworth Cons., and (since 1895) org. 
 at the Gnadenkirche. He is an eminent mus. 
 critic (on the " AUgem. musikalische Zeitung "), 
 an excellent organist, a composer of organ-sona- 
 tas and -studies, etc. , and a writer of distinction : 
 Biography of Schumann (1887); "Zur Theo- 
 rie und Geschichte der byzantinischen Musik" 
 (in the " Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musikwissen- 
 schaft," 1889) ; he revised vol. ii of Ambros's 
 " History" for a new edition ; and publ. a coll. 
 of old songs, arr. for concert-performance, " Das 
 deutsche Lied." 
 
 Rei'necke, Leopold Carl, b. Dessau, 1774 ; 
 d. Glisten, Oct. 22, 1820. Pupil of Rust (vln.) 
 and Naumann (comp.) ; from 1798, leader and 
 music-director at Dessau. Prod, operas at Des- 
 sau, also symphonies and chamber-music. 
 
 Rei'necke, Carl (Heinrich Carsten), b. Al- 
 tona, June 23, 1824. Pianist, pupil of his father, 
 a music-teacher. His first concert-tour was to 
 Denmark and Sweden in 1843 ; he then went 
 to Leipzig, learned much through intercourse 
 with Mendelssohn and Schumann, made a second 
 tour through North Germany, and was from 
 1846-S court pianist to Christian VHL at Co- 
 
 478 
 
REINER— REINSDORF 
 
 penhagen. Then, after spending some years in 
 Paris, he becameteacherat Cologne Cons. iniSsi, 
 mus. director at Barmen 
 1854-9, academical 
 mus. dir. and cond. of 
 tlie Singakademie at 
 Breslau 1859-60, and 
 from 1860-95 cond. 
 (following J. Rietz) of 
 the Gewandhaus Con- 
 certs at Leipzig, his 
 successor being N ikisch . 
 At the same time he 
 was app. prof, of pf.- 
 playing and free com- 
 position at the Leipzig 
 Cons., a position still 
 held; and in 1897 he was made " Studiendi- 
 rektor" at that institution. From Leipzig Univ. 
 he has the title of Dr.phil, hon. causa ; from the 
 King of Saxony, that of ' ' Royal Professor. " An 
 eminent pianist, he excels as an interpreter of Mo- 
 zart, has made coucert-tours almost yearly, and 
 is enthusiastically welcomed in England, Hol- 
 land, Scandinavia, '.Switzerland, and throughout 
 Germany ; among his pupils are Maas, Kwast, 
 Winding, Joseffy, Dora Schirmacher, and Jeanne 
 Becker ; his works for piano include 4 concertos, 
 a quintet, a quartet, 6 trios, 2 sonatas w. 'cello, 
 
 4 sonatas w. violin, a sonata w. flute (op. 167), 
 a fantasia w. violin (op. 160), and many solo 
 pieces (Musical ICimdergarten, op. 206 ; fantasia 
 in sonata-form, op. 15; sonatas f. 2 and 4 hands ; 
 sonatinas, op. 47, 98, 127a, 136; Serenade, op. 
 48; 10 Fantasiestucke, op. 17; " Aus der Ju- 
 gendzeit," op. 106 ; Neues Notenbuch fur kleine 
 Leute, op. 107 ; Nocturne, op. 69 ; 24 Studies, 
 op. 121 ; Ballade, op. 20 ; 4 Alte und neue 
 Tanze, op. 57 ; Marchenvorspiele f. 4 hands, op. 
 99; Duos f. 2 pianos, op. 66 ; etc.). Asa com- 
 poser, and teacher of composition, R. has been 
 the leader in Leipzig for a quarter of a century ; 
 his works, classic in form and of refined work- 
 manship, have a distinct dash of romantic tem- 
 perament. He has prod, the 5-act grand opera 
 Konig Manfred (Wiesbaden, 1867) ; the ope- 
 retta Ein Abenteuer HdndeV s (Schwerin, 1874) ; 
 2 3-act comic operas, Auf hohen Befehl (Ham- 
 burg, 1886), and Der Gouverneur von Tours 
 (Schwerin, 1891 ; text by E. Bormann ; Engl, 
 translation) ; the fairy opera Die Teufelchen 
 auf der Himmelswiese (Glarus, 1899) ; Der vier- 
 jdhrige Fasten (not perf.) ; — music to Schiller's 
 Tell; the oratorio Belsazar ; the cantatas A'o- 
 kon Jarl^ f. male ch. , soli, and orch. , and Die 
 Flucht nach Aegypten, f. male ch. and orch.; 5 
 " fairy cantatas," Schneewiitchen, Dornroschen, 
 Aschenbrodel, ' ' Vom Saumchen, das andre Blat- 
 ter hat gewollt," and Die wilden Schwdne (all 
 
 5 f. female ch., soli, and pf.); song-cycle, " Von 
 der Wiege bis zura Grabe," f. vocal solo w. pf., 
 and connecting declamatory text [also in Eng- 
 lish] ; concert-arias (" Mirjams Siegesgesang, f. 
 sopr. ; " Das Hindumadchen,"f. alto ; "Alman- 
 sor," f. baritone); 20 canons f. 3 female voices 
 
 w. pf . ; also 2 masses ; — further, 3 symphonies 
 (No. 3, in G min., is op. 227) ; the overtures 
 " Dame Kobold," " Aladin," " Friedensfeier," 
 " Festouverture," " Inmemoriam " (to the mem- 
 ory of David) ; Introd. and Fugue with Choral 
 (f. orch.), " Zenobia " ; a funeral march for Em- 
 peror William I. ; a violin-concerto, a 'cello-con- 
 certo, a harp-concerto (op. 182) ; 4 string-quar- 
 tets (No. 4 is in D). 
 
 Rei'ner, Jacob, b. Altdorf, Wilrttemberg, 
 about 1560 ; d. Aug. 12, 1606, as choirmaster of 
 the monastery at Weingarten. Pupil of Orlando 
 di Lasso at Munich. — Publ. "Liber cantionum 
 sacrarum" (1579 ; 22 motets a 5-6 ; in score by 
 Dressier, 1872) ; " Schone neue deutsche Lieder " 
 (1581 ; 32 songs a 4-5); " Christliche Gesang, 
 teutsche Psalmen" (1589; 15 psalms a 3); 
 " Selectae piaeque cantiones" (1591, 20 motets 
 a 6) ; " Cantica sive mutetae" (1595 ; 29 songs 
 ^4-5)1 "Liber motettarum " (1603, 32 motets 
 a 6 and 8); " Liber motettarum " (18 « 6 ; 1603); 
 "Sacrarum missarum" (1604, 5 masses a b)\ 
 " Gloriosissimae Virginis . . . Magnificat" 
 (1604; 12 Mag. fl 8); " Missae tres cum litaniis '' 
 (1604 ; fl 8) ; " Messae aliquot sacrae cum officio 
 IB. V. M. et Antiphonis 3-4 voc." (1608). Songs 
 in MS. (cf. " Monatshefte fur Musikgeschichte," 
 iii, p. 97). 
 
 Rei'ner, Ambrosius, son of preceding ; b. 
 Altdorf -Weingarten, Dec. 7, 1604 ; d. July 5, 
 1762, as court Kapellni. at Innsbruck. Comp. 
 masses, motets, psalms, etc. 
 
 Rein'hard, B. Francois, music-printer at 
 Strassburg in 1800, and the first to apply the 
 stereotype process to music-printing. 
 
 Rein'holdt, Theodor Christlieb, d. Dres- 
 den, Mar. 24, 1755, as cantor of the Kreuz- 
 kirche ; he was J. A. Killer's teacher. Comp. 
 many motets. 
 
 Rein'ken (or Reinke, Reinicke), Johann 
 Adam, famous organist ; b. Deventer, Holland, 
 Apr. 27, 1623 ; d. Hamburg, Nov. 24, 1722. 
 Pupil of Sweelinck in Amsterdam. In 1658 he 
 became assistant, and in 1663 successor, to 
 Scheidemann, organist at the Katharinenkirche, 
 Hamburg. One of the foremost among North 
 German organists ; J. S. Bach several times 
 walked from Llineburg to Hamburg to hear 
 him. — Works: " Hortus musicus " f. 2 violins, 
 viola, and bass (1704), and "-Partite diverse" 
 (both republ. by the " Maatschappij tot bevor- 
 dering der Toonkunst " ) ; in MS., a toccata f. 
 organ, 2 arr.s of chorals, and 2 var.s f. clavi- 
 chord. 
 
 Reins'dorf, Otto, b. Koselitz, May 28, 1848 ; 
 d. Berlin, Apr. 15, 1890. Pupil of Kullak and 
 Wuerst. Went to Leipzig 1870 ; co-editor of 
 the " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik," and (1872) of 
 the "Tonhalle"; founded the " Musikalische 
 Central-Zeitung " (soon defunct), and the " All- 
 gemeine deutsche Musikzeitung " (1874 ; retired 
 from editorship, 1:875) ; went to Vienna, 1875, 
 started the " Illustr. Musik- und Theater-Jour- 
 
 479 
 
REINTHALER— REISSMANN 
 
 nal," resigned the editorship in 1876, and went 
 to Berlin. He was a talented, but erratic, writer 
 and composer. 
 
 Rein'thaler, Karl (Martin), gifted com- 
 poser ; b. Erfurt, Oct. 13, 1832 ; d. Bremen, 
 Feb. 13, 1896. A music-pupil of G. A. Ritter, 
 he studied theology, at his father's desire, in 
 Berlin from 1871-6 ; but his passion for music 
 won the day, and he took private lessons with 
 Marx. The King then granted him a stipend 
 for study at Paris in 1849 (6 months), where he 
 had singing-lessons from Geraldi and Bordogni, 
 and for 3 years at Rome. He then (1853) was 
 called to the Cologne Cons, as teacher of sing- 
 ing ; in 1857 he was app. municipal mus. dir. , 
 organist and Kapelhti. at the cathedral, and 
 cond. of the Singakademie in Bremen ; later also 
 becoming cond. of the Liedertafel there. He 
 received the title of R. Prussian Mus. Dir.; was 
 elected full member of the Berlin Akademie in 
 1882, and in 1888 was made " Royal Professor." 
 He prod. 2 operas, Edda (Bremen, 1875) and 
 Kdthchen von Heilbronn (Frankfort, 1881) ; an 
 oratorio Jephtha, repeatedly perf. in Germany 
 and elsewhere ; the famous " Bismarck-Hymne " 
 (won a prize) ; ■ th'° choral works In der Wiiste, 
 Das Mddchen von Kolah (both w. orch.), and Die 
 Rosen von Hildesheiin (f. 4 male voices w. 
 orch.) ; a symphony in D ; male choruses, songs, 
 psalms. 
 
 Rei'senauer, Alfred, pianist ; b. Konigs- 
 berg, Nov. I, 1863. Pupil of L. Kohler and 
 Liszt. Debut at Cardinal Hohenlohe's palace, 
 Rome, with I.iszt (1881) ; after a concert-tour 
 (London, Leipzig), he studied law at Leipzig 
 Univ. 1881-2, but resumed his career of concert- 
 pianist, and has visited Russia, Siberia, and 
 Central Asia. His only publications are songs : 
 " Wanderlieder." 
 
 Rei'ser, August Friedrich, b. Gammer- 
 tingen, Wurttemberg, Jan. 19, 1840. From 
 1880-86, editor of the Cologne " Neue Musik- 
 zeitung " ; has comp. 2 symphonies, an over- 
 ture, and male choruses (e.g. , " Barbarossa," f. 
 double ch.). 
 
 ■Reiset, Marie-F61icie-C16mence de. See 
 Grandval, Mme. de. 
 
 Reiss, Carl Heinrich Adolf, b. Frankfort- 
 on-Main, Apr. 24, 1829. Pupil of Hauptmann 
 at Leipzig. Chorus-master, and Kapellm., at 
 various theatres ; in 1854, ist Kapellm. at May- 
 ence ; in 1856 2nd, and on Spohr's death ist, 
 Kapellm. at Kassel ; 1881-6, at the court theatre, 
 Wiesbaden. — Prod, i opera. Otto der Schiitz, at 
 Mayence, 1856. 
 
 Reis'siger, Karl Gottlieb, b. Belzig, n. 
 Wittenberg, Jan. 31, 1798 ; d. Dresden, Nov. 7, 
 1859. A pupil of Schicht at the Thomasschule, 
 Leipzig, from 1811 ; began the study of theology 
 in 1818, but gave it up for music, continuing at 
 first under Schicht, then going to Vienna in 
 1821 (where he wrote, but did not produce, an 
 opera, Das Hoc kenweibf lien, and appeared as a 
 
 vocalist and pianist), and thence to Munich 
 (1822), pursuing the study of dramatic comp. 
 under Winter, and successfully bringing out an 
 overture and entr'actes to Nero. In 1824, at the 
 expense of the Prussian government, he made a 
 tour of inspection and study in Italy, and sub- 
 mitted a plan for a conservatory ; taught at the 
 Berlin R. Inst, for Church-music, and in 1826 
 was invited to The Hague to organize a conser- 
 vatory, which still flourishes. In the same year 
 he succeeded Marschner as mus. dir. of the 
 German Opera at Dresden, and soon after was 
 app. court Kapellm., as Weber's successor. — 
 Works : The operas Didone abbandonata (Dres- 
 den, 1823); Der Ahnenschatz (1824); Yelva 
 [melodr.] (1827) ; Libella (1828) ; Die Felsen- 
 miihle von j^talihres (1829 ; the overture is still 
 played. at concerts) ; Turandot (1835) I AdHe de 
 Foix (1841) ; Der Schiffbruch der Medusa 
 (1846) ■; — the oratorio David ; 10 grand masses ; 
 motets, psalms, etc.; — a symphony, an overture, 
 aclar.-concerto, a flute-concerto, a pf.-quintet, a 
 string-quintet, 6 pf. -quartets, 8 string-quartets, 
 27 pf.-trios, 3 violin-sonatas, 2 'cello-sonatas, i 
 clar. -sonata ; — and, f. pf., 3 solo sonatas, 2 
 4-hand sonatas, rondos (op. 27, 4 hands ; op. 37, 
 39), waltzes (that named "Weber's last thought " 
 is R.'s most popular piece), 24 " Danses moder- 
 nes et brillantes," in 2 sets, op. 38 and op; 46 ; 
 — also songs, many of which became popular. — 
 His brother, 
 
 Reis'siger, Friedrich August, b. Belzig, 
 July 26, 1809 ; d. Frederikshald, Mar. 2, 1883, 
 as military bandmaster. Pupil of Weinlig and 
 Schicht (Leipzig) and Dehn (Berlin) ; prolific 
 comp. (many songs) ; from 1840-50, cond. at 
 the Christiania theatre. 
 
 Reiss'mann, August, b. Frankenstein, Si- 
 lesia, Nov. 14, 1825 ; pupil there of Heinrich 
 Jung, and in Breslau of Mosewius and Baumgart 
 (theory), E. L. Richter (pf. and org.), Lustner 
 (vln.) and Kahl ('cello). His first compositions 
 were well received ; but two years' residence in 
 Weimar with Liszt (1850-2) developed a strong 
 literary vein. He lived in Halle, and from 1863- 
 80 in Berlin, lecturing 1866-74 at the Stern Cons, 
 on the history of music ; then in Leipzig (where 
 the University conferred on him the degree of 
 Dr. phil. in 1875), in Wiesbaden, and again in 
 Berlin. — Writings : " Catechismus der Gesangs- 
 kunst"(i853; after Sieber) ; " Von Bach bis 
 Wagner " (1861) ; " Das deutsche Lied in seiner 
 historischen Entwickelung " (1861 ; rev. ed. 1874 
 as " Geschichte des deutschen Liedes " ; con- 
 sidered his best and most original work) ; " AU- 
 gemeine Geschichte der Musik " (3 vol.s, 1863-5); 
 " Allgemeine Musiklehre " (1864; 2nd ed. 1864) ; 
 "Robert Schumann" (1865; 3rd ed. 1879); 
 " Grundriss der Musikgeschichte " (1865) ; 
 ' ' Lehrbuch der musikalischen Komposition " (3 
 vol.s, 1866-73) ; "Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy" 
 (1867 ; 2nd ed. 1872) ; " Franz Schubert "(1873); 
 "Die konigliche Hochschule fur Musik in Ber- 
 lin" (1875); " Klavier- und Gesangschule flit 
 
 480 
 
REITER— REMMERS 
 
 den ersten Unterricht" (2 parts, 1876) ; " Leicht- 
 fassliche Musikgeschichte in 12 Vorlesungen " 
 (1877); "Joseph Haydn" (1879); " Zur Aes- 
 thetik der Tonkunst " (1879); " lUustrirte Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Musik" (1880) ; " J. S. 
 Bach " (1881) ; " G. F. Handel " (1881) ; "Gluck" 
 (1882); "Weber" (1S82) ; "Die Oper in ihrer 
 kunst-und kulturhistorischen Bedeutung "(1885); 
 " Was wird aiis unserer deutschen Musik ? " (Ber- 
 lin, 1899) ; — edited Gathy's " Musikalisches Con- 
 versationslexikon " (1870), and vol.s vii-xi of 
 Mendel's ditto (1876 ; also Supplement of 1881, 
 and an epitome, " Handlexikon der Tonkunst," 
 in 1882). — Compositions : 3 operas, Gudrun 
 (Leipzig, 1874), Die Biirgermeisterin von 
 &/5»r«5or/(ib., 1880), and Das Gra/spieHX>\is- 
 seldorf, 1895) ; a ballet, Der Blumen Rache 
 (1887); Konig Drosselbart, f. soli, ch., and pf., 
 w. declamation (1886) ; 2 dram, scenes. Drums' 
 Tod, and Loreley ; an oratorio, Witlekind ; 
 choruses, ballades, vocal terzets and duets, and 
 many songs ; — a violin-concerto ; a suite f. vln. 
 w. orch.; 2 violin-sonatas ; pf. -music. 
 
 Rei'ter, Ernst, b. Wertheira, Baden, 1814 ; 
 d. Basel, July 14, 1875. Violin-prof. atWlirz- 
 burgCons. ; in 1839, musical dir. at Strassburg, 
 from 1841 at Basel. — Works : Die Fee von El- 
 verhoe, opera (Wiesbaden, 1865) ; Das neue 
 Paradies, oratorio (Basel, 1845) ; 2 string-quar- 
 tets ; songs. 
 
 Relfe, John, English theorist and composer ; 
 b. Greenwich, 1763 ; d. London, about 1837, as 
 an esteemed teacher of pf. and harmony. — 
 Works : Airs, sonatas, lessons, divertimentos, 
 etc., f. harpsichord or pf. ; songs ; " Guida Ar- 
 monica.. . . " (3 parts, 1798 ; 2nd ed. as " The 
 Principles of Harmony . . "', 1817); "Remarks 
 on the Present State of Mus. Instruction " (i8ig) ; 
 "Lucidus ordo . . ."(1821). He proposed a 
 reformed thorough-bass figuring, marking the 
 root-chord r., and the inversions ' and ". 
 
 Rell'stab, Johann Karl Friedrich, b. Ber- 
 lin, Feb. 27, 1759 ; d. there Aug. 19, 1813. 
 Pupil of F. Agricola and Fasch ; succeeded his 
 father as head of a printing-establishment, add- 
 ing a music-printing and -publishing department 
 and a circulating library of music ; founded 
 short-lived amateur concerts in 1787 ; lost his 
 property in the war of 1806, and gave music-les- 
 sons, lectured on harmony, and wrote criticisms 
 for the " Vossische Zeitung." Compositions 
 unimportant. He publ. " Versuch ilber die 
 Vereinigung der musikalischen und oratorischen 
 Declamation" (Vienna, 1785) ; " Anleitung fiir 
 Clavierspieler, den Gebrauch der Bach'schen 
 Fingersetzung, die Manieren und den Vortrag 
 betreffend" (1790) ; and a. polemical pamphlet, 
 " Ueber die Bemerkungen eines Reisenden 
 [Reichardt], die Berlinischen Kirchenmusiken, 
 Concerte, Opern und die kSnigliche Kammer- 
 musik betreffend " (1789). 
 
 Rell'stab, (Heinrich Friedrich) Ludwig, 
 
 the noted novelist, son of the preceding ; b. Ber- 
 
 31 4 
 
 lin, Apr. 13, 1799 ; d. there Nov. 27, i860. 
 Artillery officer, teacher of mathematics and his- 
 tory in the Brigade School, Berlin, retired from 
 the army in 1821, and lived as a writer in Berlin 
 from 1823. Editor and mus. critic of the " Voss- 
 ische Zeitung" from 1826. Publ. the satirical 
 pamphlets " Henrietta, oder die schSne Sangerin, 
 eine Geschichte unsrer Tage von Freimund Zu- 
 schauer "(1826 ; on Henriette Sontag's triumphs), 
 and " Ueber mein Verhaltniss als Critiker zu 
 Herrn Spontini als Componislen und General- 
 Musikdirector in Berlin, nebst einem vergnug- 
 lichen Anhang" (1827 ; directed against Spohr's 
 truckling to virtuosity in Agnes von Hohen- 
 staufen), for each of which he suffered a period 
 of imprisonment ; though his opinions were 
 eventually upheld both in official circles and by 
 the , public. From 1839-41 R. edited a mus. 
 periodical, " Iris im Gebiet der Tonkunst" ; he 
 also contributed to several other papers. In his 
 ' ' Gesammelte Werke " are biographies of Liszt, 
 Ludwig Berger, Bernhard Klein, Nanette 
 Schechner, and others ; vol. i contains criticisms, 
 on opera and concert, which came out in the 
 ' ' Vossische Zeitung " 1 826-48. — His best-known 
 novel is " 1812." 
 
 Reraenyi, Eduard, remarkable violinist ; b. 
 Heves, Hungary, 1830; d. San Francisco, Cal., 
 May 15, 1898. Pupil of Bohm at Vienna Cons. 
 1842-5 ; banished from Austria for participation 
 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, he began 
 the career of a wandering violinist in America ; 
 returned to Europe in 1853, profited by Liszt's 
 counsels, and in 1854 became solo violinist to 
 Queen Victoria. In i860 he was amnestied, and 
 app. solo violinist to the Emperor of Austria ; in 
 1865, commenced a brilliant tour, visiting Paris 
 (1865), Germany, Belgium, and Holland ; stayed 
 in Paris 1875-7, playing in many Pasdeloup con- 
 certs ; then proceeded to London (1877), and to 
 America in 1878, travelling in the United States, 
 Canada, and Mexico ; in 1886 he began a new 
 concert-tour around the world, visiting Japan, 
 China, Cochin-China, the Cape of Good Hope, 
 etc. He died of apoplexy on his last American 
 tour, 1897-8. — His technique was prodigious ; 
 in vigor, passion, and pathos he was unex- 
 celled ; his extravagances were forgotten in 
 admiration for his puissant genius. Finding in- 
 sufficient scope in the usual violin-literature, he 
 made skilful transcriptions of Field's Nocturnes, 
 Chopin's Waltzes, Polonaises, and Mazurkas, 
 and pieces by Bach, Schubert, etc.; these are 
 united under the title of ' ' Nouvelle ecole du 
 violon." He comp. a violin-concerto, and some 
 soli f. vln. 
 
 Remi of Auxerre, [Remigius Altisiodoren- 
 sis,] a monk ; at Rheims, 893 ; later at Paris. 
 His commentary on Martianus Capella was 
 printed by Gerbert in " Scriptores," vol. i. 
 
 Rem'mers, Johann, b. Jever, Jan. 12, 1805; 
 d. The Hague, Jan. 28, 1847. Violinist, pupil of 
 Ed. Rietz ; chamber-musician at St. Petersburg. 
 
REMMERT— REY 
 
 Rem'mert, Martha, excellent pianist; b. 
 Gross-Schwein, n. Glogau, Sept. 13, 1854. 
 Pupil of KuUak, Tausig, and Liszt. Resides in 
 Berlin. 
 
 R^musat [R6muzat], Jean, flute-virtuoso, 
 pupil of Tulou ; b. Bordeaux, May 11, 1815 ; d. 
 Shanghai, Sept. I, 1880. After successful con- 
 cert-giving, he became first flute at the Queen's 
 Th., London ; from 1853 ditto at the Th.-Ly- 
 rique, Paris. He preferred the old cross-flute to 
 Bohm's. — Publ. A Plute-method, and solo pieces 
 and duets f. flute, flute and violin, etc. 
 
 Remy, W. A. See Mayer, Wilhelm. 
 
 R^nard, Marie, operatic soubrette ; b. Graz, 
 Jan. 18, 1864 ; debut there 1882. Eng. at the 
 Prague Landestheater ; 1885-8 at the Berlin 
 Court Opera ; since then at the Vienna Court 
 Opera. 
 
 Renaud, Albert, b. Paris, 1855. Pupil of 
 Cesar Franck and Leo Delibes ; organist at St.- 
 rran9ois-Xavier ; mus. critic of "La Patrie." — 
 Works: The ^4-act " feerie " A ladin (iSgi) ; 
 opera comique A la Houzarde ('91) ; ballet Tlie 
 awakened Shepherd (London, 1892) ; ballet Rok- 
 neddin (Paris, 1892) ;■ piece fantastique Don 
 Quichotte (1895) ; folie-vaudeville Un voyage a 
 Venise (1896) ; operetta Le soleil de ininuit 
 (1898); etc. 
 
 Renaud, Maurice, renowned bass singer ; b. 
 Bordeaux, 1862. Pupil of Paris Cons. ; engaged 
 at R. Opera, Brussels, 1883-90 ; at the Opera- 
 Comique, Paris, 1 890-1 ; at the Grand Opera, 
 since 1891. Sings bass (or baritone) parts in 
 over 50 operas ; is equally successful in comic 
 and serious works. — Roles : Huon ; Mercutio 
 and Capulet ; Escamillo ; Basilio ; Beckmesser ; 
 Telramund ; Flying Dutchman ; Kurwenal ; 
 Guillaume {Tell) ; Fernando {Fidelio) ; Nelusko 
 (I' A fricaine) ; etc. 
 
 Renda'no, Alfonso, pianist ; b. Carolei, n. 
 Cosenza, Calabria, Apr. 5, 1853. Pupil of 
 Naples Cons., of Thalberg, and of Leipzig 
 Cons. (1871). Very successful at the Philharm. 
 and Mus. Union Concerts in London ; also in 
 Paris and Leipzig. Highly esteemed in Italy ; 
 has publ. j-a/o«-pieces. 
 
 Ren'ner, Josef, b. Schmatzhausen, ii. Lands- 
 hut, Bavaria, Apr. 25, 1832; d. Ratisbon, Aug. 
 II, 1895. Taught by his father ; later by Met- 
 tenleiter and Proske. From 1858-92, choral 
 cond. and teacher at the Aula Scholastica, Ratis- 
 bon ; cond. of several mus. societies ; founder, 
 about 1S65, and until 1882 director, of a Mus. 
 Inst. To revive the German madrigals of the 
 i6th-i7th centuries, he organized the Ratisbon 
 Madrigal Quartet, and edited and publ. coll.s of 
 madrigals. 
 
 Reszk^, Jean de. See De Reszke. 
 
 R^ty, Charles, b. about 1826; d. Paris, July 
 I, 1895. Best known under the pseudonym of 
 " Charles Darcours," as mus. critic for the Paris 
 " Figaro," a post occupied with distinction for 
 
 25 years ; he was formerly Director of the old 
 Th.-Lyrique. 
 
 Reub'ke, Adolf, organ-builder at Hausnein- 
 dorf, n. Quedlinburg ; b. Halberstadt, Dec. 6, 
 1805 ; d. there Mar. 3, 1875. Built the organs 
 in the cathedral (88 stops) and the Jacobikirche 
 (53stops)at Magdeburg. — His sonErail,b. Haus- 
 neindorf. Mar., 1836; d. there 1885 ; succeeded 
 his father, and introduced various improve- 
 ments (pneumatic tubes). Present head of the 
 firm is Ernst Rover. — Julius R., son of Adolf, 
 b. Hausneindorf, Mar. 23, 1834 ; d. Pillnitz, 
 June 3, 1858. Pupil of Kullak and Marx, in 
 Berlin, and later of Liszt ; fine pianist, whose 
 few comp.s show great talent (a pf. -sonata, an 
 organ-sonata entitled " The 94th Psalm," other 
 pf.-pieces, and songs). — Otto R., the youngest 
 son of Adolf, b. Nov. 2, 1842, pupil of von 
 Bulow and Marx, is living in Halle as a music- 
 teacher, and cond. of a singing-society ; since 
 1892, musical director at the Univ. 
 
 Reu'ling, (Ludwig) Wilhelm, b. Darmstadt, 
 Dec. 22, 1802 ; d. Munich, Apr. 29, 1879. Pu- 
 pil of Rinck, Seyfried, and E. Forster. Kafellm. 
 of the Josephstadter Th., Vienna, in 1829; of 
 the Karnthnerthor Th., 1830-54. His works 
 include 37 operettas and operas (Die Feuerbraiii, 
 Trieste, 1829 ; Alfred der Cro«^, Vienna, 1840), 
 and 17 ballets, prod, mostly in Vienna ; also 
 pantomimes, overtures, chamber-music, etc. 
 
 Reuss, Eduard, b. New York, Sept. 16, 1851; 
 pupil of Ed. Kriiger at Gbttingen, 1871-5 ; later 
 of Liszt ; since 1880, music-teacher at Karlsruhe. 
 
 Reuss, Heinrich XXIV., Prince of Reuss- 
 Kostritz ; b. Trebschen,n. Zullichau, Branden- 
 burg, Dec. 8, 1855., Pupil of Herzogenberg and 
 Rust, Leipzig.' — Works: Amass; 2 symphonies; 
 2 string-quintets ; 2 string-quartets ; a string-trio, 
 a violin-sonata, etc. 
 
 Reut'ter, Georg (senior), b. Vienna, 1656 ; d. 
 there Aug. 29, 1738. From 1697-1703, theorbist 
 in the court orch. ; in 1710, court organist ; in 
 1712, Fux's successor as Kafellm. at the "Gna- 
 denbild " (St. Stephen's) ; in 1715, cathedral- 
 ^apellm. — His son, 
 
 Reut'ter, (Johann Adam Carl) Georg (ju- 
 nior), b. Vienna, Apr. 6, 1708 ; d. there Mar. 12, 
 1772. Succeeded his father as Kafellm. at St. 
 Stephen's in 1738; 2nd court Kafellm., I'jub; 
 in 1751, acting chief Kafelbn. (with Predieri), 
 receiving the title on the latter's death in 1769. 
 His works (an opera, operettas, oratorios, masses, 
 etc.) are unimportant. It was he who engaged 
 young Haydn for the choir, and treated him 
 so badly. — Stolbrock publ. an essay on R. in 
 the " Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musikwissenschaft," 
 1892. 
 
 Rey, Jean-Baptiste (I), b. Lauzerte, Tarn- 
 et-Garonne, Dec. 18, 1734 ; d. Paris, July 15, 
 1810. In 1827, m. de chap, at Auch Cath.; from 
 1754, opera-cond. at Toulouse, Montpellier, Mar- 
 seilles, Bordeaux, and Nantes ; from 1776, for 
 
 482 
 
REY— RHEINBERGER 
 
 over 30 years, at the Grand Opera, Paris, as as- 
 sistant to Francoeur, wliom he succeeded in 178 1, 
 also conducting the Concerts spirituels 1781-5. 
 Ini779, cond. of chamber-music to Louis XVI.; 
 1795-1802, prof, of harmony at the Cons, ; from 
 1804, Napoleon's matlre de chapelle. A most 
 successful conductor ; as a harmonist, a disciple 
 of Rameau, in opposition to Catel ; as a com- 
 poser, he prod. 2 operas; ballets; orch.l masses, 
 motets, etc. 
 
 Rey, Jean-Baptiste (II), b. Tarascon, about 
 1760; from 1795-1822, 'cellist atthe Grand Opera. 
 — Publ. " Cours elementaire de musique et de 
 pianoforte'' and " Exposition elementaire de 
 I'harmonie ; theorie generale des accords d'apres 
 la basse fondamentale" (1807). 
 
 Rey, V.-F.-S., b. Lyons, about 1762 ; publ. 
 " Systeme harmonique . . . d'apres les principes 
 du cel^bre Rameau" (1795) and " L'art de la 
 musique theori-physico-pratique " (1806). 
 
 Reyer l^ecte Rey), Louis-Etienne-Ernest, 
 b. Marseilles, Dec. i, 1823. From 6 to 16 he 
 studied in the free 
 
 municipal school of 
 music ; then took 
 a place in the gov- 
 ernment financial 
 bureau at Algiers, 
 .and while there 
 composed a solemn 
 mass and publ. 
 several songs ; en- 
 tered the mus. ca- 
 reer in 1848, study- 
 ing at Paris v?ith 
 his aunt, Mme. 
 Farrenc, and pro- 
 ducing in 1850, at 
 the Th. Italien, a symphonic ode with choruses, 
 Le Silam (poem by Th. Gautier), followed in 
 1854 by ^ one-act comedy-opera, Mattre Wolfram 
 (Th. -Lyrique), a 2-act ballet -pantomime, Sa- 
 countala (Opera, 1858), a 3-act comedy-opera, 
 La Statue (Th.-Lyr. , 1861), a 2-act opera, Eros- 
 trate (Baden-Baden, 1862), a 4-act opera, Sigurd 
 (Brussels, 1884), and the 5-act opera, Salammb6 
 (Brussels, 1890). R. is a foremost representa- 
 tive of the modern French romantic school of 
 opera ; his best work is La Statue. Other comp, s : 
 A cantata, Victoire (1859) ; a hymn, F Union des 
 arts (1862) ; male choruses (" I'Hymne du 
 Khin," " Le chant du paysan," " Choeur des 
 buveurs," " Chceur des assieges"); a dram, 
 scene. La Madeleine au dhert{ii']^) ; also some 
 church-music. — He succeeded Berlioz as libra- 
 rian at the Opera, and was elected to David's 
 chair in the Academic in 1876. He followed 
 d'Ortigue as feuilletoniste of the "Journal des 
 De'bats " ; his collected essays were publ. in 
 1875 as " Notes de musique." Chev. of the Le- 
 gion of Honor, 1862 ; Officer, 1886. 
 
 Reznicek, Emil Nicolaus, Freiherr von, 
 b. Vienna.'May 4, 1861. Law-student at Graz ; 
 
 music-student at Leipzig Cons.; then Kapellm., 
 successively, in theatres at Graz, Zurich, May- 
 ence, Stettin, and Weimar ; in 1896, app. ist 
 Kapelbn. at Court Th., Mannheim. Gifted 
 opera-composer : Die Jungfrau von Orleans 
 (1887), Satanella (1888), Emerich Fortunat 
 (1889), all prod, at Prague, where he also 
 brought out the very succ. 3-act comic opera 
 Donna Diana (1894), of which he wrote both 
 text and music. — Further, a Requiem (1894), 
 and a symphonic suite f. full orch., in D 
 (1897). 
 
 Rhaw [Rhau], Georg, b. Eisfeld, Franco- 
 nia, 1488 ; d. Wittenberg, Aug. 5, 1548. Cantor 
 of the Thomasschule, Leipzig, until 1520, bring- 
 ing out a mass a 12, and a Te Deum, at the dis- 
 putation of Luther and Eck. In 1524 heestabl. 
 a music-printing business at Wittenberg, pub- 
 lishing more especially Protestant compositions 
 (the " Biciniagallica," 1544, contains the earliest 
 known version of the " Ranz des vaches"). 
 Wrote an " Enchiridion musices " (Part i, 1518, 
 on " Musica choralis " ; P. ii, 1520, on " Mus. 
 mensuralis "). 
 
 Rhein'berger, Joseph (Gabriel), b. Vaduz, 
 Liechtenstein, Mar. 17, 1837. He played the 
 piano at 5, and was 
 a good organist at 7 ; 
 studied at the R. 
 School of Music, 
 Munich, under Her- 
 zog, Leonhard, and 
 J. J. Mayer, from 
 1851-8, and wasapp. 
 teacher of theory 
 there in 1859 ; also 
 organist at the court 
 church of St. 
 Michael, and cond. 
 of the Oratorio Soc. 
 He was " Repetitor" at the Court Opera, 1865- 
 7 ; then received the title of Royal Professor (he 
 teaches composition and advanced classes in 
 organ-playing ; G. W. Chadwick and H. W. 
 Parker were among his pupils), and was made 
 Inspector of the School of Music ; since 1877, 
 Court Kapellm. of the Royal Chapel-Choir, cele- 
 brated for its performances of early vocal music. 
 — R.'s works take high rank among contempo- 
 rary compositions, both vocal and instrumental ; 
 they include the romantic opera Die 7 Raben, 
 op. 20 (Munich, 1869), the comic opera Des 
 Thurmers Tochterlein, op. 70 (Munich, 1873), 
 the vaudeville Das Zauberwort, op. 153 ; music 
 to Der wunderthdtige Magus [Calderon], op. 
 30 ; music to Raimund's Die unheilbringende 
 Krone, the oratorio Christop/iorus, op. 120; 
 a mass f. double choir, dedicated to Leo XIII., 
 op. 109 ; mass in C, f . soli, ch. , and orch. , op. 169 ; 
 other masses ; Requiem for soldiers of the 
 Franco-Prussian war, op. 60 ; a Requiem a cap- 
 pella ; 2 Stabat Maters ; the cantatas Montfort, 
 Waldmorgen, Toggenhurg{f>^. 76), and Kldrchen 
 auf Eberstein, f. soli, ch., and orch.; Das Thai 
 
 483 
 
RICCATI— RICHARDS 
 
 des Espingo, i. male ch. w. orch.; Vom goldenen 
 Horn, a " turkisches Liederspiel " f. soli, mixed 
 ch., and pf. (op. 182) ; the ballades Konig 
 Erich, op. 71, and Wittekind, op. 102, f. cho- 
 rus w. pf . ; — the symphonic tone-picture ' ' Wal- 
 lenstein," op. 10 ; the " Florentine " symphony ; 
 a symphonic fantasia, op. 79 ; overtures to 
 Demetrius, op. no, and The Taming of the 
 Shrew, op. 17 ; a " Triumph-Ouverture "; or- 
 gan-concerto w. strings and 3 horns (1885) ; 
 organ-concerto No. 2, in G min., op. 177, w. 
 strings, 2 horns, trumpets, and kettledrums ; 
 pf.-concerto in A.\), op. 94; a nonet f. flute, 
 oboe, clar., bassoon, horn, and strings, op. 139 ; 
 theme w. 50 var.s f. string-quartet, op. 61 ; 
 string-quartet, op. 147 ; pf. -quartet, op. 38 ; 
 I string-trio ; 2 pf. -trios ; sonatas f. pf. and 
 violin; pf.-sonatas (" symphonique," op. 47; 
 in Db, op. 99 ; in £(>, op. 135 ; "romantic," 
 in Fflmin., op. 184); fine solo pieces f. pf. 
 (" Waldmarchen," op. 8; Tarentelle, op. 13; 
 Toccatas, op. 12, 115 ; 4 Humoresques, op. 28 ; 
 " Aus Italien," op. 29 ; Capriccio, Minuet, and 
 Fugue f. left hand alone, op. 113 ; 3 Studies, 
 op. 5) ; 18 organ-sonatas (No. 18 is op. 188). 
 
 Ricca'ti, Count Giordano, b. Castelfranco, 
 Treviso, Feb. 28, 1709 ; d. Treviso, July 20, 
 1790. — Writings: " Saggio sopra le leggi del 
 contrapunto " (1762) ; " Delle corde ovvero fibre 
 elastiche" (1777); a series of essays, in the 
 " Nuovo Giornale de' Letterati d'ltalia," on the 
 mus. systems of Rameau (in vol. xxi), Tartini 
 (in vol. xxii), and Vallotti (in vol. xxiii) ; and 
 several dissertations on mus. acoustics in Colo- 
 gera's " Raccolta d'opuscoli sientifichi " (in vol. 
 ix). 
 
 Ric'ci, Federico, dram, composer; b. Na- 
 ples, Oct. 22, 1809 ; d. Conegliano, Dec. 10, 
 1877. Pupil of Furno, Zingarelli, and Rai- 
 mondi, at the Royal Cons, di San Sebastiano. 
 He prod. 19 operas, at least 4 of which were 
 written in collaboration with his elder brother 
 Luigi [see below] ; these 4 were his first, // 
 C(7/i?«i?/& (Naples, 1835), II Disertore per amore 
 (Venice, 1835), VAmante di richiama (Turin, 
 1846), and Crispino e la comare (Venice, 1850). 
 In 1838 his La prigione d' Edimburgo had great 
 success in Trieste ; Corrado d'Altamura was 
 well received at La Scala, Milan, in 1 841, and 
 was prod, at the Th. Italien, Paris, in 1844. 
 He was invited to St. Petersburg in 1853 as mu- 
 sical director of the Imperial theatres ; in 1866 
 the fine comic opera Crispino e la comare had a 
 warm welcome at the Th. Italien ; in i86g Una 
 follia a l?oma(z.s Une folie a Rome) had 77 con- 
 secutive representations at the Fantaisies-Parisi- 
 ennes, and was followed in that year by a French 
 version (Le docteur Crispin) of Crispino, so that 
 R. repaired to Paris in hopes of further good 
 fortune ; but his subsequent dramatic ventures 
 failed, and in 1876 he retired to Conegliano. 
 6 masses, a cantata, and numerous smaller vocal 
 works, were also written by him. — See the 
 " Notice sur Luigi et Federico Ricci . . . ," by 
 
 F. de Villars (i866) ; and " I fratelli Ricci," by 
 L. de Rada (1878). 
 
 Ric'ci, Luigi, brother of the preceding ; b. 
 Naples, July 8, 1805 ; d. Prague, Dec. 31, 1859. 
 Emineiit dram, composer; pupil of Furno 'and 
 Zingarelli at the Cons, di S. Sebastiano, Na- 
 ples, also taking private lessons of Generali. 
 His first stage-work was the opera buffa L' Im- 
 presario in angustie (Cons, theatre, 1823) ; he 
 wrote in all about 30 operas, several in collabo- 
 ration with his brother [see above]. In 1836 
 he was app. m. di capp. of the cathedral at Tri- 
 este, and chorusmaster at the theatre. In 1844 
 he married the singer Lina Stoltz, of Prague. 
 Shortly after producing his last opera, // dia- 
 volo a quatiro (Trieste, 1859), symptoms of in- 
 sanity developed, and he was sent to an asylum 
 in Prague, where he died. Among his operas 
 may be mentioned // Colombo (Parma, 1829), 
 Amina I'Orfa^io di Ginevra (Rome, 1829), 
 Chiara di Rosemberg (La Scala, Milan, 1831), 
 Chi dura vince (Rome, 1834), // Birrajo di 
 Preston (Florence, 1847), Crispino e la comare 
 (with P"ederico ; Venice, 1850), La festa di 
 Piedigrotta (Naples, .1852), and II diavolo a 
 quattro. — Also masses, a Requiem, choruses, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Ric'cius, August Ferdinand, b. Bernstadt, 
 Saxony, Feb. 26, 1819 ; d. Karlsbad, July 5, 
 1886. In 1849, dir. of the Euterpe Concerts at 
 Leipzig ; 1854-64, Kapellm. at the City Th. ; then 
 at the Hamburg Th. ; also mus. critic of the Ham- 
 burg " Nachrichten," and singing- teacher.— 
 Works : Overture to Schiller's Braut von Mes- 
 sina ; a cantata. Die Weihe der Kraft ; incid. 
 music to plays ; pf. -music ; choruses, vocal trios 
 and duets, and songs. 
 
 Ric'cius, Carl August, nephewof preceding; 
 b. Bernstadt, July 26, 1830 ; d. Dresden, July 
 8, 1893. Pupil, in Dresden, of Wieck, Carl 
 Kragen, and Schubert (pf. and violin) ; then at 
 Leipzig Cons, of Mendelssohn, Schumann, 
 David, etc., 1844-6 ; in 1847, violinist in Dres- 
 den court orch., rising to chorusmaster in 1863, 
 third Kapellm. in 1887, and succeeding Fiir- 
 stenau as librarian of the R. Mus. Library in 
 1889. — Works : The 2-act comic opera Es spukt 
 (Dresden, 1871) ; music to Schneewittchen, 
 Ddumling, Aschenbrodel, Der gestiefelte Kater, 
 Ella [farce by Roder], etc.; ballets; music to 
 Schiller's " Dithyrambe " (1859). Publ. only 
 pf. -pieces and songs. 
 
 Rice, Fenelon B., b. Green, Ohio, Jan, 2, 
 1841. Studied in Boston, Mass., under J. W. 
 Tufts, B. F. Baker, and Edwin Bruce ; later in 
 Leipzig under Papperitz, Moscheles, Richter, 
 and Plaidy. Organist in Boston for 3 years ; 
 since 187 1, Director of Oberlin, Ohio, Cons, of 
 Music. — Degree of A.M. from Oberlin College ; 
 of Mus. Doc. from Hillsdale (Mich.) Coll. 
 
 Richards, (Henry) Brinley, composer-pi- 
 anist ; b. Carmarthen, Wales, Nov. 13, 1817 ; d. 
 London, May i, 1885. Pupil of the R. A. M., 
 
 484 
 
RICHAULT— RICHTER 
 
 winning the King's Scholarship in 1835 and 
 1837. Member of tlie R. A. M. He resided in 
 London, highly esteemed as a concert-pianist 
 and teacher. — Works: Numerous light Jiikes ale 
 genre f. pf. ; songs and part-songs ; the popular 
 hymn " God bless the Prince of Wales" (1862) ; 
 a symphony, 2 overtures, a concerto for pf. and 
 orch.; and 2 marches f. military band, "Albert 
 Edward," and " Carmarthen." 
 
 Richault, Charles-Simon, b. Chartres, May 
 10, 1780 ; d. Paris, Feb. 20, 1866. In 1805 he 
 founded the well-known music-publishing house, 
 the first issues of which were Mozart's concertos, 
 and Beethoven's symphonies, in score. His 
 sons Guillaume-Simon (1806-1877) and L6on 
 (1839-1895) carried on the business, publishing 
 works by eminent French composers, and also 
 excellent editions of German classics. 
 
 Riche, Antoine le. See Divitis. 
 
 Rich6e. See Lesage de Richee. 
 
 Richter, Alfred, son of E. Fr. Richter ; b. 
 Leipzig, Apr. i, 1S46. Teacher in the Cons., 
 1872-83 ; then lived in London, but returned to 
 Leipzig in 1897. — Publ. an " Aufgabenbuch " 
 (Engl. ed. as " Additional Exercises," publ. in 
 New York) supplementary to his father's 
 "Manual of Harmony"; a supplement to his 
 father's "Manual of Counterpoint" (Engl, 
 transl. New Yorli) ; also "Das K lavierspiel fur 
 Mttsikstudierende " (Leipzig, 1898). 
 
 Richter, Ernst Heinrich Leopold, b. Thier- 
 garten, n. Ohlau, Prussian Silesia, Nov. 15, 
 1805 ; d. Steinau-on-Oder, Apr. 24, 1876. Pupil 
 of Hientzsch, Berner, and Siegert, at Breslau ; 
 and of Klein and Zelter at the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music, Berlin. Instructor at the Teach- 
 ers' Seminary in Breslau, 1827-47, also teaching 
 in it after its removal to Steinau. A teacher of 
 high reputation. He prod, a comic opera. Die 
 Contrebande, at Breslau ; also comp. a mass, 
 motets, cantatas, part-songs for male chorus, 
 songs (the " Schlesische Volkslieder" are op. 
 27), a symphony, organ-pieces, etc. 
 
 Richter, Ernst Friedrich (Eduard), distin- 
 guished theorist 
 and composer ; b. 
 Gross - Schonau, 
 Saxony, Oct. 24, 
 1808 ; d. Leipzig, 
 Apr. 9, 1879. Son 
 of a school-master, 
 and educated in 
 the Zittau Gymna- 
 sium;' matricu- 
 lated 1831 as stu- 
 dent of theology 
 at Leipzig Univ., 
 but gave his chief 
 attention to musi- 
 cal study under 
 Weinlig, and on 
 the foundation of the Cons. (1843) became Haupt- 
 niann's coadjutor as teacher of harmony and 
 
 composition ; from 1843-7, cond. of the Sing- 
 akadeinie as Pohlenz's successor ; 1851, organist 
 of the Petrikirche ; 1862, of the Neukirche, going 
 in a short time to the Nikolaikirche, and in 1868 
 succeeding Hauptmann as mus. dir. of the Ni- 
 kolai- and Thomaskirche, and cantor of the last- 
 named, with the title of " Professor" ; later, the 
 Univ. conferred on him the title (honorary) of 
 of " Univ. Mus. Dir." — He is best known by 
 his eminently practical and very popular ' ' Lehr- 
 buch der Harmonie" (1S53 ; about 20 subse- 
 quent German editions ; best Engl, ed., " Manual 
 of Harmony," is that by J. P. Morgan, New 
 York ; also in Swedish, Russian, Polish, Italian) ; 
 its continuations are the ' ' Lehrbuch des einf achen 
 und doppelten Kontrapunkts " (1872 ; Engl, by 
 J. P. Morgan, New York, " Manual of Simple 
 and Double Counterpoint"); and "Lehrbuch 
 der Fuge " (1859 '< ^1^° Engl.) ; all have run 
 through several editions. R. was a skilful con- 
 trapuntist, and his vocal music, more especially 
 the a cappella motets, psalms, etc., is pleasing ; 
 he also comp. an oratorio, Christus der Erloser 
 (1849), Schiller's " Dithyrambe " (Schiller Fes- 
 tival, Gewandhaus, 1859), masses, string-quar- 
 tets, organ-music, violin-sonatas, pf. -sonatas, etc. 
 
 Richter, Franz Xaver, b. HoUeschau, Mo- 
 ravia, Dec. I, 1709; d. Sept. 12, 1789, as Ka- 
 fiellm. (since 1747) of Strassburg Cath., Pleyel 
 having been his assistant since 1783. — Works : 
 Fine church-music (7 masses, motets, a Te 
 Deum, etc., in MS. at St. -Die Cath.) ; 26 sym- 
 phonies (6 publ.), 6 string-quartets, 3 trios ; in 
 MS. an " Harmonische Belehrung . . . ," 
 transl. in 1804 by Kalkbrenner as " Traite 
 d'harmonie et de composition." 
 
 Richter, Hans, celebrated conductor ; b. 
 Raab, Hungary, Apr. 4, 1843. In 1853, choir- 
 boy in the Court 
 Chapel, Vienna; 
 from I 860-5 he 
 studied composi- 
 tion under Sechter, 
 piano-playing, and 
 the French horn, at 
 the Cons. From 
 1866-7 i" Lucerne 
 (Triebschen) with 
 Wagner, making for 
 him a fair copy of 
 the Meistersinger 
 score, and recom- 
 mended by him for 
 the position of cho- 
 rusmaster at the Munich Opera (Dec, 1867); 
 from Aug. 25, 1868, to Sept. i, 1869, court 
 cond. under v. Bulow. Conducted rehearsals 
 and initial performance of Lohengrin at Brus- 
 sels, 1870; after ten months more at Triebschen 
 he was app. Kafellm. at the Pesth National Th. 
 1871-5, then succeeding Dessoff as Kapellm. at 
 the Imperial Opera, Vienna, becoming 1st Ka- 
 fellm. on Hellmesberger's death in 1893. Since 
 1875 he has also cond. the concerts of the ' ' Gesell- 
 
 485 
 
RICHTER— RIEHL 
 
 schaft der Musikfreunde," excepting the season 
 of 1882-3, when Jahn was his deputy. He was 
 chosen by Wagner to conduct the Jiing des Ni- 
 belungen at Bayreuth in 1876, and as W.'s alter- 
 nate in conducting the Wagner Concerts in the 
 Albert Hall at London, 1877 ; has been conduc- 
 tor-in-chief of the Bayreuth Festivals ever since, 
 and since 1879 has given an annual series of 
 concerts at London. Has cond. several of the 
 Lower Rhenish Festivals, and (since 1885) the 
 Birmingham Festivals, succeeding Costa. In 
 1885 he was created Mus. Doc. hon. causa by 
 Oxford Univ. In 1898 the freedom of the city 
 of Vienna was bestowed on him. (Cf. London 
 " Musical Times " for July, 1899.) 
 
 Richter, Johann Christian Christoph, 
 father of Jean Paul Friedrich Richter ; b. Neu- 
 stadt am Kulm, Dec. 16, 1727 ; d. Schwarzen- 
 bach-on-Saale, 1779, as pastor. From 1760 he 
 was organist at Wunsiedel for some years, and 
 comp. vocal church-music (left in MS.). From 
 him his son inherited his musical nature, espe- 
 cially his fondness for improvising on the piano. 
 
 Ricie'ri, Giovanni Antonio, the teacher of 
 Padre Martini; b. Venice, May 12, 1679; d. 
 Bologna, 1746. In 1701, soprano singer at S. 
 Petronio, Bologna ; member of the Philharm. 
 Acad, till his dismissal in 1716. Lie wrote sev- 
 eral oratorios ; a fugue a 5 is given as a model 
 in Martini's " Saggio del contrappunto." 
 
 Ricor'di, Giovanni, founder of the great 
 music-publishing firm in Milan ; b. Milan, 1785 ; 
 d. there Mar. 15, 1853. At first violinist and 
 cond. at the old Fiando theatre, he also earned 
 small sums as a music-copyist, and in 1S07 went 
 to Leipzig to learn music-engraving in Breit- 
 kopf & Hartel's establishment. Returning, he 
 opened a little shop, and began publishing in 
 1808, the first works being engraved by him- 
 self. He was an intimate of Rossini, whose op- 
 eras he published ; alsd recognized Verdi's genius 
 when the latter was comparatively unknown. 
 His son Tito (1811-1888) succeeded to the busi- 
 ness. The present head of the firm is Giulio 
 Ricordi (b. Dec. 19, 1840, at Milan) ; he is edi- 
 tor-in-chief of the " Gazzetta Musicale," now 
 (1899) in its 55th year ; and is a composer of 
 elegant j«/o«-music f. pf. , under the pseudonym 
 of "J. Burgmein"; in earlier years he wrote a 
 string-quartet, a pf . -trio, a ballet, Un capriccio, 
 with Marco Sala (Milan, La Scala, 1866), etc. 
 He is well known as a patron of art. The pub- 
 lications of the firm exceed 102,000 at the pres- 
 ent writing. 
 
 Rie'chers, August, b. Mar. 8, 1836, in Han- 
 over; d. Berlin, Jan. 4, 1893. Skilful maker 
 and repairer of violins, trained by Bausch of 
 Leipzig; Joachim entrusted his violins to R.'s 
 hands. He publ. a valuable pamphlet : " The 
 Violin, and the Art of its Construction ; a Trea- 
 tise on the Stradivarius Violin " (Engl. ed. 1895 ; 
 PP' 35)1 with 4 plates of full-size diagrams ex- 
 hibiting the structure and exact dimensions of 
 the model "Strad." 
 
 Rie'del, Carl, b. Kronenberg, n. Elberfeld, 
 Oct. 6, 1827 ; d. Leipzig, June 3, 1888. A silk- 
 dyer by trade, the Revolution of 1848 upset his 
 business, and turned his thoughts to the serious 
 study of music. He became a pupil of Carl 
 Wilhelm at Krefeld, and entered the Leipzig 
 Cons, in 1849. In 1854 he organized the " Rie- 
 delverein," a singing-society which later became 
 famous, for the performance of ancient church- 
 music. The first public concert was given in 
 1855 ; in 1859 his fine mixed chorus successfully 
 performed Bach's mass in B minor. On Bren- 
 del's death in 1868, R. was elected president of 
 the " Allgemeiner deutscher Musikverein," and 
 founded the Leipzig branch (" Zweigverein "). 
 A powerful advocate of the Wagner Festivals, 
 he also became president of the " Wagner- 
 verein." The Duke of Altenburg conferred on R. 
 the title of " Professor" in 1868 ; Leipzig Univ. 
 created him Dr. phil. hon. causa in 1883. — His 
 publ. works include only a few songs and part- 
 songs. His collections, " Altbohmische Hussi- 
 ten- und Weihnachtslieder," and "12 altdeutsche 
 Lieder"; his skilful reduction of Schutz's 4 
 Passions to one ; and his editions of Schutz's 
 ""'Sieben Worte," J. W. Franck's " GeistHche 
 Melodien," Eccard's " Preussische Festlieder," 
 Praetorius's "Weihnachtslieder," showthe hand 
 of a master. — As his successor^ the " Riedel- 
 verein elected Hermann Kretzschmar, who was 
 succeeded, in 1897, by Dr. Gohler. 
 
 Rie'del, Hermann, b. Burg, n. Magdeburg, 
 Jan. 2, 1847. Pupil of the Vienna Cons.; court 
 Kapellm. at Brunswick ; noted song-comp. (the 
 lyrics in Scheffel's " .Trompeter von Sakkingen"). 
 
 Rie'del, Fiirchtegott Ernst August, b. 
 
 Chemnitz, May 22, 1855. Pupil of Leipzig 
 Cons. 1876-8 ; since 1890, town cantor at Plauen, 
 Saxony, where he also conducts the "Musik- 
 verein." — Works : The cantata Winfried, op. 
 16 ; Der Sachsen Festtagssang, op. 17 ; songs 
 and part-songs ; and instructive pf. -pieces. 
 
 Riedt, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Berlin, Jan. 
 24, 1712 ; d. there Jan. 5, 1784. Flute-virtu- 
 oso, pupil of Graun and Schaffrath ; in 1741, 
 chamber-musician to Frederick the Great ; 1750, 
 director of the " Musikalische Gesellschaft " at 
 Berlin. — Works : Symphonies ; quartets; 6 trios 
 f . 2 flutes and bass ; sonatas f. 2 flutes ; a so- 
 nata f. flute and 'cello ; also a " Versuch fiber 
 die musikal. Intervalle " (1753) ; etc. 
 
 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich von, b. Biebrich- 
 on-Rhine, May 6, 1823 ; d. Munich, Nov. 16, 
 1897. Writer on the history of civilization ; 
 from 1854, prof, of political economy at Munich 
 Univ. ; for a time director of the court theatre 
 at Wiesbaden ; from 1885, director of the Bava- 
 rian National Museum, etc., at Munich ; also 
 lectured on mus. history at the R. Music-School. 
 — Publ. "Musikalische Charakterkbpfe " (3 
 vol.s : 1853, '61, '78 ; vol. iii, containing the 
 essays " Die Kriegsgeschichte der deutschen 
 
 Oper" and "Die beiden Beethoven, is 
 
 486 
 
RIEM— RIES 
 
 best) ; and 2 vol.s of original songs, " Hausmu- 
 sik" (1S56, '77). 
 
 Riem, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Kolleda, Thu- 
 ringia, Feb. 17, 1779 ; d. Bremen, Apr. 20, 
 1857, as cathedral-organist and cond. of the 
 Singakademie . He was a pupil of J. A. Hiller, 
 in Leipzig, and organist at the Thomaskirche 
 1814-22, then being called to Bremen. Rein- 
 thaler was his successor. — Works : Cantata in 
 commemoration of the Augsburg Confession 
 (Bremen, 1830) ; a string-quintet, 3 string-quar- 
 tets, violin-sonatas, sonatas and other pieces f. 
 pf. ; also publ. (KOrner : Erfurt) a coll. of organ- 
 pieces for concert and church. 
 
 Rie'mann, Hugo, distinguished author, 
 critic, and teacher ; b. Grossmehlra, n. Sonders- 
 hausen, July 18, 1849. He was trained in theory 
 byFrankenberger at Sondershausen, studying the 
 piano with Barthel and Ratzenberger ; took the 
 gymnasial course in the Rossleben ' ' Kloster- 
 schule," 1865-8, and studied at first law, then 
 philosophy and history, at Berlin and Tubingen ; 
 and, after passing through the campaign of 
 1870-1, entered the Leipzig Cons. In 1873 he 
 took the degree of Dr. phil. at Gottingen with 
 the dissertation " Musikalische Logik" (publ.) ; 
 was active as a cond. and teacher at Bielefeld 
 until [878, when he qualified as Universitylecturer 
 on music at Leipzig ; taught music at Bromberg 
 1880-1, then at the Hamburg Cons, till 1S90, at 
 the Sondershausen Cons, for a short time, and at 
 the Wiesbaden Cons, until 1895, when he resumed 
 his lectures at Leipzig. He is an honorary mem- 
 ber of the Cecilia Acad, at Rome, of the Royal 
 Inst, at Florence, and of the Soc. for the Promo- 
 tion of Music in Amsterdam. R. has composed 
 many pf. -pieces, songs, a pf.-sonata, 6 sonatinas 
 (op. 43), a 4-hand sonatina (op. 49), a violin-so- 
 nata, a string-quartet, a trio (op. 47), several books 
 of pf. -studies (op. 40, 41), " Systematische Treff- 
 ilbungen filr den Gesang,'' etc. His writings, 
 historical, critical, and theoretical, are impor- 
 tant ; as a theorist, particularly, he is progres- 
 sive, and original. Chief historical -works : 
 " Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift " 
 (1878 ; essay for habilitation as Univ. lecturer) ; 
 "Die Entwickelungunsrer Notenschrift " (1881); 
 " Die Maprvpiai der byzantinischen liturgi- 
 schen Notation " (1882) ; " Geschichte der Mu- 
 siktheorie im X.-XIX.Jahrhundert" (Leipzig, 
 1898); theoretical: "SkizzeeinerneuenMethode 
 der Harmonielehre" (1880 ; 2nd ed., enlarged, 
 as " Handbuch der Harmonielehre," 1887) ; 
 " Neue Schule der Melodik" (1883) ; " Verglei- 
 chende Klavierschule " (1883); "Musikalische 
 Dynamik und Agogik ; Lehrbuch der musikali- 
 schen Phrasierung " (1884) ; " Praktische Anlei- 
 tung zum Phrasieren " (with Dr. Carl Fuchs, 
 1886 ; Engl, transl. New York, i8go, as " Prac- 
 tical Guide to the Art of Phrasing ") ; a series 
 of musical catechisms, publ. in English as (i) 
 " History of Mus. Instr.s, etc.," (2) " History 
 of Mus. Forms, etc.," (3) "Catechism of Mus. 
 Instr.s [Guide to Instrumentation]," (4) " Cate- 
 
 chism of Pianoforte-Playing," (5) "Analysis of 
 J. S. Bach's Well-tempered Clavichord " ; a 
 "Systematische Modulationslehre " (1887); 
 "Lehrbuch des . . . Kontrapunkts " (1888); 
 a " Vereinfachte Plarmonielehre " (1893 ; Engl, 
 transl. as "Harmony SimpUfied," 1896); and 
 a "Neue Klavierschule" ["New Pianoforte 
 School"] now (1899) pubUshing in parts. His 
 valuable "phrasing editions" of classical pf.- 
 works include hitherto unpubl. works of Friede- 
 mann Bach, Rameau's complete clavecin-works, 
 etc. Also edited a new ed. of Marx's " Kom- 
 positionslehre "; is mus. editor of Meyer's 
 " Konversationslexikon " ; translated Gevaert's 
 "Instrumentation" and " Origines du chant 
 liturgique " into German ; and has written many 
 critical and other papers for various periodicals. 
 A compilation of real value, containing much 
 original matter, is his " Musik-Lexikon " (1882 ; 
 5th ed. 1899 ; Engl. ed. 1893-6). 
 
 Rie'menschneider, Georg, b. Stralsund, 
 Apr. I, 1848. Pupil of Haupt and Kiel. Theatre- 
 cond. inLubeck (1875) and Danzig; now cond. 
 of the Breslau concert-orch. — Works : A l-act 
 opera Mondeszauber (Danzig, 1887) ; opera Die 
 Eisjungfrau ; orch.l comp.s " Julinacht " (sym- 
 phonic picture)," Nachtfahrt," " Donna Diana," 
 " Todtentanz," " Festpraludien." 
 
 Rie'pel, Joseph, b. Horschlag, Upper Aus- 
 tria, 1708 ; d. Ratisbon, Oct. 23, 1782, as cham- 
 ber-musician to the Prince of Thurn and Taxis. 
 Comp.s mostly MS. Theoretical writings are of 
 interest: " Anfangsgriinde zur musikalischen 
 Setzkunst . . . " (1752, 2nd ed. 1754) ; " Grund- 
 regeln zur Tonordnung " (1755); " Grundliche 
 Erklarung der Tonordnung . . . " (1757) ; "Er- 
 lauterung der betriiglichen Tonordnung ..." 
 (1765) ; " Unentbehrliche Anmerkung zum Con- 
 trapunct . . ."(1768); " Bassschlussel, das ist 
 Anleitung filr Anfanger und Liebhaber der Setz- 
 kunst ..." (1786 ; edited by his pupil, the 
 cantor Schubarth) ; and " Harmonisches Syl- 
 benmaass ..." (1776 ; 2 parts). 
 
 Ries, Ferdinand, [eldest son of Franz, " der 
 alteRies" (1755-1846), the leader and mus. 
 dir. to the Elector 
 Max Franz at Bonn,] 
 b. Bonn, Nov. 29, 
 1784 ; d. Frankfort- 
 on-Main, Jan. 13, 
 1838. Piano - pupil 
 of Beethoven, his 
 father's friend at 
 Bonn, from 1801-5 , 
 at Vienna ; st. theory ' 
 with Albrechtsberg- (/^ 
 er. He lived 2 years 
 in Paris, made pian- 
 istic tours in North 
 Germany, Scandina- 
 via, and Russia, and 
 resided in London 
 1813-24, prominent as a player, teacher, and 
 composer. He then retired to an estate at 
 
 487 
 
RIES— RIGHINI 
 
 Godesburg, near Bonn ; and from 1830 resided 
 in Frankfort, thougli he was town mus. dir. at 
 Aix 1834-6. He conducted several Lower Rhine 
 Festivals, also tlie " Cacilienverein " in 1837-8. 
 He is best known by his ' ' Biographische Notizen 
 ilber L. van Beethoven " (1838), which his inti- 
 macy with the great man renders extremely valu- 
 able. He was an excellent pianist, and a prolific 
 composer : 3 operas, Die Rduberbraut (Frank- 
 fort, 1828), Liska (as The Sorcerer at London, 
 1831), and Eine Nacht auf dem Libanon (not 
 perf.) ; 2 oratorios, Der Sieg.des Glaubens, and 
 Die Konige Israels ; 6 symphonies, 3 overtures, 
 9 pf. -concertos, i violin-concerto, 6 quintets 
 variously combined ; an octet, a septet, 2 sextets, 
 a quintet, 3 quartets and 5 trios, all w. pf . ; 6 
 string-quintets, 14 string-quartets, 20 violin-so- 
 natas, I 'cello-sonata, a trio f. 2 pf.s and harp, 
 52 well-written pf.-sonatas (in which the method, 
 but not the spirit, of Beethoven is apparent) ; 
 other pf. -music. 
 
 Ries, Hubert, brother of preceding ; b. Bonn, 
 Apr. I, 1802 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 14, 1886. Studied 
 at Kassel under Spohr (vln.) and Hauptmann 
 (corap.); in 1836, leader of the royal orch., Ber- 
 lin ; in 1839, full member of the R. Acad, of 
 Arts; in 185 1, teacher at the Royal " Theater- 
 instrumentalschule"; pensioned 1872. Excellent 
 instructive works for violin : A Method (also 
 in English) ; "30 Elementary Violin-Studies " ; 
 "15 Violinstudien von massiger Schwierigkeit," 
 op. 26 ; " 50 Intonationsilbungen," " 12 Violin- 
 studien in Form von Concertstucken," op. 9 ; 
 duets, exercises, etc. 
 
 Ries, Adolf, son of Hubert ; b. BerHn, Dec. 
 20, 1837. Pf .-teacher in London ; has publ. 
 chamber-music, songs, and pf. -music. 
 
 Ries, Franz, brother of preceding ; b. Ber- 
 lin, Apr. 7, 1846. Violin-pupil of his father, 
 and of Massart at Paris Cons. (i865-8) ; excellent 
 concert-violinist, but gave up playing in 1875 on 
 account of nervousness, and entered the music- 
 publishing business (Ries & Erler, Berlin). — As 
 a composer (pupil of Kiel), he has written fine 
 orchestral and chamber-music (string-quintet, 
 string-quartets, violin-suites), pf.-pieces, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Ries, Hugibert, pseudonym of Dr. Hugo 
 RiEMANN, affixed to some early . journalistic 
 productions. 
 
 Rie'ter-Bie'dermann, J. Melchior, b. May 
 
 14, 1811, and d. Jan. 15, 1876, at Winterthur, 
 Switzerland, where he founded the well-known 
 music-publishing house in 1849, with a branch 
 at Leipzig in 1862. 
 
 Rietz, Julius, b. Berlin, Dec. 28, 1812 ; d. 
 Dresden, Sept. 12, 1877. His father was the 
 royal chamber-musician Johann Friedrich R. 
 (d. 1828); his brother Eduard (1802-1832) was 
 Mendelssohn's intimate friend, a talented violin- 
 ist, and' the founder of the Berlin Philharm. Soc. 
 — Julius was a 'cello-pupil of Schmidt, Bernhard 
 
 Romberg, and M. Ganz ; in 1828 he joined the 
 orch. of the Konigstadter Th., for which he 
 wrote the incid. music to Holtei's play, Lorbeer- 
 baum und Betlelstab. In 1834 he became 2nd 
 cond.at the Diisseldorf opera under Mendelssohn, 
 whom he succeeded as 1st in 1835, next year 
 becoming town mus. dir. In 1847 he was called 
 to Leipzig as theatre-Iiafellm. and cond. of the 
 Singakademie, Ferd. Hiller replacing him at 
 Dusseldorf ; in 1848 also cond. of the Gewand- 
 haus Concerts, and prof, of comp. at the Cons. 
 To devote himself to these latter duties he re- 
 signed his theatre-conductorship in 1854. He 
 succeeded Reissigeras court Kafellm. at'Dresden 
 in i86o, conducting the opera, and the music at 
 the court church (R. C.) ; later he was made 
 artistic director of the Cons., and received the 
 title of " General-Musikdirector" in 1874. A 
 conductor of great ability, and a scholarly musi- 
 cian, R.'s editorial work was of high value; his 
 last work was the complete edition of Mendels- 
 sohn for Breitkopf & Hartel ; he also edited 
 Mozart's operas and symphonies, Beethoven's 
 symphonies and overtures, etc. As a composer 
 he belongs to the Mendelssohn school, and was 
 quite out of sympathy with the neo-German 
 movement. — Works : 4 operas. Das Mddchen 
 ausderFremde, " Singspiel " (Dusseldorf, 1833), 
 Jery und Bdtely (Berlin, 1840?), Der Corsar 
 (Leipzig, 1850), and Georg Neumark und die 
 Gambe{V<fe\ma.r, 1859), •'hs last two being fail- 
 ures ; 3 symphonies, several overtures (the best 
 are op. 7, concert-overture in A, and op. 18, the 
 " Lustspielouvertiire ") ; music to plays ; 2 'cello- 
 concertos, I violin-concerto, i clar.-concerto, a 
 string-quartet, a Capriccio f. violin w. orch., 
 Concertstucke f. oboe w. orch. (Adagio, Inter- 
 mezzo, Finale), Concertstuck f. orch. (" Idyl- 
 lische Scene") ; a pf. -concerto ; a violin-sonata, 
 a flute-sonata, pf.-sonatas and other pf. -music ; — 
 masses, motets, psalms, chorals, and much other 
 church-music ; " Altdeutscher Schlachtgesang," 
 f. male ch. and orch. ; Schiller's " Dithyrarabe" 
 f. ditto (often perf.) ; many choruses, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Ri'ga, Frantz [Francois], b. Lie'ge, Jan. 
 21, 1831 ; d. Schaerbeek, n. Brussels, Jan. 18, 
 1892. Belgian comp. , noted for his male cho- 
 ruses. 
 
 Righi'ni, VincenzQ, b. Bologna, Jan. 22, 
 1756 ; d. there Aug. 19, 1812. Pupil of Ber- 
 nacchi (singing) and Padre Martini (cpt.). 
 Stage-debut as a tenor singer at Parma, 1775 ; 
 went to Prague in 1776, where he also began 
 composing ; in 1780 he became singing-master 
 to the Archduchess Elisabeth at Vienna, and 
 cond. at the Opera Buffa ; from 1788-92, Elec- 
 toral Kapellm. at Mayence ; and in 1793, after 
 the successful production of his opera Enea nel 
 Lazio at Berlin, he was app. Kapellm. at the 
 Court Opera with a salary of 4000 Thaler 
 ($3000). Of some 20 operas, three (Tigrane, 
 1799 ; Gerusalemme liberata, 1802 ; Laselvain- 
 cantata, 1802) were publ. in pf .-score at Leipzig ; 
 
RILL]£— RIMSKY-KORSAKOV 
 
 the overture to Tigrane is still played ; also 
 publ. a Serenade f. 2 horns and 2 bassoons ; a 
 fliite-concerto ; 2 pf.-trios ; a mass, a Requiem, 
 a Te Deum, cantatas, duets, arias, etc. ; and a 
 series of very fine vocal exercises (i8o6). 
 
 RillS. See Laurent de Rill£. 
 
 Rimbault, Edward Francis, distinguished 
 writer and editor ; b. London, June 13, 1816 ; 
 d. there Sept. 26, 1876. Son of Stephen B'rancis 
 R., organist and composer (1773-1837) ; pupil 
 of his father, of Samuel Wesley, and Dr. Crotch ; 
 organist of the Swiss Church, Soho, in 1832. 
 From youth a student of mus. history and lit- 
 erature, he began giving lectures on English 
 musical history in 1838 ; in 1840 he founded, 
 with E. Taylor and W. Chappell, the Musical 
 Antiquarian Society, and became secretary to the 
 Percy Soc; and in 1841, editor to the Motet 
 Soc. He was elected F.S.A. in 1842, also a 
 member of the Stockholm Academy ; and re- 
 ceived the degree of Dr. phil. from Gottingen, 
 and (1S48) that of LL.D., Harvard, where he 
 declined the proffered appointment of Prof, of 
 Music. He was in great request as a lecturer 
 (at the Royal Inst.; at the Collegiate Inst., 
 Liverpool ; the Philosophic Inst., Edinburgh ; 
 etc.) ; between lecturing and editorial work, his 
 time was so fully occupied that he had little 
 leisure for composition, producing only 2 small 
 stage-pieces ( The Fair Maid of Islington [Lon- 
 don, 1838] and The Castle Spectre [ib., 1839]), 
 a cantata. Country Life, part-songs, and various 
 songs, of which "Happy Land" remains the 
 popular favorite. — Writings: "Who was Jack 
 Wilson, the singer of Shakespeare's stage?" 
 (1846, attempt to prove him identical w. John 
 Wilson, Mus. Doc); " Bibliotheca Madrigali- 
 ana"(i847; English poetry and comp.s publ. 
 during reignsof Elizabeth and James I.) ; " First 
 Book of the Pianoforte" (1848) ; " The Organ, 
 its History and Construction " (1855 and other 
 ed.s ; it is the first part of the Appendix to 
 Hopkins' " Hist, of the Org.") ; " The Piano- 
 forte ; its Origin, Progress, and Construction " 
 (i860) ; " The early English Organ-builders and 
 their Works " (1864) ; " J. S. Bach " [after Hil- 
 genfeldt and Forkel] (1869) ; an "Harmonium 
 Tutor"; a "Guide to the Use of the new 
 Alexandre Church Harmonium"; "The Har- 
 monium " (1857 ; for drawing-room and church) ; 
 a " Singing Tutor" [after Lablache] ; — Editorial 
 work : " Cathedral Chants of the i6th-i8th Cen- 
 turies," w. biogr. notes (1844) ; " Order of Daily 
 Service . . in the Abbey Ch. of St. Peter, 
 Westminster" (1844) ; " Coll. of Anthems . . . 
 of the Madrigalian Era" (1845); "Cathedral 
 Music" (I vol.); "Coll. of Services and An- 
 thems " adapted from Palestrina, Orlando di 
 Lasso, etc. (3 vol.s); " Handbook for the Parish 
 Choir"; "Order of Morning and Evening 
 Prayer" a 4; "Vocal Part-music, Sacred and 
 Secular " ; " Christmas Carols, with the Ancient 
 Melodies" (1847); "Old English Carols" 
 (1865) ; "The Full Cathedral Service, with the 
 
 Mus. Notation as Adapted and Composed by 
 Th. Tallis," w. biography and hist. Preface ; 
 "Order of Daily Service" by Tallis; Edward 
 Lowe's " Order of Chanting the Cathedral 
 Service"; Thomas Este's "Whole Book of 
 Psalms" a 4, w. hist, and biogr. notice ; " The 
 Booke of Common Prayer with Musical Notes, 
 as used in the Chapel Royal of Edward VI., 
 1550. Compiled by John Merbecke " (in fac- 
 simile; also in modern score ) ; " The Organist's 
 Handbook," a coll. of voluntaries, chiefly Ger- 
 man ; "Organist's Portfolio"; Arnold's "Ca- 
 thedral Music," w. biogr. notes, and organ- 
 accomp. written out ; a 5-part mass by Byrd (in 
 score, with hist, introd.) ; Morley's " First Book 
 of Ballets for 5 Voices " of 1595 ; Bateson's 
 "First Set of Madrigals for 3-5 Voices"; O. 
 Gibbons's "Fantasias of 3 Parts for Viols"; 
 Purcell's opera Bonduca (w. history of dram, 
 music in England); "Parthenia"; Purcell's 
 Ode for St. Cecilia's Day ; ' ' The Ancient Vocal 
 Music of England" (2 vol.s, 1846-9); "Little 
 Book of Songs and Ballads, gathered from An- 
 cient Musick Books" (1840; 2nd ed. 1851) ; 
 "Little Lays for Little Learners"; "Nursery 
 Rhymes, with the Tunes to which they are sung 
 in the Nursery of England " (1847, 3rd ed. 1857) ; 
 " Mus. Illustrations of Bishop Percy's Reliques 
 of English Poetry" (1850); "The Rounds, 
 Catches and Canons of England . . . i6th-iSth 
 centuries"; "The Old Cheque-book, or Book 
 of Remembrance of the Chapel Royal, from 
 1561-1744 " ; " Memoirs of Musick by the Hon. 
 Roger North, Attourney-General to James II." — 
 R. also edited Handel's Samson, Saul, and Mes- 
 siah, for the London "Handel Soc." ; operas 
 by various composers ; many works for the 
 "Percy Soc"; edited and wrote for "The 
 Choir " for a number of years ; contributed 
 many articles to the " Imperial Dictionary " and 
 Grove's " Dictionary" ; and made a great num- 
 ber of vocal transcriptions, arrangements, selec- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 Rimsky-Kor'sakov, Nikolas Andreje- 
 vitch, Russian composer ; b. Tikhvin, Govt, of 
 Novgorod, May 21 
 (N. S.), 1844. In- 
 tended for the navy, 
 he studied at the 
 Naval Inst., St. 
 Petersburg ; but also 
 took pf.-lessons, and 
 in 1861 began serious 
 mus. study with Bala- 
 kirev. ist symphony 
 prod. 1865 ; in 1871, 
 app. prof, of comp. 
 and instrumentation 
 at St. P. Cons., also 
 Inspector of Marine 
 Bands 1873-84, 
 Director of Free School of Music, 1874-87, and 
 until 1881 cond. of concerts there (in place of 
 Balakirev) ; 1883, asst.-cond. (to Balakirev) of 
 
 489 
 
RINALDI— RITTER 
 
 the Imperial Orch.; since 1886, cond. of the 
 Russian Symphony Concerts. In 1889 he cond. 
 2 Russian concerts at the Trocadero, Paris. — 
 Works : Operas : Pskovitjanka [The Maid of 
 Pskov] (St. Petersburg, Imp. Th., 1873) ; 
 A May Night (ibid., 1880) ; Snegorotchka 
 [" Schneewittchen"] (ibid., 1882); Mozart and 
 Salieri (Moscow, date ?) ; opera-ballet Mlada 
 (St. P., l8g2) ; opera Christmas Eve (ibid., 
 1895). — Orchestral works : 3 symphonies (E 
 min.; "Antar" [1881] ; C maj.) ; sinfonietta 
 in A min.; "Russian" overture; Servian fan- 
 tasia ; Spanish capriccio ; the raus. tableau 
 "Sadko" (1876); "Fairy Tales"; " Shehera- 
 zade"; "Easter." — Other works: Pf. -concerto 
 in C jt pin. ; concert-fantasia f . violin ; string- 
 quartet ; pf . -pieces ; a cappella choruses ; church- 
 music ; about 30 songs ; and a coll. of 100 
 popular Russian Songs. — He orchestrated Dar- 
 gomyzsky's Commodore^ Mussorgsky's Khovan- 
 stchyna, and Borodin's Prince Igor (all posthu- 
 mous operas) ; and publ. a treatise on Harmony. 
 
 Rinal'di, Giovanni, b. Reggiolo, Emilia, 
 Italy, in 1840 ; d. Genoa, Mar. 25, 1895. Studied 
 under Asioli at Correggio ; then (1854-61) at 
 the Milan Cons. Settled in Genoa. Excellent 
 pianist ; comp. for pf. of the romantic school. — 
 Works ; Spigliatezze, Divagazioni pianistiche, 
 Pagine d'Album, Pifferate, Sfumature, Inter- 
 mezzi, Fantasticherie, Sorrisi di bimba, Mondo 
 piccino, Frammenti, Bozzetti a matita, etc. 
 
 Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich, famous 
 organist; b. Elgersburg, Thuringia, Feb. 18, 
 1770; d. Darmstadt, Aug. 7, 1846. Studied 
 under several Thuringian organists, then under 
 Bach's pupil Kittel, in Erfurt (1786-9). Town- 
 organist at Giessen, 1790 ; ditto at Darmstadt, 
 1805, also teaching in the Seminary ; became 
 court organist there in 1813, and chamber-musi- 
 cian in 1817. One of the foremost players of 
 the time, he made frequent concert-tours. Dr. 
 phil. hail, causa, Giessen, 1840. Many organ- 
 works : " Orgelschule " (op. 55; new ed. by 
 Otto Dienel, 1881) ; 2 " Choralbucher"; many 
 preludes to chorals (op. 2, 25, 37, 47, 49, 52, 53, 
 58, 63, 65, 74, 93, 95, 105, Ii5) ; postludes (op. 
 48, 78, 107, 114) ; variations on chorals (op. 40, 
 ^4. 77. 78, 109); " Der Choralfreund " (7 annual 
 issues: Op. 104, no, 115, 117, 119, 122; also 
 2 supplements) ; variations (op. 56, 57, 70, 84, 
 89, 108); pieces (op. 8, 9, 29, 33, 37, 38, 66, 72, 
 92, 94, 99, 100, 106) ; hints on organ-playing 
 (op. 124, etc.) ; — also a Paternoster a 4, w. 
 organ ; a mass, motets, hymns, chorals, sacred 
 songs; 3 sonatas f. pf. , violin, and 'cello, op. 
 32 ; another do. in E [> ; sonatas f . pf . and 'cello 
 (also for 4 hands) ; pf. -trios ; preludes and exer- 
 cises f. pf. ; etc. — Biographical: His " Auto- 
 biography " (Breslau, 1833); biography by M. 
 J. Falsing (1848) ; sketch by Clement in " Musi- 
 ciens cel^bres." 
 
 Ring'el, Federico. Pen-name of Baron F. 
 d'Erlanger. 
 
 Ring'ler, Eduard, b. Nuremberg, Jan. 8, 
 1838. Intended for a school-teacher, he also 
 had music-lessons of Heinr. Hohmann ; adopted 
 the raus. profession in 1868, studying till 1871 
 with Grobe and Dupont at Nuremberg. Cond. 
 the Singverein for 5 years ; since 1883, choir- 
 director in the synagogue, and (since 1890) cond. 
 of the " Verein fur klassischen Chorgesang," one 
 of the best mixed choruses in S. Germany. Sing- 
 ing-teacher for advanced students ; mus. critic 
 for the " Frankischer Kurier." His comp.s fol- 
 low early classic models. — Works : A 2-act 
 " Volksoper" Eppelein von Gailingen (Nuremb., 
 1896; succ; also in Bamberg, Erlangen, Furth); 
 4-act grand opera Frithjof j songs. 
 
 Rinucci'ni, Ottavio, b. Florence, 1562; d. 
 there 1 621. The librettist of Peri and Caccini's 
 opera Dafne (1594), Peri's Euridice (1600), and 
 Monteverde's Arianna a A'asso (1608) ; Dafne 
 being the first opera ever performed. (Biogr. 
 sketch in " Gazzetta Musicale" of Milan, 1894, 
 Nos. 26, 29.) 
 
 Ri'pa, Alberto de, called Alberto Manto- 
 vano, because a native of Mantua ; d. about 
 1580. Celebrated lutist, in the service of Fran- 
 5ois I. of France. — Works: " Tablature de 
 Luth " in 6 books (1553-8 ; important) ; pieces 
 in Phalese's publications of 1546 and 1574 ; also 
 in Francesco da Forli's ' ' Intavolatura di liuto " 
 (1536). 
 
 Risch'bieter, Wilhelm Albert, talented 
 theorist ; b. Brunswick, 1834. Pupil of Haupt- 
 mann ; violinist in Leipzig, Bremen, Nurem- 
 berg, and Liegnitz ; since 1862, teacher of harm, 
 and apt. at Dresden Cons. — Has written a 
 symphony, overtures, and other instr.l works ; 
 publ. " Ueber Modulation, Quartsextakkord, 
 und Orgelpunkt" (1879); " Erlauterungen und 
 Aufgaben zum Studium des Kontrapunkts " 
 (1885); "Die Gesetzmassigkeit der Harmonik " 
 (1888) ; other theoretical essays in mus. periodi- 
 cals. 
 
 Risto'ri, Giovanni Alberto, b. Bologna, 
 1692 ; d. Dresden, Feb. 7,, 1753, where he had 
 been successively comp. for the Ital. Court 
 Opera, and director of the Polish orch. (1717). 
 chamber-organist (1733), church-comp. (1746), 
 and Vice-Kapellm. (1750). His comic operas 
 Calandro (1726) and Don Chisciotte {^Ti-j) are 
 among the earliest of their kind ; he also wrote 
 13 more operas, 3 oratorios, 16 cantatas, 11 
 masses, and much other sacred and instr.l 
 music. 
 
 Ritter, Alexander, b. Narva (or Reval), 
 Russia, June 27 (N. S.), 1833 ; d. Munich, Apr. 
 12, 1896. Violinist ; leader at Meiningen, Wei- 
 mar, Stettin, and WUrzburg, in which last town 
 he est. a music-business. — Works : 2 short ope- 
 ras, Der faule Hans, and Wem die Krone? 
 (both successfully prod, at Weimar, 1890, under 
 Rich. Strauss); " Seraphische Fantasia" f. 
 orch. ; ' ' Olaf's Hochzeitsreigen " (a " symphonic 
 
 490 
 
RITTER— ROCKSTRO 
 
 waltz"); orch.l fantasia " Sursum corda"; etc.; 
 many fine songs. 
 
 Ritter, August Gottfried, organ-virtuoso ; 
 b. Erfurt, Aug. 25, i8n ; d. Magdeburg, Aug. 
 26, 1885. Pupil of Fischer at Erfurt, Hummel 
 at Weimar, Berger, A. W. Bach, and Rungen- 
 hagen at Berlin ; 1837, org. at Erfurt ; 1844, 
 cathedral-org. at Merseburg ; 1847, ditto at 
 Magdeburg, succeeding Miihling. Edited the 
 "tirania" 1844-8; co-editor of the " Orgel- 
 freund" and " Orgelarchiv " ; publ. an excellent 
 "Geschichte des Orgelspiels im 14.-18. Jahr- 
 hundert" (1884), and the " Kunst des Orgel- 
 spiels" (2 vol.s ; 9 editions); 4 fine organ- 
 sonatas (op. II, ig, 23, 31) ; preludes to chorals 
 (op. 4-9, 13, 25, 29, 38), other organ-pieces, and 
 4 choral-books ; also wrote a pf. -concerto, a pf.- 
 quartet, 2 symphonies, 3 overtures, etc. 
 
 Ritter [Raymond-Ritter], Fanny, Ameri- 
 can authoress ; b. Philadelphia, 1840 ; wife of 
 Dr. F. L. liitter. She has publ. " Woman as 
 a Musician, an Art-historical Study " (1877) ; 
 "Some Famous Songs, an Art-hist. Sketch"; 
 and various other sketches ; also good transla- 
 tions of Schumann's " Music and Musicians," 
 Ehlert's " Letters on Music to a Lady" (1877). 
 
 Ritter, Fr6d6ric-Louis, b. Strassburg, June 
 22, 1834 ; d. Antwerp, July 22, 1891. Pupil 
 of Schletterer and Hauser at Strassburg, and of 
 J. G. Kastner in Paris. In 1852, prof, of music 
 at Fenestrange Protestant Seminary, Lorraine ; 
 went with his parents in 185& to Cincinnati, and 
 organized the Cecilia vocal soc. and the Phil- 
 harm. Orch.; settled in New York, 1861, be- 
 coming cond. of the Sacred Harmonic Soc, and 
 the "Arion"; and in 1867 was app. prof, of 
 music at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, re- 
 moving thither in 1874. In 1878 the Univ. of 
 New York conferred on him the degree of Mus. 
 Doc. — Writings : " History of Music" (Boston, 
 1870-4, 2 vol.s; London, 1878, 2nd ed. 1880) ; 
 "Music in England" (New York, 1883) ; " Mu- 
 sic in America" (N. Y., 1883) ; " Musical Dic- 
 tation." — Compositions : 5 symphonies ; over- 
 tures ; 'cello-concerto; pf. -concerto ; trios, etc., 
 f. pf.; string-quartets ; — Psalm 46, f. sopr. solo, 
 ch., and orch.; Psalm 4, f. bar. solo, ch., and 
 orch.; Psalm 95, f. female voices w. organ; 
 " Hafis," Persian song-cycle (op. l) ; over 100 
 German songs ; etc. 
 
 Ritter, Georg Wenzel, bassoonist from 
 1788 in the Berlin court orch.; b. Mannheim, 
 Apr. 7, 1748 ; d. Berlin, June 16, 1808.— Publ. 
 2 bassoon-concertos, and 6 quartets f. bassoon 
 and strings; 
 
 Ritter, Hermann, b. Wismar, Sept. 16, 
 1849. Teacher at the R. School of Music, 
 Wurzburg. 
 
 Ritter {recte Bennet), Theodore, pianist, 
 b. near Paris, Apr. 5, 1841 ; d. Paris, Apr. 6, 
 1886. Pupil of Liszt ; made successful concert- 
 tours ; also publ. numerous solo piceces for pf. 
 
 (" Les Courriers " is a favorite). He prod, the 
 dram, scenes " Le paradis perdu" and " Me'- 
 phistopheles"; 2 unsuccessful operas, Marianne 
 (Paris, 1861) and La dea risorta (Florence, 
 1865) ; etc. 
 
 Rivfi-King, Julie, talented composer and 
 pianist ; b. Cincinnati, Ohio, , Oct. 31, 1857. 
 Her piano-music is deservedly popular (Im- 
 promptu in Ajj). 
 
 Robyn, Alfred G., composer ; b. St. Louis, 
 Missouri, Apr. 29, i860. He has written an 
 opera, some sacred music, and numerous songs 
 (" To thee alone"; " Good night"). 
 
 Roch'litz, Johann Friedrich, b. Leipzig, 
 Feb. 12, 1769 ; d. there Dec. 16, 1842. A pupil 
 of Doles in the Thomasschule, he entered the 
 University as a theological student ; but was 
 obliged to embrace the career of a tutor and 
 writer. He first publ. some novels and sketches ; 
 " Blicke in das Gebiet der Kunst . . . ," and 
 " Einige Ideen ilber Anwendungdes guten Ge- 
 schmacks" (both 1796), treat in part of music. 
 In 1798 he founded the " Allgemeine musikali- 
 sche Zeitung," which he edited till 1818, still 
 contributing until 1835 — the period of Bee- 
 thoven's career as a composer. From 1805 he 
 was a director of the Gewandhaus Concerts. He 
 received the title of " Hofrath " from the Grand 
 Duke of Weimar. His best-known work is 
 " Fiir Freunde der Tonkunst" (4 vol.s, 1824- 
 32 ; 3rd ed. 1868), which contains biographies, 
 essays, analyses of compositions, etc. ; vol. iv has 
 an outline "Geschichte der Gesangsmusik," 
 which R, supplemented by a "Sammlung vorzug- 
 licher Gesangstucke " in 3 vol.s, from Dufay 
 to Vallotti. He comp. songs for male chorus ; 
 also the 23rd Psalm ; and wrote many books for 
 operas, oratorios, cantatas, etc. 
 
 Rock'el, Joseph Leopold, b. London, Apr. 
 II, 1838. Pupil of Eisenhofer at Wurzburg, and 
 Gotze at Weimar, for comp., and of his father 
 and brother Eduard for pf. Lives in Clifton, 
 Bristol, as teacher and pianist. — Works : The 
 cantatas Fair Rosamond, Ruth, Wesiward-ho, 
 etc.; many characteristic pieces f. pf., and fan- 
 tasias on operatic airs ; songs, 
 
 Rockstro [recte Rackstraw), William 
 Smyth, b. North Cheam, Surrey, Jan. 5, 1823 ; 
 d. London, July 2, 1895. He studied 1845-6 
 at the Leipzig Cons, under Mendelssohn, Plaidy, 
 and Hauptmann. Returning to London, he 
 taught the piano and singing, also appearing oc- 
 casionally as a pianist. Lived for years at Tor- 
 quay ; from 1867, organist and honorary pre- 
 centor at All Saints', Babbicombe ; from 1891 in 
 London, giving lectures at the R. A. M.and R.C. 
 M. , taking a class in plain song at the latter. A 
 student of ecclesiastical music, he was one of the 
 foremost among English mus. antiquaries. — 
 Writings: " History of Music for Young Stu- 
 dents" (1879); "Practical Harmony" (1881) ; 
 " Rules of Counterpoint" (1882) ; "Life of G. F. 
 Handel "(1883) ; "Mendelssohn" (1884); Gen- 
 
 491 
 
RODA— RODER 
 
 eral History of Music" (1886); " Jenny Lind, 
 the Artist" (1891 ; with Canon Scott Holland) ; 
 "Jenny Lind, her Vocal Art and Culture" 
 (1894 ; w. Otto Goldschmidt) ; important con- 
 tributions to Grove's "Dictionary," and to the 
 " Mus. Times," " Mus. Society," etc. — He 
 composed a sacred cantata, The Good Shepherd 
 (Gloucester Fest., 1886), a 5-p. madrigal " O, 
 too cruel fair" (Bach Choir, 1884), a ballet. 
 Fiord's Path (i8gi), an overture, songs, etc.; 
 also publ. "Festival Psalter, Adapted to the 
 Gregorian Tones "; " Accompanying Harmonies 
 to the Ferial Psalter"; and "Harmonies for 
 Additional Chants and the Ambrosial Te Deum." 
 Ro'da, Ferdinand von, b. Rudolstadt, Mar. 
 26, 1815 ; died on the Biilow Estate, n. Kriwitz, 
 Apr. 26, 1876. Pupil of Hummel ; from 1842 
 in Hamburg, founding the Bach-Verein in 1855 ; 
 in 1857, mus. director at Rostock Univ. — 
 Works : Oratorio Der Sunder ; cantata Theo- 
 mela ; a Passion music ; " Das Siegesfest," and 
 scenes from Faust, for chorus ; excellent church- 
 music ; symphonies, pf. -music, etc. 
 
 Rode, (Jacques-) Pierre (-Joseph), famous 
 violinist ; b. Bordeaux, Feb. 16, 1774 ; d. Cha- 
 teau - Bourbon, n. 
 Damazon, Nov. 25, 
 1830. Pupil of Fau- 
 vel ; from 1787, of 
 Viotti at Paris. De- 
 but 1790 in a con- 
 certo by Viotti, at 
 the Th. Feydeau, 
 vyhere he v^as leader /// 
 of the and violins 
 1790-4 ; then, after 
 tours in Holland and 
 Germany, and a 
 short visit to Lon- 
 don, he was app. 
 prof, of violin at the 
 newly opened Cons. 
 During a visit to Spain in 1799 he met Boc- 
 cherini, who wrote concertos for liim. In 1800, 
 solo violinist to Napoleon ; from 1803-8, with 
 Boieldieu in Russia, becoming 1st violinist to 
 Emperor Alexander. After 3 years in Paris, he 
 toured Germany and Austria (at Vienna Beetho- 
 ven wrote for him the Romance, op. 50) ; lived 
 for a time in Berlin, where he married in 1814, 
 then retiring to Bordeaux. His final appearance 
 in Paris (1828) was a disheartening failure. — 
 Biography by A. Pougin. — Works ; 13 violin- 
 concertos ; Themes varies, w. orch. ; ditto w. 
 string-quartet ; fantasia w. orch. ; Cavatine et 
 rondeau, w. quartet ; the famed and indispensa- 
 ble " 24 Caprices en forme d'etudes, dans les 24 
 tons de la gamme"; 12 etudes; 3 books of 
 violin-duos ; Romances f ranjaises ; and a ' ' Me- 
 thode du violon" (with Baillot and Kreutzer). 
 
 Ro'de, Johann Gottfried, b. Kirchschei- 
 dungen, n. Freiburg-on-Unstrut, Feb. 25, 1797 ; 
 d. Potsdam, Jan. 8, 1857. Horn-virtuoso ; from 
 1827 bandmaster of the " Gardejagerbataillon " 
 
 in Berlin. — Works: "Die Hubertusjagd," a 
 tone-painting; "Die freundliche Klange der 
 Jagd," ditto; concertos f. horn ; do. f. trum- 
 pet ; various pieces and arrangements f. horn. 
 
 Ro'de, Theodor, son of preceding ; b. Pots- 
 dam, May 30, 1821 ; d. BerHn, Dec. 12, 1883. 
 Pupil of Berger, Elsler, and Dehn ; singing- 
 teacher at the Werder Gymnasium, Berlin. 
 Publ. a " Theoretisch-praktische Schulgesang- 
 bildungslehre " ; essays on Prussian military 
 music, and Russian horn-music, in periodicals. 
 Contr. to Mendel's "Mus. Konversationslexi- 
 kon." 
 
 Ro'der, Johann Michael, Berlin organ- 
 builder, d. about 1740. Built the great organ 
 in St. Maria Magdalena, Breslau (58 stops). 
 
 Ro'der, Fructuosus, b. Simmershausen,Mar. 
 5, 1747; d. Naples, 1789, as master of the 
 novices and school-director at the monastery of 
 San Lorenzo. Fine organist ; noted church- 
 comp. (" Jesu Tod "). 
 
 Ro'der, Georg Vincent, b. Rammungen, 
 Franconia, 1780 ; d. Altotting, Bavaria, Dec. 
 30, 1848. From 1805-24, court Kapellm. and 
 opera-cond. at Wiirzburg ; 1830, mus. dir. at 
 Augsburg; 1839, Kapellm. at Munich to King 
 Ludwig L — Much church-music : Oratorio La 
 Messiade ; cantata Cdcilia ; masses, psalms, 
 motets, etc. ; a symphony ; and an opera Die 
 Schweden (Prague, 1842). 
 
 Ro'der, Carl Gottlieb, b. Stotteritz, n. 
 Leipzig, June 22, -1812 ; d. Gohlis, Oct. 29, 
 1883. Founder of the great Leipzig establish- 
 ment for engraving and printing music. He 
 started in 1846 with one engraver's apprentice ; 
 to-day the business is probably the largest of its 
 kind in the world, and does work for music- 
 publishing firms the world over. A book-printing 
 department has also been added. In 1872 R.'s 
 sons-in-law C. L. H. Wolff and C. E. M. 
 Rentsch became partners in the firm ; R. himself 
 retired in 1876. 
 
 Ro'der, Martin, b. Berlin, Apr. 7, 1851 ; d. 
 Boston, Mass., June 7, 1895. Pupil of the R, 
 Hochschule, Berlin, 1870-1 ; chorusmaster at 
 the Teatro dal Verme, Milan, 1873-80. In 1875 
 he organized the " Societa del Quartette Corale," 
 which gave fine performances of classical m.usic ; 
 also conducted opera in various cities. P'rom 
 i88c>-i he lived in Berlin as a singing-teacher ; 
 then taught at Scharwenka's Cons, until 1887, 
 when he went to Dublin as prof, at the R. Acad, 
 of Music ; a position exchanged, in 1892, for the 
 directorship of the vocal department in the New 
 Engl. Cons., Boston. He was a musician of 
 broad scholarship and versatile attainments, and 
 a composer of marked ability. — Works : 3 operas, 
 Fietro Candiano IV (not perf.), Giudiita (not 
 perf.), and F"«-a (Hamburg, 1881) ; he also 
 wrote the books for the last two ; 2 mysteries, 
 Santa Maria appii della croce [after Tasso], and 
 Maria Magdalena (libretto by R. himself) ; 2 
 symphonic poems, " Azorenfahrt " and " Leo- 
 
 492 
 
RODIO— ROHDE 
 
 nore"; a symphony, an orch.l suite, an overture 
 "Attila," a quintet in A, a quartet in B(> min., 
 a trio in F min., pf.-music, etc. — Also publ. 
 "Ober den Stand der Offentliclien Musikpflege 
 in Italien" (Leipzig, 1881) ; " Studi critici, rac- 
 colti " (Milan, 1881 ; he was an esteemed contrib- 
 utor to the ' ' Gazzetta Musicale " signing his 
 articles " Raro Miedtner") ; and " Dal taccuino 
 di un direttore di orchestra " (1881) ; in Ger. as 
 "Aus dem Tagebuch eines wandernden Kapell- 
 meisters" (1882). 
 
 Ro'dio, Rocco, celebrated contrapuntist of 
 the early Neapolitan school ; b. Calabria, about 
 1530; d. (?). Publ. " Regole per far contrap- 
 punto solo e accompagnato nel canto fermo " 
 (1st ed. abt. 1600 ; 3rd ed. 1626) ; also a coll. 
 (Naples, 1580) of g masses; the last, " Missa de 
 Beata Virgine " {a 5) is remarkable, as it can be 
 sung by 4 or 3 voices by omitting the quintus 
 and superius (soprano), and also by the 3 highest 
 voices if quintus and bassus are omitted. 
 
 Rodolphe (or Rudolph), Jean-Joseph, b. 
 Strassburg, Oct. 14, 1730 ; d. Paris, Aug. 18, 
 1812. Pupil of his father for horn and violin ; 
 later of Leclair (vln.) at Paris ; 1st violin in 
 theatres at Bordeaux, Montpellier, etc. ; about 
 1754 in the service of the Duke of Parma, study- 
 ing under Traetta ; 1760 in Stuttgart, under 
 Jommelli, also bringing out several " Ballets 
 heroJques " (Med^e et Jason , PsycM ; La mart 
 d'Hercule; Armide). From 1763 in Paris; 1765, 
 1st horn in the Grand Opera orch.; 1770, royal 
 chamber-musician ; 1784, prof, of harmony at the 
 "Ecole royale de chant" (later the Cons.), los- 
 ing the place during the Revolution, but rein- 
 stated as prof, of solfege in 1799, ^"'^ pensioned 
 in 1802. — Works: 3 operas for Paris; 2 horn- 
 concertos ; fanfares for 2 and 3 horns ; duos and 
 studies for violin ; etc. ; also 2 text-books, " Sol- 
 fege "(1790) and " Theorie d'accompagnement 
 et de composition" (1799). 
 
 Roeck'el. See ROckel. 
 
 Roger, Victor, b. Montpellier, France, July 
 21, 1854. Studied at the !^cole Niedermeyer. 
 Composer of light opera ; mus. critic of " La 
 France." Has prod, about 20 operettas, etc., 
 the latest of which are Sa Majesty V Amour 
 (1896), VAuberge du Tohu-Bohu (1897), Les 
 Fitards (1897), VAgence Crook S^ Co., 4-act 
 vaud.-operetta (1898), the 3-act ditto La petite 
 Tdche (1898), and the 4-act operetta Poule 
 blanche (1899 ; succ). 
 
 Roger, Gustave-Hippolyte, famous operatic 
 tenor; b. La Ghapelle St. -Denis, n. Paris, Dec. 
 17, 1815 ; d. Paris, Sept. 12, 1879. Pupil, from 
 1836, of Martin and Morin in the Cons. ; debut 
 1838 at the Opera-Comique, vifhere he sang till 
 1848 ; then at the Opera, creating the role of the 
 Proph^te in 1849. From 1850 he also toured 
 Germany. Was app. prof, of singing at the 
 Cons, in i868. 
 
 Rogers, Clara Kathleen, nie Barnett ; b. 
 
 Cheltenham, Engl., Jan. 14, 1844; daughter of 
 
 John Barnett, "the father of English opera" 
 [Grove], Taught by her parents till 1856 ; then 
 till i860 at Leipzig Cons, by Moscheles and 
 Plaidy (pf.), Papperitz and Richter (theory), 
 David and Rietz (ensemble-playing) ; also sing- 
 ing (1859) by Goetze. St. in Berlin 6 months ; 
 and for the stage at Milan with Sangiovanni. 
 Debut Turin, 1863, as Isabella in Roberto il 
 Diavolo (stage-name "Clara Doria"); sang at 
 Genoa, Leghorn, Florence, and Naples (S. Carlo 
 Th., as Amina and Lucia) ; then on the Lon- 
 don concert-stage for 5 years. Went to America 
 1871 with the Parepa-Rosa company ; debut N. 
 Y. Acad, of Music as " Bohemian Girl," Oct. 
 4 ; later sang Donna Elvira {Don C), the 
 Countess (Figaro), and other roles, in N. Y., 
 Boston, Philadelphia, etc. In 1872-3, sang 
 with the Maretzek company ; then settled in 
 Boston as a concert-singer, singing-teacher, and 
 composer. Married a Boston lawyer, Plenry M. 
 Rogers, in 1878.- — Publ. works : Op. 10, 6 songs; 
 op. 15, Scherzo in A, f. pf. ; op. 16, Aubade, 
 song w. vln. and pf. ; op. 17, "Kiss mine 
 eyelids, lovely morn," w. do.; op. 20, 22, 24, 
 26, 28, songs; op. 25, sonata f. pf. and violin, in 
 D min. ; op. 29, Album of 6 songs [Brownings] ; 
 op. 30, 2 songs ; others publ. recently. — Also 
 "The Philosophy of Singing" (New- York, 
 1893). 
 
 Rogers, Delia, operatic soprano ; b. Den- 
 ver, Colorado, about 1879. Went to Paris in 
 189O ; studied with Mme. de la Grange, and 
 (for French diction) with Leon Jancey. Debut 
 St. Petersburg ; has sung in Milan (La Scala), 
 Rumania, Turkey, etc. 
 
 Rogers, Roland, b. Nov. 17, 1847, West 
 Bromwich, Staffordshire, Engl., becoming or- 
 ganist at St. Peter's there at 11 ; from 1871-91, 
 organist at Bangor Cathedral, where he gave an- 
 nual series of recitals, and greatly elevated the 
 character of the mus. services. Also gave recitals 
 at St. George's Hall, Liverpool, and elsewhere ; 
 and cond. the Penrhyn and Arvonic Choirs. 
 Now residing in Wales as a teacher. Mus. 
 Bac, Oxon., 1870; Mus. Doc, 1875. — Works: 
 Cantatas Prayer and Praise (f . soli, double ch. , 
 and orch.). The Garden (prize at Llandudno, 
 l8g6), and Florabel (f. female voices) ; Psalm 
 130, f. soli, ch. , and strings ; a symphony, string- 
 quintet, organ-music, part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Rogno'ne, Francesco (son of Riccardo R., 
 a Milanese violinist), publ. an " Aggiunta del 
 scolaro di violino " (1614) and a " Selva di varii 
 passaggl secondo I'uso moderno" (on instr.l and 
 vocal graces) ; also masses, motets, psalms, 
 " Correnti e Gagliardi" a 4 and 5, etc. 
 
 Roh'de, Eduard, b. Halle-on-Saale, 1828 ; 
 d. Berlin, Mar. 25, 1883, as choirmaster at 
 the St. Georgenkirche and singing-teacher at 
 the Sophien-Gymnasium. Comp. excellent mo- 
 tets, part-songs, etc. ; the cantata Schildhorn ; 
 pf.-music ; wrote an elementary text-book for 
 piano. 
 
 493 
 
ROHLEDER— ROMBERG 
 
 Roh'leder, Johann, pastor at Friedland, 
 Pomerania. Publ. " Erleichterung des Clavier- 
 spiels vermoge einer neuen Einrichtung der 
 Claviatur " (1792 ; on reforms in the keyboard 
 and in notation, similar to those advocated by 
 the "Chroma" society). 
 
 Roh'leder, Friedrich Traugott, pastor at 
 Lahn, Silesia. Publ. "Die musikal. Liturgie 
 in der evang.-protestantische Kirche " (1831) ; 
 " Vermischte Aufsatze zur Beforderung wahrer 
 Kirchenmusik " (1833) ; and like articles in the 
 " Eutonia " (1829, etc.). 
 
 Rokitan'sky, Victor, Freiherr von, b. Vi- 
 enna, July 9, 1S36 ; d. there July 17, i8g6. 
 Wrote " ttber Sanger und Singen " (Leipzig, 
 iSg6 ; rules for and hints on the art and practice 
 of singing). 
 
 Ro'landt, Hedwig (stage-name of Hedwig 
 Wachut'ta), coloratura singer ; b. Graz, Sept. 
 2, 1858. Pupil at Graz of Frau Weinlich- 
 Tipka ; very successful debut, followed by en- 
 gagement, at Wiesbaden, 1877. Sang later at 
 other towns, also at Leipzig in the Gewandhaus. 
 Married the merchant Carl Schaaf in 1883. 
 
 Rol'la, Alessandro, violinist, Paganini's 
 teacher ; b. Pavia, Apr. 22, 1757 ; d. Milan, 
 Sept. 15, 1841. Pupil of Renzi and Conti ; in 
 1782, court solo violist at Parma, later leader of 
 the Ducal orch. In 1802, maestro at La Scala, 
 Milan ; in 1805, solo violinist to the Viceroy, 
 Eugene Beauharnais ; prof, of violin and viola 
 at Milan Cons, from its foundation in 1807. — 
 Works : A ballet, Pizzarro^ ossia La Conquisia 
 del Peril (1807) ; symphonies ; church-music ; 
 3 violin-concertos ; 4 viola-concertos ; 6 string- 
 quartets ; a quintetto concertante f. strings ; 
 trios f. vln., via., and 'cello, also f. 2 violins 
 and 'cello ; duos f . violin, also f . vln. and via. ; 
 etc. 
 
 RoKle, Johann Heinrich, b. Quedlinburg, 
 Dec. 23, 1718 ; d. Magdeburg, Dec. 29, 1785. 
 Student of law and philos. at I^eipzig 1736-40 ; 
 viola-player in the Berlin court orch. 1 741-6 ; 
 then organist, and from 1752 his father's suc- 
 cessor as town mus. dir., at Magdeburg. — 
 Works : 4 Passions ; 20 oratorios and cantatas ; 
 several church-services for the entire year ; the 
 Odes of Anacreon f. solo voice w. clavichord- 
 accomp. ; etc. 
 
 Rol'lig, Carl Leopold, b. Vienna, 1761 ; 
 d. there Mar. 4, 1804. Harmonica-player, and 
 inventor of the " Orphika" and " Xanorphika" 
 (pianos with bows instead of hammers) ; travelled 
 to produce his instr.s, and obtained a position 
 in the court library, Vienna, in 1797. — Works : 
 A comic opera, 'Clarissa (Hamburg, 1782); 
 pieces f. harmonica and Orphika ; wrote " Ueber 
 die Harmonica" (1787) and "Ueber die Or- 
 phika" (1795) ; etc. 
 
 Romanierio, Luigi, pianist and comp. ; b. 
 Naples, Dec. 29, i860. Taught by his father 
 and his brother Vincenzo ; then at Naples Cons. , 
 1876-80, by Coop and Cesi (pf.), and Scarano 
 
 and Serrao (comp.), graduating with highest 
 honors. For a time, director of the pf.-depart- 
 ment at the Cons. ; and later succeeded Mar- 
 tucci and Cesi in the Soc. del Quartetto, also 
 becoming the regular pianist of the Ferni Quar- 
 tet. Is instructor in the R. " Educandato di 
 San Marcellino"; critic for " Le Menestrel," the 
 " Nouvelle musique," and the "Monde artis- 
 tique"; and a chev. of the Italian Crown. p"re- 
 quent successful pianistic tournies in Italy and 
 elsewhere. — Publ. works: The 4-act opera 
 seria Alda (Piacenza, 1896) ; a vast amount of 
 music f. pf., f. violin and pf., and for voice; 
 also a method for pf. (won prize at Naples, 
 (1886). — In>MS.: 2 operas, Tra marinari and 
 Valentia ; 2 symphonic poems, on Byron's 
 "Corsair" and " Manfred "; 2 symphonies ; an 
 overture ; " morceaux de genre " f. orch. ; a pf.- 
 concerto ; 2 pf. -trios ; and many others. 
 
 Romani'na. See Albertini, Giovanni. 
 
 Romani'ni, Romano, b. Parma, 1864. 
 Pupil, at the Cons, there, of Ludovico Mando- 
 vani (violin) and Giusto Dacci (comp.), graduat- 
 ing in 1882. Began his career as ist violin in 
 the Teatro Regio ; was then called to Savigliano 
 as cond. of the concert- and theatre-orch. ; in 
 l8go, prof, of violin at the " Istituto Venturi" 
 (conservatory), Brescia, of which he has been 
 the Director since 1897. — Works : The 2-act 
 opera Al Campo (Brescia, 1895 ; succ); a sym- 
 phony; a Gavotte and Minuet for string-orch.; 
 etc. 
 
 Roma'no, Alessandro. See Alessandro 
 Romano. 
 
 Roma'no, GiuHo. See Caccini. 
 
 Rom'berg, Andreas (Jacob), b. Vechta, n. 
 Milnster, Apr. 27, 1767 ; d. Gotha, Nov. 10, 
 1821. Son of the clarinettist and mus. dir. 
 Gerhard Heinrich R. [1745-1819]. Violin- 
 virtuoso ; played in public at 7 ; in 1784 he 
 made a concert-tour with his cousin Bernhard 
 through Holland and France, reaching Paris in 
 1784, where he was engaged as soloist for the 
 Concerts spirituels during the season. From 
 1790-3 he played in the Electoral orch. at Bonn 
 with Bernhard ; toured Italy with him, then 
 lived in Vienna and Hamburg, and followed 
 him to Paris in 1800 in the vain hope of getting 
 a hearing as a composer ; lived in Hamburg 
 1801-15, and then succeeded Spohr as court 
 Kapellm. at Gotha. He received" the degree of 
 Dr. phil. from Kiel Univ. — Works : 8 operas 
 and operettas {Scipio and Die Ruinen von Pa- 
 luzzi are publ. in pf. -score ; their overtures, and 
 that to Don Mendoza, are publ. in score) ; the 
 choral works w. orch. " Die Glocke " (Schiller's 
 "Song of the Bell"; still a favorite, also in 
 Britain and America), " Die Harmonic der 
 Spharen," "Ode" (both by Kosegarten) ; the 
 vocal soli w. orch. " Die Kindesmbrderin," 
 "Die Macht des Gesanges," " Monolog der 
 Jungfrau von Orleans," " Der Graf von Habs- 
 burg," " Sehnsucht " (all by Schiller) ; an orch.l 
 
 494 
 
ROMBERG— ROOT 
 
 mass, and much other church-music ; many 
 instr.l compositions — lo symphonies (4 publ.), 
 23 violin-concertos (4 publ.), 33 string-quartets 
 (25 publ.), a double quartet (2 movem.), 8 flute- 
 quintets w. strings, i clar.-quintet, 2 string- 
 quintets, I pf.-quartet, 3 violin-sonatas, II 
 rondos and caprices f. violin, a concertante f. 
 vln. and 'cello w. orch., etc. — Biogr. sketch in 
 Vol. i of Rochlitz's "Fur Freunde der Ton- 
 kunst." 
 
 Rom'berg, Bernhard, b. Dincklage, n. 
 Milnster, Nov. 11, 1767 ; d. Hamburg, Aug. 
 13, 1841. [Son of Anton Romberg, famous 
 bassoonist, 1742-1814, brother of Gerhard Hein- 
 rich R. above.] Excellent 'cellist, the com- 
 panion of his cousin Andreas for years. Went 
 to Paris in 1800, after a tour in England and 
 Spain, and was app. prof, of 'cello-playing at 
 the Cons.; resigned in 1803, lived 2 years in 
 Hamburg, became solo 'cellist in the Berlin 
 court orch. in 1805, and court Kapellm. 1815-ig ; 
 retired to Hamburg. Also made numerous ex- 
 tended concert-tours, the last (to London and 
 Paris) in 1839. For 'cello he wrote 9 concertos 
 (still admired), 3 concertinos and a fantasia w. 
 orch., 4 sets of Russian airs w. orch., caprices 
 and fantasias on Swedish, Spanish, and Ruma- 
 nian airs, and Polonaises ;— also several operas, 
 incid. music to plays, a concertante f. 2 horns 
 w. orch., II string-quartets, i string-trio, a trio f. 
 viola, 'cello, and bass, duos f. 2 'celli, and sona- 
 tas w. bass ; etc. 
 
 Rom'berg, Cyprian, son of Andreas, and 
 pupil of Bernhard ; b. Hamburg, Oct. 28, 1807 ; 
 d. there Oct. 14, 1865. Made long tours, and 
 became 'cellist in the St. Petersburg court orch. 
 — Publ. concert-pieces f. 'cello. 
 
 Ronchet'ti-Montevi'ti, Stefano, b. Asti, 
 Sept. 18, 1814 ; d. Casale Monferrato, Oct. 16, 
 ■ 18S2. Pupil of B. Neri at Milan, becoming 
 prof, of comp. at the Cons, there in 1S50, and 
 succeeding Mazzucato as Director in 1877. His 
 one opera, fergolesi (Milan, La Scala, 1857) 
 was a failure ; his church-comp.s (especially a 
 motet o 16, "Sanctum et terribile nomen Ejus "), 
 the intermezzi to the poem Ossian, a national 
 hymn " Per la patria il sangue han dato," etc., 
 are highly esteemed. 
 
 Ronco'ni, Domenico, stage-tenor ; b. Len- 
 dinara, Rovigo, July 11, 1772 ; d. Milan, Apr. 
 13, 1839. Sang in St. Petersburg (1801-5), 
 Vienna, Paris, and the chief cities of Italy (at 
 La Scala, Milan, in 1808) ; director of the 
 Italian opera, Vienna, in i8og ; sang in Paris 
 and Italy, and 1819-29 at Munich, where he was 
 singing-master to the princesses. Founded a 
 singing-school at Milan in 1829. He was a 
 famous teacher, and publ. vocal exercises. — His 
 son Giorgio, b. Milan, 1810, d. Jan. 8, 1890, 
 was a well-known baritone ; he opened a music- 
 school at Cordova, Spain, in 1863, and from 
 1867 taught singing in New York for some 
 years ; also publ. songs and vocal exercises. 
 
 Rong, Wilhelm Ferdinand, A. Berlin after 
 1821 (?), aged 100 (?). Chamber-musician to 
 Prince Heinrich of Prussia ; music-teacher in 
 Berlin. Besides patriotic songs, etc., he wrote 
 " Elementarlehre am Clavier" (1786); " Theo- 
 retisch-praktisches Handbuch der Tonarten- 
 kenntniss " (1805) ; etc. 
 
 Ronger, Florimond. See HsRvi. 
 
 Ro'nisch, Karl, b. Goldberg, Silesia, 1814; 
 d. July 21, 1894, at Blasewitz, n. Dresden. 
 Piano-manufacturer at Dresden since 1845 ; 
 " Kommerzienrat." 
 
 Ront'gen, Engelbert, violinist; b. Deventer, 
 Holland, Sept. 20, 1829 ; d. Leipzig, Dec. 12, 
 1897. Pupil of F. David in Leipzig Cons.; 
 played 1850-69 with the 1st viohns in the Ge- 
 wandhaus Orch. ; then succeeded R. Dreyschock 
 as 2nd Conccrtmeister ; and on David's death in 
 1873 became his successor as ist Conccrtmeister . 
 Also teacher in the Cons. 
 
 Ront'gen, Julius, pianist, son of Engelbert ; 
 b. Leipzig, May 9, 1855. Had private lessons 
 with Hauptmann (1866), later of E. F. Richter, 
 Plaidy, and Reinecke ; even before 1866 he be- 
 gan to compose. In 1871 he went to Munich 
 to study comp. under Fr. Lachner ; soon after 
 his return, he publ. a violin-sonata in B min. 
 First public appearance as a concert-player at 
 Stuttgart, 1875, giving a series of concerts with 
 J. Stockhausen. Settled 1878 in Amsterdam as 
 teacher in the Music-School ; succeeded Ver- 
 hulst, as concert-conductor to the Soc. for the 
 Promotion of Music, in 1886 (retired from this 
 post in 1898 ; his successor is Mengelberg) ; has 
 also cond. the concerts of the Felix Meritis Soc. 
 for several . seasons ; was a co-founder (1885) of 
 the Cons. ; establ. soirees for chamber-music ; 
 and is one of the most popular pianists and 
 teachers in his adopted home. — Works : Besides 
 2 pf. -sonatas, a pf. -suite, and much other pf.- 
 music, he has publ. Toskanischc Rispctti^ an 
 operetta for voices and pf.; a pf. -concerto in D 
 raaj., op. 18 ; a Serenade f. wind-intr.s, op. 14; 
 " Sturmesmythe " [Lenau] f. mixed ch. and 
 orch., op. 31 ; "Gebet" f. do., op. 27 ; a pf.- 
 trio in B[j, op. 23 ; 3 sonatas f. violin and pf., 
 op. I, 3, 21 ; " Oud Nederlandsche amoreuse 
 Liedekens " [Old Netherland Love-ditties] w. 
 pf., op. 30 ; songs, etc. 
 
 Root, George Frederick, b. Sheffield, Mass., 
 Aug. 30, 1820 ; d. Barley's Island, Aug. 6, 
 1895. Pupil of Geo. J. Webb, Boston ; asst.- 
 organist at Boston ; removed to New York in 
 1844, becoming organist of the " Church of the 
 Strangers," Mercer St., also teaching singing 
 in various institutions, and conducting conven- 
 tions. Went to Paris for a year's study in 1S50-; 
 returning, he successfully prod, the cantata The 
 Flower Queen, his first large work. Going to 
 Chicago in 1859, he founded the music-pub- 
 lishing firm of Root & Cady (dissolved 1871). 
 Mus. Doc, Univ. of Chicago, 1881. — Works: 
 The cantatas The Flower Queen, Daniel{ii^2), 
 
 495 
 
ROOT— ROSELLEN 
 
 T)i£ Pilgrim Fathers (1854), Behhazzar' s Feast 
 (1855), The Hayjnakers (1857), etc. — popular 
 songs ("Battle-cry of Freedom," "Tramp, 
 tramp, tramp," " Just before the battle. Mother"), 
 part-songs, etc. ; publ. numerous collections of 
 church-music and school-songs. 
 
 Root, Frederick Woodman, son of preced- 
 ing ; b. Boston, Mass., June 13, 1846. Taught 
 by his father, then by Dr. B. C. Blodgett, and 
 (from 16) by Dr. William Mason, New York. 
 In 1863, organist of the Third Presb. Ch., Chi- 
 cago ; in 1865, of the Swedenborgian Ch. In 
 1869-70, travelled and studied in Europe for 18 
 months. Returning, he wrote for "The Song 
 Messenger," which he edited for some years ; 
 correspondence, essays, and reviews, have ever 
 since demanded a share of his attention. His 
 20 years' work with large vocal classes, and on the 
 lecture-platform, has been very siaccessful ; has 
 publ. numerous interesting papers on voice-cul- 
 ture. Charter member, now trustee, of the 
 Amer. Coll. of Musicians. Is well known as a 
 private singing-teacher. 
 
 Roquet. See Thoinan. 
 
 Ro're, Cipriano de, b. Mechlin, 1516; d. 
 Parma, 1565. This distinguished composerwas 
 a pupil of Willaert, maestro at San Marco, Ven- 
 ice, and in 1542 publ. his first book of madrigals 
 a 4 (often republ. and long in favor). About 
 1550 he entered the service of the Duke of Fer- 
 rara, Ercole IV.; visited Antwerp in 1558, and 
 about 1559 was app. asst. -maestro to Willaert, 
 whom he succeeded in 1563, but soon resigned, 
 becoming chori praefectits to Ottaviano Farnese, 
 then Duke of Parma — Publ. a second book of 
 madrigals in 1543 ; 5 books of " Madrigali cro- 
 matici" a 5 (1542-66 ; oft republ.) ; " Le vive 
 fiamme," madrigals a 4-5 (1565) ; Book i of mo- 
 tets, a 4-8 (1544) ; Book ii, do., a 4-5 (1547) ; 
 Book iii, do., a 5 (1559) ; others in " C. de R. 
 et aliorum auctorum motetta, 4 voc. . . . cum 
 3 lectionibus pro mortuis Josepho Zarlino auc- 
 tore"(i563); " Sacrae cantiones sen motetta," 
 a i\,-ii (1573) ; masses a 4-6 (1566 ; not extant) ; 
 psalms (1554) ; a Passion ace. to St. John (1557) ; 
 " Fantasie e ricercari a 3 voci ... da cantare 
 e suonare . . . composti da lo eccelentissimo 
 Adriano Vuigliart e Cipriano R. suo discepolo" 
 (1549) ; "Fiamme vaghe e dilettevoli " (1569). 
 Motets and madrigals are in coU.s by Susato, 
 Phalfee, and others. — In MS. (Munich Library) 
 are 3 masses: " Vivat Felix Hercules" a 5, 
 "Praeterrerum seriem" a 7, and a " Missaa note 
 nere " a 5 ; also motets and madrigals. 
 
 Ro'rich, Carl, b. Nuremberg, Feb. 27, 1869. 
 Pupil of R. School of Music, Wlirzburg ; since 
 1892, teacher at the Grand Ducal Sch. of Mus. , 
 Weimar. — Works : An overture, " Marchen," 
 and a suite, "Waldleben," f. orch.; choruses, 
 songs, and pf. -pieces. 
 
 Ro'sa, Carlo {recte Carl Rose), b. Hamburg, 
 Mar. 27, 1842 ; d. Paris, Apr. 30, i88g. At 12 
 he made tours as a violinist to England, Den- 
 
 mark, and Germany ; studied further in the Con- 
 servatories of Leipzig (1859) and Paris ; was 
 Concertmeister at Hamburg 1863-5 \ played in 
 the Crystal Palace, London, in March, 1866, 
 and made a concert-tour in the United States 
 with Mr. Bateman, meeting Euphrosyne Parepa, 
 and marrying her at New York in Feb., 1867. 
 They organized an English opera-company, and 
 toured America until 1871, then returning to 
 London. After his wife's death in 1874, he 
 continued English opera in the leading London 
 theatres. 
 
 Ro'sa, Salvatore, famous painter, poet, and 
 musician ; b. Aranella, Naples, June 20, 1615 ; 
 d.- Rome, Mar. 15, 1673. After the popular in- 
 surrection, led by Masaniello, in 1647, he went 
 to Rome. He comp. fine madrigals and songs 
 (coll. by Burney); Dr. Crotch publ. a " cantata" 
 in his " Specimens of Various Styles . ..." It 
 was R. who wrote the satire ("Satira") on 
 music and kindred arts, which provoked Matthe- 
 son's reply in " Mithridat." 
 
 Ros^, Arnold Josef, b. Jassy, Oct. 24, 1863. 
 Fine violinist, pupil of Heissler at Vienna Cons. ; 
 1st violin in the Rose Quartet ; leader and soloist 
 in the Vienna court orch. since 1881, and leader 
 at the Bayreuth Festivals since 1888. 
 
 Roseingrave, Thomas, b. Dublin ; d. Lon- 
 don, 1750. Organist at St. George's, Hanover 
 Square, 1725-37. — Publ. " Voluntarys and 
 Fugues, made on Purpose for the Organ or 
 Harpsichord" (1730); "Solos for the German 
 Flute, with a "Thorough Bass for the Harpsi- 
 chord"; "8 Suites of Lessons" f. harps.; a 
 concerto f. do.; fugues f. org. or harps. (1750) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Ro'sel, Rudolf Arthur, b. Munchenberns- 
 dorf, Gera, Aug. 23, 1859. Studied 1873-7 ^t 
 the Weimar Music-School under Walbrtil (vio- 
 lin), Sulze (harm.), and Miiller-PIartung (cpt.) ; 
 later under Thomson. 1877-9, i^' violin at 
 Hamburg City Th.; 1879-81, do. in private 
 orch. of von Derwies at Lugano and Nice ; 
 1881, at Weimar; 1884, leader at Rotterdam, 
 and teacher at the Music-School ; i88'8 till the 
 present (i8gg) leader in Weimar Court Orch.; 
 also teacher of violin and ensemble-playing at 
 the Music-School. — Works: The 2-act "lyric 
 stage-play" Halimah (Weimar, 1895, mod. 
 succ); opera ThMtre Far;/// (not perf.) ; music 
 to Der gestiefelte Kater ; symphonic poem 
 " Fruhlingssturme " ; I violin-concerto ; i viola- 
 concerto ; 2 string-quartets (all in MS.). — Publ. 
 pieces f . vln. and pf . ; a Notturno f. horn w. 
 orch.; a Notturno f. oboe w. orch.; songs. 
 Tendency modern (Liszt- Wagner-Strauss). 
 
 Rosellen, Henri, b. Paris, Oct. 13, 1811 ; d. 
 there Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil, at the Cons., of 
 Pradher and Zimmerman (pf.), and Dourlen, 
 Fetis, and Halevy (comp.), later of H. Herz. 
 Successful and popular teacher of pf.-playing, 
 and composer f. pf. — Publ. a Method f. pf.; a 
 "Manuel des pianistes"; a trio concertante f. 
 
 496 
 
ROSENHAIN— ROSSI 
 
 pf., vin., and 'cello, op. 82; 25 £tudes de 
 moyenne force, op. 133, and 12 ifitudes brillantes, 
 op. 60 ; much good ja/<?K-music (Reverie in G ; 
 Nocturne et Tarentelle, op. 92) ; 76 fantasias on 
 operatic airs ; variations ; etc. 
 
 Ro'senhain, Jacob [Jacques], b. Mann- 
 heim, Dec. 2, 1813 ; d. Baden-Baden, Mar. 21, 
 1894. Noted pianist; pupil of Schmitt at Mann- 
 heim and Schnyder v. Wartensee at Frankfort ; 
 made extended tours, and lived in Frankfort, 
 Paris (1849), and Baden-Baden. — Works : 4 
 operas, Der Besuch in Irrenhaus ( Frankf . , 
 1834), Liswenna (not perf.), Le D^mon de la 
 nuit (Opera, Paris, 1851), and Volage et jaloux 
 (Baden-Baden, 1863) ; 3 symphonies, a pf.-con- 
 certo, 3 string-quartets, 4 pf.-trios, many pf.- 
 pieces (sonata in F min., op. 41 ; Sonate sym- 
 phonique in F min., op. 74; Melodies caracte- 
 ristiques ; Historiettes, op. 97 ; Reveries, op. 
 26); sonatas f. pf. and 'cello, op. 38 and 53 ; 
 12 Etudes caracteristiques ; etc. — Wrote " Erin- 
 nerungen an Nicol6 Paganini" (1893). — His 
 brother Eduard, b. Mannheim, Nov. 18, 1818, 
 d. Frankfort, Sept. 6, 1861, also a noteworthy 
 pianist and teacher, publ. a serenade f. 'cello 
 and pf., pf.-music, etc. 
 
 Ro'senmiiller, Johann, b. 1615 ; d. 1682 at 
 Wolfenbiittel as Kapel'.m.; was mus. dir. at 
 the Thomaskirche, Leipzig, 1648-55. — Publ. 
 "Kemspruche mehrentheils aus heiligerSchrift," 
 a 3-7 w. continuo (1648); " Studentenmusik 
 von 3 und 5 Instr.n " [dance-music] (1654) ; " 12 
 sonate da camera a 5 stromenti" (1671). 
 
 Ro'senthal, Moriz, b. Lemberg, 1862. 
 Pianist ; at 8 his precocity attracted the atten- 
 tion and won the aid of Mikuli ; at 30, taught 
 by R. Josefly ; at 14, gave a concert at Vienna 
 (brilHant comp.s by Weber, Beethoven, Chopin, 
 Liszt). On concert-tour in Rumania, app. Royal 
 Pianist. From 1876-86, pupil of Liszt, follow- 
 ing him yearly to Weimar, Pesth, Vienna, and 
 Rome ; 1887, first conctri-tourn^e in America, 
 after which he made a furore in European capi- 
 tals. Now in the front rank of living pianists. 
 Tour of 1896-7 in the United States interrupted 
 by illness. — Publ. (with L. Schytte) " Technical 
 Studies for the Highest Degree of Develop- 
 ment." 
 
 Roset'ti, Francesco Antonio [Franz An- 
 ton Rossler], b. Leitmeritz, Bohemia, 1750; d. 
 Ludwigslust, June 30, 1792. Kapellm. to Prince 
 Wallerstein ; from 1789, court Kapellm. at 
 Schwerin. — Works : A Requiem ; 2 oratorios, 
 Der sterbende Jesus (publ.), and Jesus in Geth- 
 semane ; 19 symphonies, 9 string-quartets, 4 
 flute-concertos, 4 clar. -concertos ; a sextet f. 
 flute, 2 horns, and strings ; 3 horn-concertos ; 2 
 concertantes f. 2 horns ; etc. 
 
 Rbs'ler, Gustav, h: Sept. 2, 1819 ; d. Des- 
 sau, Feb. 24, 1882. Teacher and comp. (one 
 opera, Hermann und Dorothea, often perf. at 
 Dessau). 
 
 Rossa'ro, Carlo, b. Crescentino, Vercelli, 
 1828 ; d. Turin, Feb. 7, 1878. Pianist and 
 comp. (opera, // Castello maladetto; pf.-sonata, 
 op. 23; character-studies, op. 10, ii, 15, 16; 
 4-hand sonata, op. 23 ; other pieces, op. 12-14 ; 
 fine fantasia f. pf. and d.-bass) ; etc. 
 
 Ros'si, Giovanni Battista, Genoese monk. 
 — Publ. " Organo de' cantori per intendere da se 
 stesso ogni passo difficile che si trova nella mu- 
 sica" (161 8 ; elucidates certain phases of men- 
 sural notation). 
 
 Ros'si, Abbate Francesco, b. Bari, Italy, 
 about 1645 ; canon there, 1680.— Works : The 
 operas // Sejano moderno delta Tracia (Venice, 
 1680) ; La Pena degli occhi, and La Corilda 
 (both ibid., 1688); and Mitratie (ibid., 1689); 
 oratorio La caduta degli angeli ; Requiem a 5 ; 
 psalms ; etc. 
 
 Ros'si, Gaetano, b. Verona, 1780 ; d. there 
 Jan. 27, 1855. For many years he was at- 
 tached to the Fenice Th. at Venice as dramatic 
 poet. He wrote over 100 libretti, among them 
 Linda di Chamounix and Maria Padilla, for 
 Donizetti ; La prova d'un' opera seria, for 
 Gnecco ; // Giuramento, for Mercadante ; // 
 Crociato in Egitto, for Meyerbeer ; Tancredi and 
 Semiramide, for Rossini ; etc. 
 
 Ros'si, Luigi Felice, b. Brandizzo, Pied- 
 mont, July 27, 1804 ; d. Turin, June 20, 1863. 
 Pupil of Raimondi and Zingarelli at Naples. 
 Church-comp. (masses, requiems, Te Deums, 
 etc.). Contributor to the " Gazzetta Musicale" of 
 Milan, etc. ; transl. of theoretical works. 
 
 Ros'si, Lauro, celebrated dramatic comp.; 
 b. Macerata, Feb. 20, 1812 ; d. Cremona, May 
 6, 1885. Pupil of Furno, ZingareHi, and Cre- 
 scentini at the R. Coll. di S. Sebastiano, Naples, 
 graduating 1829, bringing out a buffo opera, Le 
 Contesse villane, at the Fenice Th., Naples, with 
 success. He became maestro at the Teatro 
 Valle, Rome, in 1832 ; with his tenth opera. La 
 casa disabitata o I falsi moneiari, prod, at La 
 Scala, Milan, Aug. 16, 1835, he scored his first 
 real triumph — it made the rounds of Italy, and 
 was given in Paris. In 1835 he went to Mexico 
 as maestro and composer to an Italian opera- 
 troupe, becoming its director in 1837, and going 
 to Havana (1839) and New Orleans (1842), re- 
 turning to Italy in 1844. ^^ 1850, Director of 
 the Milan Cons. ; succeeded Mercadante as Dir. 
 of the Naples Cons, in 1871, resigning in 1878, 
 and retiring to Cremona in 1882. He prod. 29 
 operas, L falsi monetari and La Contessa di Mons 
 (Turin, 1874) being the most successful. Other 
 works : The oratorio Saul (1833) ; elegies on 
 Bellini and Mercadante ; masses, cantatas, cho- 
 ruses to Plautus' Captivi, 6 fugues f. string- 
 orch., 8 vocalizzi and 12 exercises f. soprano; 
 songs ; and a ' ' Guida ad un corso di armonia 
 pratica orale " for Milan Cons. 
 
 Ros'si, Giovanni Gaetano, b. Borgo S. 
 
 Donino, Parma, Aug. 5, 1828 ; d. Genoa, Mar. 
 30, i886. From 1873-9, maestro at the Carlo 
 
 32 
 
 497 
 
ROSSINI 
 
 Felice Th., Genoa; then Director of the Liceo 
 Musicale. — Works : 4 operas ; an oratorio Le 
 sette parole ; overture to the tragedy Saulo (prize 
 from the Soc. del Quartette, Milan) ; a Requiem, 
 3 masses, etc. 
 
 Rossi'ni, Gioachino Antonio, a classic 
 representative of Italian opera ; called the 
 ' ' Swan of Pesaro, " 
 because born at Pe- 
 saro, Feb. 2g, 1792; 
 died at Ruelle, near 
 Paris, Nov. 13, 
 1868. From the 
 age of 4, he was left 
 at Bologna by his 
 parents, who were 
 obliged to travel to 
 earn a subsistence ; 
 the father as horn- 
 .player in the opera- 
 troupes in which the 
 mother sang as pri- 
 ma donna btiff'a. 
 
 Instructed from 1799, with meagre results, by a 
 pedantic piano-teacher named Prinetti, in 1802 
 he was turned over to Angelo Tesei, under whom 
 he made rapid progress ; he sang in church, and 
 afterwards followed his parents as a singer and 
 accompanist in the theatre. In 1807 he entered 
 the Conservatory (Liceo) at Bologna, studying 
 composition under Padre Mattel, and the 'cello 
 under Cavedagni. In a year he brought out a 
 cantata, II pianto d^ Armenia per la marie d^ Or- 
 feo, which won a prize ; he soon broke off the 
 study of counterpoint, being told by Mattel that 
 he knew enough to write operas — the goal of his 
 ambition. His first was a one-act opera buffa. 
 La cambiale di mairimo7iio, well received at the 
 San Mose Th., Venice, in 1810 ; returning to 
 Bologna, he produced next year a two-act opera 
 buffa, IJequivoco siravagante, with applause. 
 Fortunate from the outset, he received various 
 commissions to furnish light operas, writing 5 
 during 1812. In 1813 he scored his first grand 
 success with Tancredi at the Fenice Th. , Venice, 
 followed up by Vltaliana in Algeria an opera 
 buffa perf. at the San Benedetto Th. Encour- 
 aged by repeated successes, R. ventured to set 
 the text of one of Paisiello's operas, Alviaviva, 
 ossia I' inutile precauzione, and to bring it out at 
 the Argentina Th., Rome, in 1816. This opera 
 later so celebrated under the title of // Barliere 
 di Siviglia, and certainly one of the finest speci- 
 mens of Italian opera buffa, was hissed, on its 
 first production, by the old frequenters of the 
 theatre, indignant at the young master's "pre- 
 sumption " ; but the second night was a veritable 
 triumph for R.'s genius, and the opera speedily 
 made the round of European stages. In Elisa- 
 beita, given at Naples in 1815, R. dispensed 
 with secco recitative — a great innovation. From 
 1815-23 R. was under contract to write two 
 operas yearly for Barbaja, manager of the Nea- 
 politan theatres, La Scala at Milan, and the 
 
 Italian opera at Vienna, receiving a remuneration 
 of 12,000 lire (francs) per annum. During these 
 8 years he composed no less than 20 operas. In 
 the spring of 1822 he spent a most successful 
 season, musically and socially, in Vienna ; but 
 he was generally engaged in travelling from 
 town to town in Italy for the purpose of bringing 
 out his increasingly popular dramatic works. In 
 1823, disappointment at the cool reception of his 
 carefully written Semiramide by the Venetians, 
 and a favorable offer from Benelli, the manager 
 of the King's Th., induced him to go to London. 
 Although Benelli did not fulfil his promises, R. 
 met with flattering attentions from the court, and 
 by means of grand concerts, etc., found himself 
 in possession of ;^7000 when he left England 5 
 months later. Now, for 18 months, he under- 
 took the management of the Theatre Italien at 
 Paris, and produced several operas with much 
 artistic .success ; but his managerial career was 
 not so fortunate financially. Thereafter he was 
 appointed "Premier compo.siteur du roi" and 
 " Inspecteur-general du chant en France,'' two 
 sinecures to which a salary of 20,000 francs was 
 attached ; the Revolution of 1830 cost him these 
 positions, but he afterwards received a pension 
 of 6000 francs. At the Opera he presented 
 some highly successful revisions, in French ver- 
 sions, of earlier Italian operas ; these may be 
 regarded as preliminary studies to his master- 
 piece, Guillaume Tell, first given at the Opera 
 on Aug. 3, 1829, with a magnificent cast, and 
 winning immense applause. With this grand 
 work Rossini abruptly closed his dramatic career 
 at the age of 37. Pie made a flying visit to his 
 father in Bologna, and shortly after the July 
 Revolution returned to Paris, where, under the 
 new regime, he had no inducement to continue 
 opera-writing. In 1832 his famous Stabat Mater 
 was written, though not produced in its entirety 
 until 1842. Meantime Meyerbeer entered upon 
 the scene with Les Htiguenots (1836), in order to 
 hear which R. long delayed his intended return 
 to Bologna ; after the performance he resolved 
 to write no more operas, and this resolution was 
 not shaken even by the sensational revival of 
 Tell in 1837, with Duprez in the title-role. He 
 lived in retirement at Bologna and Florence until 
 1855, thenceforward making Paris his home, but 
 writing little new music (the " Petite messe 
 solemnelle," f. soli, ch., and orch.; a cantata for 
 the Exposition of 1867 ; and a number of piano- 
 pieces). In the afterglow of his prestige as an 
 opera-composer, amid a circle of devoted ad- 
 mirers and friends, his last years passed hap- 
 pily. 
 
 Operas ; La cambiale di niatrinionio (1810) ; 
 L'equivoco stravagante [l&ll) ; L'inganno felice, 
 L' occasione fa il ladro, ossia II cambio della vali- 
 gia. La scala di scta^ Demetrio e Folibio, and La 
 pietra del paragone (1812) ; Tancredi (Venice, 
 1813) ; L' Italiana in Alger i{i?ii'^\ II Jiglio per 
 azzardo (1813) ; Aureliano in Palmira (lin)', 
 II Turco in Italia (Milan, La Scala, 1814) ; 
 Elisabetta, regina d' Inghilterra (Naples, San 
 
 498 
 
ROSSLER— ROUGET DE LISLE 
 
 Carlo Th., 1815) ; Si^smondo (iSis) ; II Bar - 
 Mere di Siviglia (Rome, Argentina Th., 1816) ; 
 Torvaldo e Dorliska (1815) ; La Gazzetta (Na- 
 ples, 1816); Otello (Naples, del Fondo Th., 
 1816) ; La Cenerentola (Rome, teatro Valle, 
 1816) ; La gazza ladra (Milan, La Scala, 1817) ; 
 Armida (1817) ; Adelaide di Borgogna [or Ot- 
 tone, re d' Italid\ (Rome, 181S) ; Adina, o Jl ca- 
 liffo di Bagdad (Lisbon, 1818), Mosh in Egitto 
 (Naples, 1818 ; Paris, as Moise en £gypte, 1827) ; 
 Ricciardo e Zoraide (1818) ; Ermione (1819) ; 
 Edoardoe Cristinaiy e.mce, i8ig) ; La donna del 
 lago [after Scott] (Naples, San Carlo Th., 1819) ; 
 Bianca e Faliero (1820); Maometto //(Naples, 
 San Carlo, 1820 ; Paris, revised as Le siige de 
 Corintlie, Opera, 1826) ; Matilda di Ciabrano 
 (1821) ; Zelmira (1822) ; Semiramide (Venice, 
 Fenice Th., 1823 ; Paris, Grand Opera, as 
 Simiramis^ i860) ; // viaggio a Rheinis^ ossia 
 L'albergo del giglio d'oro (Paris, Th. Ital., 1825); 
 Le comte Ory (augm. and revised version of pre- 
 ceding ; Paris, Opera, 1828) ; Guillaume Tell 
 (Opera, 1829). — Cantatas : II pianto d' Armenia 
 (1808); Didone abbandonata (1811) ; Giro in 
 Babilonia (iSlo) ; Egle ed Irene {1614) ; Telle 
 Peko (1816) ; Igea (1819) ; Partenope (l8ig) ; 
 La riconoscenza (1821) ; II vera omaggio (1822); 
 Laugurio felice (1823) ; La sacra alleanza 
 (1823) ; // Bardo (1823) ; // Ritorno (1823) ; // 
 pianto delle Muse (London, 1823) ; / Pasiori 
 (Naples, 1825) ; Ilserto votivo (Bologna, 1829). 
 His first publ. comp. was the canzonet " Se il 
 vuol la molinara " ; he wrote other canzonets 
 and arias (e.g. "Soirees musicales," 8 ariettas 
 and 4 duets), ' ' GorgheggI e solfeggi per soprano 
 per rendere la voce agile," hymns, short canta- 
 tas, and songs; a "Chant des Titans" f. 4 
 basses w. orch.; Tantum ergo f. 3 male voices 
 w. orch.; Quoniam f. solo bass w. orch.; O 
 salutaris, f. solo quartet. 
 
 Biographical : " Vie de Rossini," by Sten- 
 dhal (1823); " Le Rossiniane," by Carpani(i824); 
 " De la guerre des dilettanti ou de la revolution 
 operee par M. Rossini dans I'opera frangais" 
 (1829) ; " R., sa vie et ses ceuvres," by Azvedo 
 (1865) ; " Life of R.," by H. S. Edwards (Lon- 
 don, 1869) ; " Biografia di G. R.," by Zanolini 
 (1875); "Rossini, notes, impressions, souve- 
 nirs," by Pougin (1870) ; "Rossini," by Sittard 
 (1882); "R., sein Leben, seine Werke und 
 Charakterzuge," by Struth (Leipzig) ; also a 
 sketch by Dr. A. Kohut (Leipzig, 1892). 
 
 Rijss'ler, F. A. See Rosetti, F. A. 
 
 Rost, Nicolas, pastor at Kosmenz, Alten- 
 burg. — Publ. "30 geistliche und weltliche 
 teutsche Lieder" a 4-6 (1583) ; " 30 newe lieb- 
 liche Galliarden "04 (1594) ; and Cantiones 
 selectissimae," motets a 6-8 (1614) ; in MS., a 
 Passion an. 
 
 Rost, Friedrich Wilhelm Ehrenfried, b. 
 
 Bautzen, Apr. 11, 1768 ; d. Leipzig, Feb. 12, 
 1835, as rector of the Thomasschule. — Publ. 
 ' ' De insigni utilitate ex artis musicae studio 
 in puerorum educatione redundante " (1800) ; 
 
 Oratio ad renovandam Sethi Calvisii memo- 
 riam" (1805) ; " De necessitudine, quae littera- 
 rum studiis cum arte musica intercedit" (1817) ; 
 and ' ' Was hat die Leipziger Thomasschule f ilr 
 die Reformation gethan? " (1817 ; w. biogr. of 
 Rhaw). 
 
 Roth [rot], Philipp, b. Tarnowitz, Silesia, 
 Oct. 25, 1853 ; d. BerHn, June g, i8g8. 'Cel- 
 list, pupil of Wilhelm Miiller, and (1876-8) of 
 Hausmann at the Hochsckule, Berlin. Head- 
 quarters Berlin, whence he made many concert- 
 tours ; founded the " P'reie mus. Vereinigung" 
 in 1890. — Publ. a " Fiihrer durch die Violoncell- 
 Litteratur." 
 
 Roth, Bertrand, b. Degersheim, St. Gallen, 
 Feb. 12, 1855. Pianist ; pupil of Leipzig Cons, 
 and Liszt; teacher at the Hoch Cons., Frank- 
 fort ; founded, with Schwarz and Fleisch, the 
 Raff Cons, in 1882 ; from 1885-90, taught at 
 the Cons, in Dresden, where he opened a pri- 
 vate music-school in 1890. 
 
 Ro'toli, Augusto, b. Rome, Jan. 7, 1847. 
 Pupil of Lucchesi ; choir-boy at St. Peter's. 
 Founded the " Societa corale de' concerti sagri," 
 which he conducted. Singing-master to Princess 
 Margherita, 1876 ; maestro oi the Cappella reale 
 del Sudario in 1878. Having achieved a high 
 reputation as a cond. , singing-teacher, and song- 
 composer, he was called to Boston, Mass., in 
 1885 as vocal instructor in the New Engl. Cons. 
 — Chevalier of the Ital. Crown, etc. — Works : 
 Mass a 4 (for the funeral of Victor Emmanuel, 
 1878); " Salmo elegiaco"on the same, f. bar. 
 solo, ch., and orch. (1878) ; many songs w. pf. 
 
 Rofter, Ludwig, b. Vienna, Sept. 6, 1810 ; 
 d. there Apr. 5, 1895. Beginning his career in 
 1830 as a pianist and accompanist, he became 
 organist of various churches, and in 1S67 suc- 
 ceeded Sechter as court organist, with the title 
 " Imp. Royal Vice-Kapellmeister." — Sacred cho- 
 ral works (masses, requiems, Te Deums, offer- 
 tories, graduals, etc.); organ-music; pf. -pieces. 
 Wrote a Thorough-bass Method. 
 
 Rott'manner, Eduard, b. Munich, Sept. 2, 
 1809 ; d. Speyer, May 4, 1843, as cathedral- 
 organist. — Many MS. works : 2 masses a 4, w. 
 org. ; I mass a 16 ; a Requiem ; a Stabat Mater 
 w. organ and strings ; etc. (an Ave Maria a 4, 
 w. strings, organ, and 2 horns ad lib., was publ.). 
 
 Rouget de I'Isle, Claude-Joseph, com- 
 poser of the "Marseillaise"; b. Lons-le-Saul- 
 nier, Jura, May 10, 1760 ; d. Choisy-le-Roy, 
 June 27, 1836. He wrote the famous national 
 hymn in 1792, while a military engineer at 
 Strassburg. Imprisoned for refusing to take 
 the oath against the crown, he went to Paris 
 after Robespierre's downfall, and comp. a 
 " Hymne dithyrambique sur la conjuration de 
 Robespierre . . ." (i7g4), "Chant des ven- 
 geances " (I7g8), and a " Chant du combat" for 
 the army in Egypt (1800). He publ. " 50 
 Chants fran9ais " in 1825 ; and wrote several 
 opera-libretti. 
 
 499 
 
ROUSSEAU— RUBINI 
 
 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, b. Geneva, June 
 28, 1 712 ; d. Ermenonville, n. Paris, July 3, 
 1778. Without other musical training than des- 
 ultory self-instruction, this great philosopher and 
 author made his debut in Paris at the age of 29, 
 as a reformer of mus. notation, reading a paper 
 before the Academic, in 1742, which was revised 
 and publ. as a "Dissertation sur la musique 
 moderne" (1743). His opera, Les Muses ga- 
 lantes, had only one private representation, at the 
 house of La Popeliniere in 1745 ; his revision of 
 the intermezzo La reine de Navarre (by Voltaire 
 and Rameau) was a flat failure in Paris ; but his 
 opera Le Devin du village (Grand Opera, 1752) 
 was very successful, and was on the repertory 
 for some 60 years. In the meantime his hastily 
 written musical articles for the " Encyclopedic " 
 had evoked scathing criticisms from Rameau and 
 others ; improved by revision and augmentation, 
 they were republ. as his " Dictionnaire de mu- 
 sique " (176B). In 1752 commenced the hot dis- 
 pute, known as the "guerre des Bouffons," 
 between the partisans of French and Italian 
 opera ; R. sided with the latter, publishing a 
 " Lettre a M. Griram au sujet des remarques 
 ajoutees a sa lettre sur Omphale " (1752), fol- 
 lowed by the caustic "Lettre sur la musique 
 fran9aise" (1753, to which the members of the 
 Opera responded by burning him in effigy and 
 excluding him from the theatre) and ' ' Lettre 
 d'un symphoniste de I'academie royale de mu- 
 sique a ses camarades de I'orchestre " (1753). In 
 Pygmalion (1773) he created the melodrama ; the 
 work met with great success. Six new arias for 
 Le Devin du village, and a collection of about 
 100 romances and duets, " I.es consolations des 
 rais^res de ma vie " (1781), and fragments of an 
 opera, Daphnis et Chloi, were publ. posthu- 
 mously (1780). All his writings on music have 
 been often republ. in editions of his " Collected 
 Works." Despite his deficiencies as a musician, 
 he exercised great influence on contemporary 
 French art. 
 
 Rousseau, Samuel-Alexandre, b. Neuve- 
 maison, Aisne, June 11, 1853. Pupil of Paris 
 Cons.; won the Prix 
 Cressent in 1878, also 
 the 2nd Grand prix 
 de Rome. Prod, the 
 i-act comedy-opera 
 Dianorah at theOpera- 
 Comique, 1879; his 
 opera M^roiaig won 
 the Prize of the City 
 of Parisin 1891. Since 
 1892, 1st chef d'orch. 
 at the Th.-Lyrique. ' 
 On June 8, 1898, his 
 3-act lyric drama La 
 cloche du Rhin had 
 a succes d'estime at 
 the Opera (said to be an unsatisfactory attempt 
 to imitate Wagner's dramatic procedures). Has 
 also written a solemn mass, many songs, etc. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean, violinist in Paris. — Publ. 
 " Traite de laviole" (1687, w. history of the 
 instr.) ; " Methode claire . . . pour apprendre 
 a chanter la musique . . ." (1678, etc., with direc- 
 tions for playing graces) ; and 2 books of pieces 
 f . viola w. exercises, and directions for different 
 tunings (no date). 
 
 Roussier, Abbe Pierre; Joseph, b. Mar- 
 seilles, 1716 ; d. as canon at Ecouis, Normandy, 
 about 1790. — Publ. " Sentiment d'un harmoni- 
 phile sur differents ouvfages de musique " (1756); 
 "Traite des accords et de leur succession" 
 (1764; suppl. by " L'harmonie pratique . . . ," 
 1775) ! " Observations sur differents points de 
 l'harmonie " (1765) ; " Meraoire sur la musique 
 des anciens " (1770); "Notes et observations 
 sur le memoire du P. Amiot concernant la mu- 
 sique des chinois" (1779) ; " Mem. sur la nou- 
 velle harpe de M. Cousineau " (1782); "Mem. 
 sur le clavecin chromatique" (1782) ; "Lettre 
 sur I'acceptation des mots basse fondameniale 
 ..." (1783 ; "Journal encyclop.", vol. i) ; etc. 
 
 RoveKli, Pietro, b. Bergamo, Feb. 6, 1793 ; 
 d. there Sept. 8, 1838, as maestro at the church 
 of S. Maria Maggiore, and ist violinin the theatre- 
 orch. Pupil of R. Kreutzer ; teacher of Molique 
 while leader at Munich (1817-19). Publ. excel- 
 lent etudes. 
 
 Rovet'ta, Giovanni, pupil of Monteverde, 
 and his successor in 1644 as ist maestro at San 
 Marco, Venice, where he died in Aug., 1668. — 
 Works : 2 operas, Ercole in Lidia (1645) and 
 Argiope (1649 ; finished by Leardini d'Urbino) ; 
 publ. much church-music : Salmi concertati per 
 vespri (1626) ; Madrigali concertati (1627 ; others 
 in 1640 and 1645) ; Mottetti concertati . . . ed 
 una messa concertata (1635) ; Salmi a 1-4 voci 
 con una messa (1642) ; Salmi a 5-6 con 2 violini ; 
 Salmi a 8 (1644) ; Mottetti concertati a 2-3 con 
 litanie a 4 (1647); Salmi per i vespri e compieta 
 a 8 (1662). 
 
 Roze, Abbe Nicolas, b. Bourg-Neuf, n. 
 Chalons, Jan. 17, 1745 ; d. St.-Mande, n. Paris, 
 Sept. 30, 1819. From 1807, Langle's successor 
 as librarian of the Conservatoire. — Publ. a " Me- 
 thode de plain-chant "; also vocal church-music. 
 
 Rozkos'ny [-kSsh'-], Josef Richard, b. 
 
 Prague, Sept. 21, 1833. Pupil of Jiranek, Toma- 
 schek, and Fr. Kittl. In 1855 he made a suc- 
 cessful pianistic tour through Austria, Hungary, 
 Rumania, etc. ; resides in Prague. — Works : The 
 Bohemian operas Ave Maria, MikuWs [St. 
 Nicholas](i87o), SvatojanskS [St. John's Rapids], 
 Zdvisz Falkenstejna [Zavish of Falkenstein], Py- 
 //aV2[ThePoachers],/'o/^//4o [Cinderella] (1885), 
 Ebba, Puiezahl (i?,?,q), and Satanella{l?,C)'i)-, all 
 at Prague; also overtures, 2 masses f. male voices, 
 many songs and choruses, and pf. -music. 
 
 Rubi'ni, Giovanni Battista, celebrated 
 tenor ; b. Romano, Bergamo, Apr. 7, 1795 ; d- ^t 
 his castle near Romano, March 2, 1854. His 
 teacher was Rosio of Bergamo ; debut at Pavia, 
 1814, after which he sang for a time at Naples; 
 
 500 
 
RUBINSTEIN 
 
 became famous during a season in Vienna (1824), 
 was in Milan 1825, and went tlience to Paris, 
 singing withi triumphant success at tiie Tlieatre 
 Italien 1825-6, After further successes in Lon- 
 don and Paris, the impresario Barbaja secured 
 him for Italy, paying him finally 60,000 francs. 
 From 1832-43 he sang alternately at London 
 and Paris ; accompanied Liszt to Berlin in 1843, 
 visited St. Petersburg twice more, and in 1845 
 returned to Italy as a millionaire. Mario was his 
 pupil. He publ. " I2 Lezioni di canto moderno 
 per tenore o soprano " ; and an album of 6 songs, 
 "L'Addio." 
 
 Ru'binstein [roo'bin-stin], Anton Gregoro- 
 vitch, b. Wechwotynecz, Bessarabia, Nov. 30, 
 1830 ; d. Peterhof, 
 n. St. Petersburg, 
 Nov. 20, 1894. 
 Soon after his birth, 
 the family went to 
 Moscow, where his 
 father established a 
 pencil-factory. His 
 first teacher was his 
 mother ; at 7 he 
 began the study of 
 the piano under 
 Alexander Villoing, 
 who was thereafter 
 his sole instructor 
 on that instr. Vil- 
 loing took him to Paris toward the end of 1839, 
 and in 1840 R. played before Chopin, Liszt, and 
 others. Liszt, fully recognizing his wonderful 
 talent, advised him to complete his studies in 
 Germany. From Paris master and pupil pro- 
 ceeded to Holland, England, Scandinavia, and 
 Germany, giving concerts by the way ; and ar- 
 rived at Moscow in 1843. As Anton's brother, 
 Nikolai [Nicholas], evinced talent for composi- 
 tion, both boys were taken to Berlin in 1844, 
 where, on Meyerbeer's recommendation, Anton 
 studied composition under Dehn. The father's 
 illness (1846) caused the mother to return to 
 Moscow with her younger son ; Anton remained 
 in Berlin, whence he visited Vienna, and made 
 a tour through Hungary with the flutist Heindl. 
 Returning to Russia on the outbreak of the 
 revolution of 1848, he settled in St. Petersburg. 
 Here he enjoyed the liberal patronage of the 
 Grand Duchess Hplen, and produced 2 Russian 
 operas, Dimitri Donskoi (1852) and Sibirskije 
 Ochotnikie [The Siberian Hunters] {1853 ; I 
 act). In 1854, on the advice and with the as- 
 sistance of Coufit Wielhorski and the Grand 
 Duchess, R. undertook a journey for the purpose 
 of making himself and his works better known. 
 He found publishers in Berlin, and gave con- 
 certs^ of his own works at London and Paris, 
 exciting admiration as a composer and pianist ; 
 on liis return in 1858, he was appointed court 
 pianist, and conductor of the court concerts. He 
 assumed the direction of the Russian Musical 
 Society in 1859 ; in 1862 he founded the Imp. 
 
 Cons, at St. Petersburg, remaining its director 
 until 1867. In 1865 he married Vera Tchekua- 
 noiT. For 20 years he held no official position ; 
 from 1867-70 he toured Europe, winning fame 
 as a pianist hardly second to that of Liszt ; 1872-3 
 he extended his triumphs over, the American 
 continent, playing in 215 concerts, for which he 
 was paid $40,000 ; but the artistic wretchedness 
 then endured was such that he could never 
 again be persuaded to cross the ocean, refusing 
 even an oiler of $125,000 for fifty concerts. 
 Otherwise his time was chiefly devoted to com- 
 posing, and to bringing out his works for the 
 stage. On Davidoii's resignation in 1887, R. re- 
 sumed the directorship of tlie St. Petersburg Cons, 
 for 3 years ; after which he lived principally in 
 Berlin and (from 1892) in Dresden. — From the 
 Czar Rubinstein received the Order of Vladimir, 
 carrying with it nobility, and the title of Imp. 
 Russian State Councillor ; he was an Officer of 
 the Legion of Honor, a Knight of the Prussian 
 Ordre pour le merite, etc., etc. 
 
 It was R.'s most cherished desire to be recog- 
 nized as a great dramatic composer ; but, al- 
 though several of his 13 best-known operas (espe- 
 cially Nero, The Maccabees, The Detnon) have 
 many admirers, — though his chief bid for im- 
 mortality, the "new form" of the so-called 
 Sacred Opera, {^The Tower of Babel, Paradise 
 Lost, Moses, Christus,) has features of marked 
 originality and powerful ideality, — though his 
 '.' Ocean " symphony, his piano-concertos in D 
 minor and G, and many beautiful piano-compo- 
 sitions in the most diverse styles, have been 
 received with the warmest enthusiasm, — and 
 though he was feted and adored as few musicians 
 have been, — nevertheless he died disappointed, 
 and unhopeful for the future of musical composi- 
 tion. Wagner, his successful rival in dramatic 
 composition, he never appreciated. For him, 
 musical creation died with Chopin ; and he 
 thought the outlook but gloomy for its resurrec- 
 tion. 
 
 Operas (including the oratorios) : Dimitri 
 Donskoi, Russian opera (St. P., 1852) ; Sibirskije 
 Ochotnikie, do. (St. P., 1852); Foina Duratchok 
 [Toms, the Fool], do. (St. P., 1858) ; Mest 
 [Revenge], do. (St. P., 1858) ; Die Kinder der 
 Haide, 5-act German grand opera (Vienna, 
 1861) ; Feramors, oder Lalla Rookh, 3-act Ger. 
 lyric opera (Dresden, 1863) ; Der Thurm zu 
 Babel, Ger. sacred opera (Kbnigsberg, 1870) ; 
 The Demon, 3-act Russ. fantastic opera (St. P., 
 1875) ; Die Makkabaer, 3-act Ger. opera (Berlin, 
 1875) ; Das verlorene Paradies, Ger. sacred 
 opera (DUsseldorf, 1875) ; Nero, 4-act Ger. 
 opera (Hamburg, 1879) 1 Kalashnikoff Moskovski 
 Kupets [The Merchant of Moscow], 3-act Russ. 
 opera (St. P., 1880); Sulamith, Ger. Biblical 
 stage-play (Hamburg, 1883) ; Unter Raubern, 
 i-act Ger. comic opera (Hamburg, 1883); Der 
 Papagei, do. (ibid., 1884) ; Moses, Ger. sacred 
 opera (1887) ; Gorjushka, 3-act Russ. opera (St. 
 P., 1889); Christtis, Ger. sacred opera (Bremen, 
 1895) ; also a ballet. La Vigne [Die Rebe]. 
 
 501 
 
RUBINSTEIN— RUDORFF 
 
 Vocal \v. orch.: 2 cantatas, Die Nixe (op. 
 63, f. alto solo and female ch.) and Der Morgen 
 (op.^ 74, f. male ch.) ; scene and aria f. sopr., 
 " E dunque vero," op. 58 ; 2 scenes f. alto, 
 " Hecuba" and " Hagar in der Wliste," op. g2, 
 Nos. 1 and 2. 
 
 For Orchestra: 6 symphonies (op. 40, in F ; 
 op. 42 [" Ocean," inC, 7movem.] ; op. 56, in A ; 
 op 95, in D min. [" dramatic"] ; op. 107, in G 
 min. [in memory of Gr. Duch. Helen] ; op. in, 
 in A min.); the mus. "character-pictures," 
 "Faust" (op. 68), "Ivan IV." (op. 79), and 
 "Don Quixote "(op. 87); 3 concert-overtures, 
 op. 43 (" triomphale "), op. 60, and op. 116 
 (" Anthony and Cleopatra ") ; a Suite in 6 move- 
 ments, op 119 (his last work) ; symphonic poem 
 " La Russie." 
 
 Instrumental : 5 pf.-concertos (op. 25, in 
 E ; op. 35, in F ; op. 45, in G ; op. 70, in D 
 min. ; op. 94, in Ef)) ; pf. -fantasia vir. orch., op. 
 84; Caprice russe f. do., op. 102; "Fantasia 
 eroica" f. do., op. no; violin-concerto in G, 
 op. 46 ; Romance and Caprice f. vln. w. orch., 
 op. 86 ; 2 'cello-concertos (op. 65, in A min.; 
 op. 96) ; octet f. pf., strings, and wind, op. 9; 
 string-sextet, op. 97 ; quintet f. pf. and wind, 
 op- 55 ; pf.-quintet, op. 99 ; pf.-quartet, op. 
 66 ; 5 pf. -trios, op. 15 (Nos. 1-2), 52, 85, 108 ; 3 
 violin-sonatas, op. 13, 19, 28 ; 2 'cello-sonatas, 
 op. 18, 39 ; 1 viola-sonata, op. 49 (arr. f. violin 
 by David) ; — for piano solo : Suite, op. 38 ; 4 
 s.onatas, op. 12, 20, 41, 100; 6 Preludes, op. 
 24 ; 6 Etudes, op. 23 ; 6 do., op. 81 ; 5 Barca- 
 rolles ; " Kamenoi-Ostrow " ["Isle of Kame- 
 noi " in the Neva, w. palace ; a series of 24 
 "pictures"], op. 10; "Soirees de St.-Peters- 
 bourg," op. 44 (3 books) ; " Miscellanees," op. 
 93 (g books); " Le Bal," op. 14 (10 pieces); 
 "Album de Peterhof," op. 75 ; etc.; — Jor pf. 4 
 hands : Sonata, op. 8g ; " Bal costume," op. 
 103 ; 6 Charakterbilder, op. 50 ; Fantasia f. 2 
 pf.s, op. 73. 
 
 Songs, etc.: Over 100 songs w. pf., op. i, 8, 
 27, 32 (" Asra "is No. 6), 33, 34 [Mirza Schaffy], 
 36, 57, 64 (5 Fables), 72 (one is " Es blinkt der 
 Thau"), 76, 78, 83, 91 [Wilhelm Meister], loi, 
 105, 115 ; — " Songs and Requiem for Mignon" 
 [Wilh. Meister], f. soli, ch., and pf., op. gl ; 18 
 duets w. pf., op. 48, 67 ; 9 male choruses, op. 
 31, 61 ; 6 mixed choruses, op. 62. 
 
 Biographical: "Memoirs" (St.' Petersburg, 
 .i88g, in Russian ; Leipzig, 1893, 2nd ed. 1895, 
 in German as " Erinnerungen aus 50 Jahren, 
 1839-89"). Also a " Life" by MacArthur (Lon- 
 don, i88g). 
 
 As a writer, besides the " Memoirs," R. publ. 
 " Die Musik und ihre Meister" (1892), followed 
 by " Gedankenkorb " as a sort of supplement 
 (Leipzig, 1897) ; in both he shows himself a 
 master in satire. 
 
 Rubinstein Prize. Competition open only 
 to young men between 20 and 26 years of age, 
 of any nationality, confession, or condition. 
 Two prizes of 5,000 francs each are oiiered, 
 one for composition, the other for pf.-playing. 
 
 Quinquennial competitions: 1890 at St. Peters- 
 burg, 1895 at Berlin, 1900 at Vienna, 1905 at 
 Paris ; then igioat St. Petersburg, and so forth. 
 
 Ru'binstein, Nikolai [Nicholas], brother of 
 
 Anton ; b. Moscow, June 2, 1835 ; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 23, 1881. Pupil, 1844-6, of Kullak (pf.) 
 and Dehn (comp.) at Berlin. His brother de- 
 clared him to be a better pianist than himself — an 
 opinion not shared by the general public. He 
 founded the Moscow Mus. Soc. in 1859, ^"d 
 this Society opened, in 1864, the Moscow Cons., 
 of which R. was Director until death. He gave 
 annual concerts in St. Petersburg ; and in 1878 
 cond. 4 Russian concerts at the Paris Exposi- 
 tion. — Publ. tasteful and original pf.-pieces, 
 among them op. 11, Mazurkas i and 2 ; op. 13, 
 Bolero ; op. 14, Tarentelle ; op. 15, Polka ; op. 
 16, Valse de salon ; op. 17, Polonaise ; Sctee 
 de bal ; etc. 
 
 Ru'binstein, Joseph [no relation to the pre- 
 ceding], b. Staro-Constantinow, Russia, Feb. 
 8, 1847 ; d. (by suicide) Lucerne, Sept. 15, 1884. 
 Pianist ; pupil of Hellmesberger, Dachs, and 
 Liszt. Friend and admirer of Wagner ; in 1874, 
 etc., he was the pianist for the piano-rehearsals 
 of the Ring des Nibelungen at Bayreuth ; also 
 made excellent pf. -transcriptions from that mu- 
 sic-drama. 
 
 Riib'ner, Cornelius, b. Copenhagen, Oct. 
 26, 1853. Pianist, pupil of Gade and Reinecke ; 
 since 1892, cond. of the Karlsruhe Philharm. 
 Soc. — Works ; A symphonic poem, a " Festou- 
 verture," a pf.-trio, pf.-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Ruckers. Celebrated family of clavecin- 
 makers at Antwerp, their harpsichords being 
 the finest ever made. Hans (senior), member 
 of the Guild of St. Luke in I57g, d. about 1640 ; 
 his 4 sons were Franz, b. 1576 ; Hans (junior), 
 b. 1578 ; Andries (senior); b. 1579 ; and Anton, 
 b. 1581 ; the last manufacturer was Andries 
 (junior) [1607-67]. 
 
 Ru'dersdorff, Hermine, famous stage -so- 
 prano ; b. Ivanowsky, Ukraine, Dec. 12, 1822 ; 
 d. Boston, Mass., Feb. 26, 1882. A pupil of 
 Bordogni at Paris and of de Micherout at Milan, 
 she sang at first in concerts in Germany (1840) ; 
 from 1841 she sang in opera at Karlsruhe, then 
 at Frankfort (where she married Dr. Kiichen- 
 meister in 1844) and Breslau ; 1852-4, at the 
 Friedrich Wilhelmstadtisches Th. , Berlin ; and 
 in London 1854-65, at the Drury Lane Th., the 
 Italian Opera, and in concerts. Engaged at the 
 Boston Jubilees of 1871-72, she settled in Bos- 
 ton, becoming renowned as a teacher (Emma 
 Thursby was her pupil). She was eminent 
 both in opera and oratorio. 
 
 Rudorff, Ernst Friedrich Karl, b. Berlin 
 Jan. 18, 1840. Pupil of Bargiel 1852-7 (pf.) 
 from 1859 of the Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, 
 Plaidy, Rietz), also a private pupil of Plaupt 
 mann and Reinecke. 1865, pf.-teacher in Co- 
 logne Cons.; founded the Bach-Verein in 1867 
 
 502 
 
RtJFER— RUSSELL 
 
 became head pf.-teacher in the Berlin Hoch- 
 schule, 1869, also succeeding Bruch as cond. of 
 the Stern Gesangverein in 1880 (resigned 1890). 
 — Works: Symphony No. i, op. 31, in Bjj ; 
 No. 2 (1891), in G min.; Serenade and var.s f. 
 orch.; overtures to Otto der Schiitz, and to 
 Tieck's Marchen vom blonden Ekbert ; Ballade 
 in 3 movem. , f . orch. ; Der A ufzug der Romanze 
 [Tieck], f. solo, ch., and orch.; " Gesang an 
 die Sterne" [RuckertJ, f. 6 voices w. orch.; 
 string-sextet ; many part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Rii'fer, Philippe (-Barth^lemy), b. Liege, 
 June 7, 1844 [son of a German organist, Philipp 
 R.]. Pupil of Liege Cons. ; 1869-71, mus. dir. 
 at Essen ; since then he has lived in Berlin as 
 pf.-teacher at Stern's Cons., KuUak's Cons., and 
 from 1881 at Scharwenka's. — Works : Opera 
 Merlin {Berlin, 1887) ; 4-act opera Ingo (Berlin, 
 1896 ; fairly succ.) ; symphony in F, op. 23 ; 3 
 overtures ; 2 string-quartets ; a trio ; 2 suites f. 
 pf. and 'cello ; a violin-sonata, an organ-sonata, 
 pf.-music, songs. 
 
 Ruffo, Vincenzo, d. as maestro of the cathe- 
 dral at Verona, his native town. — Publ. motets 
 « 5 (1551). masses a 5 (1557), motets a 6 (1555), 
 4 books of madrigals a 5 (1550-60; often republ.), 
 "Madrigali cromatici a 6-8, con la gionta di 5 
 canzoni " (1554), 4 books of chrom. madrigals a 5 
 (1555-60), 3 other books of madrigals (1557-60) ; 
 psalms a 5 (1574-88), Magnificats a 5 (1578). 
 
 Rufina'tscha, Johann, b. in the Tyrol, 1812 ; 
 d. Vienna, May 25, 1893. Excellent teacher 
 (Briill was his pupil) ; comp. 5 symphonies, 4 
 overtures, a pf.-concerto, songs, etc. 
 
 Rngge'ri [Ruggieri], Giovanni Maria, 
 
 Venetian comp. ; brought out ten operas 1696- 
 1712 ; publ. " Scherzi geniali ridotti a regola 
 armonica in 10 sonate da camera a 3, cio4 2 vio- 
 lin! e violine o cembalo " (1690) ; " Suonate da 
 chiesa a due violini e violone o tiorba, con il suo 
 basso continuo per I'organo " (1693) ; r book of 
 do. w. 'cello instead of violone (1697) ; also 12 
 Cantate with and without violin (1706). 
 
 Rug'gi, Francesco, b. Naples, Oct. 21, 
 1767 ; d. there Jan. 23, 1845. Pupil of Fenaroli 
 at the Cons, di S. Loreto. Appointed maestro 
 di cafpella extraordinary to the City of Naples in 
 1795 ; succeeded Tritto as prof, of counterpoint 
 and comp. at the R. Cons, in 1825. He prod. 
 3 operas ; also an oratorio and other church- 
 music. Was the teacher of Bellini and Carafa. 
 
 Ruhl'mann, (Adolf)Julius, b. Dresden, Feb. 
 28, 1817 (i6?); d. there Oct. 27, 1877. Pupil 
 of Tillmann and Jul. Otto ; in 1841, tenor trom- 
 bone in the royal orch.; 1873, R. Inspector of 
 Instr.s ; co-founder, and from 1855 president, 
 of the Dresden Tonkunstlerverein j from 1856, 
 prof, of pf . and the history of music at the Cons. 
 A series of valuable historical essays appeared in 
 the "Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik"; his illus- 
 trated " Geschichte der Bogeninstrumente " was 
 publ. in 1882. 
 
 Rum'rael, Christian, b. Erichsenstadt, Ba- 
 varia, Nov. 27, 1787 ; d. Wiesbaden, Feb. 13, 
 1849, where he was Kapellm. 1815-41. Per- 
 former on the pf., violin, and clarinet ; publ. a 
 clar. -concerto, 2 quintets, etc. — His son Joseph, 
 b. Wiesbaden, 1818, d. London, Mar. 25, i88o, 
 was court pianist to the Duke of Nassau. Publ. 
 pf.-music. — A second son, August, b. Wies- 
 baden, Jan. 14, 1824, d. London, Dec. 14, 1886, 
 was also a good pianist. 
 
 Rum'mel, Franz, son of Joseph R.; b. 
 London, Jan. 11, 1853. Distinguished pianist, 
 pupil of Louis Brassin at Brussels Cons., win- 
 ning the 1st prize in 1872. 1877-8, tour through 
 Holland with Ole Bull and Minnie Hauck. 
 First American tour, 1878 ; second, 1886. 
 Taught 1884-5 at Stern's Cons., then at Kul- 
 lak's, in Berlin. Gave his first concert in Brus- 
 sels, Nov. 24, 1872. In 1897 he received the 
 title of " Professor" from the Duke of Anhalt. 
 His third tour in America began in New York, 
 Feb. I, 1898. Up to thattime he had played in 
 about 700 concerts. 
 
 Rung, Henrik, b. Copenhagen, Mar. 3, 
 1807 ; d. there Dec. 13, 1871, as chorusmaster 
 at the opera and cond. of the Cecilia Soc. for 
 old church-music, which he founded in 1852. — 
 Works : 7 operas ; incid. music to plays ; popu- 
 lar songs. 
 
 Rungenha'gen, Carl Friedrich, b. Berlin, 
 Sept. 27, 1778 ; d. there Dec. 21, 1851. Pupil 
 of Benda ; in 1815, vice-cond. of the Singakade- 
 mie, succeeding Zelter in 1833 as first cond., 
 also being elected a member of the Berlin 
 Academy. Soon app. teacher in the School of 
 Composition; in 1843, "Professor." — Works: 
 4 operas, 3 oratorios, several sacred and secular 
 cantatas, a mass f. male voices, a Te Deum, 30 
 motets, 30 4-part songs and chorals, over 100 
 sacred and 1000 secular songs ; also symphonies, 
 quartets, etc. 
 
 Russell, William, b. London, Oct. 6, 1777 ; 
 d. there Nov. 21, 1813. Pupil of Arnold, 
 Shrubsole, and others ; from 1789-93, deputy- 
 organist at St. Mary's, Aldermanbury ; finally, 
 from 1801, at the Foundling Hospital. Pianist 
 at Sadler's Wells Th., 1800 ; at Covent Garden, 
 1801. Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1808. — Works: Sev- 
 eral operas'; 3 oratorios ; a mass ; psalms, 
 hymns, and anthems ; a morning and evening 
 service ; various odes, glees, and songs ; 12 Vol- 
 untaries f. org. or pf . ; etc. 
 
 Russell, Louis Arthur, b, Newark, N. J., 
 Feb. 24, 1854. Pupil of S. P. Warren, G. F. 
 Bristow, and C. C. MuUer, New York ; of J. 
 Higgs, B. Tours, W. Shakespeare, and G. Hen- 
 schel, London. From 1878-95, organist and 
 choirmaster of South Park Presb. Ch., Newark ; 
 since 1879, cond. of the Schubert Vocal Soc; 
 since 1885, of the Easton (Pa.) Choral Soc. 
 Founded in 1885 the College of Music of 
 Newark, of which he is the mus. Director, and 
 
 503 
 
RUST— RYDER 
 
 in which he teaches singing, pf. -playing, and 
 theory. Organized the Newark Symph. Orch. 
 in 1893. — Works : " The Embellishments of 
 Music"; "How to read Modern Music"; 
 "Problems in Time and Tune"; "Develop- 
 ment of Artistic Pianoforte Touch " ; — the can- 
 tata A Pastoral Rhafsody^ f. sopr. solo, ch.,and 
 orch.; orch.l pieces, anthems, quartets, songs, 
 pf. -music, etc. 
 
 Rust, Friedrich Wilhelra, b. Worlitz, n. 
 Dessau, July 6, 1739 ; d. Dessau, Feb. 28, 1796. 
 Student of law at Leipzig until 1762 ; then a 
 pupil of the violinist HSckh at Zerbst and (1763) 
 of Franz Benda at Berlin, under the patronage 
 of Prince Leopold III. of Anhalt-Dessau, whom 
 he accompanied to Italy (1765-6), and who app. 
 him court mus. dir. in 1775. Eminent violinist 
 and composer ; he brought out several stage- 
 pieces, wrote incid. music to plays, and consid- 
 erable instr.l music. David, Singer, and Wil- 
 helm Rust have publ. several of his violin- 
 pieces. A list of works is in Hosaus' monograph 
 on Rust and music in Dessau from 1766-gg 
 (1802) ; another list, with biogr. notes, is in E. 
 Prieger's pamphlet " F. W. R., ein Vorganger 
 Beethoven's " (Cologne, 1894). — His son, Wil- 
 helm Carl, b. 1787, d. 1855, was organist at 
 Vienna 1819-27 ; then teacher in Dessau. Publ. 
 pieces f. pf. and organ. 
 
 Rust, Wilhelm, b. Dessau, Aug. 15, 1822 ; 
 d. Leipzig, May 2, 1892. Pupil of his uncle, 
 W. C. Rust (pf. and org.) ; later of Fr. Schnei- 
 der (1843-6). From 1845-8 he was music- 
 teacher in an Hungarian nobleman's family. 
 He went to BerHn in 1849, taught there, entered 
 the Singakademie in 1850, joined the Leipzig 
 Bach-Verein in 1850, played in numerous con- 
 certs, became organist of St. Luke's in 1861, 
 cond. of the Berlin Bach-Verein from 1862-74, 
 "Royal Mus. Director" in 1864, and received 
 the title of Dr. phil. hon. causa from the Mar- 
 burg Univ. in 1868 ; in 1870, teacher of theory 
 and comp. at the Stern Cons.; in 1878, organist 
 of the Thomaskirche at Leipzig, and teacher in 
 the Cons, there ; in 1880 he succeeded Richter 
 as cantor of the Thoraasschule. — As editor of 
 several volumes of the Bach edition prepared by 
 the Bach-Gesellschaft, he displayed great erudi- 
 tion and precision. His comp.s include motets, 
 sacred choruses, part-songs f. male or mixed 
 chorus, vocal soli w. orch. or organ, songs ; also 
 some pf. -music. 
 
 Ru'ta, Michele, b. Caserta, 1827 ; d. Naples, 
 Jan. 24, 1896. Pupil, at Naples Cons., of 
 Lanza (pf.), Crescentini the younger and Cima- 
 rosa (voice), and Conti (comp.). Eminent 
 teacher, prolific composer, and writer on music ; 
 mus. editor of the " Corriere del Mattino" ; 
 founder and editor of " La Musica." He prod, 
 several operas at Naples ; a ballet ; entr^acte 
 music ; many masses, a Te Deum, motets ; pa- 
 triotic songs ; vocal chamber-music. — Wrote 
 " Trattato d'Armonia"; " Corso completo di 
 
 composizione"; do. of " Canto corale " ; "Breve 
 metodo di canto " ; etc. 
 
 Ru'thardt [roo'tart], Friedrich, b. 1800 ; d. 
 1862 as oboist in the Stuttgart court orch. — Publ. 
 2 books of chorals ; comp. f. oboe and f. zither. 
 — His sons are the two following : 
 
 Ru'thardt, Julius, b. Stuttgart, Dec. 13, 
 1841. Violinist in the court orch., 1855 ; Ka- 
 pellm. in the theatre at Riga (1871), at Ixipzig 
 (1882), and since 1885 at Bremen. — Works : 
 Incid. music to Bjornson's Hulda ; songs. 
 
 Ru'thardt, Adolf, b. Stuttgart, Feb. 9, 1849. 
 Pupil of the Cons. ; was a music-teacher in Ge- 
 neva 1868-1885, then returning to Germany ; 
 since 1886, teacher of pf. at the Leipzig Cons., 
 as which he enjoys a high reputation. — Works : 
 Excellent pf.-music : Op. 4, Menuet ; op. 6, Ro- 
 manze ; op. II, six Morceaux de genre ; op. 14, 
 six Preludes ; op. 15, two Preludes and Fugues : 
 op. 16, Nordisches Standchen ; op. 17, 3 Ron- 
 dos; -op. 18, Deux melodies intimes ; op. 20, 
 Soiree dansante ; op. 21, six waltzes ; op. 24, 
 Introd. et scene de bal ; op. 27, " Schritt fiir 
 Schritt" (12 4-hand pieces) ; op. 31, sonata f. 2 
 pf.s ; op. 34, Trio pastorale f. pf., oboe, and 
 viola. — Also wrote " Das Klavier : ein geschicht- 
 licher Abriss " ; a " Chormeisterbuchlein " of 
 short biographies ; and prepared the 3rd and 4th 
 ed.s of Eschmann's " Wegweiser." 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, b. Ireland, 1827. He went 
 to the United States in 1844, pursued his studies 
 in Boston, and in 1849, with August Fries (ist 
 violin), Francis Rziha [Riha] (2nd violin), Eduard 
 Lehmann (viola and flute), R. (viola and clarinet), 
 and Wulf Fries ('cello), the newly organized 
 "Mendelssohn Quintette Club" gave its first 
 Boston concert on Dec. 14, at the Chickering 
 warerooms. [For membership of the Club as an 
 amateur organization, cf. WuLF Fries.] From 
 this time R.'s fortunes were inseparably bound 
 up with those of the Club, of which, after half 
 a century of pioneer work for the highest class of 
 cham'ber-music, he is the sole remaining original 
 member. This little band of excellent musicians 
 has visited every town of any size in the United 
 States. Details will be found in R.'s book, 
 " Recollections of an Old Musician " (New York, 
 1899). He is a virtuoso on the clarinet and 
 viola ; and has comp. several quintets, quartets, 
 numerous songs, etc. 
 
 Ryba, Jakob Jan, b. Przestitz, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 26, 1765 ; d. Roczmittal, 1815, as rector of 
 the gymnasium. — Comp.s : Many masses, mo- 
 tets, offertories, and other church-music ; 6 comic 
 operas and melodramas ; 35 symphonies ; 38 
 concertos f. different instr.s ; a vast amount of 
 chamber-music ; etc. , of no enduring value. 
 
 Ryder, Thomas Philander, b. Cohasset, 
 Mass., June 29, 1836, Pupil of Gustav Satter. 
 For many years organist at Tremont Temple, 
 Boston. Composer of light and popular piano- 
 
 504 
 
SAAR— SACHSE-I-IOFMEISTER 
 
 Saar, Louis Victor Franz, b. Rotterdam, 
 Dec. 10, 1868. Pupil 1886-9 of Rheinberger 
 and Abel, at Munich Cons.; spent one winter 
 with Brahms in Vienna ; lived in Leipzig and 
 Berlin; was eng. 1892-5 by Abbey & Grau as 
 opera-accompanist in New York ; 1896-8, teacher 
 of cpt. and comp., at the National Cons., N. Y. ; 
 from 1898, do. at the CoUfege of Music. Critic 
 for the " Staats-Zeitung " and the " New York 
 Review." In i8gi he took the Mendelssohn com- 
 position-prize for a pf .-suite and songs. Works : 
 Many songs (op. 1-5, io-l6, 19, 21, 24) ; pf.- 
 music (op. 6, Suite ; op. 9, " Tagebuchblatter " ; 
 op. 17, Canzonetta w. vln. ; op. 18, 2 Ballades ; 
 op. 20, 5 4-hand pieces ; op. 22, 4 Klavierstucke ; 
 op. 23, 10 do.); op. 8, four 4-part songs (Vienna 
 " TonkUnstlerpreis "). 
 
 Sabbati'ni, Galeazzo, b. Pesaro ; maestro 
 to the Duke of Mirandola. — Publ. 2 books of 
 madrigals a 2-5 (1627, 1636) ; 2 of " Sacrae 
 laudes" a 2-5 (1637, 1641); i do. w. organ 
 (1642) ; 3 of " Madrigali concertati " a 2-5, w. 
 instr.s (1630, 1636) ; Litanies a 3-6 (1638) ; 
 " Sacri laudi e motetti a voce sola " (1639). 
 
 Sabbati'ni, Luigi Antonio, b. Albano Li- 
 ziale, n. Rome, 1739 ; d. Padua, Jan. 29, l8og. 
 Pupil of Padre Martini at Bologna, and Vallotti 
 at Padua, succeeding the latter as maestro at the 
 Antonius Basilica in 1780. — Publ. " Gli de- 
 menti teorici della musica coUa practica de' 
 medesimi in duetti e terzetti a canone " (1789 ; 
 part transl. into French by Choron) ; " La vera 
 idea delle musicali numeriche signature " (1799 ; 
 gives an epitome of Vallotti's system) ; " Trat- 
 tato sopra le fughe musicali " (1802 ; w. fine 
 examples by Vallotti) ; and " Notizie sopra la 
 vita e le opere del R. P. Fr. A. Vallotti " (1780). 
 
 Sac'chi, Don Giovenale, learned musico- 
 graph ; b. Barfio, Como, Nov. 22, 1726 ; d. 
 Milan, Sept. 27, 1789. A Barnabite monk, and 
 excellent musician. — Publ. " Del nuraero e delle 
 misure delle corde musiche e loro corrispon- 
 denza " (1761) ; ' ' Delia divisione del tempo nella 
 musica, nel ballo e nella poesia " (1770) ; " Delia 
 natura e perfezione dell' antica musica de' Greci 
 . . ."(1778); " Delle quinte successive nel con- 
 trappunto, e delle regole degli accompagna- 
 menti" (1780); "Don Placido, dialogo dove 
 cercasi se lo studio della musica al religioso con- 
 venga o disconvenga " (1786); "Vita di Bene- 
 detto Marcello" (1789) ; etc. 
 
 Sacchi'ni, Antonio Maria Gasparo, noted 
 dram, composer of the Neapolitan school ; b. 
 Pozzuoli, n. Naples, June 23, 1734; d. Paris, 
 Oct. 8, 17B6. The son of a poor fisherman. 
 Durante was charmed with his singing, and had 
 him admitted to the Cons, di Sant' Onofrio, 
 where he studied under Fiorenza (vln.). Manna 
 (singing), and Durante (harps. , org. , and comp. ). 
 
 He prod, an intermezzo at the Cons, theatre in 
 1756, Fra Donato, with good success ; then sev- 
 eral small operas in Neapolitan dialect at minor 
 theatres ; in 1762 his Semiramide met with so 
 warm a reception at the Argentina Th., Rome, 
 that he remained in that city for 4 years in com- 
 petition with Piccinni. The great success of 
 Alessandro neW Indie at Naples and Venice 
 (1768), caused his appointment as director of the 
 Cons, dell' Ospedaletto (for girls) in Venice. In 
 1771, having written over 50 dramatic works, 
 he went via Munich and Stuttgart (where he 
 prod. 2 operas) to London, where he lived ten 
 years (1772-82) as a successful opera-composer, 
 but ran into debt, and fled from his creditors to 
 Paris. His fame had preceded him, and some 
 of his operas, in French versions, were produced 
 at the Opera (Armida e Rinaldo as Jienaud, 
 1783 ; II gran Cid as Chimhte, 1784) ; he also 
 wrote two new operas, the " tragedie lyrique" 
 Dardanus (1784), and CEdipe h Colone (1786, 
 his masterpiece, and still played in 1844) ; and 
 left a third, Arvire et £velina, unfinishied (Rey 
 added Act iii, and it was successfully prod, in 
 1788). Besides operas, he wrote 6 oratorios, 
 masses, and much other church-music ; 2 sym- 
 phonies, chamber-music (6 string-quartets, 6 
 trios f. 2 violins and 'cello) ; 12 sonatas f. harpsi- 
 chord, violin-sonatas, etc. 
 
 Sachs [zShks], Hans, foremost poet of the 
 Meistersinger ; b. Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494 ; 
 d. there Jan. 19, 1576. He wrote over 4,000 
 poems ("Meisterschulgedichte"), 1,700 tales, etc., 
 and 200 dramatic poems ; also invented numer- 
 ous " Weisen " (melodies) \cf. Genee, "Hans 
 Sachs und seine Zeit "]. He is the central fig- 
 ure in Wagner's opera. Die Meistersinger von 
 Niirnberg. 
 
 Sachs, Melchior Ernst, b. Mittelsinn, Lower 
 Franconia, Feb. 28, 1843. Pupil of the Munich 
 Cons. 1863-5, ^nd of the reorganized R. School 
 of Music, under Rheinberger 's special tuition, 
 1867-g. Cond. of the Liederkranz 1868-72 ; 
 in 1871, teacher of harm, at the Sch. of Music, 
 also founded and still conducts the concerts of 
 the Tonkunstlerverein. — Works : Opera Pale- 
 strina (I^atisbon, 1886) ; ballade Das Thai des 
 Espingo, i. ch. and orch. ; a Paternoster ; has 
 publ. pf. -music and songs. 
 
 Sachs, Julius, b. Waldhof, Meiningen, Dec. 
 12, 1830 ; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Dec. 30, 1888. 
 Gifted pianist and comp.; pupil of Ferd. Kessler 
 and Ed. Rosenhain at Frankfort. Successful 
 tours. — Publ. pf. -music (op. 4, three pieces ; op. 
 40, suite ; op. 51, Berceuse) ; etc. 
 
 Sach'se-Hof'meister, Anna, dramatic so- 
 prano ; b. Gumpoldskirchen, n. Vienna, July 
 26, 1852. Pupil of Frau Passy-Cornet at Vi- 
 enna Cons. ; studied privately with Proch ; debut 
 WUrzburg, 1870, as Valentine in Les Huguenots ; 
 sang at Frankfort 1872-6, then in Berlin, where 
 she married (1878) the tenor Sachse. Eng. at 
 
 505 
 
SAFFIEDDIN— SAINT-SAENS 
 
 Leipzig 1880-82 ; then at the Berlin Court 
 Opera as prima donna. 
 
 Saffieddin, Abdolmumin, Ben Fachir el 
 Ormeve el Bagdadi, the greatest Arabico-Per- 
 sian mus. theorist of the I3th-I4th centuries ; 
 called "the Zarlino of the East." Arabianby 
 birth, but founder of the Persian school. He 
 wrote for Sherefeddin HarCin, son of the Mon- 
 golian vizier Shemseddin, a great musico-theo- 
 retical work, the " Shereffie," quoted as an au- 
 thority by all succeeding Arabico- Persian theo- 
 rists. 
 
 Sigh, Joseph, b. Pesth, Mar. 13, 1852. Publ. 
 an Hungarian dictionary of musicians (1877). 
 Founder (1885) and editor of the mus. paper 
 " Zenelap." 
 
 Sagitta'rius. See SchOtz. 
 
 Sah'la, Richard, b. Graz, Sept. 17, 1855. 
 Violinist ; pupil of David at Leipzig Cons. , 1868- 
 72 ; debut at a Gewandhaus concert in 1873 ; 
 since 1888, court Kapellm. at Biickeburg, where 
 he organized an oratorio-society. Has publ. a 
 Rumanian Rhapsody, concert-pieces f. violin, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Saint-Amans, Louis-Joseph, b. Marseilles, 
 June 26, 1749 ; d. Paris, 1820. Composer of 
 comic operas in Ir'aris, 1769 ; cond. of the Brussels 
 opera 1778-9 ; from 1784-1802, teacher in the 
 Paris Cons. Wrote 24 operas and ballets, also 
 oratorios, cantatas, and chamber-music. 
 
 Saint-Georges, , Chevalier de, b. Guade- 
 loupe, Dec. 25, 1745 ; d. Paris, June 12, 1799. 
 Eccentric vioHnist ; pupil of Leclair. — Publ. 
 violin-sonatas w. bass (op. i), 2 books of trio- 
 sonatas f. 2 violins and bass, 5 violin-concertos, 
 and 6 concertantes f. 2 violins w. orch. 
 
 Saint-Huberty, (Antoinette-C^cile Cla- 
 vel, called St.-Huberty,) b. Toul, about 1756. 
 Celebrated soprano singer at the Grand Opera, 
 Paris, 1777-89. In 1790 she married the Count 
 d'Entraigues ; they were assassinated at their 
 country-seat, near London, July 22, 1812, prob- 
 ably from political motives. 
 
 Saint-Lambert, Michel de, harpsichord- 
 teacher at Paris. Publ. a " Traite de I'accom- 
 pagnement du clavecin, de I'orgue et de quelques 
 autres instr.s " (1680 ; 2nd ed. 1707), and " Prin- 
 cipes du clavecin " (1697 ; 2nd ed. 1702). 
 
 Saint-Lubin,L^on de,b. Turin, Julys, 1805 ; 
 d. Berlin, Feb. 13, 1850. Violinist, playing at 
 Berlin and Dresden in 1817 ; then studied with 
 PoUedro (Dresden) and Spohr ; in 1827, leader at 
 the Josephstadter Th., Vienna. From 1830-47, 
 leader at the KbnigstadterTh., Berlin. — Works : 
 2 operas, Konig Branors Schwert (Berlin, 1830), 
 and JDer Vettej- des Doctor Faust ; a melodrama, 
 ballets, and pantomimes ; 5 violin-concertos, 19 
 string-quartets, an octet, etc. 
 
 Sainton, Prosper (-Philippe-Catherine), 
 b. Toulouse, June 5, 1813 ; d. London, Oct. 17, 
 i8go. Pupil of Habeneck at Paris Cons, from 
 1832, winning ist prize for violin-playing in 1834; 
 
 orch. -player at the Opera and the Cons, concerts 
 for two years ; after extended continental tours, 
 prof, at Toulouse Cons. 1840-4. Visited Eng- 
 land in 1844 ; app- pi'of- 3t the R. A.M. in 1845 ; 
 leader of the Philharm. 1846-54 ; also of other 
 societies; at CoventGarden 1847-71 ; atH. M.'s 
 Th. 1871-80. Among his pupils are Weist Hill 
 and A. C. Mackenzie. He married Charlotte 
 Helen Dolby [see below]. — Works: 2 violin- 
 concertos-; a concert-solo f. violin w. orch., op. 
 16 ; solos f. violin w. pf. (3 Romances, op. 18 ; 
 Tarantella, op. 20 ; airs w. variations, fantasias, 
 etc.). 
 
 Sainton- Dolby, Charlotte Helen, («/« 
 Dolby,) b. London, May 17, 1821 ; d. there 
 Feb. 18, 1885. Distinguished contralto singer 
 in oratorio and concert ; pupil of Mrs. Montague, 
 and of J. Bennett, Elliott, and Crivelli at the R. 
 A. M. from 1832, winning the King's scholar- 
 ship in 1837. Debut at a Philharm. concert, 
 1841 ; sang in oratorio, etc., till 1846, then ap- 
 pearing in the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, and making 
 concert-tours in Holland and France. Married 
 Prosper Sainton in i860. For ten years a leader 
 in English concerts, retiring in 1870. Establ. a 
 Vocal Academy at London in 1872. — Works : 
 Cantatas, Legend of St. Dorothea (1876), Story 
 of the Faithful Soul {!&']!)), Florimel, f. female 
 voices (1885); songs; a "Tutor for English 
 Singers . . ." (n. d.). 
 
 Saint-Saens, Charles-Camille, one of the 
 
 first, if not the foremost, of living French com- 
 posers ; b. Paris, 
 Oct. 9, 1835. At 
 the age of 2 J years 
 he began the sfudy 
 of the piano ; at 5 
 he could _ easily 
 play a G r e t r y 
 opera from the 
 score ; at 7 he en- 
 tered the Conser- 
 vatoi re, being 
 taught by Stamaty 
 (pf.), Maleden and 
 Halevy (comp.), 
 and Benoist (or- 
 gan), taking ist 
 organ-prize in 1851. Organist of Saint-Mery, 
 1853 ; at the Madeleine, in 1858 ; also piano- 
 teacher at the Niedermeyer School for some time ; 
 in 1870 he resigned his position, in order to devote 
 himself wholly to composition and concert-giving. 
 A remarkable pianist, he frequently visits Ger- 
 many, Austria, and England, and has played in 
 Russia, Spain, and Portugal ; he has produced 
 his compositions in many European cities, acting 
 either as executant or conductor. He brought 
 out his first symphony at 16. As a composer, 
 more particularly in his orchestral and grand 
 choral works, he shows marked originality ; his 
 instrumentation (he is a disciple of Berlioz) is 
 peculiarly brilliant and effective. His operas 
 have not met with really striking success. In 
 
 506 
 
SALA— SALIERI 
 
 l8g4, Commander of the Legion of Honor. — 
 Works : The operas La princesse jaune, i act 
 (Op.-Com., 1872) ; Le timbre d'argent, 4 acts 
 (Th.-Lyr., 1877) ; Samson et Dalila, 4 acts 
 (Weimar, 1877 ; Rouen, 1S90 ; Paris, Opera, 
 1892); Ktienne Marcel, 4 acts (Lyons, 1879); 
 Henri F7// (Paris, Opera, 1883; very succ. at 
 London, 1898) ; Proserpine, 4 acts (Op.-Com., 
 1B87); Ascanio, 5 acts (Opera, 1890); PhrynS, 2 
 acts, comic (Op.-Com., 1893); Friddgonde, 5 acts 
 [left unfinished by Guiraud ; Saint-Saens wrote 
 the last 2 acts] (Opera, 1895); the ballets ^/?iioTO« 
 (1895) and Javotte (1896) ; also the music to 
 Antigone (Comedie-Franyaise) ; and the music 
 to Louis Gallet's drama Dijanire (first perf . at 
 Beziers, Oct. 28, l8g8, in the open air, with orch. 
 of 250, chorus of 200, and ballet-corps of 60). — 
 Further, aChristmas oratorio, op. 12 ; the " Bib- 
 lical opera " Le Deluge, op. 45 ; 2 masses ; ode 
 (by V. Hugo) La lyre et la harpe (Birmingham 
 Test., 1879) ; " Ode aSainte-CeciIe,"f. solo, ch., 
 and orch. ; Les noces de Promdthh (1867 ; can- 
 tata); Hymn to Victor Hugo (1884) ; Psalm ig, 
 f. solo, ch., and orch. (London, 1885) ; — 5 sym- 
 phonies ; 4 symphonic poems (" Le rouet d'Om- 
 phale," " Phaeton," " Danse macabre," " La 
 jeunesse d'Hercule") ; " La jota aragonese " f. 
 orch. ; 5 pf .-concertos ; 3 violin-concertos ; i 
 'cello - concerto ; septet f. trumpet, pf., and 
 strings ; pf. -quintet ; pf. -quartet; 2 orch. 1 suites 
 (No. I, " algerienne ") ; pf.-trio ; " Rhapsodie 
 d'Auvergne " f . pf. w. orch.; " Morceau de con- 
 cert" f. violin, pf. , and orch. (op. 62); much 
 other chamber-music ; pf. -music (march f. 4 
 hands, op. 25 ; var. s f. 2 pf.s, op. 35 ; Polonaise 
 f. 2 pf.s, op. 77 ; 2 Gavottes, 3 Mazurkas, a 
 Berceuse, a Feuillet d'album, a Marche heroique, 
 6 etudes, an Allegro appassionato, etc.). 
 
 Sa'la, Nicola, b. near Benevento, Italy, in 
 1701; d. Naples, 1800. A pupil of Fago, Abos, 
 and L. Leo at the Cons, della Pietade' Turchini, 
 Naples ; teacher of corap. there for some 60 
 years, succeeding Fago as second maestro, and 
 Cafaro as first (in 1787). His most celebrated 
 work is the " Regoledel contrappunto prattico" 
 (3 vol.s, 1794 ; reprinted by Choron in Paris, 
 l8o8). He prod, several operas : Vologeso (Rome, 
 1737). Zenobia (Naples, 1761), and Merope (Na- 
 ples, 1769) ; an oratorio Giudiita (1780) ; masses 
 and litanies ; solfeggi, arias, etc. 
 
 Sal'aman, Charles Kensington, b. London, 
 Mar. 3, 1814. Pianist ; pupil of Rimbault and 
 Charles Neate. Debut 1828, after which he went 
 to Paris, and studied with Henri Herz. Settled 
 in Londpn as a teacher in 1831, giving annual 
 orch.l concerts ; in 1835 he founded, with Lucas, 
 Blagrove, and others, the Concerti da camera. 
 He played in Munich, Vienna, etc., in 1836; 
 lived in Rome 1846-8 ; founded an amateur 
 choral society in London, 1849 ; began a series 
 of mus. lectures in 1855 ; was a founder (1858) 
 and until 1865 Hon. Secretary of the Mus. Soc. 
 of London ; also of the Mus. Assoc, in 1874. 
 Contributor to the "Concordia," "The Mus. 
 
 Times," etc. ; critic for the "Circle." — Works: 
 Orchestral and vocal music ; many songs ; pf.- 
 pieces, several of which are favorites. 
 
 Sal'blinger [Sal'minger], Sigismund, 
 
 monk; schoolmaster at Augsburg ; publ. the in- 
 teresting coU.s " Selectissimae nee non familiar- 
 issimae cantiones . . . "; "Concentus" 04-8 
 (Augsburg, 1545); "Cantiones 7, 6 et 5 vocum 
 longe gravissimae" (1545) ; and " Cantiones se- 
 lectissimae" a 4 (2 books ; 1548, '49). 
 
 Saldo'ni, Don Baltasar, eminent singing- 
 teacher, composer, and writer ; b. Barcelona, Jan. 
 4, 1807; d. Jan.,l8go. Choir-boy, and pupil of 
 Andrevi, at Santa Maria del Mar ; then studied 
 (1818-22) at Monserrat monastery, brought out 
 some sacred music, and was app. organist at S. 
 M. del Mar. Going to Madrid in i82g, he was 
 app. , on the opening of the Cons, in 1 830, teacher 
 of solfeggio and vocalization. In i83g he studied 
 the vocal method at the Paris Cons., where he 
 was well received by Cherubini, Bordogni, and 
 others. The next year he was made ist prof, of 
 singing at the Madrid Cons. — Publ. " Resena 
 historica de la . . . colegio di musica . . . de 
 Monserrat" from 1456 (1856), " Effemerides de 
 raiisicos espaiioles " (i860 ; biographical notes), 
 and his singing-method, " Nuevo metodo de sol- 
 feo y de canto," and 24 vocalises ; — he comp. 
 Italian operas and Spanish zarzuelas ; a sym- 
 phony " A mi patria" f. orch., military band, 
 and organ ; 14 charact. pieces f. orch.; a can- 
 tata, " Himno al Dios de lasartes " (1843) ; etc.; 
 — also excellent church-music with and without 
 orch. and organ (masses, motets, hymns, Stabat 
 Maters, Misereres) ; organ-pieces, part-songs, 
 songs, pf. -music, etc. 
 
 Sale, Francois, Belgian composer; in 1589 
 in the service of the Austrian princess Magda- 
 lena at Hall, Tyrol ; in 1594, tenor chapel-singer 
 to Emperor Rudolf II. at Prague, under P'ilippo 
 de Monte. — Publ. masses (as Vol. i of the " Pa- 
 trocinium musices " printed for the Elector of 
 Bavaria, 1589) ; motets (1593) ; 3 books of introits 
 (1594, '96); a Christmas motet, and a mass (in 
 " Patroc. mus.," 1598) ; and "Oratio ad Sanctam 
 B. V. Mariam, Winceslaura, Adalbertum, etc." 
 (prayers ab to the Virgin and the patron saints 
 of Hungary and Bohemia ; 1598). 
 
 Sal^za, Albert, b. Bruges, Beam, 1867. Fine 
 dramatic tenor ; studied at Paris Cons. 1886-8, 
 taking ist prize in singing, 2nd in opera. Debut 
 at the Opera-Comique, 1888, as Mylio in Le roi 
 d' Ys ; sang iS89-gl at Nice, creating the roles 
 of Eneas in Berlioz's Prise de Troie,. and Rich- 
 mond in Salvayre's Richard III. From l8g2, 
 eng. at the Grand Opera, Paris. — Roles : Faust, 
 Masaniello, Don Jose (Carmen), Romeo, Jean 
 {Prophhe), Siegmund ( Walkiire), Otello, etc. 
 
 Salie'ri, Antonio, noted dramatic composer ; 
 b. Legnago (Verona), Aug. ig, 1750; d. Vienna, 
 May 7 (12?), 1825. Pupil of his brother Fran- 
 cesco (violin) and the organist Simoni. His father 
 died about 1765, leaving the family destitute ; 
 
 507 
 
SALIMBENI— SALVAYRE 
 
 S. went to Venice, and was received into the San 
 Marco singing-school, studying harmony under 
 Pescetti, and singing under Pacini. On the 
 recoramendation of Giovanni Mocenigo, Gass- 
 mann, who had come to Venice to bring out an 
 opera, toolc S. back with him to Vienna, and 
 provided there for his education. During Gass- 
 mann's absence in Rome, 1770, S. took his place 
 as conductor, and produced his first opera, Le 
 donne lelierate, at the Burg Th., with marked 
 success. From 1770-74, he brought out g operas 
 in the Italian style, the last being La calamity 
 de' cuori; on Gassmann's death he succeeded 
 him as chamber-composer and cond. of the Italian 
 opera ; he began a serious study of Gluck's style 
 under the toaster's own direction, the latter aid- 
 ing him to bring out at Paris an opera, Les 
 Danaides, as their joint work, and giving S. full 
 credit after the twelfth successful representation. 
 S. then returned to Vienna, brought out five operas 
 within a year, and in 1786 made a second venture 
 in Paris with Les Horaces, which failed ; Tarare, 
 however, made a sensation in 1787 (it was given 
 at Vienna in a revised version as Axur, re d'Or- 
 mus). In 1788 he succeeded Bonno as court 
 Kapellmeister at Vienna, retaining this post until 
 1824. He was an excellent teacher ; Fr. Schu- 
 bert was his pupil. His 40 operas were very 
 popular at the time, and his style was extensively 
 imitated in Germany ; but he soon disappeared 
 from the stage, although he was a master of 
 melody and dramatic effect, and treated the vocal 
 parts admirably. Besides operas he wrote a dozen 
 oratorios and cantatas, 5 masses, a Requiem, 
 several Te Deuras, motets, psalms, oifertories, 
 graduals, vespers ; numerous vocal canons, etc., 
 etc. ; — also a symphony, an organ-concerto, 2 pf .- 
 concertos,aconcertof . flute and oboe, asymphonie 
 concertante f. violin, oboe, and 'cello; etc. — J. von 
 Mosel wrote " Ueber das Leben und die Werke 
 des Anton Salieri " (Vienna, 1827). 
 
 Salimbe'ni, Felice, celebrated stage-soprano 
 (niusicd); b. Milan, about 1712 ; d. Laibach, 
 Aug., 1751. A pupil of Porpora, he sang at 
 first in Italy, from 1733-7 in the Vienna court 
 chapel, again in Italy, and from 1743-50 at the 
 Italian Opera, Berlin ; then in Dresdeii for about 
 a year. 
 
 Sali'nas, Francisco, b. Burgos, Spain, 
 about 1512 ; d. 1590 as prof, of music at the 
 Univ. of Salamanca. — Publ. " De musica libri 
 VII .. . " (1577). 
 
 Sallantin, Antoine, oboe-virtuoso ; b. Paris, 
 1754. Member of the Opera orch. 1773-1813 ; 
 oboe-teacher at the Cons. 1794-1813, then re- 
 tiring. He died a few years later. — Publ. a 
 flute-concerto. 
 
 Salo, Gasparo da. See Gasparo. 
 
 Sa'loman, Siegfried, b. Tondern, Schles- 
 wig, in 1818 ; d. Stockholm, in Aug., 1899. 
 Pupil in comp. of Siboni, Copenhagen, and Fr. 
 Schneider, Dessau ; in violin-playing of Lipin- 
 ski, Dresden (1841). Lectured on music in 
 
 Copenhagen, and produced several operas (The 
 Diamond Cross, 1S47) ; toured Russia, Ger- 
 many, and Holland 1847-50, then marrying the 
 singer Henriette Nissen, travelling with her, and 
 settling in St. Petersburg in 1859. He wrote 
 overtures, also pieces f . violin, and songs, a few 
 of which have been publ. 
 
 Salom6, Thfiodore-C^sar, b. Paris, Jan. 20, 
 1834 ; d. St.-Germain, July, 1896. Pupil of 
 Ambr. Thomas and Bazin at the Paris Cons., 
 winning 2nd Grand prix de Rome in 1861. 
 Second organist at La Trinite. Wrote a sym- 
 phony and many organ-pieces. 
 
 Sa'lomon, Johann Peter, b. Bonn, Jan., 
 1745 ; d. London, Nov. 28, 1815. Violin-vir- 
 tuoso ; member of the Electoral orch. at Bonn, 
 1758-65 ; after a successful concert-tour, Concert- 
 meister to Prince Henry of Prussia at Rheins- 
 berg ; settled in London, 1781, as a concert- 
 player (he had hardly a rival in quartet-playing) 
 and leader in various orchestras. In 1786 he 
 gave a series of concerts (symphonies by Mozart 
 and Haydn, etc.). While on the Continent in 
 1790 to engage singers for the Italian opera, he 
 persuaded Haydn to make his first visit to Lon- 
 don ; the latter wrote his last quartets expressly 
 for .S. He founded the London Philharm. Soc. 
 in 1813. 
 
 Sa'lomon, Moritz, mus. dir. at Wernigerode, 
 Harz ; publ. "Ueber Natorp's Anleitung zur 
 Unterweisung im Singen " (1820 ; unfavorable 
 to N.'s system); and a mus. novel, " Eduards 
 letzte Jahre " (1826 ; 2 vol.s). 
 
 Salomon, M., b. Besan9on, 1786 ; d. there 
 Feb. 19, 1831. Guitar-player ; invented the 
 3-necked " Harpolyre," the middle neck with 
 fretted fingerboard strung like the ordinary 
 guitar, the other necks with free strings. He 
 publ. pieces for guitar. 
 
 Salomon, Hector, b. Strassburg, May 29, 
 1838. Pupil of Jonas and Marmontel (pf.), 
 Bazin (harm.), and Halevy (comp.). Accom- 
 panist at the Bouffes-Parisiens ; from i860 at 
 the Th.-Lyrique ; in 1870, 2nd chorusmaster, 
 now (1899) chef de chant, at the Grand Opera. 
 Has prod, a few short operas, etc., and publ. 
 many songs, pf. -pieces with and without violin 
 or 'cello, etc. 
 
 Salter, Sumner, b. Burlington, Iowa, June 
 24, 1856. Studied at Amherst College, and under 
 prominent Boston teachers. Organist and mu- 
 sical director. — Works : Church-music, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Salvayre, (Gervais-Bernard-) Gaston, b. 
 Toulouse, June 24, 1847. Pupil of the cathe- 
 ArsX-mattrise , then of "Toulouse Cons., and fi- 
 nally of Paris Cons. (Benoist, org.; Bazin, cpt. ; 
 Thomas, comp.), taking the Grand prix de Rome 
 in 1872 with the cantata Calypso. Chorusmaster 
 at the Opera- Populaire, 1877, since then pro- 
 ducing several operas ; went to Serbia in 1894 to 
 reorganize military music ; is mus. critic to the 
 "Gil Bias"; Chev. of the Legion of Honor; 
 
 508 
 
SAMARA— SANTLEY 
 
 etc. — Works : The 4-act comic opera Le Bravo 
 (1877) ; ballet Le J^andango (Opera, 1877) ; 4-act 
 opera Richard III (St. Petersburg, 1883) ; 4-act 
 lyric drama Egmont (Op. -Com., 1886); 5-act 
 opera La Dame de Montsoreau (Opera, i888) ; 
 others in preparation. Also the Biblical sym- 
 phony " La Resurrection " ; a symphonic over- 
 ture ; the 113th Psalm f. soli, ch., and orch.; a 
 Stabat Mater {envoie de Jiome) ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Samara, Spiro, dram. comp. ; b. Corfu, Nov. 
 29, 1861. Pupil of Enrico Stancampiano in 
 Athens ; later of Leo Delibes at the Paris Cons. 
 — First opera, Flora mirabilis (Milan, 1886 ; in 
 other Ital. cities, and in Corfu, with much suc- 
 cess) ; Medge (Rome, 1888) ; Lionella (Milan, 
 1891) ; 3-act opera seria La Martire (Naples, 
 l8g4 ; Paris, 1898) ; lyric comedy La Furia 
 domata (Milan, 1895). — Flora mirabilis, also 
 numerous songs and pf.-pieces, have been piibl. 
 
 Sammarti'ni, Pietro, court musician at Flor- 
 ence ; publ. 3 books of motets (1635-43), and 
 "Salmi concertati" a 8 (1643), and "Salmi brevi 
 concertati" a 4 (1644). 
 
 Sammarti'ni, Giovanni Battista, b. Milan, 
 about 1705 ; d. about 1775. Organist in 2 
 Milanese churches ; m. di capp. 1730-70 at the 
 convent of Santa Maria Maddalena. Precursor 
 of Haydn in symphonic composition and cham- 
 ber-music ; prod, his first symphony in 1734. 
 Most prolific comp.; he publ. 24 symphonies, 12 
 trios f. 2 violins w. bass, and some nocturnes f. 
 flute and violin. Gluck was his pUpil. — His 
 brother Giuseppe d. 1740 in London as cham- 
 ber-musician (oboist) to the Prince of Wales ; he 
 publ. 12 sonatas (trios) f. 2 oboes and bass ; 6 
 flute-sonatas; 6 Concert! grossi; and 8 overtures. 
 
 Samuel, Adolphe, b. Li^ge, July 11, 1824; 
 d. Ghent, Sept. 11, 1898. Pupil of Conservatories 
 at Liige and Brussels, winning at the latter the 
 Grand prix de Rome, in 1845, and becoming prof, 
 of harmony in i860 ; from 1871, Director of 
 Ghent Cons. He founded the Brussels Popular 
 Concerts in 1865 ; and in i86g organized the 
 first of the annual grand mus. festivals (orch. of 
 450, chorus of 1200). — Works : 5 operas (// a 
 rlvi, '45 ; Giovanni da Frocida, '48 ; Madeleine, 
 '49; Les deux pr/tendants, '51 ; I'Heure de la 
 retraite,'c,2); music to Potvin's Les Gueux ; 
 choruses w. orch. to Racine's Esther ; several 
 cantatas ; etc. — 7 symphonies (No. 6 in D min., 
 1891 ; No. 7, " Christ," in 1895) ; a symphonic 
 fragment, "Roland k Roncevaux"; overtures; 
 string-quartets ; pf . -pieces ; — ' ' Cours d'harmonie 
 pratique et d'accompagnement de la basse chif- 
 free"; rfeport on the mus. instr.s at the Paris 
 Exposition, 1878 (in "LaBelgique Al'Exposition 
 universelle de 1878 ") ; etc. 
 
 Sanctis, Cesare de. See De Sanctis. 
 
 Sand'berger, Adolf, b. Wurzburg, Dec. ig, 
 1864. From 1881-7 he studied comp. at the R. 
 School of Music there, and at Munich ; also 
 mus. science at the Universities of Wurzburg 
 and Berlin (under Spitta) ; Dr.phil., 1887. In 
 
 i88g provisional, 1892 regular, custodian of the 
 mus. department of the Munich Library, also 
 lecturer at the Univ. from 1893 ; in 1898, suc- 
 ceeded Adler as prof, of music at Prague Univ. 
 — Works : 3-act opera Ludwig der Springer 
 (Koburg, 1895 ; v. succ.) ; overture (op. 8) ; 
 chorus w. orch. (op. 5) ; choruses f. mixed 
 voices ; songs ; a violin-sonata (op. 10) ; — 
 "Leben und Werke des Dichtermusikers P. 
 Cornelius" (1B87) ; " E. Chabriers Gwendoline" 
 (1892) ; " P. Cornelius' Cid" (1893) ; " Beitrage 
 zur Geschichte der bayerischen Hofkapelle unter 
 Orlando di Lasso" (3 vol.s : Vol. i, Life, 1893 ; 
 Vol. iii, Documents, 1894; Vol. ii not yet publ.) ; 
 many essays and articles in papers. — S. is the 
 editor of the complete ed. of Orl. di Lasso's 
 works. 
 San'der, Constantin. See Leuckart. 
 
 Sanderson, Lillian, mezzo-soprano ; b. Mil- 
 waukee, Oct. 13, 1867. At 14 her singing in 
 church attracted attention ; she studied with 
 Stockhausen in Frankfort-on-Main ; debut as 
 concert-singer at Berlin, 1890 ; since then, suc- 
 cessful tours to the chief cities of Europe. Mar- 
 ried Herr Rummel. Living in Berlin. 
 
 Sanderson, Sibyl, soprano opera-singer ; b. 
 Sacramento, Cal., in 1865. Studied in Paris. 
 Very successful debut at the Opera-Comique, 
 1889. 
 
 Sando'ni. See CuzzoNi. 
 
 Sandt, Max van de, b. Rotterdam, Oct. 18, 
 1863. Pianist ; pupil of his father, and of Liszt 
 (1884-6). Toured Germany, Austria, Switzer- 
 land, F" ranee, etc., with conspicuous success ; in 
 i88g succeeded Bischoff as pf.-teacher at the 
 Stern Cons., Berlin. 
 
 Sangiovan'ni, Antonio, noted singing- 
 teacher ; b. Bergamo, Italy, Sept. 14, 1831 ; d. 
 Milan, Jan., 1892. Pupil of Milan Cons., 
 1842-g ; from 1854, prof, of singing there. 
 
 Santi'ni, Abbate Fortunate, b. Rome, Jan. 
 5, 1778 ; d. (?). Noted as the collector of one 
 of the finest mus. libraries ever formed, of which 
 he publ. a catalogue in 1820; a Russian amateur, 
 Vladimer Stassow, publ. in 1854 " L'abbe San- 
 tini et sa collection musicale k Rome." 
 
 Sant'ley, Charles, baritone singer in opera 
 and concert ; b. Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1834. A 
 chorister and amateur singer, he studied with 
 Nava in Milan, 1855-7, then with Garcia at 
 London, and made his professional debut as 
 Adam in Haydn's Creation, Nov. 16, 1857. 
 Since then he has been the foremost concert- 
 baritone of England, taking part in most promi- 
 nent festivals (e.g., those of the Three Choirs, 
 1863-94). His stage-debut was at Covent Gar- 
 den, Oct. I, 1859, as Hoel in Dinorah ; he 
 joined the Carl Rosa. Company in 1875, and 
 toured with it for several years with great suc- 
 cess. He visited America in 1871 and 1891 ; 
 Australia in 1889-90. He has comp. a mass f. 
 soli, ch., and orch.; an offertory, an Ave Maria, 
 
 509 
 
SANTUCCI— SARRETTE 
 
 etc. ; a Berceuse f. orch. (i8go) ; a madrigal and 
 some songs have been publ. under the pseudo- 
 nym " Ralph Betterton." — His wife was the 
 soprano vocalist Gertrude Kemble (Charles 
 Kemble's granddaughter); she died Sept. i, 
 1882. Their daughter Edith is also a soprano 
 of some note ; she retired after her marriage in 
 1884. 
 
 Santuc'ci, Marco, b. Camajore, July 4, 1762 ; 
 d. Lucca, 1843, as maestro and canon at the 
 cathedral. He was Anfossi's successor (1797- 
 1808) as maestro at S. Giovanni in Laterano, 
 Rome. A motet a 16, for 4 choirs, received a 
 prize from the Accad. Napoleone in 1S06. He 
 also wrote masses, motets, psalms, canons up to 
 7 parts, symphonies, organ-sonatas, etc. 
 
 Sapell'nikoff, Wassily, b. Odessa, Oct. 21, 
 1868. Pianist ; pupil of Franz Kessler, and 
 then (with a stipend from the city of Odessa, 
 given on A. Rubinstein's recommendation) of 
 L. Brassin and Sophie Menter at the St. Peters- 
 burg Cons., for 5 years. In 1888 he made his 
 debut at Hamburg with the Tschaikowski con- 
 certo in B f), played under the composer's direc- 
 tion. Since then he has made tours ; also to 
 England. 
 
 Saran, August (Friedrich), b. Altenpla- 
 thow, Provinceof Saxony, Feb. 28, 1836. Pupil 
 of Friedrich Ehrlich at Mag'deburg, and (1854) 
 of R. Franz in Halle, where he went to study 
 theology ; became a teacher, army-chaplain, 
 and (1873) Superintendent at Zehdenick, Bran- 
 denburg ; since 1885, at Bromberg, where he 
 conducts the church choral society. Has comp. 
 pf.-pieces and songs ; wrote a pamphlet, "Robert 
 Franz"; has made excellent arr.s of Old Ger- 
 man songs. 
 
 Sarasa'te, Pablo de [Pablo Martin Meli- 
 ton Sarasate y Navascuez], remarkable vio- 
 lin-virtuoso ; b. 
 Pamplona, Spain, 
 Mar. 10, 1844. At 
 the age of ten he 
 played before Queen 
 Isabella, who pre- 
 sented him with a 
 fine Stradivarius. 
 After successful 
 concerts in Spain 
 he studied 1856-9 
 at the Paris Cons, 
 under Alard, taking 
 the 1st prize in the 
 violin-class in 1857, 
 and a premier ac- 
 cessit in 1859. He 
 soon renounced the study of composition (under 
 Reber) for the career of a virtuoso ; he is unex- 
 celled in purity and beauty of tone, and perfec- 
 tion of technique. He has played in all Euro- 
 pean countries, visiting London in 1874. 1877- 
 8, and 1885-6 ; went to America in i88g (his 
 
 second visit) with d'Albert. Lalo wrote for him 
 his 1st violin-concerto and the "Symphonic 
 espagnole"; Bruch, the 2nd concerto and the 
 Scotch Fantasia; A. C. Mackenzie, the "Pi- 
 broch " Suite. Besides many fantasias on ope- 
 ratic airs, S. has publ. " Zigeunerweisen " f. 
 violin and orch. , op. 20 ; Spanische Tanze f . 
 vln. and pf., 6 books, op. 26 ; a Serenade anda- 
 louse f . vln. and pf . ; several solo pieces for vio- 
 lin ; etc. 
 
 Sarraien'to, Salvatore, b. Palermo, 1817 ; 
 d. Naples, May 13, 1869. St. at Naples Cons, 
 under Furno, Zingarelli, and Donizetti. From 
 1854, m. di capp. to the King. — Operas (1837- 
 52) : Valeria la cieca ; II Corsaro ; IlTramonte 
 del sole; Costanza d'Arragona ; Guilhiry le 
 trompette (Paris, 1852). — A cantata, Le tre ore 
 dell' agonia ; a Requiem ; songs. 
 
 Sa'ro, J. Heinrich, b. Jessen, Prov. of Sax- 
 ony, Jan. 4, 1827 ; d. Berlin, Nov. 27, i8gi. 
 In 1859, bandmaster of the Emperor Franz 
 Regiment in Berlin ; in 1867 his band won the 
 victory in the international contest at the Paris 
 Exposition ; in 1S72 he was awarded a gold 
 medal at the Boston Jubilee. He was " Royal 
 Music-Director." — Works: Die beiden Berg- 
 knappen, opera ; a symphony ; overtures ; string- 
 quartets ; military music ; and a " Lehre vom 
 musikalischen Wohlklang und Tonsatz. " 
 
 Sarrette, Bernard, the founder of the Paris 
 Conservatoire ; b. Bordeaux, Nov. 27, 1765 ; 
 d. Paris, Apr. 13, 1858. A captain in the na- 
 tional guard at Paris, he brouglat together, after 
 the 14th of July, 1789, 45 musicians to form the 
 nucleus of the Parisian band of the national 
 guard. In 1790 the City of Paris assumed the 
 expenses of this band, which was increased to 
 70 members, among them artists of distinction. 
 In 1792 the financial embarrassments of the 
 commune led to a suspension of payment ; but 
 S. held the band together, and, with the aid of 
 the municipality, established a free school of 
 music employing all the members as teachers. 
 From this school came the musicians employed 
 in the fourteen armies of the Republic. Its 
 energetic principal soon had it converted into a 
 national Institute of Music ; and in Sept., 1795, 
 it was definitively organized as a Conservatory. 
 Sarrette, having attained his end, assumed the 
 captaincy of the 103rd Regiment ; but the board 
 of directors (5 Inspectors and 4 professors) 
 proved so incompetent, that he was recalled to 
 the Directorship of the Conservatoire in 1796. 
 By introducing advanced methods of instruction, 
 establishing the school of declamation, the con- 
 cert-hall, the grand library, etc., he raised the 
 Cons, to an institution of the first rank. At the 
 Restoration in 18 14 he was deprived of his posi- 
 tion ; nor would he accept it after the revolution 
 of 1830, not wishing to oust his friend Cheru- 
 bini. — Pierre Constant wrote " B. Sarrette et les 
 origines du Conservatoire national de musique 
 et de declamation " (Paris, 1895). 
 
 510 
 
SARRI— SAURET 
 
 Sar'ri, Domenico, b. Trani, Naples, 1678 ; 
 d. after 1741. Pupil (1688-97) of Salvatori and 
 Provenzale in the Cons, della Pieti ; in 1706 2nd, 
 in 1713 1st maestro at the Naples court. He 
 prod, a score of operas ; several oratorios ; a 
 cantata ; 3 serenades ; a concerto f. 2 violins, 
 flute, viola, 'cello, and d.-bass ; etc. 
 
 Sar'ti, Giuseppe, called il Domenichi'no, 
 b. Faenza, Dec. i, 1729 ; d. Berlin, July 28, 
 1802. A pupil of Padre Martini at Bologna, he 
 was organist at Faenza Cath. 1748-50 ; in this 
 town his first opera, Pompeo in Armenia, was suc- 
 cessfully produced (1751). // re pastore (Venice, 
 1753), and others, made him so famous, that in 
 1753 he was called to Copenhagen as director of 
 the Italian opera and conductor to the Crown 
 Prince. On the closing of the opera 2 years 
 later, S. was made court cond.; in 1765 he was 
 commissioned to engage singers in Italy for a 
 new company, but the king's death, and other 
 matters, kept him there for three years ; he re- 
 turned to Copenhagen in 1768, conducted the 
 court opera 1770-5, and was then dismissed for 
 political reasons. For 4 years he was director of 
 the Cons, dell' Ospedaletto at Venice. In a 
 competition with the leading musicians of Italy, 
 held at the Naples Cons, in 1779, he obtained the 
 position of maestro di cappella at Milan Cathedral, 
 vacated by Fioroni's decease. This victory so 
 increased his reputation, that many students of 
 distinction sought his instruction, among them 
 Cherubini. This was also the period of his 
 greatest dramatic success ; of some 15 operas 
 prod, from 1776-84, the finest were Le gelosie 
 villane and Farnace (Venice, 1776), Achille in 
 Sciro (Florence, 1779), Ciulio Sabino (Venice, 
 1781), and Le nozze di Dorina (Venice, 1782). In 
 Milan he alsowrote several grand cantatas, and, for 
 the cathedral, several masseSi a Miserere a 4, and 
 some important motets (most are in MS. at the 
 cathedral). Invited to St. Petersburg by Catherine 
 II., he passed through Vienna, where he was 
 royally received by the Emperor, and met Mozart ; 
 his pedantic strictures on the latter's music (quar- 
 tets) go far to explain the comparatively short 
 Ufe of most of his own works. In St. Petersburg 
 he lived for 18 years, excepting a brief period 
 of disgrace owing to the machinations of the 
 Todi, then a prime favorite with the Empress. 
 He raised the Italian opera to an unexampled 
 state of efficiency, and composed valuable works 
 for the court choir, among them a Te Deum (on 
 the taking of Otchakow by Potemkin) in which 
 the martial effect of the music was reinforced 
 by cannon-shots. His opera Armida (1786) ob- 
 tained sweeping success. In 1793 he was app. 
 director of the Cons, at Jekaterinoslav, organized 
 on the Italian plan. He was ennobled in 1795. 
 He died on the homeward journey, undertaken 
 because of failing health. — Of his 40 operas, not 
 one is now played ; some of his masses are still 
 performed, but all the rest of his music is 
 practically forgotten, and very little was ever 
 printed. 
 
 Sarto'rio, Antonio, b. Venice, about 1620 ; 
 d. there about 1681. Dram. comp. ; from 1676 
 asst. m. di capp. at San Marco. From 1652-81 
 he prod. 14 operas in Venice ; also publ. Psalms 
 a 8 (1680). 
 
 Sass [Sax], Marie -Constance, French 
 operatic soprano ; b. Ghent, Jan. 26, 1838. "Dis- 
 covered," while a chansonette-singer in a Paris 
 cafe, by Mme. Ugalde, who taught her, and 
 recommended her to Carvalho ; debut as the 
 Countess in Figaro at the Th.-Lyrique, 1859 ; 
 sang with great success at the Opera from 1860- 
 71; then in Italy. Married Castelmary in 1864; 
 divorced 1867. 
 
 Sat'ter, Gustav, b. Vienna, Feb. I2, 1832. 
 Pianist ; trained as an amateur in Vienna, then 
 in Paris, whither he had gone to study medicine. 
 He threw over the latter profession, toured the 
 United States and Brazil with much success in 
 1854-60, and returned to Paris, where Berlioz 
 warmly praised his compositions ; he resided 
 successively in Vienna, Dresden, Hanover, 
 Gothenburg, and Stockholm, later revisiting 
 America. — Works: An opera, Olanthe ; over- 
 tures "Lorelei," "Julius Cesar," "An die 
 Freude '' ; 2 symphonies ; a symphonic tone- 
 picture, "Washington"; pf. -quartets ; trios; 
 many pf. -pieces (sonatas op. 104, 107, 157; Six 
 Grand Studies, op. 158 ; 4Valses de concert, op. 
 Ill, 113, 114, 117 ; a Saltarello, op. 147 ; etc.). 
 
 Sat'tler, Heinrich, b. Quedlinburg, Apr. 3, 
 1811 ; d. Brunswick, Oct. 17, 1891. From 1861, 
 music-teacher at Oldenburg Seminary. — Publ. 
 an Organ-Method ; methods for harmony and 
 for school-singing ; a work on "Die Orgel " (5 
 editions) ; — comp. an oratorio. Die Sachsentaufe ; 
 a cantata. Triumph des Glaubens ; Schiller's 
 " Der Taucher"; a mass f. 3 female voices; 
 chamber-music ; organ-pieces ; etc. 
 
 Sau'er, Wilhelm, famous German organ- 
 builder, establ. since 1857 at Frankfort-on-Oder; 
 b. Friedland, Mecklenberg, Mar. 23, 1831. 
 
 Sau'er, Emil, piano-virtuoso ; b. Hamburg, 
 Oct. 8, 1862. Pupil of his mother; then of N. 
 Rubinstein at Moscow, 1879-81, and of Liszt at 
 Weimar, 1884-5. Since 1882 on tour — Germany, 
 Austria, Rumania, Russia (3 times), Sweden, 
 Denmark, Spain, Italy, and England ; in the 
 United States 1898-9. Both in technique and 
 expression he vies with the best pianists of 
 the time.^Works : Suite moderne (5 movem.) ; 
 " Aus lichten Tagen," 5 pieces ; Concert-etude ; 
 Romance sans paroles ; Valse de concert ; etc. 
 (all f. pf.). 
 
 Saurel, Emma, b. Palermo, 1850. Opera- 
 singer ; brilliant debut at Pisa ; sang in Italy, 
 then in South America and Mexico with Tam- 
 berlik, and at New York with Nilsson ; later 
 in Portugal and Russia, and 1878-9 at Berlin. 
 
 Sauret, Emile, superb violinist ; b. Dun-le- 
 Roi, Cher, France, May 22, 1852. Studied in 
 
 5" 
 
SAUVEUR— SCACCHI 
 
 the Conservatories at Paris and Brussels (he 
 was de Beriot's last pupil). From the age of 8 
 he travelled in 
 France, Italy, and 
 Austria with suc- 
 cess ; his London 
 debut was at Cov- 
 ent Garden, 1866 ; 
 he made American 
 tours ini872, 1874- 
 6, 1877, and 1895. 
 Teacher in Kul- 
 lak's Acad., Ber- 
 lin, 1880-1 ; lived 
 ten years in Berlin, 
 and in l8go was 
 app. violin-prof, at 
 the R. A. M., 
 London, to succeed Sainton. His concert- 
 repertory embraces 70 concertos, and about 400 
 other works. — Works: " Gradus ad Parnassum 
 du violoniste '' (Leipzig, 1894) ; 2 violin-con- 
 certos (E maj. and G min.) ; about 130 other 
 pieces f. violin, w. or without orch. ; about 25 
 transcriptions ; 20 Grandes etudes ; 12 Etudes 
 artistiques. 
 
 Sauveur, Joseph, b. La Fleche, Mar. 24, 
 1653; d. Paris, July 9, 1716. A deaf-mute, 
 learning to speak in his 7th year, he became a 
 remarkable investigator in the realm of acous- 
 tics ; in l6g6, member of the Academic. — 
 Works : " Principes d'acoustique et de musique " 
 (1700-1) ; "Application des sons harmoniques 
 a la composition des jeux d'orgue" (1702); 
 " Methode generale pour former des syst^mes 
 temperes ..." (1707); "Table generale des 
 systemes temperes " (1711) ; " Rapports des sons 
 des cordes d'instr.s de musique aux fleches 
 des cordes ..." (1713) [all publ. in the Me- 
 moires of the Academic]. He was the first to 
 calculate absolute vibration-numbers, and to ex- 
 plain scientifically the phenomena of overtones. 
 
 Sauzay, (Charles-) Eugfene, violinist ; b. 
 Paris, July 14, l8og. Private pupil of Vidal ; 
 studied later under Baillot in the Conservatoire, 
 playing 2nd violin, and afterwards viola, in the 
 latter's quartet. With Norblin he organized 
 chamber-music soirees ; in 1840, solo violinist to 
 Louis Philippe, later leader of second violins in 
 the orch. of Napoleon IIL; in i860, Girard's 
 successor as violin-prof, at the Cons. — Publ. a 
 string-trio; pieces f. pf., violin, and 'cello; 
 " Etudes harmoniques " f. violin ; fantasias, 
 etc., f. violin and pf. ; pf. -pieces ; — also "Haydn, 
 Mozart, Beethoven, etude sur le quatuor " (1861) ; 
 and " L'ecole de I'accompagnement " (1869). 
 
 Savard, Marie-Gabriel-Augustin, b. Paris, 
 Aug. 21, 1814 ; d. there June, 1881. Prof, of 
 harmony and thorough-bass at Paris Cons. — 
 Works : " Cours complet d'harmonie ..." 
 (1853) ; " Manuel d'harmonie " ; " Principes de 
 la musique" (1861 ; 4th ed. 1875); " Recueil 
 de plain-chant d'eglise" i. 3-4; "Premieres 
 
 notions de musique" (1866 ; 5th ed. 1868) ; and 
 " :fitudes d'harmonie pratique," 2 vol.s. 
 
 Savart, F61ix, b. Mezi^res, June 30, 1791 ; 
 d. Paris, March, 1841. Prof, of acoustics at the 
 College de France ; in 1827, member of the 
 Academic. — Works [publ. in the " Annales de 
 physique et de chimie"]: " Meraoire sur la 
 construction des instr.s a cordes et aarchet" 
 (1819 ; separate reprint) ; " Sur la communica- 
 tion des mouvements vibratoires entre les corps 
 solides" (1820); "Sur les vibrations del'air" 
 (1823); "Sur la voix humaine " (1825); "Sur 
 la communication des mouvements vibratoires 
 par les liquides" (1826); "Sur la voix des 
 oiseaux" (1826) ; etc. 
 
 Sax, Charles-Joseph, b. Dinant-sur-Meuse, 
 Belgium, Feb. I, 1791 ; d. Paris, Apr. 26, 1865. 
 Established an instrument-factory at Brussels in 
 1815, making wind-instr.s, and also pianos, vio- 
 lins, harps, and guitars ; his specialty, however, 
 was brass instr.s, of which he materially im- 
 proved the scale. He joined his son Adolphe in 
 Paris, 1853. 
 
 Sax, (Antoine- Joseph-) Adolphe, famous 
 instrument-maker, son of preceding ; b. Dinant, 
 Nov. 6, 1814; d. Paris, Feb. 9, 1894. At the 
 Brussels Cons, he studied the flute and clarinet ; 
 Bender called him his best pupil. A skilful 
 workman from early youth, he made improve- 
 ments in the clarinet 1835-40, and in 1842 went 
 to Paris with a new instr. invented by himself, 
 the "Saxophone" (a metal wind-instr. with 
 single-reed mouthpiece and conical bore). Ber- 
 lioz and other prominent musicians speedily 
 recognized the importance of S.'s invention, and 
 warmly advocated its adoption. S., aided by his 
 father, continued his experiments, and evolved 
 two other groups of wind-instr.s, the saxhorns 
 (improved from the bugle-horn and ophicleide 
 by replacing the keys by a valve-mechanism), 
 and the saxotromba, midway in tone between 
 the bugle and the horn. His instr.s were grad- 
 ually adopted by French military bands ; the 
 saxophone is sometimes employed in orchestral 
 and chamber-music. S. was app. teacher of the 
 saxophone at the Paris Cons, in 1857 ; he publ. 
 a method for that instr. Wieprecht, Cerveny, 
 and others, have disputed the originality of his 
 inventions ; but legal decisions have been uni- 
 formly in his favor. 
 
 Sax, Marie. Early stage-name of Marie 
 Sass. 
 
 Sbol'ci, Jefte, b. Florence, Sept. 5, 1833 ; 
 d. there Dec. 7, 1895. Fine 'cellist, from 1865 
 prof, at the Istituto Musicale. Founder and 
 director of the Florentine Societa Orchestrale ; 
 member of the first famous Florentine Quartet 
 (Buonamici, Bruni, Vannuccini, Sbolci). 
 
 Scac'chi, Marco, a native of Rome, and 
 pupil of F. Anerio ; 1618-48, royal cond. at 
 Warsaw. — Publ. 3 books of madrigals « 5 
 (1634-7) I I of masses a 4-6 (1638) ; a funeral 
 
 513 
 
SCALCHI— SCARLATTI 
 
 ode (1647); " Cribrum musicum ad triticum 
 Syfertinum " (criticizing Paul Syfert's settings of 
 psalms ; also contains masses, motets, etc. , by 
 other musicians) ; and " Breve discorso sopra la 
 musica moderna " {1647). 
 
 Scal'chi, Sofia, dram, mezzo-soprano ; b. 
 Turin, Nov. 29, 1850. A pupil of Boccabadati, 
 her debuts at Mantua (1866) and London (1868) 
 were very successful. She has sung in Great 
 Britain, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, 
 Vienna, and Madrid ; also in Rio de Janeiro 
 and New York (1883). She takes mezzo-soprano 
 or alto roles in operas by Verdi, Donizetti, Cima- 
 rosa, Meyerbeer, Nicolai, Masse, etc. Married 
 Signer Lolli in 1875. 
 
 Scalet'ta, Orazio, a native of Crema ; d. at 
 Padua, 1630, as maestro at S. Antonio. — PuBl. 
 "Villanelle alia romana "33 (1590) ; madrigals 
 a 6 ; a short Requiem mass ; and 2 text-books, 
 " Scala di musica molto necessaria per i princi- 
 pianti" (6 editions up to 1626), and " Primo 
 scalino della scala di contrappunto " (1622). 
 
 Scandel'ii, Antonio, b. Brescia, 1517 ; d. 
 Jan. 18, 1580, at Dresden, where he was 2nd 
 Kapellm. from 1566, and 1st Kapellm. from 
 1568. — Publ. 2 books of "Canzoni napolitane," 
 each of 24 numbers (1566, a 4 ; 1577, a 4-5) ; 
 12 " Newe teutsche geistliche Liedlein" 34-5 
 (1568); 20 " Neweund lustige weltliche deutsche 
 Liedlein," a 4-6 (1570; republ. as " Schone 
 Welti, u. geistl. n. d. Liedlein" in 1578, '79); 23 
 " Newe schone ausserlesene geistl. deutsche Lie- 
 der" a 5-6 (1575). — In MS. : Passions (at Grimma ; 
 arr. and publ. by other composers) ; a motet, 
 "Christus vere languores," is at Zwickau (his last 
 work). — Cf. "Die Instrumentisten und Maler 
 Briider de Tola und der Kapellmeister Antonius 
 Scandellus" (i866 ; in the "Archiv fur die sachsi- 
 sche Geschichte"). 
 
 Sca'ria, Emil, highly gifted dramatic bass ; 
 b. Graz, Sept. 18, 1840 ; d. Blasewitz, n. Dres- 
 den, July 22, 1886. Pupil of Netzer at Graz, 
 and of Gentiluomo and Lewy at Vienna ; suc- 
 cessful debut in i860, at Pesth, as Saint-Bris in 
 Les Huguenots , In 1862 he studied some months 
 with Garcia at London ; was then eng. at Des- 
 sau, Leipzig (1863), Dresden (1864), and lastly 
 at the Court Opera, Vienna, from 1872. He ex- 
 celled in Wagner roles (created Wotan at Bay- 
 reuthini876,andGurnemanz[/'flrj-2/a/]ini882). 
 
 Scarlat'ti, Alessandro, founder of the 
 "Neapolitan School" of music; b. Trapani, 
 Sicily, 1659 I d. Naples, Oct. 24, 1725. There 
 is no authentic record of his early life and train- 
 ing; in 1680 he conducted his first known opera, 
 LOnesth nelV amore, at the palace of Queen 
 Christina of Sweden in Rome ; on the score of 
 another, Pomfeo, performed there in 1684, he is 
 styled maestro di cappella to the Queen. In 
 1694 he was maestro to the Viceroy at Naples. 
 In 1703 he became asst.-maestro to Foggia at 
 S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, and succeeded him 
 as chief maestro in 1707, resigning in 1709 and 
 
 returning to Naples, where he subsequently be- 
 came maestro of the royal chapel. He also 
 taught successively at 
 the Conservatories of 
 San Onofrio, de' Po- 
 veri di Gesii Cristo, 
 and the Loreto ; 
 among his distin- 
 guished pupils were 
 Durante, Leo, Feo, 
 Logroscino, Hasse, 
 and Porpora. S. pro- 
 duced no less than 115 
 operas (41 still extant); 
 La Rosaura (Rome, 
 about 1690), edited 
 by Eitner, was printed 
 by the " Gesellschaft filr Musikforschung," Vol. 
 xiv; in Teodora (Rome, 1693) occurs the first 
 orch.l ritornello, and an incipient recitativo ob- 
 Wz^jflfc accompanied by the entire orchestra ; also 
 several arias with the first part sung da capo, a 
 style.which was later generally adopted by opera- 
 composers ; — an aria and a duet from Laodicea e 
 Berenice (Naples, 1701) have been publ. by J. J. 
 C. Maier, also a terzet and quartet from Griselda 
 (Rome, 1721), with German transl. by v. Wolzo- 
 gen ; in Tigrane (Venice, 1715 ; marked by S. 
 himself as his 115th opera) the orch. comprises 
 violins, violas, 'celli, double-basses, 2 flutes, 2 
 oboes, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns. Eight oratorios 
 are also known ; he is said to have written over 
 200 masses (up to ten parts), besides much other 
 sacred music (" Concertisacri," motets a 1-4, w. 
 2 violins, viola, and organ, were publ. at Am- 
 sterdam as op. I and 2 ; a few separate numbers 
 are in the coU.s of Choron, the Prince of Moszkva, 
 Commer [a " Tu es Petrus "], Dehn, Proske, and 
 Rochlitz ; Choron also publ. a Requiem, and 
 Proske a mass) ; his secular vocal music includes 
 madrigals (one a 4, f. SS.AA., is in Padre Mar- 
 tini's " Eserapl. dicontrapp. fugato"), serenatas, 
 duets, and a vast number of cantatas f. solo 
 voice w. basso continuo (the Cons. Library at 
 Paris has 8 vol.s of these in MS.). 
 
 Scarlat'ti, Domenico, son of preceding ; 
 celebrated composer for and player on the harp- 
 sichord ; b. Naples, 
 1683 (5 ?) ; d. there 
 1757. He first at- 
 tracted attention as 
 an arranger (1704) 
 and composer of 
 operas (he was 
 taught by his father 
 
 and Gasparini) ; he . '^■"^;^^^^^S|M!')M9^ 
 also early made a .^ ja^it^ ^■^-m^u.smm. , 
 
 reputation as a harp- 
 sichord-player, for 
 whenHandel visited 
 Rome in 1709, Car- 
 dinal 1 1 o b o n i 
 chose S., as the foremost Italian harpsichordist 
 and organist, to compete with the great German, 
 
 33 
 
 513 
 
SCARLATTI— SCHAFFER 
 
 who proved his equal on the harpsichord, and 
 his superior on the organ. In Jan., 1715, S. 
 was app. Bai's successor as maestro at St. Peter's, 
 Rome, resigning in 1719 to become maestro al 
 cembalo at the Italian Opera, London, where his 
 opera Narciso^as prod, in 1720; in 1721 he be- 
 came court cembalist atLisbon, and music-master 
 to the princesses; was in Naples l725-g,inMadrid 
 1729-54, as music-master to the Princess of the 
 Asturias, and then returned to Naples. Owing 
 to his passion for gambling, he left his family 
 in destitution, which Farinelli generously re- 
 lieved. — Domenico Scarlatti's especial claim to 
 renown rests upon his harpsichord-music ; he 
 studied the peculiarities of the instrument, and 
 adapted his compositions to them, being the first 
 writer in the " free style " (the homophonic 
 " song-form " with graceful ornamentation, in 
 contrast to the former — contrapuntal — vocal or 
 organ-style). He also obtained novel effects by 
 the frequent crossing of the hands ; runs in 
 thirds and sixths ; leaps wider than an octave ; 
 broken chords in contrary motion ; tones re- 
 peated by rapidly changing fingers ; etc. He 
 has been called the founder of modern piano- 
 forte technique. He publ. only 2 books of 
 " Pieces pour le clavecin ..." (32 numbers), 
 and " Esercizi per gravicembalo ..." Mod- 
 ern editions include a coll., by Czerny, of 200 
 pieces ; Breitkopf, 60 ; Pauer, 50 Harpsichord- 
 lessons, also other pieces in "Alte Meister," 
 "Alte Claviermusik," " Old Italian Composers," 
 and "Merry Musicians"; Kohler, 12 sonatas 
 and fugues ; Tausig, 3 sonatas ; v. Biilow, 18 
 pieces in suite-form ; Schletterer, 18 ; Andre, 28 ; 
 Banck, 30 ; Farrenc, 100 (in " Tresor des pia- 
 nistes ") ; Peters, in "Alte Claviermusik." — A 
 characteristic of S.'s pieces is their brevity. 
 
 Scarlat'ti, Giuseppe, grandson of Alessan- 
 dro ; b. Naples, 171,2 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 17, 1777. 
 Opera-composer, producing his works on Italian 
 stages, and (from 1757) in Vienna. 
 
 Schaab, Robert, b. Rotha, n. Leipzig, Feb. 
 28, 1817 ; d. Mar. 18, 1887, as organist of the 
 Johanniskirche, Leipzig. His teachers were C. 
 F. Becker and Mendelssohn ; his organ -works 
 are of value. 
 
 Schach'ner, Rudolf Joseph, b. Munich, 
 Dec. 31, 1821 ; d. Reichenhall, Aug. 15, 1896. 
 Pianist ; pupil of Mme. von Fladt and (1837-8) 
 of J. B. Cramer. Played in Vienna (1842), 
 Paris, Leipzig (Gewandhaus), etc. ; settled in 
 London 1853 as a teacher ; later went to Vienna, 
 often visiting Munich. — Works : Oratorio Israels 
 Riickkehr von Babylon; 2 pf. -concertos (op. 6 
 and ?) ; Poesies musicales, op. 8 and 9 ; Ro- 
 mance variee, op. II ; Ombres et rayons, 6 books, 
 op. 13 and 17 ; La chasse, op. 12 ; Phantasie- 
 stuck, op. 15; etc. 
 
 Schacht, Matthias Heinrich, b. Viborg, 
 Jutland, Apr. 29, 1660; d. as rector at Kierte- 
 minde, Aug. 8, 1700. Gerber utilized part of 
 
 his MS. mus. dictionary " Bibliotheca musica 
 . . . " for his lexicon. 
 
 Schack [Cziak], Benedikt, b. Mirowitz, 
 Bohemia, 1758 ; d. Munich, Dec. 11, 1826. 
 Tenor stage-singer at Prague, Salzburg, Vienna, 
 Graz, and Munich, belonging to Schikaneder's 
 troupe in Salzburg and Vienna ; Mozart wrote 
 for S. the role of Tamino. He also prod, some 
 operas, a mass, etc. 
 
 Schad, Joseph, b. Steinach, Bavaria, Mar. 6, 
 1812 ; d. Bordeaux, July 4, 1879. Pianist ; pupil 
 of Wilrzburg Cons., then of Aloys Schmitt at 
 Frankfort. After concert-tours in Switzerland, 
 he became organist and mus. dir. at Morges 
 (canton Vaud) in 1834 ; later teacher at the 
 Geneva Cons. ; settled in Bordeaux 1847, where 
 he was in high repute as a teacher. — Publ. 
 much melodious and popular music f. pf. : Le 
 soupir, op. 19 ; La gracieuse, op. 23 (waltz); La 
 Rose desAlpes, op. 38; Fleur des Alpes, op. 39; 
 Tarentelle, op. 55 ; a ballet (f. pf.) "Frantzia"; 
 fantasias, transcriptions, etc. 
 
 Scha'de [Schadaus], Abraham, rector in 
 Meissen, Bautzen, etc. ; publ. a valuable coll. 
 of 384 motets a 5-8, mostly by German comp.s : 
 " Promptuarium musicum " (1611-13, 1616, in 
 4 parts). 
 
 Scha'de, Carl, singing-teacher in the town 
 school at Halberstadt, publ. a series of books 
 for school-classes ; " Reihenfolge melodischer, 
 rhythmischerunddynamischer Uebungen ..." 
 (1828); " Singebuch ..." (1828); " Singebuch 
 fiir Schulen"a 2—4(1829) ; "Elementar-Gesang- 
 bildungslehre " (1831) ; " Wie der Lehrer N. 
 seine Schule . . . fur den Gesang ausbildete " 
 (1831) ; and " Zweck des Gesangsunterrichts in 
 Schulen" (1831). 
 
 Schaf'fer, August, b. Rheinsberg, Aug. 25, 
 1814 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 7, 1879. Pupil, from 
 1833, of Mendelssohn at Berlin, where he spent 
 most of his life. His humorous duets and quar- 
 tets won great popularity ; he also comp. sym- 
 phonies, string-quartets, pf. -pieces, etc., and 
 prod, a few operas ; Emma von Falkenstein 
 (Berlin, 1839) I Junker Habakuk ; etc. 
 
 Schaffer, Julius, b. Crevese in the Altmark, 
 Sept. 28, 1823. Studied theology at Halle, 
 where intercourse with Franz, and musicians, in 
 the near-by city of Leipzig, won him over to 
 music. In 1850 he went to Berlin to study un- 
 der Dehn ; 1855, mus. dir. to the Grand Duke 
 at Schwerin, where he founded and conducted 
 the " Schlosskirchenchor," modelled after the 
 Berlin cathedral-choir. In i860 he succeeded 
 Reinecke as mus. dir. at the Univ., and cond. 
 of the SiHgakademie, Breslau, with the title of 
 " R. Mus. Dir." in 1871, and "Professor" in 
 1878 ; Dr. phil. hon. causa (Breslau) in 1872. — 
 Works: Excellent choral-books (1866; 1880); 
 songs and part-songs ; in defence of Franz's 
 "additional accompaniments " to scores by Bach 
 and Handel, S. wrote, versus Chrysander, " Zwei 
 Beurtheiler von Dr. R. Franz," " Fr. Chrysan- 
 
 514 
 
SCHAFHAUTL— SCHARWENKA 
 
 der ia seinen Clavierauszugen zur deutschen 
 Handel-Ausgabe," and " K. Franz in seinen 
 Bearbeitungen alterer Vocal werke." 
 
 Schafhautl, Karl Franz Emil von, b. In- 
 
 golstadt, Feb. i6, 1803 ; d. Munich, Feb. 25, 
 l8go, as prof, of mining, etc., custodian of the 
 State geological coU.s, etc. He was also a stu- 
 dent of acoustics, and intimate with Theobald 
 Bohm, whom he advised and aided in the con- 
 struction of his instr.s. — Publ. " Theorie ge- 
 dackter cylindrischer und conischer Pfeifen und 
 der Querfloten" (1833, in the " Neue Annalen 
 der Chemie ") ; " Ueber Schall, Ton, Knallund 
 einige andere Gegenstande der Akustik" (1834, 
 in do. ; both separately printed) ; ' ' Ueber die 
 Kirchenmusik des katholischen Cultus " (1833, 
 in the " AUg. mus. Zeitung") ; a report on the 
 mus. instr.s in the Munich Industr. Exhib. 
 (1854); "Ueber Phonometrie" (1854); "Der 
 echte Gregorianische Choral in seiner Entwi- 
 ckelung" (i86g) ; " Ein Spaziergang durch die 
 liturgische Musikgeschichte der katholischen 
 Kirche"(i887 ; continuation of preceding) ; Life 
 of Abbe Vogler (l888) ; also, in the " AUg. mus. 
 Zeitung," 1879, investigations into the phenom- 
 ena of clang-tints, with results at variance with 
 Helmholtz's theory. 
 
 Scharfe, Gustav, b. Grimma, Saxony, Sept. 
 II, 1835 ; d. Dresden, June 25, 1892. Distin- 
 guished singing-teacher ; for 11 years baritone 
 in the Dresden Court Opera ; teacher of singing 
 at the Cons., 1874; "Professor," 1880.— Publ. 
 " Die methodische Entwickelung der Stimme," 
 a standard work. 
 
 Schar'fenberg, William, b. Kassel, Ger- 
 many, Feb. 22, 1819 ; d. Quogue, Long Island, 
 N.Y.,Aug.8,i895. 
 A^upil of Hummel 
 at Weimar till 1837; 
 returned to Kasse!, 
 playing 2nd violin 
 in Spohr's quartet ; 
 went to New York 
 in 1838, making hi* 
 debut as a pianist 
 in Hummel's sep- 
 tet, and at once 
 took a leading po- 
 sition in the city as 
 a teacher and con- 
 cert- player. He 
 was successively secretary, vice-president, treas- 
 urer, and (1863) president, of the old " Philharm. 
 Soc." For many years he was musical editor 
 and adviser to the firm of G. Schirmer, and did 
 excellent editorial work. 
 
 Schar'nack, Luise, dramatic mezzo-soprano; 
 b. Oldenburg, about i860. Pupil of von Ber- 
 nuth at the Hamburg Cons. ; debut at Weimar, 
 as Ortrud in Lohengrin, led to immediate en- 
 gagement. Sang successfully in London (1883), 
 in Stanford's Savonarola. 
 
 Scharwen'ka, (Ludwig) Philipp, b. Sam- 
 ter, Posen, Feb. 16, 1847. After a gymnasial 
 course at Posen, he 
 entered Kullak's 
 Academy at Berlin in 
 i865,studyingchiefly 
 under Wilerst ; also 
 had private lessons 
 with H. Dorn. In 
 1870, teacher of the- 
 ory and comp. at the 
 Academy ; in 1880 
 he founded, with his 
 brother Xaver, the 
 "Scharwenka 
 Cons. " ; also accom- 
 panied his brother to 
 New York in i8gi, but returned in 1892, joining 
 Goldschmidt in the direction of the Cons., which 
 was amalgamated with the Klindworth Cons, in 
 1893.— Works (full list in Br. & H.'s " Mitthei- 
 lungen," No. 40) : Herhstfeier and Sakuntala, 
 both f. soli, ch., and orch.; 2 symphonies; an 
 "Arkadische Suite " and a " Serenade," f. orch. ; 
 festival overture " Dorper Tanzweise," f. chorus 
 w. pf. ; 3 morceaux de concert, f . 'cello and pf. ; 
 Cavatine f . do. ; Romanze and Scherzo f. violin 
 andpf. ; many interesting pf. -pieces ; songs. 
 
 Scharwen'ka, (Franz) Xaver, brother of 
 preceding ; b. Samter, Jan. 6, 1850. Distin- 
 guished pianist and 
 composer ; pupil of 
 KuUak and WUerst 
 at Kullak's Acad., 
 graduating in 1868, 
 when he was app. 
 teacher there. First 
 public concert at 
 the Singakademie , 
 i86g, very success- 
 ful ; for about 10 
 years he gave an 
 annual series of 3 
 chamber - concerts 
 there (with Sauret 
 and H. Griinfeld) ; 
 also arranged and 
 cond. orch.l subscription-concerts. In 1874 he 
 gave up his position as teacher, and made pian- 
 istic tours through Europe and America. In 
 1880 he founded the Berlin " Scharw. Cons.", 
 of which he was director till 1891, then establish- 
 ing his Cons, in New York. In 1898 he re- 
 turned to Berlin, as Director of the Klindworth- 
 Scharwenka Cons., and head of the pf. -classes. 
 S. is court pianist to the Emperor of Austria, 
 and received the title of " Professor" from the 
 King of Prussia (Emperor Wilhelm II.). — 
 Works : Opera Mataswintha (Weimar, 1896 ; 
 succ.) ; symphony in C min., op. 60 ; 3 pf. -con- 
 certos (No. I, Vt\) min. ; No. 2, C min. ; No. 3, 
 CJf min.); a pf. -quartet ; 2 pf. -trios ; 2 pf.- 
 sonatas ; many brilliant and fascinating pf.- 
 pieces for 2 and 4 hands ; a 'cello-sonata ; a 
 
 515 
 
SCHAUENSEE— SCHEIDT 
 
 violin-sonata ; numerous songs ; ciiurcli-music 
 (his publ. works number over 80). Also many 
 arrangements ; Chopin's B-min. Scherzo, f. 2 
 pf.s ; Hummel's B-min. concerto, and Chopin's 
 Andante and Polonaise op. 22, newly instru- 
 mented ; a critical edition of Schumann's pf.- 
 works. — S. was for some years correspondent of 
 the " Monthly Mus. Record," London. 
 
 Schau'ensee, (Franz Joseph Leonti) 
 Meyer von, b. Lucerne, Aug. 10, 1720 ; d. 
 after 1790. After a stirring life, he took holy 
 orders in 1752, and became organist at the 
 " Liudgardstift." — Publ. works: 7 masses; 
 much church-music, chamber-music, and sev- 
 eral operas (Fetis gives a full list). 
 
 Schebek, Edmund, b. Petersdorf, Moravia, 
 Oct. 22, 1819 ; d. Prague, Feb. 11, 1895, as 
 Imp. councillor, and secretary of the Chamber of 
 Commerce. Wrote the official (Austrian) report 
 on the mus. instr.s at the Paris Exposition of 
 1855 (separate reprint, 1858) ; " Der Geigenbau 
 in Italien und sein deutscher Ursprung " (1874) I 
 and "Zwei Briefe liber J. J. Froberger"(iS74). 
 
 Schebest, Agnes, noted mezzo-soprano 
 stage-singer; b. Vienna, Feb. 15, 1813 ; d. 
 Stuttgart, Dec. 22, i86g. Studied at Dresden, 
 and sang in the opera there 1832-3, then in 
 Pesth till 1856 ; again in Dresden, at Vienna, 
 and Karlsruhe, etc. Married D. F. Strauss, 
 author of "Das Leben Jesu," in 1841, and 
 retired. — Autobiogr. "Aus dem Leben einer 
 Kiinstlerin " (1857). 
 
 Schech'ner-Waa'gen, Nanette, noted ope- 
 ratic soprano ; b. Munich, 1806 ; d. there Apr. 
 30, i860. Sang at first in Italian opera ; from 
 1827 in German opera at Berlin and Munich, be- 
 ing unrivalled in the roles of Fidelio, Iphigenia 
 (fluf Tauris), and Spontini's Vestalin. Nerve- 
 disorders caused her retirement in 1835. — Her 
 husband was the painter Waagen. 
 
 Schei'be, Johann, celebrated German organ- 
 builder at Leipzig ; d. Sept. 3, 1748. Built the 
 organs in the Paulinerkirche and Johannis- 
 kirche ; Bach considered the latter faultless. 
 
 Schei'be, Johann Adolf, son of preceding ; 
 b. Leipzig, 1708 ; d. Copenhagen, in Apr., 1776. 
 Law-student at Leipzig, but on his father's 
 death had recourse to his mus. training to sup- 
 port himself ; failing to obtain the post of or- 
 ganist at the Thomaskirche in the competition 
 (adjudicated by Bach, among others) with Cor- 
 ner, he travelled for a time, and settled in Ham- 
 burg, publishing a mus. paper, " Der critische 
 Musicus," from 1737—40 (in No. 6 is a sharp 
 attack on Bach). In 1740 he became Kapellm. 
 to the Margrave of Brandenburg-Culmbach ; in 
 1744, court cond. at Copenhagen, where he was 
 pensioned in 1758. He had continued the pub- 
 lication of " Der critische Musicus," issuing an 
 enlarged edition in 1745, containing discussions 
 of topics broached in that paper. — Publ. " Ab- 
 handlung vom Ursprung und Alter der Musik, 
 insonderheit der Vocalmusik " (1754 ; maintains 
 
 that part-songs originated with Northern peo- 
 ples) ; an " Abhandlung Uberdas Recitativ " (in 
 the "Bibliothek der Kiinste und Wissenschaf- 
 ten,"Vol.s ii and iii) ; " Ueber die musicalische 
 Composition " (only Vol. i, of the 4 projected, 
 was publ. in 1773) ; etc. — His publ. comp.s in- 
 clude a Danish opera, Thusnelda; tragic canta- 
 tas a 2, w. clavichord; songs; "Musicalische 
 Erquickstunden " (6 sonatas f . flute w. continue); 
 3 sonatas f. flute w. clavichord. In MS. he 
 left 2 oratorios, about 200 church-works, 150 
 flute-concertos, 30 violin-concertos, etc. 
 
 Schei'bler, Johann Heinrich, b. Montjoie, 
 n. Aix-la-Chapelle, Nov. II, 1777 ; d. Crefeld, 
 Nov. 20,1838. A silk-manufacturer at Crefeld, 
 he became interested in acoustic phenomena, 
 and invented an apparatus consisting of 56 tun- 
 ing-forks, for tuning fixed-tone instr.s according 
 to the equally tempered scale. He publ. several 
 pamphlets to explain his invention : " Der physi- 
 kalische und musikalische Tonmesser" (1834); 
 " Anleitung, die Orgel vermittelst der Stosse 
 (yulgo Schwebungen)und des Metronoms correct 
 gleichschwebend zu stimmen " (1834) ; etc. — all 
 united as ' ' Schrif ten fiber physikalische und mu- 
 sikalische Tonmessung . ."(1838). His sys- 
 tem is more clearly explained by Topfer (1842), 
 Vincent (1849), and Lecomte (1856). At the 
 Stuttgart Congress of physicists in 1834, S. pro- 
 posed the pitch of a} = 440 (vibrations) at 69° 
 Fahr., which was adopted (hence called the 
 " Stuttgart pitch "). 
 
 Schei'demann, Heinrich, b. Hamburg, 
 about 1596 ; d. there 1663. Organist ; pupil 
 and successor of his father, Hans S., org. of the 
 Katherinenkirche ; also studied under Sweelinck 
 at Amsterdam. His successor was Reinken. 
 (Cf. the " Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musikwissen- 
 schaft," i8gi.) 
 
 Schei'demantel, Karl, distinguished dram, 
 baritone ; b. Weimar, Jan. 21, 1859, where he 
 was a private pupil of Bodo Borchers, and was 
 eng. at the court theatre 1878-86 ; also studied 
 with Stockhausen in the summers of 1881-3 ; re- 
 ceived title of " KammerSanger " in 1885. 
 Member of the Dresden court opera since 1886, 
 in which year he also sang the role of Amfortas 
 at Bayreuth. 
 
 Scheldt, Samuel, b. Halle-on-Saale, 1587 ; 
 d. there Mar. 14, 1654. Famous organist ; pu- 
 pil of Sweelinck in Amsterdam ; organist of the 
 Moritzkirche, and Kapellm. to Margrave Chris- 
 tian Wilhelm of Brandenburg, at Halle. Note- 
 worthy as the first to treat the working-out of the 
 choral artistically, and in true organ-style. Prin- 
 cipal work, " Tabulatura nova "(1624, 3 vol.s ; 
 republ. , 1892, as Vol. i of " Denkmaler deutscher 
 Tonkunst"; contains figured chorals, toccatas, 
 fantasias, passamezzi, a mass, Magnificats, 
 psalms, hymns); further, a " Tabulaturbuch 
 (1650; 100 psalms a 4; songs); " Cantiones 
 sacrae " n 8 (1620) ; " Concerti sacri 2-12 vocum, 
 adjectis symphoniis et choris instrumentalibus 
 
 516 
 
SCHEIN— SCHERZER 
 
 (1621 ; 1622); " Ludi musici"(2 parts, 1621, 
 '22; Paduane, Gagliarde, etc.); " Liebliche 
 Kraft-Blumlein " (1625) ; " Newe geistliche Con- 
 certe"a 2-3 w. fig. bass (1631); ditto, Part ii 
 (1634); Part iii (1635); Part iv (1640); "70 
 Symphonien auf Concerten-Manier" a 3 w. fig. 
 bass (1644). 
 
 Schein, Johann Hermann, b. Griinhain, 
 Saxony, Jan. 29, 1586 ; d. Leipzig, Nov. ig, 
 1630. On the death of his father, the pastor at 
 Meissen, in 1599, he entered the Electoral 
 Chapel at Dresden as a soprano ; studied at 
 Schulpforte from 1603-7, then at Leipzig Univ. 
 (jurisprudence); became "Praeceptor" and 
 " Hausmusikmeister " to Captain von Wolffers- 
 dorf at Weissenfels ; court Kapellm. at Weimar 
 in 1615 ; and succeeded Calvisius as cantor of 
 the Thomasschule at Leipzig in 1616. — Works : 
 " Venus-Krantzlein oder neue weltliche Lieder" 
 a 5 (1609); " Cymbalum Sioniura," sacred songs 
 a 5-12 (1615); " Banchetto musico newer anmu- 
 thigerPadoanen.Gagliarden "12:5(1617; 20 suites 
 of 5 movem. ; interesting early German string- 
 ■ music) ; Te Deum a 24 (1618) ; " Balletto pasto- 
 rale" 03 (1620); " Musica divina" a 8-24(1620); 
 "Musicaboscareccia,Waldliederlein . . ."(1621, 
 '26, '28, etc.) ; " Fontanad'Israel, Israelis Brlinn- 
 lein auserlesener Kraftspriichlein " (1623) ; Mad- 
 rigals a 5 (1623) ; " Diletti pastorali, Hirten- 
 Lust," a 5 (1624, '50) ; Villanelle a 3 (1625, 
 '27); " Opella nova, geistliche Concerte" a 3-5 
 (1618, '27); " Studenten-Schmauss " a 5 (1626, 
 '34) ; and his most important work, " Cantional 
 Oder Gesangbuch Augspurgischer Confession 
 . . ." a 4-6 (1627 ; a 2nd ed. of that year has 
 27 new numbers, making in all 313 German and 
 Latin sacred songs and psalms). — .See A. Prue- 
 fer's biography, "J. H. Schein" (1895, w. bib- 
 liography). 
 
 Schel'ble, Johann Nepomuk, b. Hiifingen, 
 Black Forest, May 16, 1789 ; d. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, Aug. 7, 1837. Choir-boy at the March- 
 thai monastery ; then a pupil in singing, etc., of 
 Weisse at Donaueschingen, and of Krebs in 
 Stuttgart, where (18 12) he was court singer, and 
 teacher at the music-school. From 1813-16 in 
 Vienna as an opera-tenor ; intimate with Beet- 
 hoven, Moscheles, and Spohr ; then in Frank- 
 fort, at first as tenor at the opera, 1817-18 cond. 
 of the Akademie, then founded the Cdcilien- 
 Verein. His method for teaching the mus. 
 rudiments, and training the sense of absolute 
 pitch, is still successfully employed. 
 
 Schel'le, Johann, b. Geisingen, Saxony, 
 Sept. 6, 1648 ; d. Leipzig, Mar. 10, 1701, as 
 cantor at the Thomaskirche, having succeeded 
 Kniipfer in 1676. 
 
 Schel'le, Karl Eduard, b. Biesenthal, n. 
 Berhn, May 31, 1816 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 16, 1882. 
 From 1864, Hanslick's successor as critic for 
 the Vienna " Presse " ; also lectured on mus. 
 history at the Cons. , and at Horak's School. — 
 Valuable monograph, "Die papstliche Sanger- 
 
 schule in Rom, genannt die Sixtinische Ka- 
 pelle" (1872). 
 
 Schel'ler, Jacob, b. Schettal, Bohemia, May 
 16, 1759 ; d. (?). VioHnist ; pupil of Abbe 
 Vogler at Mannheim ; leader in the Duke of 
 Wtirttemberg's orch. at Montbeliard. Noted 
 for skill in harmonics and double-stops. 
 
 Schel'per, Otto, distinguished dram, bari- 
 tone ; b. Rostock, Apr. 10, 1844. At first 
 actor, later operatic baritone at Bremen, Co- 
 logne (1872-6), and then succeeded Eugen Gura 
 at Leipzig City Th. — Leading roles : Hans 
 Sachs, Flying Dutchman, Hans Heiling, Don 
 Giovanni, etc. 
 
 Schenck, Jean [Johann], gamba- virtuoso to 
 the Elector-Palatine, later at Amsterdam, where 
 he publ. , toward the end of the 17th century, 
 " Kunst-oeffeningen . . .", 15 sonatas f. gamba 
 w. basso continuo (1688) ; " II giardino armon- 
 ico," sonatas f. 2 violins, gamba, and b. cont. 
 (1692); " Scherzi musicali" f. gamba; 18 so- 
 natas f. violin w. b. cont. (1693); "La Ninfa 
 del Reno," 12 sonatas f. gamba; " L'echo du 
 Danube," sonatas f. do.; " Les Bizarreries de la 
 goutte," 12 sonatas f. do.; also " Sang-Arien 
 van d'opera Ceres en Bacchus." 
 
 Schenk, Johann, b. Wiener-Neustadt, Lower 
 Austria, Nov. 30, 1761 (1753?) ; d. Vienna, Dec. 
 2g, 1836. Pupil of Tomaselli (singing) ; of 
 StoU at Baden, and of Schneller and Wagenseil 
 at Vienna. In 1778 he prod, a mass, which 
 made his reputation ; it was followed by other 
 church-music, and then by a series of operettas 
 which enjoyed great popularity, especially Der 
 Dorfbarbier. S. was Beethoven's secret in- 
 structor while the latter was taking lessons of 
 Haydn. — Operettas (all at Vienna) : Die Wein- 
 lese (1785), Die Weihnacht auf deni Lande 
 (1786), Iin Finsiern ist nicht gut tappen{ll'il). 
 Das unvermuthete Seefest (1789), Das Singspiel 
 ohne Titel (I'jgo), Der Erntekranzii'fjl), Ach- 
 inet und Almanzine (1795), Der Dorfbarbier 
 (1796), Der Beitelshident(i']()t), DieJagd{j']Cji), 
 Der Fassbinder (1802). — In 1819 he wrote 2 
 cantatas. Die Huldigung, and Der Mai. 
 
 Schenk, Hugo, b. 1852 (?) ; d. Vienna, Feb. 
 II, 1896. Talented comp. (songs, couplets, 
 overtures) ; cond. of the orch. at the Theater 
 an der Wien. 
 
 Sche'rer, Sebastian Anton, 2nd organist at 
 Ulm Minster in 1664. — Publ. "Musica sacra" 
 (1655 ; masses a 3-5 ; motets and psalms _w. 
 instr.s) ; " Tabulatura in cymbalo et organo in- 
 tonationum brevium per 8 tonos" (1664) ; " So- 
 naten fUr 2 Violinen und Gambe " (1680) ; and 
 " Suiten fur die Laute " (n. d.). 
 
 Schefzer, Otto, b. Ansbach, Mar. 24, 1821 ; 
 d. Stuttgart, Feb. 23, 1886. Violinist and or- 
 ganist ; pupil of Molique and Faiszt ; Mus. Dir. 
 at Tubingen Univ. 1860-77 {^r. phil. hon. 
 causa), then retiring to Stuttgart. — Works : 3 
 books of 6 songs each, op. i, 3, 4 ; Liederbuch, 
 
 517 
 
SCHETKY— SCHIMON 
 
 25 songs, op. 2 ; pf. -pieces in Lebert and Stark's 
 Method, Vol. iv. 
 
 Schet'ky, Christoph, fine 'cellist; b. Darm- 
 stadt, 1740 ; d. Edinburgh, 1773. — Publ. 6 
 string-quartets ; 6 string-trios ; 6 duos £. 'cello 
 and vln. ; 6 'cello-sonatas w. bass ; 6 flute-duos ; 
 6 'cello-duos, and 6 easy do. ; 6 sonatas f . violin 
 and 'cello. 
 
 Schicht, Johann Gottfried, b. Reichenau, 
 Saxony, Sept. 29, 1753 ; d. Leipzig, P"eb. 16, 
 1823. In 1776, already well-trained as an 
 organist and pianist, he matriculated at Leipzig 
 as a law-student, but became pianist at Joh. 
 Adam Killer's " Liebhaber-Concerte," and at 
 the " Gewandhaus Concerts " evolved from them 
 in 1781, succeeding Hilleras cond. in 1785. In 
 1810 he followed A. E. MuUer as cantor at the 
 Thomaskirche. His works comprise the ora- 
 torios Die Feier der Christen auf Golgotha, 
 Moses auf Sinai, and Das Ende des Gerechten ; 
 masses, motets, Te Deums, the looth Psalm 
 (after Moses Mendelssohn) ; several choral-mo- 
 tets (" Nach einer Priifung kurzer Tage," 
 "Jesus meine Zuversicht," " Herzlich lieb hab' 
 ich dich, o Herr," etc.) ; 9 settings of Leo's 
 Miserere a 4-8 ; an excellent book of Chorals 
 (1819 ; of 1285 melodies, 306 are original) ; — a 
 concerto, sonatas, caprices, etc., f. pf. ; and 
 " Grundregeln der Harmonie" (Leipzig, 1812). 
 He transl. the pf. -methods of Clementi and 
 Pleyel, and the Pellegrini-Celoni singing-method. 
 
 Schick {n^e Hamel), Margarete Luise, 
 noted stage-soprano ; b. Mayence, Apr. 26, 
 1773 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 29, 1809. Pupil of Steffani 
 at WUrzburg, later of Righini at Mayence, where 
 her stage-debut took place in 1791. Favorite 
 rSles were Susanna {Figaro") and Zerlina (Don 
 Giovanni). From 1794 she sang at the Royal 
 Opera, Berlin, having great success in operas by 
 Cluck. — See Lewezow's " Lebenund Kunst der 
 Frau M. S." (BerHn, 1809). 
 
 Schie'dermayer, Joseph Bernhard,d. Linz- 
 on-Danube, Jan. 8, 1840, as cathedral-organist. 
 — Works ; Much sacred music ; also sympho- 
 nies, string-trios, organ-pieces, etc.; a " Theo- 
 retisch-practische Chorallehre zum Gebrauch 
 beim katholischen Kirchenritus " (1828); and an 
 abridged ed. of L. Mozart's violin-method. 
 
 Schied'mayer & Sohne, Stuttgart firm of 
 piano-makers, founded in Erlangen, 1781, by 
 Joh. David S. Removed to Stuttgart, 1806. 
 Began the manufacture of uprights (now their 
 specialty) in 1842. The present head is Adolf 
 S. (b. 1847), a great-grandson of the founder. 
 
 Schikane'der, Emanuel Johann, the libret- 
 tist of Mozart's Zauberjlote j b. Ratisbon, 1751 ; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 21, 1812. A member of a band 
 of strolling players, he met Mozart at Salzburg, 
 and profited by the acquaintance later, when 
 manager of a theatre in Vienna, by inducing M. 
 to compose the Zauberjlote, in which S. himself 
 played the part of Papageno, and which rescued 
 him temporarily from ruin ; he died in extreme 
 poverty. 
 
 Schildt, Melchior, b. Hanover (?), 1592; d. 
 there May 22, 1667. Pupil of Sweelinck; organ- 
 ist, 1623-6, of the principal church at Wolfen- 
 biittel ; from 1629, of the Marktkirche, Hanover. 
 Extant works : 2 books of chorals worked out f, 
 organ ; 2 sets of clavichord-variations. 
 
 Schil'ler, Madeline, gifted pianist ; b. in Lon- 
 don, England ; the daughter of an English citi- 
 zen of German descent. Though a pupil of Benj. 
 R. Isaacs [excellent pianist and teacher ; 1818- 
 1881], and for a short time of Benedict and Halle, 
 she really formed her own style ; after a year and 
 a quarter at Leipzig with Moscheles she made a 
 brilliant debut at the Gewandhaus, playing Men- 
 delssohn's G-minor concerto. Of her London de- 
 but shortly after, the critic Hogarth wrote : " She 
 may say, ' I rose in the morning and found my- 
 self famous.' " On her return from a successful 
 Australian tour. Miss S. married Mr. Marcus El- 
 mer Bennett of Boston, Mass. Mme. Schiller 
 made that city her headquarters for several years, 
 winning renown in the United States by her con- 
 certs. A second tour in Australia was followed 
 by a season of concertizing in Europe. At pres- 
 ent (1899) Mme. S. is in New York. She has won 
 general recognition by her spirited and refined in- 
 terpretations of classic and modern pf.-literature, 
 and her qualities as an instructress. 
 
 Schil'ling, Gustav, b. Schwiegershausen, n. 
 Hanover, Nov. 3, 1803 ; d. Nebraska, March, 
 1881. Theological student at Gottingen and 
 Halle {Dr. phil.) ; in 1830, dir. of the StOpel 
 School of Music, Stuttgart, and until 1857 an 
 industrious writer ; then emigrated to New 
 York, went later to Montreal, and finally to 
 Nebraska. — Works: " Musikalisches HandwOr- 
 terbuch" (1830); " Encyclopadie der gesamm- 
 ten musikal. Wissenschaften oder Universal- 
 Lexicon der Tonkunst" (7 vol.s ; 1835-40); 
 " Versuch einer Philosophic des Schonen in der 
 Musik" (1838) ; " Polyphonomos " (1839 ; plagi- 
 arized from Logier's " System der Musikwissen- 
 schaft") ; " Generalbass-Lehre" (1839); " Lehr- 
 buch der allgem. Musikwissenschaft " (1840) ; 
 " Geschichte der heutigen Musik" (1841) ; 
 "Akustik" (1842); " Mus. Dynamik oder die 
 Lehre vom Vortrag in der Musik" (1843); "Franz 
 Liszt" (1844) ; " Sicherer Schlussel zur Clavier- 
 virtuositat" (1844) ; " Der musikalische Autodi- 
 dact" (1846 ; on harmony) ; " Die schOne Kunst 
 der Tone" (1847); "Musikalische Didactik" 
 (1851); "Allgem. Volksmusiklehre " (1852); 
 "Der Pianist" (1854); also a revised ed. of 
 Em. Bach's "Versuch uber die wahre Art, 
 das Clavier zu spielen" (1857). 
 
 Schi'mon, Adolf, well-known singing- 
 teacher; b. Vienna, Feb. 29, 1820; d. Leipzig, 
 June 21, 1887. Pupil of Berton, Halevy, etc., 
 at the Paris Cons, from 1836 ; accompanist in 
 the private classes of Bordogni and Banderali, 
 and acquainted with the leading singers of the 
 day. Studied the Italian method in Florence, 
 bringing out an opera, Stradella, there in 1846; 
 
 518 
 
SCHIMON-REGAN— SCHLAGER 
 
 was maestro al cembalo at H. M.'s Th., London, 
 1850-2, then at the Italian Opera in Paris. In 
 1858 Flotow brought out S.'s i-act comic opera 
 List um List at Schwerin. S. married the 
 soprano concert-singer Anna Regan in 1872 ; 
 in 1874, teacher of singing at Leipzig Cons.; 
 from 1877-86, at the R. School of Music in 
 Munich ; then again at the Leipzig Cons., 
 where Frau Schimon- Regan also took classes in 
 singing; after his death, she returned to Munich. 
 His works include Italian and French songs, 
 German Lieder, some string-quartets, a pf.-trio, 
 a violin-sonata, pf. -music, etc. 
 
 Schi'mon-Re'gan, Anna. Celebrated con- 
 cert-singer ; wife of Adolf Schimon (q. v.). 
 
 Schin'delmeisser, Ludwig, b. Konigsberg, 
 Dec. 8, 1811 ; died Darmstadt, Mar. 30, 1864. 
 ThtsXre-JCapellm. at Salzburg, Innsbruck, Graz, 
 Berlin (KonigstadterTh., 1837), Pesth (German 
 Th., for about 9 years); finally (1851) court 
 Kapellm. at Wiesbaden, and in 1853 at Darm- 
 stadt. — Prod. 6 operas (Melusine at Darmstadt, 
 1S61), a ballet, an oratorio {Bonifacius), over- 
 ture to Uriel Acosta, a concerto f. 4 clarinets 
 and orch., a clar. -concerto in Cmin., pf. -pieces, 
 songs. 
 
 Schin'dler, Anton, Beethoven's faithful 
 friend and biographer; b. Medl, Moravia, 1796; 
 d. Bockenheim, n. Frankfort, Jan. 16, 1864. A 
 violinist, he became Kapellm. at the German 
 Opera, Vienna. During the last ten years of 
 Beethoven's life, S. lived in the same house, 
 doing everything in his power for the master. 
 He was later ca!S\R&xa\-Kapellm. at Munster and 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. His intimacy with Beethoven 
 lends peculiar value to his " Biographic Ludwig 
 van Beethovens" (Munster, 1840). He also 
 publ. "Beethoven in Paris" (1842 ; an account 
 of the prod, of B.'s compositions at the Concerts 
 spirituels ; united with the Biography in later 
 ed.s). 
 
 Schind'locker, Philipp, b. Mons, Hainault, 
 Oct. 25, 1753 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 16, 1827 ; was 1st 
 'cello atthe CourtOpera and cathedral until 1811; 
 "Imp. and Chamber-virtuoso." — His nephew, 
 Wolfgang, b. Vienna, 1789, d. (?), was his pupil; 
 from 1807 in WUrzburg as ist 'cello and cham- 
 ber-musician. Made a concert-tour in N. Amer- 
 ica. — Publ. chamber-music f. wind-instr.s, duos 
 f. 'celli, etc. 
 
 Schi'ra, Francesco, b. Malta, Aug. 21, i8og ; 
 d. London, Oct. 15, 1883. Pupil of the Milan 
 Cons. (Basili) from 1818-1828 ; prod, his first 
 opera, Elena e Malvina, at La Scala, 1832 ; was 
 eng. next year as cond. of the San Carlos Th. at 
 Lisbon, and taught at the Cons, there ; went to 
 London in 1840, and was eng. for the English 
 Opera at The Princess's Th. in 1842 ; in 1847 for 
 Drary Lane, 1848 for Covent Garden, and again 
 in 1852 for Drury Lane, but soon resigned to de- 
 vote himself to vocal teaching, achieving a high 
 reputatipn. — Operas : // fanatico per la musica 
 (1855) and I cavalieri di Valencia (1857), both at 
 
 Lisbon; Mina (1849) and Theresa^ the Orphan 
 of Geneva (1850), both at London, in English ; 
 Niccolb de' Lapt (H. M.'s Th., London, 1863) ; 
 La Selvaggia (Venice, 1875); i2fl(ibid., 1876); 
 an operetta, The Ear-ring; a cantata. The Lord 
 of Burleigh (Birmingham Mus. Fest., 1873); 
 vocal chamber-music ; organ-music ; etc. 
 
 Schir^macher, Dora, gifted pianist ; b. Liv- 
 erpool, Sept. I, 1862. Pupil, 1872-7, of Wenzel 
 and Reinecke at Leipzig Cons., winning the 
 Mendelssohn prize. Debut at the Gewandhaus, 
 Feb. I, 1877 ; at the Crystal Palace, London, on 
 Mar. 31 ; has played at Liverpool, Manchester, 
 etc., at Amsterdam, and in several German cit- 
 ies. Has publ. a suite, Valse-Caprice, sonata. 
 Tone-pictures, Serenade, Evening Song, etc., 
 f. pf. 
 
 Schir'nier, G. (incorporated), noted music- 
 publishing house at New York. It is an out- 
 growth of the business founded in 1848 by Kerk- 
 sieg & Breusing, in which Gustav Schirmer 
 obtained an interest in 1861 (firm-name then 
 Beer& Schirmer), and complete control in 1866. 
 Since 1893 the business has been carried on as 
 a stock-company under the management of Ru- 
 dolph E. Schirmer and Gustav Schirmer, sons 
 of the founder. 
 
 Schirmer, Gustav, founder of the New York 
 music-publishing house ; b. K5nigsee, Saxony, 
 Sept. 19, 1829; d. Eisenach, Thuringia, Aug. 6, 
 1893, on a journey undertaken with the hope of 
 restoring his health. Both his father and grand- 
 father were piano-makers to the court of Son- 
 dershausen. He went to New York in 1837; 
 entered the music-store of Scharfenberg & Luis, 
 and in 1854 became the manager of Breusing's 
 music-business. In 1861, with B. Beer, he took 
 over this business, which was then carried on 
 under the firm-name of Beer & Schirmer until 
 1866, when S. obtained complete control. Since 
 then the house has become one of the most 
 important in the world, both for the publication 
 of, and general trade in, music. S. was a pub- 
 lisher with an artistic conscience ; it was his life- 
 work to elevate the public taste, not to win mere 
 commercial success by catering to ' ' popular " 
 wants ; and his influence for good is felt through- 
 out America. 
 
 Schla'debach, Julius, a German physician 
 who died at Kiel in 1872, publ. Vol. i of 
 a " Neues Universal-Lexikon derTonkunst" 
 (1854), completed by Bernsdorf ; also " Die Bil- 
 dung der menschlichen Stimme zura Gesang" 
 (i860). 
 
 Schla'ger, Hans, b. Filskirchen, Upper Aus- 
 tria, Dec. 5, 1820 ; d. Salzburg, May 17, 1885. 
 Pupil of Preyer, at Vienna ; 1844-61, Chormeister 
 of the Mdnnergesangverein ; then Kapellm. 
 of Salzburg Cath., and Director of the Mozart- 
 eum, resigning on his marriage with Countess 
 Zichy in 1867. — Operas : Heinrich und Llse 
 (Salzburg, 1869), and Hans Haidekukuk (find., 
 1873) ; the symphonic tone-picture " Waldmeis- 
 
 519 
 
SCHLECHT— SCHLOSSER 
 
 ters Brautfahrt " ; a prize string-quartet ; 3 
 masses w. orch. ; symphonies ; etc. 
 
 Schlecht, Raimund, b. Eichstadt, Mar. 11, 
 1811 ; d. there Mar. 24, 1891. Priest ; president 
 of Eichstadt Seminary, and ecclesiastical coun- 
 cillor. — Publ. " Officium in nativitate Domini" 
 (1843); "Vesperae breviarii romani " (1852); 
 ' ' Gradualiaet offertoria de communi sanctorum " ; 
 "Auswahl deutscher Kirchengesange" ; a "Ge- 
 schichte der Kirchenmusik " (1871 ; contains lit- 
 tle independent research) ; contributions to the 
 " Monatshefte filr Musikgeschichte," Mendel's 
 "Conversations-Lexicon," etc. 
 
 Schlei'nitz,Heinrich Conrad, b. Zechanitz, 
 n. Dobeln, Saxony, Oct. i, 1807 ; d. Leipzig, 
 May 13, 1881. Law-student, and lawyer, in Leip- 
 zig ; as a pupil of the Thomasschule he had an 
 excellent mus. education; was a member of the 
 Gewandhaus Board of Managers when they 
 called Mendelssohn to Leipzig, and became a 
 fast friend of the latter, giving up his legal prac- 
 tice on M.'s death to undertake the direction of 
 the Conservatorium, an office which he filled with 
 conservative zeal until his decease. 
 
 Schle'singer. Two well-known music-pub- 
 lishing firms: (i) The " Schlesinger'sche Buch- 
 und Musikalienhandlung " at Berlin, founded in 
 1810 by Adolf Martin S.; carried on from 1858 
 by his son Heinrich (d. 1879; t^^ founder of the 
 mus. paper "Echo"); since 1864 in the hands 
 of R. Lienau ; — and (2) " M. A. Schlesinger" 
 in Paris, founded in 1834 by Moritz Adolf, son 
 of Adolf Martin, and the founder of the "Ga- 
 zette musicale" (since 1835, "Revue et gaz. 
 mus."). The business was acquired by Louis 
 Brandus in 1846. 
 
 Schle'sing^er, Sebastian Benson, b. Ham- 
 burg, Sept. 24, 1837. Went to the United 
 States at 13 ; studied music at Boston, chiefly 
 under Otto Dresel. Was for 17 years Imp. 
 German Consul at Boston. At present (1899) 
 residing in Paris. Gifted amateur composer ; 
 has publ. over 120 songs, which have received 
 the hearty approval of R. Franz, M. Bruch, and 
 other eminent musicians. For pf. he has publ. 
 an Albumblatt ; 6 Melodic Studies ; Novellette 
 in D [7 ; fitude in C min. ; Nocturne ; 5 Minia- 
 tures ; an Improvisation ; an Impromptu-Caprice; 
 and a Wedding-march. 
 
 Schlet'terer, Hans Michel, b. Ansbach, 
 May 29, 1824 ; d. Augsburg, June 4, 1893. 
 Pupil, at Ansbach, of Ott, Diirrner, and Th. 
 Mayer ; later of Spohr and Kraushaar at Kas- 
 sel, and David and Richter at Leipzig. 1845-7, 
 teacher at Finstigen (Lorraine) Seminary ; 1847— 
 53, mus. dir. at Zweibrilcken, 1854-8 at Heidel- 
 berg Univ. ; then Kdpellm. at the Protestant 
 Ch., Augsburg, and singing-teacher at Stetten's 
 Institute. He founded (1865) and cond. the 
 Oratorio Soc, and was the founder and Director 
 of the Augsburg School of Music. In 1878, Dr. 
 phil. hon. fa«ja, Tubingen. — Works: 4operettas, 
 Dornroscken^ op. 45 ; Pharaos Tochter^ op. 49 ; 
 
 Dcr erfullte Traum, op. 52 ; and Voter Bea- 
 tus ; — cantatas Lassei die Kindlein zu mir 
 kommen, sxiA Jephthas Tochter j — Ostermorgen, 
 and Thilrmerlied, f. male ch. and orch.; " Die 
 kirchHchen Festzeiten," op. 28 ; 17 books of 
 choruses a cappella, f. male, female, and mixed 
 voices; minor vocal comp.s ; a " Chorgesang- 
 schule" for schools (op. 29 and 30); ditto f. 
 male voices, op. 20 ; Violin-Method,- op. 7 ; also 
 edited many pf.-scores of classical works, etc. — 
 Wrote " Geschichte der geistlichen Dichtung 
 und kirchlichen Tonkunst" (Vol. i, 1869); 
 " Uebersichtliche Darstellung der Gesch." of 
 the same ; " Zur Gesch. der dramatischen Musik 
 und Poesie in Deutschland" (Vol. i, "Das 
 deutsche Singspiel," 1863); "J. Fr. Reichardt" 
 (1865); " Studien zur Geschichte der franzOsi- 
 schen Musik" (1884-5; 3 vol.s) ; the essays 
 " G. B. Pergolese," "J. J. Rousseau," "L. 
 Spohr," and "Der Ursprung der Oper " (in 
 Graf Waldersee's " Sammlung ") ; etc. 
 
 Schlick, Arnold, court organist to the Elec- 
 tor Palatine; publ. "Spiegel der Orgelmacher 
 und Organisten" (1511), and " Tabulaturen 
 etlicher Lobgesang und Liedlein uff die Orgeln 
 und Lauten " (1512 ; a coll. of vocal numbers 
 arr. in part for organ, in part for lute, with or 
 without voices, in tablature ; — rare and early 
 prints by P. Schbffer ; republ. by Br. & Hartel). 
 
 Schlick, Johann Conrad, b. MUnster (?), 
 Westphalia, 1759 ; d. Gotha, 1825, as 'cellist in 
 the Ducal orch.. — Publ. a concerto, and 3 so- 
 natas w. bass, f. 'cello ; 3 quintets f. flute and 
 strings ; 6 string-quartets ; 3 pf. -trios ; and a 
 concertante f. violin and 'cello. 
 
 Schlim'bach, Georg Christian Friedrich, 
 b. Ohrdruf, Thuringia, 1760; in 1782, organist 
 at Prenzlau ; later principal of a music-school 
 at Berlin. Organ-expert ; publ. " Ueber die 
 Structur, Erhaltung, Stimmung und Priifung 
 der Orgel " (1801) ; also papers in the " Berlin- 
 ische musikal. Zeitung," 1805-6. 
 
 Schlos'ser, Louis, b. Darmstadt, 1800 ; d. 
 there Nov. 17, 1886, as court Kapellm. Com- 
 poser ; pupil of Rinck at Darmstadt, Seyfried, 
 Mayseder, and Salieri at Vienna, and Le Sueur 
 and Kreutzer at the Paris Cons. — Works (about 
 70 opus-numbers publ.) : The operas Granada, 
 1835 (?), Das Leben ein Traum (1839), Ben- 
 venuto Cellini, Die Jugend Karls II. von Spanien 
 (1847), and Die Braut des Herzogs (1847) ; an 
 operetta, Kapitdn Hector ; the melodrama Die 
 Jahreszeiten; music to Faust; ballets, entr'actes, 
 symphonies, overtures, string-quartets, concer- 
 tino f, horn w. orch., pf. -pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Schlos'ser, (Carl Wilhelm) Adolf, son 
 
 and pupil of Louis S.; b. Darmstadt, Feb. I, 
 1830. Pianist ; debut Frankfort, 1847 ; after 
 concert-tours in Germany, France, and England, 
 he settled in London (1854). Teacher at, and 
 Hon. Member of, the R. A. M.— Works : Pf.- 
 quartet; pf.-trio; a Suite' in D min. ; 24 Studies; 
 several solo pieces f . pf . 
 
 520 
 
SCHLOTTMANN— SCHMITT 
 
 Schlott'mann, Louis, b. Berlin, Nov. 12, 
 1826. Fine pianist, pupil of Taubert and Dehn ; 
 gave successful concerts at London and else- 
 where, and settled in Berlin as a teacher. Title 
 of " R. Mus. Dir." in 1875. — Works : Overture 
 to Romeo and Juliet ; Trauermarsch f. orch. ; 
 Concertstuck f. pf. ; chamber-music; pf. -pieces 
 (op. 8, 3 Capricettes ; op. n. Polonaise de con- 
 cert; op. 19, Andantino w. var.s ; op. 22, " Ju- 
 gendspiegel," 6 numbers) ; etc. 
 
 Schmeil, teacher at Magdeburg, invented the 
 "Notograph," an apparatus which, when at- 
 tached to the piano, accurately records whatever 
 is played, in notation easy to read. 
 
 Schmel'zer, Johann Heinrich, court cham- 
 ber-musician at Vienna, later (1655) at Prague, 
 in 1678 court Kapellm. to Ferdinand IIL ; d. 
 after 1695. Publ. " Sacro-profanus concentus 
 musicus ..." (1662 ; 13 sonatas f. violin w. 
 violas and trombones) ; " Arie per il balletto a 
 cavallo . . " (1667 ; for the wedding of Leo- 
 pold L) ; and " Duodena selectarum sonatarum " 
 a 4 (1669). 
 
 Schmid [Schmidt], Bernhard, Strassburg 
 organist, in 1560 at the Thomaskirche, in 1564 
 at the Minster. Publ. " Einer neuen und klinst- 
 lichen auff Orgel und Instrument Tabulatur 
 Buch" (1577; fantasias on motets by Lasso, 
 Crequillon, etc. ; also dance-pieces) ; and a 
 " Tabulatur-Buch von allerhand auserlesenen 
 schSnen Praludiis, Toccaten, Motetten, Canzo- 
 netten, etc." a 4-6 (1607). — He was succeeded 
 at the Thomaskirche by Bernhard Schmid the 
 younger. 
 
 Schmid, Anton, b. Pihl, n. Leipa, Bohemia, 
 Jan. 30, 1787 ; d. July 3, 1857, as custodian of 
 the mus. section in the Vienna Library. Publ. 
 the valuable monographs " Ottaviano dei Pe- 
 trucci da Fossombrone, der Erfinder des Musik- 
 notendrucks mit beweglichen Metalltypen, und 
 seine Nachfolger im 16. Jahrhundert" (1845); 
 "J. Haydn und N. Zingarelli" (1847 ; to prove 
 that Haydn comp. " Gott erhalte Franz den 
 Kaiser"); " Christoph Willibald, Ritter von 
 Gluck" (1854); and "Beitrage zur Litteratur 
 und Geschichte der Tonkunst" (in Dehn's 
 "Cacilia," 1842-6). 
 
 Schmidt, Johann Philipp Samuel, govern- 
 ment official ; writer and amateur composer ; b. 
 Konigsberg, Sept. 8, 1779 ; d. Berlin, May 9, 
 1853. Wrote half a score of operas for Konigs- 
 berg and Berlin ; many cantatas ; 9 oratorios 
 and masses ; symphonies ; quintets and quartets 
 f. strings, etc., many publ.; also contributed to 
 musical periodicals of Berlin and Leipzig, and 
 was for 30 years critic for the ' ' Spener'sche Zei- 
 tung"; arr. symphonies by Mozart and Haydn, 
 Radziwill's Faust, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Schmidt, Joseph, violinist ; b. Buckeburg, 
 Sept. 26, 1795 ; d. there Mar. 15, 1865, as 
 
 court Kapellm. — Works : Oratorio Die Geburt 
 Christi ; vocal quartets, psalms, hymns, etc. 
 
 Schmidt, Hermann, b. Berlin, Mar. 5, 1810 ; 
 d. there Oct. 19, 1845, as court comp. and ballet- 
 cond. Pupil of Bohmer and Gabrielski (flute) ; 
 prod, operettas, ballets, etc., also orch.l and 
 chamber-music. 
 
 Schmidt, Gustav, b. Weimar, Sept. i, 1816 ; 
 d. Darmstadt, Feb. 11, 1882, as covlxV Kapellm. 
 While t-heatre-cond. at Frankfort, he prod, the 
 very successful opera Prinz Eugen (1845), and 
 Die Weibervon IVeinsierg {iS^S) ; other operas 
 were La Jf/ole (Breslau, 1863) and Alibi. Also 
 wrote songs, ballads, and popular male choruses. 
 
 Schmitt, Joseph, b. 1764 ; d. as Kapellm. 
 at Frankfort-on-Main, 1818. A monk at Ebers- 
 bach, he doffed the cowl in 1790, establ. himself 
 at Amsterdam as a music-dealer ; married ; won 
 reputation as a violinist and church-composer, 
 and was finally Kapellm. of the Frankfort thea- 
 tre. — Publ. symphonies, chamber-music, and a 
 Method f. violin. 
 
 Schmitt, Nikolaus, German composer, from 
 1779 chef de musique ai the French Guards at 
 Paris, later ist bassoon at the Italian Opera. 
 Publ. 3 bassoon-concertos, 3 bassoon-quartets, 
 var.s f. bassoon ; quintets, octets, quartets, and 
 duos f. wind-instr.s ; etc. 
 
 Schmitt, Aloys, pianist and eminent teacher ; 
 b. Erlenbach, Bavaria, Aug. 26, 1788 ; d. Frank- 
 fort-on-Main, July 25, 1866. Son and pupil of 
 a cantor, and at 14 a fine player, he studied 
 comp. with Andre at Offenbach from his 20th 
 year, and settled in Frankfort in 1816, remain- 
 ing there, excepting a few years in Berlin, and 
 1825-9 ^' Hanover as organist to the Duke of 
 Cambridge. His valuable instructive works f. 
 pf. include a Method, op. 114 ; Studies, op. 16, 
 55, 62 (Rhapsodies), 67, 115 ; Rondos, op. 3 ; 
 Sonatinas, op. 10, 11 ; he also wrote 4 pf. -con- 
 certos, a pf. -concertino w. orch.,' rondos, varia- 
 tions, etc., f. pf. and orch,, pf. -quartets and 
 -trios, solo pieces (sonatas, variations, etc.) f. 
 pf. ; 3 operas ; 2 oratorios {Moses and Rutli) ; 
 masses ; orch.l overtures, etc. — Biogr. by Hen- 
 kel : " Leben und Werke von Dr. A. S." 
 (Frankfort, 1873). 
 
 Schmitt, Jacob [Jacques], brother and pupil 
 of preceding ; b. Obernburg^ Bavaria, Nov. 2, 
 1803 ; d. Hamburg, June, 1853. Excellent 
 piano-teacher ; of some 370 works, his sona- 
 tinas f. pf. are especially prized (op. 29, 83 [easy 
 and progr.], 84, 207, 248, 249 ; for 4 hands, op. 
 31, 49, 65, 118, 208); the " Musikalisches 
 Schatzkastlein," op. 325, is a valuable coll. of 
 133 short pieces; his Method, op. 301, and 
 Studies (op, 37, 271, 330), are also much used, 
 like the Rondos (op. 88, 113, 250) and the 14 
 Nocturnes ; he also wrote sonatas, variations, 
 and salon-rav&\z i. pf. ; and the opera Alfred der 
 Grosse. 
 
 521 
 
SCHMITT— SCHNEIDER 
 
 Schmitt, (Georg) Aloys, son and pupil of 
 Aloys; b. Hanover, Feb. 2, 1827; studied theory 
 with Vollweiler at 
 Heidelberg^. After 
 pianistic tours in 
 Germany, France, 
 Belgium, and Al- 
 giers, he visited Lon- 
 don,became theatre- 
 cond. at Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle, Wurzburg, 
 etc., and 1857-92 
 court cond . at 
 Schwerin ; from 
 i8g3, director of the 
 " Dreyssig'sche 
 Singakademie " at 
 Dresden. Emma Brandes was one of his pu- 
 pils. He prod, the operas Trilby (Frankfort, 
 1S45), Das Wtmdwasser (ibid.), and Maien- 
 zaiiber ; also incid. music to plays; overtures 
 and other orch.l works ; string-quartets ; pf.- 
 trios ; pf. -pieces ; songs. 
 
 Schmitt, Hans, excellent piano-teacher ; b. 
 ICoben, Bohemia, Jan. 14, 1835. At first an 
 oboist at Bucharest and Vienna, he studied the 
 piano under Dachs at the Vienna Cons. , 1860-2, 
 taking the silver medal, and being app. teacher 
 at the Cons. — His important instructive works 
 f. pf. include "300 Studies without Octave- 
 stretches"; "Vademecum"; "Fundament der 
 Klaviertechnik"; " ZirkelUbungen in Skalen 
 und Akkorden"; " 120 kleine Vortragsstilcke"; 
 a school-edition of Clementi's "Gradus'"; " Re- 
 pertoirestudien " ; "Das Pedal des Klaviers" 
 (1S75 ; after L. Kohler) ; — also an elementary 
 vocal method, " Schule des GehOrs"; songs; 
 charact. pieces f . pf . ; a Concertstuck f . violin ; 
 etc. 
 
 SchmoKzer, Jakob Eduard, song-comp. ; b. 
 Graz, Mar. g, 1S12 ; d. there Jan. 9, 1886, His 
 chorus "Allen Deutschen " won ist prize of the 
 " Thuringer Sangerbund." 
 
 Schna'bel, Joseph Ignaz, b. Naumburg-on- 
 Queiss, Silesia, May 24, 1767 ; d. Breslau, June 
 16, 1831. From 1804, cathedral-/£'a;>f//OT. at 
 Breslau ; from 1812, mus. dir. at the Univ., 
 teacher at the R<. C. Seminary, and Director of 
 the R. Inst, for Church-music. — Many sacred 
 works ; he publ. 5 masses, 4 graduals, 2 offer- 
 tories, antiphones, hymns, and vespers ; male 
 quartets ; songs ; marches, etc., f. military band ; 
 quintet f. guitar and strings ; and a clarinet- 
 concerto. — His brother, Michael, b. Naum- 
 burg, Sept. 23, 1775 ; d. Breslau, Nov. 6, 1842, 
 where he founded (1814) a piano-factory, which 
 was carried on by his son Karl (i8og-i88i), who 
 was also an excellent pianist, and a composer of 
 some note (operas, masses, orch.l works, pf.- 
 music, etc.). 
 
 Schneck'er, Peter August, b. in Hessen- 
 Darmstadt, Aug. 26, 1850. Pupil of Oscar Paul 
 at I,eipzig ; settled in America as a teacher and 
 
 organist. — Works: Church-music, pf. -pieces, and 
 songs ; has compiled several coU.s of organ- 
 compositions. 
 
 Schnee'gass [Snegassius], Cyriak, born 
 Buschleben, n. Gotha, Oct. 5, 1546 ; d. Oct. 23, 
 I5g7, as pastor at Friedrichroda. — Publ. " Nova 
 etexquisitamonochordi dimensio" (1590) ; "Isa- 
 goge musicae libri II, tam theoricae quara prac- 
 ticae" (1591, 2nd ed. I5g6) ; " Deutsche Musica 
 fur die Kinder und andre, so nicht sonderlich 
 Latein verstehen" (1592; 2nd ed. 1594); he 
 comp. psalms, graduals, and motets for Christ- 
 mas and New Year. 
 
 Schnei'der, Johann, b. Lauder, n. Koburg, 
 July 17, 1702 ; d. Leipzig, about 1775, where 
 he was organist (a famous improviser) from 1730 
 at the Nikolaikirche. 
 
 Schnei'der, Georg Abraham, horn-virtu- 
 oso ; b. Darmstadt, Apr. 19, 1770 ; d. Berlin, 
 Jan. 19, i83g. Member of the Royal orch. at 
 Berlin ; from 1820, Kapellm. of the Court Opera, 
 and Musikmeister oi all regiments of the Guards. 
 — Works ; The operettas Der Orakelspruch, 
 Aucassin und Nicolette, Die Verschworenen, 
 Der Traum, Der Wahrwolf ; 13 ballets ; music 
 to numerous plays, melodramas, etc. ; 2 orato- 
 rios ; cantatas ; orch.l masses ; 54 entr'actes f. 
 orch. ; symphonies and overtures ; concertos f . 
 horn, flute, oboe, English horn, ba.ssoon, etc.; 
 quintets, quartets, and other chamber-music for 
 wind-instr.s (over 100 works were publ.). 
 
 Schnei'der, (Johann Georg) Wilhelm, b. 
 
 Rathenow, Prussia, Oct. '5, -1781; d. Berlin, 
 Oct. 17, 181 1. Pianist ; pupil of his father, and 
 of Turk at Halle. Concert- player and teacher 
 in Berlin. — Publ. a pf.-fantasia w. orch., and 
 variations, fantasias, marches, and dances f . pf. ; 
 a " Comraersbuch " (1802); and a " Musika- 
 lisches Taschenbuch " for the years 1803 and 
 1805, under the pseudonym of " Werder." 
 Songs publ. posthumously. 
 
 Schnei'der, Wilhelm, b. Neudorf, Saxony, 
 July 21, 1783 ; d. Merseburg, Oct. 9, 1843, as 
 organist and mus. dir. — Publ. "Was hat der 
 Orgelspieler beira Gottesdienst zu beobachten? " 
 (1823) ; " Lehrbuch, das Orgelwerk kennen . . . 
 zu lernen" (1823); " Gesanglehre fUr Land- 
 imd Burgerschulen " (1825); " Musikalisches 
 Hilfsbuch beim Kirchendienst " (1826) ; "Aus- 
 filhrliche Beschreibung der Domorgel zu Merse- 
 burg" (1829); " Anweisung zu Choralvorspie- 
 len," w. 50 preludes (1829); " Choralkenntniss 
 nebst Regeln und Beispielen zu richtigem Vor- 
 trag des Altargesangs " (1833) ; " Musikalische 
 Grammatik . . ." (1834) ; " Historisch-tech- 
 nische Beschreibung der mus. Instr.e" (1834); 
 " Die Orgelregister, deren Entstehung, Behand- 
 lung, etc." (1835) ; " Musikalischer Fuhrer"for 
 teachers (1855). Also cf. " Bemerkenswerthe 
 Erfindung ini Orgelbau" in the " AUgem. mus. 
 Zeitung" for 1832. 
 
 522 
 
SCHNEIDER— SCHNITGER 
 
 Schnei'der, (Johann Christian) Friedrich, 
 
 b. Alt-Waltersdorf, Saxony, Jan. 3, 1786 ; d. 
 Dessau, Nov. 23, 1853. Son and pupil of Johann 
 Gottlob S. [b. 1753 ; d. as organist at Gerns- 
 dorf, May 3, 1840J ; attended the Zittau Gym- 
 nasium and (1805) Leipzig Univ. As the pupil 
 of Unger at Zittau, he early began composing, 
 and publ. 3 pf.-sonatas in 1803 ; was app. organ- 
 ist of the Paulinerkirche at Leipzig in 1807, be- 
 came cond. of the Seconda opera-troupe in 18 10, 
 org. of the Thomaskirche in 1812, and in 1817 
 Music-director of the Leipzig City Th. In 1820 
 his grand oratorio, Das Weltgericht, made him 
 famous, and he was called to Dessau in 1821 as 
 court Kapellm. Here he not only brought the 
 court orchestra to a high state of efficiency, con- 
 ducted the Singakademie with the best results, 
 and organized the " Liedertafel," but built up a 
 fine choir of students at the Gymnasium and 
 Teachers' Seminary, and founded a celebrated 
 School of Music in 1829, which was not closed 
 until 1854, after the Leipzig Cons, had attracted 
 so many pupils of distinction ; among his pupils 
 were R. Franz, F. Spindler, and Karl Anschutz. 
 He also cond. nearly a score of grand mus. 
 festivals. In 1830 the degree of Dr. fhil. was 
 conferred on him by Halle Univ. — His orato- 
 rios {Das Weltgericht, Die Siindjluih [in Engl, 
 as The Deluge\ , Das verlorene Parodies, Jesus' 
 Gehurt, Christus der Meisler, Pharao, Christus 
 das Kind, Gideon, Gethsemane und Golgotha, 
 Absalom [all publ.], — Das befreite Jerusalem, 
 Salomonis Tempelbau, Bonifacius, Christus der 
 Erloser, Die HoUenfahrt des Messias [unpubl.]) 
 were formerly often performed. — Other works : 
 14 masses ; 13 motets and psalms ; 25 cantatas; 
 5 hymns ; — 7 operas ; 23 symphonies ; many 
 overtures ; 7 concertos w. orch. ; pf.-quartets ; 
 trios ; sonatas f. violin (or flute) ; 400 male cho- 
 ruses ; 200 songs \7- pf. ; pf.-sonatas f. 2 and 4 
 hands, etc. (compl. ed. of his pf. -works publ. at 
 Halberstadt) ; — " Elementarbuch der Harmonic 
 und Tonsetzkunst " (1820, etc.; in English, 
 1828) ; " Vorschule der Musik" (1827) ; " Hand- 
 buch des Organisten" (1829-30 ; 4 parts). — Bi- 
 ography by F. Kempe : " Friedrich Schneider 
 als Mensch und Kiinstler " (Dessau, 1859 ; 2nd 
 ed. Berlin, 1864). 
 
 Schnei'der, Johann (Gottlob), brother of 
 preceding ; b. Alt-Gersdorf, n. Zittau, Oct. 28, 
 1789 ; d. Dresden, Apr. 13, 1864. Pupil of the 
 Zittau Gymnasium, and later regens chori thtre ; 
 matriculated 1810 at Leipzig as a law-student, 
 but next year succeeded his brother as Univ. 
 organist (at the Paulinerkirche), and in 1812 
 became org. of the Ch. of SS. Peter and Paul at 
 Gorlitz, also founding a singing-society there, 
 and giving organ-concerts at Dresden, Leipzig, 
 Liegnitz,etc. In 1825, court organist at Dresden, 
 from 1830 also cond. the Dreyssig'sche Sing- 
 akademie. Now (according to Mendelssohn) the 
 finest German organ-virtuoso of the period, he 
 extended his concert-tours to London (1833). 
 Famed as a teacher ; among his pupils were Ber- 
 
 thold (his successor as court org.), G. Merkel, F. 
 G. Jansen, K. E. Naumann, Willem Nicolai, and 
 van Eycken. — Publ. works : Fugues, fantasias, 
 and preludes, f. organ ; songs w. org. obbl. 
 
 Schnei'der, Johann Gottlieb, brother of 
 the preceding ; b. Alt-Gersdorf, July ig, 1797 ; 
 d. Hirschberg, Aug. 4, 1856, as organist of the 
 Kreuzkirche. 
 
 Schnei'der, Louis, court councillor at Berlin, 
 where he was born Apr. 29, 1805 ; d. Potsdam, 
 Dec. 16, 1878.— Publ. " Geschichte der Oper 
 und des kOniglichen Opernhauses zu Berlin" 
 (1852). 
 
 Schnei'der, (Johann) Julius, b. Berlin, 
 July 6, 1805 ; d. there Apr. 3, 1885. Excellent 
 pianist and organist ; pupil of A. W. Bach, 
 Turrschmidt, and L. Berger (pf.), Hausmann 
 (organ), and B. Klein (comp.). In 1829, or- 
 ganist and cantor of the P'riedrichwerder Ch. 
 (where he organized a liturgical choir in 1852) ; 
 1835-58, singing-teacher at the Munic. Indus- 
 trial School ; 1837, " R. Mus. Dir." ; 1849, 
 member of the Akademie (senator in 1875) I 
 1854, teacher of organ, singing, and comp. at 
 the R. Inst, for Church-music ; 1869, R. In- 
 spector of Organs. In 1829 lie founded a Lie- 
 dertafel, and in 1836 a choral society for mixed 
 voices, then also becoming mus. dir. of the 
 Royal York Grand Lodge ; from 1S44-7 he 
 cond. the Potsdam society for classical chamber- 
 music. — Works (few publ.) : 2 operas ; 2 ora- 
 torios ; a mass a 6 ; a Paternoster a 12 ; a Te 
 Deum, cantatas, psalms, etc. ; 200 male cho- 
 ruses, and others w. military band ; organ-pieces ; 
 a pf.-concerto and pf.-sonatas ; chamber-music ; 
 etc. 
 
 Schnei'der, Karl, lyric tenor ; b. Strehlen, 
 1822 ; d. Cologne, Jan. 3, 1882. Opera-singer 
 at Leipzig, p>ankfort, Wiesbaden, Rotterdam ; 
 vocal teacher in Cologne Cons., from 1872. 
 
 Schnei'der, Theodor, son of Friedrich S. ; 
 b. Dessau, May 14, 1827. Pupil of his father 
 and Drechsler ('cello) ; in 1845, 'cellist in Des- 
 sau court orcli. ; in 1854, cantor and choir- 
 director of the court and city churches ; from 
 1860-96, cantor and mus. director at the Jakobi- 
 kirche in Chemnitz (his^ successor is Meinel) ; 
 also cond. of the Singakademie, and of a Mdn- 
 nergesangverein which he founded in 1870. 
 
 Schnei'der, Karl Ernst, b. Aschersleben, 
 Dec. 29, 1819 ; d. Dresden, Oct. 25, 1893, as 
 teacher at a music-school. — Publ. " Das musi- 
 kalische Lied in geschichtlicher Entwickelung " 
 (1863-7; 3 parts) ; " Zur Periodisirung der Mu- 
 sikgeschichte"(l863); and" Musik, Klavierund 
 Klavierspiel " (1872). 
 
 Schnit'ger, Arp, German organ-builder ; 
 b. Godswarden, Oldenburg, July 2, 1648 ; d. 
 Neuenfelde, about 1720. His organs are in the 
 Nikolai- and Jakobikirche, Hamburg ; the Ca- 
 thedral and Stephanskirche at Bremen ; the 
 Johanniskirche at Magdeburg ; the Nikolai- 
 
 523 
 
SCHNORR— SCHOLTZ 
 
 kirche at Berlin ; etc. — His son, Franz Caspar 
 (d. 1729), worked with an elder brother at 
 ZwoUe, Holland, building the organ at ZwoUe 
 (63 stops), and that at Alkraar (56 stops). 
 
 Schnorr von Ca'rolsfeld, Ludwig, dra- 
 matic tenor ; b. Munich, July 2, 1836 ; d. Dres- 
 den, June 21, 1865. Son of the noted painter ; 
 pupil of Jul. Otto at Dresden, and of the Leip- 
 zig Cons. ; then of Ed. Devrient at Karlsruhe, 
 making his debut there, followed by engage- 
 ment in 1858. From i860, leading tenor at 
 Dresden. He created the role of Tristan in 
 Wagner's Tristan und Isolde at Munich, June 
 10, 1865, his wife (Malwina, nie Garrigues) 
 singing Isolde ; a chill on that occasion proved 
 fatal. He was renowned as an interpreter of 
 Wagner roles. 
 
 Schnjr'der von War'tensee, Xaver, excel- 
 lent teacher and vocal composer ; b. Lucerne, 
 Apr. 16, 1786 ; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Aug. 27, 
 1868. A pupil at Vienna of J. C. Kienlen ; 
 joined the campaign against the French in 1815 ; 
 taught at the Pestalozzian Inst., Yverdun ; and 
 in 1817 settled in Frankfort. — Works : The 
 fairy-opera Foriunai mil dem Sdckel und 
 Wunschhutlein (i82g) ; ox&tox\aZeiiund Ewig- 
 keit ; cantatas ; sacred and secular songs ; Swiss 
 songs f. male chorus ; 2 symphonies ; — a " Sys- 
 tem der Rhythmik" (posth. publ. by B. Wid- 
 mann) ; articles in the " Cacilia " (Mayence) and 
 the "Allgem. mus. Zeitung " (Leipzig). — Biogr. : 
 " Lebenserinnerungen von S. v. W. nebst mu- 
 sikalischen Beilagen und einem Gesammtver- 
 zeichniss seiner Werke " (Zurich, 1888). 
 
 Scho'berlechner, Franz, b. Vienna, July 21, 
 1797; d. Berlin, Jan. 7, 1843. Pianist; pupil 
 of Hummel and FSrster at Vienna, and at 10 
 played in public Hummel's 2nd Concerto, writ- 
 ten for him. On a pianistic tour to Italy in 
 1814, he became m. di capp. to the Duchess of 
 Lucca (1815), prod, the opera I virtuosi teatrali 
 at Florence in i8i6, and Gli Arabi nelle Gallie 
 at Lucca in i8i9(?); returned to Vienna in 1820, 
 made a tour to St. Petersburg in 1823, and there 
 married the singer Sophie dell' Occa [1807- 
 1863], with whom he made further tours to 
 Northern Italy and Vienna, and settled in St. 
 Petersburg 1827-30, during her engagement at 
 the Italian Opera there. He purchased a villa 
 in Florence in 1831, and retired to it som.e years 
 later. — Publ. works : Variations f. pf. w. orch., 
 op. 46, 47 ; an overture ; string-quartets ; a pf.- 
 trio ; a sonata f. violin (or flute) ; a pf. -rondo, 4 
 hands; and sonatas, variations, fantasias, etc., 
 f. pf. He also brought out 3 more operas. 
 
 Scho'berlein, Ludvyig, b. Kolmberg, Bava- 
 ria, Sept. 6, 1813 ; d. Gottingen, July 8, 1881, 
 where he had been ordinary prof, of theology 
 1855-78.— Wrote (with Fr. Riegel) : " Schatz 
 des liturgischen Chor- und Gemeindegesangs " 
 (1865-72 ; 3 vol.s ; important). 
 
 Scho'bert, 
 
 b. Strassburg, 1720; d. 
 
 Paris, 1768, from eating poisonous mushrooms. 
 
 Talented comp. and pianist ; from 1760, cham- 
 ber-musician to the Prince de Conti. — Publ. 
 works : Op. i, 2, 3, sonatas f. clavecin and vio- 
 lin ; op. 4, 5, 16, 17, sonatas f. clavecin solo; 
 op. 6, 8, clavecin-trios ; op. 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 
 clavecin-concertos ; op. 13, Concerto pastoral f. 
 clavecin ; op. 14, 15, 6 "symphonies" f. clave- 
 cin, violin, and 2 horns. 
 
 Schoe'nefeld, Henry, b. Milwaukee, Wis., 
 Oct. 4, 1857. Pianist ; pupil, 1874-7, at Leip- 
 zig Cons., of Papperitz (pf.), Hermann (vln.), 
 Richter (theory), Reinecke and Grill (comp. and 
 instr.), and Schradieck (cond.). In 1878-g he 
 studied with E. Lassen at Weimar (comp.), and 
 settled in Chicago, after a pianistic tour through 
 Northern Germany, as a teacher and composer ; 
 for some years he has cond. the " Germania 
 Mannerchor." — Publ. works : Suite caracteris- 
 tique f . string-orch. ; for piano. Impromptu and 
 Etude ; Liebeslied ; Polonaise gracieuse ; Little 
 Soldiers' March ; Kleine Tanz-Suite ; Danse 
 americaine ; Children's Festival ; Valse ele- 
 gante ; Deutscher Walzer ; Mystics of the 
 Woods; Rondo elegante, "In the rosy month 
 of June." — Unpubl. works : " The Three In- 
 dians," ode f. solo, male ch., and orch.; 
 " Rural " symphony ; " Springtime " symphony ; 
 2 overtures, " In the Sunny South " and " The 
 American Flag"; heroic fantasy "Liberty," 
 Serenade and Intermezzo, Air, Gypsy Melodies, 
 and minor pieces, all f. orch.; also pf.-music, 
 violin-music, choruses, songs. 
 
 Schof'fer, Peter, son of the partner of Gu- 
 tenberg and Faust ; early German music-printer 
 (at Mayence and Strassburg) of the coU.s " XX 
 cantiunculae gallicae 4 vocum " (1530); " Mo- 
 tetarum 4 vocum a diversis musicis lib. I " 
 (1535); and " Cantiones 5 voc. selectissimae '' 
 (1539)- 
 
 Schoelcher, Victor, b. Paris, July 21, 1804 ; 
 d. there Dec. 26, 1893. A French radical 
 statesman, from 1876 member ofi the national 
 Senate. During the Second Empire he lived in 
 England, became an enthusiastic admirer of 
 Handel's music, and in 1857 publ. "The Life 
 of Handel " in an inadequate Engl, transl. from 
 the original French MS. He later presented his 
 fine coll. of Handeliana, and another of mus. 
 instr. s, to the Paris Cons. 
 
 Scholtz, Hermann, b. Breslau, June 9, 1845. 
 Pupil there of Brosig ; 1865-7, of C. Riedel 
 and Plaidy at Leipzig, then repairing, on Liszt's 
 advice, to Munich, studying under v. Billow 
 and Rheinberger at the R. School of Music, in 
 which he taught 1870-5 ; since then in Dres- 
 den, being app. " R. Saxon Chamber-virtuoso" 
 in 1880. An accomplished pianist, admirable 
 teacher, and a composer of merit. — Works : 
 Op. 51, pf.-trio in F min.; op. 20, "Album- 
 blatter," followed by " Madchenlieder " (op. 37) 
 and " Lyrische Blatter'' (op. 40), a series of de- 
 lightful lyrics ; op. 22, " Traumbilder " ; op. 44, 
 sonata in G min.; op. 60, " Stimmungsbilder"; 
 
 524 
 
SCHOLZ— SCHRADIECK 
 
 op. 66, Ballade ; op. 73, Passacaglia in D min. 
 — A pf. -concerto is MS. — Careful edition of 
 Chopin's works for piano. 
 
 Scholz, Bernhard E., b. Mayence, Mar. 30, 
 1835. Dramatic composer ; pupil of Ernst Pauer 
 at Mayence, and (1855) of Dehn at Berlin. In 
 1856, teacher at the R. School of Music, Munich ; 
 1859-65, cowrt-Kafiellni. at the Hanover theatre ; 
 1865-6, cond. of the Cherubini Soc. , Florence ; 
 then lived in Berlin, conducted the concerts of the 
 Breslau Orchestral Society, 1871-83, and on Apr. 
 I, 1883, succeeded Raff as Director of the Hoch 
 Cons., Frankfort; since 1884 also cond. of the 
 " Ruhl'scher Gesangverein." He is Dr. phil. 
 hon. causa (Breslau Univ.) ; " Royal Prussian 
 Professor"; etc. — Works : The operas Carlo Rosa 
 (Munich, 1858) ; Ziethen sche Husaren (Breslau, 
 i86g) ; Morgiane (Munich, 1870); Golo [or 
 Genovefa\ (Nuremberg, 1875) ; Der Trompeter 
 von Sakkingen (Wiesbaden, 1877) ; Die vorneh- 
 men Wirthe (Leipzig, 1883) ; and Ingo, 4 acts 
 (Frankfort, 1898 ; succ.) ; — Das Siegesfest and 
 Das Lied von der Glocke, f.-soli, ch., and orch.; 
 the symphonic poem "Malinconia" (l8gl) ; a 
 symphony in B b, op. 60 ; overtures to Iphigenia 
 [Goethe] and " ImFreien "; a Requiem; string- 
 quintet, op. 47 ; string-quartets, op. 46, 48 ; a 
 pf.-quintet, op. 25 ; a pf.-concerto, op. 57 ; Ca- 
 priccio f. pf. w. orch., op. 35 ; sonatas f. pf. and 
 violin, op. 3, 55 ; sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 5 ; 
 six duos f. pf. and violin, op. 31 ; 4-hand pf.- 
 waltzes, op. 24 ; sonatinas f. pf., op. 41 ; songs ; 
 etc. — Has publ. a coll. of essays, " Wohin 
 treiben wir?" (Frankfort, 1897). 
 
 Schon, Moritz, b. Kronau, Moravia, 1808 ; 
 d. Breslau, Apr. 8, 1885. Violinist ; pupil of 
 Hubert Ries, Karl Miiller, and Spohr ; after 
 touring Germany and Holland, he settled in 
 Breslau, acting as theatrt-ICafellm., 1835-41, 
 and founding a school for violin-playing. — 
 Works : ' ' Praktischer . Lehrgang f iir den Vio- 
 linunterricht " ; 12 Lessons for Beginners, op. 
 26 ; violin-duets (studies) ; " Der Opernfreund," 
 " Der Sonntagsgeiger " ; " Erholungsstunden " ; 
 etc. 
 
 Schon'berger, Benno, b. Vienna, Sept. 12, 
 1863. Pianist, pupilof Anton Door(pf .), Bruckner 
 (opt.), and Volkmann (comp.) at Vienna Cons., 
 which he left in 1874, playing that autumn with 
 the Hellmesberger Quartet, giving recitals, etc. ; 
 then studied with Liszt, and again with Door. 
 Concert-tour in 1878 through Russia, Germany, 
 Austria, and Belgium ; in 1879 played at Dres- 
 den, Leipzig, Frankfort, etc.; in 1880 gave re- 
 citals at Berlin ; taught in Vienna till 1885 ; 
 since then in Sweden (1886) and London. Am- 
 erican tour, 1894. — Works : 3 sonatas, 3 Rhapso- 
 dies, 2 Silhouettes, Phantasiestucke, Novelletten, 
 Bolero, Polonaise, Waltz in A\), etc., f. pf. ; also 
 over 40 songs (Stevens : Boston). 
 
 Schon'dorf, Johannes, b. Rebel, Mecklen- 
 burg, 1833. Pupil 1850-4 of the Stern-KuUak 
 Cons., Berlin; since 1864, organist of the Pfarr- 
 
 kirche at Gustrow, singing-teacher at the Cathe- 
 dral School, and cond. of the Gesangverein. — 
 Works: " Vaterlandische Gesange" f. mixed 
 voices, op. 18-20, and f. male ch., op. 21 ; 
 " Kaiserhymne " ; school-songs; pf.-pieces. 
 
 Schon'feld, Hermann, b. Breslau, Jan. 31, 
 1829, where he is cantor of the St. Maria Mag- 
 dalenakirche, and R. Mus. Dir. Has publ. 
 organ-music, school-songs, and 42 chorals a 4 
 for singing in schools ; his cantatas, motets, 
 etc., also a symphony, 3 overtures, a pf.-trio, 
 and a violin-sonata, have been repeatedly per- 
 formed. 
 
 Schott, Bernhard, who died in 1817, founded 
 at Mayence in 1773 the well-known music-pub- 
 lishing firm of B. Schott, carried on by his sons 
 Andreas (1781-1840) and Johann Joseph (1782- 
 1855) under the firm-name of " B. Schott's 
 Sohne." The present proprietors of the May- 
 ence house and the London "branch are Franz 
 von Landwehr and Dr. L. Strecker. The branches 
 at Paris and Brussels, " Schott fr^res," are under 
 independent management. Among their valua- 
 ble publications, numbering nearly 30,000, are 
 some of Beethoven's later works (Ninth Sym- 
 phony, Missa solemnis), Wagner's Meister singer. 
 Ring des Nibelungen, and Parsifal, and nearly 
 all the operas of Donizetti, Rossini, Auber, and 
 Adam. 
 
 Schott, Anton, famous dramatic tenor ; b. 
 SchlossStaufeneck, Swabian Alp, June 25, 1846. 
 He was an artillery officer in a Wurttemberg 
 regiment 1865-71 ; after the French campaign 
 he studied with Frau Schebest-Strauss, at the 
 end of i87iwas eng. at the Munich opera, sang 
 lyric roles at the Berlin opera 1872-5, and was 
 eng. as leading tenor at Schwerin and Hanover, 
 making many concert-tours (to London in 1879) ; 
 went to Italy with Neumann's Wagner troupe in 
 1882. He excels in Wagner roles. 
 
 Schra'dieck, Henry, noted violinist ; born 
 Hamburg, Apr. 29, 1846. Taught at first by 
 his father ; from 
 1857-S by Leonard 
 at the Brussels 
 Cons.; from 1859- 
 61, by David at ^ 
 Leipzig. In 1863 
 he became leader of 
 the " Privatcon- 
 certe " at Bremen ; 
 teacher at the Mos- 
 cow Cons., 1864-8 ; 
 then leader of the 
 Philharmonic Con- 
 certs at Hamburg, 
 and from 1874-82 
 leader (with Rontgen) of the Gewandhaus Orch. 
 and the theatre-orch. at Leipzig, also teaching 
 for a time at the Cons. From 1883-9 he was 
 prof, of violin-playing at the Cincinnati Cons., 
 and then returned to Germany as leader of the 
 Hamburg Philharm. Soc. ; he then went to New 
 
 525 
 
SCHRAMM— SCHRODER-DEVRIENT 
 
 York, became head violin-prof, at the National 
 Cons., and now (iSgg) occupies a similar posi- 
 tion at the S. Broad St. Cons., Philadelphia. He 
 is an excellent teacher, and has publ. valuable 
 technical studies for violin : " 25 grosse Studien 
 fiir Geige allein," " Scale-studies," " Technical 
 Studies"; "Guide to the Study of Chords"; 
 " Finger-exercises" and " The First Position." 
 
 Schramm, Melchior, German contrapuntist ; 
 in 1595, organist at Miinsterberg, later atOffen- 
 burg. — Publ. " Cantiones sacrae," 1572, and 
 " Sacrae cantiones," 1576 (motets a 5-6); " Can- 
 tiones selectae," 1606, 1614(2 books do. a 5-8); 
 and " Neue auserlesene deutsche Gesange" a 4 
 (1579). 
 
 Schreck, Gustav, b. Zeulenroda, Sept. 8, 
 1849. Pupil of Plaidy, Papperitz, and Jadas- 
 sohn at Leipzig Cons. , 1868-70; taught for 3 
 years in the gymnasium at Wiborg, Finland ; 
 then settled in Leipzig as a teacher and com- 
 poser. App. teacher of theory and comp. at 
 I^eipzig Cons, in 1885 ; and succeeded W. Rust 
 in 1892 as mus. dir. and cantor, and cond. of the 
 " Thomanerchor." Since then he has written 
 considerable church-music, inch several motets ; 
 he had previously prod, the concert-cantatas 
 Konig Fjalar, Begrilssung des Meeres, etc. ; the 
 oratorio Christus der Auferstandene, op. 26 
 (Gewandhaus, 1892) ; a Phantasie und Doppel- 
 fuge f . organ and orch. ; an oboe-concerto ; etc. 
 
 Schrems, Joseph, b. Warmensteinach, Up- 
 per Palatinate, Oct. 5, 1815 ; d. Ratisbon, Oct. 
 25, 1872, where he was Kapelhn. of the cathe- 
 dral 1839-71. lie revived the performances of 
 early church-music; edited " Musica divina" 
 after Proske's death, and was an excellent 
 teacher. 
 
 Schrb'der, Hermann, b. Quedlinburg, July 
 28, 1843. Violinist, pupil of A. Ritter at Mag- 
 deburg ; since 1885, teacher at the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music, Berlin ; also has a music-school 
 of his own. — Works : Orch.l and chamber-mu- 
 sic ; a Method f. violin; and "Die Kunst des 
 Violinspiels." 
 
 Schro'der, Carl, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Quedlinburg, Dec. 18, 1848. Distinguished 
 'cellist and composer ; pupil of Drechsler at 
 Dessau, and Kiel at Berlin. At 14 he joined the 
 court orch. at Sondershausen as ist 'cello ; taught 
 in the Cons.; and organized the "Schroder 
 Quartett " with his brothers Hermann, Franz, 
 and Alwin, in 1871. In 1873 he became ist 
 'cello in the Brunswick court orch.; in 1874 he 
 succeeded Hegar as solo 'cellist in the Gewand- 
 haus Orch. and the theatre-orch. at Leipzig, also 
 teaching at the Cons, and making tours. Going 
 to Sondershausen in 1881 to replace Erdmanns- 
 dbrfer as court Xapellm., he founded a flourish- 
 ing Cons. , which he sold in 1S86 to his suc- 
 cessor, Adolf Schulze, himself conducting the 
 German Opera at Amsterdam for one season, 
 then the Berlin Court Opera until 1888, the Ham- 
 burg Opera (as Sucher's successor) till 1890, 
 
 finally returning to Sondershausen under a more 
 favorable contract as court conductor and Di- 
 rector of the " FUrstliches Conservatorium." — 
 Works : The 3-act opera Astasia (Sonders- 
 hausen, 1892 ; succ.) ; a l-act opera Der Asket 
 (Leipzig, 1893 ; succ.) ; the operetta Malajo 
 (Bunzlau, 1887 ; succ.) ; a concerto (op. 32), ca- 
 prices (op. 26), a Method (op. 34), and etudes, 
 etc. , f . 'cello ; a catechism on conducting 
 (Engl. ed. 1894) ; ditto on 'cello-playing (Engl, 
 ed. 1895) ; arr.s of old masters f. 'cello and pf. 
 (" Classische Violoncellmusik," " Vortragsstu- 
 dien"). — His brother, 
 
 Schro'der, Alwin, bom Neuhaldensleben 
 (Magdeburg), June 15, 1855 ; eminent 'cellist, 
 and, as such, self-taught. At first he had piano- 
 lessons with his father and brother Hermann, 
 later with J. B. Andra at Ballenstedt ; then took 
 up the violin under De Ahna at the Berlin Hoch- 
 schule, studying theory under Tappert, and 
 likewise prosecuting his 'cello-practice so suc- 
 cessfully as to become ist 'cello in Liebig's 
 " Concert-Orchester " in 1875. After occupying 
 similar positions under Fliege and Laube (Ham- 
 burg), he went to Leipzig (1880) as his brother 
 Carl's assistant, succeeding him in the Gewand- 
 haus, theatre and Conservatory, in 188 1. Later 
 he also joined the Petri Quartet. Since 1886 he 
 has lived in Boston as a member of the " Kneisel 
 Quartet," and first 'cellist Boston Symph. Orch. 
 
 Schro'der, Konrad (Gustav Ferdinand), 
 
 b. Marienwerder, W. Prussi'a, July 7, 1850. Pri- 
 vate pupil there of Frl. A. Genzmer (pf .) and F. 
 Leder (theory) ; studied 1871-4 in Kullak's 
 Acad., Berlin (pf. under Th. Kullak), also tak- 
 ing private lessons in strict comp. of O. Kolbe, 
 and teaching in and out of the Academy. Now 
 composer and pf.-teacher in Berlin. — Works : 
 The l-act comic opera Du droggst de Pann weg 
 (Schwerin Court Th., Mar. 15, 1897 ; the first 
 " Low German " opera [after Fritz Renter], and 
 V. succ.) ; has publ. about 50 songs (many sung 
 in public), and 2 ' ' Geistliche Arien " (op. 3 and 
 26). 
 
 Schroder -Devrient, Wilhelmine, famous 
 dramatic soprano ; b. Hamburg, Dec. 6, 1804 ; 
 d. Koburg, Jan. 26, i860. Her father. Fried- 
 rich Schroder, was a baritone singer, and her 
 mother an actress ; she herself played children's 
 parts, and was an actress until her 17th year. 
 Her father died in 1818, and her mother was 
 eng. at the Hofburg Th., Vienna, where J. Ma- 
 zatti was her singing-teacher ; her debut in 7'he 
 Magic Flute at the Hofburg Th., 1821, was 
 triumphantly successful ; as Agathe in Der Frei- 
 schiltz she wholly won the hearts of the audi- 
 ence ; but her grandest achievement was as 
 Leonore on the revival of Fidelia in 1822, her 
 wonderful interpretation of the part disclosing 
 its beauties to the most doubtful critics. In 1823 
 she was engaged at the Court Opera in Dres- 
 den, and married the actor Karl Devrient (di- 
 vorced 1828) ; until her retirement in 1847 she 
 
 526 
 
SCHRODER-?IANFSTANGL— SCHUBERT 
 
 was always connected with that theatre, with 
 brief interruptions during seasons in Paris, Lon- 
 don (1832, '33, '37), and elsewhere. Among her 
 finest impersonations were Preciosa, Euryanthe, 
 and Rezia (Weber), and Senta and Venus (Wag- 
 ner) ; she created the role of Adriano Colonna 
 in the latter's Rienzi. . 
 
 Schro'der-Hanfstangl. See HanfstAngl. 
 
 Schro'ter, Leonhard, eminent contrapuntist ; 
 b. Torgau, about 1540 ; d. Magdeburg, after 
 1580, as cantor of the Altstadt school. — Extant 
 works : Motets a 4-8 ; 55 songs for German 
 Protestants a 4-7 (1562) ; and a Te Deum (1576 ; 
 reprinted in Vol. v of Ambros's History). 
 
 Schro'ter, Christoph Gottlieb, noted or- 
 ganist and theorist ; b. Hohenstein, Saxony, 
 Aug. 10, 1699 ; d. Nordhausen, Nov. 1782. Chor- 
 ister under Schmidt, and pupil of the Kreuz- 
 schule, Dresden. In 1717 he began the study of 
 theology in Leipzig, but in the same year became 
 Lotti's music-copyist at Dresden ; travelled 1 720-4 
 in Germany, Holland, and England with a Ger- 
 man baron ; lectured on music at Jena Univ., 
 became organist at Minden in 1726, and at Nord- 
 hausen in 1732. — Works : 7 sets of church-can- 
 tatas for the entire church-year ; a Passion, Din 
 sieben Worte Jesu, for which he wrote the poem ; 
 4 other Passions ; secular serenades and cantatas ; 
 symphonies, overtures, concertos, sonatas ; fugues 
 and preludes f. organ ; etc. — " Epistola gratu- 
 latpria de musica Davidica et Salomonica " 
 (1716) ; " Umstandliche Beschreibung eines 
 neuerfundenen Clavierinstruments, auf welchem 
 man in unterschiedenen Graden stark und 
 schwach spielen kann " (1763, in Marpurg's 
 " Kritische Briefe " ), in which he claims the in- 
 vention, in 1717, of a hammer-action for keyed 
 stringed instr.s, a model of which (so he says) he 
 laid before the Saxon court in 1721 ; his claim of 
 priority in the invention of the pianoforte-action 
 rests, however, on this bare assertion {cf. Cri- 
 STOFORi) ; " Deutliche Anweisung zum General- 
 bass . '. . " (1772 ; the first book to represent 
 the major and minor triads as the sole funda- 
 mental chords) ; " Letzte Beschaftigung mit mu- 
 sikalischen Dingen ; nebst seehs Temperatur- 
 planen und einer Notentafel" (1782); critical 
 and polemical letters in Mizler's "Bibliothek" 
 and Marpurg's " Kritische Briefe.'' 
 
 Schrb'ter.Corona (Elisabeth Wilhelmine), 
 
 celebrated soprano; b. Guben, Jan. 14, 1751 ; d. 
 Ilmenau, Aug. 23, 1802. Trained by her father, 
 Joh. Fr. S., she sang at Leipzig, when 14, in a 
 "Grosses Concert," andwaseng. there till 1771 ; 
 from 1776 she was Kammersdngerin to the 
 Dowager Duchess of Weimar, and a chief orna- 
 ment of that brilliant court until 1786, after 
 which she sang little in public. — See Keil, " Vor 
 loojahren" (Leipzig, 1875).— Her brother, Joh. 
 Samuel (1750-1788), was pianist to the Prince 
 of Wales, and music-master to the Queen ; publ. 
 15 pf.-concertos, 8 pf.-trios, 3 pf.-quintets, and 
 6 pf. -sonatas. — Another brother, Joh. Heinrich 
 (b. 1762), a violinist, lived from 17S2 in London, 
 
 later in Paris ; publ. pieces f. 2 violins and flute, 
 and f . violin and 'cello. 
 
 Schu'bart, (Christian Friedrich) Daniel, 
 
 poet and musician ; b. Sontheim, Swabia, Apr. 
 13,1739; d. Stuttgart, Oct. 10,1791. Imprisoned 
 1777-87 on the Hohenasperg for political rea- 
 sons (his "impudence " inhispaper, "Deutsche 
 Chronik " ) ; then, in absurd contrast, created 
 court poet and theatre-director at Stuttgart. In 
 the prison he comp. an operetta, Die glue klic hen 
 Reisenden, a melodrama, Evas Klage bei des Mes- 
 sias 7'i3(/,pf. -pieces; in his " Musicalische Rhap- 
 sodien" (1786) are 2 cantatas. Die Maeht der 
 Ton kuns t a.ndi Die Henne ; also a vocal piece, 
 " Patus und Arria" (poem by Anfossi), songsj 
 pf. -pieces, etc. (cf. the autobiographical " Schu- 
 bartsLebenundGesinnungen, "Stuttgart, 1791-3, 
 2 vol.s). His son Ludwig edited S.'s " Ideen zu 
 einer Aesthetik der Tonkunst" (1806), written 
 in the extravagant vein characteristic of his whole 
 life. 
 
 Schu'bert, Joseph, b. Warnsdorf, Bohemia, 
 1757;' d. Dresden, 1812, as violinist in the court 
 orch. Extremely prolific comp. of instrumental 
 music, mostly MS. (publ. a 'cello-concerto, duos 
 f. violins, pf.-sonatas, violin-sonatas w. basso 
 cont.) ; also prod. 5 or 6 operas, 15 masses, etc. 
 
 Schu'bert, Johann Friedrich, b. Rudol- 
 stadt, Dec. 17, 1770; d. Cologne, Oct., 1811. 
 Violinist ; mus. dir. in theatres at Stettin, Glogau, 
 Ballenstedt, etc. ; publ. a violin-concerto ; asym- 
 phonie concertante f. oboe and bassoon ; violin- 
 duos ; pf. -music ; — ^a " Neue Singschule . . ." 
 (1804) ; and prod, the opera Die nUchtliche Er- 
 sc/ieinung at Stettin, 1798. 
 
 Schu'bert, Ferdinand, brother of the great 
 composer; b. Lichtenthal, n. Vienna, Oct. 18, 
 1794 ; d. Vienna, Feb. 26, 1859, as director of 
 the Normal School of St. Anna. He was de- 
 voted to his gifted brother, and inherited the lat- 
 ter's literary remains. — Publ. a Tantum ergo, 
 a Reginacoeli, a German Requiem « 4 w. organ, 
 part-songs, etc. ; wrote much other church-music, 
 a Requiem for Franz, 2 children's operas ; etc. 
 (all MS.). 
 
 Schu'bert, Franz ( Peter), one of the most 
 original and prolific vocal and instrumental com- 
 posers of Germany; b. Lichtenthal, 11. Vienna, 
 Jan. 31, 1797; d. Vienna, Nov. 19, 1828. By 
 his father, the sc"hoolmaster at Lichtenthal, 
 the gifted boy was taught violin-playing, and by 
 choirmaster Holzer, in addition, thepiano, organ, 
 singing, and thoroughbass, becoming first so- 
 prano in the church-choir in his tenth year ; he 
 also composed songs and little instrumental 
 pieces. In 1808 he was admitted into the Vienna 
 court choir as a singer, and also entered the 
 " Convict," the training-school for the court 
 singers. His teachers in theory were Ruczizka 
 and Salieri. He also played in the school- 
 orchestra, finally as ist violin. His earliest ex- 
 tant song, " Hagars Klage" (dated Mar. 30, 
 1811), and several others of the period, show 
 
 527 
 
SCHUBERT 
 
 that Zumsteeg was his model at this time ; he 
 also continued instrumental composition, his 
 first symphony being- written in 1813. In this 
 year, his voice breaking, he left the " Convict," 
 but still studied 
 hard under Sa- 
 lieri, as numerous 
 Italian arias tes- 
 tify; his first 
 mass was com- 
 pleted in 1 8 14. 
 Meantime, to es- I'lf 
 cape military con- 
 scription, he hur- 
 riedly fitted for the 
 post of elemen- 
 tary teacher in his 
 father's school, 
 and taught there 
 until 1816. Dur- 
 ing these three years, the future grand master of 
 the German Lied devoted his leisure to obtaining 
 a thorough mastery of vocal expression.. His 
 usual method of composition was to jot down the 
 melody with a sketch of the harmony, and then 
 to write out the piece in full, following this first 
 version by a second for the elimination of faults ; 
 when the second failed to satisfy him, the song 
 was subjected to a third, or even a fourth, revi- 
 sion (e.g., " Erlkonig," and "Die Forelle"). 
 Such masterworks as "Gretchen am Spinnrad " 
 (Oct. ig, 1814) and "Erlkonig" (1815) mark 
 the swift and unique development of his genius. 
 In the latter year he composed no less than 144 
 lyrics — in one day (Oct. 13) he wrote eight. This 
 "period of experimentation," as it has been 
 called, ceases in the conscious mastery attained 
 in 1816-17. From 1814-16 he also composed 2 
 operettas, 3 Singsfiele, and 3 other (fragmentary) 
 stage-pieces, none of which were then performed ; 
 4 masses, other church-music, etc. In 1816 his 
 application for the directorship of the new State 
 music-school at Laybach was rejected. He left 
 his place in the Lichtenthal school, and thence- 
 forward made Vienna his home, with the excep- 
 tion of two summers (1818 and 1S24) spent at 
 Zelesz, Hungary, as music-teacher in CountJSs- 
 terhazy's family. From 1817 his friend Franz 
 von Schober [1798-1883] generously aided him, 
 often sharing lodgings and purse with the strug- 
 gling artist. Through him, S. became acquainted 
 with the famous tenor Michael Vogl, one of the 
 first and greatest interpreters of his songs ; 
 through his influence S.'s mus. farce, Die Zwil- 
 liHgsbi-uder, was brought out at the Karnthner- 
 thor Th. in 1820, but made little impression. In 
 1821, however, when he had already written 
 over 600 compositions, his ' ' Erlkonig " was sung 
 at a public concert of the " Musikverein " with 
 great applause, and others followed at other con- 
 certs ; so that Cappi and Diabelli were induced 
 to publish on commission 20 songs ("ErlkOnig" 
 was the first) which were so successful that Di- 
 abelli assumed the risk of further publications ; 
 from 1826 his songs and piano-music had good 
 
 sales. In 1822 he refused the proffered position 
 of organist at the court chapel ; but all subse- 
 quent efforts to obtain a salaried post were un- 
 successful ; that of Vice-Kapellm. to the court, 
 for which he applied in 1826, was given to Weigl ; 
 his friends failed to obtain a similar position for 
 him in Hamburg ; and the conductorship of the 
 Karnthnerthor Th. was also refused in 1827. 
 Not until March 26, 182S, did he give a public 
 concert of his own works (the E [7 trio, a move- 
 mentfrom the D min. quartet, songs, etc.), which 
 was an artistic and pecuniary success. Except- 
 ing such occasional and momentary good for- 
 tune, his life was a continual battle for the daily 
 means of subsistence ; although his genius was 
 fully recognized by musicians like Salieri, Weigl, 
 and the singer Vogl, and his songs were highly 
 praised by Beethoven, he was wretchedly under- 
 paid by his publishers, and his greatest works 
 were almost totally neglected. His wonderful 
 gifts, and genial and buoyant disposition, won 
 many friends ; chief among them the poet Mayr- 
 hofer, the family von Sonnleitner (at whose house 
 S.'s compositions were often performed long be- 
 fore their introduction to the public). Baron von 
 SchOnstein (whose singing aided in bringing S.'s 
 lyrical songs into vogue), Moritz Schwind, and 
 Anselm Hilttenbrenner. Two visits which S. 
 paid to Beethoven are recorded ; but they were 
 never intimate. For months previous to his 
 death, S. had been failing ; his final illness was 
 brought to a fatal termination by an attack of 
 typhus. He was buried, at his own desire, in 
 the " Ostfriedhof " at Wahring, his grave being 
 the third from Beethoven's. 
 
 Schubert was the least "schooled " of all great 
 German musicians. For this lack of training, his 
 keen musical intuition and inexhaustible resources 
 of melody amply compensated. He is one of 
 the grandest "impressionists" of all time. The 
 spontaneity and fecundity of his song-composi- 
 tion are not more astounding than the perfection 
 with which the music — melody and accompani- 
 ment — fit the poem. He is regarded as the 
 creator of the modern German Lied. His known 
 songs for solo voice with pf .-accomp. number 603. 
 As to his alleged carelessness in choice of sub- 
 jects for musical setting, the fact is that he took 72 
 poems by Goethe, 46 by Schiller, 44 by Wilhelm 
 MuUer, 28 by Matthison, 23 by Holty, 22 by 
 Kosegarten, 13 by Korner, etc. — that is, the best 
 at his command. He also set 47 poems by Mayr- 
 hofer, and 12 by v. Schober, both his warm 
 personal friends. Of Heine (then a newcomer) 
 he composed only 6 numbers (in the " Schwa- 
 nengesang "). Equally genial is his transference 
 of the " Lied-form " to the pianoforte in the 
 " Moments musicals" and Impromptus — a min- 
 iature form of piano - composition extensively 
 copied. In larger forms, his symphony in C, 
 and the unfinished symphony in B minor, are 
 equal to the best after Beethoven — and S. was 
 but 31 when he died. 
 
 A complete critical edition of Schubert's works 
 has been publ. by Breitkopf & Hartel, in whose 
 
 528 
 
SCHUBERT— SCHUBERT 
 
 " Mittheilungen," Nos. 28, 36, and 43, may be 
 found full lists of his instr.l and vocal music, 
 and songs for one voice, respectively. Notte- 
 bohm's " Thematic Catalogue," and Grove's 
 Dictionary, may also be consulted. Among 
 numerous editions of S.'s favorite songs with 
 English translations, that publ. by G. Schirmer, 
 New York, is decidedly the best. A list of his 
 principal works follows : 
 
 Dramatic : Des Teufels Lustschloss, 3-act 
 operetta; Der vierjahrige Fasten, i-act Singspiel ; 
 Fernando, i-act do.; Claudine von Villabella, 
 3-act do. (fragm.) ; Der Spiegelritter , 3-act ope- 
 retta ; /4(/raj-/, opera (fragm.) ; Die Freunde von 
 Salamanca, 2-act Singspiel ; Der Minnesdnger, 
 Singspiel ; all the above written 1814-1S16 ; 
 none performed ; Die Zwillingsbrilder, I-act 
 farce (June 14, 1820) ; Die Zauberharfe, 3-act 
 melodrama (Aug. 19, 1820) ; Sakontala, 3-act 
 opera (fragm.; comp. 1820; not perf.) ; Al- 
 fonso und Estrella, 3-act opera (first prod. Wei- 
 mar, 1854, by Liszt ; at Vienna 1880, rev. by 
 Fuchs) ; Die Verschworenen, oder der hdusliche 
 Krieg, I-act operetta (Vienna, 1861) ; Fierabras, 
 3-act opera (Vienna, 1861) ; incid. music to the 
 drama Rosamunde [overture from Die Zauber- 
 harfe'\ (Vienna, 1823) ; Die Burgschaft, 3-act 
 opera (written in 1816 ; prod, by Franz Lach- 
 ner at Pesth, 1827) ; Der Graf von Gleichen, 
 3-act opera (1827 ; not perf.) ; Die Salzberg- 
 werke, opera (not perf.). 
 
 Choral Works : 6 masses (Nos. 5 and 6 
 publ. in full score) ; " Deutsche Messe " (f. 4-p. 
 mixed ch. w. organ); oratorio Zazaraj (fragm.); 
 Psalm 92 (f. bar. solo and mixed ch.) ; 2 Tan- 
 turn ergo (f. 4-p. mixed ch. w. orch.) ; 2 Stabat 
 Mater (4 voices w. orch.) ; several Salve regina ; 
 " Miriams Siegesgesang " (f. sopr. solo, ch., and 
 orch.); prayer "Vor der Schlacht" (f. soli, 
 mixed ch., and pf.) ; hymn " Herr unser Gott" 
 (f. S-p. male ch. w. wind) ; " Hymne an den 
 Heiligen Geist" (f. 8-p. male ch. w. orch.); 
 " Morgengesang im Walde" (f. 4-p. male ch. w. 
 orch.); "Nachtgesang im Walde " and "Nacht- 
 helle"(f. 4-p. malech. w. horns); " Schlachtlied " 
 (8-p. male ch. w. pf.) ; " Glaube, Hoffnung und 
 Liebe " (f . mixed ch. and wind) ; several occa- 
 sional cantatas ; numerous part-songs. 
 
 Songs with Piano : Erlkonig, op. i ; Gret- 
 chen am Spinnrade, op. 2 ; HeidenrOslein, op. 
 3 ; Der Wanderer, and Der du von dem Him- 
 mel bist, in op. 4 ; 3 Gesange des Harfners 
 [W. Meister], op. 12 ; Erster Verlust, Der 
 Fischer, and Es war ein Konig in Thule, in op. 
 5 ; the Suleika songs, op. 14, 31 ; An Schwager 
 Kronos, in op. 19 ; Mignon's songs [W. Meis- 
 ter], op. 62; Uber alien Gipfeln ist Ruh', in op. 
 96 (all the above by Goethe); further: the grand 
 song-cycles by Wilhelm MilUer, " Die Schone 
 MuUerin," op. 25, and " Die Winterreise," op. 
 89, containing 20 and 24 numbers respectively ; 
 7 songs from Scott's "Lady of the Lake" 
 (Fraulein vom See), op. 52, and 9 songs from 
 "Ossian"; Der Tod und das Madchen ; Nahe 
 des Geliebten ; Des Madchens Klage ; Gruppe 
 
 34 
 
 aus dem Tartarus ; Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt ; 
 Friihlingsglaube ; Die Forelle ; Du bist die 
 Ruh'; the Barcarolle " Auf dem Wasser zu sing- 
 en"; 6 songs by Heine, in the " Schwanenge- 
 sang " ; and many more of surpassing beauty. 
 
 For Orchestra : 10 symphonies, of which 
 No. 8 (the "unfinished," in B min.), and No. 
 10, in C, were mentioned above ; 7 overtures 
 (Nos. 2 and 5 " in the Italian style"); violin- 
 concerto in D ; Rondo f . violin w. orch. ; 
 
 Chamber-Music: Octet f. strings, horn, bas- 
 soon, and clar., op. 166; pf. -quintet in A, op. 
 114 (the " Forellenquintett," w. double-bass) ; 
 string-quintet in C, op. 163 (w. 2 'celli) ; 20 
 string-quartets ; 2 pf. -trios ; 2 string- trios ; — 
 for pf. and violin, a Rondo brillant in B min., 
 op. 70 ; a Phantasie in C, op. 159 ; a sonata in 
 A, op. 162 ; 3 sonatinas, op. 137 ; — Nocturne f. 
 'cello and pf., in E|j, op. 148 ; Introd.and Var.s 
 f. flute and pf., op. 160. 
 
 F'OR Piano (2 hands) : Over 20 sonatas (incl. 
 op. 42, in A min.; op. 53, D ; op. 78 [fantasia], 
 G ; op. 120, A ; op. 122, Et» ; op. 143, A min.; 
 op. 147, B ; op. 164, A min. ; and 3 grand 
 posth. sonatas in C min.. A, and B[j); 4 Im- 
 promptus, op. go, and 4 ditto, op. 142 ; 6 Mo- 
 ments musicals, op. 94 ; Adagio and Rondo, op. 
 145; Fantasia, op. 15, in C ; sets of variations 
 (op. 10, E min., on a French air; op. 35, in 
 Ap ; on a Diabelli waltz, in C min. ; op. 82, in 
 C, on Herold's Marie ; etc.); many waltzes (op. 
 9. 18, 33, 50 [34"Valses sentimentales], 67 
 P'Hommage aux belles Viennoises "], 77 [10 
 "Valses nobles"], 91 [12 " Gratzer Walzer"], 
 etc.); " Wanderer-Fantasie " in C, op. 15; 2 
 Scherzi ; 5 Klavierstucke ; etc. — For ff. 4 hands: 
 2 sonatas (op. 30, B[j ; op. 140, C) ; Divertisse- 
 ment 4 I'hongroise, op. 54 ; Divertissement in E 
 min., op. 63; F"antasia in F min., op. 103; 
 Grand rondo in A, op. 107 ; "Notre amitie," 
 rondo in D, op. 138 ; Andantino and rondo, op. 
 84 ; "LebensstUrme," allegro caracteristique, op. 
 144; Fugue in E min., op. 52; Polonaises, op. 
 61, 75 ; Variations, op. 10, 35, 82 ; 3 Waltzes, 
 op 33 ; 4 Landler ; Marches (op. 27 [3 num- 
 bers], 40 [6], 51 [3], 55 [" Trauermarsch"], 66 
 [" heroique "], 121). 
 
 Biographical : By H. Kreissle von Hellborn, 
 " F. S., eine biographische Skizze" (Vienna, 
 1861 ; augm. ed. 1865 ; Engl, transl. by Cole- 
 ridge, London, 1869); by Reissmann, " F. S. , 
 sein Leben und seine Werke" (Berlin, 1873); 
 by A. Niggli (1880) ; by Barbedette, " F. S., sa 
 vie, ses ceuvres, son temps " (Paris, 1866) ; by 
 Max Friedlander (in preparation). 
 
 Schu'bert, Franz, violinist, son and pupil of 
 the R. Cancer Imeister Franz Anton S. [1768- 
 1824] ; b. Dresden, July 22, 1808 ; d. there Apr. 
 12, 1878. Also taught by Rottmeier and L. 
 Haase ; then, with a stipend from the King, by 
 Lafont at Paris. Entered the R. orch. at Dres- 
 den in 1823 ; succeeded Lipinski as ist Concert- 
 meister in 1861 ; retired 1873.— Publ. etudes f. 
 violin, op. 3 ; Duo f. pf. and violin, op. 8 ; a 
 
 529 
 
SCHUBERT— SCHULHOFF 
 
 fantasia f. violin w. orch.; 2concertanti f. violin 
 and 'cello (w. Kummer) ; etc. 
 
 Schu'bert, Maschinka (nh Schneider), wife 
 of preceding, and the daughter of Georg Abra- 
 ham Schneider; b. Reval, Ang. 25, 1815 ; d. 
 Dresden, Sept. 20, 1882. Stage-soprano (colora- 
 tura) ; pupil of Bordogni at Paris ; debut Lon- 
 don, 1832; then studied with Bianchi at Milan, 
 and was a member of the Dresden Opera till 
 i85o. Their daughter, Georgine, b. Dresden, 
 Oct. 28, 1840; d. Potsdam, Dec. 26, 1878. 
 Pupil of her mother and Jenny Lind, and of 
 Garcia at London 1857-9; debut in La Son- 
 nambula at Hamburg, 1859; sang at Prague, 
 Florence, Berlin, Frankfort, and Paris (Th.- 
 Lyrique) ; eng. 1865 at Hanover, 1868 at Strelitz. 
 Much applauded at a Mozart concert in London, 
 1875- 
 
 Schu'bert, Louis, violinist; b. Dessau, Jan. 
 27, 1828; d. Dresden, Sept. 17, 1884. Went to 
 St. Petersburg at 17 ; was then for 6 years Concert- 
 meister at Konigsberg City Th. ; then taught 
 and gave concerts at KSnigsberg till 1872, 
 when he settled in Dresden, making a name as a 
 singing-teacher. — Prod. 4 successful operettas ; 
 publ. a method f. violin, a " Gesangschule in 
 Liedern," songs, and violin-duos (transcr.s from 
 Bach). 
 
 Schu'berth, Gottlob, b. Karsdorf, Aug. 11, 
 1778; d. Hamburg, Feb. 18, 1846. Oboist and 
 clarinettist at Magdeburg ; settled in Hamburg, 
 1833. — Publ. pf.-music. — His sons were the two 
 following : 
 
 Schu'berth, Julius (Ferdinand Georg), 
 
 founder of the firm of "J. Schuberth & Co." of 
 Leipzig and New York ; b. Magdeburg, July 14, 
 1804; d. Leipzig, June g, 1875. Established 
 the Hamburg business in 1826 ; opened a branch 
 at Leipzig, 1832, and at New York, 1850. His 
 brother Friedrich Wilhelra (b. 1817) took over 
 the Hamburg house in 1853 (firm-name "Fritz 
 Schuberth "). S. publ. the " Kleine Hamburger 
 Musikzeitung " (1840-50), the "New-Yorker 
 Musikzeitung " (from 1867), and "S.'s kleine 
 Musikzeitung" (1871-2). In 1872 he founded 
 the fine mus. library at Weimar known as the 
 " Liszt-Schuberth-Stiftung." — In 1891 the busi- 
 ness was purchased by Felix Siegel, the orig- 
 inator of the " Musikalische Universalbiblio- 
 thek." 
 
 Schu'berth, Carl, eminent 'cellist ; b. Mag- 
 deburg, Sept. 25, 1811 ; d. Zurich, July 22, 
 1863. Pupil of Hesse at Magdeburg, and 
 (1825-8) of Dotzauer at Dessau ; then 'cellist 
 and concert-giver in Magdeburg, later making 
 long tours to Holland, Belgium, Paris, and Lon- 
 don (1835, vying with Knoop and Servais) ; in 
 the autumn of 1835 he repaired via Konigs- 
 berg, Riga, and Dorpat to St. Petersburg, where 
 his playing created such a sensation that he was 
 immediately eng. as soloist to the Czar, and was 
 for 20 years Mus. Dir. at the Univ., cond. of 
 the court orch., and Inspector of the training- 
 
 school connected with the court theatre. He 
 died on a journey undertaken for the sake of his 
 health. — Publ. 2 'cello-concertos ; various fan- 
 tasias and variations f . 'cello w. orch. ; i octet, 3 
 quintets, and 4 quartets f. strings ; and a 'cello- 
 sonata (op. 42). 
 
 Schu'biger, Anselm, b. Uznach, Canton of 
 St. Gallen, Mar. 5, 1815 ; d. Mar. 14, 1888, at 
 the Monastery of Einsiedeln, where he had taken 
 holy orders in 1835. Learned writer on the 
 music of the Middle Ages. — Publ. "Die Sang- 
 erschule von St. Gallen" (1858); "Die Pflege 
 des Kirchengesangs und der Kirchenmusik in 
 der deutschen katholischen Schweiz" (1873); 
 "Musikalische Spicilegien " (1876; essays on 
 " Das liturgische Drama des Mittelalters," " Or- 
 gelbau und Orgelspiel im Mittelalter," "Die 
 ausserHturgischen Lieder," and " Zur mittelal- 
 terlichen Instrumentalmusik ") ; also papers in 
 the " Monatshefte fiir Musikgeschichte." 
 
 Schuch, Ernst, b. Graz, Styria, Nov. 23, 
 1847. Pupil of E. Stoltz and O. Dessoff ; from 
 1867, mus. dir. at Lobe's Th., Breslau, later at 
 Wiirzburg, Graz, Basel (1871) ; cond. PoUini's 
 Italian Opera for a time in 1872, and then went 
 to Dresden, where he became court cond. in 1873, 
 afterwards R. Court Councillor, and general 
 mus. director. — His wife, Clementine Proska 
 (b. Vienna, Feb. 12, 1853), has been eng. since 
 1873 at the Dresden Court Th. as coloratura 
 singer. 
 
 Schucht, Jean F., b. Holzthalleben, Thu- 
 ringia, Nov. 17, 1832 ; d. Leipzig, Mar. 30, 
 1894. Pupil of Hauptmann and Spohr at Kas- 
 sel, and of Schnyder von Wartensee at Frank- 
 fort ; from i868 in Leipzig as a writer, and critic 
 for the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik." — Publ. 
 a " Wegweiser in der Tonkunst" (1859); 
 " Kleines Lexikon der Tonkunst"; "Meyer- 
 beers Leben und Bildungsgang " (1869); 
 " Grundriss einer praktischen Harmonielehre " 
 (1876) ; and a Life of Chopin (1880) ; also pf.- 
 pieces and songs. 
 
 Schu'ecker, Edmund, brilliant harpist ; b. 
 Vienna, about 1856 ; pupil of Zamara at the 
 Vienna Cons, until 1877. His growing renown 
 caused his appointment, in 1884, as harp-teacher 
 in Leipzig Cons., and harpist in the Gewand- 
 haus Orch.; in 1890, court harpist to the Duke 
 of Saxe-Altenburg ; in 1891 he was called to 
 Chicago to join the newly founded Chicago 
 Orch. (Th. Thomas, cond.). 
 
 Schul'hoif, Julius, noteworthy pianist and 
 comp. ; b. Prague, Aug. 2, 1825 ; d. Berlin, 
 Mar. 15, 1898. He was taught in Prague by 
 Kisch and Tedesco (pf .) and Tomaschek (theory). 
 Debut in Dresden in 1842 ; he then played in 
 the Gewandhaus, and proceeded to Paris, giv- 
 ing most successful concerts under the patron- 
 age of Chopin. He lived for some years in 
 Paris, then made a long tour through France, 
 Austria (1849-50), England, Spain (1851), and 
 
 530 
 
SCHULTESIUS— SCIIULZ 
 
 to South Russia and the Crimea (1853). Later 
 he settled in Paris as a favorite teacher until 
 1870 ; then made 
 Dresden his 
 home, receiving 
 in 1897 the title 
 of "Royal Prof."; 
 and went finally 
 to Berlin. He 
 publ. excellent 
 salon-music f. 
 pf.; Impromptus, 
 Caprices, Mazur- 
 kas, waltzes, 
 etc. ; a grand 
 sonata in F min. ; 
 12 etudes. 
 
 Schulte'sius, Johann Paul, b. Fechheim, 
 Saxe-Koburg, Sept. 14, 1748 ; d. in 1816 at 
 Leghorn as pastor of the Dutch and German 
 Protestant Church. — rPubl. " Memoria sopra la 
 musica di chiesa" (1810) ; 2 quartets f. pf. and 
 strings; variations f. do.; var.s f. pf., violin 
 and 'cello ; 7 sonatas f. pf. and violin ; varia- 
 tions f . do. ; etc. 
 
 Schult'heiss, Benedict, organist of the 
 Aegidienkirche, Nuremberg ; d. Mar. 1, 1693. 
 — Publ. " Muth und Geist ermunternde Clavier- 
 lust " (1679 ; clavichord-pieces). 
 
 Schultz, Edwin, b. Danzig, Apr. 30, 1827. 
 Baritone concert-singer, taught by Brandstatter 
 at Berlin ; living there as a singing-teacher. 
 Has also cond. the " Melodia" choral society, 
 and others ; and (with Wieprecht) the " Mon- 
 stre-Concerte " given in 1864, 1866, and 1870- 
 71, for the benefit of wounded soldiers. — Publ. 
 many male choruses (7 won prizes), songs, 
 duets, and a coll., " Meisterstucke fur Piano- 
 forte." In 1880 the Prussian Ministry of War 
 commissioned him to compile a book of soldiers' 
 songs. 
 
 Schultze, Johann, organist at Dannenberg, 
 Brunswick; publ. " 40 neue auserlesene schone 
 Gagliarden und Intraden " a 4(1612), and 
 " Musikalische Jugendlust " (1627 ; motets). 
 
 Schultze, Christoph, cantor at Delitzsch, 
 Saxony; publ. "Collegium musicum delicii 
 charitativum " (1647 ; 10 Bible-sentences a 5 in 
 madrigal-style, w. continuo) ; ' ' Denarius mu- 
 sicus" a 1-3, w. "symphonies" and figured 
 bass; and melodies to Benj. Pratorius' "Jauch- 
 zender Libanon " (1659, 1668). 
 
 Schul'tze, Adolf, b. Schwerin, Nov. 3, 1853. 
 Pianist; pupil of Kullak's Acad., Berlin, 1872- 
 S; taught there ; replaced Carl Schroder 1886- 
 go at Sondershausen as court cond. and Director 
 of the Cons. ; now in Berlin. — Comp.s ; Orch.l 
 works; a pf. -concerto ; pf. -music. 
 
 Schul'tze, Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich, b. Celle, 
 Hanover, 1827; d. Syracuse, N. Y., in Sept., 
 i888. For several years 1st violin of the Men- 
 delssohn Quintette Club, Boston ; prof, of mu- 
 sic at Syracuse Univ. from 1880 (?). 
 
 Schulz, Bartholomaus, Gottschalk, Hie- 
 ronymus, Jacob, and Michael : See PrAto- 
 
 RIUS. 
 
 Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter, b. Ltine- 
 burg. Mar. 30(31 ?), 1747 ; d. Schwedt, June 10, 
 1800. Pupil of Kirnberger at Berlin ; from 
 1768-73, music-master to a Polish princess ; then 
 a popular teacher in Berlin, and 1776-8 mus. 
 dir.^ at the French Theatre ; Kapellm. to Prince 
 Pleinrich at Rheinsberg, 1780-7 ; then court 
 conductor at Copenhagen till 1794 ; returned ill 
 to Germany, became director of the Seconda 
 opera-troupe, then lived in Rheinsberg. A song- 
 composer of marked originality and influence, he 
 publ. in 1779 " Gesange am Clavier," in 1782 
 " Lieder im Volkston," both printed together, 
 with augmentations, as "Lieder im Volkston" 
 in 1785 ; a third book was publ. in 1790. His 
 sacred songs are " Uzens lyrische Gedichte" 
 (1784) and " Religiose Oden und Lieder "(1786). 
 " Chansons italiennes " (1782), 4 Lieder w. pf., 
 and a Rundgesang (round) for S. S. T. B., were 
 also publ. — Dramatic works (also popular) : 
 Operetta La f^e UrgUe (1782 ; in Ger. as Was 
 den Damen gefdllt) ; do. Clarisse, oder das tin- 
 bekannte Dienstviddchen (1783) ; tragic melodr. 
 Minona, oder die drei Angelsachsen (1786 ; 
 publ.) ; Le Barbier de Seville (1786) ; opera 
 Aline, Queen of Gokonda (Copenhagen, 17S9 ; 
 publ.) ; opera Hostgildet [The Harvest Festival] 
 (ibid., 1790); Indtoget [The Entry] (ibid.); 
 Offer af Nympherne [Sacrifice of the Nymphs] 
 (ibid.) ; music to Gotz von Berlichingen and 
 Racine's Athalie ; — the oratorio Johannes und 
 Marie and the Passion cantata Christi Tod ; 
 also pf.-music : 6 StUcke (1779) ; sonata (1782) ; 
 " Musikalische Belustigung," " Musikalische 
 badinage," " Musikalischer Luftball." — He 
 wrote ' ' Entwurf einer neuen und leichtverstand- 
 lichen Musiktabulatur . . ." (1786 ; merely 
 the old organ-tablature) ; the mus. articles from 
 S-Z in Sulzer's " Theorie derschonen Kilnste ; " 
 " Gedaiiken iiber den Einfluss der Musik auf 
 die Bildung eines Volks" (1790) ; and claimed 
 the authorship of " Wahre Grundsatze zum Ge- 
 brauch der .Harmonic " (1773; publ. as Kirn- 
 berger's). 
 
 Schulz, Johann Philipp Christian, b. 
 Langensalza, Thuringia, Sept. i, 1773 ; d. 
 Leipzig, Jan. 30, 1827. Pupil of Angler and 
 Schicht at Leipzig, and from 1800 cond. of the 
 Seconda opera-troupe ; from 1810, cond. of the 
 Gewandhaus Concerts. — Publ. overtures to 
 Faust axA Die Jungfrau von Orleans ; dances 
 interpolated into Faust (arr. f. pf.) ; a Salvum 
 fac regem a 4, w. brass ; marches, etc. ; songs 
 w. pf. 
 
 Schulz, Carl, subrector at FUrstenwalde ; 
 publ. ' ' Leitf aden bei der Gesanglehre nach der 
 Elementarmethode " (1812) and " Schulgesang- 
 buch" (1816), both often republ. 
 
 Schulz, Otto Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, b. 
 
 Gortz, Brandenburg, Mar. 25, 1805. Pupil of 
 
 531 
 
SCHULZ— SCHUMANN 
 
 Klein and Zelter at Berlin ; organist at Prenz- 
 lau, and " R. Mus. Dir." — Publ. " Theore- 
 tisch - praktische Gesangschule " (1831 ; for 
 schools) ; " Darstellung einer leichten Methode 
 des Pianoforte " (1839) ! comp. sacred and secu- 
 lar vocal music, pf. -pieces, etc. 
 
 Schulz, Adolf, b. Berlin, July 7, 1817 ; d. 
 there Mar. 16, 1884 ; pupil of Bohmer ; violin- 
 ist in the Court Opera. Comp. music to Euri- 
 pides' Hippolytos, a symphony, and a pf.-sonata 
 (publ.). 
 
 Schulz, Ferdinand, b. Kossar, n. Krossen, 
 Oct. 21, 1821 ; d. Berlin, May 27, 1897. Pupil 
 of A. W. Bach, Grell, KoUitschgy, and Dehn, 
 at Berlin ; joined the cathedral-choir in 1843 ; 
 became cond. of the Cdcilienverein in 1856, 
 mus. dir. of the Marcuskirche in 1858, later 
 organist of the Sophienkirche. Singing-teacher ; 
 comp. the 68th Psalm f. double choir, motets, 
 and other church-music ; many male choruses, 
 songs, and pf. -pieces. 
 
 Schulz, August, b. June 15, 1837, at Bruns- 
 wick, where he is leader of the Ducal orch. 
 Pupil of Zinkeisen, Leibrock, and Joachim ; 
 composer of favorite male quartets. 
 
 Schulz - Beuthen, Heinrich, b. Beuthen, 
 Upper Silesia, June 19, 1838. Pupil of Leip- 
 zig Cons., and of Carl Riedel ; settled 1867 in 
 Zurich as a teacher and composer ; since 1881 
 in Dresden as pf.-teacher at the Cons. — Works : 
 Operetta /^Wf/o/zK (Breslau, 1862) ; OT^as^Asclien- 
 irodel (Zurich, 1879) ; comic opera jEs ist nicht 
 gut, dass der Mensch allein sei j fine instr.l and 
 choral music of distinctly modern tendency : 6 
 symphonies (" Haydn" ; " FriihUngsfeier" ; 
 E I7 ; " Schbn Elisabeth " ; " Reformations-S.," 
 w. organ; " Konig Lear");a " Kinder-Sinfonie"; 
 symph. poem, "Die Todteninsel " ; overtures 
 " Kriemhildens Leid und Rache," " Bac- 
 chantenzug des Dionysos"; "Pan und die 
 Waldnymphen " ; the orch.l pieces " Ballfeste- 
 pisoden," " Mittelalterliche Volksscene," "Am 
 Rabenstein," " Indianischer Kriegstanz" ; the 
 cantatas Befreiungsgesang der Verbanjiten Is- 
 raels (f. soli, ch., and orch.), and Harald (f. bar. 
 solo, male ch., and orch.) ; Requiem f. soli, ch., 
 and orch. ; Psalms 42 and 125, f. ditto ; Psalm 
 43 f. do. (publ.) ; Psalm 13 a cappella ; male 
 choruses; songs; pf. -pieces (" Heroische So- 
 nate" [publ.]; " Alhambra-Sonate " ; " Un- 
 garisches Standchen " ; " Stimmungsbild " ; 
 etc.). 
 
 Schulz-Schwerin, Carl, b. Schwerin, Jan. 
 3, 1845. Pianist ; pupil at the Stern Cons., 
 Berlin, 1862-5, of von Billow, Geyer, Stern, and 
 Weitzmann. Court pianist to the Grand Duke 
 of Mecklenburg ; has lived since 1885 in Berlin. 
 — Works : A symphony ; overtures to ' ' Torquato 
 Tasso," " Die Braut von Messina," and the 
 " Ouverture triomphale"; .Sanctus, Osanna, 
 Benedictus, Ave Maria, etc.; f. soli, ch., and 
 orch.; orch.l transcriptions of Mendelssohn's 
 
 " Rondo capriccioso,'' and other pf.-works; solo 
 pieces for piano. 
 
 Schul'ze, Johann Friedrich, German organ- 
 builder; b. Milbitz, Thuringia, Jan. 27, 1793; 
 d. Paulinzelle, Thuringia, Jan. 9, 1858, whither 
 he had removed his business from Miihlhausen. 
 Firm-name " Schulze & Sohn." 
 
 Schul'ze, Adolf, excellent concert - singer 
 (bass) and singing-teacher ; b. Mannhagen, n. 
 Melln, Apr. 13, 1835. Pupil of Carl Voigt at 
 Hamburg, and Garcia at London (1863). At 
 present head-prof, of singing at the R. Hoch- 
 schule, Berlin. 
 
 Schu'macher, (Peter) Paul (Heinrich), b. 
 
 Mayence, Nov. 6, 1848 ; d. there Apr. 25, l8gi. 
 Pupil of Fr. Lux (pf . and theory) ; later of 
 Richter, Reinecke, and Hauptmann at Leipzig 
 Cons. Served in the Franco-German war, and 
 then settled in Mayence as cond., teacher, and 
 critic (for the " Frankfurter Zeitung," the "Main- 
 zer Anzeiger,'' and mus. periodicals). He cond. 
 several male singing-societies ; and in 1881 
 founded the Mayence Cons, of Music (carried 
 on by his widow, Frau Luise S., as the " Paul 
 Schumacher'schesCons."). — Publ. works: Many 
 songs (Wolff's " Rattenf anger," "Wilder Jager," 
 etc. ) and male choruses (' ' Musikantenlieder " w. 
 violin and pf., op. 4) ; much pf.-music (op. 6, 
 Albumblatter ; op. 11, 4 Concert-studies; op. 12, 
 Sonatinen ; op. 19, " Aus der Jugendzeit," 24 
 pes.; op. 24, 3 Notturnos ; op. 46, " Feuilletons 
 musicaux " ; — f. 4 hands, op. 20, " Am Rhein," 
 waltz ; op. 29, Dances and Wedding-march; op. 
 52, Prelude and Fugue ; etc.) ; op. 10, Funeral 
 march f . orch. in C min. ; a Symphonie-Serenade 
 f. orch.; a Concert-suite f. violin and pf., op. 
 34 ; — unpubl. are a cantata, Der fahrende Schil- 
 ler, f. bar., male ch., and orch. (1890, v. succ.) ; 
 an opera. Die 7 Raben ; a violin-concerto, op. 
 9 (often played) ; etc. 
 
 Schu'mann, Robert (Alexander), a leader 
 in German romanticism ; b. Zwickau, Saxony, 
 June 8, 1810; d. 
 Endenich, near 
 Bonn, July 2g, 
 1856. T-h e 
 youngest son of 
 his father, a 
 bookseller, his 
 first music-les- 
 sons were on the 
 piano from the 
 organist of the 
 Marienkirche, 
 Kuntzsch. His 
 attempts at com- 
 p.osition date 
 from his seventh year ; in his eleventh, without 
 instruction, he wrote choral and orchestral 
 works, and at this time his father wished him to 
 study under Carl M. von Weber, but negotia- 
 tions to that effect came to naught. Instead, he 
 attended the Zwickau Gymnasium from 1820-8; 
 
 '^^' 
 
 532 
 
SCHUMANN 
 
 toward the end of this term developing a marked 
 predilection for the romantic works of Byron 
 and Jean Paul Richter. In 1826 his father 
 died; and in 1828 S. matriculated at Leipzig 
 Univ. as Studiosus juris, though he gave more 
 attention to the philosophical lectures. In 1829 
 he repaired to Heidelberg, drawn thither chiefly 
 by the fame of Thibaut (prof, of law, but a pro- 
 found student of music), and now began to 
 apply himself seriously to musical study, aided 
 by his dexterity as a pianist. In the autumn 
 of 1830 he obtained his mother's permission to 
 return to Leipzig in order to devote himself to 
 music. He lived with Friedrich Wieck, under 
 whom he studied the piano ; and also took a 
 course in composition under H. Dorn, though 
 his industry was principally concentrated on 
 piano-practice. An unfortunate experiment (the 
 endeavor to obtain independence of the fingers 
 by suspending the fourth finger of the right 
 hand in a sling while practising with the others) 
 ended his bright prospects as a piano-virtuoso. 
 Thenceforward he gave himself up to composi- 
 tion and literary work. As a composer, his pub- 
 lished works (op. 1-23) up to the beginning of 
 1840 (an important date) are exclusively for the 
 piano ; Liszt, Henselt, and Clara Wieck (the 
 daughter of his instructor and host) played 
 them in public. In 1834 S. founded, with J. 
 Knorr, L. Schunke, and Wieck, the " Neue 
 Zeitschrift fur Musik," which S. edited alone 
 from 1835-44. It entered the field as an ex- 
 ponent of liberal and progressive musical art, 
 in opposition to the vapid productions of the 
 Italian stage, to the then fashionable pianists, 
 and to all shallow or retrograde tendencies. 
 Schumann's numerous essays and criticisms 
 (signed Florestan, Eu'sebius, Meister Raro, or 
 with the numerals " 2 " and " 12 ") show what 
 musical journalism can be when actuated by 
 the loftiest motives, and based on real and in- 
 timate knowledge of the subjects treated. Dur- 
 ing the succeeding decades it exercised a potent 
 influence for good ; S. was among the first to 
 herald Chopin's genius (1834); and one of his 
 last papers was the famous "Neue Bahnen" 
 (1853) on Brahms. In the meantime he had 
 fallen in love with Clara Wieck; owing to the 
 father's determined opposition their marriage 
 did not take place until 1840, the year in which 
 the degree of Dr. phil. was conferred upon S. 
 by the University of Jena. He had spent one 
 year, 1838-9, in Vienna, hoping to better his 
 fortunes by establishing himself and his paper 
 in that city — an attempt which failed. From 
 his marriage-year, too, dates the beginning of 
 his career as a song-composer, and some of his 
 most perfect lyrical gems were tjien produced, 
 numbering nearly a score of books, among 
 them op. 25, 31, 36, and 40. In 1841 he wrote 
 his first symphony, speedily followed by three 
 string-quartets, op. 41, the pf.-quintet, op. 44, 
 and the pf.-quartet, op. 47 ; also his most beau- 
 tiful choral work, Das Paradies und die Peri 
 (1843). In this last-named year he was invited 
 
 by Mendelssohn to accept the position of teacher 
 (of playing from score) at the newly founded 
 Conservatorium ; it is of interest to note that 
 S. introduced the pedal-piano, for preparatory 
 organ-practice, into the Cons., which possessed 
 no organ for ten years. In January, 1844, he 
 undertook a concert-tour to Russia with his 
 wife; in the autumn of the same year he re- 
 moved to Dresden ; his duties in the Cons, were 
 uncongenial, and it is probable that Mendels- 
 sohn, whom S. greatly admired, did not fully 
 appreciate the latter's genius. S. likewise re- 
 tired from the editorship of the "Neue Zeit- 
 schrift," being succeeded in 1845 by Dr. Brendel. 
 In Dresden he lived until 1850, giving private 
 lessons and composing industriously; tSL,this 
 period belong the great C-major symphony op. 
 61 (1846), the opera Genoveva (1848), and the 
 pf.-trio op. 80 (1847; one of the finest of its 
 class). In 1847 he became the conductor of the 
 Liedertafel, and in 1848 organized the Chorge- 
 sang-Verein. He was called to Diisseldorf in 
 1850 to succeed Ferd. Hiller as town musical 
 director (cond. of the Subscription Concerts and 
 the Musical Society). He held this position 
 until the autumn of 1853, when signs of insanity, 
 which had appeared as far back as 1833, and 
 still more alarmingly in 1845, compelled him to 
 resign; for some time his assistant (and suc- 
 cessor) Tausch had relieved him of much of the 
 work. On Feb. 6, 1854, the disorder reached a 
 climax; he abruptly left the room in which some 
 friends were assembled, and threw himself into 
 the Rhine ; rescued from drowning, he had to be 
 conveyed to an asylum at Endenich, near Bonn, 
 remaining here, with but few lucid intervals, 
 until the end. In 1880 a monument by Prof. 
 Donndorf was erected on his grave in the 
 churchyard at Bonn, opposite the Sternenthor; 
 a statue was unveiled at Zwickau in 1889 ; a 
 modest memorial also stands, since 1875, near 
 the First Burgerschule in Leipzig. 
 
 S. was a founder of the neo-romantic school, 
 and perhaps its most powerful promoter both as 
 a composer and writer. At the very outset, his 
 individuality found full expression. His mas- 
 tery of detail, his concentrated passion and pro- 
 found emotion, are displayed to best advantage 
 in the smaller forms, the piano-pieces and songs 
 — the most suitable mediums for presenting the 
 subtle shadings and artistic refinements charac- 
 teristic of his lyrical genius. In them he attains 
 perfection of expression and artistic finish. Yet 
 — to name but a few — the first two symphonies, 
 and the pf.-concerto op. 54, are unsurpassed in 
 the post-Beethoven epoch ; the pf.-quintet and 
 the G-minor pf. -sonata rank with the grandest 
 works of their kind. — A complete edition of his 
 compositions, edited by Clara Schumann, is 
 publ. by Breitkopf & Hartel. 
 
 Vocal works with orch.: The 4-act 
 opera Genoveva, op. 81 (Leipzig, June 25, 
 1850) ; music to Byron's Manfred, op. 115 ; 
 scenes from Goethe's Faust (no opus-number) ; 
 cantata Das Paradies und die Peri, op. 50, f. 
 
 533 
 
SCHUMANN 
 
 solo, ch., and orch. ; Adventlied, op. 71, f. sopr. , 
 ch., and orch.; Abschiedslied, op. 84, f. ch. w. 
 wood-wind or pf. ; Requiem for Mignon, op. 
 98(5/ Nachtlied, op. 108, f. ch. and orch.; 
 cantata Der Rose Pilgerfahrt, op. 112, f. soli, 
 ch. , and orch. ; ballade Der Konigssohn, op. 116, 
 f. soli, ch., and orch.; ballade Des Stingers 
 Flitch, op. 139, f. do. ; four ballades Vom Pagen 
 und der Konigstochier, op. 140, f. do. ; ballade 
 Das Gluck von Edenhall, op. 143, f. do.; Neti- 
 jahrslied, op. 144, f. ch. and orch.; Missa sacra, 
 op. 147, w. orch.; Requiem mass, op. 148, w. 
 orch. 
 
 Choruses a cappella : 6 4-part songs f. men's 
 voices, op. 33 ; 5 songs [Burns] f. mixed ch., 
 op- 55 ; 4 songs f. do., op. 59 ; 3 songs f. male 
 ch., op. 62 ; 7 Ritornelle in canon-form, f. male 
 voices, op. 65 ; 5 Romances and Ballades f. 
 chorus (2 sets), op. 67 and 75 ; 6 Romances f. 
 female voices, w. pf. ad lib. (2 sets), op. 69 and 
 gi ; motet [Ruckert] " Verzweifle nicht im 
 Schmerzensthal," f. double male ch., organ ad 
 lib., op. 93 ; 5 Jagdlieder [Laube] f. male ch., 
 
 4 horns ad lib., op. 137 ; 4 songs f. double ch., 
 op. 141. 
 
 Vocal with piano : 3 poems by Geibel, op. 
 29 (No. I, f. 2 sopranos ; No. 2, f. 3 do.; No. 3, 
 f. small choru.s) ; 4 duets f. sopr. and ten., op. 
 34, and 4 do., op. 78 ; 3 2-part songs, op. 43 ; 
 Spanisches Liederspiel f. one voice or S.A.T.B., 
 op. 74; Minnespiel from Ruckert's " Liebes- 
 frlihling," f. one or several voices, op. loi ; 
 Madchenlieder, by Elis. Kulmann, f. 2 so- 
 pranos, op. 103 ; 3 songs f. 3 female voices, op. 
 114 ; ten Spanische Liebeslieder, f. one or sev- 
 eral voices, w. 4-hand accomp., op. 138 ; the 
 ballads "Belsazar" (op. 51), "Der Hand- 
 schuh " (op. 87), " Schon Hedwig " (op. 106 ; f. 
 declamation w. pf.), and " Zwei Balladen," op. 
 122 (No. I, "Ballade vom Haideknaben "; 
 No. 2, "Die Fliichthnge"; both f. declamation 
 w. pf.) ; Liederkreis [HeineJ, song-cycle, op. 
 24, and Liederkreis, 12 poems by Eichendorff, 
 op. 39 ; " Myrthen," op. 25 ; Lieder und Ge- 
 sange, 5 sets (op. 27, 51, 77, 96, 127) ; 3 poems 
 by Geibel, op. 30; 3 songs, op. 31 ; 12 poems 
 [Kerner], op. 35 ; 6 poems [Kuckert], op. 36 ; 
 12 do. [do.], comp. w. Clara S., op. 37 ; 5 songs 
 f. low voice, op. 40 ; "Frauenliebe und -Leben," 
 op. 42 ; " Dichterliebe," op. 48 ; Romanzen und 
 Balladen, 4 sets (op. 45, 49, 53,64); " Lieder- 
 albura fiir die Jugend," op. 79 ; 6 songs, op. 89 ; 
 
 5 poems by Lenau, and Requiem, op. 90 ; 6 songs 
 from Byron's " Hebrew Melodies," op. 95 (w. 
 pf. or harp) ; nine Lieder und Gesange from 
 " Wilhelm IVIeister," op. 98a/ 7 songs, op. 104 ; 
 
 6 songs, op. 107; four " Husarenlieder " f. 
 bar., op. 117; 3 " Waldlieder," op. 119; 5 
 heitere Gesange, op. 125; " Gedichte der Ko- 
 nigin Maria Stuart," op. 135 ; 4 songs, op. 142 ; 
 " Der deutsche Rhein " (no opus-number). 
 
 Orchestral : 4 symphonies (No. i, op. 38, 
 in Bb ; No. 2, op. 61, in C ; No. 3, op. 97, in 
 E|7 [" Rheinische,'' or "Cologne" symphony] ; 
 No. 4, op. 120, in D min.) ; " Ouverture, 
 
 Scherzo und Finale," op. 52 ; 4 concert-overtures 
 (" Die Braut von Messina," op. 100; " Festou- 
 verture," op. 123; "Julius Caesar," op. 128; 
 " Hermann und Dorothea," op. 136) ; pf.-con- 
 certo in A min., op. 54; Concertstiick (introd. 
 and Allegro appassionato) in G, f. pf. and orch., 
 op. 92 ; Concert-Allegro f. do., in D min., op. 
 134 ; Concertstiick f. 4 horns, oJ3. 86 ; 'cello- 
 concerto, op. 129 ; Fantasia f. violin w. orch., 
 op. 131. 
 
 Chamber-music : Pf.-quintet in Ejj, op. 44 ; 
 3 string-quartets, in A min., F and A, op. 41 ; 
 pf. -quartet in E|^, op. 47 ; 3 pf. -trios (No. i, in 
 D min. , op. 63 ; No. 2, in F, op. 80 ; No. 3, in 
 G min., op. no) ; 4 Phantasiestilcke f. pf. , vio- 
 lin, and 'cello, op. 88 ; Adagio and Allegro f. pf. 
 and horn, op. 70 ; 3 Fantasiestiicke f. pf. and 
 clar., op. 73 ; 3 Romanzen f. pf. and oboe, op. 
 94 ; 5 .Stucke im Volkston, f. pf. and 'cello, op. 
 102 ; 2 sonatas f. pf. and violin (No. i, in A 
 min., op. log; No. 2, in D min., op. 121); 4 
 Marchenbilder f. pf. and viola, op. 113 ; 4 
 Marchenerzahlungen f. pf. and clar., op. 132. 
 
 For organ (or pedal-piano) ; 6 studies in 
 canon-form, op. 56 ; " Skizzen fiir den Pedal- 
 fliigel," op. 58 ; six fugues on B-A-C-H, op. 60. 
 
 For pianoforte: Op. i. Variations on A- 
 B-E-G-G ; op. 2, Papillons ; op. 3, Studies after 
 Paganini's Caprices ; op. 4, Intermezzi ; op. 5, 
 Impromptus on theme by CI. Wieck ; op. 6, 
 Davidsbilndlertanze ; op. 7, Toccata ; op. 8, 
 Allegro ; op. g, Carnaval ; op. 10, six Studies 
 on Paganini's Caprices ; op. 11, Sonata No. I, 
 in FJfmin.; op. 12, Fantasiestiicke (2 books); 
 op. 13, Etudes symphoniques ; op. 14, Sonata 
 No. 2, in F min.; op. 15, thirteen ICinder- 
 scenen ; op. 16, Kreisleriana ; op. 17, Fantasia . 
 in C ; op. 18, Arabeske ; op. 19, Blumenstiick ; 
 op. 20, Humoreske ; op. 21, Novelletten (4 
 books) ; op. 22, Sonata No. 3, in G min. ("Con- 
 cert sans orchestre ") ; op. 23, Nachtstiicke ; op. 
 26, Faschingsschwank aus Wien ; op. 28, three 
 Romanzen ; op. 32, Scherzo, Gigue, Romanze 
 und Fughette ; op. 68, Album fiir die Jugend ; 
 op. 72, four Fugues ; op. 76, four Marches ; op. 
 82, Waldscenen ; op. gg, Bunte Blatter ; op. 11, 
 three Fantasiestiicke ; op. 118, three Sonatas for 
 the Young ; op. 124, Albumblatter ; op. 126, 
 seven pieces in fughetta-form ; op. 133, Ge- 
 sange der Frilhe ; also a Scherzo (orig. in So- 
 nata op. 14), a Presto passionato (orig. finale of 
 Sonata op. 22) ; and a canon on "An Alexis." 
 — For pf. 4 hands: Op. 66, " Bilder aus 
 Osten,'' after Ruckert's " Makamen des Ha- 
 riri"; op. 85, " 12 vierhandige Clavierstilcke fiir 
 kleine und grosse Kinder"; op. log, " Ball- 
 scenen " (" 9 charakteristische Tonstiicke ") ; op. 
 130, Kinderball ; op. 46, Andante and Varia- 
 tions in BI7 (for 2 pf.s, 4 hands). 
 
 Writings : " Gesammelte Schriften uber 
 Musik und Musiker," a coll. of his articles in 
 the " Neue Zeitschrift" (1854; 4 vol.s; 4th ed., 
 i8gi, rev. by F. G. Jansen; Engl, transl. by 
 Fanny Raymond Ritter, London, 1875); "Robert 
 Schumann's Jugendbriefe" (1885 ; ed. by Clara 
 
 534 
 
SCHUMANN— SCHUPPANZIGH 
 
 S.; Engl, transl. by M. Herbert); " R. Schu- 
 mann's Briefe, neue Folge," covering period' 
 1828-54; (1886; ed. by Jansen). 
 
 Biographical: By J. von Wasielewski(i858; 
 3rd ed. 1880; Engl, transl. by A. L. Alger, 
 Boston, 1871); by A. Reissmann (1865 ; 3rd ed. 
 1879; Engl, transl. by A. L. Alger, London, 
 1886); by Ambros (i860; in " Culturhistorische 
 Bilder"); by L. Mesnard, " Un successeur de 
 Beethoven" (Paris, 1876); by H. Reimann 
 (1887); by H. Erler (" R. S.'s Leben aus seinen 
 Briefen," 1887; 2vol.s); by S. Bagge (" R. S. 
 und seine Faustscenen," 1879); by Waldersee 
 (" Ober Schumann's Manfred" 1880); by 
 Jansen ("Die Davidsbiindler," 1883); by Wasie- 
 lewski (" Schumanniana," purporting to rectify 
 erross in Jansen; 1884); by B. Vogel (" R. .S.'s 
 Claviertonpoesie," 1887); and by Ph. Spitta 
 ("Ein Lebensbild R. S.'s," 1882, orig. in 
 Grove's Diet.). 
 
 Schu'mann, Clara (Josephine), K/i?Wieck, 
 b. Leipzig, Sept. 13, 1819; d. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, May 20, 1896. An exceptionally gifted 
 pianist, the daughter and pupil of Friedrich 
 Wieck, and the wife of Robert Schumann. 
 Trained from her fifth year, she played in public 
 for the first time on Oct; 20, 1828; at the 
 Gewandhaus in 1830 ; made tours from 1832 ; 
 and during a sojourn in Vienna (1836) received 
 the title of Imp. Chamber-virtuoso. At Paris 
 she had great success in 1839. On Sept. 12, 
 1840, she vifas married to Schumann {g.v.^. After 
 his death she went with her children to Berlin ; 
 and in 1863 to Wiesbaden, being obliged to 
 resume her public career as a concert-pianist. 
 From 1878-92 she was teacher of pf. -playing in 
 the Hoch Cons., Frankfort. At first a Beet- 
 hoven player, Frau Schumann became under 
 her hosband's influence a masterly and authori- 
 tative interpreter of the latter's compositions 
 and Chopin's works. — Besides editing the Br. 
 & Hartel ed. of Schumann's works, his early 
 letters, and finger-exercises from Czerny's Pf.- 
 Method, she publ. a number of original com- 
 positions (all f. pf., except the Lieder): Op. i, 
 4 Polonaises ; op. 2, Caprices in waltz-form ; op. 
 3, Romance variee; op. 4, Valses romantiques; 
 op. 5, 6, Soirees musicales, 10 pieces caract. ; 
 Concerto in A min.; op. 8, Var.s on the cava- 
 tina in II Pirata; op. 9, Impromptu, " Souvenir 
 de Vienne;" op. 10, ist Scherzo; op. 11, 3 
 Romances [Mechetti] ; op. 12, 3 Lieder in R. 
 Schumann's op. 37 (Nos. 2, 4, and 11); op. 13, 
 6 Lieder; op. 14, 2nd Scherzo ; op. 15, 4 fluchtige 
 .Stiicke; op. 16, 3 Preludes and Fugues ; op. 17, 
 pf.-trio in G min.; op. 20, Var.s on a theme by 
 Schumann; op. 21, 3 Romanzen; op. 22, 3 Ro- 
 manzen f. pf. and violin ; op. 23, 6 Lieder from 
 RoUet's " Jucunde ; " — without opus-number: 
 "Liebeszauber," Lied hy Geibel ; Andante and 
 Allegro ; Cadenzas to Beethoven's concertos in C 
 min. and G. — Biogr. by La Mara in " Musi- 
 kalische StudienkSpfe," Vol. v. ; in "Friedrich 
 Wieck " by Adolf Kohut, and " Friedrich 
 
 Wieck und seine beiden T5chter,'' by A. von 
 Meichsner. 
 
 Schu'mann, Georg (Alfred), concert-pianist 
 and composer ; b. Konigstein, Saxony, Oct. 25, 
 1866. ' Pupil of his father, the city Mus. Din, 
 and his grandfather, a cantor ; from 1877-81, of 
 K. A. Fischer, B. RoUfuss, and Fr. Baumfelder, 
 at Dresden ; then at the Leipzig Cons, till 1888, 
 of Reinecke, Jadassohn, and Zwintscher., com- 
 posing 2 symphonies and a serenade f. orch., a 
 pf.-quintet, 2 pf.-trios, a violin-sonata, etc., and ^ 
 taking the Beethoven prize in 1887. Prod, his 
 first ambitious choral work. Amor und Psyche, 
 at Leipzig in 1888 ; then lived 2 years in Berlin ; 
 from 1892-6, cond. of the Danzig Gesangverein; 
 since then, of the Bremen Philharm. orch. and 
 chorus. — Other works: Many pf. -pieces and 
 songs ; an orch.l suite " Zur Karnevalszeit ; " a 
 string-trio, a 'cello-sonata, etc. 
 
 Schu'mann-Heink, Ernestine, nie Roess- 
 ler, dramatic contralto ; b. Lieben, n. Prague, 
 June 15, 1861. Pupil, in Graz, of Marietta von 
 Leclair; debut Dresden, Oct. 13, 1878, as Azucena 
 in // Trovatore ; sang 4 years in Dresden, from 
 1883 in the Hamburg City Th. At Bayreuth in 
 1896 she took the roles of Erda, Waltraute, and 
 the First Norn, in Der Ring des Nihelungen. — 
 Twice married : to Herr Heink in 1883 ; to Paul 
 Schumann in 1893. — In Chicago, New York, 
 etc., with the Grau opera-troupe, 1898-1900, as 
 Ortrud, Erda, etc. 
 
 Schun'ke, Carl, pianist ; b. Magdeburg, 
 1801 ; d. (by suicide) in Paris, Dec. 16, 1839. 
 Pupil of his father, the horn-virtuoso Michael S. ; 
 later of Ries, whom he accompanied to London. 
 In 1828 he settled in Paris, becoming pianist to 
 the Queen. After an attack of apoplexy, which 
 deprived him of speech, he took his life in 
 despair. — About 60 comp.s, chiefly brilliant 
 transcriptions of operatic and popular airs. 
 
 Schun'ke, Ludwig, pianist ; pupil of his 
 father, the horn-virtuoso Gottfried S. ; b. Kassel, 
 Dec. 21, 1810 ; d. Leipzig, Dec. 7, 1834. Studied 
 further under Kalkbrenner and Reicha at Paris, 
 playing successfully there and in Vienna, Stutt- 
 gart, and Prague; settled in Leipzig, 1833, 
 became the intimate friend of Schumann, and a 
 co-founder of the "Neue Zeitschrift filr Musik." 
 His few works were full of promise : Op. 3, 
 Variations ; op. 9, Caprice ; op. 10, 2nd Caprice ; 
 op. 13, CharakterstUcke ; op. 14, Variations. 
 
 Schuppan'zigh, Ignaz, b. Vienna, 1776; d. 
 there March 2, 1830. A violinist, he organized 
 and cond. the Augarten Concerts ; then joined 
 Prince Rasumovski's private quartet (S. May- 
 seder, Linke, and Weiss), interpreting the Beet- 
 hoven quartets under the master's eye, and 
 also playing those by Haydn and Mozart. After 
 1816 they concertized in Germany, Poland and 
 Russia on their own account ; also after return- 
 ing to Vienna in 1823. He joined the court 
 orch. in 1824, and became Dir. of the German 
 Opera in 1828. — Works : Solo brillant f. violin 
 
 535 
 
SCHURER— SCHUTZ 
 
 w. quartet ; solo var.s on a Russian theme ; 9 
 var.s f. 2 violins. 
 
 Schii'rer, Johann Georg, b. Raudnitz, Bo- 
 hemia, about 1732; d. Dresden, Feb. 16, 1786, 
 where he had been comp. since 1748. — Works : 
 4 Italian operas, Astrea (1746), Galatea (1746), 
 Ercole (1747), Calandro (1748) ; a German 
 "Singspiel," Doris (1747); 3 oratorios; 40 
 masses ; 3 Requiems ; 140 Psalms ; and other 
 church-music. 
 
 Schu'rig, (Volktnar) Julius (Wilhelm), b. 
 Aue-on-the-Mulde, Saxony, Mar. 24, 1802 ; d. 
 Dresden, Jan. 31, l8gg. Pupil of Schneider, J. 
 Otto, and Uhlig, at Dresden ; 1842-52, choir- 
 master at the synagogue, and 1844-56 organist 
 of the English Ch. ; 1856-61, cantor and org. 
 at Pesth ; thereafter lived in Dresden as sing- 
 ing-teacher, cantor, and (from 1876) teacher of 
 theory at the RoUfuss Acad. — Publ. organ-fan- 
 tasias, op. I and 31 ; organ-preludes, op. 46 ; 
 sacred songs f. one voice, op. 14, 33 ; English 
 4-part do. ; sacred duets, many motets and 
 choruses ; children's songs \i. pf., op. 48 ; etc.; 
 also an excellent collection, " Liederperlen 
 deutscher Tonkunst." 
 
 Schu'ster, Joseph, b. Dresden, Aug. 11, 
 1748 ; d. there July 24, 1812. Dramatic comp. ; 
 taught by Schiirer. Spent 4 years, 1765-9, in 
 Italy, returned to Dresden, and became court 
 and chamber-comp. in 1772 ; spent 2 years more 
 in Italy for study under Padre Martini at Bo- 
 logna, prod. Italian operas, and was made hon- 
 orary maestro to the King of Naples ; after a 
 stay of 2 years in Dresden, and a third visit to 
 Italy 1778-81, he settled in Dresden, conduct- 
 ing at church and theatre alternately with Nau- 
 mann, Schurer, and Seydelmann, and from 1787 
 associated with Seydelmann as court Kapellm. 
 Of 24 operas, 20 were in Italian (1770-1800) ; 
 the 4 in German {Der gleichgiiltige Ehemann, 
 Doctor Murner^ Sieg der Liebe iiher die Zauberei^ 
 and Das Laternenfest) were popular. His best 
 work was a cantata. Das Lob der Musik ; he 
 also wrote other cantatas, oratorios, a mass, etc. ; 
 publ. pf.-pieces f. 2 and 4 hands, divertisse- 
 ments f. pf. and violin, etc. Symphonies, a 
 concerto f. 2 pf.s. , etc., are in MS. 
 
 Schiitt, Eduard, b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 22, 
 1856. Pianist ; pupil of Petersen and Stein at 
 the St. P. Cons. ; studied 1876-8 at the Leipzig 
 Cons. ; now conducts the Akademischer Wag- 
 nerverein at Vienna. — Works : Pf. -concerto in 
 G min., op. 7 ; Serenade f. string-orch. ; Var.s 
 f. 2 pf.s ; songs, many pf.-pieces, etc. ; and a 3- 
 act comic opera, Signor Formica (Vienna, 1892 ; 
 mod. succ). 
 
 Schiitz [Sagitta'rius], Heinrich, the most 
 influential German composer of the 17th cen- 
 tury in developing and promoting good church- 
 music, and a worthy forerunner of Bach ; b. 
 Kostritz, Saxony, Oct. 8, 1585 ; d. Dresden, 
 Nov. 6, 1672. In 1599 1^^ became a choir-boy 
 in the court chapel at Kassel, also taking the 
 
 gymnasial course, and entering Marburg Univ. 
 in 1607, at his parents' desire, to study law ; but 
 was sent to Venice in 1609, by Landgrave Mo- 
 ritz of Hesse-Kassel, to study under Giov. Ga 
 brieli, remaining here till after the latter's death 
 in 1612. Returning to Kassel, he became court 
 organist ; in 1617 he was app. Kapellm, to the 
 Elector of Saxony at Dresden, after having 
 acted in that capacity since 1615. He repeat- 
 edly revisited Italy; from 1631, amid the dis- 
 tractions of the 30 Years' War, he made pro- 
 tracted visits to Copenhagen (in 1633-5, 1637-9, 
 and 1642-5), where he officiated as court con- 
 ductor, the Dresden court orch. having been 
 wholly dissolved during 5 years (1633-9), ^°d 
 then reorganized with only ten instrumentalists 
 and singers ; after 1645 it attained the former 
 standard of efficiency. ^Standing at the parting 
 of the ways between Palestrina and Bach, 
 Schiitz was of peculiar importance in German 
 art through having applied the grand Italian 
 choral style, and the new dramatico-monodic 
 style (of Monteverde and his predecessors), to 
 the development of a semi-dramatic church-music 
 which is not merely of historical interest as pre- 
 paring the mightier Bach epoch, but of pleasing 
 and powerful effect at the present day. S. was 
 also the composer of the first German opera, 
 Da/ne, set to Opitz's translation of Rinuccini's 
 libretto (prod. Schloss Hartenfels, n. Torgau, 
 1627, at the wedding of Princess Sophie of Sax- 
 ony), and of a ballet, Orpheus und Eurydice 
 (1638, on the wedding of Johann Georg II. of 
 .Saxony) ; the music of both is lost. The late 
 Carl Riedel did much to awaken appreciation of 
 S.'s merits by publishing and producing "Die 
 7 Worte Christi am Kreuz," and by bringing out 
 other of his works, notably a "Passion" con- 
 sisting of selections from S.'s " Historia des 
 Leidens . . . Jesu Christi" [see bjlow]. 
 Breitkopf & Hartel have publ. a complete edi- 
 tion of S.'s works in i6vol.s ; Vol.s i-xiv edited 
 by Philipp Spitta, Vol.s xv and xvi by his 
 brother Friedrich Spitta. Their contents follow : 
 Vol. I, Die evangelischen Historien und die 
 Sieben Worte Jesu Christi am Kreuz ; the "His- 
 torien" being (i) "Die Historia. des Leidens 
 und Sterbens unsers Heylandes Jesu Christi " 
 (4 Passions after the Evangelists; MS. in the 
 Dresden Library), and (2) "Historia der frBh- 
 lichen und siegreichen Auferstehung unsers 
 einigen Erlosers und Seligmachers Jesu Christi " 
 (first publ. 1623 ; similar to the Passions) ; 
 Vol.s II-III, Mehrchorige Psalmen rait Instru- 
 menten, containing the " Psalmen Davids sampt 
 etlichen Motetten und Concerten mit 8 und 
 mehr Stimmen nebenst anderen zweyen Ca- 
 pellen, dass dero etliche auf 3 und 4 Chor nach 
 Beliebung gebracht werden kbnnen," w. con- 
 tinue (first publ. 1619) ; Vol. IV, Cantiones 
 sacrae a 4 w. continuo ; Vol. V, Symphoniae 
 sacrae. Part I ; Vol. VI, Kleine geistliche Kon- 
 certe a 1-5 ; Vol. VII, Symphoniae sacrae. 
 Part II ; Vol. VIII, sacred choral music, con- 
 taining " Musicalia ad chorum sacrum, das ist 
 
 536 
 
SCHWAB— SCHWENCKE 
 
 geistliche Chorniusik mit 5-7 Stimmen, beides 
 instrumentaliter et vocaliter," w. continuo (1648); 
 Vol. IX, Italienische Madrigale, containing his 
 first publ. work, sent home from Italy, and 
 dedicated to the Landgrave, "II primo libro 
 del Madrigale" (1611 ; 18 madrigals a 5 and a 
 Dialog a 8) ; Vol. X-XI, Symphoniae sacrae, 
 Part III ; Vol. XII-XV, Gesammelte Motetten, 
 Koncerte, Madrigale und Arien ; Vol. XVI, 
 " Psalmen Davids deutsch durch Cornelium 
 Beckern in vier Stimmen gestellt " ; also Index, 
 etc. — Biography of S. by Ph. Spitta in the "All- 
 gemeine deutsche Biographie " ; memorial ora- 
 tion by Fr. Spitta (1886) ; and " Die Passionen 
 nach den 4 Evangelien von Heinr. Schiltz " by 
 Fr. Spitta (1886). 
 
 Schwab, Fran^ois-Marie-Louis, b. Strass- 
 burg, Apr. 18, 1829 ; d. there Sept. 6, 1882. 
 Cond. of the Union musicale, 1871-4 ; mus. ed. 
 of the "Journal d'Alsace." — Works: 3 comic 
 operas (French) ; mass w. full orch. (1859) ; a 
 cantata ; a 'cello-concerto ; other instr.l and 
 vocal comp.s. 
 
 Schwalm, Robert, b. Erfurt, Dec. 6, 1845. 
 Pupil of Pflughaupt, and of the Leipzig Cons. 
 Conductor of mus. societies at Konigsberg. — 
 Works : Opera Frauenlob (Leipzig, 1885) ; male 
 choruses w. orch., Der Gothen Todesgesang, 
 Abendstille am Meere ; oratorio Der Jiingling 
 von Nain ; orch. I serenade, op. 50; string- 
 quartet ; etc. — His brother, 
 
 Schwalm, Oscar, b. Erfurt, Sept. 11, 1856. 
 Pupil 1879-82 at Leipzig Cons, of Wenzel, 
 Reinecke, Paul, and Jadassohn. Manager of 
 Bluthner's branch-establishment at Berlin ; from 
 l886-8, proprietor of Kahnt's publishing-house 
 in Leipzig, selling out to Dr. Paul Simon, and 
 was also critic for the "Tageblatt" and other 
 Leipzig papers. Has comp. an overture to Fit- 
 ger's Konig Drosselbart ; pf.-music, songs, 
 school-songs, etc. 
 
 Schwan'berg, Johann Gottfried, b. Wol- 
 fenbiittel, Dec. 28, 1740 ; d. Brunswick, Apr. 5 
 (Mar. 29?), 1804. Pupil of Latilla and Sara- 
 telli at Venice, and aided by Hasse, whom he 
 took for his model. Court Kapelhn. at Bruns- 
 wick. — Works : 12 Italian operas in imitation of 
 Hasse's style ; cantatas ; pf .-concertos ; violin- 
 concertos ; 3 sonatas f. pf. 
 
 Schwan'tzer, Hugo, b. Oberglogau, Apr. 
 21, 1829 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 15, 1886. Pupil of 
 the Inst, for Church-music at Berlin ; 1852, or- 
 ganist of the Ref. Synagogue, and in 1866 of 
 the new Synagogue ; 1856-69, teacher of org. 
 and pf. at the Stern Cons. Founder of the 
 Schwantzer'sches Cons. — Publ. pieces f. org., 
 pf., and voice ; also a Method f. pf. 
 
 Schwarz, Andreas Gottlob, b. Leipzig, 
 1743 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 26, 1804. Bassoonist, 
 from 1787, in the Berlin court orch.; previously 
 in London, at Lord Abington's concerts. — His 
 son, Christoph Gottlieb, b. Sept. 12, 1768, was 
 also a fine bassoonist ; chamber-musician to the 
 
 Prince of Wales, and 1788-1826 in the Berlin 
 court orch. 
 
 Schwarz, Wilhelm, b. Stuttgart, May 11, 
 1825 ; d. BerUn, Jan. 4, 1878. A theologian 
 and teacher who became a singer and teacher of 
 singing at Hanover and Berlin, introducing a 
 new, but unsuccessful method. — Publ. " System 
 der Gesangskunst nach physiologischen Grund- 
 satzen" (1857), and "Die Musik als Gefuhls- 
 sprache im Verhaltniss zur Stimme und Gesangs- 
 bildung" (i860). — His son, Max, b. Hanover, 
 Dec. I, 1856 ; pupil of Bendel, Billow, and 
 Liszt. Excellent pianist ; from 1880-3 teacher 
 at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort, then founding, 
 with other teachers leaving that inst. after Raff's 
 death, the " Raff" Cons., of which he has been 
 the Director since 1885. 
 
 Schwarz, Bianca. See Bianchi. 
 
 Schwe'dler, (Otto) Maximilian, b. Hirsch- 
 berg, Silesia, Mar. 31, 1853. Excellent flutist, 
 pupil 1869-72 of Fr. Meinel at Dresden. 
 Played in orchestras at Warmbrunn, Meissen, 
 Konigsberg, and Dusseldorf ; called in 188 1 to 
 the Leipzig municipal and Gewandhaus Orch., 
 in which, since Barge's retirement (1895) he is 
 1st flute. Inventor of the " Schwedler flute" 
 (1885), fully descr. in his " ICatechismus der 
 Flote und des Flotenspiels " (Leipzig, 1897) ; 
 the manufacturer, Carl Kruspe, won a gold 
 medal at the Leipzig Industrial Exhib. of 1897. 
 — Works : Transcriptions f. flute. 
 
 Schwei'tzer, Anton, b. Koburg, 1737 ; d. 
 Gotha, Nov. 23, 1787, as Kapellm. Of his 20 
 Singspiele, etc., Elysium, Alceste, Wieland, 
 and Vie Dorfgala, were publ. 
 
 Schwrei'zer, Otto, b. Zurich, May 26, 1846. 
 Sianist ; pupil of Moscheles and Wenzel at 
 Leipzig Cons.; since 1870 in Edinburgh, also 
 teaching the pf. at the Athenaaum School of 
 Music, Glasgow. — ^Works : 2 pf. -suites ; a pf.- 
 sonata ; sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 28 ; Mor- 
 ceaux populaires, op. 37 ; Polonaise brillante ; 
 Romantic Studies ; etc. 
 
 Schwen'cke, Christian Friedrich Gott- 
 lieb, son of the bassoonist Johann Gottlieb S. 
 [1744-1823] ; b. Wachenhausen, Harz, Aug. 31, 
 1767 ; d. Hamburg, Oct. 27, 1822, being C. 
 Ph. E. Bach's successor as town cantor and mus. 
 dir. at the Katharinenkirche. Pupil of Mar- 
 purg and Kirnberger. — Works : Many cantatas, 
 sacred and secular ; 2 oratorios ; church-music ; 
 6 organ-fugues ; 3 violin-sonatas ; pf. -sonatas. 
 He rescored Handel's Messiah and Bach's 
 mass in B minor ; wrote much for the Leipzig 
 " AUgem. Zeitung." 
 
 Sch-wen'cke, Johann Friedrich, son and 
 pupil of preceding ; b. Hamburg, Apr. 30, 
 1792 ; d. there Sept. 28, 1852. From 1829, or- 
 ganist at the Nikolaikirche. — Comp. numerous 
 cantatas ; over 500 preludes and postludes f. 
 organ ; a septet f. 5 'celli, double-bass, and ket- 
 tledrums ; harmonized about 1,000 chorals, and 
 73 Russian folk-songs ; publ. the popular 
 
 537 
 
SCHWENCKE— SECHTER 
 
 " Hamburgisches Choralbuch"; many arrange- 
 ments f. pf. of classic works ; etc. — His 
 brother, 
 
 Schwen'cke, Karl, b. Hamburg, Mar. 7, 
 1797 ; d. (?). Fine pianist, malcing tours to St. 
 Petersburg, Stockholm, and Paris. Settled in 
 Nussdorf , near Vienna. ' Memoirs publ. (par- 
 tially) in the "Hamburger Korrespondent " 
 (1884-5). — Works: Solemn mass (Paris); a sym- 
 phony (Paris Cons., 1843 ; also at Hamburg) ; 
 publ. a violin-sonata, a pf.-sonata f. 4 hands, 
 etc. 
 
 Schwen'cke, Friedrich Gottlieb, son and 
 pupil of Joh. Friedrich S. ; b. Hamburg, Dec. 
 15, 1823 ; d. there June 11, 1896. Virtuoso on 
 the pf. and organ, giving organ-concerts in 
 Paris, 1855 ; succeeded his father in 1852 as 
 organist of the Nikolaikirche, Hamburg. — 
 Works: 3 fantasias f. org., trumpet, trombone, 
 and kettledrums ; sacred songs f. female ch. w. 
 org.; in 1886 he publ. a new and augmented ed. 
 of his father's choral preludes. 
 
 Schyt'te [shtit'te], Ludwig (Theodor), b. 
 Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark, Apr. 28, 1850 [cor- 
 rect date]. Originally a druggist, he embraced 
 music in 1870, studying pf. with Anton Ree and 
 later with Edmund Neupert ; comp. with Ge- 
 bauer and Gade ; finishing under Taubert at 
 Berlin and Liszt at Weimar. From 1887-8 he 
 taught the advanced pf. -classes at Horak's In- 
 stitute, Vienna; is now (1899) residing in Vienna 
 as a concert-pianist, teacher, and composer. — 
 Works (about no publ., nearly all f. pf.) : Op. 
 12, Charakterstucke ; op. 22, Naturstimmungen ; 
 op. 28, pf. -concerto ; op. 30, Pantomimes f. 4 
 hands; op. 35, Danish melodies; op. 52, Swedish 
 songs and dances f. 4 hands ; op. 53, sonata,; 
 op. 61, Bojarentanze f. 4 hands; op. 63, Launen 
 und Fantasien ; pf. -studies, etc. ; about 60 songs ; 
 and many works without opus-number, among 
 them the comic opera Fahrendes Volk (not perf .), 
 and the l-act opera Hero (Copenhagen, i8g8). 
 
 Scontri'no, Antonio, b. Trapani, 1851. Pupil 
 of Platania at Palermo ; lived several years in 
 Milan as teacher and composer ; since 1897, 
 prof, of counterpoint at Florence Cons. — Operas : 
 Matelda (Milan, 1879) ; // Progetiisia, farce, 
 (Rome, 1882); // Soriilegio (Turin, 1883); Grhi- 
 goire, i-act (1890; v. succ. at Padua, 1892); and 
 the succ. 4-act opera seria La Cortigiana (Milan, 
 i8g6). A " Sinfonia marinaresca" was perf. at 
 Naples, 1897, with success. 
 
 Scot'to, Ottaviano, and his son Girolamo, 
 music-printers at Venice from 1536-9 and 1539- 
 73, respectively. The latter publ. in 1551 a book 
 of his own madrigals. 
 
 Scria'bine, Alexander, promising neo-Rus- 
 sian comp.; b. Moscow, Jan. 6 (N. S.), 1872; 
 pupil, at the Cons, there, of Safonoff (pf.), and 
 Taneiev (comp.). Talented pf.-virtuoso, win- 
 ning triumphs on journeys through Switzerland 
 (1895), and Paris, Belgium, and Holland (i8g6), 
 also introducing his own compositions f. pf. : 
 
 Op. I, 3 Morceaux; op. 4, Allegro appassionato; 
 op. 6, sonata; op. 8, 12 etudes; op. 9, Prelude 
 and Nocturne f. left hand alone ; op. 10, 2 
 Impromptus; op. 11, 24, Preludes; op. 18, 
 Allegro de concert ; op. 19, Sonate-Fantaisie 
 No. 2 ; etc. 
 
 Scribe, Eugfene, most prolific of French 
 dramatists, and the writer of over 100 opera- 
 libretti ; b. Paris, Dec. 25, 1791 ; d. there Feb. 
 21, 1861. From his pen were the finest libretti 
 composed by Auber and Meyerbeer: La M-uette, 
 Fra Diavolo, Le Domino noir, L^es Diaviants 
 de la couronne ; — Robert^ Les LIuguenots, Le 
 Prophete, V Africaine. For Boieldieu he wrote 
 La Dame blanche ; for Halevy, Manon Lescaut 
 and La Jidve. These are a few of the best. 
 
 Scude'ri, Salvatore, b. Terranova, Cal- 
 tanisetta, Italy, Jan. 3, 1845. Popular song- 
 composer ; his serenata " Dormi pure " has had 
 great vogue. 
 
 Scu'do, Paolo, writer ; b. Venice, June 8, 
 1806; d. Blois, Oct. 14, 1864. — Publ. "Critique 
 et litterature musicale" (2 parts, 1850, '59); 
 " L'art ancien et moderne . . ."(1854); "D'annee 
 musicale, ou Revue annuelle des theatres lyri- 
 ques et des concerts" (3 vol.s, 1860-2); "La 
 musique en 1862" (1863); a mus. novel " Le 
 chevalier Sarti " (1857; the sequel, " Frede- 
 rique," in the ' ' Revue des Deux Mondes ") ; and 
 articles in periodicals, etc. 
 
 Sebastia'ni, Johann, b. Weimar, 1622. In 
 1661, Kapellm. to the Elector of Brandenburg 
 at Konigsberg. His passion, Das Leiden . . . 
 Jesu Christi (1672), is noteworthy from the devo- 
 tional chorals therein introduced, as in Bach's 
 Passions. He also publ. " Geistliche und welt- 
 liche Lieder" (1675). 
 
 Sebor, Karl [Karel], b. Brandeis, Bohemia, 
 July 18 (Aug. 13 ?), 1843. Studied at Prague 
 Cons.; private pupil of Kittl. From 1864-7, 
 cond. of the National Opera; since 1871, military 
 bandmaster in Vienna. — Works : The Czech 
 operas The Templars in Moravia (1864), Dra- 
 homira (1867), The Hussite's Bride (1868), 
 Blanka {li-jo). The frustrated PVedding {187S), 
 all at Prague; cantatas, symphonies, overtures, a 
 string-quintet, a string-quartet, pf. -pieces, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Sech'ter, Simon, celebrated teacher of coun- 
 terpoint; b. Friedberg, Bohemia, Oct. 11, 1788; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 10, 1867. Pupil of Kozeluch 
 and Hartmann at Vienna ; in 1811, teacher at 
 the Inst, for the Blind ; in 1824 assistant, in 
 1825 ist, court organist ; from 1851, prof, of 
 harmony and comp. at the Vienna Cons. Among 
 his pupils were Dohler, Henselt, Bruckner, Not- 
 tebohm. Otto Bach, Berens, Vieuxtemps, Rufina- 
 tscha, Thalberg, and Pauer. One of the fore- 
 most contrapuntists of the 19th century, he was 
 an indefatigable composer, writing a vast amount 
 of church-music (very little printed), and pub- 
 lishing many fugues, preludes, etc., f. organ (op. 
 1-5, 8, g, 12-15, 17, 20-22, 48, 50, 52, 56, 61), 
 
 538 
 
SEELING— SEIFRIZ 
 
 several intricate pf.-pieces (op. 13, Dances in 
 counterpoint; op. 62, 12 Contrapuntal pieces; 
 op. 76, Prose and Music ; op. 55, 4 books [24 
 numbers] of amusing Fugues f. 4 hands on 
 national and operatic airs ; etc.) ; 2 string- 
 quartets (No. 2 is " Die 4 Temperamente ") ; 
 the burlesque opera AH Hitsch-Hatsch (1844) ; 
 songs, etc. His magnum opus is the valuable 
 treatise " Die Grundsatze der musikalischen 
 Composition " (3 vol.s, 1853, '54), on the lines of 
 Rameau's basse fondamentale. He also publ. a 
 " Generalbass-Schule," and a new ed. of Mar- 
 purg's " Abhandlung von der Fuge." 
 
 See'ling, Hans [HanuS], b. Prague, 1828 ; 
 d. there May 26, 1862. Pianist of great techni- 
 cal ability and admirable style ; went to Italy in 
 1852, where he made his debut ; thence to the 
 East, again to Italy, in Paris (1859), then making 
 Germany his home. Many brilliant pieces (op. 
 10, 12, Concert-studies; op. 2, Loreley; etc.). 
 
 Se'ger(t), Joseph, b. Repin, Bohemia, Mar. 
 21, 1716; d. Apr. 22, 1782, at Prague, as or- 
 ganist of the Kreuzherrenkirche. Excellent 
 organist and teacher ; taught by Czernohorsky 
 and Fr. Benda at Prague ; among his pupils were 
 Kozeluch, Maschek, Mysliweczek, etc. — Publ. 
 8 Toccatas and Fugues f . org. ; many masses, 
 psalms, etc., are in MS. 
 
 Seghers, Frangois-Jean-Baptiste, b. Brus- 
 sels, Jan. 17, 1801 ; d. Margency, n. Paris, Feb. 
 2, 1881. Violinist, pupil of Gensse and Baillot 
 (Paris Cons.); founded the Socie'te Ste.-Cecile in 
 1848, and cond. it till 1854. 
 
 Segond, L. A., a physician at Paris; took 
 singing-lessons of Manuel Garcia, and publ. 
 "Hygiene du chanteur. Influence du chant 
 sur I'economie animale. Causes principales de 
 I'affaiblissement de la voix et du developpe- 
 ment de certaines maladies chez les chanteurs. 
 Moyens de prevenir ces maladies " (1846) ; and 
 " Meraoires pour servir i I'histoire anatomique 
 et physiologique de la phonation" (1859; lec- 
 tures at the Academic). 
 
 Sei'bert, Louis, b. Cleeberg, n. Wiesbaden, 
 May 22, 1833. Teacher of pf. at Wiesbaden 
 Cons.; comp. of orch.land chamber-music, male 
 choruses, etc. 
 
 Sei'del, Friedrich Ludwig, b. Treuen- 
 brietzen, Brandenburg, June I, 1765 ; d. Char- 
 lottenburg, May 5, 1831. Pupil of Benda at 
 Berlin, and organist of the Marienkirche ; 1801, 
 asst.-cond. at the National-Theater; 1808, mus. 
 dir. of the Royal orch.; 1822, court Kafellm. — 
 Works ; The operas y>rj/ und Bdtely, Der Dor f- 
 harbier (1817), Lila (1818); incid. music to 
 dramas ; an oratorio, Die Unsterblichkeit (i797); 
 masses, motets, songs, pf.-music. 
 
 Sei'del, Johann Julius, b. Breslau, July 14, 
 1810; d. there Feb. 13, 1856. Org. at St. 
 Christopher's Ch. — Publ. "Die Orgel und ihr 
 Bau" (1843 ; new ed.s '75, '87), a clear and con- 
 cise handbook. 
 
 Seidl, Anton, eminent conductor; b. Pesth, 
 May 7, 1850; d. New York, Mar. 28, 18 
 Pupil of Leipzig 
 Cons. 1870-2; then 
 eng. by Hans Richter 
 as chorusmaster at 
 the Vienna Opera 
 Richter recom- 
 mended him to Wag- 
 ner, to assist in pre- 
 paring the score and 
 parts of the Nibelung 
 Trilogy ; S. worked 
 in Bayreuth till 1879, 
 when he acted for a 
 short time as 
 Kapcllm. at the Leip- 
 zig City Th.; but in the same year Angelo Neu- 
 mann eng. him for his great Wagner tournee, 
 continuing until 1883. From 1883-5 S. cond. 
 the Bremen Opera ; here he met and married the 
 soprano singer Frl. Krauss. In 1885 he was 
 eng. at New York by Walter Damrosch and E. 
 C. Stanton to cond. opera in the Metropolitan 
 Opera House, a post occupied until the reaction 
 (1891-2) to Italian opera. In 1895 he again 
 cond. a supplementary season of German opera, 
 and was regularly eng. for 1896-7; also cond. 
 the Philharm. Orch. and the Sunday Night Con- 
 certs, and made tours with his orch. In 1897 he 
 conducted at Covent Garden, London. To fore- 
 stall offers from the Continent a movement was 
 started, shortly before S.'s death, to raise a fund 
 for a permanent concert- and opera-orch. in New 
 York. — S. was par excellence a Wagner con- 
 ductor, and, as such, enjoyed great authority; 
 he was one of the cond.s at the Bayreuth Festival 
 in 1886 and 1897. 
 
 Seidl, Arthur, b. Munich, June 8, 1863. 
 Pupil of the R. School of Music at Ratisbon ; 
 studied with Paul, Stade, Spitta, and Beller- 
 mann ; Dr. phil. , Leipzig, 1887 (valuable dis- 
 sertation ' ' Vom .. Musikalisch-Erhabenen. Pro- 
 legomena zur Asthetik der Tonkunst"); also 
 publ. "Zur Geschichte des Erhabenheitsbegriffs 
 seit Kant" (1889). Living in Dresden. 
 
 Sei'fert, Uso, b. Rbmhild, Thuringia, Feb. 
 9, 1852. Pupil of WiiUner, Blassmann, Merkel, 
 Nicode, and Rischbieter, at Dresden Cons.; 
 now teacher there, and organist of the Reformed 
 Church. — Works : A popular Method f . pf . ; 
 numerous pf.-pieces (Capriccietto, Valse-Im- 
 promptu, Polacca graziosa, Polonaise, a grand 
 etude "Ohne Rast, ohne Ruh'"; etc.); songs. 
 Has edited classic instructive works. 
 
 Sei'friz, Max, b. Rottweil, Wilrttemberg, 
 Oct. 9, 1827; d. Stuttgart, Dec. 20, 1885. 
 Violinist; pupil of Taglichsbeck ; 1854-69, court 
 Kapellm. to Prince HohenzoUern at Lbwen- 
 berg; from 1871, mus. dir. at Stuttgart. — Works: 
 Incid. music to Die Jungfrau von Orleans; 
 concert-cantata Ariadne auf Naxos; a sym- 
 phony ; choruses f . male and mixed voices. 
 
 539 
 
SEILER— SENFF 
 
 op. 10, Studies in 
 
 Sei'ler, Joseph, b. LUgde, u. Pyrmont, Jan. 
 15, 1823 ; d. May2g, 1877, as organist of the Mo- 
 ritzkirche at Munster. Pupil of Reissiger and 
 Joh. Schneider at Dresden. Masses, etc., in 
 MS. ; articles in inus. periodicals. 
 
 Seiss, Isidor (Wilhelm), b. Dresden, Dec. 
 23, 1840. Pianist, pupil of Fr. Wieck and J. 
 Otto, also 1858-60 of 
 Hauptmann at Leip- 
 zig. Since 1871, pf.- 
 teacher at Cologne 
 Cons. ; title of ' ' Pro- 
 fessor," 1878. Con- 
 ducts the concerts of 
 the "Musikalische 
 Gesellschaft." Excel- 
 lent pianist of classi- 
 cal leanings, admira- 
 ble interpreter of 
 Mozart ; successful 
 teacher and com- 
 poser. — Works : Op. 
 7 and 9, Clavier- 
 stilcke ; op. 8, sonatinas ; 
 
 bravura ; op. 12, Preludes ; fine arr.s of Beet- 
 hoven's Contredanses and Danses allemandes ; 
 revision of Weber's E \) Concerto ; also a 
 " Feierliche Scene und Marsch" f. orch. (orig.). 
 
 Seitz, Robert, b. Leipzig, Apr. 8, 1837 ; d. 
 there Sept. 26, 1S89. Music-publisher, 1866- 
 78, then selling out, and establishing a piano- 
 factory, which failed in 1884, when his interest- 
 ing paper, " Das musikalische Centralblatt," 
 ceased to appear. 
 
 Seitz, Friedrich [Fritz], b. Gunthersleben, 
 n. Gotha, June 12, 1848. Violinist, pupil of Uhl- 
 rich ; since 1884, leader of the Dessau court orch. 
 
 S6jan, Nicolas, b. Paris, Mar. 19, 1745 ; d. 
 there Mar. 16, 1819. Famous organist, pupil of 
 Forqueray. Org. of St.-Andre-des-Arts in 1760, 
 of Notre-Dame in 1772 (w. Daquin, Couperin, 
 and Balbatre), of St.-Sulpice in 1783 ; in 1789, 
 of the royal chapel, and teacher at the " Ecole 
 royale de chant." Lost his posts in the Revo- 
 lution, but in 1807 became org. at the Invalides, 
 and in 1814 of the royal chapel. — Publ. 6 vio- 
 lin-sonatas, pf. -sonatas, 3 pf.-trios, and music f. 
 pf. and organ. 
 
 Selby, Bertram Luard, b. in Kent, Engl., 
 Feb. 12, 1853. Organist of Salisbury Cath. , 
 1881-3 ; now (1899) of St. Barnabas, Pimlico, 
 London. — Works ; 2 operas, TAe Ring (1886) 
 and .<4</^/a (Nottingham, 1888) ; music to Helena 
 in Troas (London, 1886) ; a i-act operetta 
 (" duologue ") Weather or no (London, Aug. 10, 
 1896 ; in Berlin as Das JVetterhduschen^ Nov., 
 1896 ; V. succ.) ; a school-cantata, The Waits of 
 Bremen; church-music; part-songs; songs; 
 Idyl f. orch.; 2 pf. -quintets ; Sonata and Suite 
 f. violin and pf. ; Suite f. pf. ; sonatas, etc., f. 
 organ. 
 
 Seligraann, Hippolyte-Prosper, b. Paris, 
 July 28, 1817 ; d. Monte Carlo, Feb. 5, 1882. 
 
 Fine 'cellist, pupil of Norblin at the Cons., tak- 
 ing 1st prize in 1836. Long concert-tours. — 
 Publ. 6 etudes caracteristiques, divertissements, 
 fantaisies, caprices, etc., f. 'cello w. pf. ; and 2 
 albums of songs. 
 
 Sel'le, Thomas, b. Zorbig, Saxony, Mar. 
 23, 1599 ; d. Hamburg, July 2, 1663, as cathe- 
 dral-cantor, and mus. dir. of the 5 principal 
 churches. — Publ. " Concertatio Castalidum " 
 (1624, church-concertos a 3); " Deliciae pas- 
 torum Arcadiae " (1624 ; secular songs a 3) ; 
 " Hagio-decamelydria, oder 10 geistliche Con- 
 certlein " a 1-4(1631); " Monophonia harmo- 
 nica latina," 15 " concentus ecclesiastic! " a 2-3 
 (1633)1 "Concentus" a 2, w. b. cont. (1634); 
 " Decas prima amorum musicalium "33 (1635) ; 
 ' ' Concentuum trivocalium germanico-sacrorum 
 pentas " (1635) ; "Concentuum latino-sacrorum " 
 a 2, 4, and 5, w. b. cont. (1646, '51) ; etc. 
 
 Sell'ner, Joseph, b. Landau, Bavaria, Mar. 
 13. 1787 ; d. Vienna, May 17, 1843. Oboe-vir- 
 tuoso in an Austrian regiment, and from 1811 at 
 Prague in Weber's orch.; from i8i7at the Court 
 Opera, Vienna, teaching at the Cons, from 1821, 
 and cond. the student-concerts. His " Theo- 
 retisch-praktische Oboen-Schule " is still consid- 
 ered the best method for oboe ; he also publ. a 
 concerto and 3 concertinos f . oboe w. orch. ; a 
 concerto f . 2 oboes ; a quartet f . oboe and strings ; 
 an Introd. and Polonaise f. oboe and orch.; 
 etc. 
 
 Sem'brich, Marcellb [real name Praxede 
 Marcelline Kochanska; Sembrich was her 
 mother's maiden-name], remarkable soprano 
 (coloratura) ; b. Wisnewczyk, Galicia, Feb. 15, 
 1858. Piano-pupil (later the wife) of Wilhelm 
 Stengel at the Lemberg Cons. ; then a pupil of 
 Epstein at Vienna ; studied singing one year 
 (1875-6) under Victor Rokitansky, and 8 months 
 with G. B. Lamperti, Jr., at Milan, making her 
 debut in May, 1877, at Athens, in / Puritani. 
 She now studied German opera at Berlin with 
 the horn-player Richard Lewy, was eng. for 18 
 months at the Dresden Court Th. , and from 
 June, 1880, for 5 seasons at London, also mak- 
 ing tours of the Continent and (1883-4) ™ 
 America. During the summer of 1884 she had 
 further lessons with Francesco Lamperti, Sr. 
 She has made Dresden her home since 1889. 
 In i8g8-igoo she revisited the United States 
 with the Grau opera-troupe. 
 
 Semet, Th^ophile (-Aimfi-Emile), b. Lille, 
 Sept. 6, 1824; d. Corbeil, n. Paris, Apr. 15, 
 1888. Pupil of Halevy ; drummer at the Opera. 
 — Operas : Les nuits d'Espagne, La Demoiselle 
 d'honnettr^ Gil Blas^ Ondine^ La petite Fadette 
 (1869) ; generally successful. 
 
 Senesino. See Bernardi, Francesco. 
 
 Senff, Bartholf, b. Friedrichshall, n. Ko- 
 burg, Sept. 2, 1818 ; d. Leipzig, Sept. 25, 1895. 
 Founder of the Leipzig music-piiblishing house 
 (1850), also of the weekly " Signale fur die mu- 
 
 540 
 
SENFL— SERVAIS 
 
 sikalische Welt,'' edited by himself with great 
 tact and acumen. 
 
 Senfl (or Senffl, Senfel), Ludwig, eminent 
 contrapuntist ; b. Basel-Augst, 1492 ; d. Mu- 
 nich about 1555. Pupil and successor of Hein- 
 rich Isaak, the Kapellm. (" symphonista regis") 
 of the Imperial Chapel. Some time after the 
 death of Maximilian I. he became court cond. 
 at Munich. — Publ. works: "5 Salutationes 
 Domini nostri Hiesu Christi," motets a 4 (1526) ; 
 " Magnificat 8 tonorum " a 4-5 (1532) ; " Varia 
 carminum genera, quibus turn Horatius turn 
 alii," a 4 (1534). 8 Odes are in P. Hofhaimer's 
 " Harmoniae poeticae " (1539); single comp.s 
 in coU.s of the period (cf. Eitner's " Biblio- 
 graphie," also Vol. iv of the " Gesellschaft fur 
 Musikforschung "). Many MSS. in the Munich 
 Library. 
 
 Sen'krah, recte Hark'nes, Arma Leoretta, 
 b. New York, June 6, 1864. Excellent violin- 
 ist, pupil of Arno Hilf at Leipzig, Wieniawski 
 at Brussels, and of Massart at the Paris Cons., 
 1881, winning ist prize ; very successful concert- 
 tours since 1882. Married Herr Hoffmann, a 
 Weimar lawyer, in 1888. 
 
 Serafi'no, Santo, celebrated violin-maker at 
 Venice, 1730-45. His instr.s, after models by 
 Stainer and Amati, are very valuable ; they bear 
 the label " Sanctus Seraphin Utinensis fecit 
 Venetijs, Anno 17 — ". — His nephew Gregorio 
 worked about the same period. 
 
 Seras'si, celebrated Italian family of organ- 
 builders at Bergamo. The founder of the busi- 
 ness was Giuseppe {il vecchio), b. Gordano, 
 1694 ; d. Crema, 1760. His son Andrea Luigi, 
 b. 1725, carried on the work till his death in 
 1799 ; he built the cathedral-organs at Crema, 
 Parma, and Fossano. — Giuseppe {il giovane), 
 b. Bergamo, Nov. 16, 1750 ; d. there May 13, 
 1817, upheld -the fame of the firm, and built 
 many organs in Lombardy ; his catalogue of 
 1815 enumerates 345 instr.s. He also publ. a 
 description of the new organ at Como (1808), 
 with a short history of the organ, and good rules 
 for registration, and a pamphlet " Sugli organi. 
 Lettere " (1816). The catalogue publ. in 1852 
 by his sons. Carlo and Giuseppe, shows a total 
 of 654 organs constructed. 
 
 Se'ring, Friedrich Wilhelra, b. Fursten- 
 walde, n. Frankfort-on-Oder, Nov. 26, 1822 ; 
 from 1871 head-teacher in the Seminary at 
 Strassburg, where he organized a Gesangverein. 
 — Publ. works : Oratorio Christi Eitizug in 
 Jerusalem ; Advent cantata ; Psalm 72 f . mixed 
 ch. w. pf. ; male choruses (the " Hohenzollern- 
 lied"); a " Gesanglehre fur Volksschulen " ; 
 " Die Choralfiguration, theoretisch-praktisch " ; 
 and an elementary violin-method. 
 
 Sermisy, Claude de, called Claudin {not 
 Claudin Lejeune], from about 1530-60 vi. de 
 chap, to Francois I. and Henri IL of France. 
 —Publ. " Missae III 4 voc." (1583) ; other 
 masses, motets, and chansons are in the coll.s 
 
 of Attaignant, Duchemin, of Berg and Neuber 
 (" Thesaurus musicus "), and of Gardane (" Mo- 
 tetti del frutto" and " Canzoni francesi"). 
 
 Se'rov [Sje'rofT], Alexander Nikolaje- 
 vitch, b. St. Petersburg, May 11, 1820; d. 
 there Jan. 20 (O. S.), 1871. He had lessons in 
 'cello-playing from Carl Schuberth, but was a 
 lawyer by profession, and held a government 
 office in the Crimea when, in 1850, he turned 
 wholly to music, beginning as a critic of ad- 
 vanced views, and an adherent of Wagner ; he 
 twice attempted to establish a paper ; and publ. 
 essays on Russian Folk-song in the " Moszkva " 
 and the " Musical Season." After his debut as 
 a dramatic composer, in 1863, with the grand 
 o^tra. Judith, the Czar granted him a pension ; 
 his grand opera Rogneda (1865) had equal good 
 fortune, and he commenced the composition of 
 two other dramatic works, Taras Bulba and 
 Wakula, the Smith, both of which, however, he 
 left unfinished in his zeal to complete the opera 
 Wrazyia siela ("The power of the enemy ") in 
 5 acts ; death overtook him while the fifth 
 act was still incomplete (it was scored by Solo- 
 viev, and prod. Apr. 19, 1871, becoming ex- 
 tremely popular). S. followed Wagner's exam- 
 ple in writing his own libretti ; as a national 
 composer he ranks next to Glinka in Russian 
 estimation. He also comp. Schiller's Glocke, 
 an Ave Maria (written 1868 for Adelina Patti), 
 and a Stabat Mater. In 1865 he lectured at the 
 Univ. of Moscow on mus. history; and in 1859 
 and 1864 at the Univ. of St. Petersburg on mus. 
 theory and dramatic composition. 
 
 Serpette, (Henri-Charles-Antoine-) Gas- 
 ton, b. Nantes, Nov. 4, 1846. Pupil of Ambr. 
 Thomas at the Paris Cons. 1868-71, taking the 
 1st Grand prix de Rome with his czxAsX-a. Jeanne 
 dArc. Since 1874, when his first stage-piece, 
 the 3-act opera-bouffe La Branche cass^e, was 
 prod, at the Bouffes-Parisiens, he has brought 
 out some 30 operettas and similar light dramatic 
 works, among them Cendrillonette (i8go). La 
 dot de Brigitte (1895), and Le Carillon (1896). 
 
 Serra'o, Paolo, b. Filadelfia, Catanzaro, in 
 1S30. Pupil, at the Naples Cons., of Lanza, 
 Parisi, Conti, and Mercadante, and wrote his 
 first opera, L'lnifostore, for the Teatro del 
 Fondo in 1852, but political troubles prevented 
 its production, and also that of a second ; not 
 until 1857 did he succeed in bringing out Per- 
 golesi (at the same theatre), followed by La 
 Duchessa di Guisa (1865) and // Figliuol pro- 
 digo (1868). He has also composed an oratorio, 
 Gli Ortancsi in Scio ; a Requiem ; a funeral 
 symphony, " Omaggio a Mercadante " ; a mass. 
 Magnificat, Te Deum, and " Le tre ore d'ago- 
 nia," for chorus and orch. ; an overture, pf.- 
 pieces, etc. Since 1863, prof, of composition at 
 the Naples Cons. 
 
 Servais, Adrien-Frangois, b. Hal, near 
 Brussels, June 6, 1807 ; d. there Nov. 26, 1866. 
 Remarkable violoncellist ; pupil of his father, 
 
 541 
 
SEYDELMANN— SHARPE 
 
 and later, at the Brussels Cons. , of Platel. After 
 playing 3 years in the theatre-orch., he made his 
 debut as a concert-player at Paris, 1834, with 
 brilliant success ; played at the Philharm. Con- 
 certs in London, studied another year at home, 
 and then toured the Continent for 12 years, even 
 reaching Siberia. He was app. prof, at the Brus- 
 sels Cons, in 1848, and formed many distinguished 
 pupils. Was also soloist to the King. — Works : 
 3 concertos and 16 fantasias f. 'cello w. orch.; 6 
 etudes f. 'cello w. pf. (with Gregoir) ; 14 duos 
 f. do. ; 3 duos f . violin and 'cello (w. Leonard) ; 
 I do. f. do. (w. Vieuxtemps). — His son, Joseph, 
 b. Hal, Nov. 23, 1850, d. there Aug. 29, 1885, 
 was his father's pupil on the 'cello, and a fine 
 performer; from 1869-70 a member of the Wei- 
 mar orch. ; later prof, at the Brussels Cons. 
 
 Sey'delmann, Franz, b. Dresden, Oct. 8, 
 1748 ; d. there Oct. 23, 1806. Son and pupil of 
 a player in the court orch., which he joined as a 
 youth ; studied in Italy 1765-70 at the Elector's 
 expense, with Schuster and Naumann. In 1772 
 both he and his father were app. composers of 
 church-music to the Elector, later both became 
 conductors at the court church (with Naumann 
 and Schiirer), cembalists at the Ital. opera, and 
 (1787) Kapellm. — Works (in MS. at Dresden) : 
 7 Ital. operas, 36 masses, a Requiem, 40 psalms, 
 37. offertories, cantatas, duets, songs, etc. — 
 Publ. : The opera Die schone Arsene (in pf.- 
 score) ; some numbers from the operas // Capric- 
 cio corretio and La villanella di Misnia ; 6 pf.- 
 sonatas f. 4 hands ; 3 f. pf. solo ; 3 flute-sona- 
 tas ; 3 violin-sonatas. 
 
 Sey'ffarth, Ernst Hermann, b. Krefeld, 
 May 6, 1859. Pupil of the Cologne Cons, and 
 the Berlin Hochschule (Kiel) ; since 1892, cond. 
 of the Neuer Singverein, Stuttgart. — Works ; 
 Dram, scene Thusnelda ; " Trauerfeier beim 
 Tode einer Jungfrau"; symphony in D; var.s 
 f. orch.; violin-sonata; a pf.-sonata (op. i) ; a 
 song-cycle " Vom Schwarzwald zum Rhein " 
 (op. 2) ; a patriotic concert-cantata (op. 25) Atis 
 Deutschlands gj'osser Zeit^ i. 4 solo voices, 
 mixed ch., male ch. , and orch. (organ ad lib.) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Sey'fried, Ignaz Xaver, Ritter von, b. Vi- 
 enna, Aug. 15, 1776; d. there Aug. 27, 1841. 
 After piano-lessons with Mozart and Kozeluch, 
 he renounced the study of law, and took up 
 composition under Albrechtsberger and von 
 Winter. From 1797, Kapellm. at Schikaneder's 
 theatre, then at the new Theater an der Wien 
 until 1S28. A prolific, but not original, com- 
 poser (about 60 operas, melodramas, ballets, 
 etc. ; oratorios, masses, Requiems, motets, etc. ; 
 symphonies, quartets, pf. -music). He published 
 Beethoven's exercises in thorough-bass, cpt. , 
 and comp. (1832) ; edited a complete edition 
 of Albrechtsberger'S theoretical works, also 
 Preindl's ditto as " Wiener Tonschule " (1832; 
 from thorough-bass to fugue). 
 
 Sgamba'ti, Giovanni, b. Rome, May 18, 
 
 1843. Pianist ; pupil of Aldega, Barbieri, and 
 Natalucci ; played in public at 6, sang in church 
 and conducted small 
 orchestras. Hispia- 
 nistic education was 
 finished under Liszt 
 at Rome. S. now 
 gave orch. 1 concerts, 
 producing German 
 masterpieces, con- 
 ducting Liszt' s 
 "Dante" symphony 
 and Beethoven's 
 " Eroica" in 1866, 
 also successfully 
 bringing out a pf.- 
 quartet of his own. 
 Later he made con- 
 cert-tours in Italy and Germany ; was app. in 
 1877 head-teacher of pf. at the new music-school 
 annexed to the Accad. di S. Cecilia in Rome. 
 S. is a fine conductor, and founded in 1896 the 
 " Nuova Societa Musicale Romana." He was 
 an ardent admirer of Wagner, who reciprocated 
 the feeling, and recommended S.'s works to 
 the publishers Schott at Mayence. They are 
 strongly influenced by Germanic tendencies. — 
 Works : Requiem mass f. soli, ch., and orch. 
 (1896) ; 3 symphonies ; overtures ; pf. -concerto 
 in G rain. (op. 15) ; an octet ; 2 pf.-quintets (op. 
 4, 5) ; a string-quartet (op. 17) ; Suite f. pf. (op. 
 21) ; many pf.-pieces (5 Nocturnes [No. 5 is op. 
 31] ; Prelude and Fugue, op. 6 ; 2 etudes, op. 
 10 ; 8 " Fogli volanti," op. 12 ; Gavotta, op. 14 ; 
 Pieces lyriques ; Vecchio Minuetto ; etc.). 
 
 Shakespeare, William, tenor singer and 
 celebrated vocal teacher; b. Croydon, Engl., 
 June 16, 1849. Choir-boy, and at 13 organist, 
 in a church ; pupil 1862-5 'u composition of 
 Molique ; in 1866 he won the King's scholarship 
 at the R. A. M., studying there under Bennett. 
 Elected Mendelssohn Scholar in 1871 for pf.- 
 playing and composition (a pf. -concerto, pf.-trio, 
 pf.-sonata. Caprice f. pf. w. orch.) ; went to 
 Leipzig for study under Reinecke, and in 1872 
 repaired to Milan for the cultivation of his fine 
 tenor voice. From 1875, concert- and oratorio- 
 singer in England ; in 1878, prof, of singing at 
 the R. A. M.; in 1880, cond. of the concerts 
 there (resigned 1886). Has won high reputation 
 as a singing-teacher. His corap.s show the in- 
 fluence of Mendelssohn and Bennett ; besides 
 the above, he has written a " dramatic " overture 
 (1874), other overtures, a symphony, 2 string- 
 quartets. 
 
 Sharpe, Herbert Francis, b. Halifax, York- 
 shire, Mar. I, 1861. Queen's Scholar at the 
 N. T. S. M., succeeding Eugen d'Albert. Gave 
 many pf. -concerts in England ; app. prof, at 
 R. C. M., 1884; Examiner, 1890.— Works : 
 Part-songs, songs, many pf.-pieces ; chamber- 
 music ; "Pianoforte School" (w. Stanley 
 Lucas). In MS., a 3-act comic opera, an over- 
 ture, Romance f. 2 pf.s ; etc. 
 
 542 
 
SHAW— SHERWOOD 
 
 Shaw, Oliver, a blind singer ; b. Middle- 
 boro', Mass.; d. 1848. He was a singing- 
 teacher, and a composer of popular psalm-tunes 
 and ballads, which he sang in public ; some fa- 
 vorites were "Mary's Tears," "The Inspira- 
 tion," " Sweet little Ann," and " The Death of 
 Perry. ■■ 
 
 Shedlock, John South, b. Reading, Eng- 
 land, 1843. Graduate, B.A., of London Univ., 
 1864. Pupil of E. Lubeck (pf.)and Lalo(comp. ; 
 at Paris). Teacher and concert-giver in London 
 till 1879, when he became critic for the " Acad- 
 emy," since then devoting himself chiefly to writ- 
 ing. Has also lectured at the R. A. M. Has 
 publ. articles on Beethoven's sketch-books in the 
 " Mus. Times" (1892) ; an account of a copy of 
 Cramer's studies, with notes by Beethoven, dis- 
 covered by S. in Berlin, 1893 ; " The Pianoforte 
 Sonata, Its Origin and Development " (London, 
 1895) ; edited Kuhnau's " Biblical Sonatas" in 
 1895, playing them at the R. A. M. in 1896 to il- 
 lustrative lectures by E. F. Jacques ; transl. Rie- 
 mann's " Lexikon" into English ; has comp. a 
 string-quartet, a Romance and Scherzino f. pf., 
 etc. 
 
 Shelley, Harry Ro-we, b. New Haven, Conn. , 
 June 8, 1858. St. at Yale College under Gustav 
 J. Stoeckel ; in _ 
 
 New York with 
 Dudley Buck, 
 Vogrich, and 
 Dvorak — 17 years 
 in all. Has been 
 organist, succes- 
 sively, in the 
 First Church, 
 New Haven, Dr. 
 Storrs ' C h . , 
 Brooklyn, and the 
 Fifth Av. Bapt. 
 Ch., New York. 
 Is at present 
 (iSgg) in charge 
 of classes in theory and composition at the Met- 
 ropolitan College, N. Y. — Publ. works : Songs, 
 ballads, duets, mixed and male choruses; The 
 Inheritance Divine, sacred cantata f. soli, ch., 
 and organ ; Te Deums, and much other church- 
 music; orch.lsuite, " Souvenir de Baden-Baden " 
 (publ. in 4-hand pf.-arr.); — f. pf. solo, a Dance 
 of Egyptian Maidens, Evening Prayer, Ro- 
 mance, March of the Centuries, Melodic Moment 
 (set of 8 pieces); — f. organ, the coll. s "Gems 
 for the Organ," "The Modern Organist," "loi 
 Interludes for Organ," also organ-pieces and 
 transcriptions. Has also vfritten 2 symphonies 
 (the first, E \), perf. N. Y., 1897), violin-concerto 
 (perf. 1891), cantata " Vexilla Regis" (perf. 
 N. Y., 1894), and orchestral pieces. 
 
 Shepard.Thomas Griffin, b. Madison, Conn. , 
 Apr. 23, 1848. Pupilof G. W. and J. P. Morgan. 
 Organist, in New Haven, of Christ Ch. (3 years). 
 Centre Congr. Ch. (14 years). Trinity P. E. Ch. 
 (6 years), and Church of the Redeemer (from 
 
 1888 till date, 1899); since 1873, mus. instructor 
 of the Yale Glee Club ; was for some years cond. 
 of the New Haven Oratorio Soc. , a chorus of about 
 600, giving many standard vvorks w. large orch. ; 
 is also director of the Apollo Club (male voices). 
 Teacher of theory, organ, and vocal style ; mus. 
 critic and correspondent. — Works (all publ.): 
 Pennikeese, or Cuisine and Cupid, comic opera 
 (pf.-score publ.); a Christmas cantata. The Word 
 made Flesh; numerous anthems, offertories, 
 sacred songs, etc. 
 
 Shepard, Frank Hartson, b. Bethel, Conn., 
 Sept. 20, 1863. Pupil of Eugene Thayer, 
 Boston, in organ, pf. and theory. 1881-6 or- 
 ganist in various towns (1885 of Trinity Ch., 
 Cleveland, O., where he organized a boy-choir); 
 from 1886-90 at Leipzig, studying under Zwint- 
 scher, Schreck, Homeyer, Jadassohn, Reinecke, 
 Paul, and Torsleff, also organist of the English 
 Chapel in 1888. Establ. the " Shepard Sch. of 
 Music" at Orange, N. J., in 1891 ; is organist 
 and mus. dir. at Grace Ch., Orange. — Works: 
 ' ' Piano Touch and Scales " ; " Church Music and 
 Choir Training "; " How to Modulate "; " Har- 
 mony Simplified"; "Children's Harmony"; 
 Method f. pf. — S.'s theory of the "Attendant 
 Chords," developed in "How to Modulate" 
 and " Harm. Simpl.," is original and interesting. 
 
 Sherwood, Edgar Harmon, pianist and 
 comp.; b. Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1845. In- 
 tended for a medical career, he served in the 
 Union Army 1862-5, and then chose music as 
 his profession. After teaching and writing in 
 Dansville, N. Y., Chicago, and New York, he 
 settled in Rochester, N. Y., as pianist and 
 teacher. In 1895, Nat.l Mus. Dir. of the ' ' Union 
 Veterans' Union." Has publ. over 100 comp.s 
 f. pf. and f. voice ; best-known are a descriptive 
 fantasia, " The Nun and the Fountain "; Grand 
 Minuet in Ab; "The Dreamer" (march-elegy 
 on Gottschalk); " Souvenir de Montmorenci"; 
 ' ' Footsteps in the Snow " ; ' ' Anemone " ; " L'heu- 
 reux retour " (grand concert-duet) ; songs. 
 
 Sherwood, William Hall, distinguished 
 pianist and teacher; b. Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 31, 
 1 854. Son and pupil 
 of Rev. L. H. Sher- 
 wood, the founder of 
 Lyons Mus. Acad! ; 
 St. further with 
 Heimburger, Py- 
 chowski, and Dr. 
 W. Mason ; then 5 
 years in Europe 
 under Th. KuUak, 
 Weitzmann, Wuerst, 
 and Deppe (Berlin), 
 Richter (Leipzig), 
 Karl Doppler and 
 Scotson Clark (Stuttgart), and Liszt (Weimar) ; 
 gave successful concerts at Berlin, etc.; returned 
 1876 to the United States, and played in New 
 York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and else- 
 where, settling in Boston as teacher at the New 
 
 543 
 
SHERWOOD— SIEGEL 
 
 Engl. Cons. Some years later he went to New 
 York, and in 1889 to Chicago, where he was 
 head of the pf.-section of the Cons, until he 
 founded, in 1897, the independent "Sherwood 
 Piano School." Eminent concert-pianist ; has 
 played in all parts of the United States. Mem- 
 ber of the A. C. M., and Examiner for pf.' — In 
 1887 he married his pupil. Miss Estella F. 
 Adams, who is also a fine pianist. — Publ. works 
 f. pf. : Op. 1-4, Pieces ; op. 5, Suite of 5 pieces ; 
 op. 6, 2 Mazurkas ; op. 7, Scherzo in E ; op. 8, 
 Romanza appassionata ; op. g, Scherzo-Caprice ; 
 op. 10, Gypsy Dance; op. 12, Allegro patetico; 
 op. 13, Medea; op. 14, Suite of 5 pieces. 
 
 Sherwood, Percy, b. Dresden (of English 
 parentage), May 23, 1866. Pupil of Hermann 
 Scholtz (pf.); later, at Dresden Cons., of B. 
 Roth (pf.) and Draeseke (comp.). He is a 
 concert-pianist and, since iSgo, teacher of pf. 
 and score-reading at the Dresden Cons. Was 
 for a time cond. of the " Neustadter Chorgesang- 
 verein." — Works: Op. i, ten Miniatures f. pf. ; 
 op. 2, 6 Lieder ; op. 3, 8 Waltzes f. pf. 4 hands; 
 op. 4, Kleine Skizzen f. pf. ; op. 5, Kleine 
 Poesien f . pf. ; op. 6, Barcarole ; op. 7, Menuett; 
 op. 8, " Miscellen," 4 little pf.-pieces; and a 
 Minuetto in G. 
 
 Shield, William, b. Whickham, Durham, 
 Mar. 5, 1748 ; d. London, Jan. 25, 1829. 
 Taught by his father, a singing-master, on 
 whose death he was apprenticed to a shipbuilder, 
 but studied thorough-bass under Avison, and 
 led the subscription-concerts at Newcastle. His 
 apprenticeship ended, he became leader at the 
 theatre and concerts in Scarborough. In 1772, 
 violinist in the opera-orch. , London; 1773, prin- 
 cipal viola-player, both in the theatre and chief 
 concerts. After producing his first comic opera, 
 A Flitch of Bacon, at the Haymarket in 1778, 
 he was app. composer to Covent Garden (1778- 
 91, 1792-7). He visited Italy in 1791. In 1817 
 he succeeded Parsons as Master of the Royal 
 Music. Buried in Westminster Abbey, He 
 wrote about 40 operas, pantomimes, mus. farces, 
 and the like; detached numbers were publ.; 
 also 6 string-trios, 6 violin-duets, "An Introd. 
 to Harmony" (1794); and "Rudiments of 
 Thorough-bass" (n. d.). He especially excelled 
 as a song-composer ; Grove says he ' ' was per- 
 haps the most original English composer since 
 Purcell." 
 
 Shore, John, [son of Matthias S. trumpeter- 
 in-ordinary to James II; d. 1700,] the most 
 famous English trumpeter of his time, and the 
 reputed inventor of the tuning-fork, d. Nov. 20, 
 1750, aged 80 (90?). 
 
 Shudi. See Broadwood. 
 
 Sibe'lius, Jean, b. Tavastehus, Finland, 
 Dec. 8, 1865. Studied law at first, but later 
 devoted himself to music ; pupil of the Mus. 
 Inst, at Helsingfors 1885-8 ; of Albert Becker, 
 Berlin (cpt.), 1889-90, of Goldmark, Vienna, 
 
 1 89 1. Since 1893, teacher of theory at the Mus. 
 Inst, and the Orchestra School, Helsingfors. — 
 Works : The first Finnish opera, Tornissa olija 
 impi [The Maid in the Tower] (Helsingfors, 
 1896) ; orch.l works ; pf.-pieces. 
 
 Sibo'ni, Erik (Anton Waldemar), b. Co- 
 penhagen, Aug. 26, 1828 ; d. there Feb. 22, 
 
 1892. Son of the tenor Giuseppe S. [b. Forli, 
 Jan. 27, 1780 ; d. Copenhagen, Mar. 29, 1839, 
 as Dir. of the opera and Cons.]. Fine pianist, 
 pupil of J. P. E. Hartmann, and of Moscheles 
 and Hauptmann at Leipzig, 1847 I St. 1851-3 
 with Sechter at Vienna, returned to Copenhagen, 
 and in 1864 became organist and pf.-prof. at the 
 R. Acad, of Music at Soro. — Works : Opera 
 Flight of Charles II. (Copenhagen, 1862) ; 
 ' ' Tragic " overture, op. 14 ; 2 symphonies ; a 
 pf. -quartet; other chamber-music; the grand 
 choral works "Battle of Murten," "Storming 
 of Copenhagen," and the iiith Psalm ; etc. 
 
 Sie'ber, Ferdinand, famous singing-teacher 
 after the traditions of the old Italian method ; 
 b. Vienna, Dec. 5, 1822 ; d. Berlin, P'eb. 19, 
 1895. Pupil of J. Mieksch and Giorgio Ron- 
 coni ; sang in opera, taught in Dresden 1848-54, 
 and then settled in Berlin, receiving the title of 
 "Professor" in 1864. Valuable instructive 
 works: "100 Vocalisen und Solfeggien " (op. 
 30-35, 6 books, f. sopr. , m.-sopr. , alto, tenor, 
 bar., and bass) ; " Schule der Gelaufigkeit" (op. 
 42, 43) ; "60 leichte Vocalisen und Solfeggien " 
 for the 6 classes of voice (op. 44-49) ; " 60 2-, 
 3- und 4stimmige Vocalisen " (op. 52, f . 2 
 soprani ; op. 53, f. sopr. and alto ; op. 54, sopr. 
 and ten. ; op. 55, ten. and bass ; op. 56, sopr., 
 m.-sopr., and alto ; op. 57, sopr., alto, ten., and 
 bass) ; "60 Vocalisen fiir vorgerlicktere 
 GesangschUler " (op. 78-83); "24 i6taktige 
 Vocalisen" in all keys (op. 85) ; " Achttaktige 
 Vocalisen fllr den ersten Gesangunterricht " (op. 
 92—97); "Die Kunst des Gesangs " in 2 parts 
 (op. no, " Theoretische Principien " ; op. in, 
 " Praktische Studien "), with a supplement, " 60 
 Vocahsen und Solfeggien " (op. 112-117) ; " 60 
 Vocalises " (op. 129-134 ; ten for each class of 
 voice) ; ' ' Vorschule des Gesangs . . . vor 
 dem Stimmwechsel" (op. I2i) ; " Vollstandiges 
 Lehrbuch der Gesangskunst fiir Lehrer und 
 Schiller" (1S58 ; 3rd ed. 1878); " Catechismus 
 der Gesangskunst". (1862 and many later ed.s) ; 
 " Die Aussprache des Italienischen im Gesang" 
 (i860; 2nd ed. 1880); " Aphorismen aus dem 
 Gesangsleben " (1865) ; " Kurze Anleitung zum 
 griindlichen Studium des Gesangs " (1852 ; 2nd 
 ed. 1865); and a " Handbuch des deutschen 
 Liederschatzes. Ein Catalog von 10,000 nach 
 dem Stimmumfang geordneten Liedern, nebst 
 einer reichen Auswahl von Duetten und Ter- 
 zetten " (1875). 
 
 Sie'gel, E. F. W., founder in 1846 of the 
 Leipzig music-publishing firm ; d. Mar. 29, 
 i86g.— Richard Linnem.ann now owns the busi- 
 
 544 
 
SIEGEL— SILCHER 
 
 Sie'gel, Felix. See Schuberth, Julius. 
 
 Siehr, Gustav, dramatic bass ; d. Munich, 
 May i8, i8g6, in his sgth year. He created the 
 role of Hagen in £>er Ring des Nibelungen 
 at Bayreuth, 1876. Bass singer at the Royal 
 Opera, Munich ; best in Wagner roles : King 
 Henry, Pogner, Hunding, etc. 
 
 Sie'veking, Martinus, b. Amsterdam, Mar. 
 24, 1867. Talented pianist, pupil of his father, 
 then of J. Rontgen at Leipzig Cons., and P'ranz 
 Coenen (harm.). Then went to Paris, where a 
 suite of his composition was played by the La- 
 moureux Orch.; played in London, l8go; made 
 concert-tours ; played with great success at 
 Boston, Mass., in 1895 ; American tour 1896-7. 
 
 Sifa'ce {recte Grossi), Giovanni Fran- 
 cesco, famous musico; member of the Papal 
 Chapel about 1675, later singing at Venice and 
 London ; assassinated in Northern Italy about 
 1699. 
 
 Sighicel'li, family of distinguished violinists : 
 (l) Fllippo, b. San Cesario, Modena, 1686 ; d. 
 Modena, Apr. 14, 1773. Was 1st violin to 
 Prince Hercules of Este. — His son, (2) Giu- 
 seppe, b. Modena, 1737, d. there Nov. 8, 1826. 
 Violinist and maestro to Ercole Rinaldo III. 
 d'Este until Napoleon's advent. — Plis son, (3) 
 Carlo, b. Modena, 1772, d. there Apr. 7, 1806, 
 was also attached to the court. — His son, (4) 
 Antonio, b. Modena, July i, 1802, d. there 
 Oct. 20, 1883. Eminent violinist and cond., 
 pupil of his grandfather, and of Giovanni Marl ; 
 cond. of orchestras at Cento, Bologna, and Fer- 
 rara ; from 1835 leader at the Modena theatre 
 and cond. of the Ducal orch. — His son, (5) Vin- 
 cenzo, b. Cento, July 30, 1830. Taught by his 
 father ; then by Hellmesberger, Mayseder, and 
 Sechter at Vienna. Returned to Modena in 
 1849, acting as solo violinist and asst.-cond. to 
 the court ; since 1855 in Paris, as a teacher of 
 distinction. Has publ. original pieces, and fan- 
 tasias on operatic airs, for violin and pf . 
 
 Sigismon'dl, Giuseppe, b. Naples, Nov. 13, 
 1739 1 d. there May 10, 1826. Singing-teacher, 
 opera-comp., and (from 1808) librarian at the 
 Cons., in Naples. Wrote vocal music, and 
 pieces f. pf. and organ ; few were publ. 
 
 Silas, Eduard, noted Dutch pianist ; b. Am- 
 sterdam, Aug. 22, 1827. Pianistic debut Am- 
 sterdam, 1837. Pupil in harmony of Grua, 
 Mannheim ; in pf. -playing of Louis Lacombe 
 (Frankfort, 1839) and ICalkbrenner (Paris, 
 1842) ; studied later at the Paris Cons, under 
 Benoist (org.) and Halevy (fugue and opera), 
 winning ist prize for organ-playing in competi- 
 tion with .Saint-Saens and Cohen (1849). Set- 
 tled in England, 1850, as an organist, and made 
 his way as a composer despite much adverse 
 criticism. In i866 the Assemblee generale des 
 Catholiques en Belgique awarded him ist prize 
 (gold medal and 1,000 francs) for a mass ; there 
 were 76 competitors of 12 nationalities. He is 
 
 35 
 
 prof, of harmony at the Guildhall School, and 
 the London Acad, of Music. — Works : Oratorio 
 Joash (Norwich Fest., 1863); Kyrie eleison a 
 4 w. orch. ; Ave verum, Tantum ergo, Ave 
 Regina, O salutaris, and Magnificat, w. organ 
 and orch. ; cantatas ; English and German 
 songs ; 3 symphonies ; 3 overtures ; 3 pf. -con- 
 certos ; Fantasia f . pf. and orch. ; Elegy f. do. ; 
 Nonet f . strings and wind ; 2 string-quintets ; 
 pf. -quartets ; 4 pf. -trios ; a trio f. pf.,clar., and 
 'cello ; much pf.-music (op. 10, sonata ; op. 44, 
 Persian Serenade ; "Amaranth"; Gavotte, Pas- 
 sepied, and Courante ; ten Romances sans pa- 
 roles, 2 books ; op. 23, 6 duets f. 4 hands ; etc.), 
 also organ-pieces. 
 
 Sirbermann, Andreas, b. Klein-Bobritzsch, 
 Saxony, May 16, 1678 ; d. Strassburg, May 16, 
 1734, where he had been established as an 
 organ-builder for about 30 years. 
 
 Sil'bermann, Gottfried, brother of preced- 
 ing ; b. Klein-Bobritzsch, Jan. 14, 1683 ; d. 
 Dresden, Aug. 4, 1753. Apprenticed to a book- 
 binder, he ran away to his brother at Strassburg, 
 worked as his apprentice, returned to Dresden 
 in 1 712, and settled in Freiberg as an organ- 
 builder. He built 47 organs, the finest of which 
 is that in Freiberg Cathedral (3 manuals and 45 
 stops ; 1 7 14). He is yet more famous as the 
 first to manufacture pianofortes successfully, his 
 hammer-action being practically identical with 
 that of Cristofori, the inventor of the pianoforte. 
 He invented the Cembal d' amour, a clavichord 
 with strings of double length struck in the mid- 
 dle by the tangents, thus yielding the redupli- 
 cated octave of the tone of the entire string. 
 
 Sirbermann, Johann Andreas, eldest son 
 of Andreas ; b. Strassburg, June 26, 1712 ; d. 
 there Feb. 11, 1783. Also a celebrated organ- 
 builder. Wrote ' ' Geschichte der Stadt Strass- 
 burg" (1775). — His brother Johann Daniel, b. 
 Mar. 31, 1717, d. Leipzig, May 6, 1766, worked 
 with his uncle Gottfried at Freiberg, and con- 
 tinued the manufacture of pianofortes after the 
 latter's death. — A third brother, Johann Hein- 
 rich, b. Sept. 24, 1727, d. Jan. 15, 1799, made 
 pianofortes at Strassburg similar to those of 
 his uncle Gottfried, and introduced them into 
 France. His son, Johann Friedrich, b. June 
 21, 1762, d. Mar. 8, 1817, was an excellent 
 organ-builder and organist, officiating at the 
 Thomaskirche, Strassburg. Comp. a " Hymne 
 4 la Paix," German songs, etc. 
 
 Sil'cher, Friedrich, b. Schnaith, Wiirttem- 
 berg, June 27, 1789 ; d. Tubingen, Aug. 26, 
 i85o. Famous song-composer, pupil of his fa- 
 ther and Auberlen (organist at Fellbach). He 
 lived as a music-teacher in Stuttgart, and in 
 1817 was app. mus. dir. at the Univ. of Tu- 
 bingen, receiving the degree of Dr. phil. hon. 
 causa in 1852. He was an influential promoter 
 of German popular singing; his " Sammlung 
 deutscher Volkslieder" contains many of his 
 own songs, which are favorites (" Aennchen von 
 
 545 
 
SILOTI— SINGEL^E 
 
 Tharau"; " Morgen muss ich fort von hier," 
 " Ich weiss nicht, was soil es bedeuten," "Zu 
 Strassburg auf der Schanz "), publ. for one or two 
 voices w. pf.-accomp., or for 4-part male chorus. 
 Other works : Choralbuch a 3 ; three books of 
 hymns a 4; " Tilbinger Liedertafel " (male 
 choruses); " Harmonie-und Compositionslehre " 
 (1851). — See biogr. by A. Kostlin, " Friedrich 
 Silcher" (1877). 
 
 Silo'ti, Alexander, b. Charkov, Russia, Oct. 
 10, 1863. Remarkable pianist ; pupil of Zwereff 
 (1873), N. Rubinstein, and Tchaikovsky (1876- 
 81), at the Moscow Cons., winning a gold medal. 
 Pianistic debut at Moscow, 1880 ; great success 
 at the Leipzig " Tonkiinstlerversammlung " of 
 1883 ; studied 3 years with Liszt at Weimar, and 
 from 1887-90 was prof, at the Moscow Cons.; 
 since then he has made Paris his headquarters. 
 American tour 1898-9. He is one of Liszt's 
 most talented pupils, and has made tours in 
 Germany, Belgium, France, and England. 
 
 Sil'va, Andreas de, 16th-century contra- 
 puntist ; comp.s in collections from 15 14-1540 
 (Petrucci's " Motetti della corona," and Kries- 
 stein's " Selectissimae cantiones"). 
 
 Silva, David Poll da, b. St.-Esprit, n. Bay- 
 onne. Mar. 28, 1834 ; d. Clermont, Oise, May 9, 
 1875. Pupil of his mother and grandmother, 
 who had studied under Parisian masters ; later 
 of Funck at Bordeaux. He went to Paris in 
 1854, and Halevy advised him to enter the 
 Cons., which failure of his eyesight prevented ; 
 when he became quite blind, his mother wrote 
 out his comp.s from dictation. An original and 
 prolific composer, he wrote 3 operas, a ballet, 2 
 oratorios, cantatas and other choral works (a 
 Stabat Mater won a prize at Bordeaux in 1871) ; 
 also 2 symphonies, and much chamber-music. 
 He publ. pf.-music, part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Silver, Charles, b. Paris, Apr. 16, 1868. 
 Pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the Cons., 
 winning the Grand prix de Rome with the can- 
 tata rinterdit. — Works : A i-act operetta, I'Es- 
 carpolelle ; I-act elegiac poem Ra'is (Rome, 
 1894) ; a fantaisie, Conte du Boh^niien (1895) ; 
 4-act fairy opera La Belle au bois dormanlCParis^ 
 1895) ; oratorio Tobie ; 2 orch.l suites, " Poerae 
 carnavalesque " and " Le Ballet de la Reine"; 
 dram, overture "Berenice"; songs. 
 
 Simandl, Franz, ist double-bass in the 
 Vienna court orch.; since 1869, teacher at the 
 Cons. ; publ. ' ' Neueste Methode des Kontrabass- 
 Spiels," in 3 parts : L Preparation for orch.l 
 playing, w. 30 studies ; II. Prep, for concert- 
 playing, w. studies and sonatas by Kreutzer, 
 etc. ; III. Advanced school, in 10 parts. 
 
 SimSo. See Portugal. 
 
 Si'mon, Johann Kaspar, cantor and org. at 
 Nordlingen. Publ. preludes and fugues f. org. 
 {1750); " Gemuthsvergniigende musikalische 
 Nebenstunden in Gajanteriestucken auf dem 
 Clavier"; " Musikal. A B C in kleinen Fughet- 
 
 ten fur die Orgel . . ." (1754) ; and " Erster 
 Versuch einiger variirten und f ugirten Chorale. " 
 
 Simon, Jean-Henri, b. Antwerp, April, 
 1783 ; d. there Feb. 10, 1861. Violinist ; pupil 
 of Lahoussaye and Rode, and in corap. of Gos- 
 sec and Catel, in Paris. Lived in Antwerp as 
 teacher and concert-player (Vieuxtemps, Jans- 
 sens, and Meerts were his pupils). — Works : 7 
 violin-concertos ; trio f . 2 violins and bass ; an 
 oratorio, cantatas, etc. 
 
 Si'mon, Christian, fine double-bass player ; 
 b. Schernberg, Apr. 3, 1809 ; d. Sondershausen, 
 May 29, 1872, a life-long member of the court 
 orch. 
 
 Si'mon, Dr. Paul. See Kahnt. 
 
 Simons-Candeille. See Candeille. 
 
 Simpson (or Sympson), Christopher, Eng- 
 lish player on the viola da gamba ; d. London, 
 about 1677. — Publ. "The Division-Violist, or, 
 an Introd. to the Playing upon a Ground . . ." 
 (1659; 2nd ed. as " Chelys Minuritionum arti- 
 ficio exornata . . ., or the Division-Viol, etc.," 
 1667 ; 3rd ed., w. portrait, 1712); "The Princi- 
 ples of Practical Musick " (1665 ; 2nd ed. as 
 "A Compendium, etc.," 1667; several other 
 ed.s) ; " Art of Discant, or Composing Musick 
 in Parts, by Dr. Thomas Campion, with Anno- 
 tations thereon by Mr. Chr. Simpson" (1655). 
 
 Sim'rock, Nicolaus,b. Bonn, 1755. Founder, 
 in 1790, of the important music-publishing 
 house establ. since 1870 in Berlin under the 
 management of Fritz Simrock. 
 
 Sin'ding, Christian, b. Kongberg, Norway, 
 Jan. II, 1856; pupil of Reinecke at Leipzig 
 Cons. , 18 74-7 ; 
 studied later, with 
 Royal Scholarship, 
 at Dresden, Munich, 
 and Berlin. Settled 
 in Christiania as 
 organist and teacher. 
 Gifted composer : 3 
 pf.-quintets (op. 4, 5, 
 and ?) ; a pf. -quartet; 
 a string-quartet ; pf .- 
 concerto in G min., 
 op. 15; symphony in 
 D min. (l8go) ; 2 
 violin-sonatas ; Ro- 
 manze f. violin w. 
 pf.,op. 30; 12 
 Lieder, "Windrose," op. 28; 10 Lieder\¥\t%tr\, 
 op. 26 ; Variations f. 2 pf.s in E I7 min.; much 
 pf.-music (op. 6, Prelude and Fugue ; op. 10, 2 
 etudes de concert ; op. 12, 8 Fogli volanti ; op. 
 14, Gavotte ; op. 18, 4 pieces ; op. 20, 3 Noc- 
 turnes ; op. 21, Suite in B ; op. 34, 6 Charak- 
 terstilcke.) 
 
 Singelee, Jean-Baptiste, b. Brussels, Sept. 
 25, 1812 ; d. Ostend, Sept. 29, 1875. Violinist 
 and comp. ; publ. 144 works (2 concertos, many 
 solos f . violin, fantasias on operatic airs, etc.). 
 
 546 
 
SINGER— SJOGREN 
 
 Sing'er, Peter, b. Hafelgehr (Lech thai), July 
 i8, 1810 ; d. Salzburg, Jan. 26, 1882, as a 
 Franciscan monk. Invented (1839) the " Pansym- 
 phonikon," a kind of orchestrion with reeds ; 
 publ. " Metaphysische Blicke in die Tonwelt, 
 nebst einem . . . neuen System der Tonwissen- 
 schaft" (1847). Prolific comp. ; publ. " Cantus 
 choralis in provincia Tirolensi consuetus " 
 (1862), 2 Marienlieder, 2 Tantum ergo, etc. ; and 
 composed loi masses, 600 offertories, etc. 
 
 Sing'er, Edmund, celebrated violinist ; b. 
 Totis, Hungary, Oct. 14, 1831 ; pupil of El- 
 linger at Pesth, then of Ridley Kohne ; made 
 tours, studied further for a year with Joseph 
 Bohm at Vienna, and finally at Paris Cons. In 
 1846, solo violinist at the Pesth theatre ; 1853-61, 
 leader at Weimar ; since then, leader at Stutt- 
 gart, also prof, at the Cons. Brilliant concert- 
 violinist, and an excellent teacher. Has comp. 
 Morceaux de salon. Airs varies. Nocturnes, 
 Fantasias, etc. 
 
 Sing'er, Otto, noted pianist; b. Sora, Saxony, 
 July 26, 1833 ; d. New York, Jan. 3, 1894. He 
 studied at the Kreuzschule, Dresden, and 1851-5 
 at the Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, Hauptmann, 
 and Richter), later under Liszt ; taught in Leip- 
 zig, Dresden (i860), and in 1867 went to New 
 York, teaching in the Mason & Thomas Cons, 
 until 1873. In 1873 he cond. the first May 
 Festival at Cincinnati, and then accepted a posi- 
 tion as teacher (for pf. and theory) in the Cin. 
 College of Music. About a year before his 
 death, he returned to New York. — Works : 2 
 cantatas. The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers 
 (1876) and Festival Ode (187S); symphonies and 
 a symphonic fantasia, f. orch.; 2 pf. -concertos ; 
 a violin-sonata, a pf. -sonata, and other pf .-music. 
 
 Sing'er, Otto, Jr., b. Dresden, Sept. 14, 
 1863. Violinist ; studied in Paris, also in Ber- 
 lin under Kiel, and in Munich under Rhein- 
 berger. In 1888, cond. of the Heidelberg Lieder- 
 kranz ; 1890, succeeded H. Zollner as teacher 
 in Cologne Cons., and cond. of the Mannerge- 
 sangverein; since 1892, in Leipzig. — Publ. a 
 Concertstuck f. violin and orch. ; also male cho- 
 ruses. 
 
 Sinn, Christoph Albert, civil engineer to 
 the Duke of Brunswick, wrote " Die aus mathe- 
 matischen Griinden richtig gestellte Tempera- 
 tura practica" (Wernigerode, 1717). 
 
 Sitt, Hans, b. Prague, Sept. 21, 1850. Vio- 
 linist ; studied at the Prague Cons. (Bennewitz, 
 Mildner, Kittl, and KrejiSi). In 1867, leader of 
 theatre-orch. , Breslau; 1869, Kapellm. there, 
 later in Prague ; 1873-80, in Chemnitz ; then 
 cond., for i year, of Baron P. von Derwies' 
 private orch. at Nice. In 1881 he founded a 
 series of popular concerts in Leipzig ; 1883, 
 teacher of violin at Leipzig Cons., and viola- 
 player in the Brodsky Quartet; 1885, cond. of 
 the Bachverein, succeeding von Herzogenberg. 
 He also conducts the Leipzig Lehrergesang- 
 verein and Singakademie, and the Subscription 
 
 Concerts at Altenburg. — Works : 3 violin-con- 
 certos (in D min., A min., and E min.); a viola- 
 concerto in G min. (also publ. as a violin-concerto 
 in D min.); a 'cello-concerto in A min., op. 34; 
 a Notturno f. violin and orch. ; pieces f . violin 
 and f. pf. (" Naraenlose Blatter," ten pf.-pieces, 
 op. 10) ; and songs. 
 
 Sittard, Josef, b. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 4, 
 1846. Pupil 1868-72, later teacher (for singing 
 and pf.), at the Stuttgart Cons.; lecturer on 
 music ; since 1885, mus. critic for the Hamburg 
 " Korrespondent," succeeding L. Meinardus. 
 Title of "Professor" in 1891 from the Duke 
 of Koburg. — Publ. " Studien und Charakteris- 
 tiken" (1889, collected essays); "Compendium 
 der Geschichte der Kirchenmusik " (1881); " Zur 
 Einfuhrung in die Geschichte und Aesthetik der 
 Musik " (1885); " Eine kritische Rundschau auf 
 das erste Stuttgarter Musikfest" (1885); " Jong- 
 leurs und Menestrels" (1885); "Geschichte des 
 Musik- und Concertwesens in Hamburg" (i8go); 
 "Geschichte der Oper am Hofe zu Stuttgart" 
 (2 vol.s, 1S90, '91); and sketches of Mendelssohn 
 and Rossini (in Waldersee's " Vortrage "); — also 
 some songs and sacred choruses. 
 
 Sivo'ri, Ernesto Camillo, b. Genoa, Oct. 25, 
 1815; d. there Feb. 18, 1S94. Famous violinist; 
 taught at 5 by 
 Restano ; debut 
 at 6 ; then a pupil 
 of Costa and Pa- 
 ganini, being a 
 favorite of the 
 latter, whose 
 style he copied, 
 and who com- 
 posed for him a 
 concertino, and 6 
 sonatas with 
 guitar, viola, and 
 'cello. From 
 1827 his concert- 
 tours continued 
 almost uninterruptedly ; he visited England often, 
 and made a tour through the United States, 
 Mexico, and S. America in 1846-8. He was 
 not only a remarkable interpreter of Paganini's 
 works, but an excellent quartet-player. His 
 compositions include 2 violin-concertos, a Fan- 
 taisie-Caprice, a Neapolitan Tarantella, and the 
 fantasia " Fleurs de Naples," f. violin w. orch. ; 
 2 duos concertants w. pf.; 3 Romances sans pa- 
 roles w. pf. ; " Souvenir de Norma" w. quartet; 
 duet f. violin and double-bass (with Bottesini); 
 and numerous soli f. vln. 
 
 Sjo'gren, (Johann Gustav) Emil, b. Stock- 
 holm, June 15, 1853. Pupil of the Cons, there 
 till 1879 ; in 1879-80, at Berlin, of Kiel (cpt.), 
 and Haupt (organ). Since 1890, organist at the 
 Johankirke, Stockholm. — Works: Op. 15, Novel- 
 letten f. pf.; op. 20, Stemninger (" mood -pic- 
 tures ") ; op. 19 and 24, sonatas f. pf. and violin; 
 op. 27, 2 FantasiestUcke f. do.; "'=■—'■•■1-"- " ' 
 pf.-pieces; etc, 
 
 'Erotikon," 5 
 
 547 
 
SKROUP— SMART 
 
 §kroup (or Skraup), Franz [Franti^ek], 
 b. Vosic, near Pardubitz, Bohemia, June 3, 
 1801 ; d. Rotterdam, Feb. 7, 1862. While a 
 law-student at Prague, he successfully prose- 
 cuted musical studies ; became 2nd conductor 
 at the subsidized Bolaemian Th., Prague, in 
 1827, and 1st cond. in 1837; from i860 he cond. 
 the German Opera at Rotterdam. He was the 
 first comp. of Bohemian operas (several prod, in 
 Prague); also wrote incid. music to dramas, and 
 overtures, chamber-music, and many popular 
 Bohemian songs. — His brother, Jan Nepomuk, 
 b. Vosic, Sept. 15, iSii; d. Prague, May 5, 
 1892, was chorus-master and then 2nd cond. at 
 the theatre in Prague, also, from 1838-45, choir- 
 master at the Kreuzherrenkirche, and then 
 Kapellm. at the cathedral of St. Veit; in 1846, 
 singing-teacher at the Theological Seminary. 
 — Works : Bohemian operas ; church-music ; a 
 "Manuale pro sacris functionibus," " Musica 
 sacra pro populo," and a vocal method. 
 
 Skuhersky, Franz [FrantiSek] Sdenko, b. 
 
 Opocno, Bohemia, July 31, 1830; d. Budweis, 
 Aug. ig, 1892. A student of medicine, he also 
 had lessons from Pietsch and Kittl at the Prague 
 Organ-School ; cond. the Innsbruck Musik- 
 verein 1854-66, then succeeding Krejci as 
 Director of the Organ-School at Prague ; in 
 1868 also choirdirector at St. Castulus, and 
 " Hofkapelldirector." University lecturer on 
 music from 1879. Among his operas, Vladimir, 
 Lora, and General were successful ; he likewise 
 wrote masses; and publ. the Bohemian text- 
 books " Treatise on Mus. Form " (1879; also in 
 German), "Composition" (1881), "The Organ 
 and its Structure" (1882), "Theoretical and 
 Practical Organ-School " (1882), and "Method 
 of Harmony" (1885; also German). 
 
 Sla'tinn, Ilja Hitch, b. Belgorod, Russia, 
 July 7, 1845. Pupil of Dreyschock and Zaremba 
 at the St. Petersburg Cons., and of Th. Kullak 
 and Wilerst at Berlin. Is Director of the 
 Charkow section of the Imp. Russian Mus. Soc. 
 
 Slaughter, A. Walter, London composer ; 
 chorister at St. Andrews, Wells St. ; pupil of A. 
 Cellier and Jaicobi. Cond. , successively, of the 
 Royal Th., the Olympic, Drury Lane, and St. 
 James's Th. Has prod, a number of mus. 
 stage-works, among them the 3-act comic opera 
 Marjorie (1889), The Rose and the Ring [Thack- 
 eray] (i8go), and a mus. comedy. The French 
 Maid {i8g7). 
 
 Slavik, Joseph, b. Jince, Bohemia, Mar. 26, 
 1806 ; d. Pesth, May 30, 1833. Violinist ; pupil 
 of Pixis at Prague Cons. ; from 1829, member of 
 the Vienna Court Opera orch. — Works : 2 vio- 
 lin-concertos ; double concerto f. 2 violins ; a 
 string-quartet ; etc. 
 
 SHvin'ski, Joseph von, pianist ; b. Warsaw, 
 Dec. 15, 1865. Pupil of Strobl at the Warsaw 
 Cons. ; later, for 4 years, of Leschetizki in Vi- 
 enna ; finished under Anton Rubinstein in St. 
 Petersburg. First public performance, 1890 ; 
 
 first pronounced success London, May, 1893. 
 First recital in America at New York, Nov. 30, 
 1893. 
 
 Sloper, (Edward Hugh) Lindsay, b.* Lon- 
 don, June 14, 1826 ; d. there July 3, 1887. Pian- 
 ist ; pupil of Moscheles at London, A. Schmitt at 
 Frankfort, VoUweiler at Heidelberg, and Rous- 
 selot at Paris. Debut London at Musical Union, 
 1846 ; he became a very popular concert-pianist 
 and teacher ; also gave lectures. In 1880, prof, 
 of pf.-playing at the Guildhall School of Music. 
 — Works : Suite f. orch. (1879) ; many elegant 
 and well-written pf. -pieces ; studies and text- 
 books f . pf . ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Smallwood, William, b. Kendal, Engl., 
 Dec. 31, 1831 ; d. there Aug. 6, 1897. Pupil of 
 Dr. Camidge and H. Phillips ; organist of Ken- 
 dal Parish Ch. from 1847 till death. Comp. di- 
 dactic pf.-pieces and ja&«-music ; also anthems, 
 hymns, songs, etc. His "Pianoforte Tutor" 
 had an immense sale. 
 
 Smare'glia, Antonio, b. Pola, Istria, May 
 5, 1854. Studied at Vienna and (1874-7) at the 
 Milan Cons., graduating with a symphonic work, 
 "Eleonora." Has prod, the following operas: 
 Preziosa (Milan, 1879) ; Bianca da Cervia 
 (Milan, La Scala, 1882) ; Re Nala (Venice, 
 1887) ; // Vassallo di Szigeth (at Vienna, l88g, 
 as Der Vasall von Szigeth ; in New York, 
 1890) ; the opera seria Cornill Schui (Vienna, 
 1892) ; the 3-act opera seria Nozae istriane 
 (Trieste, 1895) ; and the 3-act fantastic opera 
 La Falena (Venice, 1897). 
 
 Smart, Sir George (Thomas), b. London, 
 May 10, 1776 ; d. there Feb. 23, 1867. Chor- 
 ister in the Chapel Royal under Ayrton ; pupil 
 of Dupuis (org.) and Arnold (comp.). Knighted 
 1811 at Dublin by the Lord Lieutenant, after 
 conducting a series of concerts. Original mem- 
 ber of the Philharm.Soc, and cond. of its concerts 
 1813-44, introducing the works of Beethoven 
 and Schumann. Also cond. the Lenten Orato- 
 rios, 1813-25, and the music at the coronations of 
 William IV. and Victoria. — Publ. a collection of 
 glees and canons (1863), 2 vol.s of sacred music, 
 2 pf. -sonatinas, etc.; edited Orlando Gibbons's 
 madrigals, and Handel's Dettingen Te Deum. 
 
 Smart, Henry, son of Sir George's brother 
 Henry [1778-1823] ; b. London, Oct. 26, 1813 ; 
 d. there July 6, 1879. Organist and comp.; 
 pupil of his father and W. H. Kearns. Organ- 
 ist at several London churches, finally at St. 
 Pancras, Euston Road, in 1864, his sight failing 
 in that year ; he received a government pension 
 in 1879. He prod, an opera, Bertha, or the 
 Gnome of ffartzberg, in 1855 ; the cantatas 
 The Bride of Dunkerron (1864), King Renfs 
 Daughter (1871), The Tishermaidens{l%']i), and 
 Jacob (1S73) appeared after he was blind. He 
 wrote many songs, part-songs, and anthems ; a 
 full Morning and Evening Service ; organ- 
 music ; etc. He was an esteemed organ-expert. 
 — Biographies by Wm. Spark (1881) and W. D. 
 
 548 
 
SMETANA— SMITH 
 
 Seymour (1881) ; J. Broadhouse publ. an analy- 
 sis of his organ-works- (1880). 
 
 Sme'tana, Friedrich [Bedrich], b. Leito- 
 mischl, Bohemia, Mar. 2, 1824 ; d. insane at 
 Prague, May 12, 
 1884. Fine pianist ; 
 pupil of Proksch in 
 Prague, and of 
 Liszt. In 1848 he 
 opened a music- 
 school at Prague ; 
 in 1856, cond. of 
 the Philharm. Soc, , 
 Gothenburg, Swe- 
 den ; in 1861, con- 
 cert-tour in Sweden 
 and Germany ; in 
 1866, cond. of the 
 National Bohemian 
 Th. at Prague, re- 
 signing in 1874 on account of deafness. The 
 most prominent among the national Bohemian 
 (Czech) dramatic composers, and a strong advo- 
 cate of the Berlioz-Liszt-Wagner development. 
 — Works : Operas Branibori v Cechdch [The 
 Brandenburgers in Bohemia] (1865) ; Prodand 
 nevesta [The Bartered Bride] (1866); Dalibor 
 (1868) ; Dvi Vdovy [Two Widows] (1874) ; 
 Hubicka [The Kiss] (1876) ; Tajemsivi [The 
 Secret] (1878) ; Libussa (1881) ; Certova Siena 
 [The Hevil's Wall] (1882) ; cycle of symphonic 
 poems " Ma Vlast " [My Country] (l. Vysegrad ; 
 2. Vltava ; 3. Sarka ; 4. Z Ceskyeh Luhu a Haju ; 
 5. Tabor ; 6. Blanik) ; the symphonic poems 
 " Wallenstein's Lager," "Richard III.," and 
 "Hakon Jarl"; "Triumph" symphony; the 
 "Prague Carneval," f. orch.; 2 string-quartets; 
 a pf.-trio ; many pf. -pieces, including " Bohe- 
 mian Nat. Dances"; part-songs; etc. 
 
 Smith, Bernard [Bernhard Schmidt], called 
 " Father Smith," a London organ-builder, b. 
 in Germany about 1630, who came to London in 
 1660 with two nephews, became organ-builder 
 in ordinary to the King, court organ-builder to 
 Queen Anne, and died in 1708. He built or- 
 gans for the Royal Chapel, Whitehall (1660), 
 Westminster Abbey, St. Giles's-in-the-Fields 
 (1671), St. Margaret's, Westminster (1675), the 
 Temple (1684), Durham Cathedral (1683), and 
 St. Paul's (1697). 
 
 Smith, Robert, b. Cambridge, 1689 ; d. there 
 1768. Prof, of astronomy ; from 1742, Master 
 of Trinity College. — Publ. " Harmonics, or The 
 Philosophy of Musical Sounds" (1749, 2nd ed. 
 1759)1 au interesting and valuable work. 
 
 Smith, John Christopher [Joh. Chr. 
 Schmidt], b. Ansbach, 1712; d. Bath, Oct. 3, 
 1795. His father, a school-friend of Handel's, 
 followed the latter to London, where the son be- 
 came Handel's pupil. When the composer's 
 eyesight failed, S. took down his compositions 
 from dictation, and played the organ and harp- 
 sichord in his stead at the oratorio performances. 
 
 which he carried on for a time after the death of 
 Handel, who bequeathed to him his MS. scores, 
 his harpsichord, and other objects. S. wrote ten 
 English and Italian operas {The Fairies, 1754, 
 and The Tempest, 1756, were publ.), as many 
 oratorios {Paradise Lost, 1758), and 2 cantatas. 
 Cf. " Anecdotes of G. F. Handel and J. C. S." 
 (1799)- 
 
 Smith, John Stafford, b. Gloucester, Engl., 
 about 1750; d. London, Sept. 21, 1836. In 
 1802 he succeeded Dr. Arnold as organist of the 
 Chapel Royal. — Works : A coll. of glees f. 3-6 
 voices ; " A Coll. of Songs of Various kinds for 
 Different Voices" (1785) ; chants, anthems ; etc. 
 — Edited " Musica antiqua " (1812 ; selections 
 of music from the I2th-i8th centuries). 
 
 Smith, Alice Mary [Mrs. Meadows White], 
 b. London, May ig, 1839 ; d. there Dec. 4, 1884. 
 Pupil of Sterndale Bennett and G. A. Macfar- 
 ren. Married 1867. — Works : The cantatas 
 Rudesheim (1865), Ode to the Northeast Wind 
 (1878), Ode to the Passions (1882), Song of the 
 Little Baltung (1883), and The Hed King (i?,?,^) ; 
 also a symphony in C min.; 4 overtures, " En- 
 dyraion," "Lalla Rookh," "Masque of Pan- 
 dora," and "Jason"; 2 pf. -quartets ; 2 string- 
 quartets; a pf.-trio ; a clarinet-concerto ; Introd. 
 and Allegro f . pf. and orch. ; part-songs ; 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Smith, Sydney, b Dorchester, Engl., July 
 14, 1839 ; d. London, Mar. 3, 1889. Pianist ; 
 pupil of Leipzig Cons. (Moscheles, Plaidy, etc.) ; 
 settled in London, 1859, as a teacher. Wrote 
 many popular .ra/oK-pieces f. pf . (La harpe eoli- 
 enne, Le jet d'eau. The Spinning-wheel, etc.) ; 
 also arr.s from operas. 
 
 Smith, Wilson George, b. Elyria, Ohio, 
 Aug. 19, 1855. Composer-pianist ; pupil of 
 Otto Singer at Cincinnati, 1876-80 ; at Berlin, 
 1880-2, of Kiel, the Scharwenkas, Neumann, 
 Moszkowski, and Raif. Settled in Cleveland in 
 1882, where he still (1899) resides as a teacher of 
 pf., voice, and comp. — Publ. works: (a) Salon- 
 pieces f. pf. : Serenade in B [7, op. 15 ; I-Ioramage 
 \ Grieg, 5 pieces, op. 18 ; Swedish Dance, op. 
 23 ; Concert Gavotte and Mazurka-Caprice, op. 
 25 ; Poime d'amour, op. 25 ; Humoresque, Schu- 
 mannesque, and Babbling Brook, op. 28 ; etc. ; 
 —(b) Studies f. pf.: Op. 55, 57, 60, 63, 67-71, 
 75, 76 ; — (c) About 40 songs ;— (d) 200 miscel- 
 laneous comp.s edited or arranged. 
 
 Smith, Gerrit, b. Hagerstown, Maryland, 
 Dec. II, 1859. Graduate (M. A. and Mus. Doc.) 
 of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., where he was 
 boy-chorister and (for 2 years) organist. Pupil 
 of Stuttgart Cons. ; then of S. P. Warren, the 
 New York organist. Began professional career 
 as org. and choirmaster of St. Paul's, Buffalo, 
 still studying with Eugene Thayer (org.) and W. 
 H. Sherwood (pf.). St. one year in Berlin under 
 Haupt and Rohde ; then eng. at St. Peter's, 
 Albany; since 1885 in New York as org. and 
 choirm. of the South Ch. Is prof, in the Union 
 
 549 
 
SMOLIAN— SOMIS 
 
 Theol. Seminary ; Pres. of the Manuscript Soc. ; 
 Warden of the A.G.O.; etc. Noted concert- 
 organist, and has given some 250 recitals. — 
 Works : Over 50 songs ; pf. -pieces ; a cantata, 
 King David ; carols, Te Deums, anthems, male 
 and female choruses, part-songs, and 25 "Song- 
 Vignettes." 
 
 Sraolian, Arthur, b. Riga, Dec. 3, 1856. 
 Pupil of Rheinberger, Wtillner, and Barmann, 
 at Munich Cons.; Kapellm. at various theatres ; 
 succeeded Langer in 1884 as cond. of the Leip- 
 zig Mdnnergesangverein ; taught in Wiesbaden ; 
 since i8go, teacher in the Karlsruhe Cons., and 
 mus. critic for the " Ivarlsruher Zeitung"; also 
 writes for the " Mus. Wochenblatt." Strong 
 advocate of Wagner and Bayreuth ; wrote an 
 " Einfiihrung in die Musik des Tannhauser" 
 (1891). Has publ. songs. 
 
 Snel, Joseph-Fran9ois, b. Brussels, July 30, 
 1793 ; d. ICoekelberg, n. Brussels, Mar. 10, 1861. 
 Violinist ; pupil of Baillot at the Paris Cons. , 
 1811-13 ; solo violinist at the Grand Theatre, 
 Brussels, becoming chef d'orchestre in 1830. In 
 1818 he founded the " Academic de musique et 
 de chant " (with Mees) ; did good work in popu- 
 lar music-teaching by introducing the methods 
 of Galin and Wilhem ; in 1828, Dir. of the 
 training-school for military bandmasters, and in 
 1829 Inspector-General of the schools for army- 
 music ; 1831, cond. of the " Soc. de la Grande 
 Harmonie"; 1835, m. de chap, at SS. Michel et 
 Gudule ; 1837, chef de musique of the Civic 
 Guard. — Works : Operas, cantatas, masses, mo- 
 tets, symphonies, military marches, concertos f. 
 violin, clar., horn, cornet; duos f. violin and 
 pf.; etc. He was soloist to the King. 
 
 Scares, Joao. See Rebello. 
 
 SoboleTwsky, , contemporary prof. 
 
 in St. Petersburg ; editor of a coll. of Russian 
 folk-songs. Vol. i of which appeared in 1895. 
 
 So'dermann, August Johan, b. Stockholm, 
 July 17, 1832 ; d. there Feb. 10, 1876. Theatre- 
 cond. in Stockholm from 1862. Noted Swedish 
 comp. ; pupil of Hauptmann and Richter at 
 Leipzig Cons., 1857-8. Works: Swedish ope- 
 rettas (The Wedding at Ulfasa [Brbllopet pa 
 Ulfasa] contains a well-known vocal quartet) ; 
 music to Schiller's Jungfrau von Orleans ; a 
 solemn mass f. soli, ch. and orch. (his finest 
 work) ; a concert-overture ; vocal pieces. 
 
 Soffredi'ni, Alfredo, since 1896 editor-in- 
 chief of the Milan " Gazzetta Musicale," and a 
 writer of distinction, has brought out the follow- 
 ing dramatic works : The 2-act children's opera 
 Jl piccolo Haydn (Pavia, 1893; Vienna, 1897; 
 S. wrote both text and music) ; the 3-act opera 
 Salvatorello (Pavia, 1894); a "mus. sketch" 
 Tarcisio (Milan, 1895); the opera Aurora (?); 
 and the opera La Coppa d'oro (accepted for 
 Milan). 
 
 Sokolow, Nicholas, b. St. Petersburg, 1858; 
 pupil of Johansen and Rimsky-Korsakov at the 
 
 Cons, till 1885 ; harmony-teacher to the Imperial 
 Chapel. — Works : An Elegy (op. 4) and Inter- 
 mezzo, f. orch. ; Pastorale and Serenade f . string- 
 orch.; Serenade on B-la-f for string-quintet, op. 
 3; 3 string-quartets; Variations f. pf. ; 2 choruses 
 w. orch. f. female voices ; I do. do. f. male 
 voices ; 10 a cappella choruses ; over 30 songs. 
 
 Soldat, Marie [Frau Soldat-Roger], b. Graz, 
 Mar. 25, 1864. Fine violinist, pupil of Pleiner 
 and Pott at Graz, and of Joachim at Berlin. 
 Married Herr Roger (Vienna) in i88g. 
 
 Soli6(r£'(r/£' Soulier), Jean-Pierre, b. Nimes, 
 1755; d. Paris, Aug. 6, 1812. Tenor singer at 
 NImes and Paris (Opera-Comique) ; his voice 
 changed to a fine baritone, quite a novelty at the 
 Op.-Com., and roles were written expressly for 
 him by several composers. From 1790-1811 he 
 prod, over 30 comic operas ; Le Jockey, Le 
 Chapitre second, Le Diable k quatre, and Mile, 
 de Guise were publ. 
 
 Sol'le, Friedrich, b. Zeulenroda, Thuringia, 
 1806; d. there Dec. 5, 1884, as cantor. Publ. a 
 violin-method which has run through 8 editions. 
 
 Soloviev [Solowiew], Nicolai Pheopento- 
 vitch, b. Petrosavodsk, Govt, of Olonetz, 
 Russia, Apr. 27 (May 9), 1846 [name and date 
 correct]. Course of mus. study at the Imp. 
 Cons, at St. Petersburg, in the theory-class of 
 N. J. Zaremba. Since 1B74, prof, of harmony, 
 cpt., and mus. history at the St. P. Cons.; he is 
 a composer and mus. critic, mus. editor of 
 the Brockhaus-Efron " Konversations-Lexikon " 
 (in Russian) ; also Councillor of State. — Works : 
 The comic opera Vakula, the Smith (St. P., 
 1875); grand opera Cordelia (St. P., 1883; in 
 German at Prague, i8go); " Symphonic picture" 
 Russia and the Mongols (Moscow World's Fair, 
 1882); 12 charming charac. pes. f. pf.; chorus 
 " Prayer for Russia" (won prize of Imp. Russ. 
 Mus. Soc, 1876); 12 songs. — His first venture, 
 the cantata The Death of Samson (1870), was 
 enthusiastically received; Seroff, after hearing it, 
 insisted on his death-bed that Soloviev should 
 finish his opera, The Demon's Power, which was 
 done most acceptably. 
 
 Somerset, Lord Henry (Richard Charles), 
 b. Dec. 7, 1849. Amateur musician ; has writ- 
 ten polkas f. orch., pf. -pieces, anthems, and 
 numerous songs. 
 
 Somervell, Arthur, b. Windermere, Engl.; 
 pupil of the Berlin Hochschule, and of Stanford 
 and Parry at the R. C. M. — Work's : Mass f. 
 soli, ch. and orch. (Bach Choir, 1891); " A Song 
 of Praise" (\%<^\);The Forsaken Merman [M. 
 Arnold] (Leeds Fest., 1895); The Power of 
 Sound (l^^^); Elegy [R. Bridges] f. alto solo, 
 ch. and orch. (1896); Ode to the Sea (Birming- 
 ham Fest., 1897); orch.l Ballade, "Helen of 
 Kirkconnel" (1893); Suite f. small orch., "In 
 Arcady " (1897); concert-study in C min. , f. pf. ; 
 pieces and studies f . pf. ; songs. 
 
 Somis, Giovanni Battista, famous violinist | 
 b. Piedmont, 1676; d. Turin, Aug. 14, 1763, as 
 
 550 
 
SOMMER— SORIANO-FUERTES 
 
 court soloist and conductor. Pupil of Corelli, 
 and the teacher of Giardini and Chabran. — Publ. 
 " Opera prima di sonate a violino e violoncello 
 cembalo" (Rome, 1722). 
 
 Sommer, Hans [recte Hans Friedrich 
 August Zincke], b. Brunswick, July 20, 1837. 
 Pupil of Meves and J. O. Grimm. Graduate of, 
 and prof, at, Gottingen ; living since i888 in 
 Weimar. — Works : Opera Lorelei (Brunswick, 
 i8gi; V. succ); i-act "heiteres BUhnenspiel" 
 Saint Foix (Munich, 1894); l-act " nordische 
 Legende " Der Meermann, op. 28 (Weimar, 
 l8g6); songs (sung by Gura). 
 
 Sonn'leitner, Joseph, son of the amateur 
 comp. Christoph S. [1734-1786]; b. Vienna, 
 1765; d. there Dec. 25, 1835. A government 
 councillor, and a founder of the ' ' Gesellschaf t 
 der Musikfreunde," to which he bequeathed his 
 books and mus. instr.s. Publ. an interesting 
 " Wiener Theateralmanach " (1794, '95, '96). In 
 1827 he discovered the famous Antiphonary of 
 St. Gallen of the 9th century, in neume-nota- 
 tion ; probably a copy of the one sent thither by 
 Charlemagne in 790. — His nephew, Leopold 
 von, b. Vienna, Nov. 15, 1797; died there Mar. 
 4, 1873. The staunch friend of Schubert, he 
 procured the publication of the " Erlkonig " (the 
 ■first publ. work of Schubert's); at his father's 
 house the Prometheus, the " Gesang der Geister 
 ilber den Wassern," the 23rd Psalm, and other 
 important works by S., were performed from 
 the MS. 
 
 Son'tag, Henrietta (Gertrude Walpur- 
 gis), celebrated dramatic soprano and colora- 
 tura singer; b. Koblenz, Jan. 3, 1804; d. 
 Mexico, June 17, 1854. She played children's 
 parts on the stage ; studied from 1815 at the 
 Prague Cons, with Triebensee, Pixis, Bayer, and 
 Frau Czezka; in 1820 she sang in Italian and 
 German opera at Vienna, and in 1823 created 
 the title-r61e in Euryanthe ; made a sensation 
 at Leipzig in 1824, being then eng. for the 
 Konigstadter Th., Berlin. Triumphed over the 
 Catalina at Paris as Rosina in // Bariiere (1826) ; 
 breaking her Berlin contract in 1827, she sang 
 at the Italian Opera in Paris ; went to London 
 in 1828, and secretly married the Sardinian 
 ambassador to the Dutch court. Count Rossi ; 
 was ennobled by the King of Prussia, (as " Frau- 
 lein Henriette von Clarenstein,") and in 1830 
 bade farewell to the stage. As a concert-singer, 
 however, she still continued to arouse an enthu- 
 siasm which was literally unbounded. Their 
 fortune being impaired by the revolution of 
 1848, she resumed her stage-career, singing with 
 increased success in London and Paris (1849-51), 
 also in concerts in Germany. She went to New 
 York in 1852, and to Mexico in 1854, where the 
 cholera ended her most fortunate career. — Gund- 
 ling's work " Henriette Sontag" (1861) is a 2- 
 volume novel. 
 
 Sor 
 tuoso 
 
 r {recte Sors), Fernando, guitar-vir- 
 ; b. Barcelona, Feb. 14, 1778; d. Paris, 
 
 July 8, 1839. Pie fled to Paris with other ad- 
 herents of Joseph Bonaparte ; was persuaded by 
 Mehul and Cherubini to give concerts ; and 
 after living for a time in London and Moscow, 
 settled in Paris (1828).— Works : Opera Tele- 
 macco (Barcelona, 1798); La foire de Smyrne 
 (London; comic); several ballets, symphonies, 
 and quartets; divertissements, fantaisies, etc., 
 for guitar ; also a Method f . guitar. 
 
 Sor'ge, Georg Andreas, b. Mellenbach, 
 Schwarzburg, Mar. 29, 1703; d. Lobenstein, 
 Apr. 4, 1778. From his igth year, court organist 
 at Lobenstein for life. — Comp.s: 6 Claviersona- 
 ten ; " 24 Praludien mit untermischten Doppel- 
 fugen"; " Clavieriibung in 6 nach ital. gusto 
 gesetzten Sonatinen " ; " Wohlgewurzte Klang- 
 speisen in 6 Parthien "; " Kleine Orgelsonaten "; 
 "24 kurze Praludia"; " Neue Orgelsonaten"; 
 " 6 Symphonien furs Clavier "; "12 Menuetten 
 fiirs Clavier " w. violin; "Toccata per omnem 
 circulum XXIV. modorum fiirs Clavier"; "2 
 Parthien fiir 2 Querfloten"; — church-music and 
 organ-pieces in MS. — Theoretical works: "Ge- 
 neralogia allegorica intervallorum octavae dia- 
 tonico-chromaticae, d. h. Geschlechtsregister der 
 Intervallen nach Anieitung der Klange des 
 grossen Waldhorns" (1741) ; "Anweisung zur 
 Stimmung und Temperatur" (1744); " Vorge- 
 mach der mus. Composition " in 3 parts (1745-7 \ 
 his chief work, in which he publ. his discovery 
 of the combinational tones earlier than Tartini) ; 
 ' ' Gesprach von der Pratorianischen, Printzi- 
 schen, Werkmeisterischen, Neidhardtischen, 
 Niedtischen und Silbermannischen Temperatur, 
 wie auch vom neuen System Telemanns " (1748); 
 " Ausfilhrliche und deutliche Anweisung zur 
 Rational- Rechnung " (1749); " Grtindliche Un- 
 tersuchung, ob die SchrOterischen Claviertem- 
 peraturen vor gleichschwebend passiren konnen 
 oder nicht" (1754); " Zuverlassige Anweisung, 
 Claviere und Orgeln gehorig zu temperiren und 
 zu stimmen" (1758); "Compendium harmoni- 
 cum" (1760); "Kurze Erklarung der canonis 
 harmonici" (1763); "Die Natur des Orgel- 
 klangs" (1771); " Der in der Rechen- und Mess- 
 kunst wohlerfahrene Orgelbaumeister " (1773) ; 
 " Anmerkungen uber Quantzens Dis- und Es- 
 Klappe " (in Marpurg's "Beitrage); "Anmer- 
 kungen ilber Hillers Intervallensystem " (in 
 Killer's " Nachrichten "); " Anieitung zur Fan- 
 tasie." 
 
 Soria'no, Francesco. See Suriano. 
 
 Soria''no-Fuer''tes, Don Mariano, b.Murcia, 
 i8l7;d. Madrid, Apr., 1880. Pupil of his father, 
 the director of the royal chamber-music ; founded 
 the short-lived paper "Iberia musical y lite- 
 raria " (1841) ; prod, several Zarzuelas in the 
 endeavor to establ. a national opera ; was app. 
 teacher at the Madrid Cons., 1843; became 
 director of the Lyceums at Cordova, Sevilla, and 
 Cadiz (1844), also cond. the opera at Sevilla, 
 Cadiz, and (1852) Barcelona, where he founded 
 the " Gaceta Musical" in i860. Publ. the 
 important works " Musica Arabo-Espaiiola " 
 
 551 
 
SORMANN— SPARK 
 
 (1853); " Historia de la musica Espanola desde 
 la venida de los Fenicios hasta el ano de 1850 " 
 (4V0I.S; 1855-9); " Memoriasobre las sociedades 
 corales en Espana "; and " Espana artisticay in- 
 dustrial en la esposicion de 1867." 
 
 Sor^mann, Alfred (Richard Gotthilf), b. 
 Danzig, May 16, 1861. Pianist ; pupil at the 
 Hochschule in Berlin of Rudorff, Earth, Spitta, 
 and Bargiel ; in 1885, of Liszt. Debut 1886, 
 giving successful concerts in chief German 
 towns; in l88g, court pianist to the Grand Duke 
 of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Has publ. apf.-con- 
 certo in C min., a pf.-trio, and other pf.-music. 
 
 Soubies, Albert, mus. historiographer and 
 critic ; b. Paris, May 10, 1846. After admit- 
 tance to the bar, he studied at the Cons, under 
 Savard and Bazin (harm, and comp.); in 1874 
 he revived the famous old " Almanach des 
 spectacles" (known as the "Aim. Duchesne"), 
 and up to l8g8 had publ. 26 volumes ; for this 
 the Academic awarded him the Prix Voirac in 
 1893. Since 1876, mus. critic for " Le Soir"; 
 also contributes to " Le Menestrel" and other 
 mus. papers. Officer of Public Instruction ; 
 Officer of the Legion of Honor, also of the 
 Russian Stanislas order. — Writings : " Histoire 
 de la musique : La Russie et I'AUemagne [2 
 vol.s], le Portugal, la Hongrie, et la Boheme" 
 [3 vol.s]; "La Comedie-Fran9aise depuis 
 I'epoque romantique " [1825-1894]; "67 ans 4 
 I'Opera — 69 ans a I'Dpera-Comique " [3 vol.s]; 
 "Precis de I'histoire de la musique russe" 
 (1893); " Musique russe et musique espagnole," 
 and " Un probleme de I'histoire musicale" (2 
 pamphlets, 1896); " Une Premiere par jour"; 
 "Deux Bilans musicaux"; "Histoire de 
 rOpera-Comique " [la seconde Salle Favart, 
 1840-1887] (2 vol.s; 1892); "Melanges sur 
 Richard Wagner"; "Precis de I'histoire de 
 I'Opera-Comique "; " L'oeuvre dramatique de 
 Richard Wagner"; "Histoire du Theatre- 
 Lyrique " (1899) ; and " Histoire de la musique 
 en Boheme" (1899), the first comprehensive 
 monograph on this interesting subject. 
 
 Soubre, ^tienne-Joseph, b. Li^ge, Dec. 
 30, 1813; d. there Sept. 8, 1871. Pupil, and 
 from 1862 till death Director, of the Liege 
 Cons., succeeding Daussoigne-Mehul. — Works : 
 Opera Isoline (Brussels, 1855); "symphonic 
 triomphale " (1854; prize); 2 cantatas; a Re- 
 quiem w. orch. ; Stabat Mater and Ave Verum, 
 w. orch.; " Hymne a Godefroid de Bouillon " f. 
 male ch. and orch.; church-music, choruses, 
 overtures, symphonies, etc. 
 
 Souhaitty, Jean-Jacques, Franciscan monk 
 at Paris, the first to employ figure-notation for 
 popular vocal teaching; publ. " Nouvelle me- 
 thode pour apprendre le plain-chant et la mu- 
 sique" (1665 ; 2nd ed. as " Nouveaux elements 
 du chant . . .", 1667); and an " Essai du 
 chant de I'eglise par la nouvelle methode des 
 chiffres " (1679). 
 
 Soulier. See SoLii. 
 
 Sou'sa, John Philip, bandmaster and popu- 
 lar composer; b. Washington, D. C, Nov. 5, 
 1856 ; pupil there of John Esputa, and George 
 Felix Benkert (harm, and comp.). From the 
 age of 17, orch.l cond. of travelling theatrical 
 troupes ; played the violin in Offenbach's orch. 
 (1877) ; was mus. dir. of the Philadelphia church- 
 choir "Pinafore Company"; and in 1880 was 
 app. leader of the band of the United States 
 Marine Corps, serving until Aug. I, 1892, when 
 he resigned, and organized a band of his own, 
 which has given concerts throughout the U. S. 
 and Canada. His publ. compositions number 
 several hundred, incl. the comic operas The 
 Smugglers, De'sir/e, The Queen of Hearts, El 
 Capitan, The Bride Elect, The Charlatan, and 
 Chris and the Wonderful Lamp. Among his 
 popular military marches are " The Washington 
 Post," "The High School Cadets," "Thun- 
 derer," " Semper fidelis," "Liberty Bell," "Man- 
 hattan Beach," " King Cotton," " Plands across 
 the Sea," etc. Other works : A symphonic poem 
 on " The Chariot-race " (from " Ben Hur") ; 3 
 suites, "The last days of Pompeii," "Three 
 Quotations," and "Sheridan's Ride"; many 
 waltzes, songs, etc. ; also an instruction-book for 
 trumpet and drum ; ditto f . violin ; the libretto 
 of The Bride Elect ; and a compilation of the 
 ' ' National Patriotic and Typical Airs of all 
 Countries." 
 
 Sowinsky, Albert (Czyli Wojech), b. 
 
 Ladyzyn, Ukraine, 1803 (?) ; d. Paris, Mar. 5, 
 1880. Pianist ; pupil of Czerny, Leidersdorf, 
 and von Seyfried at Vienna ; toured Italy, and 
 settled in Paris in 1830 as a successful concert- 
 giver and pf. -teacher. Played in London, 1842. 
 — Publ. ' ' Les musiciens polonais et slaves an- 
 ciens et modernes, dictionnaire . . . precede 
 d'un resume de I'histoire de la musique " (1857) ; 
 also orchestral and chamber-music, and pf.- 
 pieces, etc. He comp. 2 operas, and much 
 church-music. 
 Spadarius ; Spadaro. See Spataro. 
 
 Spang'enberg, Johann, b. Hardeisen, n. 
 Gottingen, 1484 ; d. Eisleben, June 13, 1550, as 
 church-superintendent. — Publ. Lutheran sacred 
 songs (1545 ; in Latin 1550) ; and a pamphlet, 
 ' ' Quaestiones musicae in usum scholae Nor- 
 thusianae" (1536; often republ.). — His son, 
 Cyriak, b. Nordhausen, Jan. 17, 1528 ; d. 
 Strassburg, Feb. 10, 1604. — Wrote " Von der 
 edlen . . . Kunst der Musica . . . auch wie 
 die Meistersinger aufgekommen . . ." (1598; 
 MS. [publ. in i86l by Prof. Keuer as " Cyriakus 
 S. von der Musica und den Meistersangern "]). 
 
 Spark, Dr. William, b. Exeter, Engl., Oct. 
 28, 1823 ; d. Leeds, June 16, 1897. Chorister 
 in Exeter Cath.; articled 1840 to Dr. S. S. Wes- 
 ley, whom he followed to Leeds in 1842. Or- 
 ganist at Tiverton ; at Daventry ; from 1850-80, 
 at St. George's, Leeds. P'ounder, 1851, of the 
 Leeds Madrigal and Motet Society. Borough- 
 organist of Leeds, i860; Mus. Doc, Dublin, 
 
 552 
 
SPATARO— SPIESS 
 
 1861. Editor of " The Organist's Quarterly 
 Journal." — Works: Oratorio /inmamee7 {heeds, 
 1887) ; cantatas ; anthems and other church- 
 music ; glees, part-songs, and songs ; excellent 
 organ-pieces; — also a "Memoir of Dr. S. S. 
 Wesley "; " Henry Smart, his Life and Works " 
 (London, i88i ; an exhaustive, but ill-arranged, 
 biography); "Musical Memories" (1888) ; and 
 " Mus. Reminiscences " (1892). 
 
 Spataro (or Spatarus, Spadaro, Spada- 
 rius), Giovanni, b. Bologna, about 1460 ; d. 
 there 1541 as maestro at S. Petronio (since 15 12). 
 Pupil of Ramos de Pareja, defending him in 
 the pamphlets " Honesta defensio in Nicolai 
 Burtii Parmensis opusculum " (149I) and "Er- 
 ror! di Franchino Gafurio" (1521). Publ. a 
 learned " Tractate di musica, nel quale si tracta 
 de la perfectione de la sesqui altera producta in 
 la musica mensurata " (1531). 
 
 Spazier', Johann Gottlieb Karl, b. Berlin, 
 Apr. 20, 1761 ; d. Leipzig, Jan. 9, 1805. Stu- 
 dent of philosophy at Halle and Gottingen ; prof, 
 at Giessen ; settled in Leipzig, 1800. Comp. 
 many songs, numbers of which became great 
 favorites. Publ. the autobiographical "Karl 
 Pilgers Roman seines Lebens " (3 vol.s, 1792-6) ; 
 " Freie Gedanken tlber die Gottesverehrung 
 der Protestanten " (1788); " Einige Gedanken 
 . . . zur Einf lihrung eines neuen Gesangbuchs " 
 (1790) ; " Etwas ilber Gluckische Musik und die 
 Oper Iphigenia in Tauris " (1795) ; " Rechtfer- 
 tigung Marpurgs . . ." (1800, in the " Allgem. 
 mus. Zeitung ") ; " Ueber Volksgesang " (in do.). 
 Edited Dittersdorf's autobiography ; translated 
 the first part of Gretry's memoirs : ' ' Gretry's 
 Versuche ilber die Musik " (1800). 
 
 Speer, Daniel, cantor at Waiblingen, 1692. 
 Publ. " Evangelische Seelengedanken " (1681 ; 
 sacred songs a 5 w. vlns. and continue) ; ' ' Ju- 
 bilum coeleste " (1692 ; arias f. 2 soprani and 5 
 instr.s) ; " Philomele angelica " (1693 ; motets f. 
 do.) ; a Choralbuch (1692) ; a book of secular 
 songs, " Recens fabricatus labor oder die lustige 
 Tafelmusik mit 3 Vocal- und 4 Instrumental- 
 stimmen " (1686) ; and the interesting pamphlet, 
 ' ' Grundrichtiger . . . Unterricht in der mu- 
 sikalischen Kunst " (1687 ; augm. ed. 1697). 
 
 Speidel, Wilhelra, b. Ulm, Sept. 3, 1826 ; 
 d. Stuttgart, Oct. 28, 1899. Pianist ; pupil at 
 Munich of Wanner and W. Kuhe, and of Ignaz 
 Lachner (comp.). 1846-8, teacher at Thann, 
 Alsatia ; 1848-54, at Munich ; 1854, mus. di- 
 rector at Ulm ; 1857, cond. of the Liederkranz 
 at Stuttgart ; co-founder of the Cons. , and 
 distinguished teacher of the piano there until 
 he founded his " KUnstler- und Dilettanten- 
 schule fur KIavier"in 1874. On Lebert's death 
 (18S4) S. rejoined the Cons., uniting with it 
 his own school. — Works : "Chorus of Spirits" 
 in Faust, f. male ch. and orch.; " Wikinger 
 Ausfahrt" f. tenor solo, male ch., and orch.; 
 "Volkers Schwanenlied " f. male ch. w. orch.; 
 other male choruses ; symphony in D maj . ; 
 
 overture and intermezzo to A'onig Helge ; pf.- 
 trios ; a 'cello-sonata w. pf. ; do. f. violin ; 2 pf.- 
 sonatas ; interesting pf.-pieces, songs. 
 
 Spengel, Julius Heinrich, b. Hamburg, 
 June 12, 1853. Pupil of Cologne Cons.; later of 
 the Berlin Hochschule (Rudorff, Joachim, Kiel, 
 and Ad. Schulze) ; settled as a teacher in Ham- 
 burg, still studying with Gradener (cpt.) and 
 Armbrust (org.). In 1878, cond. of the Cacili- 
 enverein ; 1884, singing-teacher at the female 
 seminary for the convent-school ; 1886, organist 
 of the Gertrudenkirche.^Works : Symphony in 
 D min.; 'cello-sonata ; a pf. -quintet, songs, and 
 part-songs, are publ. 
 
 Spenser, Willard, b. Cooperstown, N. Y. , 
 July 7, 1856. Self-taught comp. of light pf.- 
 music ; publ. in 1882 the full score of a comic 
 operetta, The Little Tycoon (Philadelphia, 1886; 
 later in most cities of the United States). 
 
 Spick'er, Max, b. KOnigsberg, Prussia, 
 Aug. 16, 1858. Studied with Louis Kohler for 
 5 years (pf.); then, 1877-9, ^' '1^^ Leipzig Cons, 
 under Wenzel, Reinecke, Richter, and Paul. 
 Till 1882, cond. in turn of theatre-orchestras at 
 Heidelberg, Cologne, Ghent, Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 and Potsdam (Royal Th.); 1882-8, cond. of the 
 "Beethoven Mannerchor," New York; 1888-95, 
 Dir. of the Brooklyn Cons. ; since then, teacher 
 of harm, and counterpoint at the National Cons., 
 New York. — Works : Suite f. orch. ; incid. music 
 to Schiller's Demetrius ; cantata The Pilot, I. 
 male ch. and orch.; choral comp.s; many songs. 
 
 Spier'ing, Theodor, b. St. Louis, Missouri, 
 1871. Violinist; pupil 1886-8 of Henry Schra- 
 dieck at Cincinnati ; then for 4 years of Joachim 
 at Berlin. Founder of, and ist violin in, the 
 " Spiering Quartet " of Chicago (S., Otto Roehr- 
 born, Adolf Weidig, and Hermann Diestel). 
 
 Spies, Hermine, distinguished concert-con- 
 tralto; b. Lohnberger Foundry, n. Weilburg, 
 Feb. 25, 1857; d. Wiesbaden, Feb. 26, 1893. 
 Pupil of Sieber and Stockhausen ; debut 1882 ; 
 excelled as a Brahms singer. Married Dr. 
 Hardtmuth of Wiesbaden in 1892. 
 
 Spiess, Johann Martin, organist at Heidel- 
 berg and Berlin. — Publ. " Davids Harfenspiel 
 in 150 Psalmen auf 342 Liederraelodien " 
 (1745; also as " Geistliche Liebesposaunen, 
 etc."); and " 26 geistliche Arien " (1761). 
 
 Spiess, Meinrad, b. Honsolgen, Swabia, 
 Aug. 24, 1683; d. as prior of Yrsee Monastery, 
 July 12, 1761. — Publ. " Antiphonarium Ma- 
 rianum," 24 numbers for soprano or alto solo w. 
 2 violins and organ (1713); " Cithara Davidis," 
 vesper psalms a 4 w. strings and org. (1717); 
 " Philomele ecclesiastica," motets for solo 
 voices, 2 violins, and org. (1718); " Cultus 
 latreutico-musicus," masses and Requiems a 4 
 w. strings and org. (1719); " Laus Dei in Sanctis 
 ejus," f. do. (1723); " Hyperdulica musica," 
 litanies to the Virgin, f. do. (1726); 12 sonatas 
 f. 2 violins, violone and org. (1734); and a. 
 " Musikalischer Tractat" (i745). 
 
 553 
 
SPINDLER— SPITTA 
 
 Spin'dler, Fritz, b. Wurzbach, n. Loben- 
 stein, Nov. 24, 1817. Pianist, giving up theology 
 for music ; studied _ 
 
 from 1835 with Fr. 
 Schneider at Des- 
 sau; settled in 
 Dresden, i 84 I , 
 virh»re he has had 
 great success as a 
 teacher. His com- 
 positions include 
 several serious 
 works on a large 
 scale, as the 2 sym- 
 phonies op. 50 and 
 160 (a third is in 
 MS.) ; the quintet 
 op. 360 f. pf,,oboe, 
 clar. , horn and bas- 
 soon ; the pf.-quartet op. 108 ; the D-minor pf.- 
 concerto op. 260 ; the pf.-trio op. 54 ; and the 
 3 easy pf. -trios op. 305 ; most of his works are 
 jfl/oK-pieces and characteristic pieces in excel- 
 lent piano-style, well written, and not very dif- 
 ficult. The instructive sonatinas op. 157, 290, 
 294, and the 4-hand sonatinas op. 136, also a 
 sonata f. pf. and horn, op. 347, should also be 
 mentioned. 
 
 Spinel'Ii, Nicola, b. Turin, 1865. Son of a 
 jurist ; studied at Naples Cons., especially under 
 Serrao. In 1890 his l-act opera Cobilia took 
 2nd prize in the competition instituted by Son- 
 zogno (Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana won 1st 
 prize). His next opera, the 3-act lyric drama A 
 basso porta, has been perf. in several Italian 
 towns, also in Cologne (1894 ; in German) and 
 Leipzig (1898 ; do.) with considerable success. 
 
 Spinney, English family of musicians, (i) 
 Thomas Edward S., b. June 24, 1824 ; pupil 
 of Sir Henry Bishop. Organist and choirmaster 
 of St. Edmund's, Salisbury, and cond. of the Sal- 
 isbury Orpheus Soc. — Works : Cantata Village 
 Belles ; church-music ; songs ; 9 organ-volunta- 
 ries ; " The Organist's Assistant " ; pf.-pieces.- — 
 (2) His daughter, Mattie S. [Mrs. Beesley], pi- 
 anist, pupil of Benedict, Bennett, and von Billow ; 
 London debut May 8, 1875, at a New Philharm. 
 concert ; has also been organist at St. Paul's, Salis- 
 bury, and at the Parish Ch., Banbury. — Also his 
 four sons : (3) Eugene S., b. 1845 ; d. Dec. 4, 
 1867. Organist of Banbury Parish Ch., 1862; 
 Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1865. — (4) Frank S.,b. Mar. 
 20, 1850; d. June 5, 1888. Articled to Dr. Hayne, 
 Oxford ; organist at St. Denys, Warminster, 
 1869 ; at All Saints', Emscote, Warwick, 1873 ; 
 at Leamington Parish Ch., 1878 ; also conducted 
 the orch.l, choral, and chamber concerts of the 
 Leamington Mus. Soc, and gave organ-recitals. 
 Comp. a Han'est Anthem, hymn-tunes, and or- 
 gan-pieces. — (5) Walter S., b. Mar. 26, 1852 ; 
 d. June 21, 1894. Articled to J. E. Richardson, 
 organist of Salisbury Cath. ; was organist at St. 
 Edmund's, Salisbury, Dudley Parish Ch., Christ 
 Ch., Doncaster, and in 1888 succeeded his brother 
 
 Frank at Leamington. Comp. church-services, 
 anthems, other vocal works, and organ-pieces in 
 his coU.s " The Organ Library " and " The Ves- 
 per Bell."— (6) Rev. T. Herbert S., b. Jan. 13, 
 1857. Pupil of Arnold and Bridge ; Harmony 
 Prizeman, Trinity College, London, 1876 ; F. R. 
 C. O. From 16, organist at Salisbury, later at 
 Exeter College, Oxford. Ordained Priest in 1882 ; 
 since 1885, vicar of New borough, Burton-on- 
 Trent. He still gives organ-recitals ; has comp. 
 six hymns, anthems, organ-music, etc. 
 
 Spiridio, Berthold, monk and organist at 
 the monastery of St. Teodor, n. Bamberg ; publ. 
 a coll., " Musica Romana," of church-music, a 
 3 w. 2 violins (1665) ; " Musica Theoliturgica " 
 a 5 w. do. (1668) ; a curious instruction-book for 
 organ- and clavier-playing, " Neue und bis dato 
 unbekannte Unterweisung . . ." (1670), with 
 many mus. examples, from which his ' ' Toccate, 
 ricercari e canzoni francesi " (1691) was a selec- 
 tion. 
 
 Spiridion. See Xyndas. 
 
 Spit'ta, (Johann August) Philipp, learned 
 mus. historiographer ; b. Wechold, n. Hoya, 
 Hanover, Dec. 27, 1841 ; d. Berlin, Apr. 13, 
 1894. Student of philology at Gottingen; 
 teacher at the " Ritter- und Domschule," Reval, 
 1864-6 ; at Sondershausen Gymnasium till 1874 ; 
 and one year at the Nikolai-Gymnasium, Leip- 
 zig, where he was a co-founder of the Bach- 
 Verein (1874) ; in 1875, prof, of mus. history at 
 Berlin Univ., Life-Secretary to the R. Acad, of 
 Arts, and teacher at, and Vice-Director of, the 
 Hochschule filr Musik. Title of ' ' Geheimrath " 
 in 1891. — Writings : A comprehensive Life of J. 
 S. Bach (2 vol.s, 1873, '80), carefully and learn- 
 edly written, with valuable discussions of princi- 
 pal works ; also a short sketch of Bach in Wal- 
 dersee's "Vortrage" (1880); a short biogr. of 
 Schumann for Grove's Dictionary, afterwards 
 published separately in German (1882) ; 2 coU.s of 
 articles, " Zur Musik" (1892) ; 12 essays), and 
 " Musikgeschichtliche Aufsatze " (Berlin, 1894); 
 an essay, ' ' Die Passionsmusik von Sebastian 
 Bach und Heinrich Schiitz" (1893); many papers 
 in the " Allgem. musikalische Zeitung," the 
 " Monatshefte fur Musikgeschichte," and more 
 particularly in his own periodical, the "Viertel- 
 jahrsschrift fur Musikwissenschaft," founded in 
 1884 with Chrysander and P. Adler. — S. also 
 edited a critical ed. of Buxtehude's organ- works 
 (2 foHo vol.s, 1875, '76), with valuable historical 
 notes; Vol.s i-xiv of the complete ed. of Schiitz's 
 works (16 vol.s ; finished by Fr. Spitta in i8g6) ; 
 and Vol. i of the " Denkmaler deutscher Ton- 
 kunst" (1892; contains Scheldt's " Tabulatura 
 nova " of 1624). — His brother, 
 
 Spit'ta, Friedrich, b. Wittingen, Hanover, 
 Jan. 10, 1852 ; -prof, of theology at Strassburg 
 Univ.; has publ. " Liturgische Andacht zum 
 Luther- Jubilaum " (1883) ; " Handel und Bach," 
 festival orations(i885) ; " H. Schiitz," do. (1886); 
 "Die Passionen von H. Schtitz; and " Uber 
 
 554 
 
SPOHR 
 
 Chorgesang in evangelischen Gottesdienst " 
 (l88g). Edited Vol.s xv-xvi of Schutz's com- 
 plete works. 
 
 Spohr, Ludwig [Louis], genial violinist and 
 composer of the romantic school, and a renowned 
 teacher ; b. Bruns- 
 wick, Apr. 5, 1784; 
 d. ICassel, Nov. 22, 
 1859. His father, a 
 physician, removed 
 toSeesen in 1786 ; he 
 was an amateur flute- 
 player, the mother a 
 singer and pianist. 
 S. early sang duets 
 with his mother, and 
 at about 5 began on 
 the violin with Rec- 
 tor Riemenschnei- 
 der. Healsohadles- 
 sons from Dufour, a 
 French imigri, who 
 persuaded his parents to send him to Brunswick, 
 where he was taught at first by Kunisch, and then 
 by theleaderof the orch., Maucourt; he alsocom- 
 posed diligently, and at 14 played a concerto of 
 his own before the court. The Duke admitted him 
 into the orch., and in 1802 requested Franz Eck, 
 then touring Germany, to take S. as a pupil. The 
 latter accompanied Eck to St. Petersburg, re- 
 iflaining with him 18 months; practised assidu- 
 ously, and publ. a violin-concerto (op. i), etc. 
 In 1803 he reentered the Ducal orch. ; in 1804 he 
 made his first tour (to Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, 
 etc.), and aroused genuine enthusiasm both as a 
 virtuoso and composer. At Gotha he was app. 
 in 1805 to succeed Ernst as leader; here he met 
 and married Dorette Scheidler, the harp-player, 
 making further tours 'with her in 1807 and 1809. 
 In the latter year he cond. the first musical fes- 
 tival in Germany, held at Frankenhausen. After 
 brilliantly successful concerts at Vienna in 1812, 
 he became leader at the Theater an der Wien. 
 Resigning in 1815, he cond. a second Festival at 
 Frankenhausen; made a grand tour in Italy(play- 
 ing a concertante of his own with Paganini at 
 Rome), then in Holland, and in 1817 became 
 opera-cond. at Frankfort. Here his opera Faust, 
 written for Vienna, but not prod, there by reason 
 of disagreements with the Director, was perf. 
 in 1818 with'success. This position he gave up 
 in 1819; in 1820 he visited England with his 
 wife, played in several Philharm. Concerts, and 
 brought out two symphonies, conducting the 
 Philharm. Orch. with a baton — an entirely novel 
 method in England. Concerts given at Paris, on 
 the home-journey, found less appreciative audi- 
 ences. .S. now settled in Dresden; but in 1821 
 he was offered a life-appointment as court con- 
 ductor at Kassel, and entered upon the duties of 
 the position on Jan. i, 1822. Here he won last- 
 ing renown as a conductor, and reached his zenith 
 as a composer in the o-^exsu Jessonda (1823), the 
 oratorio Die letzten Dinge (1826), and his grand 
 
 symphony, " Die Weihe der Tone " (1832). 
 ■ Though his powers were on the wane, it was 
 chiefly for political reasons (S. was a staunch radi- 
 cal) that he was retired in 1857 on a pension con- 
 siderably less than had been expressly agreed 
 upon. In the following year he broke his left 
 arm by falling, and thenceforward could play no 
 more in public. — S. was a composer of marked 
 individuality, with a romantic warmth of tem- 
 'peramentakin to Schubert, and in fine regard for 
 formal finish resembling Mendelssohn. He ranks 
 just below the greatest representatives of new 
 German art; some of whom (e.g., Weber and 
 Beethoven) he failed to appreciate ; though, curi- 
 ously enough, he did recognize;Wagner'ssupreme 
 dramatic genius, brought out Der Jliegende Hol- 
 lander [1842] and Tannhiiuser [1853] despite 
 strenuous opposition by the court, and tried hard 
 to produce Lohengrin. As a virtuoso he was dis- 
 tinctly one of the greatest, more especially in the 
 cantahile. His success as a teacher was conspicu- 
 ous; St. Lubin, Ferd. David, Hauptmann, Kom- 
 pel, Bott, Behm, Pott, Henry Blagrove, K. L. 
 Bargheer, and Adolph Bargheer (his last pupil) 
 were trained by him. He was also one of the 
 best conductors in Germany, and often officiated 
 at the great Musical Festivals (at Dusseldorf, 
 1826; Nordhausen, 1829; Norwich, 1839; Bonn, 
 1845 ; etc.). His publ. compositions number over 
 160. He wrote II operas: Die Prilfung (\%a(i), 
 Alruna (1808), and Die Eulenkonigin (1808), all 
 3 not perf. ; Der Zweikampf mil der Geliebten 
 (Hamburg, 1811) ; T^awj-/ (Frankfort, 181S) ; Ze- 
 mire und Azore (Frankfort, i8ig ; for a time r\- 
 \aS&a.% Jessonda in popularity) ; Jessotida (Kas- 
 sel, 1823); Der Berggeist (ibid., 1825); Pietro 
 von Albano (ibid., 1827) ; Der Alchymist (ibid., 
 1830); 3.-aADie Kreuzfahrer (^\A.., 1845); — the 
 ora.tonos Das Jiingste Gerichi {Erixirt, 1812); Die 
 /elzien Dinge {Kassel, 1826; in England as T/ie 
 Last Judgment) ; Des Heilands lelzte Stunden 
 (Kassel, 1835; as Ca&arj' at the Norwich Fest. , 
 1839) ; and Der Fall Babylons (Kassel, 1841 ; 
 Norwich Fest, 1842); — a dram, cantata, Dasbe- 
 freite Deutschland ; a mass, psalms, hymns, etc., 
 f. soli, ch., and orch. ; also part-songs f. mixed or 
 male ch.; duets; many songs. — Nine sympho- 
 nies: I. op. 20, Efc) ; 2. op. 49, D min. ; 3. op. 
 78, C min.; 4. op. 86, F (" Weihe der T5ne"); 
 5. op. 102, C min.; 6. op. 116, G (" Historical" ; 
 dedicated to the London Philharm. Soc); 7. op. 
 121, C (" Irdisches und GOttlichesim Menschen- 
 leben," f. 2 orch.s); 8. op. 137, G min. (ded. to 
 the London Philharm.) ; g. op. 143, B min. (" Die 
 Jahreszeiten ") ; — eight overtures, incl. those to 
 Die Priifung, Alruna, Das befreite Deutsch- 
 land, to the play Der Matrose, and the fantasia 
 on Raupach's " Tochter der Luft" (played as ist 
 movem. to Symphony No. 5), a Macbeth over- 
 ture, and an overture " Im ernsten Styl"; — fif- 
 teen violin-concertos, classics of violin-literature, 
 among the finest being No. 8 (op. 47 in A min., 
 " in modo d'una scena cantante "), and No. 9 (op. 
 55, in D min.), all edited by Ferd. David; a re- 
 markable ' ' quartet-concerto " for 2 violins, viola, 
 
 555 
 
SPONTINI 
 
 and 'cello, w. orch., op. 131; 2 concertantes f. 
 2 violins w. orch. ; Grande Polonaise f. violin w. 
 orch.; 2 clar. -concertos; — much fine chamber- 
 music, in which the leading violin is particularly 
 favored (a nonet f. vln. , via. , 'cello, d.-bass, wood- 
 wind, and horn; an octet f. vln., 2 violas, 'cello, 
 d.-bass, clar., and 2 horns; 4 double quartets f. 
 strings; septet f. pf., flute, clar., horn, bassoon, 
 violin, and 'cello; string-sextet; 7 string-quin- 
 tets; quintet f. pf., flute, clar., horn, and bas- 
 soon; pf. -quintet; 34 string-quartets; 5 pf.- 
 trios; 14 duos concertants f. 2 violins; 3 do. f. 
 pf . and violin ; 3 sonates concertantes f. harp and 
 violin; etc., etc. Finally, his great "Violin- 
 School" in 3 parts (1831). 
 
 Biographical : Autobiography (Kassel, i860, 
 '61; 2vol.s; Engl, transl. London, 1865); " L. 
 Spohr, sein Leben und Wirken," by Malibran 
 (Frankfort, i860); "Louis Spohr," by H. M. 
 Schletterer (in Waldersee's " Sammlung," 1881). 
 
 Sponti'ni, Gasparo (Luigi Pacifico), very 
 prominent Italian dramatic composer ; b. Majo- 
 lati, Ancona, Nov. 14, 
 1774 ; d. there Jan. 24, 
 1851. His parents, 
 poor peasants, in- 
 tended him for the 
 church, and gave him 
 in charge of an uncle, 
 a priest at Jesi, who 
 attemped to stifle his 
 musical aspirations. 
 The result was, that 
 the boy ran away to 
 another uncle, at San 
 Vito, who not only 
 procured him suitable 
 instruction, but ef- 
 fected a reconciliation, so that in a year he re- 
 turned to Jesi, was taught by good masters, and 
 in 1 791 entered the Cons, della Pieta de' Tur- 
 chini at Naples, studying under Sala and Tritto. 
 In 1796 he was invited to write an opera for the 
 Teatro Argentina at Rome, its director having 
 been pleased by some of S.'s music heard in 
 Naples; though S., to this end, absented him- 
 self from the Cons, without leave, Piccinni, after 
 the success of the opera, / piintigli delle donne, 
 persuaded the management to take him back, 
 and also gave him valuable advice concerning 
 the composition of other operas written for Rome, 
 Florence, and Naples. As cond. to the Nea- 
 politan court, which had fled to Palermo before 
 the French invasion, S. brought out 3 operas 
 there in 1800 ; wrote others for Rome (1801) and 
 Venice (1802), and then proceeded via Marseilles 
 to Paris (1803). Up to this time he had prod. 16 
 operas in the prevalent light Italian style ; while 
 supporting himself in Paris by lesson-giving, the 
 ill-success attending the production of 3 operas 
 in 1804 — La finia filosofa^ an earlier work, and 
 two imitations of French opera comique, Julie 
 and La petite maison (the latter was hissed off the 
 stage) — and his fortunate acquaintance with the 
 
 poet Etienne Jouy, influenced him to change his 
 style completely. His great admiration for, and 
 careful study of, Mozart also operated to effect 
 this change. The i-act opera Milton (Th. Fey- 
 deau, Nov. 27, 1804) differed markedly, in warmth 
 and depth of sentiment and loftiness of expres- 
 sion, from its immediate predecessors ; La Ves- 
 tale, on which S. labored for more than three 
 years, retouching and rewriting passage after 
 passage, page after page, shows the new Spontini 
 at his best. Meantime the Empress Josephine, 
 to whom he had dedicated the score of Milton, 
 had appointed him her "chamber-composer," 
 and her favor increased after the production of 
 S.'s cantata, L'eccelsa gara, celebrating the vic- 
 tory of Austerlitz. Her powerful patronage se- 
 cured a hearing for La Vestale, which was brought 
 out at the Academie Imperiale (Grand Opera), 
 despite virulent open and secret opposition on 
 the part of influential musicians, on Dec. 15, 
 1807, and with triumphant success. Not only 
 did the public receive it with acclamation ; by a 
 unanimous verdict of the judges, Mehul, Gossec, 
 and Gretry, the prize offered by Napoleon for the 
 best dramatic work was awarded to Spontini. 
 Shortly after the equal success of his grand opera 
 Fernand Cortez, in^i8og, S. married the daughter 
 of Jean-Baptiste Erard ; and in 1810 became di- 
 rector of the Italian Opera, in which capacity he 
 staged Mozart's Don Giovanni in its original form 
 for the first time in Paris. He was dismissed in 
 1812, on charges of financial irregularity ; but in 
 1814 Louis XVIII. appointed him court com- 
 poser, S. having refused reinstatement as opera- 
 director in favor of Catalani. He now wrote 
 stage-pieces in glorification of the Restoration 
 {F^lage, ou le roi et la paix, 1814 ; Les dieux 
 rivaux, 1816), followed in 1819 by the opera 
 Olyinpie, which had only a succhs d'estime. He 
 had already accepted the appointment, by King 
 Friedrich Wilhelm III., of court-composer and 
 general musical director at Berlin ; he made his 
 debut there, in the Spring of 1820, with his opera 
 Fernand Cortez, fairly electrifying his audiences, 
 although, like Julie, Milton, and La Vestale, it 
 had been heard before in Berlin. Here S.'s 
 wonderful talents as a conductor had freest scope; 
 besides repeating his earlier works, he wrote for 
 Berlin the festival play Lalla Rukh (1821), re- 
 modeled as the opera Nurmahal, oder das liosen- 
 fest von ICaschmir (1822) ; Alcidor (1825) ; and 
 Agnes von Hohenstauffen (1829) ; none of these, 
 however, found currency in other German cities. 
 In spite of his successes, and the King's con- 
 tinued favor, S.'s position in Berlin gradually 
 grew untenable ; he had been placed on an 
 equality with the Intendant of the Royal Thea- 
 tre, and there were frequent misunderstandings 
 and sharp clashes of authority, not tempered by 
 S.'s jealQusies and dislikes, his overweening self- 
 conceit and despotic temper. Partly through 
 intrigue, partly by reason of his own lack of self- 
 control, he narrowly escaped imprisonment for 
 Ihe-majesti? ; and was finally fairly driven out of 
 the theatre by the hostile demonstrations of the 
 
 556 
 
SQUIRE— STADTFELDT 
 
 audience. lie retired in 1841, retaining his 
 titles and full pay ; the next year he went to 
 Paris, a broken man, unfitted for composition or 
 any regular occupation by the stinging memory 
 of his degradation. He sought to improve his 
 shattered health by returning to Italy ; but died 
 not long after reaching his native place. In 
 1844 the Pope had given him the rank and title 
 of " Conte di Sant' Andrea" ; he was a knight 
 of the Prussian " Ordre pour le merite," member 
 of the Berlin Akademie (1833), and the Paris 
 Academie (1839), ^^^ ^^'^ received from Halle 
 Univ. the degree of Dr. phil. — Biographical : 
 L. de Lomenie, " M. Spontini, par un homme 
 de rien" (1841) ; E. M. Oettinger, "Spontini" 
 (1843); Montanari, " Elogio . . . "(1851); 
 Raoul-Rochette, " Notice historique ..." 
 (1852); R. Wagner, " Erinnerungen an Spon- 
 tini" (in his "Collected Writings," Vol. v.). 
 
 Squire, William Henry, English 'cellist ; b. 
 Ross, Herefordshire, Aug. 8, 1871. Pupil of his 
 father, an amateur violinist ; debut at 7 ; won 
 scholarship at the R. C. M., studied under Ed- 
 ward Powell and Hubert Parry, and came out at 
 the Albeniz Concerts, St. James's Hall, Feb. 12, 
 1891. Favorite concert-'cellistin London ; Asso- 
 ciate of R. C. M., 1889. — Works : A 'cello-con- 
 certo;, a serenade, pastorale, gavotte, tarentelle 
 (op. 23), 4 sets of pieces, 12 easy exercises, etc., 
 f. 'cello ; violin-music ; pf.-pieces ; songs. 
 
 Ssaffieddin. See Saffieddin. 
 
 Sseroff. See Serov. 
 
 Ssolowiew. See Soloviev. 
 
 Stabi'le, Annibale, pupil of Palestrina and 
 a comp. of the Roman school, d. about 1595 as 
 maestro at S. Maria Maggiore, Rome. — Publ. 3 
 books of motets a 5-8 (1584, '85, '8g), 3 of 
 madrigals a-c, (1572, often republ.), 2 of Sacrae 
 modulationes a 5-8 (15 [?], '86), and litanies a 4 
 (1592); detached pieces in Gardane's " Dolci 
 affetti " and " Trionfo di Dori," and in Phalese's 
 " Harmonia celeste," " Laureo verde," and 
 " Paradiso musicale." 
 
 Sta'de, Heinrich Bernhard, b. Ettischleben, 
 n. Amstadt, May 2, 1816 ; d. Arnstadt, May 29, 
 1882, as town-cantor and organist. Restored 
 the organ in the St. Bonifaciuskirche, on which 
 Bach played 1703-7. — Publ. " Der wohlvorbe- 
 reitete Organist, ein Praludien-, Choral- und 
 Postludienbuch " in 2 parts ; and other organ- 
 music. 
 
 Sta'de, Ffiedrich Wilhelm, b. Halle, Aug. 
 25, 1817. Organist ; pupil of Fr. Schneider at 
 Dessau ; mus. dir. and Dr. phil. hon. causa, of 
 Jena Univ.; from i860, court organist and Ka- 
 pellm. at Altenburg, retiring in l8gi. — Works : 
 2 symphonies ; FestouvertUre; music to Ross- 
 mann's tragedy Orestes ; violin-duos ; a violin- 
 sonata ; 7 books of organ-pieces ; 8 Charakter- 
 stiicke, a suite, a charming " Kindersonate " (4 
 hands), etc., f. pf. ; Easter and Christmas can- 
 tatas f. soli, ch., and orch.; numerous other 
 choral works, sacred and secular ; songs, among 
 
 them the celebrated " Vor Jena," beginning 
 " Auf den Bergen — die Burgen," which made 
 ' him famous, and is a favorite sludent-song. His 
 arrangements of Bach's and Handel's sonatas, 
 and of " Die Lieder und Sprliche ausder letzten 
 Zeit des Minnegesangs," have added greatly to 
 his reputation. 
 
 Sta'de, Dr. Fritz (Ludwig Rudolf), b. 
 
 Sondershausen, Jan. 8, 1844 ; student and teacher 
 in Leipzig, pupil of Riedel and Richter ; writer 
 for the " Neue Zeitschrift fUr Musik." Publ. 
 " Vom Musikalisch-Schonen " {contra Hanslick), 
 and edited the 6th ed. of Brendel's " Geschichte 
 der Musik." 
 
 Sta'den, Johann, b. Nuremberg, about 
 1579; d. there Nov., 1634, as organist of the 
 Sebalduskirche. Publ. many motets, Magnifi- 
 cats, etc., and secular music (dances), from 
 1606-43 (^/."Monatshefte fur Musikgeschichte," 
 Vol. XV.). — His son and successor, Sigismund 
 Gottlieb, wrote the earliest ^xte«/ German opera, 
 Seelewig (publ. in Harsdorffer's " Frauenzimmer- 
 gesprachspiele," 1644 ; new score ed. in " Mo- 
 natsh. f. Musikgesch.," Vol. xiii) ; also publ. in 
 do. " Seelen-Musik trostreicher Lieder" (1644) 
 and " Der 7 Tugenden Planeten-Tone oder 
 Stimmen " (1645) ; some melodies in Rist's 
 " Neue himmlische Lieder" (165 1) ; and edited 
 H. L. Plassler's " Kirchengesange " (1637 ; with 
 18 additional songs by the two Stadens and 2 
 other comp. s). \Cf. H. Sci-itJTZ, opera ZJa/^f.] 
 
 Sta'dler, Maximilian, b. Melk, Lower 
 Austria, Aug. 4, 1748 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 8, 1833. 
 Priest, from 1786-9 abbot at Lilienfeld ; held 
 other church-positions, and settled in Vienna 
 1815. Publ. many masses, Requiems, psalms, 
 etc.; also organ-fugues, pf. -sonatas, songs w. 
 pf., etc. Noted for his defense of the genuine- 
 ness of Mozart's Requiem against Gottfried 
 Weber and others : " Vertheidigung der Echt- 
 heit des Mozart'schen Requiems" (1826 ; suppl. 
 1827). 
 
 Sta'dlmayer, Johann, b. Freising, Bavaria, 
 1560 ; Kapellm. to the Archduchess Claudia at 
 Innsbruck, where he was still living in 1646. — 
 Publ. masses a 8 (1593, '96) ; do. w. continuo 
 (1610) ; masses a 6 w. continuo (1612) ; masses 
 a 10-12, f. 2 choirs (1616) ; vesper hymns a 5, 
 w. instr.s (1617) ; " Apparatus musicus," sacred 
 songs a 6-24, w. instr.s (1619) ; Misereres a 4-8 
 (1621) ; " Odae sacrae" a 5 (1638 ; Xmas and 
 Easter cantatas, w. instr.s ad lib.) ; psalms a 2-3, 
 w. 2 violins or cornets (1640); " Missae breves" 
 a 4-5, with a Requiem (1641) ; and 2 books Jf 
 psalms (1641, '46). 
 
 Stadt'feldt, Alexander, b. Wiesbaden, 
 Apr. 27, 1826 ; d. Brussels, Nov. 4, 1853. Pu- 
 pil of Fetis in Brussels Cons. , winning Grand 
 prix de Rome in 1849. — Works : Operas Hamlet 
 (Darmstadt, 1857 ; Weimar, 1882) ; Abu Has- 
 san, r Illusion, and La Pedrina (MS.) ; a cantata, 
 vocal scenes w. orch., 4 symphonies, overtures, 
 2 concertinos f. pf. and orch., string-quartet, 
 
 557 
 
STAGEMANN— STAMITZ 
 
 pf.-trio ; a mass, a Te Deum and a hymn, w. 
 orch. ; etc. 
 
 Sta'gemann, Max, b. Freienwalde-on-Oder, 
 May lo, 1843. Pupil of Dresden Cons.; actor 
 at Bremen, 1862 ; 2nd baritone at Hanover, 
 1865, later singing leading roles, and becoming 
 "chamber-singer"; dir. of Konigsberg Th., 
 1877 ; lived in Berlin 1879-82 as a concert-singer 
 and singing-teacher ; since then director (man- 
 ager) of the Leipzig City Th. 
 
 Sta'gno, Alberto, dramatic tenor ; b. Pa- 
 lermo, 1836 ; d. Genoa, Apr. 26, 1897. Pupil of 
 Mariot and Gius. Lamperti. Sang with great 
 applause in Italy, Prague (1872), London (1876), 
 Russia, Spain, and America. Married his pupil. 
 Gemma Bellincioni, in 1881. 
 
 Stahl'knecht, two brothers : (i) Adolf, vio- 
 linist ; b. Warsaw, June 18, 1813 ; d. Berlin, June 
 24, 1887, as chamber-musician ; — and Julius, 
 b. Posen, Mar. 17, 1817 ; d. Berlin, Jan. 16, 
 i8g2, as 1st 'cello in the royal orch. They made 
 concert-tours together, and establ. trio-soirees in 
 Berlin, 1844. Adolf comp. an opera, 2 masses, 
 7 symphonies, 36 entr'actes, and much chamber- 
 music (nearly all MS.) ; Julius publ. concert- 
 pieces f. 'cello. 
 
 Stai'ner (or Steiner), JakoS, b. Absam, 
 Tyrol, July 14, 1621 ; d. there 1683. The son of 
 poor peasants, as a shepherd-boy he already at- 
 tracted attention by his skilfully made " Schwe- 
 gelpfeifen " and other wood-wind instr.s ; as a 
 youth he began making violins, and became so 
 famous in 1658 that Archduke Ferdinand Karl 
 made him " erzfurstlicher Diener," with the 
 title " ehrsamer und furnehmer Herr." Though 
 his violins found ready sale at fair prices (for 
 those times), his income did not keep pace with 
 his expenditures, and he fell into the hands of 
 usurers. His patron's death left him without 
 resources ; his mind gave way, and he died in 
 an insane asylum. — Genuine Stainer violins are 
 highly prized, and command good prices ; it is 
 supposed that S. served an apprenticeship at 
 Cremona. — Biography by Sebastian Ruf (Inns- 
 bruck, 1872). — His brother Markus made ex- 
 cellent violas. 
 
 Stainer, Sir John, eminent English com- 
 poser and organist ; b. London, June 6, 1840. 
 Chorister at St. Paul's 1847-56, studying under 
 Bayley (harm.) and Steggall (cpt.), and later 
 under Cooper (org.). From 1854-60 he held 3 
 positions as organist , being then app. University 
 organist at Oxford, graduating there Mus. Bac. 
 (1859) and Mus. Doc. (1865). App. Examiner for 
 mus. degrees 1866. From 1872-88, successor to 
 Sir John Goss as organist of St. Paul's, resigning 
 on account of failing eyesight ; he was knighted 
 in 1888, and in 1889 assumed the position of prof, 
 of music at Oxford Univ. In 1876, prof, of or- 
 gan and harmony at the Nat. Training School 
 for Music, succeeding Sullivan as Principal in 
 1881, and, after its reconstruction as the R. Col- 
 lege of Music in 1883, again prof. Also suc- 
 
 ceeded Hullah, in 1882, as Government Inspec- 
 tor of Music in the Training-Schools. Among 
 many high distinc- 
 tions, he was made 
 a Chevalier of the 
 Legion of Honor 
 in 1S78.— Works : 
 Oratorio Gideon ; 
 the cantatas The 
 Daughter ofjairus 
 (Wore. Fest., 
 1878) ; St. Mary 
 Magdalene (Glou- 
 cester, 1883) ; and 
 The Crucifixion 
 (London, 1887) ; 4 
 church-services; 
 canticles, anthems, 
 songs ; — Primers on the Organ, Harmony, Com- 
 position, Choral Society Vocalisation ; a Treatise 
 on Harmony (often republ.) ; "Dictionary of 
 Mus. Terms" with W. A. Barrett (1876; 3rd 
 ed. 1888) ; also edited church-music works. 
 
 Staraaty, Camille-Marie, b. Rome, Mar. 
 23, 1811 ; d. Paris, Apr. 19, 1870. Pianist, 
 pupil of Kalkbrenner ; his first concert, in 1835, 
 was very successful. He was one of the fore- 
 most teachers in Paris ; among his pupils were 
 Saint-Saens and Gottschalk. — Publ. a pt.-con- 
 certo, op. 2 ; 2 sonatas, op. 8, 14 ; a pf.-trio, op. 
 12 ; Variations, op. 5, 19 ; excellent educational 
 pieces : 12 etudes pittoresques, op. 21 ; 6 etudes 
 caract. sur Oberon, op. 33 ; La rythme des doigts 
 a I'aide du metronome, op. 36 ; etudes progres- 
 sives, op. 37 ; 25 etudes pour petites mains, op. 
 38 ; 20 etudes, " Chant et mecanisme," op. 39 ; 
 12 do., same title, f. 4 hands ; 24 etudes de per- 
 fectionnement, op. 46 ; etc. 
 
 Sta'mitz, Johann Karl, famous self-taught 
 violinist ; b. Deutsch-Brod, Bohemia, June ig, 
 1717 ; d. Mannheim, 1761, as Electoral Concert- 
 meister and chamber-music director. — Publ. 6 
 sonatas f. harpsichord and violin ; 12 do. f. violin 
 and bass ; etudes (duets) f. 2 violins ; 6 trios f. 2 
 violins and bass ; 6 violin-concertos ; 12 sym- 
 phonies. Many works in MS. 
 
 Sta'mitz, Karl, son of preceding ; b. Mann- 
 heim, May 7, 1746 ; d. Jena, 1801. Renowned 
 player on the violin and viole d'amour ; pupil of 
 his father and Cannabich ; 1767, member of the 
 Electoral orch.; 1770-85 in Paris as leader to the 
 Due de Noailles ; toured Germany and Austria, 
 lived in Nuremberg, Kassel, etc., toured Rus- 
 sia (1790), lived for some years in St. Petersburg ; 
 from 1800, cond. of the academical concerts at 
 Jena. — Publ. 3 symphonies w. 8, and 6 w. 10, 
 instrumental parts ("La chasse " is scored f. 
 strings, flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 
 trumpets) ; 4 concertantes f. 2 violins ; 7 violin- 
 concertos ; string-quartets (op. 4, 7, 10, 13, 15) ; 
 5 trios f. 2 violins w. bass ; duos f. 2 vlns., f. 
 vln. and 'cello, and viola and 'cello ; a viola-con- 
 certo ; a pf. -concerto ; etc. — Prod. 2 operas ; Der 
 verliebte Vormund, comic (Frankfort), and the 
 
 558 
 
STAMITZ— STARK 
 
 ^>S^ 
 
 grand opera Dardanus (St. Petersburg). — Cf. 
 Jean Paul, " Hesperus." 
 
 Sta'mitz, Anton, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Mannheim, 1753 ; d. Paris (?), whither he went 
 with his brother in 1770. Violinist. — Publ. 
 quartets, trios, and duets f. strings ; a violin- 
 concerto ; 6 sonatas f. violin, flute, and bass ; 
 Nocturnes f. vln. and 'cello ; concertos f. pf., f. 
 'cello, f. bassoon ; etc. 
 
 Stanford, Charles Villiers, distinguished 
 composer and conductor ; b. Dublin, Sept. 30, 
 1852. His family was 
 musical, and their 
 house a rallying-point 
 for musicians ; at an 
 early age he was a ,^ 
 good pianist and an mm 
 ambitious composer, 'm 
 one of his teachers 
 being Sir Robert \j 
 Stewart. From 1862 
 he studied with Arthur 
 O'Leary (comp.) and 
 Ernst Pauer (pf.) in 
 London ; obtained in 
 1870 an Organ 
 Scholarshipat Queen's 
 College, Cambridge ; in 1873 he succeeded Dr. 
 Hopkins as org. of Trinity Coll. (resigned 
 l8g2) ; also becoming cond. of the Cambridge 
 Univ. Mus. Soc. (resigned 1893). For 2 years 
 (1875-6) he studied comp. under Reinecke at 
 Leipzig, going in 1877 to Kiel, Berlin. Took 
 degree of M.A., Cantab., in 1878 ; in 1883 Ox- 
 ford, and in 1888 Cambridge, bestowed on him 
 the degree of Mus. Doc. ; in 1883 he was app. 
 Prof, of Comp., and cond. of the orch., at the 
 R. C. M., on the opening of that institution. 
 He succeeded Goldschmidt as cond. of the Bach 
 Choir in 1885 ; and G. A. Macfarren as Prof, of 
 Music at Cambridge in 1887. In 1897 he be- 
 came cond. of the Leeds Philharra. Soc. — Works: 
 The operas The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan 
 (Hanover, 1881 ; German libretto by Frank) ; 
 Savonarola (Hairiburg, 1884) ; The Canterbury 
 Pilgrims (London, Covent Garden, 1884) ; Sha- 
 mus O'Brien (London, 1896 ; v. succ.) ; — incid. 
 music to Tennyson's Queen Mary and Becket, to 
 .lEschylus' Eumenides, and to Sophocles' CEdi- 
 pus ; — many grand choral works : The Resur- 
 rection, oratorio (1875), Psalm 96 (1877), Elegiac 
 Ode (Norwich, 1884), The Three Holy Chil- 
 dren, oratorio (Birmingham, 1885), The Revenge 
 (Leeds, 1886), "Jubilee Ode" (1887), The 
 Voyage of Maeldune (Leeds, i88g). The Battle 
 of the Baltic (Hereford, 1891), Eden (Birm., 
 i8gi), Installation Ode (1892), " East to West," 
 ode (1893), The Bard (Cardiff, 1895), Phaudrig 
 Crohoore (Norwich, 1896), "Awake, my heart," 
 choral hymn (1881), Psalm 96 (1887), iWass in 
 B (1893), Requiem (1897), Te Deum (Leeds, 
 i8g8) ; — 3 Morning and Evening Services ; a 
 Communion Service ; etc.; — 5 symphonies (B|j; 
 D min., "Elegiac"; F min., "Irish"; F, 
 
 " Thro' youth to strife, thro' death to life" ; and 
 D, " L'allegro ed il pensieroso ") ; 2 overtures 
 and a serenade, f. orch.; a pf. -concerto, a 'cello- 
 concerto, and a suite f . violin and orch. ; a 'cello- 
 sonata, op. 9 ; a violin-sonata, op. 11 ; 2 pf.- 
 quartets, op. 15, 25 ; 3 string-quartets, op. 44, 
 54, 65 ; a pf.-trio ; pf.-sonatas ; etc. — Excellent 
 sketch of Life and Works is in the " Mus. 
 Times '' for Dec, 1898. 
 
 Stan'ge, Hermann, b. Kiel, Dec. 19, 1835. 
 St. at Leipzig Cons. ; private tutor to Count 
 Bernstorfif and the Prince of Wied ; organist at 
 Rossal College, Engl., 1860-4 I since 1878 mus. 
 dir., and since 1887 prof., at Kiel Univ. 
 
 Stanhope, Charles, Third Earl of, b. Aug. 
 3, 1733; d. London, Sept. 13, 1816. Wrote 
 "Principles of Tuning Instr.s with Fixed 
 Tones " (1806). 
 
 Stanley, (Charles) John, b. London, Jan. 17, 
 1713 ; d. there May 19, 1786., Blind from early 
 youth, he st. under J. Reading and M. Greene, 
 became organist in several churches, and in 1779 
 succeeded Boyce as Master of the Royal Band. 
 He enjoyed the esteem of Handel, after whose 
 death he cond. the oratorio performances with 
 Smith. — Works: Oratorios Jephtha (1737), 
 Zimri (1760), The Fall of Egypt {i-jli^; dram, 
 pastoral Arcadia (for George III.'s wedding) ; 
 songs; — Op. i, 8 solos f. German flute, vln., or 
 harpsichord ; op. 4, 6 ditto ; op. j., 6 concertos 
 f. 4 vlns., viola, 'cello, and thorough-bass f. 
 harpsich.; op. 5-7, ten voluntaries f. org. or pf.; 
 and 6 concertos f. harpsich. or organ (1760). 
 
 Stanley, Albert Augustus, b. Manville, 
 Rhode Island, May 25, 1851. St. in Provi- 
 dence, and in 1871-5 at Leipzig (privately and 
 in Cons.) under Reinecke, Richter, Wenzel, 
 Paul, and Papperitz. Org. of Grace Ch;, Provi- 
 dence, 1876-88 ; prof, of music at the Univ. of 
 Michigan, Ann Arbfir, since 1888. Pres. of 
 M. T. N. A., 1883-95 ; Examiner for Amer. 
 Coll. of Musicians, 1893. — Works : The City of 
 Freedom, oAei. soli, ch.,and orch. (Boston, 1883); 
 Psalm 21, f. do. (Providence, 1892) ; Commemo- 
 ration Ode "Chorus triumphalis," f. ch. and 
 orch. ; symphony " The awakening of the soul " ; 
 symph. poem " Altis " (all these perf. at Ann 
 Arbor) ; part-songs, songs, etc. 
 
 Starck, Ingeborg. See Bronsart. 
 
 Stark, Ludinrig, b. Munich, June 19, 1831 ; 
 d. Stuttgart, Mar. 22, 1884. Student of philos. 
 at Munich TJniv. , and of music under Ignaz and 
 Franz Lachner. 1857 co-founder of Stuttgart 
 Cons., teaching harmony, playing from score, 
 the history of music, and (chiefly) singing, until 
 1873, when he was compelled to rest on account 
 of overwork ; returning after a trip to Italy, he 
 confined his teaching to theory and history. 
 Together with Lebert, he received the hon. de- 
 gree of Dr. phil. from Tubingen Univ. (1873) ; 
 also the title of " Royal Professor" (1868). He 
 founded and cond. the Stuttgart Singverein. 
 Eminent pedagogue ; joint-editor, with Lebert, 
 
 559 
 
STARKE— STEFFANI 
 
 of the " Grosse Klavierschule " ; with Faiszt, of 
 an elementary and choral singing-method, a 
 " Liederschule," etc. ; edited several coU.s of clas- 
 sical transcriptions f . pf .— Comp. sacred and sec- 
 ular choral works ( Volkers Nachtgesang received 
 the golden prize-medal from the Amsterdam 
 "Euterpe") ; instr.lmusic, pf. -pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Star'ke, Friedrich, b. Elsterwerda, 1774 ; d. 
 Dobling, n. Vienna, Dec. 8, 1835. Bandmaster 
 of an Austrian regiment. Publ. ' ' Journal fur 
 Militarmusik " (300 parts), "Journal fiir Trom- 
 peterchore" (50 Nos.), and other instr.l music ; 
 3 orch.l masses, a Tantum ergo, etc.; " Wiener 
 Pianoforte-Schule " (i8ig-2o). 
 
 Stasny, Ludwig, b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1823 ; 
 d. Frankfort-on-Main, Oct. 30, 1883, as cond. 
 (from 1871) at the " Palmengarten. " Prod, the 
 operas Liane (Mayence, 1851) and Die beiden 
 Grenadiers (ibid., 1879). Noted for his popular 
 dances and skilful orch.l arrangements of Wag- 
 ner's later music-dramas. 
 
 Stau'digl, Josef, famous dram, bass ; b. W6l- 
 lersdorf, Lower Austria, Apr. 14, 1807 ; d. insane 
 at Michaelbeuerngrund, n. Vienna, Mar. 18, 1861. 
 He gave up the study of medicine to join the 
 court opera-chorus at Vienna, later becoming 
 leading bass, and, in 1831, court cond. — His son, 
 Josef, b. Vienna, Mar. 18, 1S50, and a pupil of 
 Rokitansky at the Cons. , is chamber-singer (bari- 
 tone) to the Grand Duke at Karlsruhe, and a 
 member of the court opera. 
 
 Stavenha'gen, Bernhard, distinguished pi- 
 anist ; b. Greiz, Reuss, Nov. 24, 1862. Pupil in 
 Berlin of Kiel, at the Meisterschule, and of Ru- 
 dorff at the Hochschule, where he won the Men- 
 delssohn prize for pf. -playing in 1880. Studied 
 with Liszt 1885-6. Has made a succession of 
 brilliantly successful pianistic tours through Ger- 
 many, Austria, Hungary, France, Holland, Eng- 
 land, and the United States (1894-5). Court pi- 
 anist to the Grand Duke of Saxe- Weimar, l8go ; 
 in 1892, Knight of the White P'alcon order. In 
 iSgs he succeeded Lassen and d'Albert as court 
 cond. at Weimar ; since Oct. i, 1898, he has been 
 court cond. at Munich. Has publ. a few pf.- 
 pieces. 
 
 Stcherbatcheff, Nicolas de,b. Russia, Aug. 
 24, 1853. Composer of the neo-Russian group ; 
 has written about 60 
 comp.s, chiefly f. 
 pf., but also some 
 orch.l pieces and 
 songs. Among them 
 may be mentioned 
 "Deux Idy lies 
 pour orchestre", 
 6 Lieder on poems 
 by Heine ; and, for 
 piano, " Feeries et 
 pantomimes," op. 8 
 (16 numbers), "Mo- 
 
 saique, album pitto- Tv»«Kt»f: >=#-«'^\a > m 
 resque," op. 15 (7 ^* i^^*>^5^ 
 numbers), Grande 
 
 etude, op. ig, 3 Idylles, op. 23, Fantaisies- 
 fitudes, op. 26, Impromptu-Caprice, op. 2g, 
 " Au soir tombant," waltz, op. 39, " Nouvelles 
 Marionnettes," op. 41, Mazurka, op. 42, etc. 
 
 Steck'er, Carl, b. Kosmanos, Bohemia, 
 Jan. 22, 1861. Pupil of Prague Organ-School ; 
 1885-9, teacher of organ there, then prof, of 
 cpt. and hist, of music at the Cons., and from 
 1888 also lecturer on mus. science at the Univ. 
 — Publ. " Kritische Beitrage zu einigen Streit- 
 fragen in der Musikwissenschaft " (i8go, in the 
 " Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musikwissenschaft"; 
 orig. in Bohemian, i88g). Has comp. a Missa 
 solemnis, an Ave Maria, motets a 4-5, an organ- 
 sonata, etc. 
 
 Steffa'ni, Abbate Agostino, b. Castelfranco, 
 Venetia, 1655 ; d. Frankfort-on-Main, 1730. A 
 choir-boy at San Marco, Venice, his beautiful so- 
 prano voice so charmed Count Tattenbach that 
 he obtained permission to take the boy to Munich, 
 where he was trained from 1667 by Kerl at the 
 Elector's expense, becoming court and chamber- 
 musician in 1670. After study in Rome (1673-4), 
 he became court organist in 1675 ; took holy or- 
 ders in 1680 ; and prod, his first opera, Marco 
 Aurelio, in 16S1, about this time being made 
 director of the Elector's chamber-music (with 
 Bernabei). Other operas (// Solone, Audacia e 
 rispetto, Servio Tullio^ Alarico^ and Niobe) fol- 
 lowed ; in 1688, a year after Bernabei's death, he 
 went to Hanover as court Kapellm. Here he 
 brought out the opera Enrico delta il Leone in 
 1689, the orchestration of which is noteworthy 
 (besides the string-quartet, there are flutes, oboes, 
 bassoons, 3 trumpets, and drums ; all the wind- 
 instr.s have obbligato passages) ; further, La loHa 
 di A hide con Acheloo [AcAe/oos] (1689), La su- 
 perbia d^ Alessandro (1691), Orlando generoso 
 (1691), Le rivali concordi (1692), La liberia con- 
 centa (i6g3), L trionfi del faio (i6g5 ; at Ham- 
 burg, 1699, in German, as Das mdchtige Gescldck 
 bei Lavinia und Dido) \ Briseide j Alcibiade ; 
 Atalanta ; Arminio (Dilsseldorf, 1707); Tas- 
 silone (ibid., 1709), and Enea (Hanover, 1709). 
 Long before this, however, his services had been 
 more in requisition as a diplomatist than as a mu- 
 sician ; in 1696 he had brought to a triumphant 
 conclusion the delicate negotiations for the crea- 
 tion of a ninth Elector of Brunswick, being re- 
 warded by the appointment as Bishop of Spiga 
 (in partibus) ; from i6g8 he was privy councillor 
 and Papal Protonotary at Dusseldorf , though still 
 holding his position as Kapellm. at Hanover till 
 1710, when he joyfully relinquished it to Handel. 
 Some works of the later epoch were prod, under 
 the name of his copyist, Gregorio Piva. — Publ. 
 works: " Psalmodia vespertina" a 8 (1674); 
 ' ' Janus Quadrif rons 3 vocibus vel 2 qualibet prae- 
 termissa raodulandus " (1685 ; motets a 3, w. con- 
 tinuo ; any voice may be omitted at pleasure) ; 
 " Sonate da camera a 2 violini, alto e continue" 
 (1679) ; ' ' Duetti da camera a soprano e contralto 
 con il basso continuo " (1683 ; historically im- 
 portant and intrinsically valuable) ; and the pam- 
 
 560 
 
STEFFENS— STEIBELT 
 
 phlet ' ' Quanta certezza habbia da' suoi principj 
 la musica " (Amsterdam, 1695 ; German by 
 Werckmeister, 1699, and Albrecht, 1760). — Cf. 
 " Aus den Papieren des kurpfalzischen Ministers 
 Agostino Steffani" (1885). 
 
 Stef'fens, Julius, b. Stargard, Pomerania, 
 July 12, 1831 ; d. Wiesbaden, Mar. 4, 1882. Fine 
 'cellist ; pupil of Ganz at Berlin, and Schuberth 
 at St. Petersburg, where he joined the Imp. orch. 
 Tours with Jaell and Vieuxtemps. — Publ. 2 'cello- 
 concertos ; also pieces f. 'cello. 
 
 Steggall, Charles, b. London, June 3, 1826. 
 In 1847, pupil of Bennett at the R. A. M., be- 
 coming prof, of organ and harmony there in 1851, 
 and taking degrees of Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. 
 at Cambridge. Since 1864, organist of Lincoln's 
 Inn Chapel. Hon. Sec. to the Bach Soc. from 
 1849 till its dissolution in 1870. — Works : Psalm 
 105, f. soli, double chorus, and orch. ; Psalm 33 ; 
 Magnificat, Nunc dimittis, Cantate Domino, and 
 Deus misereatur, w. orch. ; Morning and Even- 
 ing service in F ; anthems ; an Instruction-Book 
 f. organ ; organ-music. Edited "Church Psal- 
 mody" (1848) ; " Hymns, Ancient and Modern " 
 (1889) ; etc. — His son, Reginald, b. London, 
 Apr. 7, 1867, St. at the R. A. M., where (since 
 1895) he is prof, of organ-playing ; is also asst.- 
 org. at Lincoln's Inn Chapel. — Works : Mass w. 
 orch. and organ ; Festival Evening Service w. 
 orch. ; dram, scene, "Alcestis"; a symphony, 
 3 overtures, a concert-piece f. org. w. orch. ; or- 
 gan-music, etc. 
 
 Steg'mann, Karl David, b. Dresden, 1751 ; 
 d. Bonn, May 27, 1826. Pupil of Zillich, Homi- 
 lius and Weisse (vln.) ; debut as tenor at Bres- 
 lau, 1772 ; sang at KOnigsberg, and became Coti- 
 certmdster to the Prince-Bishop of Ermeland. 
 In 1778 Kapellm., in 1798 a Director, of the 
 Hamburg opera. He wrote some ten operas ; 
 ballets; 12 symphonies; etc.; publ. pf.-music 
 and songs. 
 
 Steg'mayer, Ferdinand, b. Vienna, Aug. 
 25, 1803 ; d. there May 6, 1863. Son and pupil 
 of the actor-poet S. (" Rochus Pumpernickel ") ; 
 also taught by Triebensee and Seyfried ; was 
 chorasraaster kt Linz and Vienna, then (1825) 
 music - director at the Konigstadter Th., Ber- 
 lin ; cond. of the Roeckel German opera-troupe 
 in Paris (1829-30), theatre-cond. at Leipzig, 
 Bremen, and Prague ; from 1848 at the Joseph- 
 stadter Th., Vienna, where he was also teacher 
 of dramatic and choral singing at the Cons. 
 (1835-7), and co-founder, with Aug. Schmidt, in 
 1858, of the Singakademie. — Publ. 2 graduals 
 and an offertory f. male voices ; pf. -pieces, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Steh'le, Gustav Eduard, b. Steinhausen, 
 WOrttemberg, Feb. 17, 1839. Kapellm. at St. 
 Gallen Cath.; wrote a symphonic tone-picture, 
 "Saul," f. organ. 
 
 Stei'belt, Daniel, noted pf. -virtuoso; b. Ber- 
 lin, 1765 ; d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 20. 1823. A 
 pupil of Kirnberger for theory and pf .-playing, he 
 
 36 56 
 
 came out early ; publ. sonatas for pf. and violin 
 as op. I and 2 at Munich, 1788 ; and in 1789 was 
 giving concerts inSax- 
 ony, Hanover, and 
 Mannheim, proceed- 
 ing to Paris in 1790. 
 After vanquishing 
 Johann David Her- 
 mann and Ignaz 
 Pleyel, he became the 
 reigning pianist and 
 favorite teacher in 
 Paris ; his composi- 
 tions found ready sale; 
 and the triumph of 
 his first opera, Rom^o 
 et Juliette (Th. Fey- 
 deau, 1793), would 
 have rendered his position impregnable, despite 
 his arrogance and bad manners, had he not sold 
 to his publisher, Boyer, the above-named sona- 
 tas as something new. This was temporarily 
 smoothed over ; but further questionable trans- 
 actions, and increasing debts, obliged S. to leave 
 Paris in 1797. He stayed some time in London, 
 winning plaudits as player and composer ; the 
 finale of his 3rd concerto, " I'Orage, precede d'un 
 rondeau pastoral," became as fashionably popu- 
 lar as Koczwara's " Battle of Prague," for half 
 a century the show-piece of drawing-rooms. In 
 1799 he began a German tour in Hamburg, going 
 thence to Dresden, Prague, Berlin, and Vienna, 
 where his challenge to Beethoven ended in sad 
 discomfiture. In 1800 he brought out Haydn's 
 Creation at Paris, for the first time, with great 
 success, he himself acting as cembalist ; but soon 
 had to take flight, and settled in London until 
 1805, when he revisited Paris for the last time, 
 remained there 3 years, and in 1808 suddenly 
 started on a concert-tour, playing in Frankfort, 
 Leipzig, Breslau, and Warsaw, and settling in 
 St. Petersburg, where he succeeded Boieldieu, 
 in 1810, as cond. of the French Opera and Imp. 
 court cond.; here he prod. 2 new operas, and 
 some earlier ones. — S.'s music is hardly played 
 now-a-days, and the greater part probably merits 
 oblivion ; but P'etis bestows warm praise on the 
 sonatas and concertos (works of his first period, 
 before pressing need had forced him to write 
 hastily and carelessly). He publ. 5 pf.-con- 
 certos, 37 sonatas w. violin, 29 solo sonatas 
 and sonatinas, 15 rondos, 18 fantasias, etc.; 
 among the best are 50 Etudes, op. 78 ; a sonata 
 in E I7, op. 45 ; a rondo in B (j, " Le Berger et 
 son troupeau " ; the Elegie on the death of Prince 
 Soltykoff ; and a duo for 2 pf.s. Pieces which 
 created a sensation in their day are ' ' Combat 
 naval," op. 41, the Sonate martiale, op. 82, the 
 " Bataille de Gemappe et de Neerwinde," " Die 
 Zerstorung von Moskwa," and the "Storm" 
 rondo mentioned above — all trashy " program- 
 music." His " Methode de Piano" had con- 
 siderable vogue. His chef d'wuvre is probably 
 the opera Romh et Juliette ; besides which he 
 prod. 5 other operas, and 5 ballets. — German 
 
STEIN— STENDHAL 
 
 criticism of S. is unanimously unfavorable ; 
 Grove's Diet, contains an interesting and impar- 
 tial sketch of his life and works. 
 
 Stein, Johann Andreas, inventor of the 
 "German" (Viennese) pf. -action ; b. Heides- 
 heim, Palatinate, 1728 ; d. Augsburg, Feb. 29, 
 1792. Trained in Silbermann's workshops at 
 Strassburg, he was a noted organ-builder and 
 famous piano-maker (cf. "Mozart's Brief e"). 
 The business was carried on by his son, M. 
 Andreas, and daughter, Nanette Streicher 
 [see SxiiElCHER], who removed to Vienna in 
 1802. 
 
 Stein, Eduard, b. Kleinschirma, Saxony, 
 1818 ; d. Sondershausen, Mar. 16, 1864, as court 
 cond. (since 1853). His concerto f. double-bass, 
 op. 9, is noted. 
 
 Stein, Theodor, b. Altona, 1819. Concert- 
 pianist, appearing at 12 ; since 1872, prof, of 
 pf.-playing at St. Petersburg Cons. 
 
 Stein'bach, Emil, b. Lengenrieden, Baden, 
 Nov. 14, 1849. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. ; since 
 1877, cond. of the Mayence town-orch. Has 
 comp. orch.l music, chamber-music, songs, etc. 
 — His brother and pupil, Fritz, b. Grvlnsfeld, 
 Baden, June 17, 1855 ; st. at Leipzig Cons. 
 (1873) ; won the Mozart Scholarship ; 1880-6, 
 2nd Kapellm. at Mayence ; since 1886, court 
 cond. at Meiningen. — Publ. a septet, op. 7 ; a 
 'cello-sonata ; songs. 
 
 Stein'del, Bruno (L), b. Zwickau, Saxony, 
 about 1864. Excellent 'cellist, for 3 years ist 
 'cello in the Berlin Philharm. under v. Billow ; 
 do. in the Chicago Orch., under Th. Thomas, 
 since its establishment. — Bruno (II.), pianist ; 
 b. Miinchen-Gladbach, Germany, 1890. His fa- 
 ther, mus. dir. in that town, is his teacher. S. 
 gave public concerts as early as 1896 ; has played 
 since in many German cities, also in London, 
 etc. — Program at Leipzig (Hotel de Prusse), 
 Apr. 28, i8g8 : 2 Preludes (Bach) ; F-major so- 
 nata (Mozart) ; Nocturne in E I7 , and Fantaisie- 
 Impromptu in C Jf min. (Chppin) ; Song w. Words 
 (Mendelss.) ; 2 little pieces (Schumann) ; " Seil- 
 springer" (MuUer-Reuter) ; Impromptu op. go, 
 No. 4 (Schubert) ; Tarantella (Heller) ; Mazurka 
 (Godard) ; Elfentanz-Etude (Sapellnikoff) ; Vo- 
 gel-Caprice (Blattermann). 
 
 Stei'ner, Jakob. See Stainer. 
 
 Stein'graber, Theodor, b. Neustadt-on-the- 
 Orla, Jan. 25, 1830. Founder and head of the 
 Hanover music-publishing firm, since 1890 in 
 Leipzig. Author (under the pseudonym ' ' Gus- 
 tav Damm ") of a pf. -method. 
 
 Steinway & Sons, renowned piano-manu- 
 facturers in New York and Hamburg. The 
 founder of the firm, Heinrich Engelhard 
 SteinTveg ; b. Wolfshagen, Harz, Feb. 15, 
 1797 ; d. New York, Feb. 7, 1871. He learned 
 cabinet-making and organ-building at Goslar, 
 and went to Seesen about 1820, beginning as a 
 journeyman organ-builder, also working as a 
 joiner. He married in 1825. ■'■P ^'^^ ambition to 
 
 establish a business of his own, he worked 
 through many a night on his first piano, which 
 combined the merits of old English and the 
 (then) new German instr.s. It found ready sale, 
 and S. bent his energies to pf. -construction ; in 
 1839 ^^ exhibited i grand, I 3-stringed square, 
 and [ 2-stringed square at the Brunswick State 
 Fair. The Revolution of 1848 caused him to 
 emigrate to New York in 1850 with four sons 
 [Charles, b. Seesen, Jan. 4, 1829 ; d. there 
 Mar. 31, 1865 ; — Henry, b. Seesen, Oct., 1829; 
 d. New York, Mar. 11, 1865 ; — William, b. 
 Seesen, Mar. 5, 1836; d. New York, Nov. 30, 
 1896 ; — and Albert, b. Seesen, June 10, 1840 ; 
 d. New York, May 14, 1877], leaving the Ger- 
 man business at Seesen in charge of the eldest 
 son, Theodor (b. Seesen, Nov. 6, 1825 ; d. 
 Brunswick, Mar. 26, 1889). For 3 years, father 
 and sons worked in different New York fac- 
 tories ; in 1853 they established a factory of their 
 own under the above firm-name ; their remark- 
 able prosperity dates from 1855, when they took 
 Ist prize for overstrung pianos (squares) with 
 cast-iron frame at the N. Y. Industrial Exhibi- 
 tion. Among the very numerous prizes, medals, 
 etc., since awarded, may be mentioned Ist prize 
 medal at London, 1862 ; ist grand gold medal of 
 honor for all styles at Paris, 1867 (by unanimous 
 verdict); and diploma for "highest degree of 
 excellence in all styles " at Philadelphia, 1876. — 
 In 1865 Theodore S. gave up the Brunswick 
 business \see Steinweg], and became a full 
 partner in the New York firm, which is now the 
 largest establ. of its kind in the world. At pres- 
 ent (1899) the officers of the corporation are 
 Charles H. Steinway (pres.), Frederick T. Stein- 
 way (vice-pres.), Charles F. Tretbar (treas.), 
 Nahum Stetson (seer.), all of whom, with Henry 
 Ziegler, constitute the board of directors. His- 
 tory of the firm is in " Contemporary Amer. 
 Biography " ; also in a reprint from the same 
 (New York, 1895); and in the "Illustrated 
 Pamphlet " publ. by the firm. 
 
 Steinvreg. Original name of the Steinway 
 family. Theodor S. continued the Seesen busi- 
 ness until 1859, then removing to Brunswick, 
 and carrying it on there till 1865, when it was 
 taken over by Grotrian, Helferich & Schulz, 
 Theodor Steinweg Nachfolger [i.e., "G., H. & 
 S., successors to T. S."], this firm-name being 
 registered in 1869. 
 
 Stel'zner, Dr. Alfred, of Wiesbaden, now 
 (1899) living in Dresden, is the inventor of the 
 Violotta and Cellone, etc., stringed instr.s con- 
 structed on a new system (by Weidemann at 
 Wiesbaden), for which he claims increased so- 
 nority. 
 
 Stendhal, pen-name of Marie-Henri Beyle, 
 
 b. Grenoble, Jan. 23, 1783 ; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 
 1842. A military official under Napoleon. As 
 " Stendhal" he publ., in 1823, a "Vie de Ros- 
 sini" plagiarized in great part from Carpani's 
 " Le Rossiniane" ; and "Vies de Haydn, Mo- 
 zart et Metastage " in 1817 (a reprint of a foqner 
 
 56? 
 
STEPHENS— STEVENSON 
 
 plagiarization, under the pseudonym of " Bom- 
 bet," of Carpani's " Le Haydine"). The latter 
 was publ. in English (1817) as " Lives of Haydn 
 and Mozart." 
 
 Stephens, Catherine, soprano singer in 
 opera and concert ; b. London, Dec. 18, 1791 
 [Sept. 18, 1794 ?] ; d. there Feb. 22, 1882. From 
 1813-35 she occupied a leading position in Lon- 
 don mus. life ; married the octogenarian Earl of 
 Essex in 1838. On the stage she was known as 
 " Kitty Stephens." — Her nephew, 
 
 Stephens, Charles Edward, b. London, 
 Mar. iS, 1821 ; d. there July 13, 1892. Pianist 
 and teacher, also organist at several London 
 churches till 1875. His chief instructors were 
 C. Potter (pf.), Blagrove (vln.), and Hamilton 
 (theory). In 1850, Associate, in 1857 full mem- 
 ber, of the Philharm. , later Director and Treas. ; 
 1865, F. C. O. ; 1870, Hon. member of the R. 
 A. M. ; 1874, orig. member of the Mus. Assoc. 
 — Works : Orch.l and chamber-music (2 sym- 
 phonies ; 2 string-quartets ; a pf. -quartet ; a pf.- 
 trio ; etc.) ; pf.-pieces (sonata in A\) ; Duo bril- 
 lant in E, f. pf. 4 hands ; Duo concertant in G, 
 and another in C, f. 2 pf.s) ; organ-music, glees, 
 songs, church-music. 
 
 Ster'kel, Abbe Johann Franz Xaver, b. 
 Wurzburg, Dec. 3, 1750 ; d. Mayence, Oct. 12, 
 1817. Distinguished amateur composer ; in 
 1778 court chaplain and organist at Mayence, 
 from 1793 Kapellm. and canon. Founded a 
 singing-school in Ratisbon, 1807 ; returned to 
 Mayence in 1814. — Publ. 10 symphonies, 2 
 overtures, 6 pf.-concertos, a string-quintet, 6 
 trios f. violins and 'cello, 6 duos f. vln. and viola, 
 violin-sonatas, pf. -sonatas f. 2 and 4 hands, 
 rondos (the " Rondo comique " was popular), 
 canzonettas, songs, duets, etc. 
 
 Sterling, Antoinette, alto singer in concert 
 and oratorio; b. Sterlingville, N. Y., Jan. 23, 
 1850. Pupil of Mme. Marchesi (Cologne), Mme. 
 Viardot - Garcia (Baden-Baden), and Manuel 
 Garcia (London). Returning to America, she 
 gave successful song-recitals, and for a time sang 
 in Henry Ward Beecher's Ch . , at Brooklyn ; then 
 went to London, making very successful debut at 
 Covent Garden, Nov. 5, 1873, in one of Riviere's 
 Promenade Concerts. She takes high rank in the 
 mus. world of London, her permanent home ; in 
 1875 she married Mr. MacKinlay. 
 
 Sterling', Winthrop S., b. Cincinnati, 1859 ; 
 St. there in the College of Music, and from 1883 
 at Leipzig Cons, under Zwintscher, Jadassohn, 
 . and Reinecke (privately under R. Hoffmann, 
 comp., and Frau Unger-Haupt, voice-training); 
 later in London under Turpin, Behnke, and 
 Shakespeare, and was organist of the W. London 
 Tabernacle. Since 1887, head of organ-depart- 
 ment, and teacher of singing and comp., at the 
 Cincin. Coll. of Music. 
 
 Stern, Georg Friedrich Theophile, b. 
 Strassburg, July 24, 1803 ; d. there in Dec, 1886. 
 From 1841, organist at the New Temple (Prot- 
 
 estant).— Publ. 7 sets of organ-pieces w. pedal 
 ad lib. ; also wrote sacred cantatas, pf.-music, 
 and songs. 
 
 Stern, Julius, b. Breslau, Aug. 8, 1820 ; d. 
 Berlin, Feb. 27, 1883. Pupil of P. Liistner 
 (vln.) ; from 1832 of Maurer, Ganz, and St. Lu- 
 bin, at Berlin ; later of Rungenhagen at the Aka- 
 demie. St. 1843-6 at Dresden and Paris, and in 
 1847 founded the famous Stern Gesangverein in 
 Beriin, conducting it until 1874. With KuUak 
 and Marx he founded the Stern Cons., in 1S50 ; 
 the others withdrew in 1855 and '57 respectively. 
 He received the title of " R. Music-Director " in 
 1849, and that of " Prof essor " in i860. From 
 1869-71 healsocond. the Beriin Symphony Orch. ; 
 from 1873-4, the concerts in the " Reichshalle." 
 — Cf. " Erinnerungsblatter an Julius Stern" 
 (1886), by Richard Stern. 
 
 Stern, Margarethe, nie Herr, b. Dresden, 
 Nov. 25, 1857. Pianist ; pupil of Kari Kragen, 
 Liszt, and Frau Schumann. In 1881 she mar- 
 ried the poet and literary historian Dr. Adolph 
 Stern of Dresden. 
 
 Stern, Leo, b. Brighton, Engl., 1870. 'Cel- 
 list ; pupil of Piatti, and at Leipzig of Klengel 
 and Davidoff. First concert-tour 1888, with Pi- 
 atti ; has played with great applause in Germany 
 and France. American tour, 1897. Has publ. 
 solo pieces f. 'cello, and songs. 
 
 Sternberg, Constantin (Ivanovitch, Edler 
 von), b. St. Petersburg, July 9, 1852. Pianist 
 and composer ; pupil 1865-7 of Moscheles, Coc- 
 cius, Reinecke, Brendel, Richter, Hauptmann, 
 and David, at Leipzig Cons. ; 1872-4, at the Ber- 
 lin Akademie, of Th. Kullak, Wuerst, and H. 
 Dorn, visiting Liszt in summer. 1867-9, cond. 
 of Briihl Th., Leipzig, and asst.-chorusmasterat 
 City Th. ; 1870, cond. at Wilrzburg Th., and 
 Kissingen Summer Th. ; 1871, of court opera at 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; 1875-7, E»ir. of Acad. 
 Music-School, and court pianist, at Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin ; 1877-9, concert-tours in Germany ; 
 1879-80, tour through Russia, Asia Minor, and 
 Central Asia ; 1880-5, concert-seasons in the 
 United States ; 1885-9, Dir. of Coll. of Music at 
 Atlanta, Ga. ; 1890 till now (1899), Dir. of the 
 " Sternberg School of Music," Philadelphia. 
 Still makes occasional short pianistic tours. — 
 Publ. works; 2 pf.-trios ; " Danses cosaques" 
 f. violin (op. 13) ; Fantasia f. 'cello (op. 18) ; 
 about 80 salon-pieces f. pf . ; 8 songs (79 pieces 
 with opus-number). 
 
 Stevens, Richard John Samuel, b. London, 
 1757 ; d. there Sept. 23, 1837. , One of the most 
 popular of English glee-comp.s; from 1801, prof, 
 of music at Gresham College. Publ. over 40 
 glees, among them "Sigh no more. Ladies," 
 "Ye spotted snakes," " The cloud-capt towers," 
 " Crabbed Age and Youth," etc. 
 
 Stevenson, E. Irenaeus, b. Madison, N. J. 
 An indefatigable musico-literary pilgrim in Eu- 
 rope, he early began his career as a writer. Has 
 been mus. editor of the "Independent" (New 
 
 563 
 
STEWART— STOBAUS 
 
 York) since 1881, and of " Harper's Weekly" 
 since 1895. As such he is a widely-read and influ- 
 ential musical journalist, inclining towards con- 
 servatism, although an outspoken admirer of 
 much in Wagner's works. Has publ. 2 mus. 
 novels, " A Matter of Temperament " and " Sil- 
 vester Sard, Teacher of Vocal Music " ; and a 
 dozen carefully finished sketches, collected under 
 the title ' ' Some Men ; and Women ; and Music. " 
 
 Stewart, Sir Robert Prescott, b. Dubhn, 
 Dec. 16, 1825 ; d. there Mar. 25, 1894. Choir- 
 boy at, and at 18 organist of, Christ Ch. Cath., 
 Dublin ; in 1846, cond. of the Univ. Choral Soc. ; 
 in 1851, Mus. Doc, Dublin; in 1852, Vicar- 
 choral at St. Patrick's ; knighted in 1872, and be- 
 came prof, of harmony, etc., at the R. Irish Acad, 
 of Music; in 1873, cond. of the Philharm. — 
 Works: Numerous odes and cantatas; church- 
 services, motets, anthems; glees, songs, etc. 
 
 Stha'mer-Andriessen, Pelagie, dramatic 
 soprano ; b. Vienna, June 20, 1862. Pupil of 
 Vienna Cons., and of Frau Dreyschock, Berlin ; 
 sang with Neumann's travelling opera-troupe, 
 from 1884-90 at Leipzig City Th., later at 
 Cologne and Vienna. Married the architect 
 Ende of Wannsee, n. Berlin, in i8go. 
 
 Stiastny [Stastny], Bernhard Wenzel, b. 
 Prague, 1760; d. there 1835; 'cellist in the thea- 
 tre-orch. ; from 18 10-12, prof, at the Cons. 
 Wrote sonatas and fugal pieces f. 2 'celli, and a 
 'cello-method. — His brother, Franz Johann 
 [Jan], b. Prague, 1764, d. about 1820; 'cello- vir- 
 tuoso in Prague, Nuremberg, and Mannheim; 
 publ. a concertino f. 'cello, 'cello-duets, a diver- 
 tissement f. 'cello, viola, and bass, 'cello-sonatas 
 w. bass, etc. 
 
 Stich, Jan Vdclav [Ger. Johann Wenzel ; 
 
 Italianized his German name, Johann Stich, as 
 "Giovanni Punto"],famoushorn-player; b.Zchu- 
 zicz, n. Czaslau, Bohemia, 1748 ; d. Prague, Feb. 
 16, 1803. After brilliant tours in Germany, Hun- 
 gary, and Italy, he entered the service of the 
 Prince-Bishop of Wilrzburg in 1781 ; in 1782 be- 
 came chamber-musician to the Comte d'Artois 
 (later Charles X.)at Paris; conducted a small vau- 
 deville-theatre during the Reign of Terror ; and 
 returned to Germany in 1799, enchanting Bee- 
 thoven at Vienna, who wrote a sonata (op. 17) for 
 him, and played it with him at a concert, Apr. 
 II, 1800. He went to Prague in 1801. — Publ. 
 14 horn-concertos; " Hymne k la liberte," w. 
 orch. ; sextet f. horn, clar. , bassoon, and strings; 
 quintet f. horn, flute, and strings; 24 quartets f. 
 horn and strings; 20 trios f. 3 horns; duets f. 2 
 horns, and f. horn and d.-bass; studies f. horn; 
 a Method f. horn (1798; revision of that by his 
 teacher, Harapel); also string-trios, and violin- 
 duets. 
 
 Stiehl, Heinrich (Franz Daniel), b.Lilbeck, 
 Aug. 5, 1829 ; d. Reval, May i, 1886. Organ- 
 ist ; pupil of Lobe, and of Moscheles, Gade, and 
 Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons. From 1853-66, 
 organist at St. Peter's, and cond. of the Sin^- 
 
 akademie, at St. Petersburg. After tours in 
 Germany, Italy, and England, he was cond. of 
 the St. Cecilia Soc. at Belfast 1874-8 ; taught at 
 Hastings ; and from 1880 was organist at Reval, 
 and cond. of the Singakademie. — Works : 2 
 operettas, Der Schalzgrdber, and Jery und 
 Bately ; pantomimic intermezzo Schneewittchen; 
 "Ouverture triomphale" and " Die Vision," f. 
 orch.; the choral work Elfenkonigin; a string- 
 quartet (op. 172) ; 3 pf. -trios ; a 'cello-sonata ; 
 several violin-sonatas ; 5 FantasiestUcke f. pf. 
 (op. 58); 4 pf. -pieces, "In lonely hours" (op. 
 75); 4 "Musical Portraits," f. pf. (op. 166); 
 songs (" Psalter und Harfe ") ; etc. — His 
 brother, 
 
 Stiehl, Karl Johann Christoph, b. Lubeck, 
 July 12, 1826. Organist ; since 1878 cond. of 
 the Musikverein and Singakademie at Liibeck ; 
 is also mus. critic for the Lubeck "Zeitung," 
 and custodian of the mus. section in the Lubeck 
 Library. — Publ. " Zur Geschichte der Instru- 
 mentalmusik in Lubeck " (1885) ; " Liibeckisches 
 Tonkunstler-Lexikon " (1887); and " Musik- 
 geschichte der Stadt Lubeck" (1891). 
 
 Stieh'le, Ludwig Maximilian Adolf, b. 
 
 Frankfort, Aug. 19, 1850. Violinist ; pupil of 
 Vieuxtemps, Hermann, and Joachim ; in 1872 
 he joined Alard's Quartet at Paris ; in 1873, that 
 of the Baron von Derwies, at Nice ; in 1875, the 
 Hochberg Quartet ; now living at Basel, where 
 he gives quartet-JOTr/w with Hans Huber. 
 
 Stjgel'li, Giorgio, \recte Georg Stie'gele,] 
 
 celebrated German tenor ; b. about 1820 ; d. in 
 his villa Boschetti, n. Monza, Italy, July 3, 1868. 
 Made long concert-tours in Germany, and 1864-5 
 in America. Comp. several songs, among them 
 the popular " Die schSnsten Augen." 
 
 Stirling, Elizabeth, b. Greenwich, Engl., 
 Feb. 26, 1819 ; d. London, Mar. 25, 1895. 
 Pupil of W. B. Wilson and E. Holmes (org. and 
 pf.); J. A. Hamilton and G. A. Macfarren 
 (comp.). In 1839, organist of All Saints', Pop- 
 lar, and 1858-80 of St. Andrew's, Undershaft. 
 In 1853 she passed the examination for the de- 
 gree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford (her exercise was 
 Psalm 130 a 5, w. orch.), but did not receive the 
 degree, there being no precedent for conferring 
 it upon a woman. Married F. A. Bridge in 
 1863. — Publ. 6 " Pedal-Fugues" and other ex- 
 cellent organ-pieces ; some part-songs won great 
 popularity (e.g. , ' ' All among the barley "). 
 
 Stoba'us, Johann, b. Graudenz, W. Prus- 
 sia, July 6, 1580; d. Konigsberg, Sept. 11, 
 1646. Important church-composer ; pupil of 
 Joh. Eccard at Konigsberg, where he also at- 
 tended the Univ.; 1601, bass singer in the 
 Electoral chapel ; 1602, cantor of the cathedral- 
 school ; 1627, Electoral Kapellm. — Works : 
 "Cantiones sacrae 5-10 vocum item Magnifi- 
 cat " (1624) ; many songs for special occasions ; 
 and contributed to Eccard's ' ' Preussische Fest- 
 lieder" a 5-8 (2 parts, 1642, '44 ; new ed. 1858); 
 and " Geistliche Lieder" motets a 5 (1634). 
 
 564 
 
STOCKHAUSEN— STRADELLA 
 
 Stock'hausen, Julius, son of the harpist and 
 comp. Franz S. [1792-1868] ; eminent baritone 
 vocalist and teacher; b. Paris, July 22, 1826. 
 Pupil of Paris Cons. , and of Manuel Garcia in 
 London, soon winning renown as a concert- 
 singer. From 1862-7, cond. the Philharm. 
 Concerts and the Singakademie at Hamburg ; 
 1869-70, chamber-singer at Stuttgart ; 1874-8, 
 cond. of the" Stern Gesangverein at Berlin ; 
 1878-9, teacher of singing at the Hoch Cons., 
 Frankfort-on-Main ; after Rail's death in 1882 
 he resumed the professorship at the Cons., re- 
 tiring in 1898, since when he has given private 
 lessons only. He has publ. a Method of Sing- 
 ing, in 2 parts. — His brother, 
 
 Stock'hausen, Franz, b. Gebweiler, Alsa- 
 tia, Jan. 30, 1839. Pupil of Alkan at Paris, 
 and of Moscheles, Richter, and Hauptmann at 
 Leipzig Cons., i85o-2 ; from i868, cond. of the 
 "Soc. de chant sacre" at Strassburg (resigned 
 1879), and mus. dir. at the cathedral ; since 1871, 
 Director of the Strassburg Cons. Received the 
 title of " R. Professor " in 1892. 
 
 Stojow'ski, Sig^ismund, b. Strelce, Poland, 
 May 2, 1870. Pianist, pupil of L. Zelenski at 
 Cracow, and of Diemer (pf.) and Delibes 
 (comp.) at the Paris Cons. 1887-g, winning ist 
 prizes for pf . -playing and composition. St. later 
 under Paderewski. At an orch.l concert of his 
 own works, given in Paris, 1891, he prod, a pf.- 
 concerto in F:jf min. At present (1899) residing 
 in Paris. — Works: Pf. -concerto ; Suite f. orch. ; 
 Variations f. orch.; Var.s and Fugue f. string- 
 quartet; Romance, op. 15, f. violin and orch.; 
 graceful and effective pf.-music. 
 
 Stoltz, Rosine, \recte Victorine Nob,] b. 
 Paris, Feb. 13, 1815. Fine mezzo-soprano ; 
 pupil of Choron's school ; sang at Brussels, and 
 1837-47 at the Grand Opera, Paris. Other 
 stage-names were " Mme. Ternaux " and " Mile. 
 Heloise. " 
 
 Stol'tzer, Thomas, b. Silesia, about 1490 ; 
 d. Ofen, Aug. 29, 1526, as K. Kafellm. — Comp.s 
 in Graphaus' " Novum et insigne opus," 1537 ; 
 Petrejus' Coll. of Psalms, 1538-9; Rhaw's 
 "Bicinia," 1543 ; etc. 
 
 Stol'zel [Stolzl], Gottfried Heinrich, b. 
 Grunstadtl, Saxony, Jan. 30, 1690 ; d. Gotha, 
 Nov. 27, 1749. Pupil of cantor Umlauf at 
 Schneeberg, and Melchior Hofmann at Leipzig ; 
 taught at Breslau, and there prod, his first opera. 
 Narcissus, in 171 1 , followed by Valeria, Artemi- 
 sia and Orion at Naumburg (all 1712). After a 
 journey to Italy, and a sojourn in Prague (bring- 
 ing out Venus und Adonis, 1714 ; Acis und 
 Galathea, 1715 ; and Das durch die Liebe besiegte 
 Gliick, 1716), he went to Bayreuth {Diomedes, 
 'iivfi, Q,st2^, and in 1719 became court cond. at 
 Gotha {J)er Musenberg, 1723). — Works : 22 
 operas ; the pastoral Rosen und Dornen ; 14 ora- 
 torios ; 8 double sets of cantatas and motets for 
 the church-year; masses; symphonies, serenades, 
 and table-music ; etc. (all MS.). 
 
 Stol'zenberg, Benno, stage-tenor ; b. Ko- 
 nigsberg, Feb. 25, 1829. Pupil of Mantius and 
 H. Dorn ; debut at Kbnigsberg, 1852, as Alma- 
 viva ; sang with great success on several stages, 
 notably at Karlsruhe ("chamber-singer"), and 
 Leipzig (from 1876) ; Director of Danzig City 
 Th. 1878-82 ; then taught singing in Berlin, and 
 in 1885 became teacher of solo singing at Cologne 
 Cons.; since 1896, Dir. of a vocal school for 
 opera and concert, at Berlin. 
 
 Sto'pel, Franz (David Christoph), b. Ober- 
 
 heldrungen, Saxony, Nov. 14, 1794 ; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 19, 1836. Noteworthy as the introducer 
 (1822) of Logier's method of pf. -teaching in 
 Berlin ; later in other cities, finally in Paris ; 
 nowhere with striking success. — Publ. " System 
 der Ilarmonielehre " (after Logier ; 1825) ; 
 " GrundzUge der Geschichte der modernen 
 Musik " (1821) ; " Beitrage zur Wurdigung der 
 neuen Methode des gleichzeitigen Unterrichts 
 einer Mehrzahl Schiller im Pianofortespiel und 
 der Theorie der Harmonie" (1823) ; " Ueber J. 
 B. Logiers System der Musikwissenschaft " 
 (1827) ; etc. 
 
 Stor, Karl, b. Stolberg, Harz, June 29, 1814; 
 d. Weimar, Jan. 17, 1889. Violinist; pupil of 
 Gotze and Lobe at Weimar ; in 1827, court musi- 
 cian ; in 1857 he was app. court cond., but in a 
 few years failing eyesight compelled his resigna- 
 tion. — Works : Opera Die Fluchl (Weimar, 
 1843) ; " Tonbilder zu Schillers Lied von der 
 Glocke," f. orch. ; overtures ; ballets ; a Stand- 
 chen f . 'cello w. orch. ; male choruses ; songs. 
 
 Storace, Stephen, b. London, 1763 ; d. 
 there Mar. 19, 1796. Pupil of his father, a 
 noted double-bass player, and of the Cons, di S. 
 Onofrio at Naples. Brought out a comic Italian 
 opera at Vienna ; lived in London as composer 
 to the principal theatres. He prod. 18 stage- 
 works, besides adaptations of Dittersdorf's 
 Doctor und Apotheker and Salieri's Grotia di 
 Trofonio. — His sister, Anna Selina (1766- 
 1817), was a famous stage-soprano (coloratura), 
 a pupil of Sacchini in Venice. 
 
 Storch, M. Anton, b. Vienna, Dec. 22, 
 1813 ; d. there Dec. 31, 1888. Kapellm. at the 
 Carl and Josephstadter Theatres. Wrote many 
 favorite quartets for male voices (" Letzte 
 Treue," " Griln " ) ; also music to burlesques. 
 
 Sto'we, Gustav, b. Potsdam, July 4, 1835 ; 
 d. there Apr. 30, 1891. Pupil of the Stern- 
 Marx Cons, at Berlin ; also of Marx (comp.) 
 and Zech (pf.). Founder (1875) and lifelong 
 director of the Potsdam School of Music. — Publ. 
 " Die Klaviertechnik, dargestellt als musikalisch- 
 physiologische Bewegungslehre " (1886 ; thor- 
 ough analysis of the elements of piano-touch ) ; 
 also papers in Breslaur's " IClavierlehre " ; pf.- 
 pieces ; songs. 
 
 Stradel'la, Alessandro, famous Italian com- 
 poser of the 17th century. His career is shrouded 
 in mystery, not even place or date of his birth or 
 death being known. It is supposed that he was 
 
 565 
 
STRADIVARI— STRAUSS 
 
 born in Naples or Venice about 1645, and died 
 in Genoa after July 6, 1681 (the date borne by 
 his cantata // Barcheggio). He is the hero of 
 Flotow's opera, which is founded on a story 
 narrated by Bonnet- Bourdelot in " Histoire de 
 la musique et de ses efiets " (Paris, 1715). — Ex- 
 tant works ; Oratorios San Giovanni Battisla, a c, 
 w. instr.s (publ. 1676), and Susanna (1681) ; the 
 operas Corispero (1665 ?), Orazio Code sul ponte 
 (1666?), Trespulo tutore (1667), La forza del 
 amore paierno (ii>-}?i), the cantata. II Barcheggio 
 (1681) ; — 148 MSS. in the Modena Library, 
 incl. 8 oratorios and 11 dramas {cf. Catelani, 
 " Delle opera di A. Stradella" in the above 
 library ; Modena, 1866) ; — cantatas in the Na- 
 ples Cons. Library ; 21 cantatas in the library of 
 San Marco, Venice (10 publ. by L. Escudier, w. 
 pf.-accomp. by Halevy) ; — others in the Paris 
 Nat. Library, and at the Cons.; — i motet and 
 8 cantatas at Christchurch Library, Oxford ; a 
 number of cantatas, madrigals, arias, duets, etc., 
 in the British Museum ; etc. — The church-aria 
 " Pieta, Signore," and the arias " O del mio 
 dolce ardor " and " Se i miei sospiri " have been 
 wrongly attributed to S. — See Catelani's work 
 above, and the monograph by P. Richard, "A. 
 Stradella" (1866). 
 
 Stradiva'ri [Stradiva'rius], Antonio, b. 
 Cremona, 1649 (1650?), d. there Dec. 17 (18?), 
 1737, divides with Guarneri the honor of being 
 the most skilful of violin-makers. It is probable 
 that he worked for NiccoIA Amati from about 
 1667-79. He purchased the house in which, for 
 half a century, his workshop was situated, in 
 1680. His finest instruments were made in the 
 period from 1700-1725 ; but he still worked up 
 to 1736. Grove says of him : " S. marks the 
 culminating point of the art of making stringed 
 instruments. It was he who perfected the model 
 of the violin and its fittings. No improvement 
 has been made since his time, and subsequent 
 makers . . . have mostly copied him." His 
 label reads : " Antonius Stradivarius Cremonen- 
 sis. Fecit Anno . . . (A-|-S)." His violon- 
 celli command even higher prices than the vio- 
 lins. Of his eleven children, 2 sons, Francesco 
 (b. Feb. I, 1671 ; d. May 11, 1743) and Omo- 
 bono (b. Nov. 14, 1679 ; d. July 8, 1742), were 
 his co-workers. S. also made violas (equally 
 prized with the violins), viols of the earlier types, 
 guitars, lutes, mandolins, etc. — Monograph, 
 with genealogical table, by P. Lombardini : 
 "Cenni sulla celebre scuola Cremonense degli 
 istrumenti ad arco . . . e sulla famiglia del 
 sommo Antonio Stradivari" (1872) ; Fetis wrote 
 " Antoine Stradivari" (1856); an interesting 
 article is in Grove's Diet.; see also works by 
 Vidal, Wasielewski, and August Riechers. 
 
 Strae'ten, van der. See Vanderstraeten. 
 
 Stra'kosch, Moritz, b. Lemberg, Galicia, 
 1825 (1830?) ; d. Paris, Oct. g, 1887. Pianist; 
 pupil in comp. of Sechter at Vienna ; after con- 
 cert-tours, he lived in New York 1845-60 as a 
 teacher and concert-pianist, and from 1856 as an 
 
 impresario. He was the teacher and brother- 
 in-law of Adelina Patti. His opera Giovanna 
 di Napoli was prod, in New York ; he also wrote 
 j-a/o«-pieces and other music f. pf. — After his 
 departure from New York, his brother Max car- 
 ried on the management of concert- and opera- 
 troupes ; he died in New York in 1892. 
 
 Strauss, Joseph, b. BrUnn, 1793 ; d. Karls- 
 ruhe, Dec. I (2?), 1866. Violinist ; pupil of his 
 father, Blumenthal, Urbani, and Schuppanzigh, 
 at Vienna, also of Albrechtsberger. Played in 
 the court opera-orch., Vienna ; was eng. in 1810 
 as solo violin at the Pesth Th., 1813 as Knpellm. 
 at Temesvar, 18 14 to conduct the German opera 
 at Hermannstadt. In 1817 Kapellm. at Briinn ; 
 in 1822, of German opera at Strassburg ; in 
 1823, mus. dir. at the Mannheim court theatre ; 
 and 1824-63, court cond. at Karlsruhe. — 7 
 operas : Armiodan (1836), Berthold der Zdh- 
 ringer (1838), Der Wdhrtvolf (1840), Die 
 Schlittenfahrt nach Nowgorod (1846), etc. ; 
 incid. music to dramas; the oratorio Judith ; 
 sacred and orch.l music ; he publ. a string- 
 quartet, variations f. violin, and songs. 
 
 Strauss, Johann (Sr.), " The Father of the 
 Waltz"; b. Vienna, Mar. 14, 1804; d. there 
 Sept. 25, 1849. His father, who kept a beer- 
 house and dance-hall, apprenticed him to a 
 bookbinder ; after S. had run away, his parents 
 consented to his becoming a musician. He St. 
 the violin under Polyschansky, and harmony 
 under Seyfried ; at 15 joined Pamer's orch. in 
 the " Sperl " dance-hall, and the Lanner Quartet 
 in 1823, later acting as deputy conductor of 
 Lanner's orch.; organized an independent orch. 
 of 14 in 1826, playing at various resorts, and 
 producing his first waltzes (op. i is the " Tau- 
 beri-Walzer," for the garden-concerts at the 
 " Zwei Tauben " ). His renown spread, and his 
 orch. increased rapidly in size and efficiency ; 
 from 1833 he undertook concert-tours in Austria, 
 and in 1834 was app. bandmaster of the ist 
 Vienna militia regiment. His tours extended to 
 Berlin in 1834, and to Holland and Belgium in 
 1836 ; in 1837-8 he invaded Paris with a picked 
 corps of 28, and had immense success both here 
 and in London. In 1845 he was made cond. of 
 the court balls at Vienna. Among 152 pub- 
 lished waltzes, the "Lorelei-," " Gabrielen-," 
 " Taglioni-," " Cacilien-," " Victoria-," " Ket- 
 tenbriicken-," and " Bajaderen-Walzer,'' the 
 " Electrische Funken," " Mephistos HOllen- 
 rufe," and the " Donau-Lieder," are prime favor- 
 ites ; he also wrote 24 galops, 13 polkas, 32 
 quadrilles, 6 cotillons and contredanses, 18 
 marches, and 6 potpourris. Both as a comp. 
 and cond. he distinctly raised the level of dance- 
 music. 
 
 Strauss, Johann (Jr.), " The Waltz-King" ; 
 b. Vienna, Oct. 25, 1825 ; d. there June 3, 1899. 
 His father, though a tender parent, could not 
 bear the idea of professional rivalry within the 
 family, and intended all 3 of his sons for busi- 
 ness ; but the mother privately procured instruc- 
 
 566 
 
STRAUSS— STREET 
 
 tion on the violin and in comp. (Drechsler) for 
 Johann, who threw off paternal control in 1844, 
 appearing on Oct. 
 15 as cond. of the 
 orch. at Dommayer's 
 restaurant atHietzing. 
 His success was in- 
 stantaneous, and his 
 new waltzes won wide 
 popularity. In 1849, 
 after his father's 
 death, he united the 
 two orchestras ; made 
 a tour through Austria, 
 Poland, and Germany; 
 and in 1855 was eng. 
 for ten years to con- 
 duct the summer con- 
 certs at the Petropaulovski Park in St. Peters- 
 burg. In 1862 he married the singer Henriette 
 Treffz ; from 1863-70 he was cond. of the court 
 balls, resigning in favor of his brother Eduard 
 to obtain more leisure for composition ; now 
 turning from dance-music, a domain in which he 
 had won supreme artistic and popular success, to 
 operetta, herein rivalling Lecocq and Suppe. 
 He wrote 400-500 pieces of dance-music ; of the 
 waltzes " The beautiful blue Danube," " Roses 
 from the South," " Kunstlerleben," "Wiener 
 Blut," " The looi Nights," " Wine, Woman and 
 Song," and ' ' Geschichten aus dem Wiener Wald " 
 may be mentioned. " One of S.'swaltzes," said 
 Wagner, "as far surpasses in charm, finish and 
 real musical worth hundreds of the artificial com- 
 positions of his contemporaries, as the tower of 
 St. Stephen's surpasses the advertising columns 
 on the Paris Boulevards." — Operettas : Indigo 
 und die 40 Rduber ('71) ; Der Carneval in Rom 
 ('73) ; Die Fkdermaus {'jii ; in Paris 1877 as La 
 Tzigane) ; Cagliostro ('75) ; Prinz Methusalem 
 ('77) ; Blindekuh ('78) ; Das Spitzentuch der Ko- 
 niginl^io) ; Der lustige Krieg(^%\) ; Eine Nacht 
 in Venedig(^%'i)\ Der Zigeiinerl/aron(^?>S); Sim- 
 plicius (Viertna, 1887, unsucc. ; remodelled and 
 prod, at Prague, '88, with considerable applause) ; 
 3-act comic opera Ritter Pdsmdn ('92 ; mod. 
 succ.) ; Furstin Ninetta ('93 ; v. succ.) ; 3-act op- 
 eretta /ai«.^fl, Oder das Apfelfesti^g/^ ; succ.) ; 3- 
 act do. Waldmeister ('95 ; v. succ.) ; Die Gottin 
 derVernunft ('97 ; succ.) ; and a ballet, Aschen- 
 brodel (left practically complete ; will be finished 
 by Bayer). — Biographical: "J. S., ein Lebens- 
 bild," by L. Eisenberg (Leipzig, 1894) ; a "Life " 
 is in preparation by Freiherr von Prochaczka. 
 
 Strauss, Joseph, brother of preceding ; b. 
 Vienna, Apr. 25, 1827 ; d. Warsaw, July 22, 1870. 
 During Johann's illness in 1853, he cond. the 
 orch., and later formed one of his own. Comp. 
 283 dances, many popular. — A third brother, 
 Eduard, b. Vienna, Feb. 14, 1835, succeeded Jo- 
 hann as cond. of the court balls and the orch. ; also 
 composes dance-music. 
 
 Strauss, Ludwig, b. Pressburg:, Mar. 28, 
 1835. Violinist, pupil of BOhm ; from 1864 in 
 
 London as soloist in the court orch., leader of the 
 Philharm., andalsoof Halle's orch. ; retired 1894. 
 Strauss, Richard, b. Munich, June 11, 1864; 
 son of Franz S., chamber-musician (horn-player). 
 A pupil of Kapellm. 
 W. Meyer, and avery 
 precocious com- 
 poser, his 1st sym- 
 phony, prod, by Levi 
 in 1881, being op. 
 12 ; his E \) Serenade 
 for wind-instr.s, op. 
 7, was also made 
 popular by the Mei- 
 ningen orch. under 
 V. Billow, who pro- 
 cured S.'s appoint- 
 ment as court mus. 
 dir. at Meiningen in 
 1885. In 1886 he 
 was made 3d Ka- 
 pellm. at Munich ; in 1889, court Kapellm. at 
 Weimar under Lassen ; in 1894, Kapellm. at the 
 Court Opera, Munich, also conducting the Ber- 
 lin Philharm. Concerts 1894-5 ; and from Oct., 
 l8g8, Kapellm. at the Berlin Royal Opera. He 
 is an orchestral composer of ultra-modern ten- 
 dency, and of undeniable power and individu- 
 ality ; his symphonic poems ' ' Tod und Verkla- 
 rung," and especially ' ' Also sprach Zarathustra," 
 are so far the " last word " in orchestral program- 
 music. — Works : Op. 2, string-quartet in A ; op. 
 3, 5 pf. -pieces ; op. 5, sonata f. pf. , in B min. ; 
 op. 6, do. f. 'cello and pf., in F ; op. 7, Serenade 
 f. wind, in Eb ; op. 8, violin-concerto ; op. 9, 
 5 " Stimmungsbilder " f . pf. ; op. 10, 8 songs [H. 
 V. Gilm] w. pf.-accomp. ; op. 11, concerto f. Wald- 
 horn w. orch. or pf . ; op. 12, symphony in F min. ; 
 op. 13, pf. -quartet in C min. ; op. 14, " Wan- 
 drers Sturmlied " [Goethe] f. 6-part chorus and 
 full orch. ; op. 16, symph. fantasy " Aus Italien," 
 in G ; op. 18, sonata f. violin and pf., in E|7 ; 
 op. 19, 6 songs [Fr. v. Schack] ; op. 20, " Don 
 Juan," Tondichtung f. full orch. ; op. 21, 
 " Schlichte Weisen," 5 songs [Felix Dahn] ; op. 
 
 23, " Macbeth," Tondichtung f. full orch. ; op. 
 
 24, " Tod und Verklarung," do. ; op. 25, Gun- 
 ^raw, 3-act opera (Weimar, 1894; Munich, 1895) ; 
 op. 26, two songs [Lenau] ; op. 27, four songs 
 [Henckell, Hart, and Mackay] ; op. 28, Orches- 
 ter-Rondo"TillEulenspiegels lustige Streiche " ; 
 op. 29, three songs [O. J. Bierbaum] ; also the 
 symphonic poems "Also sprach Zarathustra," 
 "Ein Heldenleben " (op. 40), and "Don Qui- 
 xote"; and (op. 38) "Enoch Arden," melodrama 
 f. pf. and recitation. — Biographical: "Eine 
 Charakterskizze," by Dr. Arthur Seidl (Prague). 
 
 Streabbog. See Gobbaerts. 
 
 Street, Georges-Ernest, b. Vienna, 1854, 
 of French parents. Pupilof Bizet and B. Damcke, 
 at Paris ; mus. critic of " Le Matin " for 8 years ; 
 since 1898, of " L'ificlair." Has given lectures 
 on Andre Messager. — Works : 'The operettas 
 r Amour en livr/e, Le Charmeur, La Fillette de 
 
 567 
 
STREICHER— STUNTZ 
 
 Plouhinec, etc. ; ballet Scaramouche (w. Mes- 
 sager, 1891) ; Les deux Rhervistes (li^i) \ i-act 
 mimodrama Fides (Opera-Comique, 1894) ; 3-act 
 opera Mignonette^ parody of Thomas's Mignon 
 (1896). 
 
 Strei'cher, Johann Andreas, piano-maker, 
 b. Stuttgart, Dec. 13, 1761 ; d. Vienna, May 25, 
 1833. At Augsburg, 1793, he married Job. An- 
 dreas Stein's daughter Nanette, succeeding Stein 
 in the business, and removing to Vienna. Inv. 
 the pf. -action in which the hammer strikes from 
 above. 
 
 Strelez'ki, Anton, pen-name of an English 
 composer, said to be a Mr. Burnand ; b. Croydon, 
 Dec. 5, 1859 ; pupil of Leipzig Cons, andof Frau 
 Schumann. Much pf .-music, some very popular : 
 Tarentelle in D min. ; Polonaise ; Valse-Sou- 
 venir ; Eight Pieces (op. 47) ; Three Pieces (op. 
 146) ; 3 books of pieces (op. igi, 197, 204) ; Jagd- 
 stilck ; Valsette ; Serenade espagnole ; Menuet 
 k I'antique in E [7 ; Barcarolle ; Leichte Klavier- 
 stilcke (op. 220) ; — also songs. 
 
 Streppo'ni, Giuseppina, the wife of Verdi. 
 See Verdi. 
 
 Strig'gio, Alessandro, lutenist and early 
 comp. of Intermezzi ; b. Mantua, about 1535 ; 
 d. (?). Lived at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, 
 Florence, and later at Mantua as court conductor. 
 — Intermezzi L' amico /ido (about 1565, in madri- 
 gal-style) and Psyche (Florence, 1565, for the 
 wedding of Francesco de' Medici) ; other festival 
 music (particularly, with Merulo, Caccini, and 
 Pietro Strozzi, a festival-play for the wedding of 
 Francesco de' Medici with Bianca Capello in 
 1579)- — Publ. 3 books of madrigals a 6 (1566, 
 '6g, '82) ; 2 of madr. a 5 (1572 [2nd ed. '85] and 
 1583) ; a work of " characteristic " (program-) mu- 
 sic is "II cicalamento delle donne al bucato e la 
 caccia, a 4, 5 e 7 voci, con il giuoco di primeria 
 a 5 voci" (1567-84) ; etc. 
 
 Strong;, George Templeton, b. New York, 
 about 1855. Composer ; pupil of the Leipzig 
 Cons., and resident in Germany. — Works : Sym- 
 phony "In den Bergen " ; symph. poem "Un- 
 dine " (op. 14) ; a march f . orch. w. violin obbli- 
 gato, " Gestrebt — Gewonnen — Gescheitert" (op. 
 12) ; " Wie ein fahrender Hornistsich ein Land 
 erblies," f. soli, male ch.,and orch. (op. 26); " Die 
 verlassene Miihle," f. solo,malech.,andorch.(op. 
 30) ; a " Tonstilck " f. English horn and organ ; 
 numerous charact. pf. -pieces ; etc. 
 
 Stroz'zi, Pietro, Florentine composer, co- 
 founder of the stile rappresentativo ; set to music, 
 in 1595, Caccini's libretto La Mascarada degli 
 accecati. (Also cf. Striggio.) 
 
 Stroz'zi, Abbate Gregorio, apostolic pro- 
 tonotary at Naples. — Publ. " Elementarum mu- 
 sicae praxis" (1683 ; vocal exercises a 2, in canon- 
 form) and " Capricci da suonare sopra cembali 
 ed organi " (1687). 
 
 Stru'be, Gustav, b. Ballenstedt, Harz, Mar. 
 3, 1867. Violinist ; taught by his father, and at 
 
 10 joined the Ballenstedt orch. ; entered Leipzig 
 Cons, at 16, studying under Hermann and Brod- 
 sky, also Reinecke and Jadassohn (comp.). 
 Played in the Gewandhaus Orch. ; later became 
 prof, of violin at Mannheim Cons. ; went to Bos- 
 ton, Mass., in 1889, and joined the Symphony 
 Orch. — His symphony in C minor (1896) is op. 
 II. 
 
 Struck, Johann Baptist (usually called Ba- 
 tistin), b. Florence, about 1680 ; d. Paris, Dec. 
 9, 1755. With Labbe he introduced the vio- 
 loncello into the orch. of the Opera at Paris, 
 where he prod. 3 grand operas : M/liagre (1709), 
 Manto la f^e (1711), and Polydore (1720) ; many 
 ballets for Versailles ; publ. 4 books of cantatas 
 (1706, '8, '11, '14), and a coll. of airs (1709). 
 
 Strungk (or Strunck), Nicolaus Adam, b. 
 Celle, Hanover, 1640 ; d. Leipzig, Sept. 23, 1700. 
 Violinist ; organ-pupil of his father, whose asst. 
 he became at 12 ; studied the violin under Schnit- 
 telbach at Liibeck, and at 20 became ist vioHn in 
 the Brunswick orch., later at Celle and Hanover. 
 In 1678, mus. dir. of a Hamburg church ; then 
 chamber-organist to the Duke of Hanover, who 
 created him a canon, and with whom he visited 
 Italy, winning Corelli's admiration. Returning, 
 he played before the Emperor at Vienna ; about 
 16S5 he became Vice-Kapellm. at Dresden, suc- 
 ceeding Bernhardt as ist Kapellm. in 1694 ; but 
 organized an Italian opera at Leipzig, and set- 
 tled there in 1696. Wrote several operas for the 
 first German Opera at Hamburg 1678-83, and 16 
 Italian operas for Leipzig (1&93-1700). Publ. 
 " Musicalische Uebung'auf der Violine oder Vi- 
 ola da Gamba in etlichen Sonaten uber die Fest- 
 gesange, ingleichen etlichen Ciaconen mit 2 Vio- 
 linen bestehend " (1691). 
 
 Struss, Fritz, b. Hamburg, Nov. 28, 1847. 
 Violinist ; pupil of Unruh, Auer, and Joachim ; 
 1870, member of the Berlin Court Orch. ; 1885, 
 "chamber-virtuoso"; 1887, R. Concertmeister ; 
 teaches in the Klindworth-Scharwenka Cons. 
 
 Stumpf, Johann Christian, ba'ssoonist ; in 
 Paris about 1785 ; then member of the Altona 
 orch. ; from 1798, Repetitor at the Frankfort City 
 Th. — Works: Orch.l entr'actes; pieces f. 2 
 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons ; 4 bassoon- 
 concertos ; I flute-concerto ; a quartet f. bassoon 
 and strings ; duos f . bassoons and f . clarinets ; 
 duos f . vioHn and 'cello ; duos f . 'celli ; duos and 
 trios f. violins. 
 
 Stumpff, Karl, b. Wiesentheid, Lower Fran- 
 conia, Apr. 21, 1848; Dr. phil. (Gottingen) ; 
 ordinary prof, at Wurzburg, 1873 ; since 1889 in 
 Munich. Also a profound student of music. — 
 Publ. " Tonpsychologie " (2 vol.s, 1883, ^90), 
 continuing the researches of Helmholtz ; " Uber 
 Tonpsychologie in England " (in the ' ' Viertel- 
 jahrsschrift fur Musikwissenschaft ") ; and " Bei- 
 trage zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft" 
 (Leipzig, 1898). 
 
 Stuntz, Joseph Hartmann, b. Arlesheim, 
 n. Basel, July 25, 1793; d. Munich, June 18, 
 
 568 
 
SUCCO— SULLIVAN 
 
 1859. Prod, operas at Milan, Venice, etc. ; be- 
 came chorusmaster at the Munich Court Opera 
 in 1824 ; and in 1826 succeeded his teacher, 
 Peter von Winter, as court cond. In Munich 
 he brought out 3 German operas and a ballet ; 
 wrote much church-music ; and publ. 2 overtures, 
 a string-quartet, male choruses, and vocal Noc- 
 turnes a 2. 
 
 Suc'co, Reinhold, b. Gorlitz, May 29, 1837 ; 
 d. Breslau, Nov. 29, 1897. Pupil of the Berlin 
 Akademie ; 1863, organist of the Thomaskirche ; 
 1874, teacher of theory at the Hochschule ; 1888, 
 Senator of the R. Acad, of Arts, Berlin. A 
 writer on church-music ; comp. sacred and secu- 
 lar vocal works, and organ-pieces. 
 
 Su'cher, Joseph, eminent conductor ; b. 
 Dorbor, District of Eisenburg, Hungary, Nov. 
 23, 1844. At Vienna he studied singing and the 
 violin, and became a choir-boy in the court chapel 
 in 1854 ; gave up later legal studies for music, 
 taking lessons in Comp. of Sechter ; became vice- 
 cond. of the acad. Gesangverein, "coach" for solo 
 singers at the Court Opera, and afterwards cond. 
 of the Comic Opera ; in 1876, cond. of the Leip- 
 zig City Th., marrying the soprano, Rosa Has- 
 selbeck, in 1877 ; they were engaged by PoUini 
 at Hamburg from 1878-88 ; S. then became 
 cond. of the Royal Opera at Berlin (retired 1899), 
 his wife being eng. there as prima donna (retired 
 1898). Frau Sucher (b. Velburg, Upper Pala- 
 tinate), is a distinguished Wagner singer ; at 
 Bayreuth she has taken the roles of Isolde (1886) 
 and Sieglinde. 
 
 Sudds, William F., b. London, Engl., Mar. 
 5, 1843. His parents removed in 1850 to a farm 
 in Gouverneur, N. Y. ; S. taught himself the 
 violin, 'cello, guitar, and cornet ; was a band- 
 master during the civil war, and some years 
 afterward entered the Boston Cons, of Music, 
 studying under Eugene Thayer (org.) and J. 
 Eichberg (violin and comp.). Now (1899) es- 
 tabl. at Gouverneur as a composer, teacher, and 
 music-publisher. — Works: For orch., 4 over- 
 tures, "From ocean to ocean," "A night in 
 June," "The merry Chanter," and "The Vi- 
 king's Daughter" ; — f. violin and pf., "5 Tone- 
 Vignettes, " and a score of other pieces ; — for 
 piano, over 100 comp.s, incl. dances, marches, 
 salon-music, and instructive pieces ; — about 75 
 numbers of church-inusic (cantata The Star of 
 Bethlehem) ; — many songs ; etc. — Also publ. 
 " National School for Piano" ; " Nat. Guide for 
 Reed Organ " ; " Easy Method " f. do. ; " Organ 
 Gems" (original); "50 Organ- Voluntaries " 
 (original) ; " Modern Guide to Violin-playing" ; 
 etc. 
 
 Suk, Josef, b. Kfecovic, Bohemia, Jan. 4, 
 1874. Pupil, at Prague Cons., 1885, of Benne- 
 witz (vln.) and Dvorak (comp.) ; fine violinist ; 
 2nd violin in the "Bohemian String-Quartet," 
 1896 ; also comp. a " Dramatic overture," an 
 overture to Shakespeare's Winter's Tale, a Sere- 
 nade f. string-orch. , op. 6, a pf. -quintet, a pf.- 
 
 quartet, a string-quartet, op. 11, 2 books of pf.- 
 pieces, op. 12, etc. 
 
 Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour, b. London, 
 May 14, 1842. In 1854 he entered the Chapel 
 Royal as a chorister, 
 under PI e 1 m o r e ; 
 publ. a song in 1855; 
 was elected(the first) 
 Mendelssohn Schol- 
 ar in 1856, studying 
 at the R. A. M. from 
 1857 under Bennett 
 and Goss, and at the 
 Leipzig Cons. 1858- 
 61 under Moscheles, 
 Hauptmann, Rich- 
 ter, Plaidy, etc., 
 conducting a per- 
 formance of his 
 overture to ' ' Lalla 
 Rookh " in i860, and writing string-quartets and 
 music to The Tempest (Crystal Palace, 1862). 
 His cantata Kenilworth (Birmingham Fest., 
 1864) stamped him as a composer of high rank. 
 He has cond. numerous series of concerts, more 
 especially those of the London Philharm. 
 (1885-7) and the Leeds Festivals (since 1880). 
 He was Principal of, and prof, of comp. at, the 
 National Training School for Music from 1876 
 to his resignation in 1881. Received the degree 
 of Mus. Doc. hon. causa from Cambridge (1876) 
 and Oxford (1879) I Chevalier of the Legion of 
 Honor, 1878 ; grand organist to the Freemasons, 
 1887 ; corr. member of the R. Mus. Inst., 
 Florence, 1888 ; etc. He was knighted by the 
 Queen in 1883. His operettas have had un- 
 exampled success in Britain and America ; his 
 orch.l and choral works are among the best of 
 the period. — Dramatic works : Cox and Box 
 (1867) ; The Contrabandista (1867) ; Thespis 
 (1871); Trial by Jury {\?,^i) \ The Zoo {\%T^) ; 
 The Sorcerer (1877); H. M. S. Pinafore (i?,-]%); 
 The Pirates of Penzance (1880) ; Patience 
 (1881); lolanthe {r&i'i); Prittcess Ida (li&n) ; 
 The Mikado (1885); Ruddigore (1887); The 
 Yeomen of the Guard (1888) ; The Gondoliers, 
 or The King of Barataria (1889) ; grand opera 
 Ivanhoe {xiq'C) \ Haddon TIall (iit)2) \ Utopia 
 (limited), or The Plowers of Progress (1893) ; 
 The Chieftain [revision of The Contrabandistd] 
 (1894) ; The Grand Duke, or The Statutory Duel 
 (1896) ; The Martyr of Antioch (Edinburgh, 
 1898 ; a stage-arr. of the cantata) ; The Beauty- 
 Stone (w. Pinero ; May 28, 1898) ;— 2 ballets, 
 Vile enchants {i&bii) and Victorian and Merrie 
 England (jSgy). — Incid. music to The Tempest, 
 The Merchant of Venice, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor, Henry VIII., Macbeth, and King 
 Arthur. — Oratorios and cantatas, Kenilworth 
 (1864), The Prodigal Son (1869), On Shore and 
 &a(i87l). The Light of the World (l?,-]^), The 
 Martyr of Antioch (1880), The Golden Legend 
 (1886); a Festival Te Deum (1872); and the 
 ode, " I wish to tune my quiv'ring lyre," f. bar. 
 
 569 
 
SULZER— SURIANO 
 
 solo w. orch. (1880). — For orch., symphony inE 
 (1866) ; overtures " In memoriam," " Mar- 
 niion," " di ballo," " Sapphire Necklace" ; and 
 a 'cello-concerto (1866). Also a Te Deum, 
 Jubilate and Kyrie, in D ; anthems and hymn- 
 tunes ; pf. -pieces ; songs. 
 
 Sul'zer, Johann Georg, b. Winterthur, 1719; 
 d. Berlin, Feb. 25, 1779, where he had been 
 prof, at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium and the 
 Ritterakademie . — Publ. " Pensees sur I'ori- 
 gine . . . des sciences et des beaux-arts " (1757, 
 in Reports of the Akad.; German ed., 1772, as 
 " DieschonenKunsteinihremUrsprung . . ."); 
 ' ' AUgemeine Theorie der schonen Kiinste " 
 (1772, 4 vol.s ; 2nd ed. 1792-4 ; Blankenburg 
 added 3 vol.sof "Litterarische Zusatze," 1796-8; 
 Dyck and Schatz added 8 supplementary vol.s, 
 1 792-1 806 ; the musical articles are mostly by J. 
 A. P. Schulz) ; and a report on Hohlfeld's Melo- 
 graph, for the Akademie (1771). 
 
 Sul'zer, Salomon, b. Hohenems, Vorarl- 
 berg, Mar. 30, 1804 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 18, 1890. 
 He studied comp. with Seyfried at Vienna, 
 where he was cantor at the chief synagogue from 
 1825. He is known as the regenerator of the 
 Jewish service of song, having rhythmically and 
 harmonically ordered the old religious melodies. 
 Was prof, of singing at the Cons. 1844-7 ! re- 
 ceived the gold medal for science and art ; also 
 in 1868 the Order of Franz Joseph. — Works : 
 " Schir Zion " (Hebrew hymns); "Dudaim" 
 (songs for school and home) ; Psalms ; etc. — 
 His son Julius, b. Vienna, 1834 ; d. there Feb. 
 13, i8gi, was a fine violinist ; after long travels 
 in the East, he became Kapellm. at the Hof- 
 burgtheater at Vienna in 1875. Prod, several 
 operas, a " symphonic tone-painting," pf.-music, 
 and songs. 
 
 Supp6, Franz von, b. Spalato, Dalmatia, 
 Apr. 18, 1820; d. Vienna, May 22, 1895. [His 
 real name was Fran- 
 cesco Ezechiele Er- 
 menegildo Cavaliere 
 Suppe-Demelli.] At 
 II he played the flute, 
 and at 15 prod, a 
 mass at Zara ; sent 
 by his father to study 
 philosophy at Padua, 
 he pursued a course 
 of music under Cigala 
 and Ferrari, and on 
 his father's death 
 went with his mother 
 to Vienna, and stud- 
 ied at the Cons, under Sechter and Seyfried. 
 His first position was that of unpaid conductor 
 at the Josephstadter Th. ; he then obtained 
 more profitable engagements at Pressburg 
 and Baden, and again at Vienna at the Th. 
 an der Wien (till 1862), Carl Th. (till 1865), 
 and thereafter at the Leopoldstadter Th. 
 Among three score or more comic operas, ope- 
 
 rettas, and other stage-pieces of all degrees of 
 levity, the following are most important : Der 
 Apfel (Zara., 1834; private perf.); Gertrude und 
 Virginia (comp. 1838); Das Madchen vom 
 Lande (Vienna, 1847) ; Der Bandit (Vienna, 
 1848 ; in Florence, 1894, as Cartouche) ; Para- 
 graph j> (1858); Das Pensionat (i860); Die 
 Kartenschldgerin , Zehn Madchen und kein 
 Mann (1862) ; Flotte Bursche (1863) ; Das Corps 
 der Radie (1863) ; Pique-Dame (1864) ; Franz 
 Schubert (1864); Die schone Galatea (1865); 
 Leichte Cavallerie ; Freigeister (1866); Ban- 
 ditenstreiche (1867) ; Die Frau Meisterin ; 
 Tantalusqualen (1S68) ; Isabella (1869) ; Can- 
 nebas (1870) ; Die Prinzessin von Dragant 
 (Prague, 1870) ; Fatinilza (Vienna, 1876 ; in 
 London, 1878 ; in Paris, 1879 ; extremely popu- 
 lar) ; Der Teufel auf Erden (1878) ; Boccaccio 
 (Vienna, 1879 ; London, 1882) ; Donna Juaniia 
 (1880); Der Gascogner (1881); Herzbldttchen 
 (1882); Die Afrikareise (1883); Des Matrosen 
 IfeijnAelir {Hamburg, 1885); Bellmann (Vienna, 
 1887); DieJagdnacAdcmCMch(i8SS); Braut- 
 y«f(/ (Berlin, 1894 ; music that of Die Jagd nach 
 dem Gluck ; text new) ; Das Modell (posth. ; 
 Vienna, 1895) ; — overtures (that to Dichter und 
 Bauer is played everywhere), a symphony, quar- 
 tets, songs ; also (1867) a Missa dalmatica and 
 (i860) a Requiem, " L'estremo giudizio." S. 
 was one of the most popular of German operetta- 
 composers. An interesting sketch of his career 
 is in the Leipzig "Signale" for 1895, No. 34. 
 
 Surette, Thomas Whitney, b. Concord, 
 Massachusetts, Sept. 7, 1862. Pupil of Arthur 
 Foote (pf.) and J. K. Paine (Plarvard Univ., 
 class of 1891); org. of First Parish Ch., Con- 
 cord, 1883-93; music-master at the Hill School, 
 Pottslown, Pa., 1893-4; org. and choirm. of 
 Christ Ch., Baltimore, 1895-6; since then, staff- 
 lecturer on music for the Amer. Soc. for the Ex- 
 tension of University Teaching (Phila., Pa.), 
 as which he has won wide recognition for his 
 lucid and interesting presentation of the subjects 
 treated. — Publ. work: Priscilla, or the Pilgrim's 
 Proxy, 2-act operetta (given over 500 times up 
 to date, 1899); Cascabel, romantic opera (Pitts- 
 burg, 1899); The Eve of St. Agnes [Keats], 
 dram, ballade f. soli, ch., and orch. (1898); Let 
 God arise, thanksgiving anthem for close of 
 Span. -Amer. war; "Portraits," 5 pf.-pieces; — 
 " What part should music have in education ?" 
 (in " The Citizen," June, 1896; repr. in report 
 of U. S. Comm. of Education, 1895-6); "Com- 
 mon-sense Music-study " (" Univ. Ext. Journal," 
 March, '94); "What constitutes good Church- 
 music?" (" Prot.-Episc. Review," Oct., '96); 
 and other papers. 
 
 Suria'no (or Soriano), Francesco, b. Rome, 
 1549; d. there in Jan., 1620. Pupil of Nanini 
 and Palestrina ; in 1581 maestro at Luigi de' 
 Francesi ; in 1587, at S. Maria Maggiore ; in 
 1599, at S. Giovanni in Laterano ; next year 
 again at S. Maria Maggiore ; finally, in 1603, at 
 St. Peter's. — Works : Madrigals a 5 (1581, '92); 2 
 
 570 
 
S USATO— SZARVADY 
 
 books do. a 4 (1601, 1602) ; masses a 4-6 (1609); 
 motets a 8 (1597) ; masses a 6-8 (1609 ; incl. 
 Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli arr. a 8); 
 "Canoni et Obblighi di CX sorte, sopra L'Ave 
 Maria Stella " a 3-8 (1610 ; a scientific master- 
 work) ; 2 vol. s of psalms and motets a 8, 12 
 and 16 (1614, 1616) ; villanelle a 3 (1617) ; and 
 a Magnificat a 4, with a Passion (1619). 
 
 Susa'to. See Tylman Susato. 
 
 Siiss'mayer, Franz Xaver,- b. Steyr, Upper 
 Austria, 1766 ; d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 1803. Pupil 
 of Salieri and Mozart, becoming an intimate 
 friend of the latter. Kapellm. at the National- 
 Theater, 1792 ; 2nd Kapellm. at the Court 
 Opera, 1794. Prod, an opera and a score of 
 operettas, of which Der Wildfang (1798) and 
 Soliman II. (1799) were published. 
 
 Svend'sen, Oluf, b. Christiania, Apr. 19, 
 1832 ; d. London, May 15, 1888. Flute-player ; 
 pupil of Brussels Cons.; from 1855, in London ; 
 from 1867, teacher at the R. A. M. 
 
 ' Svend'sen, Johan (Severin), violinist and 
 comp.; b. Christiania, Sept. 30, 1840. From 
 1863-7, pupil of David, Hauptmann, Richter, 
 and Reinecke at the 
 Leipzig Cons. ; toured 
 Denmark, Scotland, 
 the Faroe Islands, 
 Iceland, Norway, and 
 England ; lived in 
 Paris 1868-9, playing 
 in Musard's orch. and 
 at the Odeon ; went to 
 Leipzig in 1869, mar- 
 ried an American lady 
 in New York, 1871, 
 and was Concert?neis- 
 ter of the Leipzig 
 "Euterpe" concerts 
 the following winter ; 
 cond. the concerts of the Christiania .Mus. Assoc. 
 1872-7, and again 1880-3 after visiting Rome, 
 London, and Paris ; in 1883, court cond. at 
 Copenhagen ; since i8g6, cond. of the Royal 
 Theatre there. — Works : Op. i, string-quartet ; 
 op. 2, male quartets ; op. 3, string-octet in A 
 min.; op. 4, symphony in D ; op. 5, string-quin- 
 tet ; op. 6, violin-concerto in A ; op. 7, 'cello- 
 concerto in D min.; op. 8, overture to Bj6rn- 
 son's drama Sigurd Slembe ; op. 9, " Carnaval 
 a Paris " f. orch. ; op. 10, Funeral March for 
 Charles XV.; op. 11, "Zorahayda," Legende f. 
 orch.; op. 12, Polonaise f. orch.; op. 13, Corona- 
 tion March (for Oscar II.) ; op. 14, Wedding- 
 Cantata f. chorus and orch.; op. 15, symphony 
 No. 2, in B[j ; op. 16, "Carnaval des artistes 
 norvegiens," humorous march; "Norwegian 
 Rhapsodies" f. orch. (op. 17, 19, 21, 22); op. 
 18, overture to Romeo and Juliei ; op. 20, Scan- 
 dinavian airs f. string-quartet ; op. 23, 5 songs 
 (French and German) ; op. 24, 4 songs (French 
 and Norwegian) ; op. 25, Romance by Popper, 
 arr. f. 'cello and pf. ; op. 26, Romance in G, f. 
 violin and orch. 
 
 Swan, Timothy, b. Worcester, Mass., July 
 23, 1758 ; d. Northfield, July 23, 1842. Teacher 
 of music at Groton and Northiield ; publ. " The 
 New England Harmony" (1801), and "The 
 Songster's Museum " (1803) ; co-editor (?) of 
 " Federal Harmony" (1785). Comp. thfe hymn- 
 tunes "Poland," "China," "Ocean," and 
 " Pownal." 
 
 Swee'linck, Jan Pieter, b. Amsterdam, 
 1562 ; d. there Oct. 16, 1621. This great organ- 
 ist, composer, and teacher was the pupil of 
 Jacob Buyck, pastor of the Old Church at Ams- 
 terdam, and probably of his father, Pieter S., the 
 organi.st at that church, who died in 1573, the 
 son succeeding to the position between 1577-81. 
 As a player and teacher he was celebrated far 
 and wide ; most of the leading organists in 
 Northern Germany, of the next generation, were 
 his pupils. During his lifetime, only some of 
 his vocal music was publ. ; but his organ-music 
 is more remarkable and important : S. was the 
 first to employ the pedal in a real fugal part, and 
 originated the organ-fugue built up on one theme 
 with the gradual addition of counter-themes 
 leading up to a highly involved and ingenious 
 finale, — a form perfected by Bach. In rhythmic 
 and melodic freedom, his vocal compositions 
 show an advance over the earlier polyphonic 
 style, though replete with intricate contrapuntal 
 devices. A complete ed. of S.'s works, edited 
 by Dr. Max Seiffert for the " Vereeniging voor 
 Noord-Nederlands Musiekgeschiedenis," and 
 now publishing by Breitkopf & Hartel, will be 
 finished in 1901, and will comprise 12 Parts, of 
 which 7 had appeared down to 1898 : Part I, 
 Works for Organ and Clavichord ; Part II, ist 
 half of the First Book of Psalms (1604) ; Part III, 
 2nd half of do. ; Part IV, ist half of the Second 
 Book of Psalms (1613) ; Part V, 2nd half of do. ; 
 Part VI, Third Book of Psalms (1614) ; Part VII, 
 Fourth Bk. do. (1621) ; these comprise the 150 
 Psalms of David in the rhymed French version 
 by Marot and Beza. Besides the early French 
 ed.s, there is a German ed. publ. at Berlin 1616, 
 l5i8. Other old ed.s are those of the "Rimes 
 franyaises et italiennes a 2-3 parties avec chan- 
 sons i 4 parties " (1612) ; " Cantiones sacrae cum 
 basso cont. ad organum 6 vocum " (1619) ; other 
 chansons, and wedding-songs, in coU.s. MSS. 
 are in libraries at Berlin, Brussels, Cambridge, 
 Oxford, and London (Brit. Mus.). — S.'s bio- 
 graphy was written by F. H. J. Tiedeman : 
 "J. P. Sweelinck, een bio-bibliografische Schets " 
 (Amsterdam, 1876). 
 
 Swert, Jules de. See Deswert. 
 
 Swobo'da, August, Viennese music-teacher ; 
 publ. "AUgemeine Theorie der Tonkunst" 
 (1826), a " Harmonielehre " (2 vol.s, 1828, '29), 
 and " Instrumentirungslehre " (1832). 
 
 Sy'fert, Paul. See Scacchi. 
 
 Sympson. See Simpson. 
 
 Szarva'dy, Wilhelmine. See Clausz- 
 
 SZARVADY. 
 
 571 
 
SZEKELY— TALLYS 
 
 Szekely, Imre [Emeric], b. Malyfalva, 
 Hungary, May 8, 1823. Pianist; st. in Pesth ; 
 concert-tours in 1846 ; visited Paris and London, 
 also lived in Hamburg and other German towns, 
 and in 1852 settled in Pesth, distinguishing him- 
 self as a teacher. Has publ. 30 Hungarian Fan- 
 tasias on national airs ; salon-pieces (op. 20-27) ', 
 concertos and etudes f. pf . ; orch.l works ; ensem- 
 bles for strings ; etc. 
 
 Szumow'ska, Antoinette, b. Lublin, Po- 
 land, Feb. 22, 1868. Pianist ; pupil of Strobel 
 and Michalowski at Warsaw, later of Paderewski 
 at Paris. Has given successful concerts at Lon- 
 don, Paris, New York, Boston, etc. Married 
 Joseph Adamowski. 
 
 Szymanow'ska, Maria, n/e Wolowska, b. 
 Poland, 1790 ; d. St. Petersburg, 1831. Piano- 
 virtuoso, pupil of Field at Moscow ; lived in War- 
 saw 1815-30, making highly successful tours in 
 Germany, also giving concerts at St. Petersburg, 
 where she was app. court pianist. — Publ. Studies, 
 24 Mazurkas, a Nocturne " Le murmure," etc., 
 which received Schumann's approval. 
 
 Tabourot, Jean. See Arbeau. 
 
 Tacchinar'di, Nicola, famous dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Florence, Sept. 3, 1772 ; d. there Mar. 14, 
 1859. After singing on Italian stages (La Scala, 
 Milan, 1805), he was eng. at the Theatre Italien, 
 Paris, 1811-14, with Crivelli ; from 1822-31, 
 " primo cantante " in the Grand Ducal chapel at 
 P'lorence, also appearing repeatedly on the stage ; 
 then lived in Florence as a teacher, one of his pu- 
 pils being his daughter, Fanny Tacchinardi-Per- 
 siani (see Persiani). He publ. vocalizzi and ex- 
 ercises ; also the work "Dell' opera in musica sul 
 teatro italiano e de' suoi difetti." 
 
 Tadoli'ni, Giovanni, b. Bologna, 1793 ; d. 
 there Nov. 29, 1872. Pupil of Mattei (comp.) and 
 Babini (singing) ; 1811-14, accompanist and cho- 
 rusmaster at the Th. des Italiens, Paris, under 
 Spontini ; then prod, a succession of operas in 
 Italy (Zfl Principessa di Navarra, Bologna, 1816 ; 
 La fata Alcina, Venice, 1815 ; // Credulo deluso, 
 Rome, 1817; Tamerlano, Bologna, ii'L%;Ilfinto 
 molinaro, Rome, 1820 ; Mociar, Milan, 1824 ; 
 Mitridate, Venice, 1826 ; Almansor, Trieste, 
 1827) ; then (1830-g) resumed his post in Paris. 
 Also wrote romances, cantatas, and canzonets ; a 
 trio f. pf. , oboe, and bassoon ; etc. 
 
 Taffanel, Claude-Paul, b. Bordeaux, Sept. 16, 
 1844 ; excellent flutist; pupil of Doras (flute) and 
 Reber (comp.). 3rd chefd'orchestre at the Grand 
 Opera, Paris ; director (1892) of the Paris Cons, 
 concerts; in 1893 succeeded Alt^s as prof, of flute- 
 playing at the Cons. 
 
 Tag, Christian Gotthilf, b. Bayerfeld, Sax- 
 ony, 1735; d. Niederzwonitz, July ig,i8ii. Can- 
 tor at Hohenstein for 53 years. — Publ. 6 Choral- 
 preludes w. Trio and Allabreve (1783) ; 12 Pre- 
 
 ludes and a Symphony f. org. (1795) ; songs (1783, 
 '85, '93, '98) ; 70 var.s f. pf., on an Andantino 
 (1785) ; " I^^r Glaube," melody w. org. (1793) ; 
 ' ' Urians Reise um die Welt " and ' ' Urians Nach- 
 richt von der Aufklarang " (1797) ; " Naumann, 
 ein Todtenopfer " (1803 ; voice w. pf.) ; " Melo- 
 dic zumVaterunser und den Einsetzungsworten " 
 (1803 ; w. org.) ; " Worlitz," an ode (1803 ; voice 
 w. pf.) ; many sacred and instr.l works MS. 
 
 Taglia'na, Emilia, operatic soprano (colora- 
 tura) ; b. Milan, 1854 ; pupil of the Cons, there, 
 also of Lamperti. Sang in Naples, Rome, Flor- 
 ence, Paris, Odessa, and Vienna (1873-7), study- 
 ing there under Hans Richter ; at Berlin 1881-2, 
 being app. " chamber-singer." 
 
 Ta'glichsbeck, Thomas, b. Ansbach, Dec. 
 31, 1799; d. Baden-Baden, Oct. 5, 1867. Vio- 
 linist, pupil of Rovelliat Munich ; member of the 
 theatre-orch. 1817 ; later asst. -conductor. After 
 long concert-tours, he was Kapellm. to the Prince 
 of HohenzoUern-Hechingen 1827-48 ; then thea- 
 tre-cond. at Strassburg ; then lived in Lowen- 
 berg (Silesia), Dresden, and Baden-Baden. — 
 Works : Opera Webers Bild (Munich, 1823) ; a 
 mass w. orch. ; 2 symphonies ; a " concerto mili- 
 taire " f . violin w. orch. ; concertino f . do. ; Varia- 
 tions f. do.; Polonaise f. do. ; apf.-trio; violin- 
 duos; sonatas, fantasias, var.s, etc., f. violin w. 
 pf. ; part-songs f. mixed ch., w. wind-instr.s ; 
 male quartets ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Taglio'ni, Ferdinando, son of the famous 
 ballet-master Salvatore T. [i 790-1868] ; b. Na- 
 ples, Sept. 14, 1810. From 1842-g, cond. at Lan- 
 ziano ; then leader at the San Carlo Th. , Naples, 
 until 1852. Later he edited the Naples " Gaz- 
 zetta Musicale" ; in 1856 he began a series of 
 historico-classical concerts, the first of the kind in 
 Italy; also founded a school for choral singing. 
 — Publ. several pamphlets on vocal instruction in 
 the schools ; also a few sacred vocal comp.s. 
 
 Talexy,Adrien,b. Paris, 1820; d. there Feb., 
 1881. Teacher and composer for piano. Publ. 
 much ja&K-music, also studies (" Methode ele- 
 raentaire et progressive " ; 20 etudes espressives, 
 op. 80; " Pri^re i la Madone"; etc.). 
 
 Tallys (or Talys, Tallis), Thomas, famous 
 Englishcomposer and organist ; b. about 1520-29; 
 d. London, Nov. 23, 1585. Organist of Waltham 
 Abbeyuntil 1540; GentlemanoftheChapel Royal 
 during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., 
 Mary, and Elizabeth, and joint-organist with 
 Byrd. With the latter he obtained in 1575 letters 
 patent for the exclusive privilege of printing mu- 
 sic and ruled music-paper for 21 years ; the first 
 work issued by them being 34 ' ' Cantiones quae 
 ab argumento sacrae vocantur, 5 et 6 partium," 
 in 1575 (16 motets by T. and 18 by Byrd). About 
 this time he comp. a remarkable "Song of 40 
 Parts," for 8 5-part choirs, entitled "Spem in 
 alium non habui" ; (specimen-page in Grove, Vol. 
 iii, p. 274). In Barnard's "First Book of Se- 
 lected Church Music" (1641) is a First Service, 
 or Short Service (Venite, Te Deum, Benedictus, 
 
 572 
 
TAMAGNO— TARTINI 
 
 Kyrie, Creed, Sanctus, Gloria, Magnificat, and 
 Nunc dimittis ; all a 4), Preces, Responses, etc., 
 often republished (by Rimbault, Novello, Jebb, 
 etc.); J. Day's " Morning and Evening Prayer" 
 (1560), Boyce's " Cathedral Music," and the his- 
 tories by Hawkins and Burney , contain specimens 
 of his music. Rimbault republ. the " Order of 
 DailyService, with the Musical Notation." There 
 are many works in MS. at Oxford, Cambridge, 
 and London. 
 
 Tama'gno, Francesco, celebrated dramatic 
 tenor; b. Turin, 1851. Debut Palermo, in Un 
 ballo in maschera ; excited great enthusiasm at La 
 Scala, Milan, in 1880, as Ernani, etc. ; continued 
 his triumphs in Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, Rio 
 de Janeiro, Lisbon (1880-1), Madrid (1885-6), 
 Paris, London, New York, etc. ; he created the 
 role of Otello, in Verdi's opera, at La Scala in 
 1887. 
 
 Tam'berlik, Enrico, celebrated dramatic 
 tenor; b. Rome, Mar. 16, 1820 ; d. Paris, Mar. 
 13, 1889. Though intended for the law, he stud- 
 ied singing under Guglielmi and Borgna at Bo- 
 logna, and came out at the S. Carlo Th., Naples, 
 1840, in Gius. Nicolini's Theodosia. After sing- 
 ing at Lisbon, Madrid, and Barcelona, he was 
 eng. 1850-64 during the season at the R. Ital. 
 Opera, London, going in the winters to St. Peters- 
 burg, Paris, Madrid, North and South America, 
 etc. He reappeared in London in 1870 and 1877 ; 
 settled in Madrid as a manufacturer of arms. 
 Among his leading roles were Arnold ( Tell), Man- 
 rico, Otello, Ottavio, Florestan (^Fidelia), etc. 
 
 Tamburi'ni, Antonio, basso cantante (bass- 
 baritone) stage-singer of great celebrity ; b. Fa- 
 enza. Mar. 28, 1800 ; d. Nice, Nov. g, 1876. Pu- 
 pil of his father, also of Boni and Asioli ; debut 
 at Cento in 1818 ; thereafter sang on the chief 
 stages of Italy, being engaged by Barbaja from 
 1824-32. During 1832-41 he sang at the Thea- 
 tre Italien, Paris, ' ' a conspicuous star in the bril- 
 liant constellation formed byGrisi, Persiani.Viar- 
 dot, Rubini, Lablache, and himself," appearing 
 in London in the alternate seasons ; after a short 
 stay in Italy, he remained for ten years in Rus- 
 sia. He retired in 1859. 
 
 Tanejeff, Sergei, b. in Russia, Nov. 13, 1856; 
 pupil of N. Rubinstein and Tchaikovsky. Prof, 
 of theory and comp. at the Moscow Cons. His 
 3-act opera Oresteia had a succes d'estime at St. 
 Petersburg in 1895. 
 
 Tans'ur, William, English comp. ; b. Dun- 
 church, about 1700; d. St. Neots, Oct. 7, 1783. 
 Organist and teacher of music. — Publ. " A Com- 
 pleat Melody, or the Harmony of Sion " (1724?; 
 later ed.s '30, '36, '38, '64, etc., under varying 
 titles) ; " Heaven on Earth, ortheBeauty of Holi- 
 ness " (1738) ; " Sacred Mirth, or the Pious Soul's 
 Daily Delight" (1739); "The Universal Har- 
 mony"(i743, etc.) ; "The Psalm-singer's Jewel" 
 (1760, etc.); " Melodia sacra" (1771, '72) ; "A 
 New Musical Grammar" (1746 ; 7th ed. 1829) ; 
 
 an epitome of this last, " The Elements of Mu- 
 sick Displayed" (1772). 
 
 Tap'pert, Wilhelm, b. Ober-Thomaswaldau, 
 Silesia, Feb. 19, 1830. Trained as a schoolmas- 
 ter at Bunzlau Seminary, and taught school till 
 1856, when he entered Kullak's Academy at Ber- 
 lin, and studied theory privately with Dehn. 
 Dwelling in Berlin since 1866 as a writer, and con- 
 tributes to various papers ; edited the " Allgem. 
 deutsche musikalische Zeitung" 1876-80. His 
 large collection of old tablatures contains unique 
 specimens.— Publ. " Musik und musikalische 
 Erziehung'' (1866); "Musikalische Studien" 
 (1868); " Das Verbot der Quintenparallelen '' 
 (i86g) ; " Wagner-Lexikon: Worterbuch der Un- 
 hoflichkeit, enthaltend grobe, hohnende, gehas- 
 sige und verleumderische Ausdrilcke, welche ge- 
 gen den Meister Richard Wagner, seine Werke 
 und seine Anhanger von den Feinden und Spot- 
 tern gebraucht worden sind " (1877) ; also songs, 
 arr.s of old German songs, " 50 Studies for the 
 left hand" f. pf., Albumblatter f. pf., etc. 
 
 Tar'chi, Angelo, b. Naples, 1760 ; d. Paris, 
 Aug. 19, 1814. Pupil of Tarantino and Sala at 
 the Cons, della Pieti. Up to 1797 he wrote op- 
 eras for Italy and London ; then went to Paris, 
 and prod, several French comic operas, one of 
 which, d'Auberge en auder£-e,had much success at 
 the Th. Feydeau in 1800, and was publ. at Ham- 
 burg as Voji Gasthof zu Gasthof, and at Vienna 
 as Die zwei Fasten. 
 
 Tardi'ti, Orazio, church-composer of the Ro- 
 man school ; from 1648, maestro at Faenza Ca- 
 thedral, where he was still living in 1670. — Publ. 
 3 books of masses a 3-5 (1639, '48, '50) ; Messa 
 e salmi concertati a 4 (1640) ; ditto a 2 (1668) ; 15 
 books of Motetti concertati a 1-5 (1625-63) ; 4 
 books of motets f . solo w. violin (Book iii, 1646) ; 
 psalms a 8, w. bass (1649) ; Complines and Lit- 
 anies a 4, w. antiphones a 3 (1647) ; litanies a 
 3-5, antiphones and motets a 3, Te Deum a 4 
 (1644) ; madrigals a 5 (1649) ; 2 books of " Can- 
 zonette amorose " a 2-3 (1642 ; republ. 1647) ; 
 " Sacri concentus," a 2-3 (1655). 
 
 Tarti'ni, Giuseppe, celebrated violinist ; b.. 
 Pirano, Istria, Apr. 8 [not 12], 1692 ; d. Padua, 
 Feb. 16, 1770. 
 While studying, 
 at his parents' de- 
 sire, for the priest- 
 hood, his first les- 
 sons on the violin 
 strengthened his 
 ardent longings 
 for a secular ca- 
 reer ; his father fi- 
 nally allowed him 
 to study law at 
 Padua (17 10), but 
 music, especially 
 the violin, and 
 fencing, were his 
 passion. A charge of abduction, following on his 
 secret marriage to a niece of Cardinal Cornaro's, 
 
 573 
 
TASKIN— TAUBERT 
 
 obliged him to take refuge in the Franciscan mon- 
 astery at Assisi ; for two years he studied the vio- 
 lin, also composition (under the organist Padre 
 Boemo [Czernohorsky]), and then returned to 
 Padua, a reconciliation iiaving been effected with 
 the Cardinal. Shortly afterward he heard the vio- 
 linist Veracini at Venice, and was stimulated to 
 more arduous endeavor ; sending his wife to rela- 
 tions at Pirano, he retired to Ancona for further 
 study of the violin. About this time (1714) he 
 discovered the combination-tones, and utilized 
 them in perfecting purity of intonation. His fame 
 now increasing, in 1721 he was app. solo violin- 
 ist and cond. of the orch. at S. Antonio in Padua. 
 He spent the years 1723-5 in Prague as chamber- 
 musician to Count Kinsky, having been invited 
 thither to assist at the coronation of Karl VI. ; he 
 then resumed his duties at Padua, and in 1728 
 founded a violin-school there, in which were 
 formed many distinguished violinists (Nardini, 
 Pasqualino, Lahoussaye). — T. was one of the 
 great masters of the violin ; his style of bowing 
 still serves as a model, and his compositions are 
 regarded as classics ; he publ. op. i. Six Concer- 
 tos (1734 ; 3 republ. in Paris ; 3 others republ. 
 there w. 2 viola-parts added by Blainville, as ' ' Con- 
 certi grossi ") ; also as op. i, 12 violin-sonatas w. 
 'cello and cembalo ; op. 2, 6 sonatas f. do. ; op. 
 
 3, 12 sonatas [incl. op. 2] f. violin and bass ; op. 
 
 4, " Sei concerti a violino solo, 2 violini, viola e 
 violoncello o cembalo di concerto " ; also as op. 4, 
 6 sonatas f. violin w. basso cont. ; op. 5, 6 do. ; 
 op. 6, 6 do. ; op. 7, 6 do.; op. 8, " Sei sonate a 
 3, due violini col basso " ; op. 9, 6 do. ; and 
 " L'Arte dell 'arco " (reprinted in French by Car- 
 tier ; also by Choron in ' ' Principes de composi- 
 tion," and separately by Andre) ; the celebrated 
 and oft-republ. " Trillo del diavolo " was a post- 
 humous work ; the concertos have been repybl. 
 in various editions, and in varying combinations ; 
 sonatas have been republ. by Alard, Leonard, 
 David, Jensen, Wasielewski, etc. — Theoretical 
 works : " Trattato di musica secondo la vera sci- ^ 
 enzadell'armonia "(1754) ;" Risposta alia critica 
 del di lui Trattato di musica di Msgr. Le Serre di 
 Ginevra" (1767); " De' principj dell' armonia 
 musicale contenuta nel diatonico genere " (1767) ; 
 
 " Lettera alia signora Maddalena Lombardini, in- 
 serviente ad una importante lezione per i suonato- 
 ri di violino " (i 770 ; English by Burney, 1 771 , and 
 Bremner, 1779 ■ German in 1786) ; and another 
 treatise, only in a French transl. by P. Denis, 
 " Traite des agrements de la mu.sique" (1782). 
 As a theorist he follows Rameau, and derives the 
 minor chord from an undertone-series opposed to 
 the overtone-series ; like Zarlino, he regards the 
 minor chord as the opposite of the major. — Bio- 
 graphical; By Fanzago, "Orazione,etc." (Padua, 
 1770) ; Vallotti, " Elogi" (Padua, 1792) ; Forno, 
 " Elogio " (1792 ; in his complete works) ; Ugoni 
 (1802 ; in " Delia letteraturaitaliana . . ,"Vol. 
 i, pp. 1-28) ; J. A. Hiller, " Lebensbeschreibun- 
 gen beriihmter Musikgelehrtenund Tonkilnstler" 
 (1784); FayoUe, "Notices sur CoreUi, Tartini, 
 etc." (1810). 
 
 Taskin, Pascal, the inventor of leathern 
 tangents for the clavichord ; b. Theux (Liege), 
 1723 ; d. Paris, Feb. 9, 1795; was a celebrated 
 instrument-maker in Paris. Also introduced the 
 piano-pedal worked by the foot instead of the 
 knee. — His nephew, Joseph-Pascal T., b. 1750, 
 d. 1829, was Keeper of the King's Instruments, 
 from 1772 to the Revolution ; his second son, 
 Henri-Joseph, b. Versailles, Aug. 24, 1779, d. 
 Paris, May 4, 1852, page of the Chapel Royal, 
 became a fine organist and composer, publishing 
 a pf.-concerto, pf. -trios, a Caprice f. pf. and 
 violin, solo pieces f. pf. , and songs. 
 
 Taskin, (fimile-) Alexandre, grandson of 
 Henri-Joseph ; b. Paris, Mar. 18, 1853 ; d. there 
 Oct. 5, 1897. Operatic baritone, pupil of Pon- 
 chard and Bussine at the Paris Cons., taking a 
 1st accessit. Debut at Amiens, 1875, in Les 
 mousquetaires de la reine. Sang in Lille and 
 Geneva ; returned to Paris in 1878 ; eng. at the 
 Opera-Comique in 1880, and created important 
 parts in many new operas (Jean de Nivelles, Les 
 contes d' Hoffmann, Manon, Egmont, Esclar- 
 monde, etc.). He was prof, of lyrical declama- 
 tion at the Cons. 
 
 Tau'bert, (Karl Gottfried) Wilhelm, b. 
 
 iSn ; d. there Jan. 7, lE 
 
 Berhn, Mar. 23, 
 Pianist ; pupil of 
 Neithardt, later 
 of L. Berger, and 
 for comp. of 
 Bernhard Klein. 
 Appeared early 
 as a concert-play- 
 er ; taught music 
 in Berlin, became 
 accompanist at 
 the court concerts 
 in 1831 ; in 1842, 
 cond. of the opera 
 and the sym- 
 phony-concerts 
 of the royal orch., 
 being app. Hof- 
 kapellmeister in 
 1845, and retiring in 1870 with the title of 
 " Oberkapellmeister." President of the mus. 
 section of the Akademie from 1S75. — Operas Die 
 Kirmess (1832) ; Der Zigeuner (1B34) \ Marquis 
 und Dieb (1842) -jjoggeli (1853) I Macbeth (1857) ; 
 Cesario (1874). Music to Shakespeare's Tempest 
 (Darmstadt, 1891 ; very successful there and 
 elsewhere) ; to Euripides' Medea ; to Tieck's Der 
 gestiefelte Kater (1844), and to Blaitbart (1845) ; 
 the overtures " Aus looi Nacht," to Othello, and 
 to the play Dasgraue Mdnnlein ; 4 symphonies ; 
 a concertino f. violin w. orch. (op. 205) ; cham- 
 ber-music ; pf. -pieces; songs ; etc. 
 
 Tau'bert, Otto, b. Naumburg-on-Saale, June 
 26, 1833. Pupil there of O. Claudius, and 
 "prefect" of the cathedral-choir; student at 
 Halle, taking degree of Dr. phil. at Bonn in 
 1859 ; taught in various schools ; and in 1863 was 
 .rapp. prof, at the Gymnasium at Torgau, where 
 
 574 
 
TAUBERT— TAYLOR 
 
 he is also cantor at the Stadtkirche and cond. of 
 the singing-society. — Works : Salvum fac regem, 
 f . mixed chorus ; Skolion of Kallistratos, I. male 
 ch.; other male choruses; songs; — publ. "Die 
 Pflege der Musik in Torgau " (1868) ; " Der 
 Gymnasialsingchor in T." (1870) ; "Daphne, das 
 erste deutsche Operntextbuch " (1878). 
 
 Tau'bert, Ernst Eduard, b. Regenwalde, 
 Pomerania, Sept. 25, 1838. Studied theology at 
 Bonn, and music there under Albert Dietrich, 
 later under Kiel at Berlin, where he is now 
 (1899) teacher at the Stern Cons. Received the 
 title of " Professor" in 1898. Has publ. cham- 
 ber-music, pf. -pieces, and songs. 
 
 Taudou, Antoine (-Antonin-BarthSlemy), 
 
 b. Perpignan, France, Aug. 24, 1846. Violinist ; 
 pupil of Paris Cons., winning the Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1869 ; member of the Opera-orch. ; since 
 1883, prof, of harmony at the Cons. — Publ. a 
 " Marche-ballet," a "Chant d'automne," and a 
 " Marche nocturne," f. orch.; a violin-concerto ; 
 a string-quartet ; a pf.-trio ; a trio f. flute, viola, 
 and 'cello ; etc. 
 
 Tausch, Franz, celebrated clarinettist ; b. 
 Heidelberg, Dec. 26, 1762 ; d. Berlin, Feb. 9, 
 1817. At 8 he played in the Electoral orch. at 
 Mannheim ; was eng. at Munich 1777-89, and 
 then in the court orch. at Berlin, where he 
 founded a school for wind-instr.s in 1805. 
 Heinrich Barmann was his pupil. — Publ. 2 clar.- 
 concertos, 3 concertantes f.- 2 clar.s. Andante 
 and Polonaise f. clar. , clar.-duos, trios f. 2 clar.s 
 w. bassoon, 6 quartets f. 2 basset-horns and ^ 
 bassoons (w. 2 horns ad lib.), 6 military marches 
 a 10, etc. 
 
 Tausch, Julius, b. Dessau, Apr. 15,1827; 
 d. Bonn, Nov. 11, 1895,. Pianist, pupil of Fr. 
 Schneider, and of the Leipzig Cons. 1844-6, 
 then settling in DUsseldorf ; succeeded Rietz as 
 cond. of the Kunstlerliedertafel; was Schumann's 
 deputy from 1853, and in 1855 his successor, as 
 cond. of the Mus. Soc. and Subscription Con- 
 certs, retiring in 1890. — Works : Music to As you 
 like it ; "Der Blumen Klage auf den Tod des 
 Sangers," f. sopr. solo, female voices, and orch.; 
 " Dein Leben schied, dein Ruhm begann," f. 
 male ch. and orch. ; Ave Maria, f . sopr. solo and 
 orch.; Festouvertiire f. orch.; duo f. pf. and 
 violin ; pf. -pieces ; male choruses ; etc. 
 
 Tau'sig, Carl, b. Warsaw, Nov. 4, 1841 ; d- 
 Leipzig, July 17, 1871. Remarkable piano-vir" 
 tuoso ; trained by his father Aloys T. [1820- 
 1885], who was a pupil of Thalberg, and wrote 
 brilliant pf .-music ; from the age of 14 he studied 
 with Liszt, almost vying with him in grandeur 
 of interpretation, and surpassing him in absolute 
 flawlessness of technique — the latter due, in 
 great part, to his systematic and zealous prac- 
 tice of his original transposing finger-exercises. 
 His public debut was made in 1858, at an orches- 
 tral concert conducted by von Bulow at Berlin. 
 During the next two years he gave concerts in 
 German cities, making Dresden his headquarters ; 
 
 then went to Vienna in 1862, giving orch.l con- 
 certs with "advanced" programs similar to 
 Billow's at Berlin. He settled in Berlin in 1865, 
 and opened a ' ' Schule des hoheren Clavierspiels. " 
 Now recognized as a 
 virtuoso of the first 
 rank, he gave con- 
 certs in the principal 
 towns of Germany, 
 and at St. Peters- 
 burg and other Rus- 
 sian centres. He died 
 of typhoid fever. — ■ 
 Works : 2 etudes de 
 4''=^ concert, in Fff and 
 A|7, op. I (cancelling 
 an earlier op. I, a pf.- 
 transcription of his 
 own symphonic bal- 
 lade, "Das Geisterschiff ") ; " Ungarische Zi- 
 geunerweisen " f. pf. ; " Nouvelles soirees de 
 Vienne, " Valses-Caprices on themes from Strauss ; 
 " Tagliche Studien " f. pf. (transposing chromatic 
 exercises of high value ; edited by Ehrlich). — 
 Complete pf. -score of Wagner's Meistersinger; 
 a selection of studies from dementi's " Gradus 
 ad Parnassum," with variantes and changed 
 fingerings ; a transcr. of Bach's Toccata and 
 Fugue for Organ, in D min. ; of Weber's " Auf- 
 forderung zum Tanz " ; of 6 Beethoven quartets ; 
 of the " Walklirenritt " and Siegmund's Liebes- 
 lied, from Wagner's Walkiire ; etc. 
 
 Tau'witz, Eduard, b. Glatz, Silesia, Jan. 
 
 21, 1812 ; d. Prague, July 26, 1894. Kapellm. 
 at theatres in Wilna (1837), Riga (1840), Breslau 
 (1843), and Prague (1846 ; pensioned 1863) ; at 
 Prague he also directed the Sophien-Akademie, 
 and was Chormeister of the German Manner- 
 gesangverein. Wrote upwards of 1000 composi- 
 tions: 3 operas, Trilby (Wilna, 1836), Brada- 
 manie (Riga, 1844), and Schmolke und Bakel, 
 comic (Breslau, 1846); church-music, songs, 
 part-songs, and considerable "occasional" 
 music. 
 
 Tay'ber. See Teyber. 
 
 Taylor, Edward, b. Norwich, Engl., Jan. 
 
 22, 1784 ; d. Brentwood, Mar. 12, 1863. Be- 
 came bass singer (taught by Chas. Smyth and 
 Dr. Beckwith) at the Norwich Concerts, and in 
 1824 a co-founder of the Norwich Mus. Test., 
 which he cond. 1839 and 1842. Settled in Lon- 
 don. 1825, as a singer, teacher, and mus. critic 
 for the " Spectator " ; succeeded Stevens as prof, 
 at Gresham College in 1837. Founder of the 
 " Purcell Club"; also, with Rimbault and 
 Chappell, of the Mus. Antiq. Soc. — Publ. 
 " Three Inaugural Lectures " (1838) ; " An Ad- 
 dress from the Gresham Prof, of Music to the 
 Patrons and Lovers of Art " (1838 ; plea for 
 founding a mus. library at Gresham); "The 
 Engl. Cathedral Service : Its Glory, its Decline, 
 and its Destined Extinction" (1845) ; " People's 
 Music Book" (1844) and "Art of Singing at 
 
 Sight " (1846 ; 2nd ed. 1855), both with J. Turle; 
 
 575 
 
TAYLOR— TCHAIKOVSKY 
 
 edited Purcell's King Arthur ; translated libretti 
 of Mozart's Requiem, Graun's Death of Jesus, 
 Haydn's Seasons, Spohr's Last Judgment and 
 Fall of Babylon. 
 
 Taylor, Franklin, pianist and teacher ; b. 
 Birmingham, Engl., Feb. 5, 1843. Pupil of C. 
 Flavell (pf.) and T. Bedsmore (org.) ; also 
 1859-61 of Plaidy, Moscheles, Richter, Haupt- 
 mann, and Papperitz at Leipzig Cons. Return- 
 ing to London via Paris in 1862, he settled 
 there as a highly successful concert-pianist and 
 teacher ; 1876-S2, prof, at the Nat. Training 
 School, and since 1883 at the R. C. M., then 
 ceasing to play in public ; 1891-3, a director of 
 the Philharm. He is on the Assoc. Board of 
 the R. A. M. and the R. C. M. for local exami- 
 nations ; and is President of the Acad, for the 
 Higher Development of Pf.-playing. — Works : 
 " Primer of Pf.-playing" (1877) ; " Pf . Tutor," 
 "Technique and Expression in Pf.-playing" 
 (1897); numerous articles in Grove's Diet.; 
 transl. E. F. Richter's works on Harmony, 
 Counterpoint, and Canon and Fugue. 
 
 Tchaikov'sky, Peter Iljitch, the most dis- 
 tinguished representative of the modern Russian 
 
 school of composition, 
 
 and one of the most 
 original, powerful and 
 fertile of modern com- 
 posers, was born on 
 Christmas Day, 1840, 
 in Wotkinsk, in the 
 Government of Wiat- 
 ka. He died Nov. 6, 
 1893, at St. Peters- 
 burg, of cholera. Like 
 many others who have 
 reached the highest 
 places in music, he 
 was not intended for 
 such a career, but was 
 put to the study of law, and entered the govern- 
 ment civil service. Soon after Rubinstein 
 founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862, 
 young Tchaikovsky entered it as a student. 
 The intention thus shown of devoting himself to 
 the art was confirmed in 1866, when he became 
 an instructor of harmony in the Conservatory. 
 He retained the post till 1877. After that time 
 he devoted himself entirely to composition, with 
 results that have ever since wrought steadily to 
 enhance his fame. His life was the uneventful 
 one of a thoughtful and serious devotee of art ; 
 it was passed partly in St. Petersburg, partly in 
 Italy, partly in Switzerland. In the spring of 
 l8gi he visited New York for the dedication of 
 the new Carnegie Music Hall, and then gave 
 New York musicians and music-lovers a taste of 
 his vigor, power, and infectious enthusiasm as a 
 conductor of his own compositions. In 1893 the 
 Univ. of Cambridge conferred on him the degree 
 of Mus. Doc. honoris causa. Tchaikovsky 
 was a zealous cultivator of national spirit and 
 color in music. His own is full of Russian 
 
 characteristics. He has frequently used native 
 folk-music as thematic material, but, more than 
 this, his music shows the strange and violent 
 contrasts of mood characteristic of the race ; now 
 full of a wild and barbarous energy and fiery 
 intensity ; now of an almost maiden tenderness 
 and ingenuousness ; now of a black and hopeless 
 melancholy. His highest qualities are shown in 
 his orchestral works, particularly his sympho- 
 nies, symphonic poems, suites, and overtures, of 
 which the orchestration is of the richest modern 
 cast. His numerous operas, mostly on Russian 
 subjects, are little known outside of his native 
 land ; but a casual inspection of their scores shows 
 that he was no follower of Wagner, and con- 
 structed them closely after old-time models. 
 His songs have a characteristic and poignant 
 melancholy. His first pianoforte-concerto is 
 one of the best-known and most effective modern 
 works of its class, and his solo pianoforte-com- 
 positions, though chiefly written in the vein of 
 salon-music, bear the hall-mark of his melodic 
 freshness and originality of harmonic treatment. 
 — Works : The Russian operas The Voyevode 
 (Moscow, 1869), Opritchnnyk (St. P., 1874), 
 Vakula, the Smith (St. P., 1876), Jevgenjie 
 Onigin (St. P. , 1879 ; Hamburg, as Eugen One- 
 gin, 1892) ; The Maid of Orleatis (1881) ; Ma- 
 zefpa (1882) ; Tcharavitchki (1886) ; Tcharod- 
 jeika [The Sorceress] (1887) ; Pique-Dame 
 (i8go) ; Jolanthe (1893) ; the lyric drama Snego- 
 rutchka [Snowdrop ; Ger. Schneewittchen] ; 3 
 ballets, Le lac des cygnes (op. 20), La Belle du 
 bois dormant (1890), and Le Casse-noisette (op. 
 71); — a Coronation Cantata f. soli,ch. , and orch. ; 
 2 masses (op. 41, 52) ; — 6 symphonies (op. 13, 
 G min.; op. 17, C ; op. 29, D ; op. 36, F min.; 
 op. 64, E min.; op. 74, B min.) ; 7 symphonic 
 poems (" The Tempest," op. 18; " Francesca 
 da Rimini," op. 32 ; " Manfred," op. 58 ; " Ro- 
 meo and Juliet " [fantasy-overture] ; " Hamlet," 
 op. 67; " Fatum," op. 77; "Le Voyevode," 
 op. 78 [symphonic ballade] ) ; — 4 orch.l suites, 
 op- 43. 53, 55> and 61 (" Mozartiana") ; — 
 " 1812, Ouverture solennelle " (op. 49), " Ouver- 
 ture triomphale " on the Danish nat.l hymn 
 (op. 15); overture to the drama I'Orage 
 (op. 76); " Marche slave" (op. 31); Corona- 
 tion March (1883) ; Serenade f. string-orch., 
 op. 48 ; 3 pf.-concertos (op. 23, 44, 75) ; a pf.- 
 fantasia w. orch. (op. 56) ; violin-concerto (op. 
 35) ; Capriccio f. 'cello w. orch. (op. 62) ; string- 
 sextet "Souvenir de Florence," f. 2 violins, 2 
 violas, 2 'celli (op. 70) ; 3 string-quartets (op. 
 II, 22, 30) ; a pf.-trio (op. 50) ; variations f. 
 'cello and pf . (op. 33) ; pieces f. violin and pf. 
 (op. 26, 34); many pf. -pieces ("Souvenir de 
 Hapsal," 3 numbers, op. 2 ; Romance, op. 5 ; 3 
 morceaux, op. 9 ; 2 morceaux, op. 10 ; 6 mor- 
 ceaux, op. 19; sonata, op. 37; "'The Seasons," 
 12 charact. pieces, op. 37a; "Kinder-Album," 
 24 numbers, op. 39 ; 12 morceaux, op. 40 ; 6 
 do., op. 51 ; 18 do., op. 72); also 6 duets, and 
 Russian songs. He publ. a. " Treatise on Har- 
 mony," and translations of Gevaert's " Traite 
 
 576 
 
TEBALDINI— TEMPLETON 
 
 d'instrumentation " and Lobe's " Catechismus 
 der Musik " ; also " Musikalische Erinnerungen 
 und Feuilletons." 
 
 Tebaldi'ni, Giovanni, b. Brescia, iS64(?). 
 Pupil of Paolo Chimeri ;at 15, organist of Brescia 
 Cath., and chorusmaster at the Guillaume Th. ; 
 entered the Milan Cons, a few years later; ex- 
 pelled 1886 for criticizing a mass written by one 
 of the professors. After a wandering life as or- 
 ganist and journalist, he entered the school for 
 church-music as Ratisbon, and zealously studied 
 theory, comp. , and mus. history. Was app. mae- 
 stro of the " Schola cantorum " at San Marco, 
 Venice ; in 1894, maestro at the Padua Cath. ; in 
 1S97, Director of Parma Cons. Is a zealous re- 
 former of church-music in Italy. — Works : An 
 opera, Fantasia araba; Messa funebre (w. Bossi); 
 Messa di San Antonio rt 4, w. strings and chorus ; 
 organ-music (e.g., " Trois pieces," op. 16) ; and 
 a great Organ-method (see Bossi). 
 
 Tedes'ca, Fernanda, b. near Baltimore, 
 i860; d. 1885. Violinist; pupil of Wilhelmj, 
 Vieuxtemps, and Leonard. 
 
 Tedes'co, Ignaz (Amadeus), pianist, called 
 the" Hannibal of octaves" ; b. Prague, 1817 ; d. 
 Odessa, Nov. 13, 1882. Pupil of Triebensee and 
 Tomaschek ; successful concert-tours, especially 
 in Southern Russia ; settled in Odessa. Wrote 
 light and brilliant salon-rtmsvz : Pf. -concerto. 
 Caprices de concert, mazurkas,- waltzes, rhapso- 
 dies, nocturnes, transcriptions. 
 
 Te'lemann, Georg Philipp, influential con- 
 temporary of J. S. Bach ; b. Magdeburg, Mar. 
 14, l68i ; d. Hamburg, July 25, 1767. He had 
 only an ordinary school-training in the mus. rudi- 
 ments, owing his later eminence to self-instruc- 
 tion. At 12 he wrote an opera <J la LuUy ; at 14 
 he cond. the music in the Catholic ch. at Hildes- 
 heim; in 1700 he entered Leipzig Univ. as a stu- 
 dent of law and modern languages, and in 1701 
 became organist and mus. dir. at the Neukirche, 
 enlarging his choir by a students' singing-society 
 (" Collegium musicum ") organized by himself. 
 From 1704-8 he was Kapellm. to Count Prom- 
 nitz at Sorau ; then Concertmeister at the court of 
 Eisenach, where he .succeeded Hebenstreit in 
 1709 as court cond., retaining title and emolu- 
 mentswhen called(i7ii)to YxaViViorlssKapellm. 
 at the churches of the " Barefooted Friars " and 
 St. Catherine. From 1721 till death he was town 
 mus. dir. at Hamburg ; declining, on Kuhnau's 
 death in 1722, theprofferedpositionsof townmus. 
 dir. and cantor of the Thomasschule at Leipzig. 
 An astonishingly productive composer, he wrote 
 with ease and fluency in any desired style ; he was 
 far better known in his day than Bach, whose" su- 
 perior depth, dignity, and thorough workman- 
 ship have won the day with posterity. — Works ; 
 12 series of cantatas and motets for the church- 
 year (about 3000 numbers with orch. or organ) ; 
 44 Passions ; 33 installation-numbers for preach- 
 ers ; 33 "Hamburger Capitansmusiken " (each 
 being a cantata w. instr.l introduction) ; 20 pieces 
 
 for jubilees, consecrations, or coronations ; 12 
 funeral services ; 14 numbers of wedding-music ; 
 over sooovertures ; manyserenadesand oratorios ; 
 some 40 operas (chiefly for Hamburg).— Publ. 
 works (mostly engraved by T. himself) : 12 vio- 
 lin-sonatas (1715, '18); "Die kleine Kammer- 
 musik" (1716 ; 6 suites f. vln., flute, oboe and 
 clavichord) ; 6 trios f. various instr.s (1718) ; 
 " Harmonischer GottesdienstodergeistlicheCan- 
 taten " (1725) ; Airs on the Evangels, f. vocal solo 
 w. bassp cont. (1727) ; " Der getreue Musik- 
 meister " (1728; songs, sonatas, fugues, etc.) ; so- 
 natas f. 2 flutes or violins, without bass ; " All- 
 gem, evang. Liederbuch " (1730) ; 3 trios and 3 
 scherzi f. 2 violins or flutes, w. b. cont. (1731) ; 
 humorous songs f. sopr. w. strings ; '6 new sona- 
 tinas f. harpsichord solo, or with violin (or flute) 
 and b. cont ; " Scherzi melodichi " f. vln., via., 
 and bass (1734) ; 50 minuets f. harpsichord, and 
 other instr.s ; " Heldenmusik" (i2marches); 2nd 
 set of 50 minuets ; overture and suite f. 2 violins 
 (or oboes), 2 violas, and b. cont. ; 6 quartets f. 
 violin, flute, gamba, and b. cont. ; " Piombine, 
 ou le mariage mal assorti," intermezzo f. 2 voices, 
 2 violins, and b. cont. ; " Sing-, Spiel- und Gene- 
 ralbass-Uebungen" (1740) ; " Jubel-Musik " (2 
 cantatas w. strings ; 1733) ; " ICleine Fugen fur 
 die Orgel " ; " Tafel-Musik " (3 overtures, 3 sym- 
 phonies, 3 concertos, 3 quartets, 3 trios, 3 solos) ; 
 quartets (or trios) f. 2 flutes (or violins) and 2 
 'celli(or l 'cello) ; " Fantaisies pour le clavecin" 
 (3 sets of 12 each) ; etc. 
 
 Te'lemann, Georg Michael, grandson of 
 preceding; b. Plon, Holstein, Apr. 20, 1748; d. 
 Riga, Mar. 4, 1831, as mus. dir. and cantor. — 
 Publ.;" UnterrichtinGeneralbass-Spielenauf der 
 Orgel . . ."(1773); " Beitriige zur Ivirchenmu- 
 sik," organ-pieces (1785) ; " Sammlung alter und 
 neuer Kirchenmelodien " (1812) ; and " Ueber 
 die Wahl der Melodic eines Kirchenlieds " (i 821). 
 
 Tel'le, Carl, b. 1826 ; d. Klosterneuburg, 
 Jan. 6, 1895. Golinelli's successor 1858-88 as 
 ballet-master at the Hofoperntheater, Vienna. 
 Wrote over 20 ballets, some being very success- 
 ful. 
 
 Telford. Pen-name of Francis Boott. 
 
 Tellefsen, Thomas Dyke Acland, b. 
 Trondhjem, Norway, Nov. 26, 1823 ; d. Paris, 
 Oct., 1874. Pianist ; pupil (1842) of Chopin in 
 Paris ; lived there as a teacher.- — Works : 2 pf.- 
 concertos, a pf.-trio, a sonata f. pf. and violin, 
 do. w. 'cello, duos f. pf. and violin, nocturnes, 
 mazurkas, waltzes, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Temple, Hope, b. in Dublin of English 
 parents. Pupil, in London, of J. F. Barnett 
 and E. Silas ; in Paris of A. Messager. — Works : 
 Operetta, The Wooden Spoon ; numerous songs. 
 
 Templeton, John, b. Riccarton, n. Kilmar- 
 nock, Scotland, July 30, 1802 ; d. New Hamp- 
 ton, n. London, July i, 1886. Tenor singer ; 
 pupil of Blewitt, Welsh, and T. Cooke. Stage- 
 debut at Worthing, 1828 ; in London in 1831, 
 being eng. at Dniry Lane. From 1833-5 he 
 
 37 
 
 577 
 
TENAGLIA— T H ADEWALDT 
 
 was associated with Malibran. Sang on the 
 stage till 1840. Gave lecture-recitals in the 
 United States 1845-6, publishing his lecture as 
 "A Musical Entertainment" (Boston, 1845). 
 Retired 1852. 
 
 Tena'glia, Anton Francesco, b. Florence ; 
 d. (?). Dwelt principally in Rome, where he 
 cond. a choir. In 1661 he comp. the opera 
 Cleano, which contains the first known example 
 of the aria with da capo. 
 
 Ten Brink. 
 Ten Ka'te. 
 
 See Brink, ten. 
 See Kate, ten. 
 
 Terpander, famous Greek musician and 
 lyricist ; a native of Antissa, Lesbos, who lived 
 in the 7th century B.C., and was called the 
 "father of Greek music," probably from his 
 development of the forms of lyric song. 
 
 Terrade'Uas [Terrade'glias], Domingo 
 [Domenico], b. Barcelona, Spain (baptized 
 Feb. 13, 1711) ; d. Rome, 1751. Pupil of Du- 
 rante at the Cons. S. Onofrio, Naples. Prod, 
 operas in Italy and London (1746-7) ; was then 
 maestro at S. Giacomo degli Spagnuoli, Rome. 
 Having had success with the operas Astarte 
 (1739) and L'intrighe delle cantarine (1740) at 
 Naples, Artemisia (1740, Rome), Merope (1743, 
 Florence), and Mitridaie and Bellerofonie at 
 London, he took the failure of Sesostri at Rome, 
 1741, so to heart, that he died. 
 
 Terschak, Adolf, b. Prague, Apr. 21, 1832. 
 Flutist ; pupil of Zierer at the Vienna Cons. 
 (1850-2). Made long tours ; to London in the 
 west, and Siberia in the east. Publ. many 
 comp.s for his instr. 
 
 Terzia'ni, Eugenio, b. Rome, 1825 ; d. 
 there June 30, i88g. Pupil of Mercadante at 
 the R. Cons., Naples; prod, an oratorio. La 
 caduta di Gerico, in 1844, followed by the operas 
 Giovanna di Napoli and Alfredo^ at Rome, 
 where he became maestro at the Teatro Apollo 
 about 1848 ; from 1867-71, maestro at La Scala, 
 Milan ; from 1877, prof, of comp. at the Liceo 
 musicale of the Accad. di Sta. Cecilia at Rome. 
 Last opera, Niccolb de' Lapi [L'assedio di Firenze\ 
 (Rome, 1883) ; also prod, a Requiem mass, an 
 Inno sinfonico, etc. 
 
 Tesch'ner, Gustav Wilhelm, b. Magde- 
 burg, Dec. 26, 1800 ; d. Dresden, May 7, 1883. 
 Singing-teacher ; pupil of Zelter and Klein at 
 Berlin, and of Ronconi, Bianchi, and Crescentini 
 in Italy (1829) ; later of Mieksch in Dresden. 
 Settled in Berlin as a vocal teacher after Italian 
 methods. He publ. elementary vocal exercises, 
 and solfeggi of his own ; also many by Italian 
 masters (Clari, 8 books ; Crescentini, 5 ; Minoja, 
 6 ; Zingarelli, 10) ; edited much early vocal 
 church-music. 
 
 Te'si-Tramonti'ni, Vittoria, celebrated 
 singer ; b. Florence, about 1695 ; d. Vienna, 
 1775. Her singing-masters were Redi at Flo- 
 rence and Campeggi at Bologna, where she 
 made an early debut. She sang at Venice in 
 
 1719, and in Dresden the same year, at the wed- 
 ding of the electoral prince ; up to 1738 she 
 appeared chiefly at Venice and Naples, then had 
 a long engagement with Farinelli at Madrid, 
 and in 1749 was singing with great success at 
 Vienna, ending her days in the house of the 
 Prince of Hildburghausen. 
 
 Tessarin, Francesco, b. Venice, Dec. 3, 
 1820. Pianist ; pupil of A. Fanno and G. B. 
 Ferrari. He was intimate with Wagner. De- 
 voted himself chiefly to lesson-giving and com- 
 position. — Works : O^era. L'ultimo Aiencerragio 
 (Venice, 1858) ; a cantata, church-music, pf.- 
 fantasias, etc. 
 
 Tessari'ni, Carlo, famous violinist of the 
 Corelli school; b. Rimini, 1690; d. (?). At- 
 tained celebrity as early as 1724 ; was 1st violin 
 at the cathedral in Urbino. — Publ. " Sonate per 
 2 violini e basso, con un canone in fine " ; " Sonate 
 a 2 violini" (2 books) ; " 12 concertini a violino 
 principale, 2 violini di ripieno, violetto, violon- 
 cello, et basso cent, per organo o cembalo " ; 
 " 12 sonate a violino solo, e basso per organo" ; 
 "6 divertimenti a 2 violini " ; " L'arte di nuova 
 modulazione, ossia concerti grossi a violino prin- 
 cipale, 2 violini di concerto, 2 violini di ripieno, 
 violetta, violoncello et b. cont. per organo" 
 (1762; Amsterdam); " Contrasto armonico, 
 ossia concerti grossi " [as before] ; and a violin- 
 method, " Grammatica musicale . . ." (MS.; 
 French and English translations were printed ; 
 it is a practical method consisting of exercises, 
 etudes, and sonatinas, with only a few letterpress 
 directions). 
 
 Testo'ri, Carlo Giuseppe ; Carlo An- 
 tonio ; and Paolo Antonio ; father and two 
 sons, Milanese violin-makers from about 1687- 
 1754- 
 
 Tey'ber (or Tayber), Anton, b. Vienna, 
 Sept. 8, 1754; d. there Nov. 18, 1822. Pupil 
 of Padre Martini at Bologna. From 1792, cem- 
 balist at the Imp. Opera, Vienna, and assistant 
 of Salieri ; from 1793, court composer and music- 
 master to the Imperial children. — Works : An 
 opera, an oratorio, a Passion, a melodrama, 
 many masses, a symphony, string-quartets, min- 
 uets and allemandes, etc. — His brother, 
 
 Tey'ber (or Tayber), Franz, b. Vienna, 
 Nov. 15, 1756 ; d. there Oct. 22, 1810. Pianist, 
 pupil of Wagenseil ; after a concert-tour in S. 
 Germany and Switzerland, he cond. Schikaneder's 
 itinerant opera-troupe ; was then Concertmeister 
 at Karlsruhe and Bern, and from 1799-1810 com- 
 poser to Schikaneder's Theater an der Wien. 
 Two months before his death he was app. or- 
 ganist of the Imp. Chapel. Besides several 
 operas and Singspiele, he wrote an oratorio, a 
 mass and other church-music, songs, etc. 
 
 Tha'dewaldt, Hermann, founder (1872) and 
 president of the " AUgemeiner deutscher Musi- 
 kerverband"; b. Bodenhagen, Pomerania, Apr. 
 8, 1827. From 1850-51, bandmaster at Dussel- 
 dorf ; 1853-5, cond. at Dieppe ; 1857-69, cond. 
 
 578 
 
THALBERG— THAYER 
 
 of his own orch. at Berlin, and in 1S71 of the 
 concerts at the Zoological Gardens. 
 
 Thal'berg [tahl-], Sigismund, renowned 
 piano-virtuoso and composer ; b. Geneva, Jan. 
 7, i8i2 ; d. JMaples, 
 Apr. 27, 1871. The 
 natural son of Prince 
 Moritz Dietrichstein 
 and the Baroness 
 von Wetzlar, his 
 father took charge 
 of his education, at 
 Vienna, from 1822. 
 Hummel and Sech- 
 ter were nominally 
 his teachers ; but he 
 himself gives the 
 credit for his pian- 
 istic training to Mit- 
 tag, the 1st bassoon- 
 ist in the Vienna Court Opera. At 14 he already 
 had success in private circles ; in 1828 his first 
 three works (Fantaisie and variations on Eury- 
 anthe ; do. on a Scotch theme ; Impromptu on 
 Le Siege de Corinthe) appeared, followed in 1830 
 by the pf.-concerto in F minor, op. 5. In 1830 
 he also made a concert -tour through Southern 
 Germany, winning great applause. In 1834 he 
 was app. court pianist at Vienna ; in 1835 he 
 excited intense enthusiasm in Paris, and con- 
 tinued his triumphs through Belgium, England, 
 Holland, and Russia. In 1843 he married Mme. 
 Boucher, the daughter of Luigi Lablache, in 
 Paris ; in 1845 he undertook a tournee in Spain ; 
 in 1 85 1 his first operatic venture, Florinda, 
 failed completely in London, and a second, Cri- 
 stina di Svezia, met a similar fate in Vienna, 
 1855 ; he then set out on a tour through Brazil 
 (1855) and the United States (1856), retiring in 
 1858 to his villa at Posilippo, near Naples. In 
 1862 he revisited Paris and London ; made a 
 second Brazilian tour in 1863 ; and in 1864 with- 
 drew permanently to Posilippo. — T. was an ex- 
 ecutant of the highest rank, unexcelled as an 
 interpreter of ra/on-music, with a complete com- 
 mand of tone-effect, and a wonderful legato, 
 eliciting from Liszt the remark, " Thalberg is 
 the only artist who can play the violin on the 
 keyboard." His technical specialty, since widely 
 imitated, was to play a central melody with the 
 thumb of either hand, surrounding it with bril- 
 liant arpeggios and arabesques. He was the 
 leader of the Vienna school of brilliant piano- 
 playing, the glittering superficiality of which has 
 succumbed to modern Romanticism. — Published 
 works: Op. 5, Gran concerto f. pf.; op. 7, di- 
 vertissement ; op. 15, 19, Caprices ; op. 16, 21, 
 28, 6 nocturnes ; op. 31, Scherzo ; op. 32, An- 
 dante ; op. 35, Grand nocturne ; op. 35^«.f, 
 Etrennes aux jeunes pianistes ; op. 36, 6 pieces 
 (La Cadence, a study, is No. i); op. 38, Ro- 
 mance et etude ; op. 41, 2 Romances sans 
 paroles ; op. 45, Th^me orig. et etude ; op. 47, 
 Grandes valses brillantes ; op. 55, Le Depart, 
 
 varie en forme d'etude ; op. 57, 10 morceaux 
 (ecole preparatoire) ; op. 56, Grande senate ; op. 
 59, Marche fun^bre variee ; op. 60, Barcarolle ; 
 op. 62, Valse melodique ; op. 64, Les Capri- 
 cieuses ; op. 65, Tarentelle ; Souvenir de Pesth ; 
 etc. Among many brilliant transcriptions and 
 fantasias are op. 20 {Huguenot's), dp. 33 {Molse), 
 op. 66 [L'elisir d' amove). 
 
 Thallon, Robert, b. Liverpool, Mar. 18, 
 1852 ; was taken to New York in 1854 ; studied 
 1864-76 at Stuttgart, Leipzig, Paris, and Flor- 
 ence ; is now (1899) living in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 as a well-known organist and music-teacher. 
 
 Thayer, Alexander Wheelock, b. South 
 Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 1817 ; d. Trieste, July 
 15, 1897. After graduation at Harvard Univ. 
 in 1843, he became asst.-librarian there ; during 
 6 years' work in the library, he matured a plan 
 for writing a detailed and trustworthy biography 
 of Beethoven. For preliminary study, and to 
 collect material, he first spent 2 years (1849-51) 
 in Germany, also writing letters for newspapers ; 
 in 1852 he joined the staff of the New York 
 "Tribune," and returned to Europe in 1854, 
 where, excepting 2 years (1856-8) spent in Bos- 
 ton, he remained. Dr. Lowell Mason, and Mrs. 
 Mehetable Adams (of Cambridge, Mass.), gave 
 generous and disinterested aid at this juncture. 
 In 1862 T. was attached to the American em- 
 bassy at Vienna; in 1865, Abraham Lincoln 
 appointed him consul at Trieste, a post held 
 during life. He now publ. a " Chronologisches 
 Verzeichniss der Werke Ludwig van Beetho- 
 vens" (Berlin, 1865) ; in 1866 Vol. i of his life- 
 work, " Ludwig van Beethovens Leben," ap- 
 peared in German, translated from the English 
 MS. by Dr. Hermann Deiters, followed (1872) 
 by Vol. ii, and (1878) by Vol. iii. In 1877 he 
 also publ. " Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Beetho- 
 ven-Litteratur." Unhappily, his wonderful ca- 
 pacity for work was overtaxed, and Vol. iv of 
 his nobly conceived work, executed with a pains- 
 taking thoroughness and scrupulous fidelity be- 
 yond praise, was left unfinished \cf. Beetho- 
 ven]. Though he lived for years in straitened 
 circumstances, he resolutely refused offers from 
 firms like Novello &Co., and G. Schirmer, hop- 
 ing to recast entirely the English version of his 
 "Beethoven." 
 
 Thayer, (Whitney) Eugene, b. Mendon, 
 Mass., Dec. 11, 1838; d. Burlington, Vermont, 
 Jan. 27, l88g. Distinguished organist ; began 
 study at 14 ; in 1862 assisted at the opening of 
 the great organ in the Music Hall, Boston, where 
 he became regular organist after study (1865-6) 
 under Haupt, Wieprecht, etc., in Germany ; also 
 editor of the ' 'Organist's Journal, " and the "Choir 
 Journal," cond. of the Boston Choral Union, the 
 N. E. Church-Music Assoc, etc. Gave free or- 
 gan-recitals in Boston from 1869 ; played in the 
 chief cities of America and Europe ; and lec- 
 tured. From 1881-8, organist of the Fifth Av. 
 Presb. Ch., New York. For a Festival Cantata 
 (f. soli and 8-part gh. W. orch.) he received the 
 
 ■579 
 
THAYER— THIERFELDER 
 
 degree of Mus. Doc. from Oxford Univ.; also 
 comp. organ-pieces, part-songs, and songs. 
 
 Thayer, Arthur Wilder, b. Dedham, Mass., 
 Aug. 26, 1857. Composer and cond.; pupil of 
 Dr. C. A. Guilmette andC. R. Adams (singing), 
 Chadwick (theory and instrumentation), and 
 Zerrahn (conducting). Conducted choral so- 
 cieties in Lowell, Salem, Worcester, Providence, 
 etc.; 1882-5, supt. of music in schools at Ded- 
 ham, 1885-8 at Milton; then mus. dir. at Eliot 
 Ch., Newton. Since 1889, member of the 
 Harvard Mus. Assoc. Has publ. numerous 
 songs and part-songs ; also a few church-pieces, 
 andsome pf.-music. 
 
 Thei'le, Johann, b. Naumburg, July 29, 
 1646; d. there June 24, 1724. Pupil of H. 
 Schutz at Weissenfels ; in 1673, Kapellm. to the 
 Duke of Holstein at Gottorp ; during the troub- 
 lous war-times, he went to Hamburg, and wrote 
 (for the opening of the Opera there in 1678) the 
 Singspiele Adam und Eva, and Orontes; he also 
 prod, a Christmas oratorio in l68l. In 1685, 
 Kapellm. to the Brunswick court at Wolfen- 
 biittel; then Kapellm. at Merseburg. He was 
 called by contemporaries " the father of counter- 
 point." Among his pupils were N. Hasse, 
 Buxtehude, and Zachau. — Extant works : A 
 German Passion (publ. Llibeck, 1675); "Noviter 
 inventum opus musicalis compositionis 4 et 5 
 vocum, pro plenochoro" (20 masses), and "Opus 
 secundum, novae sonatae rarissimae artis et sua- 
 vitatis musicae " (a coll. of instr.l sonatas, pre- 
 ludes, courantes, airs, and sarabands a 2-5, in 
 single, double, triple, and quadruple counter- 
 point). 
 
 Theodericus, Xistus. See Dietrich. 
 
 Thern, Carl [Karoly], b. Iglo, Upper Hun- 
 gary, Aug. 18, 1817; d. Vienna, Apr. 13, i885. 
 In 1841, Kapellm. of the National Th., Pesth ; 
 1853-4, prof, of pf. and comp. at the Cons., 
 resigning to travel with his sons ; in 1868, again 
 in Pesth ; later in Vienna. — Works : 3 successful 
 operas (prod, at Pesth); very popular Hungarian 
 songs; pf. -pieces. — His sons, Willi (b. Ofen, 
 June 22, 1847), and Louis (b. Pesth, Dec. 18, 
 1848), excellent pianists, taught by their father 
 and (1864-5) by Moscheles and Reinecke at 
 Leipzig, have won fame by their remarkable 
 ensemble-playing on two pianos. They are 
 living as favorite teachers at Vienna ; have made 
 extended concert-tours in Germany, to Brussels 
 and Paris (1866), to Holland, England, etc. 
 
 Thibaud, Joseph, b. Bordeaux, Jan. 25, 1875. 
 Pianist, pupil of L. Diemer at Paris Cons., 
 taking ist prize for pf.-playing in 1892. Has 
 played at the Concerts Colonne, also in the 
 larger French towns. Accompanied the vio- 
 linist Marsick on his American tour, 1895-6. 
 
 Thibaut IV., King of Navarre; b. Troyes, 
 1201; d. Pamplona, 1253. He was a Trouvere; 
 63 of his songs were publ. by Bishop La Ra- 
 vaili^re in 1742 as " Poesies du roi de Navarre," 
 
 in 2 vol.s; the melodies are not adequately re- 
 produced. 
 
 Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, b. 
 
 Hameln, Jan. 4, 1774; d. Heidelberg, Mar. 28, 
 1840, as prof, of jurisprudence. — Publ. " Ueber 
 Reinheit der Tonkunst" (1825; often republ.; 
 Engl. ed. as " Purity in Mus. Art"). — Cf. "A. 
 F. J. T., Blatter der Erinnerung fiir seine 
 Verehrer," by Baumstark, 1841. 
 
 Thie'le, Eduard, b. Dessau, Nov. 21, 1812; 
 mus. dir. at Kothen, organist at the principal 
 church, and prof, at the Seminary; in 1855 he 
 succeeded Yt. Schneider at Dessau, with title of 
 Ho/kapellmeister in i860. — Works : A mass 
 (1840); choruses f. mixed and male voices; 
 sonatas f . vln. and pf . ; do. f . pf . 
 
 Thie'le, Karl Ludwig, b. Harzgerode, n. 
 Bernburg, Nov. 18, 1816; d. Berlin, Sept. 17, 
 1848. Pupil of A. W. Bach at the R. Inst, for 
 Church-music, Berlin; from 1839, organist of 
 the Parochialkirche. An excellent organ-vir- 
 tuoso, he publ. concert-pieces, variations, pre- 
 ludes, etc., for organ. 
 
 Thie'me (called Thi6m6), Friedrich, Ger- 
 man music-teacher at Paris, 1780-92, then^ in 
 Bonn, dying there in June, 1802. — Publ. "Ele- 
 ments de musique pratique " (2nd ed. 1783, w. 
 new method of figuring ace. to Abbe Roussier); 
 " Principes abreges de musique " for beginners 
 on the violin; do. for pf. ; " Nouvelle theorie sur 
 les differents mouvements des airs . . . avec 
 le projet d'un nouveau chronometre " (1801); 
 and several books of violin-duos. 
 
 Thier'felder, Dr. Albert (Wilhelm), b. Miihl- 
 hausen, Thuringia, Apr. 30, 1846. Studied at 
 Leipzig Univ. 1865-9, and at the same time 
 with Hauptmann, Richter, and Paul. 1869-70, 
 director of a singing-society at Elbing ; 1870- 
 87, gymnasial singing-teacher, and cantor, at 
 Brandenburg ; since 1887, Mus. Director and 
 Prof, at Rostock Univ., succeeding Kretzsch- 
 mar, receiving title of " Professor" in 1898. — 
 Works : 3-act opera Die Jungfrau vovi Konigsee 
 (Brandenburg, 1876; Rostock, 1888); 3-act 
 opera Alniansor [Heine] (Berlin, 1886) ; 4-act 
 opera Der Treniajdger [after Baumbach's Zlato- 
 rog] (Schwerin, 1895) ; 3-act opera Floreniina, 
 text by T. himself (Rostock, 1896); 2-act opera 
 Der Heirathstein, text do. (Rostock, 1898; v. 
 succ); — also op. 1-7, pf. -pieces, songs, and 
 duets; op. 8, Zlatorog, f. soli, ch., and orch.; 
 Frau Holde, f . do. ; Edelweiss, f. chorus ; 2 
 symphonies (C min., D maj.); the essays : "De 
 Christianorum psalmis et hymnis" usque ad 
 Ambrosii tempora " (his doctor-dissertation ; 
 publ. by Teubner), and " System der griechi- 
 schen Instrumentalnoten " (Dietrich'sche Buch- 
 handlung) ; and an extremely interesting ' ' Samm- 
 lung von Gesangen aus dem klassischen Alter- 
 thume vom 5. bis i. Jahrhundert v. Chr. nach 
 den iiberlieferten Melodieen mit griechischem 
 und deutschera Texte nebst einleitenden Vor- 
 
 580 
 
THifiRIOT— THOMAS 
 
 bemerkungen herausgegeben und fur den Con- 
 certgebrauch eingerichtet " (Leipzig, i8gg). 
 
 Thi^riot, Ferdinand, b. Hamburg, Apr. 
 7, 1838. Pupil of E. Marxsen at Altona, and 
 Rheinberger at Munich ; mus. dir. at Hamburg, 
 Leipzig (1867), and Glogau (1868-70) ; dir. of 
 the Styrian Vocal Soc. at Graz till 1885 ; since 
 then living in Hamburg. — Works : Symphonic 
 fantasy "Loch Lomond"; Am Traunsee,i. 
 bar. solo, female ch., and string-orch. ; haspubl. 
 a violin-concerto in A, a pf. -quintet, a pf. -quar- 
 tet, a violin-sonata, pieces f. 'cello w. pf., an 
 octet in Efc), f. strings, clar., horn, and bassoon 
 (op. 62) ; etc. 
 
 Thillon, Anna {nife Hunt), English stage- 
 soprano ; b. London, l8ig. Pupil of Bordogni, 
 Tadolini, and Thillon, marrying him when she 
 was but fifteen ; debut Th. de la Renaissance, 
 Paris, 1838, in Grisar's Lady Melvil ; sang in 
 Paris, and appeared in London at the Prin- 
 cess's Th., May 2, 1844, as the Queen in 
 Auber's Crotan Diamonds. In America 1850-4. 
 Last appearance in opera 1855, at the Lyceum 
 Th., London. Retired some years later to 
 Torquay. 
 
 Thi'mus, Albert, Freiherr von, b. Cologne, 
 1806 ; d. there Oct. 14, 1846, as judge of the 
 Appellate Court, and " Hofrath." — Publ. "Die 
 harmonikale Symbolik des Alterthums " (2 vol.s, 
 1868-76), a work containing much of interest 
 to friends of harmonic dualism. [RiEMANN.] 
 
 Thoinan, Erneste, pen-name of Antoine- 
 Erneste Roquet, b. Nantes, Jan. 23, 1827 ; 
 d. Paris, in May, 1894. A business-man in 
 Paris, and a thoughtful student of music. He 
 collected a fine mus. library. — Publ. "La mu- 
 sique \ Paris en 1862" (1863); " Les origines 
 de la chapelle - musique des souverains de 
 France" (1864) ; " L'opera Les Troyens \ P4re 
 Lachaise" (1863; a satire); "Les origines de 
 l'opera fran9ais " ; "La deploration de Guillaume 
 Crestin surle trepas de Jean Ockeghem " (1864) ; 
 " Maugars, celebre joueur de viole" (1865); 
 " ' Antoine de Cousu et les singuli^res destinees 
 de son livre rarissime ' la musique universelle ' " 
 (1866); "Curiosites musicales et autres trou- 
 vees dans les oeuvres de Michel Coyssard " 
 (1866); " Un bisai'eul de Moli^re ; recherches 
 sur les Mazuel, musiciens du XVPet XVII'= 
 si^cles" (1878); "Louis Constantin, roi des 
 violons " (1878) ; " Notes bibliographiques sur la 
 guerre musicale des Gluckistes et Piccinistes " 
 (187S). 
 
 Tho'ini, Rudolf, b. Lehsewitz, n. Steinau- 
 on-Oder, Feb. 22, 1829. Pupil of the R. Inst, 
 for Church-music, Berlin ; in 1857, cantor of 
 the Gnadenkirche, Hirschberg ; in 1862, of the 
 Elisabethkirche, Breslau. In 1870, " R. Mus. 
 Dir." Founded a singing-society, and is direc- 
 tor of a music-school. — Works: The romantic 
 o-^xsu Helga's Rosen {pXnx'CiX.z, l8go) ; i-act opera 
 lone (Breslau, 1894) ; 2 oratorios, Moses, and 
 
 Johannes der Taufer ; other church-music ; 
 etc. 
 
 Tho'mas, Christian Gottfried, b. Wehrs- 
 dorf, n. Bautzen, Feb. 2, 1748 ; d. Sept. 12, 
 1806, at Leipzig, where he lived as a composer 
 and writer. — Publ. " Praktische Beitrage zur 
 Geschichte der Musik, musikal. Litteratur, etc." 
 (1778; chiefly for the music-trade); " Unpar- 
 teiische Kritik der vorziiglichsten seit 3 Jahren 
 in Leipzig aufgefuhrten . . . Kirchenmusiken, 
 Concerte und Opern " (1798, 'gg) ; and " Mu- 
 sikalische kritische Zeitschrift " (1805 ; 2 vol.s). 
 Extant comp.s : A Gloria f. 3 choirs, w. instr.s ; 
 a cantata ; quartets. 
 
 Thomas, (Charles-Louis-) Ambroise, dis- 
 tinguished dramatic composer ; b. Metz, Aug. 5, 
 iSli; d. Paris, Feb. 
 12, l8g6. He en- 
 tered the Paris 
 Cons, in 1828 ; his 
 teachers were Zim- 
 merman and Kalk- 
 brenner (pf .) ; Dour- 
 len (harm.) ; Bar- 
 bereau (cpt.) ; and 
 Le Sueur (comp.) ; 
 in i82g he won the 
 1st prize for pf.- 
 playing, in 1830 for 
 harmony, • and in 
 1832 the Grand prix 
 de Rome with the dram, cantata Hermann et 
 Ketly. After 3 years in Rome, Naples, Florence, 
 Bologna, Venice, and Trieste, and a visit to Vi- 
 enna in 1B36, he returned to Paris, and up to 
 1843 prod, nine stage-pieces, — La double ^chelle 
 (1837), Le Perruquier de la R^gence (1838), 
 La Gipsy, ballet (Opera, i83g), Le panier Jleuri 
 (i83g), Carline (1840), Le comte de Carmagnola 
 (l84l),Zi? Gtterillero {l?)^2), AngMque et M^dore 
 (1843), and Mina, ou le minage a trois (1843). 
 Discouraged by the poor success of the last 
 operas, T. prod, only Betty', a ballet (1S46), dur- 
 ing 5 years ; but then made a brilliant reentry 
 with Le Caid (i84g), followed by Le songe d'une 
 nuit d'/i^ {i&^o), which won him good standing 
 among French composers of the time. In 1851 
 he was elected to Spontini's chair in the Aca- 
 demie. The next 5 operas, Raymond (1851), 
 La Tonelli (1853), La cour de C/limhte (1855), 
 Psyck^{lfiZ'f), and Le Carnaval de Venise (18^7), 
 achieved only moderate success, and Le roman 
 d'Elvire (i860) had similar fortune; but with 
 Mignon (Ope'ra-Comique, Nov. 17, 1866), T. 
 took first place among recent composers of French 
 comedy-opera ; Hamlet (Opera, Mar. g, 1868) 
 was almost equally successful in Paris ; but 
 Mignon has gained world-wide popularity. Gille 
 et Gillotin (1874), Fran^oise de Rimini (1882), 
 and the ballet La TempHe (Opera, 1889), com- 
 plete the list of T.'s dramatic works. In 1871 
 he succeeded Auber (after the Communist 
 Daniel's brief reign) as Director of the Conserva- 
 toire. In 1845 he was created a Chevalier, 
 
 581 
 
THOMAS— THOMAS 
 
 in 1858 Officer, and in 1868 Commander of the 
 Legion of Honor. Besides operas and ballets, 
 he wrote a cantata for the unveiling of Le Sueur's 
 statue at Abbeville, 1852 ; the cantata " Hom- 
 mage k Boieldieu," Rouen, 1875 ; Messe solen- 
 nelle (1857); Requiem, Marche religieuse, Notre- 
 Dame, 1865 ; 3 motets w. organ ; Fantaisie f. 
 pf. and orch.; a string-quintet; a string-quar- 
 tet ; a pf.-trio ; 6 Neapolitan canzonets ; and a 
 series of " choeurs orpheoniques " (4-part male 
 choruses) which rank with the best of their 
 kind : Le chant des amis. La Vapeur, Le salut 
 aux chanteurs, /'"ranee ! France /, Le Tyrol, 
 Le carnaval de Rome, VAtlantiqiie, Les Trat- 
 jieaux, Le Temple de la Paix, Paris, La nuit 
 du Sabbat, Les Archers de Bouvines, and Le 
 Forgeron, 
 
 Thomas, John, "PencerddGwalia"(= Chief 
 Bard of Wales, a title conferred upon him in 
 1861), 'b. Bridgend, Glamorganshire, Mar. i, 
 1826. Pupil at the R. A. M., from 1840, of J. 
 B. Chatterton (harp), and Lucas and Potter 
 (comp.). In 1851, harpist at the R. Italian Op- 
 era ; made Continental tours from 1852-62, play- 
 ing at the Leipzig Gewandhaus (1852, 1861), Vi- 
 enna, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, etc. First 
 concert of Welsh music at St. James's Hall, July 
 4, 1S62, with a chorus of 400, and 20 harps ; sim- 
 ilar concerts annually. In 1871 he succeeded 
 Chatterton as harpist to the Queen. H<e has been 
 for niany years a leader in the Eisteddfodau ; is 
 prof, of the harp at the R. C. M., and a member 
 of the R. Soc. of Musicians, the Philharm. Soc, 
 and variousforeign societies. — Works : Llewelyn, 
 dram, cantata (1863); The Bride of Neath Val- 
 ley, a Welsh scene (i856) ; Welsh patriotic songs, 
 f. chorus and harp ; other songs ; 2 harp-con- 
 certos (in E \) and B \)) ; duos f . 2 harps, and f . 
 harp and pf. ; Romance and Rondo piacevole, f. 
 harp and violin ; pieces f . solo harp ; 2 sets of 6 
 studies f . harp ; transcriptions f. harp of Men- 
 delssohn's Songs without Words, Schubert's 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Thomas, Lewis William, bass concert- 
 singer ; b. IJath, England, Apr., 1826 ; d. Lon- 
 don, June 13, 1S96. Pupil of J. Bianchi Taylor 
 and Randegger. 1850, lay-clerk at Worcester 
 Cath. ; 1852, master of choristers there. Sang at 
 provincial festivals ; London debut 1854 in Mes- 
 siah. In 1855, sang at Exeter Hall ; i856,inSt. 
 Paul's Cath. ; 1857, in Temple Church ; also for 
 a short time in opera. Gentleman of the Chapel 
 Royal, 1857, resigning in 1887. He was critic 
 for the " Mus. World " and ' ' Daily Telegraph " ; 
 and edited " The Lute " for some years. — Of his 
 two sons, W. Henry T. (b. Bath, May 8, 1848) 
 is prof, of singing at the Guildhall School of 
 Music and the R. A. M ; and Frank L. T. is 
 cond. and organist at Bromley. 
 
 Thomas, Theodore, eminent conductor ; b. 
 Esens, East Friesland, Oct. 11, 1835. Taught 
 by his father, a violinist, he played in public at 6. 
 In 1845 the family went to New York, where T. 
 
 soon entered an orchestra; in 1851 he made a 
 concert-tour as a soloist, later touring the country 
 with Jenny Lind, Grisi, Sontag, Mario, etc. In 
 1855 began the Mason and Thomas soirees \cf. 
 William Mason]. Up to 1861 he played in 
 various opera-orchestras, sometimes conducting. 
 In 1864 he organized an orch. for " Symphony 
 Soirees " at Irving Hall, New York (discontinued 
 1869 ; resumed at 
 Steinway Hall in 
 1872) ; and in 1866 
 started summer 
 concerts in Terrace 
 Garden, removing 
 in 1 868 to Central ,/,, 
 Park Garden. The ^/'' 
 influence of these 
 enterprises on mu- 
 sical culture in New 
 York, was simply 
 incalculable ; T.'s 
 programs attained 
 Europeancelebrity. 
 The first concert- 
 tour with the orch. was made in i86g, with 54 
 players. After the disastrous season of 1876 at 
 the Philadelphia Centennial, the orch. was dis- 
 banded. From 1878-80, T. was the president 
 of the new Cincinnati College of Music. In 
 1880 he was elected cond. of the New York 
 Philharmonic Orch., succeeding Neuendorff, 
 and holding this position until called to Chi- 
 cago in 188S as Director of the Conservatory. 
 He is also cond. of the Chicago Orch., now one 
 of the most efficient organizations in the United 
 States. 
 
 Thomas, Arthur Goring, English composer ; 
 b. Ralton Park, n. Eastbourne, Sussex, Nov. 21, 
 1850 ; d. London, Mar. 20, l3g2. Pupil of Emile 
 Durand at Paris, 1874-6 ; later of Sullivan and 
 Proutat the R. A. M., London, winning the Lu- 
 cas Prize in 1879. Dwelt in London as a com- 
 poser. — Works : The operas Esmeralda (Drury 
 Lane, 1883) ; Nadeshda tibid., 1885) ; The Golden 
 Web (unfinished ; score compl. by Waddington ; 
 prod, at Liverpool, 1893) ; — a choral ode. The 
 Sun Worshippers {liorviich, 1881) ; cantata The 
 Swan and the Skylark (Birmingham, 1894 ; or- 
 chestrated by C.V. Stanford); psalm f. sopr. solo, 
 ch., and orch. (1878); 3 vocal scenes, " Hero and 
 Leander " (1880) ; duets ; songs ; Suite de ballet 
 f. orch. (1887) ; a violin-sonata; etc. 
 
 Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquino], 
 (Saint), b. Rocca Sicca, n. Aquino, Italy, 1225 
 (1227?) ; d. Fossa Nuova, n. Terracina, Mar. 7, 
 1274. This famed theologian and scholastic 
 philosopher entered the Dominican order in 1245. 
 In 1263 Pope Urban IV. commissioned him to 
 compose a communion service, which contains 
 the memorable numbers " Lauda Sion " (Corpus 
 Christi sequence), and " Pange lingua," " Sacra 
 solemnis," " Verbum supernum," and " Adhortor 
 te " (hymns). 
 
 582 
 
THOME— THURSBY 
 
 Thom€, Francis {rede Fran^ois-Luc-Jo- 
 seph), b. Port Louis, Mauritius, Oct. i8, 1850. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons., 1866-70, of Marmontel 
 (pf.) and Duprato 
 (theory) ; resides at 
 Paris as a teacher, 
 composer, and critic. 
 Has set to music nu- 
 merous light stage- 
 pieces ; also Rom^o 
 et Juliette (after 
 Shakespeare by G . 
 Lefivre ; 1890) ; the 
 mysteiy V Enfant Ji- 
 sus (1891) ; the sym- 
 phonic ode " Hymne 
 a la nuit " ; has publ. 
 vocal melodies, ro- 
 mances, etc., and 
 numerous elegant pf .-pieces (Simple aveu, op. 25 ; 
 Les Lutins, op. 69). 
 
 Thomson, George, b. Limekilns, Fife, Mar. 
 4, 1757; d. Leith, Feb. 18, 1851. From 1780- 
 1830, Seer, to the " Board of Trustees for the En- 
 cour. of Arts and Manufactures in Scotland. " An 
 enthusiastic and indefatigable coUectorof Scotch, 
 Welsh, and Irish melodies, to which he had spe- 
 cial instr.l accompaniments written (besides the 
 pf.-accomp.) by the most noted musicians of the 
 time (Beethoven, Haydn, Pleyel, Kozeluch). 
 Each song had, accordingly, a prelude, coda, and 
 a4 libitum parts throughout (f . violin, or flute, or 
 'cello). J. Cuthbert Hadden's biography of T., 
 " G. T., the Friend of Burns. His Life and 
 Correspondence" (London, 1898), contains full 
 and interesting details, notably Beethoven's let- 
 ters. — The collections are: "A Select Coll. of 
 Orig. Scottish Airs . . ." (London, 6 vol. s; Vol. 
 i, 1793; Vol. ii, 1798; Vol. iii, 1799; Vol. iv, 
 1802; Vol. v, 1818-26; Vol. vi, 1841); " Coll. of 
 the Songs of R. Burns, Sir W. Scott, etc." (Lon- 
 don, 1822 ; 6vol. s); " Select Coll. of Orig. Welsh 
 Airs . . ; " (London, 1809 ; 3 vol.s) ; ditto of 
 "Irish Airs" (London, 1814-16; 2 vol.s); "20 
 Scottish Melodies" (Edinburgh, 1839). 
 
 Thomson, John, b. Sprouston, Roxburgh, 
 Oct. 28, 1805 ; d. Edinburgh, May 6, 1841. 
 Pupil of Schnyder v. Wartensee at Leipzig, and 
 a friend of Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Mo- 
 scheles. In 1839, Si's' Ried Professor of Music 
 at Edinburgh Univ. — Works : Several operas ; 
 instr.l music ; songs. — At the third concert given 
 by the " Edinb. Professional Soc." (Feb., 1837), 
 an analytical program was issued by T., then 
 conductor ; this is the first recorded instance of 
 the use of such programs. 
 
 Thomson, C^sar, fine violinist ; b. Liege, 
 Mar. 17, 1857. From 7, pupil of Liege Cons., 
 winning the gold medal at 11 ; then studied 
 under Vieuxtemps, Leonard, Wieniawski, and 
 Massart. Tours in Spain and Italy very suc- 
 cessful ; from 1873-83 he was for some time 
 chamber-musician to Baron von Derwies at 
 Lugano, on tour in Italy, etc. , and a member of 
 
 Bilse's orch. at Berlin ; from 1883-97, teacher 
 of violin atLi^ge Cons., but making frequent 
 tours to European capitals and (1894-5) in the 
 United States ; in 1898 he succeeded Isaye as 
 prof, of violin-playing at the Brussels Cons. 
 His technique in double-stops is peculiarly re- 
 markable. 
 
 Thome, Edward Henry, b. Cranborne, 
 Dorset, May 9, 1834. Chorister at St. George's 
 Chapel under Elvey ; organist in turn at Henley 
 (1853), Chichester Cath. ('63), St. Patrick's, 
 Brighton ('70), St. Peter's, Cranley Gardens ('73), 
 St. Michael's, Cornhill ('75), and St. Anne's, 
 Soho (since 1891). Is cond. of St. Anne's Choral 
 and Orch.l Soc; and gives concerts and pf.- 
 recitals in London and elsewhere. Works : 
 Psalm 57, f. tenor solo, chorus, and orch. (1884); 
 Psalm 125 ; Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, f. 
 soli, ch., orch., and organ ; services ; anthems ; 
 an overture ; 2 pf .-trios ; sonatas f. pf. and vio- 
 lin, and pf. and 'cello ; " Sonata elegia" f. pf. ; 
 suite f. pf. and clar.; 7 books of organ pieces; etc. 
 Thuille, Ludwig (Wilhelm Andreas 
 Maria), b. Bozen, Tyrol, Nov. 30, i86i. Pupil 
 of Jos. Pembaur at Innsbruck (pf., cpt.) ; 
 1879-83 of Carl Baermann (pf.) and Rhein- 
 berger (comp.) at the Munich Music-School. 
 Since 1883, teacher of pf. and theory there; also 
 conducts the male choral union ' ' Liederhort. " 
 In 1891, " R. Professor of Music." — Works: 
 The 3-act opera Theuerdank (Munich, 1897 ; v. 
 succ ; won the Luitpold Prize) ; opera Lobetanz 
 (Karlsruhe and Berlin, l8g8) ; op. i, sonata f. 
 violin and pf . ; op. 2, organ-sonata ; op. 3, three 
 pf. -pieces ; op. 4-5, Lieder ; op. 6, sextet f. pf. 
 and wind ; op. 7, Liedercyclus "Von Lust und 
 Leid"; op. 8, 10, 11, male choruses. 
 
 Thunder, Henry G., pianist ; b. near Dub- 
 lin, Feb. 10, 1832 ; d. New York, Dec. 14, 
 1891. Pupil of Thalberg ; settled in New 
 York, where he was in turn organist of St. 
 Augustine's, St. Clement's, and St. Stephen's 
 R. C. churches. Comp. church-music, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Thiir'lings, Adolf, since 1877 prof, of Old- 
 Catholic theology at Bonn. Dr. phil., Munich ; 
 publ. dissertation : " Die beiden Tongeschlech- 
 ter und die neuere musikalische Theorie " (1877 ; 
 favoring harmonic dualism.) 
 
 Thur'ner, Friedrich Eugen, oboe-virtuoso ; 
 b. Montbeliard, Dec. 9, 1785 ; d. Amsterdam, 
 Mar. 21, 1827. — Publ. 3 symphonies, an over- 
 ture, 4 oboe-concertos, 4 quartets f. oboe and 
 strings, rondos and divertissements f. oboe w. 
 string-quartet, trio f. oboe w. 2 horns, duos f. 
 oboe and pf., sonata f. horn and pf., pf.-music, 
 etc. 
 Thurn'mayer. See Aventinus. 
 Thursby, Emma, famous concert-soprano 
 (coloratura); b. Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1857. 
 Pupil of Julius Meyer (Brooklyn), Achille Errani 
 (New York), and Mme. Rudersdorff (Boston) ; 
 then at Milan (1873) of Lamperti and San Gio- 
 
 583 
 
TICHATSCHEK— TIMM 
 
 vanni. Gave her first concert in America at 
 Plymoutli Church, Brooklyn, in 1875 ; sang in 
 concert and oratorio, and was eng. by Gilmore 
 (1875) for his summer-night concerts, and then 
 for a tour of the country. She then sang in Dr. 
 Taylor's church. New York, at a salary of 
 $3,000 ; made a European tour with Maurice 
 Strakosch, appearing in London, Paris, Cologne, 
 etc., everywhere with great applause. Her 
 second Amer. tour (1879-80) was eminently suc- 
 cessful, and has been followed by numerous 
 others in the United States and Europe. — "Her 
 tone possesses that captivating timbre character- 
 istic of celebrities of the first rank, such as Ade- 
 lina Patti ; her style is exquisite, though her 
 voice is not especially, voluminous " [RiEMANN, 
 3rd German ed.]. 
 
 Tichatschek, .Joseph Aloys, famous dra- 
 matic tenor ; b. Ober-Weckelsdorf, Bohemia, 
 July II, 1807 ; d. Dresden, Jan. 18, 1886. Son 
 of a poor weaver ; studied in the Benedictine 
 Gymnasium at Braunau, and went to Vienna in 
 1827 as a medical student, but joined the chorus 
 at the Karnthnerthor Th. , had vocal instruc- 
 tion from Cicimara, and became chorusmaster. 
 He then went to Graz, where he sang minor 
 and second roles ; made starring tours to Vienna 
 and Dresden, his debut in the latter city as Gus- 
 tav in Der Maskenball, Robert, and Tamino, 
 leading to immediate engagement (1837) at the 
 Court Opera, where he remained until pensioned 
 in 1872. In 1842 he created the role of Rienzi ; 
 in 1845, Tannhauser. 
 
 Tieffenbriicker. See Duiffopruggar. 
 
 Tieh'sen, Otto, b. Danzig, Oct. 13, 1817 ; 
 d. Berlin, May 15, 1849. Pupil of the R. Aka- 
 demie at Berhn, where he settled as a teacher. — 
 Works : The comic opera Annette (Berlin, 1847); 
 Christmas cantata ; Kyrie and Gloria a 6 ; Cruci- 
 fixus aba cappella ; songs of high merit. 
 
 Tiersch, Otto, b. Kalbsrieth, Thuringia, 
 Sept. I, 1838; d. Berlin, Nov. i, 1892. Pupil 
 of J. G. Topfer at Weimar, and Bellermann, A. 
 B. Marx, and L. Erk at Berhn. Teacher of 
 singing at the Stern Cons., Berlin. As a theo- 
 rist he was a disciple of Hauptmann, but laid 
 more stress on the relationship by the Third (of 
 keys and chords) than the latter. — Writings : 
 "System und Methode der Harmonielehre " 
 (1868) ; " Elementarbuch der musikalischen 
 Harmonic- und Modulationslehre " (1874) ; 
 " Kurze praktische Generalbass-, Harmonie- 
 und Modulationslehre " (1876) ; " Kurzes prak- 
 tisches Lehrbuch fiir Kontrapunkt und Nach- 
 ahmung" (1879); " Allgemeine Musiklehre " 
 (1885 ; w. Erk) ; " Lehrbuch fur Klaviersatz 
 und Akkompagnement " (1881) ; "Notenfibel" 
 (1882) ; " Die Unzulanglichkeit der heutigen 
 Musikstudien an den Konservatorien, etc." 
 (1883); " Rhythmik, Dynamik und Phrasie- 
 rungslehre" (1886) ; articles on harmony, etc., 
 in Mendel's- "Conversationslexikon." 
 
 Tiersot, (Jean-Baptiste-Elis^e-) Julien, 
 
 b. Bourg, Bresse, France ; pupil of Savard, 
 Massenet, and Cesar Franck at the Paris Cons. 
 (1876) ; since 1883, asst. -librarian of the Cons. 
 Contributor to " Le Menestrel " of interesting 
 essays (e.g., " Musique antique : Les nouvelles 
 decouvertes de Delphes," Jan. -March, 1896) ; 
 also publ. " Histoire de la chanson populaire en 
 France " (1885 ; won Bordun Prize). Has comp. 
 Hellas i. soli, ch., and orch.; also orch.l rhapso- 
 dies on popular airs ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Tiet'jens («fi(^ Titiens), Therese Johanne 
 Alexandra, famous dramatic soprano ; b. 
 Hamburg, July 17, 1831 ; d. London, Oct. 3, 
 
 1877. Trained in Hamburg ; successful debut 
 there in 1849 ; sang at Frankfort, and was eng. 
 for the Vienna Court Opera in 1856 ; but went 
 to London in 1S58, and remained there till 
 death, for long years the reigning favorite, sing- 
 ing at H. M.'s Th., Drury Lane, Covent Garden, 
 and the Haymarket. Pier greatest roles were 
 Fidelio, Donna Anna, Valentine, Lucrezia, Se- 
 miramide, and Countess Almaviva. She visited 
 Paris in 1863, and America in 1875. 
 
 Tilborghs, Joseph, Flemish theorist ; b. 
 Nieuwmoer, Sept. 28, 1830. Pupil of Lem- 
 mens (org.) and Fetis (comp.) at the Brussels 
 Cons.; since 1882, prof, of organ-playing at the 
 Ghent Cons. , and of counterpoint at the Antwerp 
 Music-School. — Works : Organ-pieces ; motets 
 w. organ-accomp. 
 
 Tilman, Alfred, b. Brussels, Feb. 3, 184B ; 
 d. there Feb. 21, 1895 ; pupil of the Cons. 
 1866-71, winning ist prizes for pf. -playing, 
 counterpoint, and fugue. — Works : Requiem 
 (for Queen Louise Marie) ; Te Deum solennel ; 
 " Cantate patriotique " ; cantata La Sirhne ; 
 Chant sacre ; " Marnix," scene for bass; 24 
 vocal fugues a 2 and 3 ; etc. 
 
 Tilmant, Theophile-Alexandre, b. Valen- 
 ciennes, July 8, 1799 ; d. Asnieres, May 7, 
 
 1878. From 1838-49, 2nd m. de chap, at the 
 Th. Italien ; then ist do. at the Opera-Comique. 
 — His brother, Alexandre, b. 1808, d. Paris, 
 June 13, 1880 ; 'cellist, co-founder of, and 
 player in, the Cons. Concerts ; also in the Th. 
 Italien. 
 
 Timanoff, Vera, b. Ufa, Russia, Feb. 18, 
 1855. Distinguished pianist ; pupil of L. No- 
 witzky, at Ufa ; played in public in her 9th 
 year ; studied with A. Rubinstein (1866) and 
 Tausig (for i\ years, at Berlin). I^ived in St. 
 Petersburg, Prague (1871), and Vienna (1872), 
 going to Liszt at Weimar for several summers. 
 
 Timm, Henry Christian, b. Hamburg, 
 Germany, July 11, 1811 ; d. New York, Sept. 4, 
 1892. Pianist ; pupil of Methfessel and Jacob 
 Schmitt ; debut 1828 ; went to the United 
 States in 1835, giving concerts at Boston, etc., 
 and in the Park Th., New York. Was suc- 
 cessively organist at Grace Church, mus. dir. of 
 the Charleston, S. C, Th., chorusmaster at the 
 
 584 
 
TINCTORIS— TOLBECQUE 
 
 Church St, Opera House, New York, and organ- 
 ist at various churches (for i6 years at All Souls', 
 on Fourth Av.). Early member of the N. Y. 
 Philharm., and its president 1847-64. — ^ Works : 
 Grand mass, f. soli, ch., orch., and organ ; part- 
 songs ; pf. -pieces ; transcriptions f. 2 pf.s of 
 numerous classical works. 
 
 Tinctoris, Johannes (called John Tinctor; 
 recte Jean de Vaerwere), Belgian writer and 
 composer ; b. Poperinghe, about 1446 ; d. Ni- 
 velles, 1511. About 1475, maestro to Ferdinand 
 of Arragon at Naples, who despatched him in 
 quest of singers for his chapel to France, etc., 
 in 1487 ; but T. never went back, and became a 
 canon at Nivelles. His chief works are " Liber 
 de arte contrapuncti " (written in 1477 ; printed 
 by Coussemaker in " Scriptores," iv), and the 
 earliest known dictionary of music, " Termi- 
 norum musicae diffinitorium " (Naples, publ. 
 about 1475); others are " Expositio manus," 
 " Liber de natura et proprietate tonorum," " De 
 notis ac pausis," " De regular! valore notarum," 
 " Liber iraperfectionum notarum," " Tractatus 
 alterationum," " Super punctis musicalibus," 
 " Proportionate musices," and " Complexus 
 effectuum musices." Extant comp.s are a 
 " Missa I'homme arme," and some chansons, 
 in MS. ; other chansons are in Petrucci's 
 " Odhecaton," and a Lamentation in his coll. of 
 1506. 
 
 Tinel, Edgar, b. Sinay, Belgium, Mar. 27, 
 1854. Pianist and composer ; taught at first by 
 ■ his father, a poor 
 schoolteacher and 
 organist ; entered 
 Brussels Cons, in 
 1863, studying un- 
 der Brassin, Du- 
 pont, Gevaert, 
 Kufferath, and 
 Mailly ; in 1873 
 took 1st prize for 
 pf.-playing, and 
 publ. op. I, 4 Noc- 
 turnes f . solo voice 
 w. pf. ; won the 
 Grand prix de 
 Rome in 1877 with 
 the cantata Klokke 
 Roeland (op. 17). In 1881, Dir. of the Inst, 
 for Sacred Music at Malines, succeeding Lem- 
 mens ; in 1888 he brought out an oratorio, Fran- 
 ciscus (op. 36), which made him famous ; in 1889, 
 inspector of the State music-schools ; in 1896 he 
 succeeded Kufferath as prof, of cpt. and fugue 
 at Brussels Cons. He has also prod, a " Grand 
 Mass of the Holy Virgin of Lourdes," f. 5 parts 
 (op. 41) ; Te Deum f. 4-part mixed ch. w. or- 
 gan ; Alleluia f . 4 equal voices w. organ ; several 
 motets and sacred songs (" Marienlieder ") ; 
 entr'acte-music to Corneille's Polyeucte ; Kolle- 
 bloemen, f. tenor solo, ch., and orch.; De drie 
 Ridders, I. bar. solo, ch., and orch.; pf. -pieces ; 
 
 and publ. " Le chant gregorien, theorie som- 
 maire de son execution" (1895). 
 
 Tirindel'li, Pietro Adolfo, b. Conegliano, 
 Italy, 1858. Violinist; pupil of Milan Cons. 
 1869-76, then for 2 years of Boniforti ; con- 
 ducted the band at Gorizia for 3 years, then 
 studied in Vienna under Griln, and in 1883 un- 
 der Massart at Paris. From 1887, prof, of vio- 
 lin at the Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice, be- 
 ing app. Director in 1893. He also conducted 
 the "Giuseppe Verdi Orchestra" of Venice. 
 Knighted (" Cavaliere ") in 1894. In Boston, 
 Mass., he played with the Symphony Orch. on 
 Dec. 16, 1895. His i-act opera, VAtenaide, 
 was prod, at Venice in 1892 ; he is a gifted 
 song-composer, and has publ. pf.-music, and 
 pieces for pf. and violin. 
 
 Titl, Anton Emil, b. Pernstein, Moravia, 
 Oct. 5, 1809 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 21, 1882, where 
 he was Kapellm. at the Burgtheater from 1850. 
 Operas Die Burgfrau (Briinn, 1832), Das Wol- 
 kenkind (Vienna, 1845), and others ; also a mass 
 a 8, overtures, etc. 
 
 Titoff, Nicolai Alexeijevitch, b. St. Peters- 
 burg, Apr. 28, 1801 ; d. there Jan. 6, 1876. 
 Noted song-composer. 
 
 Todi, Luiza Rosa de Aguiar, famous mez- 
 zo-soprano stage-singer ; b. Setubal, Portugal, 
 Jan. 9, 1753; d. Lisbon, Oct. 1, 1833. At 15 
 she played Dorine in Moli^re's Tartuffe, at Lis- 
 bon ; then studied singing with David Perez un- 
 til 1772, when she appeared in London (and 
 again in 1777) without striking success. In 1777, 
 however, she won a triumph at Madrid in 
 L' Olimpiade (by Paisiello) ; also in 1778-9 and 
 1781-2 at the Concerts spirituels, Paris, though 
 failing to please Frederick the Great at Berlin in 
 1 78 1. After singing in Southern Germany and 
 Vienna, she was eng. for a short time (1782) at 
 Berlin ; in 1783 her rivalry with Mara fairly con- 
 vulsed musical Paris, two bitterly hostile fac- 
 tions (Todistes and Maratistes) being formed. 
 Next year she was enthusiastically received at 
 St. Petersburg, singing in Sarti's Arviida (cf. 
 Sarti) ; in 1786 Friedrich Wilhelm II. engaged 
 her at a high salary for Berlin ; until 1789 she 
 sang alternately at Berlin and St. Petersburg, 
 then paid a brief visit to Paris, and after a vain 
 attempt to have her salary increased to 6000 
 Thaler on the expiration of her Berlin contract, 
 returned to Portugal. 
 
 Toedt, Theodore J., b. New York, Feb. 4, 
 1853. Choir-boy of Trinity Parish 1861-71 ; 
 music-pupil of Mrs. Charles E. Horn-Zust. He 
 acquired an excellent reputation as a singer in 
 oratorio, church, and concert; at present (1899) 
 he is living in New York as a vocal instructor. 
 He became blind in 1895. 
 
 Tolbecque, four brothers, Belgian musicians : 
 — (i) Isidore-Joseph, b. Hanzinne, Apr. 17, 
 1794 ; d. Vichy, May 10, 1871 ; comp. and cond. 
 
 585 
 
TOMASCHEK— TOPFER 
 
 of ball-music ; — (2) Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, b. 
 
 Apr. 17, 1797 ; d. Paris, Oct. 23, i86g. Violin- 
 ist, pupil of Kreutzer and Reicha at the Paris 
 Cons.; 1820-5, orch. -player at the Th. Italien, 
 and a comp. of charming quadrilles, valses, 
 galops, etc., which gained great vogue ; in 1825 
 he began conducting dance-music at the Tivoli, 
 etc., and later the court balls ; he was the favor- 
 ite ball-cond. till Musard's advent. In 1851 he 
 prod. (w. Deldevez) the 3-act ballet Vert- Vert at 
 the Opera. — (3) Auguste-Joseph, b. Feb. 28, 
 1801 ; d. Paris, May 27, l86g ; violinist at the 
 Opera and the Cons. Concerts, and for some sea- 
 sons at H. M.'s Th., London.— (4) Charles- 
 Joseph, b. Paris, May 27, 1806 ; d. there Dec. 
 29, 1835 ; violinist, pupil of Kreutzer ; from 
 1830, cond. at the Varietes.^Auguste, son of 
 Auguste-Joseph; b. Paris, Mar. 30, 1830; emi- 
 nent 'cellist ; took 1st prize at the Cons, in 1849; 
 teacher at Marseilles Cons. 1865-71 ; later 'cellist 
 at the Paris Cons. Concerts. Publ. " La Gym- 
 nastique du Violoncelle " (op. 14 ; excellent ex- 
 ercises and mechanical studies), and prod, a i- 
 act comic opera, Aprh la valse, at Niort in 
 1895, with success. — His son, Jean, b. Niort, 
 Oct. 7, 1857, took 1st 'cello-prize at the Paris 
 Cons, in 1873 ; is a fine player. 
 
 Tomaschek, Johann Wenzel {recte Jan 
 Vaclav Tomasek), eminent composer and 
 teacher; b. Skutsch, Bohemia, Apr. 17, 1774; 
 d. Prague, Apr. 3, 1850. He learned the rudi- 
 ments of singing and violin-playing from Wolf, 
 regens chori at Chrudim ; studied as a chorister 
 at the Minorite monastery, Iglau ; took the law- 
 course at Prague Univ., 1790-3, supporting him- 
 self by giving lessons, and also studying the 
 chief German theoretical works. Finally he 
 applied himself wholly to music ; found a patron 
 in Count Bucquoy de Longeval ; and became the 
 most noted teacher in Prague (Dreyschock, 
 Schulhoff, V. Bocklet, Kittl, Kuhe, Dessauer, 
 Tedesco, and Sig. Goldschmidt, were his pupils). 
 He was an admirable pianist and organist, and 
 a composer of high merit, though unfortunate in 
 being Beethoven's contemporary. Among no 
 works with opus-numbers are an orch.l mass in 
 E(7, cantatas, hymns, Bohemian and German 
 songs, a symphony, a pf. -concerto, a string- 
 quartet, a string-trio, and several pf .-comp.s (so- 
 natas, op. 14, 15, 21, 48, and a fifth in B ; 6 sets 
 of Eclogues, each having 6 numbers, op. 35, 47, 
 51, 63, 66, 83; 6 Rhapsodies, op. 40; 6 do., op. 
 41 ; 3 Ditirambi, op. 65 ; 3 AUegri capricciosi di 
 bravura, op. 52; and 3 do., op. 84). His opera 
 Seraphine (Prague, 1811) was well received. 
 
 Tomasi'ni, Luigi, b. Pesaro, 1741 ; d. Ester- 
 haz, Apr. 25, 1808, where he had lived since 
 1757 as violinist and director of the chamber- 
 music, on intimate terms with Haydn. — Publ. 2 
 violin-concertos; duos concertants f. violins; 12 
 string-quartets. 
 
 Tombelle, Fernand de la, b. Paris, Aug. 3, 
 1854. A pupil of Guilmant and Th. Dubois at 
 
 the Conservatoire; won ist prize of the " So- 
 ciete des compositeurs " for quartet and sym- 
 phony. He is living 
 in Paris as a com- 
 poser, and has been 
 app. an Officer of 
 Public Instruction. 
 His compositions in- 
 clude several suites 
 and other orchestral 
 pieces ; chamber-mu- 
 sic (quartets and trios 
 for strings, or for pf . 
 and strings) ; numer- 
 ous choral scenes and 
 sets of songs ; and 
 many organ-works, 
 whichhave been perf . 
 at the Trocadero, and have vogue both in Eng- 
 land and America. 
 
 Tomeo'ni, Florido, b. Lucca, 1757; d. Paris, 
 Aug., 1820, having dwelt there as a teacher 
 since 1783. — Publ. " Methode qui apprend la 
 connaissance de I'harmonie et la pratique de 
 I'accompagnement selon les principes de I'ecole 
 de Naples" (1798) ; and " Theorie de la musique 
 vocale " (1799). — His brother, Pellegrino, b. 
 Lucca, about 1729, a music-teacher in P'lorence, 
 publ. " Regole pratiche per accompagnare il 
 basso continuo" (1795). 
 
 Tomlins, William Lawrence, b. London, 
 Feb. 4, 1844. Pupil of G. A. Macfarren and E. 
 Silas. Settled in America, 1869; from 1875, 
 cond. of the Apollo Glee Club, Chicago. Mem- 
 ber of the Amer. Coll. of Musicians. He is a 
 vocal teacher, and has publ. " Children's Songs, 
 and How to Sing Them " (1885 ?). At Indian- 
 apolis, Feb., i8g7, he read a paper on " Music 
 and Education." 
 
 Tomma'si, Giuseppe Maria, Cardinal, eru- 
 dite historfographer of church-music ; b. Ali- 
 cante, Sicily, Sept. 14, 1649 ; d. Rome, Jan. i, 
 1713. His works, valuable for students of 
 ancient church-music, were publ. in a complete 
 7-vol. ed. at Rome, 1748-54 ; the separate 
 original ed.s, from 1680-97. His mag)iuvi opus 
 is "Codices sacramentorum nongentis annis 
 vetustiores, nimirum Libri III sacramentorum 
 ecclesiae. Missale Gothicum, sive Gallicanum 
 vetus, Missale Francorum, Missale Gallicanum 
 vetus " (1680). 
 
 Top'fer, Johann Gottlob, famous organist 
 and writer on organ-building ; b. Niederrossla, 
 Thuringia, Dec. 4, 1791 ; d. Weimar, June 8, 
 1870. Pupil of cantor Schlomilch ; then, at 
 Weimar, of Destouches, Riemann, and A. E. 
 Muller, also studying at the Gymnasium and 
 Seminary, where he was app. teacher of music in 
 1817. From 1830, town organist of Weimar. An 
 expert on organ-construction, he wrote "Die 
 Orgelbaukunst " (1833); "Die Orgel : Zweck 
 und Beschaffenheit ihrer Theile " (1843) ; " Die 
 Scheibler'sche Stimmethode " (1842); " Lehr- 
 
 586 
 
TORCHI— TOSI 
 
 buch der Orgelbaukunst " (1856; 4 vol.s; and 
 ed. by AUihn, 1888);— also a " Theoretisch- 
 praktische Organistenschule " (1845); " AUge- 
 meines und voUstandiges Choralbuch " (a 4, w. 
 organ-interludes); a cantata, Die Orgelweihe; 
 Concertstiick for organ ; sonatas, fantasias, pre- 
 ludes, etc., ,for org.; a pf.-trio; a sonata 
 and variations for flute and pf. ; a pf. -sonata ; 
 etc. 
 
 Tor'chi, Luigi, b. Mordano, Bologna, Nov. 
 7, 1858. Graduate of Bologna Cons., 1876, and 
 elected member (comp.) of the Philharm. Soc. ; 
 from 1876-7, studied comp. under Serrao at 
 Naples Cons.; 1878-83, under Reinecke, Jadas- 
 sohn, and Paul, at Leipzig Cons, (writing a 
 symphony, an overture to Heine's Almansor, a 
 string-quartet; also letters to the " Gazz. Mus." 
 of Milan). From 1885-gi, prof, of mus. history 
 at the Liceo Rossini, Pesaro; then at Bologna 
 Cons., being also prof, of comp. since 1895. 
 Twice elected Pres. of the R. Acad, of Music 
 at Bologna, a position still held in 1898. — T.'s 
 literary career has been one of great and useful 
 activity; in l8go he publ. a critical study on R. 
 Wagner (Bologna; pp. 607); in 1893, a transl. 
 of Wagner's " Oper und Drama" (Turin); in 
 1894, a transl. of Hanslick's " Das Musikalisch- 
 SchSne" ("Del bello nella musica"; Milan); 
 later other transl. s from Wagner and v. Wolzo- 
 gen ; has written many essays for the " Rivista 
 Musicale Italiana," e. g., " Italian Opera of the 
 17th Century," and "Italian Lyric and Instr.l 
 Music of the i6th-l8th Centuries." Besides a 
 coll. of " Eleganti canzoni ed arie italiane" of 
 the 17th cent. (Milan), and "A Coll. of Pieces 
 for the Violin comp. by Italian Masters of the 
 17th and l8th centuries" (London) [both with 
 pf.-accomp. by T.], he has begun publishing a 
 work, to comprise 34 vol.s: " L'arte musicale 
 in Italia. Pubblicazione nationale delle piu 
 important! opera italiane dal sec. XV al XVIII, 
 trascritte in partitura, armonizzate ed annotate 
 da L. T." Vol.s i and ii contain " Composi- 
 zioni sacre e profane a piu voci. Sec. XIV, 
 XV e XVI." 
 
 Torel'li, Giuseppe, renowned violinist, origi- 
 nator of the "concerto grosso"; b. Verona, 
 about 1660; d. Ansbach, 1708. Studied in 
 Bologna, where he was 1st violin at the church 
 of S. Petronio in 1685 ; made a concert-tour in 
 Germany in 1701, and became Concertmeister to 
 the Margrave of Brandenburg at Ansbach in 
 1703- — Publ. works: Op. r, Balletti da camera 
 a 3 violini e b. cont. ; op. 2, Concerto da camera 
 a 2 violini e basso (1686); op. 3, Sinfonie a 2-4 
 istromenti (1687); op. 4, Concertino per camera 
 a violino e violoncello ; op. 5, 6 sinfonie a 3, e 6 
 concerti a 4 (1692); op. 6, Concerti musicali a 4 
 (w. organ); op. 7, Capricci musicali per camera 
 a violino e viola ovvero arciliuto ; op. 8, Con- 
 certi grossi con un pastorale per il Santissimo 
 Natale (1709; republ. in Jensen's " Classische 
 Violinmusik"), written for 2 violini concertanti, 
 2 violini di ripieno, viola and b. cont. 
 
 Torrance, Rev. George William, b. Rath- 
 mines, n. Dul?lin, 1835. Chorister at Christ Ch. 
 Cath. , Dublin ; organist at St. Andrew's and St. 
 Anne's; st. music at Leipzig, 1856; ordained as a 
 priest, 1866; emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, 
 in 1869, where (since 1895) he is the incumbent 
 at St. John's. Honorary degree of Mus. Doc, 
 Dublin, 1879. — Works : Oratorios Abraham 
 (Dublin, 1855), The Captivity (1864), and The 
 Revelation (Melbourne, 1882) ; Te Deum and 
 Jubilate ; services and anthems ; — an opera, Wil- 
 liam of Normandy (1859); etc. 
 
 ToKri, Pietro, b. about 1665 ; d. Munich, 
 July 6, 1737, as court cond. (since 1732). — Prod. 
 26 operas at Munich (1690-1737) ; and an ora- 
 torio, Les vanity dumonde, at Brussels (1706). 
 
 Torrington, Frederick Herbert, b. Dudley, 
 Worcestershire, England, Oct. 20, 1837. Arti- 
 cled pupil of James Fitzgerald, Kidderminster ; 
 in 1853, organist and choirmaster at St. Anne's, 
 Bewdley ; from 1856-68, organist of Great St. 
 James's Church, Montreal, Canada, giving organ- 
 recitals, and acting as solo violinist, leader, orch.l 
 cond., and bandmaster. With a picked orch., he 
 represented Canada at the Boston Peace Jubilee, 
 1869 ; was app. organist and mus. dir. at King's 
 Chapel, Boston, and held the position until 1873, 
 teaching at the New Engl. Cons. , and playing ist 
 violin in concerts of the Handel and Haydn, 
 Harvard Symphony, and other societies. Since 
 1873, organist and choirmaster at the Metropoli- 
 tan Ch., Toronto, Canada, and cond. of the To- 
 ronto Philharm. Soc. ; organized the first Toronto 
 mus. festival (1886), founded the Toronto Col- 
 lege of Music (1S88), and is in every way active 
 in the cause of good music. — Works : Services, 
 hymn-tunes, choruses, songs, organ-music, etc. 
 
 Tb'schi, Carlo Giuseppe, b. Romagna, 1724 ; 
 d. Munich, Apr. 12, 1788, as court mus. director. 
 — Works : Ballets ; 6 symphonies f . 2 oboes, 2 
 horns, 2 violins, viola and 'cello ; 24 flute-quar- 
 tets ; 3 flute-quintets ; 3 sextets f . flute, oboe, bas- 
 soon, and string-trio. — Hisson,Johann Baptist, 
 b. Mannheim, abt. 1745 ; fine violinist ; succeeded 
 his father at Munich, and died there May i, 1800. 
 His 18 symphonies (variously instrumented, but 
 without clarinet, trumpet, and double-bass) were 
 favorites in Paris before Haydn's advent ; he also 
 publ. 10 string-quartets, and 6 trios f. 2 violins 
 and 'cello. 
 
 To'si, Pier Francesco, celebrated contral- 
 tista {musicd) and singing-teacher ; b. Bologna, 
 1647; d. London, 1727. Pupil of his father, the 
 comp. Giuseppe Felice T. ; sang successfully in 
 Italy, Dresden, etc., and in 1692 settled in Lon- 
 don, where he gave regular concerts, and was 
 highly esteemed as a vocal teacher. He owes his 
 fame chiefly to the work " Opinioni de' cantori 
 antichi e moderni o sieno osservazioni sopra il 
 canto figurato "(Bologna, 1723; in English, 1742, 
 as " Observations on the Florid Song, etc."; in 
 German [Agricola] as " Anleitung zur Sing- 
 kunst," 1757). 
 
 587 
 
TOSTI— TRAETTA 
 
 To'sti, Francesco Paolo, celebrated sing- 
 ing-master and vocal composer; b. Ortona, 
 Abruzzi,Apr. 9, 1846. 
 Pupil, from 1858, of 
 the R. Collegiodi S. 
 Pietro a Majella, Na- 
 ples, and was app. 
 sub-teacher (niae- 
 strino) by Merca- 
 dante, resigning on 
 account of ill-health 
 in 1869. After this 
 he became singing- 
 teacher to the court 
 at Rome ; visited Lon- 
 donini875, had great 
 success in concerts, 
 and settled there as a teacher, becoming singing- 
 master to the Royal Family in 1880, and prof, of 
 singing at the R. A. M. in 1894. Besides many 
 beautiful original songs, both English and Ital- 
 ian, he has publ. a coll. of " Canti popolari abruz- 
 zesi " (Milan). 
 
 Tott'mann, Carl Albert, b. Zittau, July 31, 
 1837. Studied in Dresden, and at the Leipzig 
 Cons. (Hauptmann) ; was a violinist in the Ge- 
 wandhaus Orch., and cond. at the Old Theatre 
 1868-70. Living in Leipzig as a teacher of mus. 
 theory, Dssthetics, and history ; also lecturing. — 
 Publ. " Kritisches Repertorium der gesammten 
 Violin- und Bratschen-Litteratur " (1873 ; a com- 
 pendious and valuable work, earning him the title 
 of " Professor " from the Kingof Bavaria) ; " Die 
 Schulgesang und seine Bedeutung fur die Ver- 
 standes-undHerzensbildungder Jugend" ; many 
 detached essays in journals, etc. ; also a melo- 
 draina, Dornroschen, f. soli, ch., and orch.; Ave 
 Maria f. 4-part female chorus and solo ; Hymn 
 f. 3-part male ch. , soli, and brass ; sacred and 
 secular choruses, songs, etc. 
 
 Toulmouche, Fr6d6ric, b. Nantes, Aug. 3, 
 1850. Pupil of Victor Masse at Paris. In 1894, 
 director of the theatre " Menus-Plaisirs." Since 
 1882 he has prod, about a dozen light operettas ; 
 La veilUc de noces (1888) was brought out in Lon- 
 don, 1892, as The Wedding Eve. 
 
 Tourj^e, Dr. Eben, b. Warwick, Rhode Isl- 
 and, June I, 1834 ; d. Boston, 1890. Chiefly self- 
 taught in youth, at 17 he opened a music-store 
 and began class-teaching at Fall River, Mass. ; 
 became organist and choirmaster at Newport ; 
 founded a Mus. Inst, at E. Greenwich in 1859 ; 
 visited Europe to study the Conservatory system 
 there, improving the opportunity by taking les- 
 sons from August Haupt, at Berlin, and others; 
 establ. the " Providence (R. I.) Cons, of Music " 
 on his return, and, in 1867, the " New England 
 Cons, of Music " at Boston. He was a most 
 successful organizer, and the creator of the 
 class-system of mus. instruction in the United 
 States. 
 
 Tours, Berthold, violinist, composer, and 
 musical editor; b. Rotterdam, Dec. 17, 1838; 
 
 d. London, Mar. II, 1897. Pupil of Verhulst, 
 and of the Conservatories at Brussels and Leip- 
 zig ; went to London 
 in 1861 as an orch.- 
 player ; in 1872 be- 
 came musicaladviser 
 to Novello & Co., 
 and editor of their 
 publications. — 
 Works : Services, 
 anthems, hymn- 
 tunes; pf. -pieces; a 
 ' ' Primer of the Vio- 
 lin " ; also many 
 arrangements f. 
 pf. of classical orch.l 
 works. 
 
 Tourte, Frangois, b. Paris, 1747 ; d. there 
 Apr., 1835. This famous maker of violin-bows 
 was the creator of the modern bow, the model 
 for all succeeding bow-makers. The shape and 
 inward curve of the stick, the selection and 
 preparation of the wood (Pernambuco), the 
 length of the bow and all its modern fittings, 
 are the product of his constructive genius. 
 
 Traet'ta, Tommaso (Michele Francesco 
 Saverio), famous dramatic composer ; b. Bi- 
 tonto, Naples, Mar. 30, 1727 ; d. Venice, Apr. 
 6, 1779. Pupil of Durante at the Cons, di 
 Loreto, Naples, where he studied 1738-48 ; after 
 teaching, and writing church-music, for two 
 years, he prod, an opera, Farnace (Teatro San 
 Carlo, 1751), the success of which procured him 
 commissions for others, so that in ten years he 
 brought out 19 dramatic works in Naples, Rome, 
 Florence, Verona, Venice, Parma, Vienna {Ifi- 
 genia in Aulide, 1759), etc. In 1758 he was 
 app. maestro to the Duke of Parma, and singing- 
 master to the princesses ; his festival opera 
 Ippolito ed Aricia, first given in 1759, and re- 
 peated at the wedding of a princess with the 
 Prince of the Asturias in 1765, procured him a 
 life-pension from the King of Spain. From 
 1765-8 he was Director of the Cons, dell' Ospe- 
 daletto at Venice, then resigning in favor of 
 Sacchi in order to succeed Galuppi at St. Peters- 
 burg as court composer to Catherine II. The 
 uncongenial climate compelled him to leave 
 Russia in 1775 ; he repaired to London, and 
 produced the opera Germondo there in 1776; its 
 cool reception decided him to return to Italy. 
 Here he wrote 5 more op?ras (he composed 37 
 in all) ; but his health was undermined, and he 
 died 3 years after his homecoming. His dra- 
 matic sense was keen, his effects natural and 
 striking, his harmonies bold and vigorous. — 
 Besides operas, he comp. an oratorio, a Passion, 
 a Stabat Mater, masses, motets, etc.; duets, 
 arias f . soprano w. accomp. , and " Le 4 stagioni 
 e i 12 mesi dell' anno," a divertimento f. 4 
 orchestras (St. Petersburg, 1770). — Cf. Capruzzi, 
 " Traetta e la musica" (Naples, 1878). 
 
 Traet'ta [Trajetta], Filippo, son of pre- 
 ceding; b. Venice, Jan. 8, 1777; d. Philadel- 
 
 588 
 
TRAUTMANN— TROUTBECK 
 
 phia, Jan. 9, 1854. Pupil of Fenaroli and 
 Perillo at Venice, later of Piccinni at Naples. 
 Becoming a soldier in the patriot ranks, he was 
 captured and cast into prison ; escaped 6 months 
 afterward, and sailed to Boston, Mass., settling 
 there in 1799. Here he wrote his "Vocal 
 Exercises," and "Washington's Dead March." 
 Proceeding to New York, he wrote the cantatas 
 The Christian's Joy, and Prophecy ; also an 
 opera, The Venetian Maskers. Was manager 
 of a travelling theatrical troupe, lived in Virginia 
 for some years, and settled in Philadelphia in 
 1822, founding the "American Conservatorio " 
 in 1823 with his pupil, U. C. Hill. He prod. 
 2 oratorios, Jerusalem in Affliction (1828) and 
 Daughter of Zion (j%Q.<^ \ later 2 cantatas, The 
 Nativity, and The Day of Rest ; also instr.l and 
 vocal quartets, trios, and duets ; songs ; etc. ; 
 and publ. " Rudiments of the Art of Singing" 
 for his Cons. (T. was active until his death as a 
 singing-teacher.) 
 
 Traut'mann, Marie. See Jaell, Alfred. 
 
 Traut'Twein, Traugott, founder (1820) of the 
 music-publishing business, (" Trautwein'sche 
 Buch- und Musikalien-Handlung") at Berlin, 
 transferred in 1840 to J. Guttentag, and by him 
 in 1858 to Martin Bahn. 
 
 Trebel'li, Zelia (stage-name of Zelia Guille'. 
 bert), brilliant dramatic mezzo-soprano ; b. Paris, 
 1B38 ; d. Etretat, Aug. 18, 1892. Studied 5 
 years with Wartel ; debut Madrid, 1859, as 
 Rosina in // Barbiere, a complete success, fol- 
 lowed by triumphs in Germany and (1862) Lon- 
 don. Married Sgr. Bellini in 1863 ; they were 
 separated a few years later. She was long a 
 favorite in London ; also toured the United 
 States (1884). 
 
 Trei'ber, Wilhelm, b. Graz, 1838 ; d. Kas- 
 sel, Feb. 16, 1S99. Pianist ; taught by his 
 father ; made successful tours in Germany and 
 Austria, became cond. of the Euterpe Concerts 
 at Leipzig in 1876, and in 1881 court Kapellm. 
 at Kassel. 
 
 Tren'to, Vittorio, b. Venice, 1761 ; d. (?). 
 Pupil of Bertoni ; prod, several ballets at Venice, 
 Verona, etc., and .in 1791 an opera, Teresa 
 vedova, at Venice. He was cembalist at the S. 
 Samuele Th., Venice, and then at la Fenice ; 
 mus. dir. of the Italian opera at Amsterdam 
 (1806), and some years later at Lisbon till 1818, 
 when he visited Italy, but returned in 1821 to 
 Lisbon. His best work (among some 15 ballets 
 and 30 operas) was the opera buffa Quanti casi in 
 un sol giorno, ossia Gli assassini (Venice, 1819). 
 
 Treu (Italianized Fedele), Daniel Gottlieb, 
 
 b. Stuttgart, 1695; d. (?). Violinist, pupil of 
 Kusser, and (with a stipend from the Duke of 
 Wurttemberg) of Vivaldi at Venice. After 
 bringing out 12 operas at Venice, he took an 
 Italian opera-troupe to Breslau, where from 
 1725-7 he prod, his operas {Astarte, Coriolano, 
 Ulisse e Telemacco, Don Chiscioite) with much 
 
 success. In 1727 Kapellm, at Prague ; in 1740 
 to Count Schaffgotsch at Hirschberg. 
 
 Trial, Jeati-Claude, b. Avignon, Dec. 13, 
 1732 ; d. Paris, June 23, 1771. From 1767 he 
 was co-director of the Opera at Paris with Ber- 
 ton, producing the operas Sylvie (1765 ; w. 
 Berton), ^sope a Cythkre (1766), Th^onis (1767 ; 
 w. Berton and Gamier), and La Fete de Flore 
 (1771). — His nephew, Armand-Emmanuel, b. 
 Paris, Mar. I, 1771 ; d. there Sept. 9, 1803. 
 Also wrote several successful operas. 
 
 Trjto'nius, Petrus, German author of a rare 
 ^nd curious work, " Melopoeiae seu harmoniae 
 tetracenticae super XXII genera carminum hero- 
 icorum, elegiacorum, lyricorum et ecclesiastico- 
 rum hymnorum . . ." (Augsburg, 1507 ; printed 
 by Erhard Oeglin) ; the music is written for 4 
 parts, and conforms to the rules of prosody, thus 
 sacrificing the mus. rhythm. 
 
 Trit'to, Giacomo, b. Altamura, Naples, 
 1735 ; d. Naples, Sept. 17, 1824. Pupil of Ca- 
 faro and Sala at the Cons, della Pieta ; became 
 sub-teacher {prima maestrino), and Cafaro's as- 
 sistant in teaching harnlony, also succeeding 
 him as leader at the San Carlo Th. In 1800 
 he succeeded Sala as prof, of counterpoint and 
 composition ; and followed Paisiello in 1S16 as 
 maestro of the Royal Chapel. His first opera, 
 La fedeltk in amore, was perf. at Naples in 
 1764 ; some 50 others came out subsequently in 
 Naples, Rome, Venice, Milan, etc. He like- 
 wise prod. 3 cantatas, a mass for double chorus 
 w. 2 orchestras, 3 orch.l masses and 4 others, 
 2 Passions w. orch., a Te Deum « 5 w. orch., 
 motets, etc. (none printed). Excellent teacher ; 
 Spontini, Farinelli, Raimondi, and Conti were 
 his pupils; he publ. " Partimenti e regole'ge- 
 nerali per conoscere qual numerica dar si deve ai 
 vari movimenti del basso" (1821), and " Scuola 
 di contrappunto, ossia Teoria musicale" (1823). 
 
 Trom'litz, Johann Georg, b. Gera, Feb. 9, 
 1726 ; d. Leipzig, Feb. 4, 1805. Flutist and 
 flute-maker at Leipzig. — Publ. " KurzeAbhand- 
 lung vom Flotenspielen " (1786); "Ausfiihr- 
 licher und griindlicher Unterricht die Flote zu 
 spielen" (1791) ; " Ueber die Flote mit mehre- 
 ren Klappen " (1800) ; and articles in the 
 " AUgem. mus. Zeitung " (1799) ; — also 3 con- 
 certos f. flute and strings ; 2 books of sonatas f. 
 pf . and flute ; 6 Partien f . flute ; songs. 
 
 Trotter [Trotfere], Henry, English song- 
 composer ; b. London, Dec. 24, 1855. Some fa- 
 vorite numbers are " Once for all,"- " Leonore," 
 "Ever dear," "Asthore," "The Deathless 
 Army," " Love can wait," etc. 
 
 Troutbeck, Rev. John, b. Blencowe, Cum- 
 berland, Nov. 12, 1832 ; d. London, Oct., i8gg. 
 Graduate of Oxford (B. A., 1856; M.A., 1858); 
 from 1865-9, precentor of Manchester Cath.; in 
 i86g, canon of Westminster.— Publ. " The 
 Manchester Psalter" (1868) ; " Manch. Chant 
 Book " (1871) ; " Cathedral Paragraph Psalter "; 
 " Hymn Book for Use in Westminster Abbey"; 
 
 589 
 
TRUHN— TUDWAY 
 
 "Music Primer for Schools," w. R. F. Dale 
 (1873; often republ.) ; " Churcli Choir Train- 
 ing" (1879); excellent translations of operatic 
 and other texts, e.g., Wagner's Flying Dutch- 
 man, Beethoven's Mount of Olives, Cade's Cru- 
 saders, etc. 
 
 Truhn, Friedrich Hieronymus, b. Elbing, 
 W. Prussia, Oct. 14, i8n ; d. Berlin, Apr. 30, 
 1886. Pupil of Dehn, B. Klein, and Mendels- 
 sohn ; Kapellm. of Danzig theatre 1835-7 > 
 writer for the Leipzig " Neue Zeitschrift flir 
 Musik " during Schumann's editorship ; mus. 
 dir. at Elbing, 1848-52 ; then lived chiefly at 
 Berlin. — Works : Marionette-opera, Der baieri- 
 sche i/iVjc/ (Berlin, 1832) ; Der vierjahrige Fas- 
 ten (1833) ; comic opera Trilby (Berlin, 1835) ; 
 melodrama Kleopatra (Berlin, 1853) ; choral 
 viforks, songs, etc. 
 
 Tschaikowsky. See Tchaikovsky. 
 
 Tschirch, six brothers : — (i) Hermann, b. 
 Lichtenau, Silesia, Oct. 16, 1808 ; d. as organ- 
 ist at Schmiedeberg in 1829. — (2) Carl Adolf, 
 b. Lichtenau, Apr. &, 1815 ; d. as pastor at 
 Guben, Silesia, Aug. 27, 1875. From 1845-55, 
 wrote for the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik." — 
 (3) Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Lichtenau, June 8, 
 1818 ; d. Cera, Jan. 6, 1892 ; pupil of the R. 
 Inst, for Church-music, Berlin ; raus. dir. at 
 Liegnitz 1843-52 ; then court cond. at Cera. 
 By invitation of the German- Amer. choral socie- 
 ties, he visited the United States in 1869, and 
 prod, many of his celebrated male choruses at 
 New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washing- 
 ton, Chicago, etc. — Other works : Opera Meister 
 Martin und seine Gesellen (Leipzig, 1861) ; 
 grand works for soli, male chorus, and orch. : 
 Fine Nacht attf demMeere ; Die Zeit j BlUcher 
 in Giessen ; Leben, Liebe, Lust und Leid ; Ab- 
 schiedsgruss ans Vaterland ; Fine Sdngerfahrt 
 atif dem Rhcin ; — others with wind-instr.s ; — 
 also ja/o»-piece5 f. pf. (pseudonym "Alexander 
 Czersky "). — (4) Ernst Leberecht, b. Lichte- 
 nau, July 3, 1819 ; d. Berlin, Dec. 26, 1854 ; 
 from 1849-51, theatre-cond. at Stettin. Wrote 
 • overtures, etc., and 2 operas. — (5) Heinrich 
 Julius, b. Lichtenau, June 3, 1820 ; d. Hirsch- 
 berg, Silesia, Apr. 10, 1867, as organist and R. 
 Mus. Dir. — (6) Rudolf, b. Lichtenau, Apr. 17, 
 1825 ; d. Berlin, Jan. 16, 1872, as R. Mus. Dir. 
 Founded the " Markischer Central - Sanger- 
 bund"; comp. works for wind-band (e.g., "Die 
 Hubertusjagd," perf. annually for the Royal 
 Chase at Grunewald ; " Das P'est der Diana ") ; 
 music to Eine Brautschau (Berlin, 1858) ; can- 
 tata Sans souci (1855) ; etc. 
 
 Tschudi. See Broadwood. 
 
 Tu'a, Teresina, b. Turin, May 22, 1867. 
 Exquisite violinist ; pupil of Massart at the 
 Paris Cons., where she took the ist prize in 
 1880. Toured the Continent with brilliant suc- 
 cess ; English debut at the Crystal Palace, May 
 5, 1883; has since then played frequently in 
 Britain ; in America, 1887. About 1891 she 
 
 married Count Franchi-Verney della Valetta, 
 and withdrew from the concert-stage till the 
 autumn of 1895, when she set out on a successful 
 European tour. Was playing in Italy in the 
 Spring of 1899. 
 
 Tubbs, Frank Herbert, b. Brighton, Mass., 
 Nov. 16, 1853. Mus. studies (harm, and pf.) 
 with W. J. D. Leavitt, C. Petersilea, and W. F. 
 Apthorp, Boston ; special studies (voice-training) 
 under W. W. Davis and Lyman Wheeler, Bos- 
 ton, Manuel Garcia, E. Behnke, and W. Shake- 
 speare, London, and San Giovanni and Francesco 
 Lamperti in Italy. Then choirmaster in vari- 
 ous churches, and an organizer of boy-choirs 
 (in New York, Pittsfield, and Glen's Falls). 
 He founded, and is (1899) musical director of, 
 the " New York Vocal Institute " ; establ. "The 
 Vocalist"; is assoc. -editor of "The Musician" 
 (Phila.) ; is pres. of the "Clef Club," New York, 
 and on the Exec. Comm.'of the M. T. N. A. — 
 Publ. "Hints to my Pupils"; "Expression 
 in Singing"; "Seed Thoughts for Singers"; 
 "Voice-culture and Singing" (1898). 
 
 Tu'cher, Gottlieb, Freiherr von, b. Nurem- 
 berg, May 14, 1798 ; d. Feb. 17, 1877. Judge 
 of the Supreme Court at Munich, 1856-68. — 
 Publ. " Kirchengesange der berilhmtesten altern 
 italienischen Meister . . ." (1827), and " Schatz 
 des evangelischen Kirchengesangs " (1848; 2 
 vol.s). 
 
 Tuckerraan, Samuel Parkman, b. Boston, 
 Mass., Feb. 11, i8ig ; d. Newport, Rhode Isl- 
 and, June 30, 1890. Pupil of Carl Zeuner in 
 Boston ; organist and choirmaster of St. Paul's 
 Ch., 1840 ; studied the organ in various English 
 cathedral towns from 1849, and took the degree 
 of Mus. Doc, Lambeth, in 1853; returned to 
 his Boston position, and gave lectures on early 
 cathedral-music and church-music ; resided in 
 England 1856-64, and for many years in Switzer- 
 land. Wrote much church-music (4 services, 
 anthems, hymns, etc.), and edited collections 
 " The Episcopal Harp"; " The National Lyre"; 
 " Cathedral Chants " (1858) ; " Trinity Coll. of 
 Church Music " (New York, 1864). His mus. 
 library was exceptionally fine. 
 
 Tuczek, Franz, b. Prague, about 1755 ; d. 
 Pesth, 1820. Tenor singer and theatre-accom- 
 panist at Prague ; in 1797, Kapellm. to the 
 Duke of Kurland at Sagan ; in 1800, cond. of 
 the Breslau theatre ; in 1802, of the Leopold- 
 stadter Th., Vienna. — Works: Several operas; 
 music to the tragedy Lanassa ; 2 oratorios ; can- 
 tatas ; dances. 
 
 Tudway, Thomas, English comp. ; b. about 
 1650 ; d. London, 1730. From 1660, chorister 
 in the Chapel Royal, under Dr. Blow ; lay-vicar 
 at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 1664 ; org. of 
 King's Coll., Cambridge, 1670 ; teacher of chor- 
 isters there, 1679 I Prof, of Music, Cambridge 
 Univ., 1704; suspended 1706-7; retired 1726. 
 Mus. Bac, Cantab., 1681 ; Mus. Doc, 1705. 
 He comp. services, motets, and anthems ; his 
 
 590 
 
TULOU— TURNHOUT 
 
 " Coll. of . . . Services and Anthems used in 
 the Church of England from the Reformation to 
 the Restoration of King Charles II. . . .," 
 in 6 MS. vol.s, is in the British Museum. 
 
 Tulou, Jean-Louis, celebrated flutist ; b. 
 Paris, Sept. 12, 1786 ; d. Nantes, July 23, 1865. 
 From 1796, pupil of Wunderlich at Paris Cons., 
 winning 2nd prize for flute-playing in 1799, and 
 1st in 1801 (in 1800 it was withheld on account 
 of his youth). In 1804, ist flute at the Italian 
 opera ; in 1813 he succeeded Wunderlich at the 
 Opera, resigning in 1822, but resuming the posi- 
 tion in 1826 (with the title of " premiere fiiite 
 solo"); shortly after, he wasapp. flute-prof, at the 
 Cons.; retired from both positions in 1856. He 
 won his brilliant triumphs — particularly the sig- 
 nal victory over his rival Drouot, when the role 
 of the Nightingale was assigned to T. in Le- 
 brun's opera Le Rossignol — with the old-fash- 
 ioned flute ; and until his retirement obstinately 
 opposed the introduction of Bohm's improved 
 instrument into the Conservatoire. — ^^Works : 2 
 symphonies concertantes, No. i f. flute, oboe, and 
 bassoon. No. 2 f . flute, oboe, horn, and bassoon ; 
 5 flute-concertos ; grand solos, fantaisies, and 
 airs varies, f . flute w. orch. ; airs varies w. string- 
 quartet, etc. ; a trio f . 3 flutes ; flute-duos ; many 
 solo pieces f. flute. 
 
 Tu'ma, Franz, b. Kostelecz, Bohemia, Oct. 
 2, 1704 ; d. Vienna, Feb. 4, 1774. Gamba-vir- 
 tuoso and contrapuntist ; pupil of Cernohorsky 
 at Prague and Fux at Vienna ; from 1741, cham- 
 ber-composer to the dowager Empress Elisabeth. 
 — Works : 30 masses (2 highly praised by Am- 
 bros) ; a Miserere ; responses, etc. 
 
 Tun'der, Franz, b. 1614 ; d. Nov. 5, 1667, 
 as organist of the Marienkirche, Lilbeck. Pupil 
 of Frescobaldi. Buxtehude succeeded him. 
 
 Tun'stede (or Tunsted, Dunstede), Simon, 
 a native of Norwich ; d. as prior of the Francis- 
 can nunnery at Bruisyard, Suffolk, in 1369. 
 Reputed author of the treatise " De quatuor 
 principal ibus, in quibus totius musicae radices 
 consistunt," valuable for the history of mensu- 
 ral music. MS. in the Bodleian Library ; the 
 " Quartum principale " was printed by Cousse- 
 maker in " Scriptores," Vol. iii. 
 
 Turi'ni, Gregorio, b. Brescia, about 1560 ; 
 d. Prague, about 1600, as court singer and cor- 
 net-player — Publ. " Cantiones admodum devo- 
 tae cum aliquot psalmis," f. 4 equal voices 
 (1589); " Teutsche Liedernach Art derwelschen 
 Villanellen," a 4 ; and a book of canzonets a 4 
 (1597). — His son, Francesco, b. Brescia, about 
 1590; d. there 1656 as cathedral-organist. — 
 Publ. Messe a 4 e 5 voci ; Mottetti a voce sola 
 (1629) ; Madrigali a 3 e 5 voci, con 2 violini e 
 chitarrone (1629) ; Madrigali a i e 3 voci, con 
 alcune senate a 2 e 3 istrumenti (1624) ; Misse 
 da cappella a 4 voci (1643) ; Mottetti comodi in 
 ogni parte (1640). 
 
 Tiirk, Daniel Gottlob, eminent organist and 
 teacher ; b. Claussnitz, Saxony, Aug. 10, 1756 ; 
 
 d. Halle, Aug. 26, 1813. Pupil in harmony and 
 counterpoint of Homilius while studying at the 
 Kreuzschule, Dresden ; he had learned to play the 
 violin at home, and after he entered Leipzig 
 Univ. Hiller continued his instruction, and 
 eng. him as a violinist at the theatre and the 
 "Grosses Concert." In 1776, cantor of the 
 Ulrichskirche, Halle, and music-teacher at the 
 Gymnasium ; 1779, mus. dir. of the Univ.; on 
 becoming organist at the Liebfrauenkirche in 
 1787, he resigned his positions as cantor and 
 teacher. He publ. " Von den wichtigsten 
 Pflichten eines Organisten. Ein Beitrag zur 
 Verbesserung der musikalischen Liturgie " 
 (1787) ; an important " Clavierschule," with crit- 
 ical annotations (1789) ; " Kleines Lehrbuch fiir 
 Anfanger im Clavierspielen " (1792); " Kurze 
 Anweisung zum Generalbass-Spielen " (1791 ; 
 rev. ed. 1800); " Anleitung zu Temperaturbe- 
 rechnungen " (1806) ; — also an oratorio. Die 
 Hirten bei der Krippe in Bethlehem ; 18 so- 
 natas and 18 sonatinas f. pf. ; 60 Handstucke 
 (exercises) for beginners ; 120 easy pf. -pieces for 
 4 hands in 4 books ; songs. He left church- 
 music, symplionies, organ-pieces, etc., in MS. 
 
 Turle, James, b. Somerton, Somerset, Engl., 
 Mar. 5, 1802 ; d. London, June 28, 1882. He 
 was asst. -organist to Greatorex at Westminster 
 Abbey till 1831, then succeeding him as organist 
 and master of the choristers, resigning in 1875. 
 He cond. the " Antient Concerts" 1840-3 ; was 
 music-master at the School for the Indigent Blind 
 1829-56. He comp. services, anthems, chants, 
 and hymn-tunes ; edited several coU.s of church- 
 music (e.g., "The Westminster Abbey Chant 
 Book," w. Dr. Bridge) ; and publ. " The Art of 
 Singing at Sight" (1846; w. E. Taylor). He was 
 a noted teacher. 
 
 Turley, Johann Tobias, German organ- 
 builder at Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, where 
 he was b. Apr. 4, 1773, and d. Apr. 9, 1829. 
 
 Turner, Alfred Dudley, b. St. Albans, Maine, 
 Aug. 24, 1854; d. there May 7, 1888. Pupil of, 
 and teacher in, the New Engl. Cons, of Music 
 and the Boston College of Music. Concert-pi- 
 anist. — Works: Op. 11, 3 morceaux f. pf. and 
 'cello ; op. 17, suite f. do. ; op. 18, Sonate dra- 
 matique f. pf. ; op. 27, 31, 2 sonatas f. pf. and 
 violin; op. 34, sonata for pf. and 'cello; pf.- 
 pieces. 
 
 Turnhout, Gerard de {recte Gheert Jacques, 
 
 called T ), b. Turnhout, Belgium, about 1520; d. 
 Madrid, Sept. 15, 1580. In 1545 chorister, in 
 1563 mattre de musique, at Antwerp Cathedral. 
 Became maestro to Philip II. at Madrid in 1572. 
 — Publ. motets a 4-5 (1568) ; motets and chan- 
 sons a 3 (1569); " Praestantissimorum divinae 
 musices auctorum Missae X" a 4-6 (1570), the 
 sixth by T. himself. Other comp. s in coU.s of 
 Phaldse and TylmanSusato.^PIis son, Jean, was 
 court cond; to the Duke of Parma at Brussels till 
 about 1595; publ. madrigals a 6 (1589) and a 5 
 (1595), and motets a 5-8 (i6oo). 
 
 591 
 
TURPIN— UGOLINO 
 
 Turpin, Edmund Hart, b. Nottingham, May 
 4, 1835. Pupil of Hullali and Pauer at London ; 
 organist of St. Barnabas' Ch. , Nottingliam, 1850 ; 
 gave iiis first organ-recital at tlie Hyde Park Ex- 
 hibition of 1851, and settled in London in 1857. 
 In i85g, organist of St. George's, Bloomsbury ; 
 since 18S8, at St. Bride's, Fleet Street. Since 
 1875, lion. Seer, of the College of Organists. In 
 i88g the Archbishop of Canterbury conferred on 
 him the degree of Mus. Doc. From 1880, editor 
 of the " M us. Standard "for several years ; in 1 8g i , 
 joint-editor of the "Mus. News" ; is a writer 
 and lecturer of distinction, and celebrated as a 
 concert-organist. — Works: A mass u cappella, 
 and a mass for soli, ch. , brass, drums, and organ ; 
 a motet f. do. (without drums) ; Stabat Mater a 
 cafpella ; 2 oratorios, St. John the Baptist and 
 Heaekiah^ 'icaxAz.l&s^A Song of Faith a.rvA Jeru- 
 salem ; services and anthems; symphony " The 
 Monastery " ; overtures ; string-quartet ; pf.-quar- 
 tet ; pf.-trio; pf. -pieces and organ-music. 
 
 Turtshaninoff, Peter Ivanovitch, b. St. 
 
 Petersburg, Nov. 20, 1779 ; d. thereMar. 4, 1856. 
 Lligh Priest. Important MS. comp.s in the Im- 
 perial Chapel. 
 
 Tye, Christopher, EngHshorganist and com- 
 poser ; b. Westminster, early in the i6th century ; 
 was organLstof Ely Cathedral 1541-61 ; later rec- 
 tor at several Cambridgeshire towns. He died in 
 March, 1572. Mus. Doc, Cantab., 1545. — Publ. 
 " The Actes of the Apostles, translated into Eng- 
 lyshe Meter, and dedicated to the Kynge's Most 
 Excellaunte Maiestye . . . with Notes to eche 
 Chapter, to synge and also to play upon the lute " 
 (London, 1553) ; it includes the first T4 chapters 
 of Acts. Alsopubl. aserviceand several anthems; 
 masses and anthems are in MS. 
 
 Tylman Susato (also Tilman, Tielman, 
 Thieleman), music-printer and musician at Ant- 
 werp, beginning to print music there in 1543. 
 His 14th book of chansons (1560) was his last 
 publication. In some of his collections are chan- 
 sons and motets of his own composition. 
 
 Tyndall, John, the eminent physicist, was b. 
 at Leighlin Bridge, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820; d. 
 Ilaslemere, Surrey, Engl., Dec. 4, 1893. His 
 two works in the domain of acoustics are "Sound: 
 A Course of 8 Lectures Delivered at the Royal 
 Institution of Great Britain" (1867, and other ed.s ; 
 in German as " Der Schall"), a lucid and simple 
 explanation of acoustical phenomena ; and " On 
 the Transmission of Sound by the Atmosphere " 
 (1874). He was prof, of natural philosophy at 
 the R. Inst, from 1853. 
 
 U 
 
 Ubaldus (or Ugbaldus, Uchubaldus). See 
 
 HUCBALD. 
 
 U'ber, Christian Benjamin, b. Breslau, Sept. 
 20, 1746 ; d. there 1812 as Public Prosecutor, etc. 
 Excellent amateur musician. — Publ. works : Op- 
 
 eretta Clarisse ; music to the comedy Der Volon- 
 tdr ; cantata Deukalion und Pyrrha j several 
 instr.l divertimentos, concertinos, etc. ; pf.-sona- 
 tas, a serenade, and a quintet. — Two sons were 
 professional musicians: (i) Friedrich Christian 
 Hermann, b. Breslau, Apr. 22, 1781 ; d. Dres- 
 den, Mar. 2, 1822. Law-student at Halle, but 
 studied music under Tilrk, and became chamber- 
 musician to Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, 
 istviolinat Brunswick (1807), opera-cond. at Kas- 
 sel (1808) and Mayence(l8i4), and from 1818 can- 
 tor and mus. dir. of the Kreuzkirche, Dresden. — 
 Works : Les Marins, opera-comique (Kassel) ; 
 Der false he Weber ^ intermezzo (Kassel, l8o8); 
 Der frohe 7«j-, opera (Mayence, 1815); music to 
 Klingemann's drama Moses., to Der ewige Jude, 
 to the allegory Saxonia, and toSchiller's Taucher; 
 oratorio. Die letzten Worte des Er losers ; canta- 
 tas, a violin-concerto, etc. He publ. the overtures 
 to Der ewige Jude and Les Marins, the violin -con- 
 certo, and German and French songs. — (2) Alex- 
 ander, b. Breslau, 1783 ; d. Carolath, Silesia, 
 1824, as cond. to Prince von Schonaich-Carolath. 
 Fine 'cellist ; publ. a 'cello-concerto, variations f. 
 'cello with full orch. or strings ; Caprices and 
 other 'cello-pieces ; a septet f. clar., horn, and 
 strings; var.s f. wind-instr.s; songs; etc. 
 
 Uber'ti [Hubert], Antonio, brilliant stage- 
 soprano {musico); b. Verona, 1697 (?) ; d. Berlin, 
 Jan. 20, 1783. One of Porpora's best pupils, he 
 was therefore called il Porporino. From 1741 
 he was in the service of Frederick the Great, at 
 Berlin. 
 
 Uccelli'ni, Don Marco, cond. to the Duke of 
 Modena, prod, an opera at Florence (1673) and 
 another at Naples (1677) ; also publ. chamber- 
 music (1639-49) : Sonate, sinfonie, concerti, arie, 
 and canzone, a 1-4, f. strings w. continuo. 
 
 Ugalde, Delphine, 7t/e Beauce, stage-so- 
 prano; b. Paris, Dec. 3, 1829; sang at the Opera 
 National, Opera-Comique, and Th.-Lyrique ; and 
 in 1866 assumed the management of the Bouffes- 
 Parisieus, taking leading roles in Offenbach's op- 
 erettas. Wrote an opera. La halte au moulin; 
 was a good vocal teacher (Marie Sass was her pu- 
 pil). 
 
 UgoH'ni, Vincenzo, distinguished church- 
 composer in Palestrina-style ; b. Perugia, about 
 1570 ; d. there May 6, 1638. Pupil of Nanini at 
 Rome ; from 1620-26, maestro at St. Peter's. Ora- 
 zio Benevoli was his pupil. — Works : 2 books of 
 madrigals a 8 (1614); 2 do. a 5 (1615); 4 of mo- 
 tets a 1-4, w. organ-bass (1616-19) ; 2 of psalms 
 a 8 (1620) ; 2 of masses and motets a 8 and 12 
 (1622); and psalms and motets a 12 (1624). 
 
 Ugoli'no, Biagio, Venetian monk. — Publ. 
 " Thesaurus antiquitatum sacrorum, complectens 
 selectissima clarissimorum virorum opuscula, in 
 quibus veterum Hebraeorum mores, leges, insti- 
 tuta, ritus sacri et civiles illustrantur ..." 
 (1744-69 ; in 34 folio vol.s ; Vol. 32 treats wholly 
 of Hebrew music, and contains a Latin transl. of 
 ten chapters of the " Schilte Haggiborim "). 
 
 592 
 
UHL— UPTON 
 
 Uhl, Edmund, b. Prague, Oct. 25, 1853. Pu- 
 pil of Richter, Reinecke, Jadassohn and Wenzel 
 at Leipzig Cons. , winning the Helbig Prize for 
 pf.-playing in 1878; since then in Wiesbaden as 
 teacher at the Freudenberg Cons. , organist at the 
 Synagogue, and mus. critic for the " Rheinischer 
 Courier." Has publ. pf.-trios, a 'cello-sonata, a 
 Romance f. violin w. orch. ; var.s and pieces f . 
 pf., songs, etc. 
 
 Uh'lig, Theodor, b. Wurzen, Saxony, Feb. 
 15,1822; d. Dresden, Jan. 3, 1853. Pupil of Fr. 
 Schneider at Dessau ; in 1 841, violinist in the 
 Dresden orch. His symphonies, operettas, etc., 
 were not publ. He wrote " Die Wahl der Takt- 
 arten"; "Die gesunde Vernunft und das Ver- 
 bot der Fortschreitung in Quinten"; " Druck- 
 fehlerinden Symphonie-Partituren Beethovens." 
 He was a convert to Wagnerisra ; the " Brief e 
 Wagners an Uhlig " were publ. 1888 (Engl. ed. 
 1890). 
 
 Ulibisheff [French Oulibischeff], Alexan- 
 der d', Russian diplomat and mus. amateur; b. 
 Dresden, 1795; d. on his estate at Nishnij Nov- 
 gorod, Jan. 24 (O. S.), 1858.— Publ. " Nouvelle 
 Biographic de Mozart, suivie d'un aperfu sur 
 I'histoire generale de la musique " (1844; 3 vol.s ; 
 2nd German ed. 1859) ; to von Lenz's scathing at- 
 tack (in " Beethoven et ses trois styles ") on the 
 opinions therein expressed on Beethoven's last 
 style, he replied with " Beethoven, ses critiques 
 et ses glossateurs " (1857; Ger. ed. 1859), main- 
 taining hisformer position, and conclusivelyprov- 
 ing his own inability to appreciate Beethoven. 
 
 Ul'rich, Otto, b. Oppeln, Silesia, Nov. 26, 
 1827; d. Berlin, May 23, 1872. Pupil of Kot- 
 zoldt and Brosig at Breslau ; from 1846, while 
 studying at the Berlin Univ., of Dehn. From 
 1859-63, teacher at the Stern Cons. ; otherwise 
 earned his living by working for publishers ; pov- 
 erty prevented the full development of his gifts as 
 a composer. — Works : 3 symphonies (the " sym- 
 phonie triomphale " won the prize of 1500 francs 
 offered by the Brussels Acad, in 1853) ; a pf.-trio, 
 op. I ; and an unfinished opera, Bertrandde Born. 
 He made excellent arr.s of Beethoven's sym- 
 phonies f. pf., 4 hands. 
 
 Um'breit, Karl Gottlieb, b. Rehstedt, n. 
 Gotha, June 9, 1763; d. there Apr. 27, 1829. Or- 
 gan-virtuoso, pupil of Kittel at Erfurt, and for 35 
 years organist at Sonnenborn. — Publ. " AU- 
 gemeines Choralbuch fur die protestantische 
 Kirche " (Gotha, 1811 ; 332 chorals 1214, with long 
 Preface ; French ed. by Choron) ; " Die evange- 
 lischen Kirchenmelodien zur Verbesserung des 
 hauslichen und kirchlichen Gesangs " (Gotha, 
 1817) ; 12 organ-pieces (179S); 25 ditto ; 12 Cho- 
 ralmelodien for organ (1817) ; 4 do. w. var.s 
 (1821); 50 Choralmelodien for solo voice ; etc. 
 
 Um'lauf, Ignaz, b. Vienna, 1756; d. Meid- 
 ling, June 8, 1796. Mus. director of the German 
 Opera at Vienna; from 1789, Salieri's deputy as 
 Kwpellm. of the Imp. Chapel. \\\% Singsfiele had 
 great vogue: Die Bergknappen, and Die pucefar- 
 
 benenSchuke, oder die schSne Sckusterin (1778) ; 
 Die Apotheke (1778); Die glucklichen Jager 
 (1785) ; Der Ringder Liebe (1785) ; Das Irrlicht, 
 with the song, " Zu Steffen sprach in Traume ; " 
 Aeneas in Carthago.— His son, Michael, b. Vi- 
 enna, Aug. 9, 1781 ; d. there June 20, 1842 ; fol- 
 lowed Weigl as Kapellm. of the German Opera ; 
 prod, an opera, Der Grenadier, 6 ballets, and sa- 
 cred music (for the Court Chapel) ; publ. a violin- 
 sonata, a 4-hand pf.-sonata, and pf.-pieces. 
 
 Um'lauft, Paul, b. Meissen, Oct. 27, 1853. 
 Pupil of LeipzigCons., holding the MozartSchol- 
 arship 1879-83.— Works : The l-act opera ^t/a:«- 
 t/iia (Gotha, 1893 ; succ. ; took prize offered for 
 best l-act opera by the Duke of Koburg-Gotha) ; 
 has publ. the dramatic poem Agandecca, f. soli, 
 male ch., and orch. (1892) ; a " Mittelhoch- 
 deutsches Liederspiel " f . solo vocal quartet w. 
 pf., and other vocal works ; also a Nocturne and 
 Tarentelle f. pf. , op. 4. 
 
 Un'ger, Johann Friedrich, b. Brunswick, 
 1716; d. there Feb. 9, 1781. Noteworthy as the 
 inventor of the first apparatus for the mechanical 
 notation of music played on the pianoforte, de- 
 scribed in his ' ' Entwurf einer Maschine, wodurch 
 alles, was auf dem Clavier gespielt wird, sich von 
 selber in Noten setzt" (1774). He claimed pri- 
 ority of invention over Hohlfeld (1752). 
 
 Un'ger (in Italy, Ungher), Caroline, cele- 
 brated stage-singer ; b. Stuhlweissenburg, Hun- 
 gary, Oct. 28, 1803; d. at her villa near Florence, 
 Mar. 23, 1877. A pupil of Ronconi at Milan, her 
 debut was at Vienna in 1821 ; her greatest tri- 
 umphs were won in Italy, her reception in Paris, 
 1833, being comparatively cool. A great actress, 
 her voice was powerful, but not perfectly equal- 
 ized, and sharp in the high register. Soon after 
 her marriage (1840) to a M. Sabatier, she left the 
 stage. 
 
 Un'ger, Georg, b. Leipzig, Mar. 6, 1837 ; d. 
 there Feb. 2, 1887. Dramatic tenor ; originally 
 a student of theology at Leipzig ; stage-debut there 
 in 1867 ; after several engagements, Hans Rich- 
 ter heard him at Mannheim, and recommended 
 him to Wagner for the role of Siegfried in Der 
 Ring des Nibelungen at Bayreuth, 1876. Unger 
 studied the part with Hey, and his interpretation 
 of it made him famous. From 1877-81 he was 
 eng. at Leipzig. 
 
 Ungher-Sabatier. See Unger, Caroline. 
 
 Upton, George Putnam, mus. writer and 
 critic; b. Boston, Mass., Oct. 25, 1835. Gradu- 
 ate of Brown Univ., 1854 ; in 1855, reporter for 
 the Chicago " Native Citizen," 1855-61 for the 
 " Journal," and from 1861-85 was on the edi- 
 torial staff of the Chicago " Tribune." Founder 
 (1872) and first president of the "Apollo Club. " — 
 Writings : ' ' Letters of Peregrine Pickle " (1870) ; 
 " Woman in Music " (1885) ; " Standard Operas " 
 (1890) ; " Standard Oratorios" (1891) ; " Stand- 
 dard Symphonies" (1892) ; numerous contribu- 
 tions to magazines ; has translated Nohl's " Life 
 
 38 
 
 593 
 
URBAN— VACCAI 
 
 of Haydn," " Life of Liszt,"and "Life of Wag- 
 ner" ; also Max Miiller's "Deutsche Liebe," 
 with the Engl, title " Memories." 
 
 Ur'ban, Christian, b. Elbing, Oct. i6, 1778 ; 
 d. (?). From 1824, town mus. dir. at Danzig. — 
 Publ. " Ueber die Musik, deren Theorie und den 
 Musik-Unterricht " (Elbing, 1823); "Theorie 
 der Musik nachrein naturgemSssenGrundsatzen" 
 (Konigsberg, 1824; 2nd ed. Danzig, 1826) ; and 
 a 16-page prospectus, " Anktindigung meines 
 allgemeinen Musik-Unterrichts-Systems,und der 
 von mir beabsichtichten normalen Musikschule " 
 (Berlin, 1825). He comp. an opera, Der goldene 
 Widder, and music to Schiller's Braut von Mes- 
 sina. 
 
 Ur'ban, Heinrich, b. Berlin, Aug. 27, 1837. 
 Studied under Ries, I^aub, Hellmann, and others ; 
 alsoat Paris. Giftedviolinist and composer; since 
 1 88 1, teacher at Kullak's Acad. ; is a noted theo- 
 rist. — Works : " Frilhling," symphony; 3 over- 
 tures — to Schiller's i^wjfo, " Scheherazade," and 
 " zu einem Fastnachtsspiel " ; a violin-concerto ; 
 pieces for violin ; vocal duets and terzets ; songs. 
 — His brother, Friedrich Julius, b. Berlin, Dec. 
 23, 1838, was solo boy-soprano in the Domchor 
 under Neithardt, and a private pupil of H. Ries 
 and Hellmann (violin), Grell (theory), and Elsler 
 and Mantius (singing). He teaches singing in 
 Berlin schools, and is in great request as a sing- 
 ing-teacher. His text-book, " Die Kunst des 
 Gesangs," is highly spoken of. He has publ. 
 some songs. 
 
 Urba'ni, Valentino. See Valentin:. 
 
 Urfey, Thomas d', b. Exeter, Engl., about 
 1649; d. London, Feb. 26, 1723. A playwright, 
 producing aboutso stage-pieces, thesongsinsome 
 of which were set to music by Purcell. He him- 
 self wrote and sang manysongs, publ. in his "Wit 
 and Mirth ; or. Pills to purge Melancholy " (4 
 vol.s, about 1706 ; augmented to 6 vol. s, in 1719- 
 20). He also publ. (1683-5) 3 sets of his songs, 
 set to music by eminent composers. 
 
 Ur'han, Chretien, b. Montjoie, n. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Feb. 16, 1790 ; d. Paris, Nov. 2, 1845. 
 Violinist, pupil of Le Sueur in composition ; 
 revived the viole d'amour, playing in Baillot's 
 Quartet ; from 1816 he was violinist (later solo- 
 ist) in the ppera-orch. In the Cons. Concerts 
 he employed a 5-stringed violin {violon-alto , 
 with the accordatura c-g-d '-a'--e') , producing 
 charming effects (see Woldemar). He was for 
 years organist at St. -Vincent-de-Paul. — Works : 
 2 quintettes romantiques f. 2 violins, 2 violas, 
 and 'cello ; quintets f. 3 violas, 'cello, and d.- 
 bass, w. drums ad lib.; 3 duos romantiques f. 
 pf . 4 hands ; 2 solo pieces f . pf . ; songs. 
 
 Urio, Francesco Antonio, b. Milan (?), 
 1660 (?). A Franciscan monk, about 1690 maestro 
 at the Church of the Twelve Apostles, Rome. — 
 Publ. " Motetti di concerto a 2, 3 e 4 voci, con 
 violini, e senza" (1690) ; " Salmi concertati a 3 
 voci con violini " ; an oratorio, Sansone accecato 
 da! Filistri ; and a Te Deum from which Han- 
 
 del borrowed numerous themes for his Dettingen 
 Te Deum, Saul^ Israel, and Julius Cmsar \cf. 
 Prout's paper, " Urio's Te Deum and Handel's 
 use thereof" [" Monthly Mus. Record," 1871], 
 and Chry Sander's essay in the "AUgem. mus. 
 Zeitung," 1878-9). 
 
 Ursil'lo, Fabio [or merely Fabio], Roman 
 virtuoso on the archlute, etc., toward the middle 
 of the i8th cenljury. — Publ. 3 trios f. 2 violins 
 and 'cello, and flute-sonatas ; he left in MS. 
 Concerti grossi f. archlute, other pieces f. do., 
 a guitar-concerto, etc. 
 
 Ur'so, Camilla, b. Nantes, France, 1842. 
 Distinguished violin-virtuoso, pupil of Massart 
 in Paris. Accompanied by her father, she played 
 in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, etc., in 
 1852, with great success, particularly in concerts 
 of Alboni and Sontag. She toured Canada, re- 
 turned to France, and revisited New York in 
 1866 ; since which time her numerous concert- 
 tours have been a succession of triumphs. 
 
 Ur'spruch, Anton, pianist and comp. of dis- 
 tinction ; b. Frankfort-on-Main, Feb. 17, 1850. 
 Pupil of Ignaz Lachner and M. Wallenstein, 
 later of Raff and Liszt. Teacher of pf. -playing 
 at the Hoch Cons. ; since 1887, at the Raff Cons. , 
 Frankfort. — Works : Opera Der Sturm [after 
 Shakespeare's Tempesi\ (Frankfort, 1888) ; a 
 comic opera, in a Prologue and 3 acts. Das Un- 
 moglichste von Allem (Karlsruhe, 1897 ; U. 
 wrote both text and music) ; Die FrUhlingsfeier, 
 f . ch. and orch. ; a symphony ; a pf.-concerto ; 
 a pf. -quintet ; a pf. -quartet ; a pf.-trio; Varia- 
 tions and Fugue on a Bach theme, f. 2 pf.s ; 
 sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 23; pf. -sonata f. 4 
 hands ; 5 FantasiestUcke f . pf . ; songs. 
 
 Ur'sus. See BAhr. 
 
 Utendal (or Utenthal, Uutendal), Alex- 
 ander, Flemish composer ; d. Innsbruck, May 
 8, 1581, as Kapellm. to Archduke Ferdinand. 
 — Publ. "7 Psalmi poenitentiales " (1570); 3 
 books of motets a 5 and more parts (1570-77) ; 
 3 masses a 4-5, and Magnificat a 4 (1573) ; and 
 ' ' Froliche neue teutsche und f ranzosische Lie- 
 der . . ." (1574 ; often republ.) ; detached num- 
 bers are in Joannelli's " Novus thesaurus," and 
 Paiz's " Orgelbuch." 
 
 V 
 
 Vaccai, Niccolb, b. Tolentino, Papal States, 
 Mar. 15, 1790 ; d. Pesaro, Aug. 5, 1848. Pupil 
 of Jannaconi (cpt.) at Rome, and from 1812 of 
 Paisiello (dramatic comp.) at Naples, produc- 
 ing his first opera, / solitari di Scozia, at the 
 Teatro Nuovo, 181 5. Ill-fortune on the stage 
 caused him to adopt the vocation of a singing- 
 teacher ; though up to 1845 he brought out 16 
 operas, one of which, Giulietta e Ro7neo (Milan, 
 1825), was much applauded, and made the 
 rounds of Italian theatres ; its third act was 
 generally substituted for that of Bellini's Capu-. 
 leti e Montecchi. — V. taught at Venice (1818-21), 
 
 594 
 
VAET— VANDERSTRAETEN 
 
 Trieste (1821-23), Vienna (1823), Paris (1829-31), 
 and London (1832), with ever-increasing reputa- 
 tion. Returning to Italy, he succeeded Basili in 
 1838 as prof, of comp., and censor, at the Milan 
 Cons., retiring to Pesaro in 1844. Besides op- 
 eras, he wrote 4 ballets, cantatas, and church- 
 music ; with Coppola, Donizetti, Mercadante, 
 and Pacini, he comp. the funeral cantata for 
 Malibran ; further, vocal duets, arias, and ro- 
 mances ; an excellent and oft-republ. " Metodo 
 pratico di canto italiano per camera " ; and "12 
 ariette per camera, per I'insegnamento del bel- 
 canto italiano. " 
 
 Vaet, Jacques, Flemish contrapuntist ; d. 
 Vienna, Jan. 8, 1567, as Kapellm. to Maximilian 
 II. — Publ. works: " Modulationes 5 vocum" 
 (1562) ; 25 motets in Joannelli's " Novus thesau- 
 rus " ; other motets, chansons, etc., are in Tyl- 
 man Susato's " Ecclesiasticae cantiones"(i553), 
 Montan - Neuber's " Evangelien - Sammlung " 
 (1554-6) and " Thesaurus musicus" (1564), and 
 other coU.s. 
 
 Valenti'ni, Giovanni, comp. of the Roman 
 school; about 1615, organist of the Court Chapel, 
 Vienna. — Publ. motets a 6 (1611) ; " Musiche 
 concertate da 6 a 10 voci, ossia istromenti " 
 (1619) ; " Musiche a 2 voci col basso per or- 
 gano" (1622) ; " Sacri concerti " a 2-5 (1625) ; 
 " Musiche da camera da 2 a 6 voci, parte con- 
 certate con voci sole, e parte con voci ed istro- 
 menti " (1621 ; madrigals, etc.) ; " Le musiche 
 da camera " a 1-2, w. b. cont. (1622). In MS., 
 masses. Magnificats, and psalms. 
 
 Valenti'ni, Giovanni, Neapolitan comp.; 
 brought out from 1779-1788 eight operas at 
 Venice, Brescia, and Cremona ; one, Le nozze in 
 contrasto (Venice, 1779), was given at Milan, 
 1780, and Leipzig, 1784. 
 
 Valenti'ni, Pietro Francesco, b. Rome, 
 about 1570 ; d. there 1654. A pupil of Nanini, 
 and an eminent comp. of the Roman school. — 
 Publ. works : ' ' Canone . . . sopra le pa- 
 role del Salve Regina : ' Illos tuos misericordes 
 oculos ad nos converte, etc.,' con le risoluzioni a 
 2, 3, 4 e 5 voci," (1629 ; canon with over 2000 
 possible solutions) ; ' ' Canone nel nodo di Salo- 
 mone a 96 voci" (1631 ; the themes of these 2 
 are printed in Kircher's " Musurgia ") ; "Ca- 
 none a 6, 10 e 20 voci" (1645); "La Mitra, 
 favola greca con 2 intermedii : la uccisione di 
 Orfeo, e Pittagora, che ritrova la musica" 
 (1654); "La trasformazione di Dafne, favola 
 morale, etc." (1654) ; 2 books of madrigals a 5 
 (1654) ; 2 of motets a i, w. instr.s (1654) ; 2 do. 
 a 2-4 (1655) ; 2 of Canzonetti spirituali a i 
 (1655) ; 2 do. a 2-3 (1656) ; 2 do. a 2-4 (1656) ; 
 "Canoni musicali" (1655) ; 2 books of Musiche 
 spirituali for the Nativity a 1-2 (1657) ; 2 of 
 Canzoni, Sonetti ed Arie a i (1657) ; Canzonetti 
 ed Arie a 1-2 (1657) ; 2 of litanies and motets a 
 2-4. 
 
 Valenti'ni, recte Valentino Urba'ni, a cele- 
 brated contraltista {musico), whose voice changed 
 
 later to a high tenor ; he came to London Dec. 
 6, 1707, and sang there till 1714 in English and 
 Italian opera. 
 
 Valenti'ni, Giuseppe, violinist ; b. Florence 
 about 1690 ; in the service of the court about 
 1735. — Publ. 12 Sinfonie f. 2 vlns. and 'cello ; 
 7 Bizzarrie f. 2 vlns. and violone ; 12 Fantasie 
 f. 2 vlns. and 'cello ; 12 Sonate f. 2 vlns. and 
 violone; Concerti f. 4 vlns., alto viola, 'cello, 
 and b. cont. ; 10 other concertos ; and violin- 
 sonatas w. basso continuo. 
 
 Valentino, Henri-Justin-Armand-Joseph, 
 b. Lille, Oct. 14, 1785 ; d. Versailles, Jan. 28, 
 1865. In 1820 2nd, in 1824 ist cond. (w. Ha- 
 beneck) at the Grand Opera ; 1831-7, at the 
 Opera-Comique ; then founded the first popular 
 concerts of classical music, as a rival enterprise 
 to the Conservatory Concerts, at the Salle St.- 
 Honore (since called the " Salle Valentino"), 
 but discontinued them in 1841. Retired to Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 Valet'ta, Ippolito. Pen-name of Count 
 Franchi-Verney. 
 
 Vallot'ti, Francesco Antonio, eminent 
 theorist and composer ; b. Vercelli, June 1 1 , 
 1697 ; d. Padua, Jan. 16, 1780. Franciscan 
 monk ; pupil of Calegari at Padua ; from 1728, 
 maestro at the church of S. Antonio. — Publ. 
 works : Responsoria in parasceve, Resp. in Sab- 
 bato Sancto, and Resp. inCoena Domini, all a 4 
 (masses, motets, etc., in MS. at Padua); and 
 " Delia scienza teorica e practica della moderna 
 musica," Book i (Padua, 1779 I the other 3 
 books unpubl.), a. learned work combatting the 
 systems of Rameau and Tartini ; V.'s system is 
 explained in " La vera idea delle musicali nu- 
 meriche signature," by Sabbatini, who, like 
 Abbe Vogler, was V.'s pupil. — V. was also one 
 of the foremost organists of his time. 
 
 Van Cleve, John Smith, b. Maysville, Ky., 
 Oct. 30, 1851. Pianist and teacher, pupil of 
 Nothnagel (Columbus, O.), Lang and Apthorp 
 (Boston), and W. Steinbrecher (Cincinnati). 
 Taught at the Inst, for the Blind, Columbus, 
 1872-5 ; at Janesville, Wis., 1879 ; lived in Cin- 
 cinnati 1879-97 as a teacher, critic (" Cine. Com- 
 mercial," etc.), writer, and lecturer (at the Cons, 
 and the Coll. of Music) ; gave many piano lec- 
 ture-recitals. Is A.M. of the Ohio Wesleyan 
 Univ. (1874) ; Ph.D. of Twin Valley College 
 (1892). Removed to Chicago, 1897. — Has publ. 
 a Gavotte humoresque f. pf. ; and, in book- 
 form, "Annotations" on Campanari's 22 Quar- 
 tet Concerts given 1892-3. 
 
 Van den Eeden. See Eeden. 
 
 Vanderlin'den, C, b. Dordrecht, 1839. Pu- 
 pil of Bohme (harm, and cpt.) and Kwast (pf.). 
 Cond. of the Dordrecht Philharm. Soc, the 
 National Guard band, and choral societies. — 
 Works : 2 operas, Teniers, and Le mariage au 
 tambour ; overtures; choruses w. orch.; songs. 
 
 Vanderstrae'ten, Edmond, b. Oudenaarden 
 (Audenarde), Belgium, Dec. 3, 1826 ; d. there 
 
 595 
 
VAN DER STUCKEN— VARNEY 
 
 Nov. 26, 1895. Student of philosophy at Ghent ; 
 went to Brussels in 1857, and studied counter- 
 point under Fetis (acting as his secretary for 2 or 
 3 years), and comp. under Bosselot. He held 
 a life-position in the Royal Library, interrupted 
 only by journeys to Italy, and a stay of. some 
 years at Dijon ; edited the paper " Le Nord " 
 for a short time, also writing (1859-72) mus. 
 criticisms. He comp. a 3-act opera, Le Pro- 
 scrit ; but his fame rests upon his work as a 
 mus. historian and compiler, embodied in the 
 following publications; "Coup d'oeil sur la 
 musique actuelle a Audenarde" (1851) ; "No- 
 tice sur Charles-Felix de Hollandre" (1854); 
 " Notice sur les carillons d'Audenarde " (1855) ; 
 " Recherches sur la musique a Audenarde avant 
 le XIX' siecle " (1856); " Examen des chants 
 populaires des Flamands de France, publics par 
 E. de Coussemaker " (1858) ; " Jacques deGouy, 
 chanoine d'Embrun" (1863); " J.-F.-J. Jans- 
 sens" (1866) ; " La musique au Pays-Bas avant 
 le XIX= siecle " (1867-85; 7vol.s; a " monu- 
 mental " work of reference) ; " Le noordsche 
 Balck du musee communal d'Ypres " (1868) ; 
 "Wagner: Verslag aan den heer minister van 
 binnenlandsche Zaaken" (1871) ; " Le theatre 
 villageois en Flandre " (1874; Vol. i) ; "Les 
 musiciens beiges en Italic " (1875) ; " Societes 
 dramatiques des environs d'Audenarde " (n. d.) ; 
 " Voltaire musicien " (1878) ; " La melodie popu- 
 laire dans I'opera Guillaume Tell de Ros- 
 sini " (1879) ; "Lohengrin: instrumentation et 
 philosophie" (1879) I " Turin musical" (1880) ; 
 "Jacques de Saint-Luc " (1886) ; " La musique 
 congratulatoire en 1454, etc." (1888); "Cinque 
 lettres intimes de Roland de Lassus" (1891) ; 
 " Les billets des rois en Flandre ; xylographie, 
 musique, coutiames, etc." (1892). 
 
 Van der Stucken, Frank (Valentin), b. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Gillespie Co., Texas, Oct 15, 
 1858. Taken by his 
 parents to Antwerp, 
 in 1866, he studied 
 with Benott, writing 
 several successful 
 comp.s(aballet,perf. 
 at the Royal Th. ; a 
 Te Deum, a Gloria, 
 etc.). Spent 1876-8 
 at Leipzig, aided in 
 study by Reinecke, 
 Grieg, and Langer ; 
 publ. op. 2-5 ; trav- 
 elled in southern Eu- 
 rope ; 1881-2, Ka- 
 pellm. of Breslau 
 City Th. (prod, music to Shakespeare's Tempest, 
 1882). During 1883, in Rudolstadt with Grieg, 
 and Weimar with Liszt ; prod, the opera Vlasda 
 (Paris?, 1883) ; in 1884, mus. dir. of the" Arion," 
 New York, succeeding L. Damrosch ; also con- 
 ducted several other series of concerts ; 1895, Di- 
 rector of Cincinnati Cons., and ist cond. of the 
 Cincinnati Symphony Orch. He has publ. sev- 
 
 eral series of songs, and 4-part mixed and male 
 choruses a cappella ; also an orch. 1 episode, " Pa- 
 gina d'amore," w. choruses and songs, and sev- 
 eral pf. -pieces; for the " Arion "he wrote an "In- 
 auguration March," and a " Festival Hymn"; 
 has also prod, a "Festival March" f. orch., 
 symphonic prologue " William Ratcliff," church- 
 music, etc. 
 
 Van Duy'ze, Florimond, b. Ghent, Aug. 4, 
 1853. Lawyer and amateur composer ; pupil of 
 Shent Cons., winning Grand prix de Rome in 
 1873 with the cantata Torquato Tasso's dood. 
 Has prod. 7 operas at Antwerp and Ghent ; also 
 anode-symphonie, De nacht. 
 
 Van Dyck, Ernest (Marie Hubert), famous 
 dramatic tenor ; b. Antwerp, Apr. 2, 1861. At 
 first a law-student ; studied singing with Bax St.- 
 Yves at Paris, sang at the Concerts Lamoureux ; 
 became famous in 1886 by his interpretation of the 
 role of Parsifal, at Bayreuth, and was eng. for the 
 Vienna Court Opera in 1888. Makes frequent 
 ' ' starring " tours, the last being for the season of 
 1899-1900 at Chicago and New York, etc. 
 
 Van Hal. See Wanhal. 
 
 Vanneo, Stefano, b. Recanati, Ancona, 1493; 
 was maestro at the monastery of Ascoli. — Publ. 
 " Recanetum de musica aurea . . ." (Rome, 1553), 
 an excellent treatise on plain chant, mensural mu- 
 sic, and counterpoint. 
 
 Van Rooy, Anton, dramatic bass ; b. Rotter- 
 dam, 1869. Pupil of Stockhausen at Frankfort ; 
 began career as a singer of Lieder and in oratorio ; 
 later eng. for Bayreuth by Frau Wagner ; sang 
 with success in London (1898) and New York 
 (1899). 
 
 Van Wes'terhout, Niccolo, b. of Dutch par- 
 entage at Mola di Bari, Italy, in Dec, 1862 ; d. 
 Naples, Aug. 21, lSg8. A pupil of Nicola d'Ari- 
 enzo at the R. Cons., Naples ; from 1897, he was 
 himself a prof, of harmony there. — Works : The 
 3-act opera Tilde (not perf.) ; 4-act opera seria 
 Cimbelino (Rome, Teatro Argentina, Apr. 7, 
 1892) ; 3-act opera seria Fortunio (Milan, Teatro 
 Lirico, May 16, 1895) ; i-act opera Dona Flor 
 (Mola di Bari, Apr. 18, 1896, on the opening of 
 the Teatro Van Westerhout, named after the au- 
 thor) ; 4-act opera Colomha (not perf.) ; — 2 sym- 
 phonies, a violin -concerto, several orch.l comp.s, 
 a violin-sonata, etc. ; publ. many pf .-pieces of real 
 merit, and songs. 
 
 Varney, Pierre-Joseph-Alphonse, b. Paris, 
 Dec. I, 1811 ; d. there Feb. 7, 1879. Pupil of 
 Reicha at the Cons. ; theatre-cond. at Ghent, The 
 Hague, Rouen, Paris, and Bordeaux. He set to 
 music Dumas' Chant des Girondins, " Mourir 
 pour la patrie," the popular revolutionary lyric of 
 1848 ; prod. 7 i-act operettas. 
 
 Varney, Louis, son and pupil of the preced- 
 ing ; b. Paris, (?). Since 1876 he has prod, over 
 30 operettas, comic operas, " revues," etc., at 
 minor Parisian theatres ; the 3-act operetta Les 
 Torains (Paris, 1894), was given at Vienna, 1895, 
 as Olympia, and at Berlin, 1895, as Die Gaukkr, 
 
 596 
 
VASCONCELLOS— VENTO 
 
 His latest are the mus. farce Le Pompier de ser- 
 vice{\'&oli), and Les Demoiselles des Saini-Cyriens 
 (iSgS ; V. succ). 
 
 Vasconcel'los, Joaquim de, contemporary 
 Portuguese historiographer ; has publ. the bio- 
 graphical dictionary " Os musicos portuguezes 
 ..." (1870), containing much new matter, and 
 many emendations of old ; a monograph on ' ' Lu- 
 iza Todi" (1873) ; an " Ensajo critico sobre o 
 catalogo del rey Don Joao IV. " (1873) ; also con- 
 tributed to Pougin's supplement to Fetis' " Bio- 
 graphie universelle." 
 
 Vasseur, L6on(-F61ix-Augustin-Joseph), 
 b. Bapaume, Pas-de-Calais, May 28, 1844. Pu- 
 pil of the Ecole Niedermeyer ; from 1870, organ- 
 ist of Versailles Cathedral ; chef d'orchestre at the 
 Folies-Bergere and the Concerts de Paris (1882). 
 Since 1872 he has prod, over 30 operettas, comic 
 operas, and the like, on minor Parisian stages ; 
 La timbale d'argent (1872) was very success- 
 ful ; some of the latest are Le voyage de Suzette 
 (1890), La famille V^nus (1891), Le pays de Vor 
 (1892), Le commandant LaripHe (1892), Le Pri- 
 teniaine {liij'i), La pension Tonchard, Aspasie, 
 La foire aux amours, etc. Publ. " L'ofBce di- 
 vin," a coll. of masses, offertories, antiphones, 
 etc. ; a method f. organ and harmonium ; tran- 
 scriptions f. harmonium and pf. 
 
 Vaucorbeil, Auguste-Emmanuel, b. Rouen, 
 Dec. 15, 1821 ; d. Paris, Nov. 2, 1884. Pupil of 
 Marmontel, Dourlen, and Cherubini, at Paris 
 Cons. ; made himself known bysongs and 2 string- 
 quartets ; prod, a comic opera, Bataille d'amour 
 (1863), and a very successful lyric scene. La mart 
 de Diane, at the Concerts spirituels. In 1872, 
 government commissioner forthe subsidized thea- 
 tres of Paris ; in 1880, Director of the Opera. He 
 also prod, pf.-pieces, sacred songs, etc. 
 
 Vavrinecz, Mauritius, b. Czegled, Hun- 
 gary, July 18, 1858 ; pupil of the Pesth Cons., 
 later of R. Volkmann. Cathedral-conductor at 
 Pesth. — Works : The4-actoperai?ajf(r/;^(Prague, 
 1895; succes d'estime); l-act opera Rosamunda 
 (Frankfort-on-Main, 1895 ; succ.) ; oratorio 
 Christus ; Stabat Mater (1886); 5 masses; a 
 Requiem ; a symphony ; overture to Byron's 
 Bride of Abydos ; a " Dithyrambe " f. full orch. ; 
 etc. 
 
 Vec'chi, Orazio, b. Modena, i55i(?) ; d. there 
 Feb. ig, 1605. Distinguished composer ; maestro 
 at Modena Cath. from 1596. His most interest- 
 ing work is the Amfiparnasso, " comedia har- 
 monica" (publ. Venice, 1597), perf. at Modena 
 in 1594 ; a kind of musical farce written, not in 
 the monodic style of Peri's Dafne (prod, in the, 
 same year), but in madrigal-style, with the mono- 
 logues, duets, and turbe (choruses) all sung by 
 several voices (i.e., a chorus a 4-5). V. was an 
 exquisite composer of madrigals and canzonets ; 
 of especial note are the " Selva di varie ricrea- 
 tioni " a 3-10 (Venice, 1590; and ed. 1595; con- 
 tains " Madrigali, Capricci, Balli, Arie, Justini- 
 ane, Canzonette, Fantasie.Serenate, Dialoghi, un 
 
 Lotto amoroso, con una Battaglia a 10 nel fine ed 
 accommodatavi la intavolatura di liuto alle Arie, 
 ai Balli ed alle Canzonette "), and " Le Veglie di 
 Siena da 3 a 6 voci, ovvero i varii humeri della 
 musica moderna " (Venice, 1604 ; also 1605 as 
 " Noctes ludicrae "; presents musical characteri- 
 zations of the various moods, as ' ' grave, allegro, 
 dolente, lusinghiero, affettuoso," etc.). There 
 were also publ. (besides detached numbers in nu- 
 merous coll.s from 1575-1615), 4 books of can- 
 zonette a 4 (1580 [2nd ed.], '80, '85, 'go ; often 
 republ.) ;selectedcanzonia4(Phal^se : Antwerp, 
 161 1 ; also, with German words, at Nuremberg, 
 l6oi, and Gera, 1614) ; canzonette a 6 (1387) ; 2 
 books of canzonette a 3 (1597, 'gg ; Book i with 
 Ger. version added, 1608) ; 2 boolcs of madrigals 
 « 6, with some (T 7-10 (1583 [often republ.], isgi); 
 one of madrigals a 5 (i58g) ; a " Convito musi- 
 cale" a 3-8 (l5g7) ; — further, various sacred com- 
 positions (V. was a noted church-comp.) : Lamen- 
 tations for 4 equal voices (1587) ; a book of 
 motets «4-8 (i5go ; republ. by Phal^sein 1597) ; 
 one a 5-8 (1597) ; one a 6 (1604) ; Hymns forthe 
 entire church-year, " partim brevi stilo super 
 cantu piano, partim proprium arte " (1604 ; 3 4) ; 
 masses a 6 and 8 (1607 ; some reprinted by Pha- 
 I4se in 1612). 
 
 Vec'chi, Orfeo, b. Milan, about 1540 ; d. 
 there 1613. Noted church-comp. ; maestrosXihi 
 church of Santa Maria della Scala, where most 
 of his MSS. are preserved. — Extant publ. works: 
 I book of motets a 6 (1603) ; another 04(1603); 
 and psalms a 5, w. 2 Magnificats, etc. (1614). 
 
 Veit, Wenzel Heinrich [Vaclav Jindrich], 
 
 b. Repnic, n. Leitmeritz, Bohemia, Jan. 19, 
 1806 ; d. Leitmeritz, Feb. 16, 1864, as president 
 of the district court. A self-taught musician, 
 and excellent composer. — ^Works : A solemn 
 mass, a Te Deum, graduals ; a festival cantata ; 
 a symphony, a concert-overture, and chamber- 
 music (5 string-quintets, 6 string-quartets, a 
 trio) ; male choruses in Bohemian and German ; 
 songs. 
 
 Vellu'ti, Giovanni Battista, the last cele- 
 brated sopranista (tnusico) ; b. Monterone, An- 
 cona, 1781 ; d. San Burson, in Feb., 1861. 
 Pupil of Calpi at Ravenna ; sang with great 
 success in Italy, also in London (1825). 
 
 Venatori'ni. See Mysliweczek. 
 
 Veno'sa, Prince of. See Gesualdo. 
 
 Ven'to, Ivo de, Spanish musician, organist of 
 the Court Chapel at Munich. — Publ. motets a 4 
 (1569 ; 1574) ; do. a 5 (1570) ; several books of 
 " Neue teutsche Lieder "03 (1572, '73> '76.' 91). 
 and a 4-6 (1570, '71, '82). MS. masses in 
 Munich Library. 
 
 Ven'to, Mattia, b. Naples, 1739 ; ^- London, 
 1777. Pupil of the Cons, di Loreto, Naples ; 
 prod. 2 operas in Naples, and 4 in London ; 
 publ. 6 string-trios, 36 pf.-trios, 6 pf.-sonatas, 
 12 canzonets f. 1-2 voices. 
 
 597 
 
VENTU RELLI— VERDI 
 
 Venturel'Ii, Vincenzo, dram. comp. and 
 song-writer ; b. Mantua, Apr. ig, 1S51 ; d. there 
 (by suicide), Aug. 22, 1895. Contributor to the 
 IMilan " Gazzetta Musicale." — Operas, // conie 
 di Lara (Florence, 1876 ; mod. succ.) ; Maria di 
 Xeres (not perf.). 
 
 Venza'no, Luigi, b. Genoa, about 1814 ; d. 
 there Jan. 26, 1878. For years 1st 'cello in the 
 Carlo Felice Th. ; also teacher of 'cello-playing 
 at the Cons. — Works : Many songs (his " Valzer 
 cantabile," often sung in the lesson-scene of the 
 Barbiere, made him popular) ; an opera £en- 
 vcnuto Cellini (Genoa, 1870 ?)'; an operetta 
 buffa in 2 acts. La notte degli schiajffi (Genoa, 
 1873) ; a ballet, Lidia ; 12 Solfeggi ; pf.-music. 
 
 Veraci'ni, Antonio, Florentine violinist. — 
 Pubr. op. I, sonatas f. 2 vlns. and bass, w. con- 
 tinue (1692) ; op. 2, church-sonatas f . vin. and 
 bass ; op. 3, chamber-sonatas f. 2 vlns. w. bass 
 and cont. (1696). One sonata from op. i, and 
 another from op. 2, have been republ. by G. 
 Jensen. — His nephew, 
 
 Veraci'ni, Francesco Maria, celebrated vio- 
 linist ; b. Florence, about 1685 ; d. near Pisa, 
 about 1750. Appearing at Venice after successful 
 tours, he had great influence on Tartini's style ; 
 was for 2 years (1715-17) soloist at the Italian 
 Opera in London ; for 5 years chamber-virtuoso 
 at Dresden ; then for a long time with Count 
 Kinskyat Prague; retired to Pisa in 1747, after 
 unsuccessful rivalry (1736) with Geminiani at 
 London. — Publ. 24 violin-sonatas w. bass, in 2 
 books (in Jensen's " Classische Violinmusik," 
 may be found his concert-sonata, and 2 others) ; 
 other works MS. 
 
 Verdelot, (Italianized Verdelotto,) Philippe, 
 
 famous Belgian madrigal-composer ; for a time 
 a singer at San Marco, Venice; between 1530- 
 40 in Florence; died before 1567. — Extant 
 printed works : ' ' Madrigali . . . da can tare 
 et sonare nel liuto " (1536) ; 3 books of madrigals 
 « 4 (1537); together (1566); : do. a 5 (1538) I 
 "Verdelot, La piu divina e piu bella musica, 
 che se udisse giamai delli present! Madrigali a 
 sei voci " (1541) ; also colls, of madrigals a 4-5 
 (1540, '41, '46, '66), and a 4 (1541) ; — a book of 
 motets, " Philippi Verdeloti electiones diver- 
 sorum motettorum distinctae 4 vocum " (1549) ; 
 detached motets in Gardane's " Motetti del 
 frutto," J. Moderne's " Motetti del fiore," Mon- 
 tan-Neuber's " Magnum opus," Kriesstein's 
 "Cantiones selectissimae," Graphaeus' " Novum 
 et insigne opus," Attaignant's great coll., etc.; 
 a mass is in Scotto's " Missarum quinque liber 
 primus cum 4 voc." (1544). 
 
 Ver'di, (Fortunio) Giuseppe (Francesco), 
 
 most eminent among contemporary Italian opera- 
 composers ; b. at the village of Le Roncole, n. 
 Busseto, Duchy of Parma, Oct. g, 1813. His 
 father was an innkeeper and grocer ; the son's 
 precocious talent was trained for a year by the 
 village organist, Baistrocchi, whom V. succeeded 
 at the age of ten, and for three more by Ferdi- 
 
 nando Provesi at Busseto ; in 1831, with pecuniary 
 aid from his father's friend Antonio Barezzi of 
 Busseto, he repaired 
 to Milan, but was 
 refused admission to 
 the Conservatory by 
 Basili, the Director, 
 on the score of lack 
 of musical talent. V. 
 took private lessons 
 in composition of 
 Lavigna, cembalist at 
 La Scala ; in 1833 he 
 returned to Busseto as 
 conductor of the Phil- 
 harm. Soc. , and or- 
 ganist ; and in 1836 
 married Barezzi's daughter Margherita. In 1838, 
 with his wife and two children, he returned to 
 Milan with the finished score of an opera Oberto, 
 conte di San Bonifacio, which was accepted by 
 Merelli, the impresario for La Scala, and per- 
 formed with success on Nov.17,1839. [Before this 
 time he had written, between 13 and 18, marches 
 for brass band, short symphonies, six concertos 
 and variations f. pf. (which he played himself), 
 many serenate, cantate, arie, duetti, terzetti, and 
 church-works (e. g., a Stabat Mater) ; also, dur- 
 ing the first three years at Milan, 2 symphonies 
 and a cantata ; then in Busseto, a " Messa," a 
 " Vespro," 3 Tantum ergos, other church-music, 
 and choruses to A. Manzoni's tragedies, and "II 
 cinque Maggio."] Merelli immediately com- 
 missioned him to write 3 operas, one every eight 
 months, at 4000 lire apiece, with half the pro- 
 ceeds of the copyright. Tlie first was a comic 
 opera, Un giorno di regno. In the midst of the 
 work, his wife and both children died in swift 
 succession ; small wonder that an opera distaste- 
 ful in subject, and completed under such con- 
 ditions, should have proved a " dead failure" 
 (Milan, Sept. 5, 1840). V. was so discouraged 
 and despondent, that he determined to give up 
 composition for good. However, some time 
 after, Merelli persuaded him to set to music 
 Solera's Nabucco (Nebuchadnezzar), which was 
 given at La Scala on Mar. 9, 1842, with tremen- 
 dous applause ; Signorina Strepponi, V.'s future 
 spouse, taking the role of Abigaile. The success 
 of / Lombardi alia prima Crociaia, also at La 
 Scala, on Feb. 11, 1843, was yet more emphatic, 
 especially as voicing, symbolically, the national 
 aspirations of the patriotic Milanese. This work 
 has survived the test of time ; it is still played in 
 Italy, and was successful in Brussels, though less 
 so at Paris (as Jerusalem ; under which title it was 
 revived at Amsterdam in 1895). Ernani, written 
 for La Fenice Th. at Venice after Victor Hugo's 
 Hernani, was greeted (Mar. 9, 1844) with enthu- 
 siasm, and prod, on 15 different stages within 9 
 months. In this year he married Giuseppina 
 Strepponi [see below]. Now followed a series of 
 works which added nothing to the composer's 
 fame — / due Foscari (Rome, Nov. 3, 1844), 
 Giovanna d'Arco (Milan, Feb. 15, 1845), Ahira 
 
 59S 
 
VERDI— VERHULST 
 
 (Naples, Aug. 12, 1845), Attila (Venice, Mar. 
 17, 1846), Macbeth (Florence, Mar. 14, 1847), 
 / Masnadieri [after Schiller's Rduber\ (London, 
 H. M.'s Th., July 22, 1847), Jerusalem [/ 
 Lombardi revised and augmented] (Paris, Grand 
 Opera, Nov. 26, 1847), II Corsaro (Trieste, 
 Oct. 25, 1848), and La battaglia di Legnano 
 [later as I'Assedio d'Arleni] (Rome, Jan. 27, 
 1849). Luisa Miller had real success at the 
 Teatro San Carlo, Naples, Dec. 8, 1849, and 
 still holds the stage in Italy. SHffelio (Trieste, 
 Nov. 16, 1850 ; prod, later as Guglielmo Weling- 
 rode ; also, with another libretto, as Aroldo) was 
 a failure. Rigoletto, written in 40 days, and 
 brought out at Venice, La Fenice Th., Mar. 11, 
 i85iXhas also been given as Viscardello], ushered 
 in Verdi's most brilliant period ; it was followed 
 by// Trovatore (Rome, Apollo Th., Jan. ig, 
 1853), and La Traviata (Venice, La Fenice Th., 
 Mar. 6, 1853 ; also given as Violetta), works 
 which established his fame as the greatest living 
 Italian composer of opera. For the ensuing 18 
 years, no signal triumph was recorded ; Les 
 vlpres siciliennes (Paris, Opera, June 13, 1855 ; 
 in Italian / vespri siciliani ; also given as Gio- 
 vanna di Guzman), Simon Boccanegra (Venice, 
 Mar. 12, 1857 ; revised, and successfully revived 
 at Milan, Apr. 12, 1881), Aroldo [a revision of 
 Stiffeli6\ (Rimini, Aug. 16, 1857), Un ballo in 
 maschera (Rome, Feb. 17, 1859), La forza del 
 destino (St. Petersburg, Nov. 10, 1862), Mac- 
 beth [revised] (Paris, Apr. 2i, 1865), and Don 
 Carlos (Paris, Opera, Mar. II, 1867), were re- 
 ceived either coolly, or with moderate applause. 
 In La forza del destino, however, began a tran- 
 sition to a richer and more elaborate style of 
 instrumentation and harmony, which attained 
 very marked development in .^^iV/fe, written for 
 the Khedive of Egypt, and first.perf. at Cairo, 
 Dec. 24, 1871 ; its overwhelming success there 
 was intensified at Milan (La Scala, Feb. 8, 
 1872), and good fortune has attended its pro- 
 duction throughout Europe (Berlin, 1874 ; Vienna, 
 1875 ; Paris and London, 1876 ; Brussels, 1877 ; 
 etc.). His Manzoni Requiem, prod, in 1874, 
 rasAt a. furore in Italy; its markedly theatrical 
 style has prevented an equally warm reception in 
 Germany and England, despite its undeniable 
 musical beauties. His last stage-works were 
 OW/o (Milan, Feb. 5, 1887), s.-a.A. Falstaffi^Wm, 
 Feb. 9, 1893) ; the latter, especially, seems des- 
 tined for a long and prosperous career. Un- 
 doubtedly influenced by his contemporaries 
 Meyerbeer, Gounod, and Wagner in his treat- 
 ment of the orchestra, Verdi's dramatic style 
 nevertheless shows a natural and individual de- 
 velopment, and has remained essentially Italian 
 as an orchestral accompaniment of vocal melody; 
 but his later instrumentation is far more careful 
 in detail and luxuriant than that of the earlier 
 Italian school, and his melody more passionate 
 and poignant in expression. In 1893 he received 
 the title of " Marchese di Busseto " from the 
 King of Italy. He is living in retirement at his 
 villa Sant' Agata, near Busseto.— Besides the 
 
 works enumerated above, V. has written 2 books 
 of Romances, 2 songs for bass, a Notturno a 3 
 (S. T. B.), etc.; an " Inno delle Nazioni," for 
 the London Exhibition (1862) ; a Pater noster 
 and an Ave Maria ; and a string-quartet (1873). 
 — Biographical : The latest and best biography is 
 that by Gino Monaldi (publ. only in a German 
 translation by Ludwig Holthof, at Leipzig, 
 1898), " Giuseppe Verdi und seine Werke," a 
 well-written, interesting, and reliable work. 
 Further, by Pougin, "Verdi, souvenirs anecdo- 
 tiques " (Paris, 1878; in English, 1887; also ir 
 a fine Italian ed., with valuable notes and addi- 
 tions b^ " Folchetto ") ; by Eugenio Checchi, 
 " Giuseppe Verdi, il genio e le opere " (Florence, 
 1887); by Blanche Roosevelt, "Verdi, Milan, 
 and Otello" (London, 1887); by G. Perosio, 
 " Cenni biografici," and B. Bermani, " Schizzi " 
 (both at Milan: Ricordi) ; by Basevi, "Studio 
 suUe opere di G. V." (Florence, 1859) ; also cf. 
 Fetis, Grove, Hanslick (" Die moderne Oper," 
 p. 217), etc. 
 
 Ver'di, Giuseppina, n^e Strepponi, dramatic 
 soprano ; wife of Giuseppe Verdi ; b. Lodi, Sept. 
 18, 1815; d. Busseto, Nov. 14, 1897. Daughter 
 of the dramatic composer Feliciano S. [d. Trieste, 
 1S32]. Pupil of Milan Cons. 1830-5 ; debut 
 Trieste, 1835, in Matilde di Shabran ; immedi- 
 ately eng. for the Italian Opera at Vienna. Sang 
 later in chief Italian towns; at La Scala, Milan, 
 in Donizetti's Belisario ; on Mar. 9 she created 
 the r61e of Abigaile in Verdi's Nabucco, and 
 shared the young composer's triumph. After 
 their marriage in 1844 she retired from the 
 stage. 
 
 Verdonck, Cornelius, b. Turnhout, Belgium, 
 1564; d. Antwerp, July 4, 1625. — Works: French 
 chansons ; 2 books of madrigals a 6 ; I do. a g ; 
 and a Magnificat a 5 (1585). 
 
 Vere, Clementine DuchSne de [de Vere- 
 Sapio], b. in Paris. Her father was a Belgian 
 nobleman ; her mother, an English lady. Her 
 mus. education was completed under Mme. Al- 
 bertini-Baucarde, at Florence ; successful debut 
 there at 16, as Marguerite de Valois in Les 
 Huguenots; then sang with equal fortune at 
 leading theatres in Italy, France, Spain, and 
 Mexico ; was also welcomed in Berlin, London, 
 Australia, and the United States as a highly ac- 
 complished concert- and oratorio-singer. At New 
 York, in 1896, she assumed the part of Mar- 
 guerite in Berlioz's Damnation de Faust; in 1897, 
 as a member of the Abbey & Grau troupe, she 
 interpreted the roles of Violetta, Gilda, Micaela, 
 Marguerite de Valois, the Infanta (Le Cid), 
 Marguerite (Gounod's Faust), and Ophelia, with 
 good success. Her voice is a well-schooled, 
 powerful, and brilliant high soprano ; she excels 
 in coloratura. Other chief roles are Lucia and 
 Dinoraji. 
 
 Verhulst, Johannes (Josephus Herman), 
 
 b. The Hague, Mar. 19, 1816 ; d. there Jan. 17, 
 1891. Studied there, at the Cons. , under Volcke ; 
 
 599 
 
VERNIER— VIARDOT-GARCIA 
 
 entered the orch. as a violinist ; won several 
 prizes for comp. ; was a pupil of Joseph Klein 
 at Cologne, and Mendelssohn (1838) at Leipzig, 
 where he conducted the "Euterpe" Concerts 
 till 1842 ; then became Royal Mus. Dir. at The 
 Hague, and in 1848 cond. of the concerts given 
 by the ' ' Maatschappij tot bevordering der toon- 
 kunst " at Rotterdam. He organized all the 
 great Dutch mus. festivals since 1850. He cond. 
 the "Diligentia" Concerts at The Hague 1860- 
 86, then retiring; also the "Cicilia" Concerts, 
 etc. He was a leader among contemporary Dutch 
 composers. — Works : A symphony, 3 overtures, 
 and an Intermezzo, f. orch. ; 7 festival Cantatas ; 
 a Tantum ergo f. ch. and orch. ; a Clemens est 
 Dominus f. double-chorus and orch. ; a mass f. 
 4 solo voices, ch. and orch. ; other sacred music ; 
 choruses, songs ; and 3 string-quartets. 
 
 Vernier, Jean-Aim6, b. Paris, Aug. 16, 1769; 
 d. (?). Harpist at the Opera-Comique, 1795 ; at 
 the Opera 1813-38 ; then pensioned. — Publ. 
 sonatas f. solo harp, and f. violin and harp ; a 
 quartet f. harp, pf. , oboe, and horn ; trios f. harp, 
 flute, and 'cello ; harp-duos ; fantasias, var.s, 
 etc., f. harp. 
 
 Vero'vio,Simone,thefirstcopper-platemusic- 
 printer, working at Rome about 1586-1604. His 
 process marked a long step beyond Petrucci's 
 movable types. 
 
 Vesque von Piitt'lingen, Johann (pen-name 
 "J. Hoven"), b. Opole, Poland, July 23, 1803 ; 
 d. Vienna, Oct. 30, 1883. Intended for a govern- 
 ment career, he took the degree of Dr. juris at 
 Vienna, and became a councillor of state ; but 
 studied music under Moscheles and Sechter, was 
 an excellent pianist, and made his mark as a 
 comp. of operas ; Turandot, 1838 ; Johanna 
 d^Arc^ 1840 ; Lieheszauber \Kdthchen von Heil- 
 bronn\, 1845 ; Ein Abenteuer Karls II., 1850 ; 
 Der lustige Rath, 1852 ; and Lifs Tellian, 1854. 
 Also publ. " Das musikalische Autorrecht " 
 (1865). 
 
 Viada'na, Ludovico (da), rede Ludovico 
 Grossi, b. Viadana, n. Mantua, 1564 ; d. Gual- 
 tieri. May 2, 1645. Maestro at Mantua. Caih. , 
 1594-1609 ; later at Fano, Papal States, at Con- 
 cordia in Venetia, and finally at Mantua in 1644. 
 This famous church-composer was formerly ac- 
 credited with the invention of the basso continue 
 (thorough-bass) ; but Ten's £uridice {pnhl. 1600) 
 has a figured bass in certain numbers, as well as 
 Banchieri's ''Concerti ecclesiastici " (publ. 1595); 
 whereas V.'s "Cento concerti . . . con il 
 basso continuo " did not appear till 1602. Ap- 
 parently, however, he .was the first to write 
 church-concertos with so few parts that the organ- 
 continuo was employed as a necessary harmonic 
 support. — Works : Canzonets a 4 (1590) and a 3 
 (1594) ; madrigals a 4 (1591) and a 6 (1593) ; 
 masses a 4 (1596 ; often republ.) ; 2 books of 
 vesper-psalms a 5 (1595, 1604), and a 8 (1602) ; 
 "Falsi bordoni " a 5 (1596); 2 books " Com- 
 pletorium romanum " a 8 (1597, 1608) ; motets a 
 8 (1597) ; psalms and Magnificats a 4 (1598; 
 
 often republ.) ; " Gificium defunctorum " (1600) ; 
 the celebrated " Cento Concerti ecclesiastici a i, 
 a 2, a 3 et a 4 voci con il basso continuo per 
 sonar nell' organo. Nova inventione comoda 
 per ogni sorte di Cantori e per gli Organisti " 
 (Venice, Book i, 1602 ; 4th ed. 1611, also as 
 " Opus musicum sacrorum concentuum . . . ", 
 Frankfort, 1612 ; Book ii, 1607 ; Book iii, 1611 
 [2nd ed.] ; complete ed. " Opera omnium sa- 
 crorum concentuum i, 2, 3 et 4 vocum . . . ", 
 containing 146 motets and sacred concerts, Frank- 
 fort, 1620); Litanies fl 3-12 (1607 [2nd ed.] ) ; 
 " Ofificium ac missae defunctorum 5 voc." (1604) ; 
 " Lamentationes Hieremiae " f. 4 equal voices 
 (1609) ; " Symphonic musicali " a 8, for all kinds 
 of instr.s, w. fig. organ-bass (1610) ; " Respon- 
 soria ad lamentationes Hieremiae 4 voc." (1609) ; 
 " Completorium romanum quaternis vocibus de- 
 cantandum, una cum b. cont. pro organo " (1609); 
 ' ' Salmi a 4 voci pari col basso per I'organo, brevi, 
 comodi ed ariosi con 2 Magnificat " (1610) ; Te 
 Deum and Salve regina a 8 (1612) ; " 24 Credo 
 a canto fermo ..." (1619) ; and (posthu- 
 mous) " Missa defunctorum " a 3 (1667). 
 
 Viane'sj, A uguste- Charles- L^onard- 
 Frangois, b. Leghorn, Nov. 2, 1837. He 
 finished his mus. education in Paris, whither he 
 had come in 1857 with a letter of recommenda- 
 tion to Rossini ; in 1859 became cond. at Drury 
 Lane, London ; was then at New York, Moscow, 
 and St. Petersburg, later conducting Italian 
 opera for 12 years at Covent Garden ; has also 
 cond. Italian opera-troupes in many other cities. 
 On July I, 1887, he was chosen to succeed Altes 
 as 1st che/ d'orchestre at the Grand Opera, 
 Paris ; conducted opera in New York, 1891-2. 
 
 Viardot-Garcia, (Michelle-Ferdinande-) 
 Pauline, fampus dramatic singer, daughter of 
 Manuel del Popolo Garcia ; b. Paris, July 18, 
 1821. She was taken by her parents to England 
 and America ; had pf. -lessons from Vega, 
 organist at Mexico Cath. , also (on returning to 
 Paris in 1828) from Meysenberg and Liszt. Her 
 father and mother both gave her vocal instruction ; 
 Reicha was her teacher in harmony. Her con- 
 cert debut was at Brussels in 1837 ; after singing 
 in Germany and Paris, she came out in opera at 
 London, 1839, as Desdemona in Othello, and was 
 eng. by Viardot, the director of the Theatre 
 Italien, Paris. She sang there until her marriage 
 with M. Viardot in 1841 ; he then accompanied 
 her on long tours throughout Europe. In 1B49 
 she created the role of Fides in Le ProphHe at 
 the Grand Opera, Paris, and that of Sapho in 
 Gounod's opera, 1851 ; after another succession 
 of tours, she took the role of Orphee in Berlioz's 
 revival of Gluck's opera at the Th.-Lyrique, 
 1859, singing the part 150 nights to crowded 
 houses. In 1861 she also took part in the re- 
 vival of Gluck's Alceste, most admirably inter- 
 preting the excessively difiicult title-role. She 
 retired to Baden-Baden in 1863 ; since 1871 she 
 has dwelt in Paris and Bougival. Her voice was 
 a mezzo-soprano of extraordinary compass (from 
 
 600 
 
VICENTINO— VIEUXTEMPS 
 
 bass c to/s), and while neither sweet nor even, 
 lent itself readily to every form of dramatic ex- 
 pression. She was a wonderful actress. For 
 some years she taught at the Paris Cons.; among 
 her pupils were Desiree Artot, Orgeni, Antoinette 
 Sterling, and Marianne Brandt. A thoroughly 
 trained musician, she has also comp. operas, one 
 of which, Le dernier sorcier^ was perf . at Weimar, 
 Karlsruhe, and Riga as Der letzte Zauberer; this 
 opera, I' Ogre, and Trap de femmes, were given 
 at her private theatre in Baden-Baden. About 
 60 vocal melodies have beenpubl., and have won 
 wide popularity ; also 6 pieces f. pf. and violin, 
 andan"Ecole classique de chant." A biogr. 
 sketch of Mme. Viardot-Garcia, by La Mara, is 
 publ. by Breitkopf & Hartel. — Her daughter, 
 Mme. Louise Hiritte-Viardot, b. Paris, Dec. 
 14, 1841, taught singing at the Hoch Cons., 
 Frankfort, for some years (till 1886), and then 
 establ. a vocal school at Berlin ; comp. 2 comic 
 operas, Lindoro (Weimar, 1879) and Das Bac- 
 chusfest (Stockholm, 1880) ; a pf.-quartet ; a 
 terzetto f. female voices, etc. Two other daugh- 
 ters, Mme. Chamerot-V., and Marianne V., 
 are fine concert-singers ; her son, Paul Viardot, 
 b. Courtavent, July 20, 1857, and a pupil of 
 Leonard, is an excellent violinist; in 1893 he 
 was temporarily chef d'orchestre at the Opera. 
 
 Vicenti'no, Nicola, b. Vicenza, 1511 ; d. 
 Milan, about 1576. Pupil of Willaert at Venice; 
 maestro and music-master to the Princes d'Este 
 at Ferrara; then for some years in the service of 
 Cardinal Ippolito d'Este at Rome. Here his 
 book of madrigals o 5, an attempt to revive the 
 chromatic and enharmonic genera of the Greeks, 
 led to an academic controversy with the learned 
 Portuguese musician Lusitano ; defeated, V. 
 publ. a theoretical treatise, " L'antica musica 
 ridotta alia moderna prattica" (1555), which 
 likewise contains a description of his invention, 
 an instr. called the archicembalo (having 6 key- 
 boards, with separate strings and keys for 
 distinguishing the ancient genera — diatonic, 
 chromatic, and enharmonic). He also invented 
 and described (1561) an " Archiorgano." In 
 chromatic composition he was followed by 
 Cyprian de Rore and Gesualdo. His work paved 
 the way for the monodic style, and the eventual 
 disuse of the church-modes. 
 
 Victoria. See Vittoiua. 
 
 Vidal, Louis-Antoine, b. Rouen, July 10, 
 1820. Writer and. musician ; 'cello-pupil of 
 Franchomme. — Publ. ' ' Les instruments k archet, 
 les faiseurs, les joueurs d'instr.s, leur histoire 
 sur le continent europeen, suivie d'un catalogue 
 general de la musique de chambre" (3 vol.s ; 
 Paris, 1876-8 ; with 120 illustrative plates en- 
 graved by P'rederic Hillemacher), an interesting 
 and important work : — also an extract from the 
 above, "La chapelle St.-JuIien-des-Menetriers" 
 (1878), and "La lutherie et les luthiers" (1889). 
 
 Vidal, Paul-Antonin, b. Toulouse, June 16, 
 1863. Pupil of Paris Cons. ; first Grand pri.K de 
 
 Rome, 1881. In 1894 he succeeded Mouzin as 
 teacher of the solfige-class at the Cons. ; became 
 cond. of the Sunday Concerts at the Grand 
 Opera ; and in 1896 succeeded Madier de Mont- 
 jau as chef d'orchestre at the Grand Opera. 
 Besides 3 pantomines he has prod, the 3-act 
 lyric fantasy Eros (1892), a ballet. La Maladetta 
 (1893), 2 l-act operettas, Le mariage d' Yvettc, 
 and La divotion k St.-Andr^, and the 3-act 
 lyric drama Guernica (Opera-Coraique, 1895) ; 
 numerous choral comp.s ; an orch.l suite, " Les 
 mystires d'Eleusis," etc. 
 
 Vier'dank, Johann, organist of the Marien- 
 kirche, Stralsund. — Publ. " Neue Pavanen, 
 Gagliarden, Ballette und Concerte" f. 2 vlns., 
 violone, and b. cent. (1641) ; and " Geistliche 
 Concerte " a 2-4, w. basso cont. (1642, '43). 
 
 Vier'ling, Johann Gottfried, b. Metzels, n. 
 Meiningen, Jan. 26, 1750 ; d. as organist at 
 Schmalkalden, Nov. 22, 1813, having succeeded 
 his teacher, Tischler. Also studied with C. Ph. 
 E. Bach, and Kirnberger.^ — Publ. " 12 leichte 
 Orgelstilcke " ; " Versuch einer Anleitung zu 
 Praludiren fur Ungeubtere" (1794) ; " Sammlung 
 leichter Orgelstilcke" (1794); "48 leichte Or- 
 gelstilcke" (1795); "Sammlung 3-stimmiger 
 Orgelstilcke" (1802); " Allgemein fasslicher 
 Unterricht im Generalbass" (1805); "Leichte 
 Choralvorspiele " (1807) ; also a Choralbuch a 4, 
 w. Introd. to thorough-bass (1789) ; a pf.-quartet, 
 2 pf. -trios, and 6 pf. -sonatas. 
 
 Vier'ling, Georg, b. Frankenthal, Palatinate, 
 Sept. 5, 1820. Pupil of his father, the organist 
 Jacob V. [1796-1867] ; then of Neeb at Frank- 
 fort (pf.), Rinck at Darmstadt (org.), Marx at 
 Berlin (comp.; 1842-5); 1847, organist of the 
 Oberkirche, Frankfort-on-Oder ; 1852-3, cond. 
 of the Liedertafel at Mayence ; then settled in 
 BSrlin, where he founded and for some years 
 conducted the Bach- Verein ; received the title 
 of " R. Mus. Dir." in 1859, and shortly after 
 resigned his public positions to devote himself 
 to composition. — Works : The secular cantatas 
 (oratorios) Der Raub der Sabinerinnen (op. 50), 
 Alarichs Tod {op. 58), and Constantin (op. 64) ; 
 Psalm 137, f. tenor solo, ch., and orch., op. 22 ; 
 Hero und Leander, f . do. op. 30 ; Zttr Weinlese, 
 I. soli, male ch., and orch., op. 32 ; Zechcantate, 
 f. soli, male ch., and pf., op. 10 ; Psalm 100 f. 
 mixed chorus a cappella ; many other choral 
 works with and without accomp. ; — a symphony 
 in C, op. 33 ; overtures to The Tempest, Maria 
 Sticart, Die Hermannsschlacht [Kleist], Die 
 Hexe [Fitger], and " Im Frilhling" ; Capriccio 
 f. pf. w. orch.; Phantasiestilck f. violin w. small 
 orch.; Phantasie f. pf. and 'cello; 3 Phantasie- 
 stlicke f . do. ; Phantasiestilcke f . pf . and violin ; 
 a string-quartet, op. 56 ; a pf.-trio, op. 51 ; pf.- 
 pieces (sonata, op. 44 ; Valse-Caprice, op. 43 ; 2 
 Impromptus, op. 53 ; etc.) ; organ-pieces, op. 
 23 ; etc. 
 
 Vieuxtenips, Henri, b. Verviers, Belgium, 
 Feb. 20, 1820; d. Mustapha, Algiers, June 6, 
 
 601 
 
VIEUXTEMPS— VILLOTEAU 
 
 1881. Famous violinist; his first teaclier was his 
 father, a piano-tuner and instrument-maker, who 
 soon turned him over 
 to Lecloux, with 
 whom he made a 
 concert-tour at 8. 
 From 1829-30 he 
 studied with de Be- 
 riot at Brussels ; 
 played successfully 
 at concerts in Paris ; 
 Studied harmony 
 with Sechter at Vi- 
 enna in 1833, while 
 on a German tour ; 
 visited London in 
 
 1834, and took a 
 course in composition with Reicha at Paris in 
 
 1835, producing some original works next year 
 in Holland. In 1837 he revisited Vienna, and 
 made successful Russian tours in 1838-g ; com- 
 posed the Concerto No. I, in E, and the Fan- 
 taisie-Caprice in A, making with the former, 
 especially, a profound impression at Antwerp 
 (1840), and at Paris and London (1841). From 
 1844-5 ^^ toured America ; from 1846-52 he was 
 solo violinist to the Czar, and prof, at the St. 
 Petersburg Cons. ; then recommenced his wan- 
 derings. He twice revisited America ; in 1857, 
 with Thalberg, and in 1870, with Christine 
 Nilsson and Marie Krebs. From 1871-3 he 
 was prof, of violin-playing at the Brussels Cons.; 
 in the latter year a stroke of paralysis, affect- 
 ing his left side, cut short his career as a vir- 
 tuoso ; though he still taught for a time, after 
 partial recovery. With de Beriot he stood at 
 the head of the modern French school of violin- 
 playing ; many of his compositions still grace the 
 repertory of leading violinists. — Works : 6 con- 
 certos — No. I, op. 10, in E ; 2. op. 19, in F J 
 min. ; 3. op. 25, in A ; 4. op. 31, in D min.; 5. 
 op. 37, in A min. ; 6. op. 47, in G ; — several con- 
 certinos ; Fantaisie w. orch. ; Ballade and Polo- 
 naise, w. orch.; Fantaisie-Caprice, w. orch.; 
 fantaisies on Slavic themes, op. 21, 27 ; Introd. 
 et Rondo, op. 29; " Hommage a Paganini," 
 Caprice, op. 9 ; sonata, op. 12 ; var.s on " Yan- 
 kee Doodle," op. 17 ; Duo concertant f. pf. and 
 violin, on Don Giovanni^ op. 20 ; Duo brilliant 
 f. do., on Hungarian themes (w. Erkel) ; suite, 
 op. 43 ; 6 concert-studies w. pf. , op. 16 ; 3 ca- 
 denzas to Beethoven's violin-concerto ; fantaisies, 
 caprices, etc. ; — also 2 'cello-concertos ; an Elegy, 
 and a sonata, f. viola or 'cello ; a Grand duo f. 
 violin and 'cello (w. Servais) ; an overture (op. 
 41) on the Belgian national hymn ; etc. — Bio- 
 graphy by Radoux : " H . V. , sa vie et ses 
 oeuvres" (1891). 
 
 Vieuxtemps, Jules-Joseph-Ernest, brother 
 of preceding ; b. Brussels, Mar. 18, 1832 ; d. 
 Belfast, Mar. 20, 1 896. Was for years solo 'cellist 
 at the Italian Opera, London ; also in Halle's 
 orch. at Manchester. 
 
 Vilbac, (Alphonse-Charles-) Renaud de, 
 
 b. Montpellier, June 3, 1829 ; d. Paris, Mar. 19, 
 1884. Pianist and organist ; studied at the Paris 
 Cons, under Lemoine, Halevy, and Benoist, win- 
 ning the Grand prix de Rome in 1844 ; from 
 1856, organist at St.-Eugene, Paris. — Prod. 2 
 comic operas, Au clair de lune (1857), and Al- 
 manzor (1858) ; a method f. pf. ; and numerous 
 well-written pf.-pieces (3 Morceaux de salon, op. 
 23 ; 3 Caprices, op. 25 ; Elisir d'amore, op. 24 ; 
 " Les Amazones," galop ; etc.) 
 
 Villanis, Luigi Alberto, distinguished writer 
 and critic ; b. San Mauro, n. Turin, June 20, 
 1863. After taking the degree of LL.D. at 
 Turin Univ. in 1887, he gave up the law for 
 music, studying composition under Thermignon 
 at Turin, and finishing under Cravero. App. 
 prof, of mus. esthetics and history at Turin 
 Univ., 1890 ; gave well-attended lectures on the 
 philosophy of music, 1895-7 ; since i8go, con- 
 tributor to various papers, notably the " Gaz- 
 zetta Musicale " of Milan. — Publ. " II conlenuto 
 della musica" (i8gi) ; " Estetica del libretto 
 nella musica " (1892) ; " II leit-motiv neWa mu- 
 sica raoderna " (1891) ; " L'estetica e la Psyche 
 moderna nella musica contemporanea" (1895) ; 
 " Come si ascolta la musica, e come si dovrebbe 
 ascoltare" (l8g6) ; many essays in the " Gazz. 
 Mus. ," and critical studies in " L'illustration 
 italienne." Is preparing a comprehensive work 
 on the development of the several Schools of 
 Music, due to the clavichord and pianoforte. 
 
 Villaro'sa, Carlantonio de Rosa, marchese 
 di, b. Naples, Jan. i, 1762 ; d. there Jan. 30, 
 1847. App. Royal Historiographer in 1823. — 
 Publ. " Memorie dei compositore di musica del 
 regno di Napoli " (1840), now superseded by 
 Florimo's " Cenni storici " ; also " Lettera bio- 
 grafica intorno alia patria ed alia vita di G. B. 
 Pergolesi," a second ed. appearing in 1843 as 
 "Biografiadi G. B. P." 
 
 Villars, Fran9ois de, b. lie Bourbon, Jan. 
 26, 1825 ; d. Paris, Apr., 1879, where he was 
 mus. fetiilletoniste of " L'Europe," and writer 
 for " L'Art musical." — Publ. "La Serva fa- 
 drona, son apparition i Paris 1752, son analyse, 
 .son influence" (1863); "Notices sur Luigi e 
 Federico Ricci, suivies d'une analyse critique de 
 Crispino e la Comare" (1866) ; and " Les deux 
 IphigMie de Gluck " (1868). 
 
 Villebois, Constantin Petrovitch, Russian 
 song-composer ; b. Warsaw, May 2g, 1817 ; d. 
 there July 12, 1882. 
 
 Villoing, Alexander, b. St. Petersburg ; d. 
 there in Sept., 1878. Known to fame as the 
 pf.-teacher of Anton and Nicholas Rubinstein, 
 and other pupils of note. He assisted at A. 
 Rubinstein's debut at Paris in 1841. His 
 " Ecole pratique du Piano " embodies his system 
 of instruction ; the technical exercises are very 
 ingenious and practical. Comp. a concerto, and 
 smaller pieces. 
 
 Villoteau, Guillaume-Andr6, b. Belleme, 
 Orne, Sept. 6, I75g ; d. Tours, Apr. 23, 1839. 
 
 602 
 
VINCENT— VIOLE 
 
 Choir-boy, then tenor, at Le Mans Cath. ; later 
 at Notre- Dame, Paris ; chorus-singer at the 
 Opera. Having studied philosophy at the Sor- 
 bonne, he was qualified for election as a member 
 of the scientific commission which accompanied 
 Napoleon to Egypt, and made a special study of 
 Oriental music. — Publ. 4 essays (in the great 
 work issued by the government, ' ' Description de 
 r^gypte ") entitled " Dissertation sur la musique 
 des anciens egyptiens"; "Dissertation sur les 
 diverses especes d'instruments de musique que 
 Ton remarque parmi les sculptures qui decorent 
 les antiques monuments de I'Egypte . . ." 
 (German transl., 1821) ; " De I'etat actuel de I'art 
 musical en figypte . . ."; and " Description 
 historique, technique et litteraire des instru- 
 ments de musique des Orientaux "; — also a "Me- 
 moire sur la possibilite et I'utilite d'une theorie 
 exacte des principes naturels de la musique " 
 (1870), being an introduction to his ," Recher- 
 ches sur I'analogie de la musique avec les arts 
 qui ont pour objet I'imitation du langage . . ." 
 (1807 ; 2 vol.s). 
 
 Vincent, Alexandre-Joseph-Hydulphe, b. 
 Hesdin, Pas-de-Calais, Nov. 20, 1797 ; d. Paris, 
 Nov. 26, 1868. Prof, of mathematics at the 
 College St. -Louis, Paris ; member of the Acade- 
 mic, and of the Soc. of Antiquaries ; custodian 
 of the library of learned societies at the Ministry 
 of Public Instruction. An investigator of an- 
 cient Greek and Latin music, he championed the 
 idea that the Greeks used chords (harmony) ; he 
 likewise sought to revive the employment of the 
 quarter-tone. On these subjects he publ. a great 
 number of essays, some of which were reprinted 
 in pamphlet-form, and reports of the Academic, 
 scientific journals, etc. His mus. activity was 
 scathingly criticised by Fetis ; also cf. RlE- 
 MANN. 
 
 Vincent, Heinrich Joseph, b. Theilheim, n. 
 Wurzburg, Feb. 23, 1819. Renouncing theology 
 and law, he became a tenor singer in theatres at 
 Vienna (1847), Halle, and WUrzburg; from 1872, 
 singing-teacher, and cond. of the singing-so- 
 ciety, at Czernowitz, Bukowina ; later removed 
 to Vienna. — Works : Operas Die Bettlerin (Halle, 
 1864) and Konig Murat (WUrzburg, 1870) ; also 
 operettas, and popular songs. As a writer he is 
 a warm defender of the " Chroma " Society's 12- 
 half-tone system ; has publ. ' ' Kein Generalbass 
 mehr"(i86o), "Die Einheit in der Tonwelt" 
 (1862), "Die Neuclaviatur " (1874); and articles 
 on the chromatic keyboard and notation in 
 various papers. 
 
 Vincent, Charles John, b. Houghton-le- 
 Spring, Durham, England, Sept. 19, 1852. 
 Pupil of his father, Charles John V. [organist at 
 St. Michael's] ; from 1864, chorister at Durham 
 Cath. under Dr. Armes ; in 1869, organist at 
 Monkwearmouth ; from 1876-8, st. at Leipzig 
 Cons. ; then org. at Tavistock and Kelly College ; 
 graduated Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1878 ; Mus. Doc, 
 1885; org. of Christ Ch., Hampstead, London, 
 1883-91. As Examiner for Trinity College he 
 
 has visited South Africa (1893) and Australia 
 (i 897). Joint-editor of the ' ' Organist and Choir- 
 master."-^ Works: Oratorio Ruth (Hampstead, 
 1886); Psalm 68, The Day of Rest, and The 
 Crowning of the Wheat, cantatas f . soli, ch. , and 
 orch. ; 6 cantatas f. female voices; "Honour 
 and praise to Music," choral fugue in 8 parts ; 
 vocal duets ; over 100 songs ; — orch.l overture 
 "The Storm" (1894); pieces f. 'cello and pf., 
 violin and pf . , and pf . solo ; organ-music ; — the 
 text-books "A Year's Study at the Piano," 
 "First Principles of Music," " Choral Instructor 
 for Treble Voices," "On Scoring for an Or- 
 chestra" (in "The British Musician," 1897); 
 etc. — His brother, George Frederick V., b. 
 Mar. 27, 1855; pupil of Leipzig Cons. 187/. -6; 
 since 1882 organist and choirmaster at St. 
 Thomas's, Sunderland; also cond. the Choral 
 Soc, the Ladies' Orch.l Soc, and the Amateur 
 Opera Soc, at Sunderland. Well-known con- 
 cert-organist. — Works : Operettas ; a cantata. 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, f. bar. solo, ch., and 
 orch. (1895); songs, anthems, etc.; — 2 Fantasias 
 and Fugues f. 2 pf.s ; pf. -pieces; 2 vol.s of 
 organ-pieces ; etc. 
 
 Vin'ci, Pietro, b. Nicosia, Sicily, 1540; was 
 maestro at Bergamo Cath. — Publ. 5 books of 
 motets a 4-6 (1572-88) ; " 14 Sonetti spirituali a 
 piu voci " (1580) ; masses a 5-8 (1575); and 10 
 vol.s of madrigals a 3-6 (1564-89). 
 
 Vin'ci, Leonardo, b. Strongoli, Calabria, 
 1690. Pupil of Greco at the Cons, de' Poveri, 
 Naples, where he died in 1732. He was maestro 
 at the Royal Chapel, Naples. Much admired in 
 Italy as an opera-composer, producing over 25 
 operas, of which Ifigenia in Tauride and Astia- 
 natte (both at Venice in 1725) were particularly 
 successful. Also comp. 2 oratorios, cantatas, 
 motets, masses, songs, etc. 
 
 Vining, Helen Sherwood, b. Brooklyn, N. Y. , 
 July 4, 1855. Has publ. a pf.-primer, and other 
 instructive works. 
 
 Vio'Ia, Alfonso della, maestro to Ercole II. 
 d'Este, is noteworthy as an early composer of 
 pastorals and incidental music for the court of 
 Ferrara : — V Orl)acche(i$ni),Il Sacrifzio{ie,$^), 
 Lo Sfortunato (1557), and Aretusa (1563), all in 
 madrigal-style, the dialogue sung by a chorus. 
 He publ. madrigals a 5 (1559). 
 
 Vio'Ia, Francesco, of Ferrara; maestro to 
 Duke Alfonso d'Este, and pupil of Willaert, 
 whose ' ' Musica nova " (motets and madrigals) 
 he publ. in 1558. Also publ. 2 books of original 
 madrigals (1567, '73). 
 
 Vio'le, Rudolf, b. Schochwitz, Mansfeld, 
 May 10, l8l5'; d. Berlin, Dec. 7, 1867. Pianist 
 and teacher, pupil of Liszt, who recommended 
 his comp.s; lived in Berlin as a teacher. — 
 Works: 11 pf. -sonatas, op. I and 21-30; "Die 
 musikalische Gartenlaube," 100 studies f. pf. ; 
 Caprices heroiques; Poesies lyriques; a Polo- 
 naise, a Ballade, etc.; all of distinctly modern 
 tendency. 
 
 603 
 
VIOTTA— VITALI 
 
 Viot'ta, Henri, b. Amsterdam, July i6, 1848. 
 Pupil of the Cologne Cons. ; but also studied 
 law, and practised for a time. In 1883, how- 
 ever, he organized and became cond. of the 
 Amsterdam Wagner Society ; also conducted the 
 "Excelsior" and the " Cicilia." Since i88g, 
 editor of the " Maandblad voor Muziek "; writes 
 for other papers; and publ. a "Lexicon der 
 Toonkunst " (l88g; biographies and terms). In 
 i8g6 he succeeded Nicolai as Director of the 
 Cons, at The Hague. 
 
 Viot'ti, Giovanni Battista, eminent vio- 
 linist and composer, was born at Fontaneto da 
 P6, Vercelli, Italy, 
 May 23, 1753; he 
 died in London, 
 Mar. 10 (3?), 1824. 
 His father, a black- 
 smith, gave him a 
 little violin, which 
 he learned to play 
 without tuition, 
 and attracted the 
 attention of the 
 Bishop of Stram- 
 bino, who recom- 
 mended him to 
 Alfonso Del Pozzo, 
 Prince della Cisterna ; the latter confided him to 
 the teaching of Pugnani at Turin. V. soon 
 entered the court orchestra; in 1780 he made a 
 grand tour to Germany, Poland, and Russia with 
 I^ugnani, and was feted at the court of Catherine 
 II. Repairing to London in 1782, he won 
 signal triumphs ; later, at Paris, he played re- 
 peatedly at the Concerts spirituels, where his art 
 was acknowledged as unrivalled. It happened 
 that one of his concerts in 1783 was poorly at- 
 tended, while in the next concert a mediocre 
 violinist won great applause from a large 
 audience; this so irritated V. that he abruptly 
 closed his public appearances, and devoted him- 
 self to teaching and composing, at the same time 
 acting as accompanist to Queen Marie An- 
 toinette, and inaitre de chapelle to the Prince de 
 Soubise. Failing in his attempt to obtain the 
 directorship of the Opera in 1787, he joined 
 Leonard, the Queen's hairdresser, in establish- 
 ing an Italian opera, opened at the Tuileries in 
 1789, transferred to the Theatre de la Foire St.- 
 Gerraain in 1790, and in 1791 to the newly 
 erected Theatre Feydeau, where the Revolution 
 ruined their enterprise. V., obliged to recom- 
 mence his virtuoso-career, went to London, and 
 gave a series of most successful concerts at the 
 Hanover Square Rooms; but a rumor gained 
 credence that he was an emissary of the revolu- 
 tionists, and he thought it advisable to leave 
 England, retiring to Flamburg until 1794, when 
 he resumed concert-giving in London, was man- 
 ager of the Italian Opera in the ensuing winter, 
 and director of the Opera Concerts in 1795. Ill- 
 success caused him to embark in the wine-trade. 
 On a visit to Paris in 1802, he was persuaded to 
 
 play before Cherubini and others, and, to their 
 astonishment, outrivalled his earlier perform- 
 ances. He finally settled in Paris as Director 
 of the Opera from 1819-22, when he resigned 
 with a pension of 6000 francs ; he died while on 
 a pleasure-trip. — On account of his influence as 
 a player and teacher (especially through his two 
 pupils Rode and Baillot), and the breadth and 
 dignity of his works, V. has been styled "the 
 father of modern violin-playing." His composi- 
 tions, more particularly of the maturer period, 
 show great refinement and skill in workman- 
 ship, and are classics of violin-literature ; he was 
 the first to write violin-concertos in the broad 
 modern sonata-form, and displaying the full 
 resources of the orchestra. He publ. 29 violin- 
 concertos (No. 22, in A min., is still a favorite), 
 
 2 Concertantes f. 2 violins, 21 string-quartets, 21 
 trios f. 2 violins and viola, 51 violin-duos (many 
 interesting and valuable), 18 sonatas with bass, 
 
 3 Divertissements (Nocturnes) f. pf. and violin, 
 and a pf.-sonata. — Biographical sketches by 
 FayoUe, "Notices sur Corelli . . . et Viotti" 
 (Paris, 1810); by Baillot, "Notice sur ¥."(1825); 
 by Miel, " Notice historique " (1827); etc. 
 
 Vir'dung, Sebastian, priest and organist at 
 Basel, wrote the historically important illustrated 
 work ' ' Musica getutscht und auszgezogen durch 
 Sebastianum Virdung, Priester von Amberg, um 
 alles Gesang aus den Noten in die Tabulaturen 
 diser benannten dreye Instrumente der Orgeln, 
 der Lauten und der Floten transferiren zu lernen 
 . . ." (1511 ; facsimile reprint by Breitkopf & 
 Hartel, 1882). 4 of V.'s songs are in P. Schof- 
 fer's " Teutsche Lieder mit 4 Stimmen" (1513). 
 
 Viset'ti, Alberto Antonio, b. Spalato, 
 Dalmatia, May 13, 1846. Pupil of Mazzucato 
 at Milan Cons., 1855-65. Concert-pianist at 
 Nice ; then proceeded to Paris, became Auber's 
 friend, and was app. conductor to Empress 
 Eugenie. On the fall of the empire he hastened 
 to London, where he became director of the 
 vocal department in the N. T. S. M. Publ. a 
 " History of the Art of Singing" ; also Italian 
 translations of HuUah's "History of Modern 
 Music," and Hueffer's " Musical Studies." 
 
 Vita'Ii, Filippo, Florentine by birth, from 
 1631 singer in the Papal Chapel, Rome, and 
 chamber-singer to Cardinal Barberini. — Publ. 
 madrigals a 5 (1616) ; " Musiche a 2, 3 e 6 voci " 
 (1617 ; in monodic style) ; " Musiche a i e 2 voci 
 con il basso per I'organo" (i5i8) ; " Intermedj 
 . . . fatti per la commedia degli Accademici 
 inconstanti " (1623 ; prod, in that year at the 
 palace of Cardinal de' Medici at Florence) ; mo- 
 tets a 2-5 (1630) ; " Arie " a 2 (1635) ; " Hymni 
 Urbani VIII " (1636) ; " Arie " a 3, w. b. cont. 
 (1639) ; psalms a 5 (1640) ; " Libri V di arie a 3 
 voci " (1647). 
 
 Vita'Ii, Giovanni Battista, b. Cremona 
 about 1644 ; d. Modena, Oct. 12, 1692, as 2nd 
 maestro di cafp. to the Duke (from 1674). Im- 
 portant instr.l corap., preceding Corelli. — Publ. 
 
 604 
 
VITRY— VOGEL 
 
 Balletti, correnti, gighe, allemande, etc. (1668) ; 
 Senate a 2 violini con b. cont. per I'organo (1667 ; 
 2nd ed. 1685) ; Balletti, correnti alia francese, 
 gagliarde e brando per ballare (1685) ; Balletti, 
 correnti e sinfonie da camera a 4 stromenti (1677 ; 
 2nd ed. 1685); Balletti, correnti, etc., a violino 
 e violone o spinetta, con il secondo violino a 
 beneplacito (1678) ; Sonate a 2-5 stromenti 
 (1681) ; Salmi concertati a 2-5, w. instr.s (1677) ; 
 Sonate a 2 violini e b. cont. (op. g) ; Inni sacri 
 . a voce sola con 5 stromenti (1681) ; Varie 
 sonate alia francese ed all' italiana a 6 stromenti 
 (1689) ; Balli in stile francese a 5 stromenti 
 (i6go) ; " Artifici musicali a diversi stromenti" 
 (i68g) ; Sonate da camera a 4 stromenti (i6g2). 
 Others in MS. at Modena. 
 
 Vitry, Philippe de [Philippus di Vitriaco], 
 
 b. Vitry, Pas-de-Calais ; d. as Bishop of Meaux, 
 1316. Theorist ; writer on mensurable music 
 (treatises printed by Coussemaker in "Scrip- 
 tores," iii). He established the values of the 4 
 prolations ; invented red notes and Proportions 
 (ff. Ambros), probably introduced the term 
 contrapunctus in lieu of discantus, and adopted 
 (but did not invent) the notes called minima and 
 semiminima. 
 
 Vitto'ri, Loreto, b. Spoleto, about 1588 ; d. 
 Rome, Apr. 23, 1670, as a member of the Papal 
 Chapel (from 1622). — Publ. " Arie a voce sola" 
 (1639) i ^ " cantata a voce sola," Irene (1648) ; a 
 " dramma in musica," La Galatea (1639) ; and a 
 " dramma sacro," Lapellegrina costanie (1647). 
 
 Vitto'ria, Tomaso Ludovico da \i-ecte 
 Tomas Luis de Victoria], eminent contem- 
 porary and friend of Palestrina ; b. Avila, Spain, 
 about 1540 ; d. Madrid (?), about 1608. Pupil, 
 in youth, of Escobedo and Morales, singers in 
 the Papal Chapel at Rome ; in 1573, maestro at 
 the Collegium Germanicum ; in 1575, at San 
 ApoUinare ; from 1589-1602, \\ce-maestro of the 
 Royal Chapel, Madrid. — Publ. works : " Liber 
 primus, qui missas, psalmos. Magnificat, ad 
 Virginem Dei Matrem salutationes aliaque cora- 
 plectitur" a 6-8 (1576) ; Magnificats a 4, w. 4 
 antiphones to the Virgin a 5-8 (1581) ; " Hymni 
 totius anni " a 4, w. 4 psalms a 8 (1581 ; 1600) ; 
 masses a 4-8 (2 vol.s : 1583 ; 1592) ; " Officium 
 hebdomadae sanctae" (1585); " Motetta fes- 
 torum totius anni cum communi sanctorum " a 
 5-8 (1585 ; often republ. ; an ed. of 1589 has mo- 
 tets all); and his famous requiem for the Em- 
 press Maria, " Officium defunctorum sex voci- 
 bus" (1605). — In Proske's " Musica divina" are 
 several numbers by V. 
 
 Vival'di, Abbate Antonio, celebrated violin- 
 ist ; b. Venice, about 1675 ; d. there 1743. The 
 son, and probably the pupil, of a violinist at San 
 Marco, he early entered the priesthood, and was 
 surnamed " il prete rosso " on account of his red 
 hair. After a period in the service of the Elec- 
 toral court at Darmstadt, he returned to Venice 
 in 1713, and became director for life of the 
 Cons, della Pieti. Some of his sonatas and con- 
 
 certos for violin are still prized. He publ. 12 
 trios f. 2 violins and 'cello, op. i; 18 violin-so- 
 natas w. bass, op. 2 and 5 (one is in Jensen's 
 "Classische Violinmusik ") ; " Estro poetico," 
 12 concert! f. 4 violins, 2 violas, 'cello, and or- 
 gan-bass, op. 3 ; "23 Concerti per violino prin- 
 cipale, 2 violini di ripieno, viola e basso per I'or- 
 gano," op. 4, 6, and 7; "Le quattrostagioni," 12 
 Concerti a 5, op. 8 ; "La cetra," 6 do., op. 9 ; 
 6 Concerti f. flute, violin, viola, 'cello, and or- 
 gan-bass, op. 10 ; and " 12 Concerti per violino 
 principale, 2 violini concertanti, viola, violon- 
 cello e basso d'organo," op. 12 and 22. — He also 
 prod. 28 operas, chiefly in Venice. 
 
 Vlees'houwer, Albert de, b. Antwerp, June 
 8, 1863. Pupil of Jan Blockx. Has prod. 2 
 operas, I'^cole des pires (1892), and Zryni (Ant- 
 werp, 1895); a symphonic poem, " De wilde 
 Jager" ; an orch.l Idylle ; etc. 
 
 Vock'erodt, Gottfried, b. Miihlhausen, 
 Thuringia, Sept. 24, 1665 ; d. Gotha, Oct. 10, 
 1727, as rector of the Gymnasium. It was his 
 opinion, that excessive enjoyment of music in- 
 jures the intellect, and that Nero and Caligula 
 became totally depraved through their passion 
 for music. He advocated these ideas in " Con- 
 sultatio . . . de cavenda falsa mentium intera- 
 peratarum medicina" (1696); "Missbrauch der 
 freien Kunst, insonderheit der Musik" (1697) ; 
 and ' ' Wiederholtes Zeugniss der Wahrheit gegen 
 die verderbte Musik und Schauspiele, Opern, 
 etc." (1698). [RiEMANN.] 
 
 Vo^gel, Johann Christoph, b. Nuremberg, 
 1756 ; d. Paris, June 26, 1788. Pupil of Riepel 
 at Ratisbon ; went to Paris in 1776, and wrote 
 two operas in Gluck's style : La toison d'or 
 (Paris, 1786; given later as MMee i Colchis), 
 and Dimophon (1789). — Publ. 3 symphonies ; 
 
 2 concertantes f. 2 horns, and i f. oboe and bas- 
 soon ; a bassoon-concerto ; 3 clarinet-concertos ; 
 6 string-quartets ; 6 quartets f. horn and strings; 
 
 3 quartets f . bassoon and strings ; 6 trios f. 2 
 violins and bass ; 6 duos f. 2 clar.s ; and 6 duos 
 f. 2 bassoons. 
 
 Vo'gel, Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, b. 
 Havelberg, Prussia, Sept. 9, 1807 ; organ-pupil 
 of Birnbach at Berlin ; made tours as an organ- 
 virtuoso, taught in Hamburg 1838-41, and from 
 1852 at the school for organ-playing and compo- 
 sition at Bergen, Norway. — Publ. a concertino f . 
 org. , w. trombones ; 60 choral-preludes and 10 
 postludes ; 2 preludes and fugues ; symphony, 
 overture, and suite in canon-form, f. orch.; 
 chamber-music, choruses, etc. Also prod. 2 
 operettas. 
 
 Vo'gel, (Charles-Louis-) Adolphe, b. Lille, 
 May 17, 1808 ; d. Paris, in Aug., 1892. Violin- 
 ist ; pupil of A. Kreutzer, andof Reicha(comp.) 
 at Paris Cons. After winning popularity by his 
 song " Les trois couleurs," for the July Revolu- 
 tion (1830), he prod, a series of successful op- 
 eras : Le Podestat (Op.-Com., 1831) ; Le sidge 
 de Leyde (The .Hague, 1847) ; La moi^sonneuse 
 
 605 
 
VOGEL— VOGLER 
 
 (Th.-Lyrique, 1853) ; Rompons ! (Boaffes-Pari- 
 siens, 1857); Le nid de cigognes (Baden-Baden, 
 1858) ; Gredins de Pigoche (Folies-Marigny, 
 1866); La filleule du roi (Brussels and Paris, 
 1875). Also symphonies, chamber-music, church- 
 music, pf. -pieces, etc. 
 
 Vo'gel, (Wilhelm) Moritz, b. Sorgau, n. 
 Freiburg, Silesia, July 9, 1846. Pianist ; pupil 
 of Leipzig Cons. ; settled in Leipzig, becoming 
 prominent as a teacher and mus. critic, conduct- 
 ing several choral societies, and publishing a 
 series of excellent instructive comp.s f. pf., in- 
 cluding a Method (in 12 parts), rondos, sona- 
 tinas, etudes, etc.; besides songs (op. 24) and 
 duets (op. 15, 21). 
 
 Vo'gel, (Adolf) Bernhard, b. Plauen, Sax- 
 ony, Dec. 3, 1847 ; d- Leipzig, May 12, 1898. 
 After studying law and philosophy at Leipzig 
 Univ., and graduating as Dr. phil., he took the 
 Conservatory course, and embraced a musico- 
 literary career. He was for 25 years a contribu- 
 tor to the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik " and 
 the " Leipziger Nachrichten " ; also for many 
 years to the Leipzig "Tageblatt"; and edited 
 the " Deutsche Liederhalle " in 1885. His mono- 
 graphs on R. Volkmann, Wagner, von Bulow, 
 Brahms, Rubinstein, Liszt, on Schumann's 
 " Claviertonpoesie," etc., are interesting and 
 valuable. He comp. male and mixed choruses, 
 sacred songs, and pf. -music. 
 
 Vo'gel, Emil, b. Wriezen-on-Oder, Jan. 21, 
 1859. Studied at Greifswald and Berlin, taking 
 the degree of Di-. phil. in 1887. In 1883 he was 
 sent by the Prussian government to Italy, as 
 Haberl's assistant. Since 1893, librarian of the 
 Peters Mus. Library at Leipzig. — Has publ. a 
 monograph on Monteverde (1887), and on Marco 
 da Gagliano and music in Florence from 1570- 
 1650 (1889), both in the " Vierteljahrsschrif t fur 
 Musikwissenscliaft ; " also a catalogue of " Die 
 Handschriften nebst den alteren Druckwerken 
 der Musikabtheilung derherzoglichen Bibliothek 
 zu Wolfenbiittel (1890), and " Bibliothek der 
 gedruckten weltlichen Vocalmusik Italiens aus 
 den Jahren 1500-1700" (1892). 
 
 Voggenhuber, Vilma von (Frau F. Krolop), 
 noted dramatic soprano ; b. Pesth, 1845 ; d. 
 Berlin, Jan. 11, 1S88. Pupil of Stoll at Berlin ; 
 debut 1862, at the National Th., Pesth, as 
 Romeo in Bellini's opera ; sang there until 
 1865, then visited Germany and Holland, and 
 while "starring" at the Vienna Court Opera, 
 was eng. for Berlin (1868) ; marrying Franz 
 Krolop in that year, and remaining a member of 
 the Court Opera till her death, with the title of 
 "Chamber-singer" after her interpretation of 
 Isolde. — Chief roles : Isolde, Elisabeth, Fi- 
 delio, Iphigenia, Armida, Donna Anna, Norma, 
 etc. 
 
 Vogl, Johann Michael, tenor singer, and 
 the introducer of Schubert's songs to the pub- 
 lic ; b. Steyr, Aug. 10, 1768 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 
 19, 1840. A law-student in Vienna, he was 
 
 persuaded by Slissmayer, then Kapellm. at the 
 Court Th., to join the opera-company (1794- 
 1822). 
 
 Vogl, Heinrich, famous dramatic tenor ; b. 
 Au, a suburb of Munich, Jan. 15, 1845. While 
 a. schoolmaster at Ebersburg, 1862-5, he pur- 
 sued musical and vocal Studies, continued at 
 Munich under Fr. Lachner and Jenk ; since his 
 successful debut as Max in Der Freischiitz, in 
 Nov., 1865, he has been a member of the 
 Munich Court Opera. He succeeded Schnorr 
 von Carolsfeld (d. 1865) as the model " Tristan " 
 in Wagner's opera, and is peculiarly successful 
 as a Wagner singer. In 1899 he prod, an 
 opera, Der Fremdling, at Munich. — His wife, 
 Therese {n^e Thoma), b. Tutzing, on the 
 Lake of Starnberg, Nov. 12, 1845, is a distin- 
 guished dramatic soprano, trained in the Mu- 
 nich Cons, by Hauser and Herger ; eng. at 
 Karlsruhe, 1864 ; at Munich, 1865-92, then 
 retiring. Also a remarkable Wagner singer ; 
 her interpretation of Isolde was one of her 
 best achievements. She married V. in 1868. 
 
 Vo'gler, Georg Joseph, best known as 
 "Abb6 Vogler"; b. Wilrzburg, June 15, 
 1749 ; d. Darmstadt, May 6, 1814. Famous 
 organist, theorist, and composer ; pupil of 
 Padre Martini at Bologna (for a very short 
 time), and of Vallotti at Padua, where he also 
 studied theology. Going to Rome, he took 
 holy orders, and received numerous high dis- 
 tinctions ; returning to Mannheim, he founded 
 the " Mannheimer Tonschule," and was app. 
 court chaplain and 2nd Kapellm. He prod, the 
 operas Der Kaufmann von Smyrna at May- 
 ence, 1780, and Albert III. von Bayern at Mu- 
 nich, 1781 ; from 1783-6 he travelled in France 
 (his opera. La Kermesse, failed totally at Paris 
 in 1783), Spain, and the East ; from 1786-99 he 
 was court cond. at Stockholm, where he founded 
 a music-school. Having invented a system for 
 the simplification of the organ, he travelled as a 
 concert-organist, with a portable organ called 
 " orchestrion," to Copenhagen, Hamburg, Am- 
 sterdam, London, Paris, etc., explaining his 
 system, and obtaining various orders for remod- 
 eling organs according to it. By uniting an 
 8-foot pipe with a 5j^ foot ("quint") pipe, he 
 obtained a 16-foot tone through the tones of 
 combination, an idea still put in practice by 
 combining a 16-foot pipe with a loj^-foot pipe 
 to get a 32-foot tone ; most of his other ' ' simpHfi- 
 cations," such as discarding mixtures and dis- 
 play-pipes, have not found favor. In 1807 he 
 became couxt-Ifapellm. at Darmstadt, where he 
 establ. a third "Tonschule," in which Carl 
 Maria von Weber and Meyerbeer were taught 
 [at Vienna (1803-4) Weber had also been his 
 pupil] ; both were doubtless strongly influenced 
 by the liberal and aggressive theories of their 
 teacher.. — Vogler's writings are " Tonwissen- 
 schaft und Tonsetzkunst " (1776), " Stiram- 
 bildungskunst " (1776), and " Churpfalzische 
 Tonschule" (1778), all 3 republ. together as 
 
 606 
 
VOGRICH— VOLKLAN D 
 
 " Mannheimer Tonschule"; a monthly paper, 
 "Betrachtungen der Mannheimer Tonschule" 
 (1778-81) ; " Inledning til harmoniens konne- 
 dom" (Stockholm, 1795) ; Swedish methods for 
 pf., organ, and thorough-bass (1797) ; " Choral- 
 system " (Copenhagen, 1800); " Data zur Akus- 
 tik" (1800); " Hanijbuch zur Harmonielehre " 
 (1802); " Ueber die harmonische Akustik" 
 (1807) ; " Griindliche Anweisung zum Clavier- 
 stimmen'' (1807); "Deutsche Kirchenmusik " 
 (1807) ; " Ueber Choral- und Kirchengesange " 
 (1814); "System fUr den Fugenbau." — Com- 
 positions : Operas (besides 3 mentioned above) 
 EgU^ Erwin und Elvira (Darmstadt, 1781 ; 
 Paris, 1782) ; Le patriotisme (written 1788 for 
 the Paris Opera ; not perf.) ; Castor und Pollux 
 (in Ital. at Munich, 1784 ; in Ger. at Mann- 
 heim, 1791) ; Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish 
 opera, Stockholm, 1791) ; Hermann of Unna 
 [also as H. of Staufen\ (drama by Skjolde- 
 brand ; Copenhagen, 1800) ; Sarnori (Vienna, 
 1804); and Der Admiral (J)3LTiastSL(it., 1810) ; — 
 overture and entr'actes to Hamlet ; choruses to 
 Athalia ; ballets, etc.; — much church-music 
 (masses, a Requiem, Miserere, Te Deum, 
 psalms, motets, etc.) ; — a symphony, overtures, 
 a pf. -concerto, a pf. -quartet (called "The ma- 
 trimonial quarrel "), ' ' Polymelos, ou caractires 
 de musique de differentes nations " (f. pf. and 
 strings); a concerto, preludes, chorals, etc., f. 
 organ, etc. — A full list of his works is in Schaf- 
 hautl's biography of Abbe V. (1888). 
 
 Vo'grich, Max (Wilhelm Carl), pianist 
 and poet-composer ; b. Szeben (Hermannstadt), 
 Transylvania, Jan. 
 24, 1852. Begin- 
 ning the study of 
 the pianoforte at 5, 
 he played in public 
 at 7 ; from 1866-9 
 he attended the 
 Leipzig Cons, as a 
 pupil of Wenzel, 
 Reinecke, and Mo- 
 scheles (pf .),Haupt- 
 mann and Richter 
 (theory), and Rei- 
 necke (comp.). 
 During 1870-8 he 
 made pianistic tours through Germany, Austria, 
 Russia, France, Spain, Italy, Mexico, and South 
 America ; visited New York in 1878, toured the 
 United States with Wilhelmj, and sojourned 
 from 1882-6 in Australia, where he married. 
 Since 1886 he has resided in New York as a 
 composer, making frequent trips to Europe to 
 produce his works. These include the grand 
 opera Vanda (Florence, 1875) ; the opera Lan- 
 zelol (1890) ; the 3-act grand a^exa. King Arthur 
 (Leipzig, 1893) ; the 3-act grand opera Buddha 
 (in prep, at Leipzig, 1899) ; and other dramatic 
 works in MS.; an oratorio, The Captivity 
 (1884 ; Metr. Opera House, New York, 1891) ; 
 the cantatas The Diver [Schiller] (Detroit, 
 
 l8go), and The young King and the Shepherd- 
 ess ; Missa solemnis ; 2 symphonies (E min., A 
 min.) ; violin-concerto (1878 ; often played by 
 Wilhelmj) ; pf.-concerto (1886) ; 12 concert- 
 studies f. pf.; "Romanzero," cycle f. pf.; pf.- 
 fugue ; pf.-sonatinas ; many other pf.-pieces ; — 
 numerous anthems, terzets, duets, and songs. — 
 V. writes the libretti for his operas. 
 
 Vogt, Gustave, b. Strassburg, Mar. 18, 1781 ; 
 d. Paris, May 30, 1879. Oboist, pupil of Sallan- 
 tin at Paris Cons. ; ist oboist at the Opera-Co- 
 mique ; 1814-34 ^t the Opera ; 1828-44 in the 
 Cons. Concerts, then retiring. Prof, at the Cons. 
 — Works : 4 oboe-concertos ; variations f . oboe 
 w. orch. ; concert-piece f. English horn ; duos f . 2 
 oboes ; pot-pourris and marches f . military band ; 
 etc. 
 
 Vogt, Johann [Jean],b. Gross-Tinz,n. Lieg- 
 nitz, Jan. 17, 1823 ; d. Eberswalde, July 31, 1888. 
 Pupil, at Berlin, of A. W. Bach and Grell ; at 
 Breslau of Hesse and Seidel. Taught pf.-play- 
 ing in St. Petersburg, 1850-55 ; made long pian- 
 istic tours ; lived in Dresden 1861-5, then in Ber- 
 lin, becoming prof, at the Stern Cons. ; went to 
 New York in 1871, but returned to Berlin 2 years 
 later. — Works : Die A uferweckung des Lazarus 
 (Liegnitz, 1858) ; chamber-music ; instructive pf.- 
 pieces ; also Valse brillante (op. 39), 3 Impromp- 
 tus (op. 6g), 6 Salonstiicke (op. 73), etc., f. pf. (in 
 all, over 150 opus-numbers). 
 
 Voigt, Johann Georg Hermann, b. Oster- 
 wieck. Saxony, May 14, 1769 ; d. Feb. 24, 1811, 
 as organist of the Thoiftaskirche, Leipzig. — Publ. 
 12 minuets f. orch., aPolonaisef. 'cello and orch., 
 a viola-concerto, 7 string-quartets, a string-trio 
 (w. viola), 6 Scherzi f. pf. 4 hands, and 3 pf.-so- 
 natas. 
 
 Voigt, Carl, b. Hamburg, Mar. 29, 1808 ; 
 d. there Feb. 6, 1879. In 1838 he succeeded 
 Schelbleas cond. of the Frankfort Cdcilienverein ; 
 settled in Hamburg, 1840, where he organized 
 and conducted the Cdcilienverein^ famous for its 
 fine a cappella performances. 
 
 Volck'mar, Wilhelm (Valentin), b. Hers- 
 feld, Kassel, Dec. 26, 1812 ;d. Homberg, n. Kas- 
 sel, Aug. 27, 1887. Dr.phil., Marburg ; from 
 1835, music-teacher at the Homberg Seminary. 
 A gifted organ-virtuoso, he wrote several organ- 
 concertos, 20 organ-sonatas, an organ-symphony, 
 an " Orgelschule," a " Schule der Gelaufigkeit" 
 f. organ ; pieces f. organ, f. pf., and f. violin ; 
 hymns, and songs. 
 
 Vol'kert, Franz, b. Heimersdorf (Bunzlau), 
 Bohemia, Feb. 2, 1767 ; d. Vienna, Mar. 22, 1845, 
 having been organist at the Schottenstift, and 
 Kapellm. at the Leopoldstadter Th. (from 1821). 
 — Works : Over 100 comic operas, Singspiele, 
 melodramas, farces, etc. , many very popular ; also 
 church-music, pf.-concertos, pf .-trios, organ-mu- 
 sic, etc. 
 
 Volk'land, Alfred, b. Brunswick, Apr. 10, 
 1841. Pianist ; pupil of Leipzig Cons. 1864-6 ; 
 court pianist at Sondershausen, and from 1867 
 
 607 
 
VOLKMANN— VROYE 
 
 court Kapelliii. there ; from i86g-75, cond. of the 
 Leipzig "Euterpe," also organizing, with von 
 Holstein and Spitta, the " Bacli-Verein " ; since 
 1875 cond., at Basel, of the " AUgemeine Musik- 
 gesellschaft," the " Gesangverein," and the 
 " Liedertaf el. " In 1889, Dr. phil. hon. causa 
 (Basel Univ.). 
 
 Volk'mann, (Friedrich) Robert, distin- 
 guished instrumental composer ; b. Lommatzsch, 
 Saxony, Apr. 6, 
 1815 ; d. Pesth, 
 Oct. 30, 1883. Pu- 
 pil of his father, a 
 cantor, on the or- 
 gan and piano ; of 
 Friebel on the vio- 
 linand'cello ; stud- 
 ied composition 
 under Anacker at 
 Freiberg (whither 
 he had gone to pre- 
 pare himself for 
 school - teaching), 
 and K. F. Becker 
 at Leipzig, where Schumann greatly encouraged 
 him. After teaching music at Prague 1839-42, 
 he settled in Pesth, where he remained for life, 
 excepting 4 years (1854-8) in Vienna ; for some 
 years he was prof, of harmony and counterpoint 
 at the National Academy of Music. — Instru- 
 mental "WORKS : 2 symphonies (op. 44, D min. ; 
 op. 53, B[>) ; 3 Serenades f. strings, op. 62, 63, 
 69 (w. 'cello obbl.) ; 2 overtures, op. 50 and 68 
 (" Richard III.") ; 6 string-quartets, op. 9, 14, 
 34, 35, 37, 43 ; 2 pf.-trios, op. 3 and 5 ; 'cello- 
 concerto, op. 33 ; Romanze f. 'cello, op. 7 ; do. 
 f. violin, op. 10 ; Allegretto capriccioso f . pf. and 
 violin, op. 15 ; Rhapsody f. do., op. 31 ; 2 so- 
 natinas f. do., op. 60, 61 ; Concertstuck f. pf. and 
 orch., op. 42; — For pf. solo: Phantasiebilder, 
 op. I ; Dithyrambe und Toccate, op. 4 ; Souve- 
 nir de Mahrolh, op. 6 ; Nocturne, op. 8 ; pf. -so- 
 nata, op. 12 ; Buch der Lieder, op. 17 ; Deutsche 
 Tanze, op. 18 ; Cavatine und Barcarole, op. 19 ; 
 Visegrad, op. 21 ; 4 marches, op. 22 ; Wander- 
 skizzen, op. 23 ; Lieder der Grossmutter, op. 27 ; 
 3 Improvisations, op. 36 ; Am Grab des Grafen 
 Szechenyi, op. 41 ; Ballade und Scherzetto, op. 
 51 ; transcriptions of songs by Mozart and Schu- 
 bert, etc.; — For pf. 4 hands : Sonatina, op. 57 ; 
 Musikalisches Liederbuch, op. 11 ; Ungarische 
 Skizzen, op. 24; Die Tageszeiten, op. 39; 3 
 marches, op. 40; Rondino and Marcia-Capriccio, 
 op. 55; sonatina, op. 57; also transcriptions of his 
 other works, and Variations f. 2 pf.s on a Han- 
 del theme, op. 26 ; — Vocal works : 2 masses f . 
 male chorus, op. 28, 29 ; 3 sacred songs f. mixed 
 ch., op. 38 ; 2 do. for do., op. 70 ; offertories f. 
 soli, ch., and orch., op. 47 ; songs f. malech., op. 
 48, 58; Christmas Carol of the 12th century, op. 
 59 ; old German hymns f . double male chorus, op. 
 64 ; 6 duets on old German poems, op. 67 ; 2 wed- 
 ding-songs f . mixed ch . , op. 7 1 ; alto solo w. orch . , 
 " An die Nacht," op. 45 ; dram, scene f. soprano 
 
 w. orch., " Sappho," op. 49; "Kirchenarie " f. 
 bass, w. flute and strings, op. 65 ; 2 songs f . mez- 
 zo-soprano, w. pf. and 'cello ; many songs. — Bio- 
 graphical sketch by Bernhard Vogel (Leipzig, 
 1875). 
 
 VoU'hardt, Emil Reinhard, b. Seifersdorf, 
 Saxony, Oct. 16, 1858; pupil of Leipzig Cons. , 
 1883-6 ; cantor of the Marienkirche, and cond. of , 
 singing-societies, at Zwickau. Excellent pianist 
 and organist ; has publ. motets and songs. 
 
 VoU'weiler, Carl, b. Offenbach, Nov. 27, 
 1813 ; d. Heidelberg, Jan. 27, 1848. Pupil of his 
 father, a Frankfort music-teacher (d. Nov. 17, 
 1847); piano-teacher in St. Petersburg, then at 
 Heidelberg. — Publ. 2 pf.-trios, op. 2, 15; a pf.- 
 sonata, op. 3; 6 melodic pf. -etudes, op. 4 ; lyric 
 etudes, op. 9 and 10 ; other pf .-music ; Variations 
 on Russian themes, f . string-quartet, op. 14 ; etc. 
 
 Von der Hei'de, John Frederic, b. Cincin- 
 nati, Feb. 28, 1857. Was taught singing from 
 early childhood, and the violin at 7 ; appeared in 
 public as a vocalist and violinist in his tenth year. 
 Choir-boy for 5 years ; before the age of 17 he had 
 practically studied nearly all orch.l instr.s. 
 Taught 3 years in a Pittsburg school ; studied 
 voice-culture and piano for 2 years in Cincinnati, 
 then for several years in Europe. Director of the 
 Buffalo School of Music 1882-4; then settled in 
 New York, teaching 1885-91 at the N. Y. Cons., 
 then privately till 1897. — 1891, seer, and treas. 
 of the N. Y. M. T. A. ; reelected, 1892 ; president, 
 1893 ; reelected, 1894. 
 
 Vope'lius, Gottfried, b. Herwigsdorf, n. Zit- 
 tau, 1645 ; d. Leipzig, 1715, as cantor of the 
 Nicolaikirche. — Publ. " Neues Leipziger Ge- 
 sangbuch " (1682). Some of his choral-melodies 
 are still sung. 
 
 Voss [Vossius], Gerhard Johann, b. Heidel- 
 berg, 1577 ; d. Amsterdam, Mar. 19, 1649, ^^ 
 prof, of history. — Publ. " De artium et scientia- 
 rum musica" (1650-58 ; 2nd ed. 1660; treats in 
 detail of music). — His son, Isaak, b. Leyden, 
 1618; d. as canon at Windsor, England, Feb. 21, 
 i68g. — Publ. " De poematum cantu et viribus 
 rhythmi " (1673). 
 
 Voss, Charles, b. Schmarsow, n. Demmin, 
 Pomerania, Sept. 20, 1815 ; d. Verona, Aug. 
 28/29, 1882. Pianist; studied in Berlin, and 
 went to Paris in 1846, where he gained a high 
 reputation as a player and composer, and found 
 ready sale for a great number of brilliant and 
 effective pf.-pieces (j-a&K-pieces, fantasias, tran- 
 scriptions, paraphrases, etc. , for piano, together 
 with pf. -music of a higher order, such as con- 
 certos, and etudes). His Concerto No. i, op. 
 52, in F min., was warmly commended by Men- 
 delssohn. 
 
 Vroye, Th6odore-Joseph de, b. Villers-la- 
 Ville, Belgium, Aug. ig, 1804 ; d. Liege, July 
 ig, 1873, as canon and grand chantre at the 
 Cathedral. Erudite reformer of plain song. — 
 Publ. "Vesperal" (i82g) ; "Graduel" (1831); 
 " Traite du plain-chant i I'usage des seminaires " 
 
 608 
 
VUILLAUME— WAELRANT 
 
 (1839) ; " Manuale cantorum " (1849) ; " P^o- 
 cessionale" (1849); " Rituale Romanum " 
 (1862); " De la musique religieuse" (1866; 
 with Elewyck). 
 
 Vuillaume, Jean-Baptiste, famous violin- 
 maker ; b. Mirecourt, Dept. of Vosges, France, 
 Oct. 7, 1798 ; d. Paris, Mar. 19, 1879. He 
 came of a family of violin-makers, and learned 
 the trade from his father, Claude V. [d. 1834]. 
 At ig he went to Paris, and worked with Chanot 
 till 1821, and from 1821-5 for Lete, with whom 
 he then entered into partnership. After Lete's 
 retirement in 1828, V. worked alone, and put 
 his own name on several instr.s which he had 
 constructed with the greatest care ; but sales 
 were slow, as the craze for old Italian violins had 
 just set in. Unable to make headway against 
 the prevailing fashion, he deftly turned it to ac- 
 count ; after long and patient labor he placed 
 a " Stradivarius " violin on the market for 300 
 francs, bearing the master's label, and possess- 
 ing a full, sonorous tone ! Thenceforward he 
 could hardly keep pace with the orders for simi- 
 lar instr.s ; he also built 'celli for 500 francs. 
 The sight of a DuifFopruggar viola da gamba 
 inspired him with the idea of further imitations ; 
 hence the hundreds of " Duiffopruggar " vio- 
 lins and 'celli with their quaint shape, carved 
 scrolls, inlays, and the motto " viva fui in sylvis, 
 etc." By dint of indefatigable researches and 
 experiments, V. carried the construction of these 
 various instr.s to the highest perfection. His 
 own inventions were numerous : — in 1851 the 
 huge " Octobasse," a double-bass 4 metres in 
 length, 3-stringed (CC-GG-C), with a special 
 lever-mechanism to aid the left hand (an ' ' octo- 
 basse " is in the Museum of the Paris Cons.) ; 
 in 1B55 a viola of broader and higher model, 
 the "contre-alto," with double strength of tone, 
 but clumsy to play ; in 1867 a kind of mute, the 
 " pedale sourdine " ; also a machine for manu- 
 facturing gut-strings of perfectly equal thick- 
 ness. He likewise formulated the laws govern- 
 ing the tapering of the stick of the Tourte bow. 
 
 Vul'pius, Melchior, b. Wasungen, about 
 1560 ; d. as cantor at Weimar, 1616. — Publ. 2 
 books of " Cantiones sacrae " (1602; 1604); 
 " Kirchengesange und geistliche Lieder Dr. 
 Luthers, etc." a 4-5 (1604) ; " Canticum beatis- 
 simae Virginis Mariae " (1605); " Lateinische 
 Hochzeitstucke " (1608); " Opusculum novum 
 selectissimarum cantionum sacrarum " a 5-6 
 (1610) ; " Sontagliche evangelische Spruche"a 
 4 (3 parts; i6lg-2i) ; and edited " Musicae 
 compendium latino-germanicum M. Henrici 
 • Fabri . . ." (1610 ; with German translations 
 and additions). 
 
 W 
 
 Wach, Karl Gottfried Wilhelra, b. Lobau, 
 Sept. 16, 1755 ; d. Leipzig, Jan. 28, 1833, as 
 double-bass player in the theatre and Gewand- 
 haus since 1777. 
 
 Wachs, Paul, pianist ; b. Paris, Sept. 19, 
 1851. Pupil, at Paris Cons., of Masse, Mar- 
 montel, Cesar Franck, and Duprato ; won ist 
 priXe for organ-playing in 1872. Has writtten 
 a large number of jo/oK-pieces f . pf . , many of 
 which enjoy popularity. 
 
 Wachs'mann, Johann Jacob, mus. dir. at 
 Magdeburg Cath.^Publ. a " Praktische Sing- 
 schule," a " Gesangfibel fiir Elementarklassen " 
 (1822), " Gesangfibel in Ziffern" (1827), " Vier- 
 stimmige Schulgesange " (1840), " Elementar- 
 schule fiir Pianoforte," " Altargesange," and 
 " Choralmelodien zum Magdeburgischen Ge- 
 sangbuch." 
 
 Wach'tel, Theodor, famous stage-tenor ; 
 b. Hamburg, Mar. 10, 1823 ; d. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, Nov. 14, 1893. According to W.'s own 
 account, his father was a " Fuhrherr " (livery- 
 stable keeper), not a " Droschkenkutscher " 
 (cabman). He carried on the business from the 
 age of 17, after his father's death. His voice 
 was "discovered" by some customers of his, 
 with whom he happened to join in quartet-sing- 
 ing ; it was trained by Fraulein Grandjean of 
 Hamburg, and his successful debut followed in 
 about 18 months. After singing heroic parts in 
 the chief German cities, he went to Vienna for 
 further study. In 1862, and often thereafter, 
 he appeared in London. In 1865 he was eng. 
 for the Berlin Royal Opera. In 1869 he sang 
 in Paris; went to the United States in 1871, at 
 first as a concert-singer, later for a season of 
 opera at the Stadt Theatre, New York ; and re- 
 appeared in America in 1875, singing in Italian 
 and German opera. After this, having accumu- 
 lated quite a fortune, he accepted no fixed en- 
 gagement. His voice was a powerful and bril- 
 liant lyric tenor of delightful timbre, brought 
 under good control by long routine ; he was ad- 
 mirable in theatrical roles like that of the Pos- 
 tillion in Adam's Postilion de Loiigjumeau, which 
 he sang over 1,200 times, George Brown in La 
 Dame blanche, Manrico in Trovalore, Lyonel in 
 Martha, Arnold in Tell, Raoul in Les Hiigue- 
 nots, Stradella, and Eleazar ; his sole attempt 
 as a Wagner singer, in Lohengrin (Leipzig, 
 1875) was a dismal failure. 
 
 Waelput, Hendrik, b. Ghent, Oct. 26, 1845 ; 
 d. there July 8, 1885. Pupil of Brussels Cons., 
 winning the Prix de Rome with the cantata Het 
 Woud. In 1869, Director of Bruges Cons., also 
 acting as cond. of the theatre and the Popular 
 Concerts. Lived 1871-5 in Dijon ; then became 
 cond. at the Grand Theatre, Ghent ; and, finally, 
 prof, of harmony at Antwerp Cons. — Works : 
 4 symphonies ; the cantatas De zegen der wapens. 
 La pacification de Gand, Memling ; a festival 
 march ; songs ; an opera (not perf.), Berhen de 
 diamantslyper ; etc. 
 
 Waelrant, Hubert, b. Tongerloo, Brabant, 
 about 1517; d. Antwerp, Nov. 19, 1595. Pupil 
 of Willaert at Venice ; founded a music-school 
 at Antwerp in 1547, and was Jean Laet's partner 
 
 39 
 
 609 
 
WAGENSEIL— WAGNER 
 
 in music-publishing. As a teacher he broke with 
 the old system o£ solmisation by hexachords, 
 introducing a new system of the 7 tone-names 
 bo ce di ga lo ma ni (hence called " Bocedisa- 
 tion''; also "Voces belgae "). — Publ. comp.s : 
 Motets a 5-6 (1557) ; chansons and madrigals a 
 5 (1558); " Canzoni alia napoletana" a 3-5 
 (1565) ; others in coll.s. 
 
 Wa'genseil, Johann Christoph, b. Nurem- 
 berg, Nov. 26, 1633 ; d. Altdorf, Oct. 9, 1708, 
 as prof, of history and librarian. — Publ. "De 
 sacri Rom. Imp. libera civitate Norimbergensi 
 commentatio. Accedit de Germaniae phona- 
 scorum origine ..." (1697 ; w. 140-page 
 treatise on the Meistersinger, and melodies by 
 Frauenlob, Muhlings, Murner, and Regen- 
 bogen). 
 
 Wa'genseil, Georg Christoph, b. Vienna, 
 Jan. 15, 1715; d. there Mar. I, 1777. Pupil of 
 J. J. Fux ; music-teacher to Maria Theresia and 
 her children, and chamber-comp. to the latter. — 
 Publ. " Suavis artificiose elaboratus concentus 
 musicus continens VI parthias selectas ad cla- 
 vicembalum compositas" (1740) ; 18 Divertimenti 
 di cembalo, op. 1-3 ; a Divertimento i. 2 harp- 
 sichords, and 2 f. harps., 2 violins, and 'cello, 
 op. 5 ; 10 symphonies f. harps., 2 violins, and 
 'cello, op. 4, 7, 8 ; six violin-sonatas w. harps., 
 op. 6. — Ten operas, 30 grand symphonies, 27 
 harpsichord-concertos, etc., in MS. 
 
 Wagoner, Gotthard, b. Erding, 1697 ; d. at 
 the Benedictine monastery, Tegernsee, in 1739. 
 — Publ. sacred songs f. i voice w. instr.l accomp., 
 in the coll.s : " Der MarianischeSchwan"(i7io), 
 " Musikalischer Hofgarten " (1717), " Der 
 musikalische Springbrunnen"(l72o), and " Das 
 Marianische Immelein" (1730). 
 
 Wag'ner, Georg Gottfried, b. Miihlberg, 
 Saxony, Apr. 5, 1698 ; d. as cantor at Plauen, 
 1760. Pupil of Kuhnau and Bach at the 
 Thomasschule, Leipzig. — Works (MS.) : Con- 
 certos and soli f. violin, oratorios, cantatas, 
 overtures, trios, etc. 
 
 Wag'ner, the brothers Johann and Michael, 
 organ-builders at Schmiedefeld, in the i8th 
 century ; built the great organ at Arnheim (47 
 stops). 
 
 Wag'ner, the brothers Christian Salomon 
 and Johann Gottlob, harpsichord-makers at 
 Dresden, turning out over 800 instr.s ; one, the 
 "Clavecin royal" (1774), had 3 pedals (Panta- 
 lonzug, Harfenzug, Lautenzug); another (1786) 
 had 3 keyboards. 
 
 Wag'ner, Karl Jakob, b. Darmstadt, Feb. 
 22, 1772 ; d. there Nov. 25, 1822. Horn-virtuoso ; 
 pupil of Portmann and Abbe Vogler ; in 1790 
 1st horn in the Darmstadt orch., making many 
 tours ; from 1808 Concerimeisier, later court con- 
 ductor. — Prod, the operas Pygmalion, Der Zahn- 
 arzt (1810), Herodes von Bethlehem (1810), 
 Nittetis (1811), and Chimene (1821), all at Darm- 
 stadt ; the melodrama Adonis (181 1) ; dram, 
 cantatas, etc. ; — publ. 2 symphonies, 4 over- 
 
 tures, trios f. violin, flute, and 'cello, duos f. 
 flute and violin, 40 horn-duos, 3 violin-sonatas, 
 variations f. pf., etc. ; also an augm. ed. of 
 Portmann's " Kurzer musikal. Unterricht" as 
 " Handbuch zum Unterricht fiir die Tonkunst" 
 (1802). 
 
 Wag'ner, Ernst David, b. Dramburg, Po- 
 merania, Feb. 18, 1806 ; d. Berlin, May 4, 
 1883. Pupil, in Berlin, of A. W. Bach at the R. 
 Inst, for Church-music, and of Rungenhagen at 
 the School of Comp. (R. A'cad.) ; in 1838, cantor 
 of the Matthaikirche ; 1848, organist of the 
 Trinitatiskirche ; 1858, R. Mus. Din— Publ. 
 motets, psalms, songs, organ-pieces, pf.-pieces, 
 a " Choralbuch," and an essay, "Die musi- 
 kalische Ornamentik" (1868); comp. an oratorio, 
 Johannes der Tdufer. 
 
 Wagner [vahg'ner], (Wilhelm) Richard, 
 
 the grandest and most original dramatic com- 
 poser of all times, 
 was born at Leipzig, 
 (BrUhl.No. 88,) May 
 22, 1813 ; died in 
 Venice, Feb. 13, 
 1883. His father, 
 clerk in the city 
 police-court, died 
 when W. was but 
 six months old ; his 
 mother, Johanne 
 Rosine, nie Bertz, 
 soon after married the 
 actor and playwright 
 Ludwig Geyer of 
 Dresden. In that 
 city W. attended the 
 
 Kreuzschule until 1827 ; he was a good Greek 
 scholar, and showed special aptitude for German 
 verse, writing a grand tragedy in Shakespearian 
 style at the age of 14 ; but evinced no particular 
 talent for music. His stepfather died in 1821 ; in 
 1827 W. entered the Nikolai Gymnasium in Leip- 
 zig, whither the family had returned when his 
 sister Rosalie obtained a favorable engagement 
 at the City Theatre there. In Dresden, Weber's 
 music had already made a strong impression on 
 Wagner ; at Leipzig, as he himself writes, he 
 was ' ' overpowered " on hearing a Beethoven 
 symphony at the Gewandhaus. He studied 
 Logier's Thoroughbass by himself, and then had 
 regular lessons in theory from the organist Gott- 
 lieb Miiller, writing a string-quartet, a sonata, 
 and an aria, but profited little from this teacher's 
 pedantic instructions. In 1830, after matricula- 
 tion as a student of philology and ossthetics at 
 Leipzig University, he took a six-months' course 
 in composition under Theodor Weinlig, then 
 cantor of the Thomasschule ; two works of this 
 period, a pf. -sonata in 4 movements (op. i) and 
 a 4-hand Polonaise (op. 2), were printed by 
 Breitkopf & Hartel, and show, both in melody 
 and harmony, indications of W.'s later individ- 
 uality. He also gave himself up to a thorough and 
 enthusiastic study of Beethoven's symphonies; 
 
 610 
 
WAGNER 
 
 and in 1832 wrote a symphony in 4 movements in 
 C major, which he offered for performance at 
 Vienna and Prague ; it was produced at the 
 Gewandhaus, Leipzig, on Jan. 10, 1833. While 
 in Prague, he wrote his first opera-libretto. Die 
 Hochzeit, of which he composed an introduction, 
 a septet, and a chorus, afterwards abandoning 
 the work on account of objections raised by his 
 sister Rosalie. In 1833 he began his career as 
 a professional musician, being invited by his 
 brother Albert, stage-manager and singer at the 
 Wilrzburg Theatre, to take the position of chorus- 
 master there. He found leisure to compose a 
 romantic opera in 3 acts, Die Feen, to a libretto 
 of his own after ' ' La Donna serpen te " by Gozzi ; 
 it was accepted, but never performed, by the 
 Leipzig theatre-director Ringelhardt (first given 
 at Munich, 1888). In 1834 he was made con- 
 ductor of the Magdeburg Th. ; he brought out 
 two overtures, to Die Feen and Columbus [Apel], 
 songs to the farce Der Berggeist, etc. ; and finished 
 book and score of a 2-act opera Das Liebesverbot 
 [after Shakespeare's Measure for Measure\ the 
 performance of which, on March 29, 1836, after 
 hurried rehearsals, ended in chaos. Failing to 
 bring it out at Leipzig and Berlin, he repaired 
 to Konigsberg, became conductor of the theatre, 
 and married (Nov. 24, 1836) the actress Wilhel- 
 mine Planer. His sole new work here was the 
 overture " Rule Britannia." Next year he was 
 appointed conductor of the Riga opera, newly 
 opened under Holtei ; he also conducted orches- 
 tral concerts, and completed the libretto of Rienzi, 
 der letzte der Tribilnen, a tragic opera in five 
 acts, of which he composed the first two in Riga. 
 Inspired by the hope of equalling Meyerbeer's 
 triumphs on the stage of the Grand Opera at 
 Paris, W. set out for that city in July, 1839, his 
 contract at Riga having expired ; the events of 
 the stormy voyage, heightened by his previous 
 perusal of the legend of the Flying Dutchman, 
 made an indelible impression on his mind. He 
 passed 4 weeks at Boulogne in Meyerbeer's so- 
 ciety, who gave him letters to musicians and 
 publishers in Paris ; he arrived there with his 
 wife in September, and remained there until 
 1842. Unsuccessful in his attempts to get a 
 hearing for Rienzi, he found himself in dire 
 straits, and supported himself by song-writing, 
 arranging dances for piano and cornet, prepar- 
 ing the piano-score of Halevy's Reine de Chypre, 
 and other operas, writing articles for musical 
 papers, etc. In 1840, in the midst of his troubles, 
 he wrote the grand " Faust-Ouvertiire," intended 
 for the first movement of a " Faust Symphony" ; 
 in November of that year, the score of Rienzi 
 was finished, and sent to the Intendant of the 
 Dresden Court Theatre. Sketches for Der Jlie- 
 gende Hollander had also been submitted to the 
 Director of the Opera, who viewed them with 
 approval, but ended by giving the libretto to 
 Foucher for versification, and forcing W. to 
 accept 400 francs for his share in the work. W. 
 lost no time in setting his own poem, completing 
 the score in 7 weeks ; on Meyerbeer's recom- 
 
 mendation it was accepted at Berlin, but not 
 performed ; applications to other German theatres 
 were equally unsuccessful. [On Nov. 9, 1842, 
 the French version, Le Vaisseau fanidme, set to 
 music by Dietsch, chef d'orchestre atthe Opera, 
 was unsuccessfully produced.] Rienzi, however, 
 had finally been accepted at Dresden, and in 
 April, 1842, W. left Paris to superintend the 
 rehearsals ; it was produced on Oct. 20 with 
 great success, which induced the direction to 
 bring out Der fliegende Hollander on Jan. 2, 
 1843. But the step from the grandiose grand- 
 opera style of Rienzi to the fervent romanticism 
 of the Hollander ^-^Ji too long for the average 
 critic and musician to take ; the protests raised 
 against the almost crudely realistic instrumenta- 
 tion, the pathetic declamation, the suppression 
 of the traditional divisions of musical numbers 
 and scenes, etc. , started the opposition to Wag- 
 ner which grew in intensity for the next quarter 
 of a century. Nevertheless, in the same month 
 W. ^ was appointed conductor of the Dresden 
 Opera, succeeding the deceased Morlacchi. In 
 this position he developed great activity for the 
 following 6 years, bringing out the best operps 
 [fler Freischatz, Euryanthe, Don Giovanni, Die 
 ZauberflSte, Fidelio, etc.) in masterly fashion ; 
 he also conducted the Dresden Liedertafel, for 
 which he wrote a " biblical scene," Das Liebes- 
 mahl der Apostel, for 3 choirs of male voices 
 singing at first a cappella, finally with full orch. 
 The 3-act opera Tannhduser und der Sdnger- 
 krieg auf Wartburg, was finished in 1844 ; tlie 
 first performance tsok place at Dresden, Oct. 19, 
 1845, arousing more strenuous opposition than 
 the Hollander ; now the critics discovered that 
 W. had neither " melody" nor " form," a phrase 
 on which the changes have been rung ad nauseam 
 ever since ; still, the opera made its way slowly 
 to the principal German stages (Weimar, 1 849 ; 
 Wiesbaden, 1852 ; Kassel, 1853 ; Munich, 1855 ; 
 Berlin, 1856 ; Vienna, 1857 ; etc.). Itwas Wag- 
 ner's misfortune to be within the peculiar sphere 
 of the conservative (not to say narrow-minded) 
 Dresden critic Schladebach, whose opinions were 
 echoed by the press of other German capitals, 
 and created a strong prejudice among theatre- 
 managers and influential musicians. Liszt, Schu- 
 mann, and Spohr did, however, recognize W.'s 
 lofty aims ; the first-named later became his 
 foremost champion. After Tannhduser, W. 
 began work on the 3-act romantic opera Lohen- 
 grin ; even the book for Die Meister singer, and 
 tentative sketches for Der Ring des Nibelungen, 
 were progressing at the same time. Early in 
 1848 Lohengrin was finished ; but the direction 
 of the Opera did not care to experiment with the 
 work, and only the Finale to Act I was per- 
 formed at the 300th anniversary of the court or- 
 chestra, on Sept. 22, 1848. Studies on the 
 Barbarossa legend resulted in the curious essay 
 "Die Wibelungen.Weltgeschichteausder Sage" ; 
 W. does not appear to have approached the sub- 
 ject musically. A prose study on "Der Nibe- 
 lungen-Mytlius als Entwurf zu einem Drama" 
 
 611 
 
WAGNER 
 
 (1848) was followed by Siegfrieds Tod, a 3-act 
 drama with Prologue, written in alliterative verse, 
 and subsequently utilized, in an altered form, for 
 Gditerddmmerung ; some of the musical themes 
 were also conceived at this time. Full of these 
 plans, and penetrated by the conviction of the 
 impossibility of carrying them out under the 
 existing theatrical conditions, Wagner drew up, 
 and sent in to the Saxon Ministry, a " Proposi- 
 tion for a National Theatre of the Kingdom of 
 Saxony"; it remained unnoticed, and W., already 
 chafing under secret and open hostility, and the 
 irksome details incident to his position, incau- 
 tiously expressed sympathy with the revolution- 
 ary tendencies of the period, and had to leave 
 Dresden after the suppression of the May Revo- 
 'lution (1849), in order to escape arrest. For a 
 brief space he found asylum at Weimar with 
 Liszt, who was rehearsing Tannhduser ; but was 
 again forced to flee, Liszt providing him with a 
 passport and accompanying him as far as Eise- 
 nach on the way to Paris. This second visit to 
 the French capital was quite barren of results, 
 and in June, 1849, W. proceeded to Zurich. 
 Here followed a period of literary activity. The 
 exiled composer, finding his music slighted, now 
 took up the pen to defend himself in earnest 
 against the attacks of prejudice, malice, and 
 ignorance, and to enlighten the public with re- 
 gard to his own aims and motives. Within 3 
 years a remarkable series of essays appeared : 
 " Die Kunst und die Revolution " (1849) ; " Das 
 Kunstwerk der Zukunft," " Kunst una Klima," 
 "Das Judenthum in der Musik" (1850) ; "Oper 
 und Drama, "_ "Fine Mittheilung an meine 
 Freunde," " Uber die Goethe Stiftung," "Fin 
 Theater in Zurich," "ErinnerungenanSpontini" 
 (185 1); "Uber die Auffiihrung des Tannhauser," 
 " Bemerkungen zur Auffiihrung der Oper Der 
 fliegende Hollander" (1S52). He also com- 
 pleted the 3-act prose drama Wieland der 
 Schiniedt, hoping to bring it out in Paris as an 
 opera in French verses ; in 1852 the poems of 
 the Nibelungen trilogy were finished, and pri- 
 vately printed in 1853 ; the full score of Das 
 Rheingold was finished in 1854, and that of Die 
 Walkiire in 1856. In the meantime he con- 
 ducted orchestral concerts, lectured on the musi- 
 cal drama, rehearsed and produced Tannhduser 
 at Zurich, 1855 ; in the spring of 1855 he like- 
 wise conducted eight concerts of the London 
 Philharmonic Society. In 1857 he laid aside the 
 half-finished score of Siegfried, and took up 
 Tristan ttnd Isolde, the poem being completed 
 in that year, with the full score of Act I ; the 
 score of Act II was finished in Venice, 1859, 
 and of Act III in Lyons, August, 1859. He 
 now gave concerts of his own works at Paris 
 (i860), making many enthusiastic friends, but 
 also stirring up active opposition, and incurring 
 heavy debts. Two concerts in Brussels were 
 even less successful. However, powerful in- 
 terests in Paris were enlisted in his favor ; the 
 Emperor ordered that Tannhduser should be 
 put in rehearsal at the Grand Opera ; and it was 
 
 brought out on March 13, 1861, though in the 
 face of such tumultuous opposition by a hostile 
 clique that it was withdrawn after the third per- 
 formance. Upon this disaster followed a gleam 
 of sunshine ; W. was amnestied, and returned 
 to his native country in hopes of soon producing 
 Tristan ; the work was, indeed, received at the 
 Vienna Court Opera, but given up as " imprac- 
 ticable " after 57 rehearsals. He was partially 
 consoled by hearing, for the first time, his own 
 OT^era. Lohengrin (Vienna, May 31, 1861); and 
 he was greeted with effusion by Liszt and other 
 leaders of German music at the Tonkiinstler- 
 Versammlung at Weimar in August. The de- 
 sign of a comic opera. Die Meistersinger von 
 NUrnberg, sketched as far back as 1845, was 
 now taken up with energy ; he finished the 
 poem at Paris, 1862, though the score was not 
 completed until 1867. Up to 1664 he supported 
 himself chiefly by giving concerts of his compo- 
 sitions, meeting with greatest success in St. 
 Petersburg and Moscow. Despite all efforts, 
 however, his situation became desperate ; in 
 1863 he published the poems of the Nibelung 
 cycle, having lost hope of finishing the musical 
 setting. At this crisis King Ludwig II. of Ba- 
 varia, who had just ascended the throne, sent 
 for W. in 1864, inviting him to Munich with 
 the promise of the amplest aid in carrying out 
 his projects. Von Billow was summoned as court 
 Kcipellmeister , to produce Tristan und Isolde 
 (June 10, 1865). But court cabals, and persis- 
 tent opposition on the part of leading musicians, 
 rendered W.'s position so unpleasant that he 
 left Munich in December, and settled in the 
 village of Triebschen on the Lake of Lucerne, 
 busying himself with the completion of the scores 
 of Die Meistersinger (prod. Munich, June 21, 
 1868) and Der Ring des Nibelungen, Siegfried 
 being finished in i86g, and Gotterdammerung va 
 1874. King Ludwig's plan for a special Wag- 
 ner Theatre in Munich having fallen through, 
 W. fixed upon Bayreuth, in 1871, as the place 
 for it ; the cornerstone was laid in 1872, on W.'s 
 6oth birthday. The fund required for erecting 
 the new theatre, which was built according to 
 W.'s original plans, was raised by private sub- 
 scription, by the contributions of " Wagner So- 
 cieties " (Wagner- Vereine) formed all over the 
 world, and by a series of concerts arranged by 
 W. in various German cities. At length, in 
 August, 1876, the dream of his life was realized ; 
 three complete performances of the Der Ring des 
 Nibelungen were given at the Bayreuth theatre, 
 attended by musical notabilities from the four 
 quarters of the globe, and honored by the pres- 
 ence of Emperor William I. and King Ludwig. 
 Hans Richter conducted the orchestra, in which 
 Wilhelmj led the violins. Musically a grand 
 success, the undertaking left W. again heavily 
 involved in debt ; concerts given at the Albert 
 Hall, London, in 1877, gave meagre pecuniary 
 returns ; but he was finally relieved by the set- 
 ting aside of the tantiemes derived from perfor- 
 mances of the cycle at Munich. The next few 
 
 612 
 
WAGNER 
 
 years were occupied with literary work, and with 
 the completion of his last dramatic composition, 
 the " Bvihnenweihfestspiel " Parsifal, finished 
 in 1882, and produced for the first time on July 
 26 of that year, other performances following 
 through July and August, all under the master's 
 personal supervision. He also made arrange- 
 ments for the performances of 1883 ; in the au- 
 tumn of 1882 ill-health compelled him to seek 
 relief in Venice, where he spent the winter ; 
 death overtook him suddenly on Feb. 13, 1883. 
 His remains were interred in the garden of his 
 villa " Wahnfried " at Bayreuth. 
 
 In 1S61 Wagner separated from his first wife, 
 who went to Dresden, and died there in 1866. 
 In 1870 he married Cosima, the daughter of 
 Liszt, after her divorce from her first husband, 
 Hans von Billow. 
 
 In comprehensiveness and grandeur of con- 
 ception, and originality and boldness of execu- 
 tion, Wagner is facile princeps among musical 
 dramatists. From the outset he penned his own 
 poems according to his own ideas. He wasted 
 no time in searching for libretti from which to 
 borrow ideas, or for a librettist to cast his ideas 
 in the conventional mould. When he wrote a 
 workj he was so filled with his subject that it was 
 a natural necessity for him to put it into concrete 
 shape, and so disburden his teeming imagina- 
 tion. His was a thoroughly poetic nature. And 
 in true dramatic instinct he was so far in ad- 
 vance of his musical contemporaries, that many 
 of them still fail to appreciate his preeminence. 
 Of his first operas. Die Feen, Das Liebesverbot, 
 and Rienzi, it may be said briefly that they 
 represent his immature, formative, imitative 
 period. With Der fliegende Hollander the in- 
 dividual Wagner, the genius, is unveiled, almost 
 abruptly. The plain, straightforward mythical 
 tale, a conflict of stormy emotions and the apo- 
 theosis of love and self-sacrifice, appeals to every 
 heart ; the music, radiating from the central 
 ballade sung by Senta, of an elementary power 
 enhanced by the (already) original employment 
 of leading-motives [Leitmotive], is as wildly 
 romantic, as tenderly pathetic, and as sternly 
 tragic, as the successive situations — and, above 
 all, ajn usic not written to exhibit the beauty an d 
 agility. ^f the si ngers' voices, but to follow the 
 drama mto its least details withou t the customary 
 breaks made by set numbers (arias, duets, en- 
 sembles) ; here the heroine has only one solo, 
 the Ballade, and the hero none, in the customary 
 sense. And all these innovations — the deriva- 
 tion of t he dramatic and "iliffirfl' wlinlp frnm a 
 central source ; the preservation of dramatico- 
 musical unity by the use of Leitmotive j the 
 suhnr dinarinn of the singers to dram 'a'-i''''pqnire- 
 ments ; and the absolute melodic and harmonic 
 freshness and vigor, combined with daring or- 
 c hestratinn — all these at once in one work ! No 
 wonder that there was a rattling of dry bones. — 
 In TannhHuser and Lohengrin (1848) Wagner's 
 second pg^lod, the romantic, closes. In these 
 two opf" js he employs like means, in sub- 
 
 ( 
 
 stantially the same manner, though with grow- 
 ing variety and refinement. — The third period 
 opens six years later, with Das Rheingold (1854). 
 The intermediate time has been one of profound 
 self-searching and reflection. W.'s ideas con- 
 cerning the union of the arts have been fully 
 matured and formulated {cf. " Operund Drama " 
 and " Eine Mittheilung an meine Freunde ") ; 
 and in this period they are carried out to their 
 ultimate logical conclusion. He assumes the 
 role of a reformer of the musico-dramatic stage ; 
 unsparingly criticizes and condemns the faulty 
 and illogical plan of the Italian "opera" and 
 the French "grand opera," and naturally dis- 
 cards these titles, calling his own subsequent 
 works " nuisiczdiamas," adding specific titles 
 (" Handlung " [action] for Tristan und Isolde ) 
 " Bilhnenfestspiel " [stage festival-play] for the 
 Nibelungen ; " Buhnenweihfestspiel " [stage- 
 consecrating festival-play] for Parsifal). To 
 quote his own words, "the mistake in the art- 
 form of the opera consists in this, that a means 
 of expressi on (music^ was made 'the end, and the 
 end to h p pvprpccpH ( the fira ma) wa s made a 
 means." Only in a coordinated cooperation of 
 musical and scenic means of expression with the 
 end to be expressed, the dramatic action, could 
 a genuine and perfect musical drama be achieved. 
 Wagner's orchestra now becarne an expo nent 
 of the dramatic action ; the highly individualized 
 and pregnant leading-motives, now singly, in 
 bold relief, now subtly intertwined and varied, 
 plastically present the ever-changing soul-states 
 of the characters of the drama and form the con- 
 necting-links for the dramatic situations ; the 
 singing of the actors is resolved into a lofty 
 declamation (" Sprechsingen," Wagner calls it) 
 of telling dramatic force. — A natural consequence 
 is, that music so treated generally loses, in a 
 varying degree, its effectiveness as absolute 
 music — i.e., when performed without the acces- 
 sories of acting and scenery. So long, however, 
 as the music fulfils the end intended by the com- 
 poser, this cannot be regarded as an aesthetic 
 fault. In richnes s, variety , and novelty of effect , 
 W.'s theatre-orchestra stands iinrivalled ; in 
 chromatic and enharmonic modulation, rhythmic 
 variety, and fertility and originality of con- 
 trapuntal combination and thematic exploitation, 
 he is wholly sui generis. The music-dramas 
 Die Meistersinger and Tristan und Isolde are 
 twin peaks of an elevation of sustained dramatic 
 energy undreamed of before his advent. 
 
 It will be seen that Wagner's reform was in- 
 comparably more far-reaching in aim and import 
 than Gluck's. The latter's chief purpose was 
 to overcome the arbitrary predominance of the 
 singers. In the essential form of the Italian op- 
 era he altered nothing ; recitatives, scenes, arias, 
 and ensembles followed each other much as be- 
 fore. 
 
 W. spent a large amount of his enormous pro- 
 ductive activity in writing. He expounded his 
 theories on music, and the music-drama at great 
 length and in great detail ; in his later years, es- 
 
 613 
 
WAGNER 
 
 pecially, he also touched upon a large number of 
 social and economic subjects in essays of more 
 or less value. The merits of his dramatic poems 
 have aroused only less dispute than his music, 
 his admirers acclaiming him as one of Germany's 
 greatest poets, while his critics allege that his 
 later works, especially Der Ring dcs Nibelungen, 
 in which he adopts the alliterative verse of the 
 old Teutonic literature, and Tristan und Isolde, 
 give a severe wrench to the purity of the Ger- 
 man language and literary style. His works 
 have been collected and published in several edi- 
 tions ; the first {" Gesammelte Schriften und 
 Dichtungen von R. W."), in 1871-83 ; a second 
 cheaper edition followed, 1887-8. An English 
 translation in eight volumes (seven already 
 [iSgg] published, by William Ashton Ellis, be- 
 gan to appear in 1892. In addition, volumes en- 
 titled " Gedanken, Fragmente, Entwiirfe " and 
 "Jesus von Nazareth," being a sketch for the 
 drama that was afterwards relinquished for Par- 
 sifal, have appeared. Following is a list of W.'s 
 musical works : 
 
 Operas and Music-dramas : Die Hochzeit 
 (fragment; unpubl.; comp. 1833). Die Feen, 
 romantic opera in 3 acts (comp. 1833 ; overture 
 played Magdeburg, 1834 ; first prod. Munich, 
 June 29, 1888. Vocal score publ. 1888). Das 
 Liebesverhot, rom. op. in 2 acts (comp. 1835-6 ; 
 prod. Magdeburg, March 29, 1836, as Die 
 Novize von Palermo ; unpubl.). Rienzi, der letzfe 
 der Tribilnen ; tragic opera in 5 acts (comp. ^ 
 1838-40 ; prod. Dresden, Oct. 20, 1842). Der 
 Jliegende Hollander, romantic opera in 3 acts 
 (comp. 1841 ; prod. Dresden, Jan. 2, 1843). 
 Tannhduser und der Sdngerkrieg auf Wart- 
 bttrg ; romantic op. in 3 acts (comp. 1843-5 ; 
 prod. Dresden, Oct. 19, 1845). Lohengrin, 
 romant. op. in 3 acts (comp. 1845-8. Prod. Wei- 
 mar, Aug. 28, 1850). Das Rheingold, Part I 
 of Der Ring des Nibelungen, music-drama in 
 four parts. [Wagner calls Der R. des N. a 
 "Biihnenfestspiel," dramatic trilogy in 3 parts 
 and a "Vorabend" (introductory evening), Das 
 Rheingold.^ (Comp. 1848-53 ; prod. Munich, 
 Sept. 22, 1869. Publ. pf. -score, 1861 ; full do., 
 1873.) Die Walk&re, Part II of Der Ring des 
 Nibehmgen. (Comp. 1848-56 ; prod. Munich, 
 June, 20, 1870. Publ. pf.-score, 1865 ; full do., 
 1873.) Tristan und Isolde, " Handlung" in 3 
 acts. (Comp. 1857-9 '< prod. Munich, June 10, 
 1865. Publ. i860.) Siegfried, Part III of 
 Der Ring des A'ibelungen. (Comp. 1857-69 ; 
 prod. Bayreuth, Aug. i5, 1876. Publ. pf.- 
 score, 1871 ; full do., 1876.) Die Meistersinger 
 von Niirnberg, musical comedy in 3 acts. 
 (Comp. 1861-67 ; prod. Munich, June 21, 1868. 
 Publ. pf.-score, 1867; full do., 1868.) Gotter- 
 dammerung. Part IV of Der Ring des AHbe- 
 lungen. (Comp. 1870-4 ; prod. Bayreuth, Aug. 
 17, 1876. Publ. pf.-score, 1875, full do., 1876.) 
 Parsifal, ein Biihnenweihfestspiel in 3 acts. 
 (Comp. 1876-82 ; prod. Bayreuth, July 26, 1882. 
 Publ. pf.-score, 18.82 ; full do., 1884.) 
 
 Orchestral and Choral Works : Over- 
 
 ture, B[7 (unpubl.; prod. Leipzig, 1830; score 
 lost). Overture, D min. (unpubl.; prod. Leip- 
 zig, Dec. 25, 1831). Overture, C (" Konzert- 
 ouverture, ziemlich fugirt " ; unpubl. ; comp. 
 1831 ; prod. Leipzig, April 10, 1833). Overture, 
 C, " Polonia" (unpubl. ; comp. 1832). Symphony 
 in C (unpubl. ; comp. 1832 ; prod. Leipzig, 1833 ; 
 in Venice, 1882). New Year's Cantata (Introd. 
 and two choral-pieces ; unpubl.; prod. Magde- 
 burg, 1834). Overture, " Columbus " (unpubl. ; 
 comp. 1835 ; prod. Magdeburg, 1S35 ; score 
 lost). Incidental music to Gleich's farce Der 
 Berggeist (unpubl. ; prod. Magdeburg, 1836). 
 Overture, " Rule Britannia" (unpubl.; comp. 
 1836). " Huldigungsmarsch " (comp. 1864; orig. 
 score for military band, unpubl. ; publ. version 
 for orchestra begun by W. and finished by Raff). 
 "Siegfried Idyll" (comp. 1870; publ.; 1877). 
 " Kaisermarsch " (comp. and publ. 1871). 
 "Festival- March " (for the Centennial Expo- 
 sition, Philadelphia, 1876 ; comp. and publ. 
 1876). " Das Liebesmahl der Apostel," for 
 male chorus and orch. (comp. 1843). " Gele- 
 genheits-Cantata " (for unveiling of statue of 
 King Friedrich August, 1843 ; unpubl.). " Gruss 
 an den IConig" (comp. 1843 ; publ. for 4 male 
 voices and as a song with pf.). " An Webers 
 Grabe" (Funeral March for wind-instr.s on 
 motives from " Euryanthe," and double quartet 
 for voices ; comp. 1844 ; the latter publ. 1871). 
 
 Pianoforte-pieces : Sonata, B \) (comp. 
 1831 ; publ. 1832). Polonaise, D, four hands 
 (comp. 1831 ; publ. 1832). Fantaisie, FJfmin. 
 (comp. 1831 ; unpubl.). " Albumsonate, fiir 
 Frau Mathilde Wesendonck," Efj (comp. 1853 ; 
 publ. 1877). " Ankunft bei den Schwarzen 
 Schwanen" (comp. 1861 ; publ. 1897). "Ein 
 Albumblatt fur Fiirstin Metternich," C (comp. 
 1861 ; publ. 1871). "Albumblatt fur Frau Betty 
 Schott," Eb (comp. 1875 ; publ. 1876). 
 
 Songs; " Carnavalslied " from Das Liebes- 
 verbot {com^. 1835-6; publ. 1885). "Dors, 
 mon enfant," " Mignonne," "Attente" (comp. 
 1839-40; publ. 1841-2; reprinted 1871). " Les 
 deux Grenadiers" (comp. 1839). "Der Tan- 
 nenbaum " (comp. 1840; publ. 1871). " Kraft- 
 liedchen " (comp. 1871). Filnf Gedichte : i, 
 Der Engel ; 2, Stehe Still ; 3, Im Treibhaus ; 
 4, Schmerzen ; 5, Traume (comp. 1862). 
 
 Arrangements, etc.: Gluck, IphigMe en 
 Aulide (pf.-arr. by von Biilow, publ. 1859 ; score 
 of close to overture publ. 1859). Mozart, Don 
 Juan (version of dialogues and recitatives ; un- 
 publ.). Palestrina, Stabat Mater, withindications 
 for performance (publ. 1877). Allegro to the air 
 of Aubrey, in Marschner's Der Vampyr (comp. 
 1833 ; unpubl.). Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, 
 pf.-arr. (1830 ; unpubl.). Donizetti, La Favorita 
 and Elisir d'ajnore, pf. -scores. Halevy, La Reine 
 de Chypre and Le Guittarero, pf. -scores (1841). 
 
 Biographies : C. F. Glasenapp, " R. W.'s 
 Leben u. Wirken" (1876 ; 2nd ed. 1882) ; do., 
 " Das Leben R. W.'s " (a third edition of the 
 same, revised and rewritten) ; Ad. Jv Uien, " R. 
 W., sa vie at ses oeuvres " (1886 ; En 1. transl 
 
 614 
 
WAGNER— WALCKER 
 
 1892); H. T. Finck, " W. and his Works," 
 (1893) ; H. S. Chamberlain, " R. W." (Engl, 
 transl. 1897) ; E. Dannreuther, article " R. W." 
 in Grove's " Dictionary" ; F. Prager, " W. as 
 I knew him " (1893 ; the Germ. ed. withdrawn) ; 
 R. Pohl, " R. W., ein Lebensbild" (1883) ; W. 
 Tappert, " R. W., sein Leben u. seine Werke " 
 (1883) ; H. V. Wolzogen, " Erinnerungen an R. 
 W." (1883) ; F. Hueffer, " R. W." (18S1) ; G. 
 Kobbe, " R. W.'s Life and Works" (2voI.s; 
 New York). 
 
 Critical, Polemical, and Explanatory : 
 H. E> Krehbiel, " Studies in the Wagnerian 
 Drama" (1891) ; Ernest Newman, " A Study of 
 Wagner " (1899) ; W. H. Hadow, " Studies in 
 Modern Music" (Vol. i., 1896); A Gasperini, 
 " R. W." (1866) ; F. Hueffer, " R. W. and the 
 Music of the Future" (1874); R. Pohl, " R. 
 W., Studien u. Kritiken" (1883); F. Miiller, " R. 
 W. u. das Musikdrama " (i86l) ; do. " Der Ring 
 des Nibelungen" (1862); Catulle Mend^s, " R. 
 W." (1886) ; M. Kufferath, " Le Theatre de R. 
 W." (four parts, 1892) ; E. Schure, " Le Drame 
 musical " (1886) ; E. Gurney, " Tertium Quid " 
 (1887); L. Nohl, "Beethoven, W. und Liszt " 
 (1874); do., "Gluck u. W." (1870) ; A. Lavi- 
 gnac, "The Music Dramas of R. W." (Engl, 
 transl., 1898) ; Alfred Ernst, " L'osuvre de 
 W." ; F. Nietzsche, " Die Geburt der Tragodie 
 aus dera Geiste der Musik " (1872) ; do., " R. W. 
 in Bavreuth " (1866) ; do., " Der Fall Wagner" 
 (1888) ; F. Muller, " R. W. u. das Musikdrama " 
 (1861) ; do.," Der Ring des Nibelungen" (1862); 
 " Tristan u. Isolde " (1865) ; " Lohengrin u. Die 
 Meistersinger" (1869) ; Frida Win worth, "The 
 Epic of Sounds " (i8g8) ; A. R. Parsons, " Par- 
 sifal " (1890); J. Raff, "Die Wagnerfrage" 
 (1854); A. V. Schleinitz, "W.'s Tannhauser" 
 (1891) ; John P. Jackson, "The Bayreuth of 
 W." (iSgi) ; J. Bennett "Letters from Bay- 
 reuth" (1877); C. Saint-Saens, " Harmonie et 
 melodic" (1885) ; H. v. Biilow, " Uber R. W.'s 
 ' Faustouverture ' " (i860); Karl Mayrberger, 
 "Die Harmonik R. W.'s" (1882); F. Liszt, 
 " Lohengrin et Tannhauser" (1851); do., " Der 
 fliegende Hollander" (1854) ; do., " Das Rhein- 
 gold " (1855) ; G. NoufHard, " R. W. d'apreslui- 
 meme"; H. Lichtenberger, "W., Po^te et 
 Penseur" ; H. Coutagne, " Les Draraes musi- 
 caux de R. W."; J. G. Freson, " L'esthetique 
 de R. W."; E. Hippeau, " Parsifal et I'opera 
 Wagnerian " (1882) ; E. Dannreuther, " R. W., 
 His Tendencies and Theories " ; Judith Gau- 
 tier, " R. W. et son ceuvre poetique " (1882; 
 Engl, transl. 1883) ; Ch. Baudelaire, " R. W. et 
 Tannhauser kVaris" (1861) ; J. Grand-Carteret, 
 " R. W. en caricatures " (Paris, 1892). Also, 
 see Weisheimer, and Tappert. 
 
 Correspondence : " Brief wechsel zwischen 
 W. u. Liszt " (1888, Engl, transl. 1889); " W.'s 
 Briefe an Wesendonck" (i8g8, Engl, transl. 
 1899) I " Briefe R. W.'s an Emil Heckel ' (Ber- 
 lin, 1898 ; Engl, transl. 1899); "Briefe an Uhlig, 
 Fischer und Heine" (Engl, transl. 1890) ; "R. 
 W., Briefe an August Roeckel " (Leipzig, 1895) ; 
 
 E. Kastner, " Briefe R. W.s an seine Zeitge- 
 nossen" (from 1830-83 ; very incomplete). 
 
 Wag'ner, Siegfried, son of Richard W., 
 b. Triebschen (?), June, 1869. Intended for an 
 architect, he attended a polytechnic school, but 
 afterwards took up music, studying under 
 Kniese and Hiimperdinck. Since 1893, as a 
 concert-conductor, he has travelled through Ger- 
 many, Austria, Italy, and England, meeting 
 with success ; he conducts without score, and 
 left-handed. He cond. the performances of Der 
 Ring des Nibelungen at Bayreuth in 1896 and 
 1899. His compositions include a symphonic 
 poem " Sehnsucht" (based on Schiller's poem) ; 
 and a 3-act comic-romantic opera, Der Bdren- 
 hauter, text written by W. after Grimm's fairy- 
 tale ; it was prod, at the Munich Court Th., 
 Jan. 22, 1899, with moderate success ; since 
 then at several other German theatres. 
 
 Wag'ner [Jachmann-Wagner], Johanna, 
 niece of Richard, being the daughter of his 
 brother Albert [1799-1874] ; b. near Hanover, 
 Oct. 13, 1828 ; d. Wurzburg, Oct. 16, 1894. 
 Dramatic soprano ; at first took children's roles 
 at Wurzburg and Bernberg, and was eng. as 
 leading soprano at Dresden in 1844, creating 
 the role of Elisabeth in 1845 ; studied under the 
 Viardot-Garcia in Paris, 1846-8 ; eng. at Ham- 
 burg, 1849, and at the Court Opera, Berlin, 
 1850-62, with the title of " Chamber-singer" in 
 1853. In 1859 she married the district judge 
 Jachmann. After 1862 she appeared as an ac- 
 tress, chiefly in tragedy ; though at Bayreuth in 
 1876 she still assumed the part of one of the 
 Walkilren and of First Norn. Taught dra- 
 matic singing at the Munich School of Music, 
 1882-4 I thereafter gave private lessons. 
 
 Wais'sel [Waisselius], Matthias, a 
 Frankfort lutenist ; b. Bartenstein, Prussia. — 
 Publ. ' ' Tabulatura continens . . . cantiones 4, 
 5 et 6 vocum, testudini aptatas, ut sunt : Prae- 
 ambula, phantasiae, cantiones germanicae, itali- 
 cae, gallicae et latinae, Passamesiae, Gagliardae 
 et Choreae " (Frankfort, 1573) ; 2nd ed. with 
 German title : " Tabulatura oder Lautenbuch 
 allerley kilnstlicher Praeambula, etc., auff der^ 
 Lauten zu schlagen " (1592). 
 
 Wal'cker, Eberhard Friedrich, b. Kann- 
 stadt, July 3, 1794 ; d. Ludwigsburg, Oct. 4, 
 1872. Trained in the workshops of his father, a 
 skilled organ-builder, he set up for himself in 
 1820, and won great renown by his excellent 
 work and numerous inventions. The business 
 is now in the hands of his five sons, Heinrich 
 [b. Oct. 10, 1828], Friedrich [b. Sept. 17, 1829], 
 Karl [b. Mar. 6, 1845], Paul [b. May 31, 1846], 
 and Eberhard [b. Apr. 8, 1850]. Of more than 
 400 organs turned out by the firm, some of the 
 largest are those in Ulm Cathedral (1856 ; 100 
 speaking stops). Music Hall, Boston [now re- 
 moved] (1863 ; 86 stops), Paulskirche, Frankfort 
 (1833 ; 74 stops), St. Peter's, St. Petersburg 
 (1840 ; 65 stops), Olaikirche, Reval (1842 ; 65 
 stops), Votivkirche, Vienna (1878 ; 61 stops). 
 
 615 
 
WALDERSEE— WALMISLEY 
 
 Wal'dersee, Paul, Count von, b. Potsdam, 
 Sept. 3, 1831. A Prussian officer from 1848-71, 
 he later turned to music ; was co-editor of Breit- 
 kopf & Hartel's complete ed.s of Beethoven 
 and Mozart, and edits a valuable " Sammlung 
 musikalischer Vortrage." 
 
 Walker, John, the English lexicographer ; 
 b. Colney Hatch, Middlesex, Mar. 18, 1732 ; d. 
 London, Aug. 1, 1807. Wrote " The Melody of 
 Speaking Delineated" (1787; often republ.), 
 with an original notation for representing the 
 musical inflexions of the speaking voice. 
 
 Walker, Joseph Cooper, b. Dublin, Nov., 
 1760; d. St.-Valery, France, Apr. 12, iSio. — 
 Publ. " Historical Memoirs on the Irish Bards," 
 with notes on Irish music (1786) ; " An Histori- 
 cal Account and Critical Essay on the Opera 
 ." (1805) ; etc. 
 
 Walker, Frederick Edward, b. Maryle- 
 bone, London, Jan. 17, 1835. Chorister in the 
 Chapel Royal ; Vicar-choral of St. Paul's, 1858 ; 
 succeeded H. Buckland as Master of the Boys 
 in 1867 ; cond. of the Brixton Philharra. Soc, 
 1883; prof, of singing at the R. A. M.; also 
 hon. member of the London Vocal Union. A 
 noted tenor concert-singer, and a good organist, 
 pianist, and violinist. 
 
 Wallace, William Vincent, b. Waterford, 
 Ireland, June i, 1814 ; d. Chateau de Bages, 
 Haute Garonne, Oct. 12, 1865. The family re- 
 moved to Dublin, where W. played with the 
 violins in the orch., and later appeared as a solo- 
 ist. He left Ireland in 1835, and for some years 
 led an adventurous life in Australia, the East 
 Indies, South America, Mexico, and the United 
 States, giving concerts at intervals with sensa- 
 tional success. In 1845 he was in London, and 
 prod, the opera j1/flriVflK3(Drury Lane, Nov. 15), 
 which is still played ; Matilda of Hungary fol- 
 lowed in 1847. He soon resumed his wander- 
 ings, and revisited N. and S. America. From 
 1853 he lived chiefly in London and Paris. The 
 opera Lurline (Covent Garden, Feb. 23, i860) 
 had tremendous success ; his others are The 
 Amber Witch (1S61), Love's Triutnfh (1862), 
 and The Desert Flower {lib'i). His pf.-music 
 had great vogue ; some noted numbers are ' ' La 
 Gondola," op. 18 ; 2 Nocturnes, op. 20 ; "Chant 
 d'amour," op. 26 ; Nocturne melodique, op. 30 ; 
 Melodic irlandaise, op. 53 ; " Music murmuring 
 in the trees"; Valse brillante de salon ; Taren- 
 telle ; etc. Cf. " W. V. W., etude biographique 
 et critique," by Pougin (Paris, 1866). 
 
 Wal'lenstein, Martin, b. Frankfort - on- 
 Main, July 22, 1843 ; d. there Nov. 30, l8g6. 
 Pianist, pupil of Dreyschock at Prague, and 
 Hauptmann and Rietz at Leipzig. Made many 
 concert-tours ; was noted as a master of phras- 
 ing. — Prod, a 2-act comic opera. Das Testament, 
 at Frankfort (1870), and an overture ; publ. a 
 pf.-concerto in D min., pf.-studies, solo pieces, 
 etc. 
 
 Wal'lerstein, Anton, b. Dresden, Sept. 28, 
 1813 ; d. Geneva, Mar. 26, 1892. Violinist and 
 popular dance-comp. ; made concert-tours as a 
 child, joined the Dresden court orch. in l82g, 
 was a member of the Hanover orch. 1832-41, 
 lived there in retirement till 1858, thereafter in 
 Dresden. — Publ. about 300 pieces of dance- 
 music ; variations f. violin w. orch. (op. 2) ; 
 songs. 
 
 Wallis, John, b. Ashford, Kent, Nov. 23, 
 1616 ; d. London, Oct. 28, 1703. Prof, of mathe- 
 matics at Oxford. — Publ. " Tractatus elenchticus 
 adversus Marci Meibomii dialogum de propor- 
 tionibus" (1657); " Claudii Ptolemaei harmoni- 
 corum libri III "(Greek, 1682; w. supplem., 
 " De veterum harraonia ad hodiernam compa- 
 rata ") ; " Porphyrii in harmonica Ptolemaei 
 commentarius " ; " Manuelis Bryennii harmo- 
 nica"; all the above are in his complete works 
 (1699, 3 vol.s). Also acoustical investigations 
 in the " Philosophical Transactions" (1672-98). 
 
 Walli'ser, Christoph Thomas, b. Strass- 
 burg, 1568 ; d. there as mus. dir. of the Cathe- 
 dral, Thomaskirche, and Univ., Apr. 26, 1648. 
 — Publ. a theoretical work, " Musicae figuralis 
 praecepta . . ." (1611) ; further, " Catecheticae 
 cantiones odaeque spirituales, hymni et cantica 
 . . . et madrigalia " (1611) ; "Chorus nubiura 
 ex Aristophanis comoedia ad aequales com.posi- 
 tus, et Chori musici novi Eliae dramati sacro- 
 tragico accommodati " (1613) ; " Sacrae modula- 
 tiones in festum Nativitatis Christi," a 5 (1613) ; 
 " Ecclesiodiae, das ist Kirchengesange oder 
 Psalmen Davids, nicht allein «na voce, sondern 
 auch mit Instrumenten von 4-6 Stimmen" (1614); 
 "Ecclesiodiae novae " « 4-7 (1625); " Herrn ' 
 Wilhelm Salusten von Bartas Triumph des Glau- 
 bens " (1627) ; choruses a 4-6 to the tragi-com- 
 edy Charicles (1641). 
 
 Wall'ner, Leopold, b. Kiev, Russia, Nov. 
 27, 1847. Writer and music-teacher in Brussels. 
 Publ. " De la Mathesis dans la musique " (1891). 
 
 Wall'nbfer, Adolf, b. Vienna, Apr. 26, 1854. 
 Pupil of Waldmiiller, Krenn, and Dessoff for 
 comp. ; of Rokitansky for singing. Baritone 
 concert-singer in Vienna ; his voice developing 
 into a tenor in 1880, he sang at the Olmiitz City 
 Th., then (1882) joined Neumann's Wagner 
 troupe, went later to the Bremen City Th. , and 
 thence to the German Landestheater at Prague. 
 Sang in opera in the N. Y. season of 1897-8. 
 Works : The opera Eddystone (Prague, 1889 ; 
 Berlin, 1894 ; succ.) ; Die Grenzen der Mensch- 
 heit, and Der Blumen Rache (both f. chorus 
 w. orch.) ; also ballads and songs (some in the 
 " Wallnofer Album "). 
 
 Walmisley, Thomas Forbes, b. London, 
 1783 ; d. there July 23, 1866. Pupil of Thomas 
 Attwood ; in 1812, organist at St. Martin-in-the- 
 Fields. Popular glee-composer ; publ. 4 coU.s 
 of 6 glees each ; also " A Coll. of Glees, Trios, 
 Rounds and Canons " (1826) ; many single glees ; 
 church-music ; songs. — His son, 
 
 616 
 
WALMISLEY— WALTHER 
 
 Walmisley, Thomas Attwood, b. London, 
 Jan. 21, 1814; d. Hastings, Jan. 17, 1856. Pu- 
 pil of Attwood. Organist of Croydon Ch., 1830 ; 
 of Trinity and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge, 
 1833. Mus. Bac, Cantab., 1833; Mus. Doc, 
 1848 ; Prof, of Music at Cambridge, 1836. — 
 Works : 2 Installation-Odes ; a 4-part choral 
 hymn; songs; edited coU.s, e. g., "Cathedral 
 Music, a Coll. of Services and Anthems"(i857); 
 "Coll. of Chants with the Responses in use at 
 the Chapels of King's, Trinity and St. John's 
 Colleges, Cambridge " (1845). 
 
 Walsh, John, noted music-publisher in Lon- 
 don, where he died Mar. 13, 1736. Commenced 
 business about 1690, at first printing from plates 
 engraved by hand, but from about 1710 using 
 punches, being a pioneer in this latter method of 
 engraving on tin plates. 
 
 Wal'ter, Ignaz, b. Radowitz, Bohemia, 
 I75g ; d. Ratisbon, about 1830. Comp. and 
 tenor singer ; pupil of Starzer at Vienna ; eng. 
 at the Court Th. in 1779 I ^t Prague, 1783 ; at 
 Mayence, 1789, and with the Grossmann com- 
 pany at Halle and Bremen, undertaking its man- 
 agement after G.'s death, and travelling to 
 Frankfort and Ratisbon. For this troupe he 
 wrote the " Singspiele" Der ausgepriigelte Teu- 
 fel, 25,000 Gulden, Die base Frati, Der Trank 
 der Unsterblichkeit, Doctor Faust, etc.; also 
 comp. a cantata for the coronation of Leopold 
 IL, a Friedenscantate, a Weihnachtscantate, 6 
 masses, 6 motets, a quartet f. harp, flute, violin 
 and 'cello, etc. 
 
 Wal'ter, August, b. Stuttgart, 1821 ; d. 
 Basel, Jan. 22, 1896. Pupil of Sechter at 
 Vienna ; mus. dir. at Basel from 1846, where his 
 labors, especially in the' cause of good church- 
 music, have borne fruit. — Works : A symphony, 
 an octet f. strings and wind, and 3 string-quar- 
 tets, male choruses, songs. 
 
 Wal'ter, William Henry, b. Newark, N. J., 
 July I, 1825. Organist, as a boy, at the First 
 Presb. Ch. , then at the Grace Episc. Church, 
 Newark ; in 1842, of the Ch. of the Epiphany, 
 New York ; then of St. John's Chapel, St. Paul's 
 Chapel, and Trinity Chapel (till 1869) ; from 
 1856, organist at Columbia College, New York, 
 receiving the degree of Mus. Doc. hon. causa in 
 1864. — Works : 2 masses (in C and F') ; services 
 and anthems for the Episc. Ch.; "Common 
 Prayer with Ritual Song " ; " Manual of Church 
 Music"; "Chorals and Hymns"; "Hymnal 
 with Tunes, Old and New"; "Psalms with 
 Chants " ; etc. 
 
 Wal'ter, George William, son and pupil of 
 preceding; b. New York, Dec. 16, 1851. At 
 the age of 5 he played the organ at Trinity 
 Chapel ; studied further under J. K. Paine 
 (Boston) and S. P. Warren (New York) ; has 
 lived in Washington since i86g. Is especially 
 noted for his skill as an improviser and in regis- 
 tration. Received the degree of Mus. Doc. 
 from Columbian College, Washington, in 1882. 
 
 His mus. library is one of the finest in the 
 country. 
 
 Wal'ter, Joseph, b. Neuberg-on-Danube, 
 Dec. 30, 1833 ; d. July 15, 1875, at Munich, as 
 violin-teacher at the Cons., and Concertmeister. 
 De Beriot was his teacher. — His brother, Benno, 
 b. Munich, June 17, 1847, is a violinist, pupil 
 of Munich Cons.; from 1863 member of the 
 court orch.; succeeded his brother as Concert- 
 meister, also as teacher at the Cons. ; has toured 
 South Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and 
 America. 
 
 Wal'ter, Gustav, b. Bilin, Bohemia, Feb. 11, 
 1836. Stage-tenor, pupil of Prague Cons. ; sang 
 at first in Briinn, and from 1856-87 at the Vienna 
 Court Opera as principal lyric tenor. 
 
 Wal'ter, Carl, b. Cransberg, Taunus, Oct. 
 27, 1862. Pupil of Meister and Schmetz at the 
 Teachers' Seminary, Montabaur ; later of the 
 Ratisbon School for Church-music ; then became 
 teacher, organist, and choirmaster at Biebrich- 
 on-Rhine ; from 1893, music-teacher at Monta- 
 baur Seminary. Contributor to Haberl's " Musica 
 sacra," and the " Kirchenmusikalisches Jahr- 
 buch " ; writer for the ' ' Monatshef te f iir Musik- 
 geschichte " ; has comp. motets u, 3-6, organ- 
 music, and a triple fugue (prize). 
 
 Wal'ter, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Mannheim, 
 Sept. 3, 1870. Dr. phil, Heidelberg, 1892. 
 Living in Mannheim as a writer ; contributes to 
 various periodicals, and is mus. critic for the 
 " Mannheimer Generalanzeiger." Has publ. a 
 series of monographs on music in Mannheim : 
 " Die Entwickelung des Mannheimer Musik- 
 und Theaterlebens " (1897) ; " Geschichte des 
 Theaters und der Musik am Kurpfalzischen 
 Plofe " (Leipzig, 1898) ; and " Archivund Biblio- 
 thek des Grossherzoglichen Hof- und National- 
 theaters in Mannheim " (2 vol.s ; Leipzig, 1899) ; 
 also the chapters on mus. history in Hans 
 Kraemer's "Das 19. Jahrhundert in Wort und 
 Bild" (3 vol.s ; Berlin, i8g8). 
 
 Wal'ther von der Vogelweide, the foremost 
 Minnesinger, and the greatest lyric poet of 
 medifeval Germany ; b. in the Tyrol (?), about 
 1160; d. Wilrzburg, after 1227. In Wagner's 
 Tannhduser he appears as one of the rival singers 
 at the Wartburg. Among editions of his works 
 cf. Lachmann (5th ed. Berlin, 1885) ; High 
 German translation by Simrock (7th ed. Leipzig, 
 1883) ; also cf. Wilmanns, " Lebenund Dichten 
 Walthers v. d. V." (Bonn, 1882), and Leo, " Die 
 gesammte Litteratur Walthers v. d. V." (Vienna, 
 1880). 
 
 Wal'ther, Johann, b. Thuringia, 1496 ; d. 
 Torgau, 1570. In 1524, singer in the Electoral 
 chapel at Torgau, and was summoned to Witten- 
 berg by Luther to assist in the composition and 
 regulation of the German Mass. Court Kapellm. 
 at Torgau 1525-30 ; from 1548-55, Kapellm. to 
 Moritz of Saxony of the Dresden Court Chapel. 
 — Publ. "Geystlich Gesangk Buchlein " (Wit- 
 tenberg, 1524 ; the first Protestant singing-book, 
 
 617 
 
WALTHER— WARD 
 
 a 4 ; often republ.) ; " Cantio septem vocura in 
 laudem Dei omnipotentis et Evangelii ejus " 
 (ibid., 1544) ; " Magnificat 8 tonorum " (1557) ; 
 " Ein newes christliclies Lied " (1561); "Ein gar 
 schoner geistlicher und cliristlicher Berglcreyen " 
 (1561) ; " Lob und Preis der himmlischen ICunst 
 Musica" (1564); "Das ciiristlicli Kinderlied 
 Dr. Martin Lutiiers Erhalt uns Herr bei deinem 
 Wort" (1566). Various numbers in coll.s. 
 
 Wal'ther, Johann Jakob, b. Witterda, n. 
 Erfurt, 1650. Electoral Saxon chamber-musician ; 
 later at Mayence. — Publ. " Scherzi di violino 
 solo" w. continuo, and viol or lute ad lib. 
 (1676) ; and " Hortus chelicus, uno violino, 
 duabus, tribus et quatuor subinde chordis simul 
 sonantibus harmonice modulanti"(i688; curious 
 work ; No. 28 is entitled " Serenate a un coro 
 di violini, organo tremolante, chittarino, piva, 
 due tromboni e timpani, lira tedesca, ed arpa 
 smorzata per un violino solo "). 
 
 Wal'ther, Johann Gottfried, b. Erfurt, Sept. 
 (Nov.?) 18, 1684 ; d. Weimar, Mar. 23, 1748. 
 A pupil of Adlung, Kretschmar, and J. B. 
 Bach at Erfurt, where he was app. organist of 
 the Thomaskirche in 1702 ; in 1707, town-organ- 
 ist at Weimar, and music-master to the children 
 of the Ducal family ; from 1720, court musician. 
 A near relative and close friend of J. S. Bach's, 
 he nevertheless hardly more than mentions him 
 in his Lexicon. He stands next to Bach as a 
 master of choral-variations for organ. Mattheson 
 called him a second Pachelbel. Ilis greatest 
 work is the " Musikalisches Lexikonoder Musi- 
 kalische Bibliothek," the first mus. encyclopaedia 
 of bipgraphy, bibliography, and terms (1732) ; 
 he had previously publ. the 64-page " Alte und 
 neue musikalische Bibliothek oder musikalisches 
 Lexikon" (1728). — Also publ. a "Clavierconcert" 
 (unaccompanied ; 1741) ; Prelude and Fugue 
 (1741); 4 choral-variations ("JesumeineFreude," 
 " Meinen Jesum lass' ich nicht," " AUein Gott 
 in der Hoh' sei Ehr'," " Wie soli ich dich em- 
 pfangen ") ; many choral-variations, preludes, 
 fugues, and toccatas, in MS.; also 5 coll.s of 
 " Choralbearbeitungen " by other composers. 
 
 Wal'zel, Camillo [pseudonym F. Zell], b. 
 Magdeburg, 1829 ; d. Vienna, Mar. 17, 1895. 
 At first intended for a military career, he became 
 a steamboat-captain on the Danube ; at the end 
 of the '50's he began literary work as a trans- 
 lator of French comedies and writer of short 
 stage-pieces (e. g. , Die Bilsle); later, visually 
 in collaboration with Richard Genee, he wrote 
 libretti for Strauss, Suppe, Millocker, Genee, 
 Max Wolf, Czibulka, Dellinger, etc., on which 
 not only his fame, but, in great measure, the 
 success of German operetta in the 19th cen- 
 tury, rests. 
 
 Warabach, Emile (-Xavier), b. Arlon, Lux- 
 emburg, Nov. 26, 1854. Pupil of Benoit, Mer- 
 tens, and Callaerts at the Antwerp Cons. Com- 
 poser of the young Flemish school. — Works : 
 " Aan de boorden van de Schelde," symphonic 
 
 poem ; orch.l fantasias, pf.-pieces ; — the Flem- 
 ish drama Nathans Parabel j 2 oratorios, Moses 
 op den Nyl, and Yolande ; cantata Vlaander- 
 land, f. male chorus; De lente ("Spring"), f. 
 female ch. and orch.; cantata for the Rubens 
 Festival; a children's cantata; " Memorare," 
 and a Hymn, f. ch. and orch.; a mass, a Te 
 Deum, and other church-music; choruses and 
 songs. 
 
 Wang'emann, Otto, b. Loitz-on-the-Peene, 
 Jan. 9, 1848. Pupil of G. FlUgel at Stettin, and 
 Fr. Kiel at Berlin ; since 1878, organist and 
 singing-teacher at the Demmin Gymnasium. — 
 Publ. "Geschichte der Orgel " (1879); " Ge- 
 schichte des Oratoriums" (1880); " Leitfaden 
 fiir den Singunterricht an Gymnasien " ; also 
 a " Weihnachtsmusik " f. soli, ch., and orch.; 
 school-songs; pf.-pieces. Edited "Der Orga- 
 nist " in 1879 ; in 1880 he succeeded Hahn as ed- 
 itor of " Tonkunst." 
 
 Wanhal [van Hal], Johann Baptist, b, 
 
 Neu-Nechanitz, Bohemia, May 12, 1739 ; d. 
 Vienna, Aug. 26, 1813. Son of a peasant, and 
 self-taught until sent to .Vienna by Countess 
 Schaffgotsch. Studied later in Italy, and settled 
 in Vienna ; he was a favorite composer, especially 
 for amateur pf. -players, before the advent of 
 Mozart and Beethoven.^ — Publ. 12 symphonies 
 for strings, 2 oboes, and 2 horns ; 12 string- 
 quartets ; 12 trios f. 2 violins and 'cello ; quar- 
 tets (concerti) f. pf. and strings ; quartets f. pf. , 
 flute, violin, and 'cello; pf. -trios; 5 pf.-sonatas 
 f . 4 hands, and 6 f . 2 hands ; violin-duos ; 6 vio- 
 lin-sonatas w. pf. ; characteristic sonatas (" mili- 
 taire," " The Battle of Wiirzburg," " The Bat- 
 tle of Trafalgar"); many pf. -sonatinas, among 
 them an interesting set of 12 ; 70 books of vari- 
 ations f. pf. ; fantasias, dances, and other pf.- 
 pieces ; fugues, preludes, etc., f. organ ; 2 orch.l 
 masses ; 2 offertories f . high soprano w. orch. ; 
 also prod. 2 operas, and left 88 symphonies, 94 
 string-quartets, etc., in MS. 
 
 Wan'ski, Johann Nepomuk, Polish violin- 
 ist, b. about 1800 (?) ; son of Jan W., a popular 
 Polish song-composer ; studied in Warsaw, and 
 later under Baillot at Paris. Made extended 
 concert-tours in Southern France, Spain, Italy, 
 and Switzerland ; then, with impaired health, 
 settled in Aix in Provence as a teacher. — Works: 
 A method for violin ; method for viola ; " Gym- 
 nastique des doigts et de I'archet"; " I'Har- 
 monie, ou la science des accords " ; a concertino, 
 etudes, variations, fugues, fantasias, romances, 
 etc., f. violin. 
 
 Ward, John Charles, b. Upper Clapton, 
 London, Mar. 27, 1835. Began his public ca- 
 reer as a soloist on the concertina, in 1846 ; was 
 a chorister in the Temple Ch. until 1848 ; since 
 1852, organist successively at several London 
 churches, last at St. Mary the Virgin, Primrose 
 Hill (since 1890). Member of the Leslie Choir 
 from its foundation in 1855 ; org. and asst.- 
 cond. 1856-85. — Works : A motet, and a Sanc- 
 
 618 
 
WARLAMOFF— WEBB 
 
 tus, both f. double choir; cantata The Wood; "A 
 Psalm of Life" f. male ch. and orch. ; services, 
 anthems, hymn-tunes, etc.; an orch. 1 fugue on 
 "The Sailor's Hornpipe" ; organ-music ; can- 
 tata The Swedish Singers, i. female voices ; a 
 Polonaise f. pf . and concertina ; Minuet f . 3 con- 
 certinas ; etc. 
 
 Warla'moff, Alexander Jegorovitch, b. 
 
 Moscow, i8io ; d. 1849. Singing-teacher, and 
 composer of " folk-songs,'' among which " The 
 red Sarafan " became known everywhere. 
 
 Warnots, Henri, b. Brussels, July 11, 1832; 
 d. Mar. 3, 1893. Opera -singer (lyric tenor) ; pu- 
 pil of his father [Jean-Arnold W., 1801-61], 
 and the Brussels Cons. Debut at Li^ge, 1856 ; 
 theneng. at the Opera-Comique, Paris; at Strass- 
 burg (producing an operetta, Une heure de ma- 
 nage, in 1865) ; and at Brussels (1867), there be- 
 coming singing-teacher at the Cons., and cond. 
 of the "Societe de musique." In 1870 he founded 
 a music-school in a. suburb of Brussels.- — His 
 daughter and pupil, EUy, b. Liige, 1862, is an 
 excellent stage-soprano ; debut at the Th. de la 
 Monnaie, Brussels, in 1879, as Anna in La Da?iie 
 blanche; sang there for two years ; has been eng. 
 since then at the Pergola Th., Florence, the 
 Opera-Comique, Paris, etc. On Mayl7, i88i,she 
 sang the role of Marguerite de Valois at the R. 
 Italian Th., London; since that time she has 
 frequently appeared at the Promenade Concerts, 
 the Crystal Palace, etc. 
 
 Warren, Samuel Prowse, b. Montreal, 
 Canada, Feb. 18, 1841. Noted organist ; from 
 1861-4 pupil of 
 Haupt at Berlin, 
 studying the pf. un- 
 der Gustav Schu- 
 mann, and instru- 
 mentation under | 
 Wieprecht. Organ- 
 ist of All Souls' Ch., 
 New York, 1865-7 ; 
 later at Trinity Ch., 
 giving several series 
 of fine organ-recit- 
 als ; afterwards or- 
 ganist and mus. dir. 
 at Grace Church.— 
 Publ. works : Church-music ; 
 organ; songs. 
 
 Warren, George William, b. Albany, N. Y., 
 Aug. 17, 1828. Is a self-taught organist, holding 
 a position from 1846-58 at St. Peter's, Albany, 
 later at Brooklyn; since 1870, organist and mus. 
 dir. of St. Thomas's Ch., New York.— Works : 
 Church-music (Te Deum, anthems, hymns, etc.); 
 "Warren's Hymns and Tunes, as Sung at St. 
 Thomas's Church" (1888); pf. -pieces ; etc. 
 
 Wartel, Pierre-Fran9ois, b. Versailles, Apr. 
 3,1806; d. Paris, Aug., 1862. Pupil of Choron's 
 Inst, for Church-music, and of Banderali at the 
 Cons., taking ist prize for singing in 1829; stud- 
 ied further under Nourrit till 1831; was then 
 
 transcriptions f. 
 
 eng. as a tenor at the Ope'ra (for some 15 years); 
 after which he made tours, and settled in Paris 
 as a singing- teacher (Trebelli was his pupil). 
 
 Wasielew'ski, Joseph W. von, b. Gross- 
 Leesen, n. Danzig, June 17, 1822; d. Sonders- 
 hausen, Dec. 13, l8g6. Violinist; private pupil 
 of David at Leipzig, also studying in the Cons, 
 under David, Hauptmann, and Mendelssohn 
 (1843-6). He joined the Gewandhaus Orch., 
 was critic for the " Signale," and wrote for the 
 "Leipziger Zeitung" and the " Dresdner Jour- 
 nal " ; was Concertmeister under Schumann at 
 DUsseldorf 1850-52, then conducted the new 
 Choral Society at Bonn, and other singing-soci- 
 eties, till 1855; settled in Dresden as a writer, in 
 which capacity he greatly distinguished himself. 
 In i86g he became town mus. dir. at Bonn, re- 
 ceiving the title of " R. Mus. Dir." in 1873 ; he 
 retired to Sondershausen in 1884. — Works : 
 "Robert Schumann's Biographic" (1858; 3rd 
 ed. 1880), with important supplementary matter 
 in " Schumanniana " (1884); " Die Viohne und 
 ihre Meister" (1869; 2nd augm. ed., 1883 ; 3rd 
 ed., 1893); "Die Violine im 17. Jahrhundert 
 und die Anfange der Instrumentalcomposition " 
 (1874); " Geschichte der Instrumentalnmsik im 
 16. Jahrhundert " (1878) ; " Beethoven" (1888 ; 
 2 vol.s); " Das Violoncell und seine Geschichte" 
 (1889); "Carl Reinecke, sein Leben, Wirken 
 und Schaffen " (Leipzig, 1892); and " Aus 70 
 Jahren," memoirs (Stuttgart, 1896). Shorterar- 
 ticles in the " Musikalisches Centralblatt " and 
 the "Vierteljahrsschrift flir Musikwissenschaft." 
 — Among his compositions (over 30 opus-num- 
 bers) are "Herbstblumen," a set of g violin- 
 pieces (op. 30); a Nocturne f. violin w. pf. ; the 
 " ICaiserlied imVolkston," and other patriotic 
 songs. 
 
 Was'sermann, Heinrich Joseph, b. 
 Schwarzbach, n. Fulda, Apr. 3, 1791 ; violinist, 
 pupil of Spohr ; cond. of orchestras at Geneva 
 and Basel ; d. Richen, n. Basel, in Aug., 1838. 
 — Publ. dances f. orch., chamber-music, guitar- 
 pieces, etc. 
 
 Watson, William Michael (pen-name Jules 
 Favre), English comp.- and poet ; b. Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, July 31, 1840 ; d. E. Dulwich, London, 
 Oct. 3, 1889. He establ. the " West End School 
 of Music," London, in 1883. — Works: Cantata 
 Aladdin (1885) ; part-songs, songs, and pf.- 
 pieces. 
 
 Webb, Daniel, b. Taunton, England, 1735 ; 
 d. Bath, Aug. 2, 1815. — Publ. "Observations 
 on the Correspondence between Poetry and 
 Music " (London, 1769 ; reprinted in his " Mis- 
 cellanies," 1803 ; Germaned. 1771). 
 
 Webb, George James, b. Rushmore Lodge, 
 n. Salisbury, Engl., June 24, 1803 ; d. Orange, 
 N. J., Oct. 7, 1887. Organist at Falmouth ; in 
 1830 he settled in Boston, Mass., becoming 
 organist of the Old South Church, a co-founder 
 of the Boston Acad, of Music in 1836, and pres. 
 of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1840. In 
 
 619 
 
WEBB— WEBER 
 
 1870 he went to Orange ; taught in New York 
 from 1876-85, and then retired to Orange. He 
 edited 2 periodicals: "The Mus. Library" 
 (1835-6) with L. Mason, and " The Mus. 
 Cabinet " (1837-40) with W. Hayward ; publ. 
 " Vocal Technics " (Boston, n. d.), and " Voice 
 Culture" (w. C. G. Allen); edited the "Young 
 Ladies' Vocal Class Book " (Boston, 1853); "The 
 Glee Hive" and "The New Odeon " (both w. 
 L. Mason) ; and " Cantica laudis" (New York, 
 1850 ; w. Mason). 
 
 Webb, Frank Rush, b. Covington, Indiana, 
 Oct. 8, 185 1. St. 1871 in the New Engl. Cons., 
 Boston, later in Indianapolis, where he was 
 org. at St. Paul's Ch. 1874-6 ; org. and choirm. 
 of Trinity M. E. Ch., Lima, O., 1876-83 ; and 
 from 1881 head of the pf.-dept. at the N. W. 
 Ohio Normal School, Ada ; since 1883, teacher 
 of pf. and dir. of School of Music in the Virginia 
 Female Inst., Staunton, Va. , and org. and mus. 
 dir. at Trinity Episc. Ch. — Publ. works : Nearly 
 200 pieces for military band ; also (reaching op. 
 85) much salon-music f. pf. ; church-music 
 ("Morning and Evening Service, "anthems, etc.) ; 
 and songs. 
 
 Webbe, Samuel, Sr., b. Minorca, 1740; d. 
 London, May 25, 1S16. He became Chapel- 
 master at the Portuguese Chapel, London, in 
 1776. — Works: Many glees and catches in coll. s; 
 8 anthems ; 8 antiphones f . double choir ; a 
 Cecilian Ode a 6 ; a concerto f . harpsichord ; a 
 Divertissement f. wind-band ; — he also edited 
 several collections. — His son, Samuel W., 
 Jr., b. London, 1770 ; d. there Nov. 25, 
 1843. Pupil of his father and Clementi ; org. 
 at various churches, and at St. Patrick's R. C. 
 Chapel, Liverpool ; later organist at the chapel 
 of the Spanish Embassy, and teacher at Kalk- 
 brenner and Logier's School of Music. Besides 
 glees, duets, hymn-tunes, etc., he wrote 
 " L'Amico del principiante " (28 short solfeggi), 
 and " Harmony Epitomised, or Elements of the 
 Thorough-bass" (London, n. d.). 
 
 We'ber, Friedrich August, practising 
 physician and amateur musician at Heilbronn, 
 where he was b. Jan. 24, 1753, and d. Jan. 21, 
 1806. — Works : 2 operettas, 2 oratorios, many 
 cantatas f. chorus and orch., symphonies, cham- 
 ber-music, pf. -sonatas f. 4 hands, etc. ; also wrote 
 for mus. journals. 
 
 We'ber, Bernhard Anselm, b. Mannheim, 
 Apr. 18, 1766 ; d. Beriin, Mar. 23, 1821. Pianist, 
 pupil of Abbe Vogler, Einberger, and Holz- 
 bauer. Studied law, etc., at Heidelberg, then 
 travelled as a concert-performer on Rallig's 
 Xanorphica ; became mus. dir. of the Grossmann 
 opera-troupe at Hanover in 1797, travelled with 
 Abbe Vogler to Stockholm in 1790, and in 1792 
 was app. Kapellm. of the Konigstadter Th., 
 Berlin, remaining as Royal Kapellm. after its 
 union with the Italian Opera. He prod, several 
 operas, operettas, and melodramas. 
 
 We'ber, (Friedrich) Dionys, b. Welchau, 
 
 Bohemia, Oct. 9, 1766; d. Prague, Dec. 25, 1842. 
 Pupil of Abbe Vogler ; a founder (i8n) and the 
 first Director of the Prague Cons. ; Moscheles, 
 Dessauer, and Kalliwoda were his pupils. — 
 Works : Operas, 18 cantatas, masses, military 
 marches, a sextet f. 6 trombones, a sextet f. 6 
 cornets a pistons, quartets f . 4 cornets, variations 
 f . violin and 'cello, numerous popular quadrilles, 
 Landler, etc., f. pf. ;^also an "AUgemeine the- 
 oretische Vorschule der Musik " (1828), and a 
 " Theoretisch-praktisches Lehrbuchder Harmo- 
 nieund des Generalbasses " (1830-4 ; four parts). 
 We'ber, Gottfried, theorist and composer ; 
 b. Freinsheim, n. Mannheim, Mar. I, 1779 i d. 
 Kreuznach, Sept. 21, 1839. He studied law at 
 Heidelberg and Gottingen, practised at Mann- 
 heim, Mayence, and Darmstadt, where he was 
 app. Public Prosecutor (State Attorney) by the 
 Grand Duke in 1832. An excellent amateur 
 pianist, flutist, and 'cellist, he also conducted 
 a mus. society at Mannheim and founded the 
 Cons, there, and was opera-director at Mayence ; 
 studied the theories of Marpurg, Kirnberger, 
 Vogler, Knecht, etc., and published " Versuch 
 einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst " 
 (3 vol,s ; 1817-21 ; 3rd ed. 1830-2), introducing 
 the system of indicating chords by capitals (major) 
 and small letters (minor), seventh-chords by add- 
 ing a small 7 (e. g. , C), etc. It was transl. into 
 English by Warner (Boston) and Bishop (London, 
 1851). He also wrote " Ueber chronometrische 
 Tempobezeichnung " (1817) ; " BeschreibUng 
 und Tonleiter der G. Weber'schen Doppel- 
 posaune " (1817); "Versuch einer praktischen 
 Akustik der Blasinstrumente " (in Ersch and 
 Gruber's " Encyclopadie " ; also in the "Allg. 
 mus. Zeitung" 1816-17) ; " AUgemeine Musik- 
 lehre" (1822); "Ueber Saiteninstrumente mit 
 Biinden " (" Berliner Musikzeitung," 1825) ; 
 "Die Generalbasslehre zum Selbstunterricht " 
 (1833) ; and many essays for the "AUgera. mus. 
 Zeitung" and his own paper, the " Cacilia," 
 founded at Mayence in 1824. He comp. 3 
 masses, a Requiem, and a Te Deum (all w. 
 orch.) ; part-songs and songs, variations f. guitar 
 and 'cello, a trio, a pf. -sonata, etc. 
 
 We'ber [va'ber], Carl Maria (Friedrich 
 Ernst), Freiherr von, the founder of the Ger- 
 man R om antic 
 school ; b. Eutin, 
 Oldenburg, Dec. 18, 
 1786 ; d. London, 
 June 5, 1826. His 
 father, Franz Anton 
 von Weber [b. 
 1724], formerly an 
 army-ofificer, had 
 taken up the profes- 
 sion of music when 
 about 40, and at the 
 time of Carl Maria's 
 birth was cond. of 
 the Eutin town- 
 orch. ; he came of a 
 
 620 
 
 ..^^ 
 
WEBER 
 
 musical family, and it was his darling ambition 
 that one of his children should become a great 
 musician like Mozart, the husband of his niece 
 Constanze Weber (Carl Maria was Mozart's first 
 cousin by marriage). His mother was a dra- 
 matic singer of talent. The year after his birth, 
 his father left Eutin as the director of a travel- 
 ling dramatic troupe ; and for years the family 
 led a wandering life, during which the boy ob- 
 tained that insight into the technicalities of the 
 stage which so conspicuously aided him in his 
 dramatic career. W.'s first teacher was his step- 
 brother Fritz, a pupil of Jos. Haydn ; under his 
 instruction progress was slow. At Hildburg- 
 hausen, in 1796, W. received thorough instruc- 
 tion on the piano from J. P. Heuschkel, and 
 here laid the foundation for his future virtuosity. 
 As a chorister in the cathedral at Salzburg in 
 1797, he attracted Michael Haydn's attention, 
 from whom he had gratuitous lessons in compo- 
 sition for some months, and to whom he dedi- 
 cated his first published compositions, six 
 fughettas (1798). At Munich (1798-1800) he 
 was taught singing by Valesi, and made excel- 
 lent progress in composition under Kalcher, 
 later court organist, writing his first opera. Die 
 Macht der Liebe und des Weins, in 1799 ^never 
 perf. ; the MS., with other early works, was 
 burned by accident or design). He also ap- 
 peared as a concert-pianist. Here, too, he fell 
 in with Aloys Senefelder, the inventor of litho- 
 graphy ; this invention interested W. deeply, so 
 that he gave much time and thought to its im- 
 provement, worked at it practically (he engraved 
 his op. 2, variations f. pf., himself in 1800), and 
 (apparently) so improved the process that his 
 father removed to Freiberg in Saxony in 1800 
 for the purpose of exploiting the new ideas. 
 Here W.'s zeal for dramatic composition was 
 reawakened by the libretto of Das Waldmad- 
 chen ; the opera had fair success at Freiberg 
 (Nov. 24, 1800), and much better fortune at 
 Chemnitz, Prague, Vienna, and St. Petersburg ; 
 meantime the lithographic venture failed, and 
 in 1801 they were all in Salzburg again, where 
 W. studied further under M. Haydn, and com- 
 posed a third opera, Peter Schmoll und seine 
 Nachbarn (Augsburg, 1803?). In 1802 they 
 were in Hamburg ; in Nov. going to Augs- 
 burg, and thence to Vienna early in 1803, where 
 W. made a serious study of the works of the 
 great masters under the guidance of Abbe 
 Vogler, In 1804 the latter recommended W. 
 for the post of Kapellm. of the Breslau City Th. 
 He resigned early in 1806, supported himself 
 for some months by music-lessons, and was then 
 Music-Intendent to Duke Eugen of Wiirttem- 
 burg at Schloss Carlsruhe, Silesia, till Feb., 
 1807, when he became private secretary to Duke 
 Ludwig at Stuttgart, and music-master to his 
 children. He remained here until his banish- 
 ment by royal edict in 1810, after spending 
 two weeks in prison on the charge of having 
 practised a deception of which he was proved 
 innocent. The preparations for bringing out 
 
 his grand opera Silvana were nearing comple- 
 tion at the time, and were, of course, aban- 
 doned ; W. repaired to Mannheim, meeting 
 Gottfried Weber, and bringing out his first 
 symphony ; he then rejoined his old teacher. 
 Abbe Vogler, at Darmstadt. Silvana was given 
 at Frankfort-on-Main, Sept. 16, 1810, and Abu 
 Hassan, a comic one-act Singspiel, at Munich, 
 June 4, 1811. In February of that year W. 
 had left Darmstadt, making a concert-tour 
 through Frankfort, Wurzburg, Nuremberg, 
 etc., to Munich, where he stayed 5 months. 
 In 1812 Silvana was staged at Berlin, with ad- 
 ditional numbers. After short stays here, in 
 Leipzig, Weimar, and Gotha, he was appointed 
 (1813) Kapellm. of the National (" Landstan- 
 disches") Theatre at Prague ; went to Vienna to 
 engage a company (among the singers was 
 Caroline Brandt, his future wife), thoroughly 
 reorganized the opera, and became a conductor 
 of such mark that in 1816 the ICing of .Saxony 
 called him to Dresden to reorganize the Royal 
 Opera. His conductor's debut in this new po- 
 sition was on Jan. 14, 1817. A few weeks later 
 he suggested to Friedrich Kind (a lawyer, but 
 then living as a writer in Dresden) the idea of 
 writing him a libretto ; they fixed on Apel's 
 novel, "Der Freischiitz," and on Mar. I Kind 
 handed the finished libretto to W. The com- 
 position of this work occupied 3 years, the over- 
 ture being finished in May, 1820 ; directly after, 
 he wrote the music to Preciosa in 3 weeks, and 
 also began work on a comic opera. Die drei 
 Pintos. Although well known as a conductor, 
 a finished pianist, and a song-composer (his set- 
 tings of Korner's ' ' Leyer und Schwert " had 
 won him the hearts of the students), he had not 
 yet attained to national renown. But with the 
 tremendous success of Der Freischiitz at Berlin, 
 June 18, 1821, a triumph emphasized by the 
 contrast of that opera with the French and 
 Italian works then dominating the German 
 stage, he became a sort of national hero ; every- 
 where in Germany Der Freischiitz won triumph 
 on triumph, culminating in a grand ovation to 
 the composer at Vienna. It was followed in 
 1823 by Eiiryanthe, which, produced at the 
 Karnthnerthor Theatre, Vienna, on Oct. 25, 
 was by no means equally successful there, in ri- 
 valry with Rossini, though warmly received at 
 Berlin and elsewhere. For some years W.'s 
 health had been gradually declining ; in 1824 he 
 was obliged to take a vacation at Marienbad, 
 and in January, 1825, had recovered sufficiently 
 to begin the composition of Oberon, a new 
 opera which Kemble had commissioned him to 
 write for Covent Garden, London. But his ill- 
 ness, consumption, interrupted the progress of 
 the work ; he was obliged to go to Ems for 
 treatment, after which he recommenced his 
 work, finishing the score in London, where 
 Oberon was ■ brought out on April 12, 1826. 
 Worn out by the overexertion incident to rehears- 
 als, concert-giving, and social life, he passed 
 away only eight weeks afterward. His remains 
 
 621 
 
WEBER— WEBER 
 
 were removed to Dresden in 1844, where a statue 
 to his memory, by Rietschel, was unveiled in i860. 
 
 Weber's fame as a dramatic composer still 
 shines undimmed in his two masterworks, Der 
 Freischutz and Euryanthe. In subject and 
 conception essentially German, the vivid me- 
 lodic originality, sustained dramatic vigor, and 
 tender lyrical charm of W.'s music have in- 
 vested them with a poetic glamour fittingly 
 styled "romantic." His influence on the de- 
 velopment of German music, through men like 
 Schumann, Marschner, and Wagner, cannot be 
 adequately expressed in a few lines. His life 
 has been written by Barbedette (Paris, 1862) ; 
 by his son. Max Maria von W. , "C. M. von 
 W. , ein Lebensbild" (3 vol.s ; Leipzig, 1864-8 ; 
 a comprehensive biography, also including W.'s 
 writings); by Jahns, " C. M. von W., eine 
 Lebensskizze " (Leipzig, 1873) ; by Reissmann, 
 "C. M. von W." (1882). Nohl publ. " Briefe 
 von Gluck und Weber" (1870) ; Carl v. Weber 
 (W.'s grandson) publ. " Reisebriefe Weber's an 
 seine Gattin Caroline" (1886); Th. Hell publ. 
 " Hinterlassene Schriften von C. M. von W." 
 (3 vol.s, 1828) ; and a complete thematic cata- 
 logue of W.'s compositions, in chronological 
 order, was publ. by Jahns, " C. M. von W. in 
 seinen Werken" (Berlin, 1871). 
 
 Dramatic works : Besides the operas enu- 
 merated above, Rubezahl, begun in Breslau, 
 1804, was not completed ; the revised overture 
 was prod, as "Der Beherrscher der Geister." 
 Die drei Fintos, the libretto rearranged by W.'s 
 last grandson, Carl von Weber [d. Dresden, 
 Dec. 16, 1897], the music completed by G. 
 Mahler after W.'s sketches, was prod, at Leip- 
 zig, Jan. 20, 1888. The music to Wolff's Fre- 
 ciosa consists of an overture, 4 choruses, i song, 
 3 melodramas, and dances ; he also wrote 
 music to Schiller's Turandot, Milliner's IConig 
 Yngurd, Gehe's HeinrichlV., and Houwald's 
 Der Leuehtthurm. 
 
 Other vocal works : The cantata Der erste 
 Ton, i. declamation, chorus, and orch. (1808); 
 cantata Kampf und Sieg (on the battle of Water- 
 loo), f. soli, oh., and orch. (1815); hymn "In 
 seiner Ordnung schafft der Herr," f. do. (1812); 
 NaHtr und Liebe, cantata f . 2 sopranos, 2 tenors, 
 and 2 basses, w. pf. (18 18); other occasional 
 cantatas; 2 masses, also 2 offertories, f. soli, ch., 
 and orch. ; ig part-songs for male voices, espe- 
 cially op. 42 (" Leyerund Schwert"), op. 53, op. 
 63 ; four scenes and arias f. soprano w. orch. 
 (' Misera me," Atalia, 1811 ; " Ah, se Edmondo 
 fosse I'uccisor," for Mehul's ////i?Kf, 1815; "Non 
 paventar, mia vita," for Ines de Castro, 1816; 
 and "Was sag' ich? Schaudern macht mich 
 der Gedanke," for Cherubini's Lodoiska); scena 
 and aria f. tenor, male ch., and orch., " Qual 
 altro attendi"; do. f. tenor, double ch., and 
 orch., "Signer, se'pa^dresa," ior Ines de Castro; 
 many songs (op. 23, 25, 29, 30, 46, 47, 54, 64, 
 66, 71, 80); children's songs, op. 22; 8 part- 
 songs f. mixed voices, w. and without accomp.; 
 6 canons a 3-4; duets (op. 31). 
 
 Instrumental : 2 symphonies, both in C ; 
 Jubel-Ouverture ; 2 clarinet-concertos, in F min. 
 and E \) ; concertino f . clar. ; bassoon-concerto ; 
 Adagio and rondo ungarese f . bassoon w. orch. ; 
 concertino f. horn ; Romanza siciliana, f . flute w. 
 orch. ; var.s f. viola, pot-pourri f. 'cello, etc.,w. 
 orch. ; — quintet f . clar. and strings ; 7 variations 
 f. clar. and pf . ; Grand duo concertant f . do. ; — 
 For pianoforte : 2 pf .-concertos, in C and E (7 ; 
 Concertstiick w. orch., in F rain.; 6 sonatas f. pf. 
 and violin (F ; G ; D min. ; E [7 ; A ; C); 9 Varia- 
 tions on a Norwegian air, f. pf . and violin ; 4 
 solo sonatas (C ; A [7 ; D min. ; E min.) ; i 4-hand 
 sonata; trio f. pf. , flute, and 'cello, op. 63; pf.- 
 quartet in E fc) ; Momento capriccioso in Bh; 
 Polonaise in E b, op. 2I ; Rondo brillant in E p, 
 op. 62 ; Aufforderung zum Tanze in D [7 , op. 65 ; 
 Polacca brillante in E, op. 72; 12 Allemandes, 
 op. 4 ; 6 Ecossaises ; 18 Valses favorites de 
 I'imperatrice de France ; several sets of Varia- 
 tions (6 on an original theme in C, op. 2 ; 8 on 
 Castor und Follux, in F, op. 5 ; 6 on Samori, in 
 B \), op. 61 ; 7 on " Vien qua, Dorina bella," in 
 C, op. 7; 7 on an orig. theme in F, op. 9; 9 on 
 a Norwegian theme in D min., w. violin, op. 22; 
 7 on Silvani, in B[7, op. 33; 7 on Joseph, in C, 
 op. 28; 9 on " Schone Minka," in C, op. 40; 7 
 ■ on a Gypsy air, in C) ; — also, f . 4 hands,^6 petites 
 pieces faciles, op. 3; 6 pieces, op. 10; and 8 
 pieces, op. 60. Weber's piano-works have been 
 unduly neglected. He was a player and com- 
 poser of fascinating originality. As an executant, 
 his large hands gave him an unusual command 
 of the keyboard (he could stretch a twelfth), 
 which he improved for novel and striking effects 
 in chords and passage-work. He wrote for the 
 piano as a pianist, thoroughly conversant with 
 the nature and resources of the instrument ; in 
 these pieces he is not only the first "romanti- 
 cist," but also distinctly foreshadows the later 
 "ordiestral" school. 
 
 We'ber, Edmund von, stepbrother of Carl 
 Maria; b. Hildesheim, 1786 ;d. Wurzburg, 1828. 
 Clever composer and experienced musical di- 
 rector ; lived in the latter capacity at Kassel, 
 Bern, Liibeck, Danzig, Konigsberg, Cologne, 
 etc. 
 
 We'ber, Ernst Heinrich,b. Wittenberg, June 
 
 24, 1795; d. Jan. 26, 1878, as prof, of physic, 
 ology at Leipzig Univ. — Publ. " De aure et 
 auditu hominis et animalium " (1820); "Die 
 Wellenlehre " (1825 ; w. his brother Wilhelm 
 Eduard [1804-1891], prof, at GSttingen); also 
 essays on acoustics in G. Weber's "Cacilia," 
 and in Schweizerand Poggendorff's "Annalen." 
 
 We'ber, Franz, b. Cologne, Aug, 26, 1805; 
 d. there Sept. 18, 1876. Pupil of B. Klein at 
 Berlin, and from 183S organist of the Cologne 
 Cath. ; later also cond. of the Mdnnergesang- 
 verein. — Works: Psalm 57,^4; " Kriegsgesang. | 
 der Rheinpreussen," f. male ch. and orch.; many 
 male choruses. 
 
 We'ber, Karl Heinrich, son of Eduard W., 
 town-musician at Frankenberg ; b. there Aug. 9, 
 
 622 
 
WEBER— WEELKES 
 
 1834. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. 1846-9; asst.- 
 teacher at Moscow Cons. 1866-70; since 1877, 
 director of the Imp. Russian Mus. Soc. at 
 Saratow. — Publ. a method f. pf. (Russian); a 
 "Short Sketch of the Present State of Mus. 
 Culture in Russia" (1885; in Russian); etc. 
 
 We'ber, Georg Victor, b. Ober-Erlenbach, 
 Upper Hesse, Feb. 25, 1838. Pupil of Schrems, 
 Ratisbon; took holy orders in 1863 ; since 1866, 
 Kapellm. of Mayence Cath., giving fine concerts 
 of a cappella music of the I5th-l6th centuries 
 with his excellent choir. Expert on organ-build- 
 ing. — Works: " Manuale cantus ecclesiastici 
 juxta ritum S. Rom. ecclesiae" (1878); " Or- 
 gelbuch zum Mainzer Diocesan-Gesangbuch " 
 (1880); "'Ober Sprachgesang" (-1883); " tjber 
 Orgeldispositionen" (1890); articles in Bockeler's 
 " Gregorius-Blatt " and Haberl's " Cacilien-Ka- 
 lender"; — also masses, motets, psalms, etc. 
 
 We'ber, Gustav, b. Miinchenbuchsee, Swit- 
 zerland, Oct. 30, 1845; d. Zurich, June 12, 1887. 
 Pupil of Leipzig Cons, from 1861; in 1865, of 
 Vincenz Lachner at Mannheim. Cond. at Aarau 
 and Zurich ; then studied 1869-70 with Tausig 
 at Berlin; his symphonic poem " Zur Iliade " 
 was prod, by Liszt at the Beethoven Festival 
 in 1870. From 1872, organist at St. Peter's, 
 Zurich, teacher at the Cons., and cond. of the 
 "Harmonic." — Publ. op. I, pf. -sonata ; op. 2, 
 five duets f. sopr. and alto ; op. 3, 4-hand pf.- 
 waltzes ; op. 4, pf. -quartet ; op. 5, pf.-trio ; op. 
 6, Elegies f. pf. ; op. 7, five Idyllen f. pf. ; op. 8, 
 violin-sonata ; op. 9, two books of pf.-pieces ; 
 "Prinz Carneval," little pf.-pieces for small 
 players ; many choruses ; choral arrangements of 
 old German songs ; edited, and contributed to, 
 Vol. ii of Helm's coll. of male choruses. 
 
 We'ber, Miroslaw, b. Prague, Nov. 9, 
 1854. Violinist ; taught by his father, and at 
 10 played before the Emperor of Austria, and 
 made tours. Pupil of Blazek at the Prague Or- 
 gan-School ; also of the Cons, from 1870-3. 
 Joined the Sondershausen court orch. in 1873 ; 
 became Concertrneister at Darmstadt in 1875, 
 organizing a quartet-party ; succeeded Rebicek 
 as 1st Concertrneister of the royal orch. at Wies- 
 baden, and 2nd cond. at the opera (resigned 
 1893); in 188^, "R. Mus. Dir."— Works: Mu- 
 sic to Fels's C/n/(l884), and Schulte's Prinz 
 Bibuj a ballet, Die Rheinnixe (Wiesbaden, 
 1884) ; 2 orch.l suites ; septet f. violin, viola, 
 'cello, clan, bassoon, and 2 horns; 2 string- 
 quartets (No. 2 won prize at St. Petersburg, 
 1891) ; etc. 
 
 Webster, Joseph Philbrick, b. Manchester, 
 N. H., Mar. 22, 1819; d. Elkhorn, Wis., Jan. 
 i8, 1875. For years a member of the Handel 
 and Haydn Soc, and other mus. associations, 
 at Boston.— Works : Cantata The Beatitudes; 
 many songs ; also a coll. of Sunday-school 
 songs, " The Signet Ring" (1868). 
 
 Weckerlin, Jean-Baptiste-Th^odore, b. 
 Gebweiler, Alsatia, Nov, 9, 1821. He was 
 
 trained for, and entered on, his father's busi- 
 ness of cotton-dyeing ; but went over to music 
 in 1844, studying under Ponchard (singing) and 
 Plalevy (com p.) at the Paris Cons., producing 
 an heroic symphony, Roland, for soli, ch., and 
 orch., in 1847; on leaving the Cons, in 1849, 
 he gave music-lessons, took part with Se'ghers 
 in the direction of the Societe Sainte-Cecile, 
 which brought out some of his works ; and 
 achieved success in 1853 with a i-act comic 
 opera, l^Organiste dans Veviharras (100 per- 
 formances at the Th.-Lyrique). This was fol- 
 lowed by several privately performed operettas, 
 2 comic operas in Alsatian dialect. Die dreifach 
 Hochzitt im Bdsethal (Colmar, 1863), and D'r 
 verhdxf Herbst (ibid., 1879), and the i-act 
 opera Aprh Fontenoy (Th.-Lyrique, 1877). 
 Meantime he had become asst. -librarian to the 
 Cons. (1869), in 1876 succeeded Felicien David 
 as librarian, and in 1885 publ. a bibliographical 
 catalogue ; was also chosen librarian of the 
 " Soc. des compositeurs," for whose Bulletins 
 he has written important articles. He has won 
 distinction as a composer of grand choral works, 
 e.g., an oratorio, Le jugement dernier ; the can- 
 tatas VAurore and Paix, charili, grandeur 
 (Opera, 1866); the " ode-symphonie " Les 
 Fokmes de la mer, i. soli, ch., and orch. (Th. 
 Italien, i860; conducted liiythe comp.) ; I Inde 
 (1S73), La fhe d' Alexandre (1873) ; also cho- 
 ruses a cappella (" 25 choeurs pour voix de jeunes 
 filles"; "Soirees parisiennes," f. mixed chorus ; 
 6 " quatuors de salon," f. do.), and songs ; and 
 a grand " Symphonic de la foret," f. orch. — His 
 "Histoire de I'instrumentation depuis le sei- 
 zieme siecle jusqu' i I'epoque actuelle " won the 
 gold medal of the Academie in 1875. His 
 " Echos du temps passe" (1853-5), and " Sou- 
 venirs du temps passe " (1864), are coU.s of 
 chansons, noels, madrigals, etc., from the 12th- 
 l8th century, interesting and historically valu- 
 able, with biographical notes ; the " Musiciana " 
 (2 vols.; 1877, '90) is a coll. from rare and curi- 
 ous works on music, with anecdotes, etc. ; other 
 coll.s are "Les Echos d'Angleterre " (1877; 
 folk-songs w. pf.) ; " Chansons et rondes popu- 
 laires " (children's songs w. pf.) ; "Les poetes 
 franjais mis en musique " (1868) ; "Chansons 
 populaires des provinces de la France "; " L'an- 
 cienne chanson populaire en France " (1887). 
 
 Weelkes, Thomas, distinguished English 
 madrigal-writer ; in 1600, organist of Winches- 
 ter College ; in 1602, Mus. Bac, Oxon.; in 1608, 
 organist of Chichester Cathedral. Dates of 
 birth and death unknown. ^ — Works: "Madri- 
 gals to 3-6 voyces" (1597) ; " Ballets and Mad- 
 rigals to 5 voyces, with one to 6 voyces " (1598) ; 
 " Madrigals of 5 and 6 parts apt for the Viols 
 and Voyces," and " Madrigals of 6 parts" do. 
 (1600) ; the fine madrigal " As Vesta was from 
 Latmos hill descending," in the " Triumphes of 
 Oriana " (1601) ; " Ayeres or Phantasticke Spir- 
 ites for 3 voices " (1608) ; and in 1614 contributed 
 to " Teares or Lamentacions." His 5 publ. 
 
 623 
 
WEGELER— WEINLIG 
 
 works contain 94 comp.s distinguished by ori- 
 ginality and excellent part-writing ; many still 
 popular, and often reprinted. 
 
 We'geler, Franz Gerhard, b. Bonn, Aug. 
 22, 1765 ; d. Koblenz, May 7, 1848. Physician 
 in Bonn and Koblenz, knowing Beethoven as a 
 youth. With Ries he wrote " Biographische 
 Notizen tiber L. van Beethoven " (1838 ; sup- 
 plem., 1845 ; both in French, 1862). 
 
 We'dekind, Erica, soprano stage-singer ; 
 b. Hanover, Nov. 13, 1872. Pupil of Dresden 
 Cons., and of Fraulein Orgeni ; debut Dresden 
 Court Opera, Mar. 15, 1894, as Frau Fluth in 
 Nicolai's Lustige Weiber von Windsor, and was 
 immediately eng. there for 5 years, for soubrette 
 coloratura roles. On July 10, l8g8, she married 
 Herr Oschwald, of Basel. 
 
 Wege'lius, Martin, b. Helsingfors, Nov. 
 ID, 1S46. Student of philosophy and Magister 
 (i86g) ; cond. of the academical choral society ; 
 pupil 1870-1 of Rudolf Bibl, Vienna, and 
 Richter and Paul, Leipzig, where he again 
 studied 1877-8, then becoming cond. of the 
 Finnish Opera at Helsingfors. He is Director 
 of a Cons, there, and conducts a mus. society. — 
 Works: Overture "Daniel Hjort"; a Rondo 
 quasi fantasia f. pf. and.orch.; a Christmas can- 
 tata ; a festival cantata, The 6th of May ; a 
 ballade f . tenor solo w. orch. ; Mignon, f. sopr. 
 solo w. orch.; has publ. a Swedish text-book on 
 harmony, a "Course in Key-finding," a brief 
 history of music, pieces f. pf. , and songs. 
 
 Weh'le, Carl, b. Prague, Mar. 17, 1825 ; d. 
 Paris, June 3, 1883. Trained for a mercantile 
 career, he abandoned it for music ; studied pf.- 
 playing with Moscheles at Leipzig, and Kullakat 
 Berlin, made extended tours to Asia, Africa, 
 America, and Australia, but resided chiefly in 
 Paris. Among his briUiant comp.s f. pf. are a 
 suite, op. 86 ; 2 sonatas, op. 38 and 58 ; a Bal- 
 lade, op. II ; a Serenade napolitaine, op. 31 ; an 
 Allegro a la hongroise, op. 81 ; 2 Tarentelles, op. 
 5, 56 ; Impromptus, op. 10, 73 ; Ballade and Noc- 
 turne, op. 79 ; " Berceuse javanaise " ; " Marche 
 cosaque"; " Fete bohemienne " ; " Un songe a 
 Vaucluse " ; etc. 
 
 Weich'ler, Maximilian, flutist in the Ge- 
 wandhaus Orch., Leipzig; publ. a " Katechis- 
 mus der Flote und des Flotenspiels " (Leipzig, 
 1897). 
 
 Wei'denbach, Johannes, b. Dresden, Nov. 
 29, 1S47 ; pupil of Leipzig Cons. 1869-71 ; since 
 1S73, teacher of pf. in that inst. 
 
 Weidt, Carl, b. Bern, Mar. 7, 1857 ; from 
 1889, cond. of the Klagenfurt Mdnnergesang- 
 verein. Noted comp. of male choruses. 
 
 Weigl, Joseph, b. Eisenstadt, Hungary, Mar. 
 28, 1766 ; d. Vienna, Feb. 3, 1846. A pupil of 
 Albrechtsberger and Salieri, he wrote his first 
 opera, Die unnutze Vorsicht, at the age of 16 ; the 
 first to be performed, Jl fczzo per forza (1788), 
 was so successful that up to 1825 he brought out 
 
 over 30 more, German and Italian, besides nearly 
 a score of ballets. Two of his operas were writ- 
 ten for La Scala, Milan. The most popular of 
 all, Die Schweizerfamilie (Vienna, 1809), is still 
 played. He also wrote two oratorios, and a great 
 number of German and Italian cantatas, besides 
 chamber-music and songs. In 1825, on Salieri's 
 death, he was app. 2nd court cond., and thence- 
 forward wrote only church-music (masses, gradu- 
 als, offertories). — His brother Taddaus, b. Vi- 
 enna, I774(?), d. there Feb. 19, 1844, prod. 4 
 operettas and 13 ballets from 1 799-1 805; was 
 custodian of the mus. section of the Imperial 
 Library, and carried on a music-business. 
 
 Wein'berger, Carl, contemporary Viennese 
 composer, has 'prod, the operetta Pagenstreiclie 
 (Vienna, 1888), the burlesque opera Angelor 0) 
 (Troppau, 1890), the 3-act operetta Die Ulanen 
 (Vienna, 1891), the 3-act do. Lachende Erbeniyo., 
 1892), the 3-'act operetta Milnchener Kindl (Ber- 
 lin, 1893), the operetta Die Karlsschulerin (Vi- 
 enna, 1895), do. Der Sclmietterling (ib., i8g6), 
 do. Die Blumen-Mary (ib., 1897), and do. Adam 
 und Eva (ib. , 1898) ; all with success. 
 
 Wein'gartner, (Paul) Felix, b. Zara, Dal- 
 matia, June 2, 1863. While attending the Gym- 
 nasium at Graz, he studied music with W. A. 
 Remy ; his op. 1-3 were publ. in 1880. From 
 1881-3 he studied in the Leipzig Cons. ; won the 
 Mozart Prize, and stayed for a time with Liszt at 
 Weimar, where his opera Saktmtala was prod, in 
 1884. Until i88g he was cond. successivelyof the 
 theatres at Konigsberg, Danzig, and Hamburg ; 
 then for 2 years at Mannheim ; and in 1891 was 
 eng. as 2nd Kapellm. at the Berlin Court Opera. 
 In the autumn of 1897 ill-health compelled his re- 
 tirement from this position, but he retained his 
 post as cond. of the symphony concerts of the 
 royal orch. p'rora 1898 he has lived in Munich 
 as cond. of the Kaim Concerts. He is in the front 
 rank of living conductors.^ — Compositions : Op. 
 1-5, piano-pieces ; op. 6-7, Lieder ; op. 8, Sere- 
 nadef . string-orch. ; op. 9, Sakuntala, opera (Wei- 
 mar, Mar. 23, 1884) ; op. 10, Malawika, opera 
 (Munich, June 3, 1886) ; op. 11, Genesius, 3-act 
 opera (Berlin, Nov. 15, 1892 ; withdrawn by the 
 author after the 2nd perf . , because of the hostile 
 attitude of the press ; since given with success at 
 Mannheim, Hamburg, and Leipzig); op. 12-19, 
 Lieder ; op. 20, " Konig Lear, " symphonic poem ; 
 op. 21, " Gefilde der Seligen," do. ; op. 22, Lieder 
 (lopoemsby Gottfried Keller). — Writings r " Die 
 Lehre vonder Wiedergeburt und das musikalische 
 Drama" (Leipzig) ; " tjber das Dirigieren " (Ber- 
 lin, 1896); " Bayreuth 1876-96 " (Berlin, 1896); 
 "Die Symphonic nach Beethoven" (Berhn). — 
 The tendency of W. 's writings and music is Jin 
 de siecle. 
 
 Wein'lig [Weinlich], Christian Ehre- 
 gott, b. Dresden, Sept. 30, 1743 ; d. there May 
 13, 1813. Organist ; pupil of Homilius, at the 
 Kreuzschule ; in 1767, organistof the Evangelical 
 Church, Leipzig ; in 1773, at Thorn ; in 1780, 
 accompanist at the Italian Opera, Dresden, and 
 
 624 
 
WEINLIG— WEITZMANN 
 
 organist of the Frauenkirche ; in 1785, succeeded 
 Homilius as cantor of live Kreuzschule. — Publ. 
 sonatas f . pf . w. flute and 'cello ; he brought out 
 several oratorios, a Passion, a cantata, an ope- 
 retta, etc. — His nephew and pupil, 
 
 Wein'lig, (Christian) Theodor, b. Dresden, 
 July 25, 1780; d. Leipzig, Mar. 7, 1842. Also 
 studied under Padre Mattel at Bologna; from 
 1814-17, cantor at the Dresden Kreuzschule ; in 
 1823, succeeded Schicht as cantor of the Thomas- 
 kirche, Leipzig. In high repute as a teacher of 
 theory ; Richard Wagner was his pupil. — Publ. 
 n ' ' Deutsches Magnificat " f . soli, ch. , and orch. ; 
 vocalises for the several voices ; do. f . 2 sopranos ; 
 and a practical ' ' Anleitung zur Fuge f ilr den 
 Selbstunterricht " ('2nd ed. 1852). 
 
 Wein'wurm, Rudolf, b. Schaidldorf-on-the- 
 Thaja, Lower Austria, Apr. 3, 1835. Was trained 
 musically as a chorister in the Imperial Chapel, 
 Vienna; in 1858, as a law-student in the Univ., 
 he founded the academical Gesangverein, con- 
 ducting it until 1866 ; in 1864 he became cond. 
 of the Vienna Singakademie ; in 1866, of the 
 Mannergesangverein, succeeding Herbeck, and 
 director of mus. instruction in the Imp. Teachers' 
 Seminary. In 1880, mus. dir. of the Univ. — 
 Publ. " AUgemeine Musiklehre" ; " Methodik 
 des Gesangunterrichts " ; has prod, male and 
 mixed choruses. 
 
 Wein'zierl, Max, Ritter von, b. Bergstadtl, 
 Bohemia, Sept. 16, 1841 ; d. Modling, n. Vienna, 
 July 10, 1898. He was Kapelbn. at the Comic 
 Opera and the Ringtheater, Vienna ; from 1882, 
 chorusmaster of the Vienna Mdnncrgesangverein. 
 — Works : The operettas Don Quixote (Vienna, 
 1879 ; w. L. Roth) ; Die weiblichenjager (1880) ; 
 Madlemas (iSSo) ; Fioretta (Prague, 1886) ; Page 
 Fritz (Prague, 1889; 3 acts); Der Schweizer- 
 fapa (Berlin, 1893?); also many choral worjcs 
 (" Der Herr ist Gott," psalm f. soli, chorus, and 
 organ ; Maienwonne, op. 136, f. male ch. and 
 orch.) ; the oratorio Hiob (Vienna, 1870) ; songs. 
 
 Weis'heimer, Wendelin, b. Osthofen, Alsa- 
 tia, 1836. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. 1856-7 ; 
 theatre-cond. at Wurzburg, 1866, later at May- 
 ence ; then music-teacher at Strassburg. Cora- 
 poser of strong Wagnerite leanings. His book, 
 " Erlebnisse mit R. Wagner, F. Liszt und vielen 
 anderen Zeitgenossen nebst deren Briefen " 
 (Stuttgart, 1898), gives full information about his 
 own works ; many of the letters are valuable.^ — 
 Works : Theodor Korner, 5-act grand opera with 
 Prologue (Munich, May 28, 1872) ; Meister 
 Martin und seine Gesellen, 3-act opera (Karls- 
 ruhe, Feb. 22, 1879 ; later at Baden-Baden and 
 Leipzig). 
 
 Weiss, Amalie. See Amalie Joachim. 
 
 Weiss, Carl, b. MUhlhausen (Thuringia ?), 
 about 1738 ; d. London, 1795. Went to Rome 
 with an English lord, and later entered George 
 the Third's private orch. Works : 6 symphonies ; 
 10 quartets f. flute and strings ; trios f. flutes. — 
 His son and pupil, Carl, b. 1777. was taken to 
 
 England by his father in 1784 ; he studied and 
 travelled on the Continent, and also settled in 
 England. Wrote a concerto f. flute, also trios, 
 duos, and solos, and a ' ' New Methodical In- 
 struction Book for the Flute." — A third Carl 
 Weiss, contemporary composer, prod, the opera 
 Viola [after Shakespeare's Twelfth Night] at 
 Prague in 1892. 
 
 Weiss, Franz, b. Silesia, Jan. 18, 1778 ; d. 
 Vienna, Jan. 25, 1830. Virtuoso on the viola ; 
 chamber-musician to Prince Rasumovsky at 
 Vienna, and a member of the Schuppanzigh 
 Quartet.— Works : Music to ballets ; symphonies 
 and overtures ; symphonies concertantes f. flute, 
 bassoon and trombone, w. orch.; Variations bril- 
 lantes f . violin w. orch. ; i quintet and 6 quartets 
 f. strings ; duos f. violins ; duos f. flutes ; pf.- 
 sonatas. 
 
 Weiss, Julius, b. Berlin, July 19, 1814. 
 Violinist, pupil of Henning ; teacher, writer, and 
 critic ; publ. instructive works f. violin. On his 
 father's death in 1852 he succeeded to the music- 
 business establ. by the latter. 
 
 Weiss'beck, Johann Michael, b. Unterlaim- 
 bach, Swabia, May 10, 1756 ; d. May i, 1808, 
 as cantor and org. of the Liebfrauenkirche, Nu- 
 remberg. — Publ. " Protestationsschrift oder ex- 
 emplarische Widerlegung einiger Stellen und 
 Perioden der Kapellm. Vogler'schen Tonwissen- 
 schaft und Tonsetzkunst " (1783); an "Ant- 
 wort " to Knecht's subsequent defence of Vogler 
 (1802) ; also " Ueber Herrn Abt Voglers Orgel- 
 Orchestrion" (1797); " Etwas tiber Herrn 
 Daniel Gottlob Tiirks wichtige Organistenpflich- 
 ten " (1798) ; and 2 satirical pamphlets on Hass- 
 ler, Rosier, and Vogler. 
 
 Weitz'mann, Carl Friedrich, b. Berlin, 
 Aug. 10, l8o8 ; d. there Nov. 7, 1880. Pupil of 
 Henning (violin) and Klein (theory) ; later, at 
 Kassel, of Spohr and Hauptmann ; in 1832, 
 chorusmaster and violinist in the Riga theatre, 
 and founded the " Liedertafel " with Dorn ; in 
 1836, chorusmaster at Reval ; in 1836, leader of 
 the Imp. orch. at St. Petersburg, and mus. dir. 
 of St. Ann's Church. Studied in the libraries 
 of Paris and London 1846-8 ; then settled in 
 Berlin as a teacher of composition. Intimate 
 friend of Liszt. — Works : The operas Rauler- 
 liebe, Walpurgisnacht, and Lorbeer und Bettel- 
 stab (all at Reval) ; 2 books of canonic " Rathsel " 
 f. pf. 4 hands; 2 books of " Contrapunct-Stu- 
 dien" f. pf. ; 1800 Preludes and Modulations f. 
 pf. (Book i, " Classic " ; Book ii, " Romantic ") ; 
 3 books of " Valses nobles" f. pf.; sacred songs 
 f. mixed chorus ; several sets of songs f . solo 
 voice w. pf. ; — also "Der libermassige Drei- 
 klang" (1853) ; " Der verminderte Septimenac- 
 cord" (1854); " Geschichte des Septimenac- 
 cords" (1S54) ; "Geschichte der griechischen 
 Musik " (1855) ; " Geschichte der Harmonic und 
 ihrer Lehre" (in the " Allgem. mus. Zeitung," 
 1849) ; " Harmoniesystem " (i86o ; won a prize ; 
 a full exposition of his theories may be found in 
 
 40 
 
 625 
 
WELCKER— WENZEL 
 
 " Bowman-Weitzmann's Manual of Musical 
 Theory" [cf. Bowman]); " Die neue Harmo- 
 nielehre im Streit mit der alten " ; " Geschichte 
 des Clavierspiels und der Clavierlitteratur " 
 (1863, as Part iii of the Lebert-Stark pf.-method ; 
 2nd ed. printed separately, w. added "History 
 of the Pianoforte " [Engl, transl. New York, 
 1893] ; 3rd German ed. Leipzig, 1899, as "Ge- 
 schichte der Claviermusik," in 2 vol.s : Vol. i 
 edited by M. Seiffert [from 1450-1750] ; Vol. 'ii, 
 ed. by Prof. O. Fleischer, has a " History of the 
 Pf." as a Supplement); "Der letzte der Vir- 
 tuosen " [Tausig] ; many essays in various mus. 
 periodicals. 
 
 Wel'cker von Gontershausen, Heinrich, 
 b. Gontershausen, Hesse, 181 1 ; d. Darmstadt, 
 June 15, 1873. Court pf. -maker to the Grand 
 Duke of Hesse. — Publ. " Die musikalischen 
 Tonwerkzeuge in technischen Zeichntmgen . . ." 
 (w. i5o illustrations) ; " Der Flligel, oder die 
 Beschaffenheit des Pianos in alien Formen " 
 (1853 ; augm. ed. 1856) ; " NeuerSffnetes Maga- 
 zin musikalischer Tonwerkzeuge, dargestellt in 
 technischen Zeichnungen . . ." (1855); "Der 
 Rathgeber fur Ankauf, Behandlung und Er- 
 haltung der Pianoforte " (1857) ; " Der Klavier- 
 bau und seine Theorie, Technik und Geschichte " 
 (4th ed. 1870) ; " Ueber den Bau der Saitenin- 
 strumente und deren Akustik, nebst Uebersicht 
 der Entstehung und Verbesserung der Orgel" 
 (1876). 
 
 Weldon, John, b. Chichester, England, Jan. 
 19, 1676; d. London, May 7, 1736. Pupil of 
 John Wilton, at Eton College ; later of Purcell. 
 In 1694, organist of New College, Oxford ; Gen- 
 tleman Extraordinary of the Chapel Royal, 1701 ; 
 succeeded Blow as org. of the Ch. Royal, 1708 ; 
 second composer to do., 1715 ; organist of St. 
 Bride's, Fleet St., and (1726) of St. Martin's-in- 
 the-Fields. A few anthems, and 3 books of 
 songs, were publ. ; his setting of Congreve's 
 masque The Judg^nent of Paris won ist prize 
 in 1700. 
 
 Wels, Charles, b. Prague, Aug. 24, 1825. 
 Pupil of Tomaschek ; in 1847, court pianist in 
 Poland ; in 1849, settled in New York as a con- 
 cert-pianist and teacher. — Works : Concert-over- 
 ture and suite f. orch. ; 3 masses, op. 47, iii, 
 167 ; apf.-concerto ; fantasias, pieces, transcrip- 
 tions, and arrangements, f. pf., 2 or 4 hands; 
 part-songs (" Stromfahrt," f. male quartet) ; 
 songs. 
 
 Welsh, Thomas, b. Wells, Somerset, 1770 ; 
 d. Brighton, Jan. 31, 1848. English bass singer ; 
 chorister in Wells Cath., and pupil of J. B. 
 Cramer and Baumgarten. London debut in 
 opera, 1792 ; eng. for oratorio at the Haymarket, 
 1796. Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. Noted 
 teacher of singing ; publ. " Vocal Instructor, or 
 the Art of Singing Exemplified in 15 Lessons 
 leading to 40 Progr. Exercises" (1825); pf. -so- 
 natas (1819) ; glees, duets, and part-songs ; prod, 
 dramatic pieces. — His wife and pupil, Mary 
 
 Anne, nh Wilson [1802-1867], was a noted 
 soprano singer in opera and concert ; debut at 
 Drury Lane, Jan. 18, 1821, in Arne's Artaxerxes. 
 
 Wenck, August Heinrich, violinist, pupil 
 of G. Benda ; lived in Paris (1786) and Amster- 
 dam (1806). Invented (1798) a metronome, 
 described in his " Beschreibung eines Chrono- 
 meters . . . " ; publ. pf.-sonatas, etc. 
 
 Wen'delstein. See Cochlaus, Johannes. 
 
 Wen'dling, Carl, b. Frankenthal, Rhine 
 Palatinate, Nov. 14, 1857. Pianist ; pupil of 
 the Leipzig Cons. ; has made a specialty of the 
 Janko keyboard, on which he is a finished per- 
 former, and the technique of which he has taught 
 since 1887 at the Leipzig Cons. Court pianist 
 to the Prince of Waldeck. 
 
 Wendt, Johann Gottlieb [Amadeus], b. 
 
 Leipzig, Sept. 29, 1783; d. as prof, of philoso- 
 phy at Gottingen, Oct. 15, 1836. —Publ. " Ros- 
 sini's Leben und Arbeiten " (Leipzig, 1824) ; 
 " Ueber die Hauptperioden der schonen Kunst " 
 (Leipzig, i83i);and essays in the Leipzig " All- 
 gem, mus. Zeitung." 
 
 Wendt, Eduard, b. Berlin, 1807 ; d. Mag- 
 deburg, Dec. 23, 1890. Violinist, and excellent 
 quartet-player (publ. string-quartets); from 1824- 
 50 in Magdeburg, where he was a co-founder of 
 the Tonkunstler- Verein ; thereafter in Berlin. 
 
 Wendt, Ernst Adolf, b. Schwiebus, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 6, 1806 ; d. Neuwied, Feb. 5, 1850, as 
 teacher at the Teacher's Seminary. Pupil of 
 Zelter, Klein, and A. W. Bach, at Berlin. — 
 Publ. Var.s f. pf. and orch. ; a pf.-trio ; a 4-hand 
 pf. -sonata ; organ-pieces. 
 
 Wen'zel, Ernst Ferdinand, b. Walddorf , u. 
 Lebau, Jan. 24 (25 ?), 1808 ; d. Bad Kosen, 
 Aug. 16, 1880. A student of philosophy at 
 Leipzig Univ., he also had private piano-lessons 
 with Fr. Wieck, became the fast friend of 
 his fellow-pupil Schumann, and adopted music 
 as his profession, being a frequent contributor 
 to the " Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik " during 
 S.'s editorship (till 1844). Also an intimate of 
 . Mendelssohn's, he was a teacher of pf.-playing 
 at the Leipzig Cons, from its foundation in 1843 
 until his death, and highly distinguished himself 
 in this capacity ; the majority of English-speak- 
 ing students there were in his classes, or had 
 private instruction from him. 
 
 Wen'zel, Leopold, b. Naples, Jan. 23, 1847; 
 pupil of the Cons. S. Pietro a Majella, leaving 
 it at 13, travelling as a violinist to Athens, 
 Turkey, Egypt, and France, and joining Metra's 
 orch. at Marseilles in 1866 ; became cond. of 
 the Alcazar there in 1871, later of the Alcazar at 
 Paris. In 1883 he settled in London ; cond. of 
 the orch. at the Empire Th. since 1889. — Works : 
 3-act operetta Le chevalier Mignon (Paris, 1884); 
 3-act \>i!At\. Lm cour d' Amour (Ao.); 4-act ballet 
 Blondes /ot-^jw (Paris, 1887); from 1889-93 he 
 prod. 10 ballets at the Empire Th. {Rive de For- 
 tune, C/cile, La Poupde, Orphie, Brighton, Nisita, 
 
 626 
 
WERBECKE— WESLEY 
 
 Versailles, Tour de ville, Catharina, The Girl 
 I lejt behind me) ; 3-act operetta, I'Alhve du 
 Conservatoire (Paris, 1894) ; ballet Monte Cristo 
 (London, 1896) ; also many songs. 
 
 Wer'becke, Caspar van. See Gaspak. 
 
 Werck'meister, Andreas, b. Benecken- 
 stein, Nov. 30, 1645 ; d. Halberstadt, Oct. 26, 
 1706, as organist from 1696 of the Martins- 
 kirche.— Extant comp.s : " Musikalische Privat- 
 lust"(i689; violin-pieces w. continuo). — Writ- 
 ings: "Orgelprobe, ... wie man die Orgel- 
 werke von den Orgelmachern annehmen . . . 
 k6nne"(i68i; and ed. i6g8, as " Erweiterte 
 Orgelprobe"; often republ.); " Musicae mathe- 
 maticae hodegus curiosus, oder richtiger musi- 
 kalischer Wegweiser " (1687) ; " Der edlen Mu- 
 sik-Kunst Wurde, Gebrauch und Misbrauch " 
 (i6gi) ; " Musikalische Temperatur, oder deut- 
 licher und wahrer mathematischer Unterricht, 
 wie man durch Anweisung des Monochordi ein 
 Clavier, sonderlich die Orgelwerke, Positive, 
 Regale, Spinetten und dergleichen wohltemperirt 
 stimmen kSnne " (1691 ; earliest treatise on equal 
 temperament) ; " Hypomnemata musica oder 
 musikalisch Memorial " (1697); " Cribrum musi- 
 cum oder musikalisches Sieb" (1700); " Har- 
 monologia musica, oder kurze Anleitung zur 
 musikalisclien Composition " (1700); " Die noth- 
 wendigsten Anmerkungen und Regeln, wie der 
 Bassus continuus oder Generalbass wohl kenne 
 tractirt werden" (i6g8 ; 2nd ed. 1715) ; " Or- 
 ganum Gruningense redivivum, oder Beschrei- 
 bung des in der Griiningischen Schlosskirche 
 beruhmten Orgelwerks ..." (1705) ; " Musika- 
 lische Paradoxaldiscurse, oder ungemeine Vor- 
 stellungen, wie die Musik einen hohen und gOtt- 
 lichen Ursprung habe ..." (1707). 
 
 Wer'kenthin, Albert, b. Berlin, Mar. 6, 
 1842. Pianist ; pupil of von Billow, Weitzmann, 
 Ulrich, and Stern. Has publ. pf. -pieces, songs, 
 and " Die Lehre vom Klavierspiel, Lehrstoff 
 und Methode " (3 vol.s). 
 
 Wer'mann, Friedrich Oskar, b. Neichen, 
 n. Trebsen, Saxony, Apr. 30, 1840. Pianist 
 and organist ; pupil of J. Otto, K. Kragen, Fr. 
 Wieck, and Merkel ; later of Leipzig Cons. 
 (Hauptmann, Richter, Reinecke) ; became mus. 
 dir. and organist at Wesserling, Alsatia, later 
 at Neufchatel, where he was also prof, at the 
 Music-School ; in 1868, teacher at the R. Semi- 
 nary in Dresden ; in 1876 he succeeded J. Otto 
 as mus. dir. of the 3 principal evang. churches, 
 and cantor of the Kreuzschule. — Works : Re- 
 formations- Cantate , op. 35 ; mass a 8, w. soli, 
 op. 60 ; motets ; opera Vineta ; organ-sonata, 
 op. 45 ; do. w. 'cello, op. 58 ; instructive pf.- 
 pieces (24 easy melod. studies, op. 6 ; 10 easy 
 charact. pieces, op. 7 ; 6 do., op. 813" Erin- 
 nenmgsblatter," op. 9); etc. 
 
 Wer'neburg, Johann Friedrich Christian, 
 
 gymnasial teacher at. Kassel, Gotha, and Wei- 
 mar. — Publ. pf.-sonatas (1796); and an " All- 
 gemeine neue, viel einfachere Musikschule fiir 
 
 jeden Dilettanten und Musiker, mit einer [simu- 
 lated]^ Vorrede von J. J. Rousseau" (1812, 
 adopting Rousseau's figure-notation). 
 
 Wer'ner, Cregor Joseph, b. 1695 ; d. 
 Eisenstadt, Mar. 3, 1766 ; was Haydn's pre- 
 decessor as Kapellm. to Prince Esterhazy.— 
 Publ. " Sex symphoniae senaeque sonatae . . ." 
 f. 2 violins and clavichord ; and " Neuer . . . 
 Instrumentalkalender, parthien-weiss mit 2 Vio- 
 linen und Bass in die 12 Jahrmonathe einge- 
 theilet " ; also comp. many masses, oratorios, etc. 
 
 Wer'ner, Johann Gottlob, b. Grossenhain, 
 1777 ; d. Merseburg, July 19, 1822, as cathe- 
 dral-organist and mus. dir. An organ-pupil of 
 Hoffman, and an excellent teacher. — Publ. an 
 " Orgelschule " (1805; Part ii as "Lehrbuch, 
 das Orgelwerk kennen, etc., zu lernen " 1823 ; 
 both often republ.); "Musikalisches ABC" 
 for beginners on the pf. (1806 ; often republ.) ; 
 " Choralbuch zum hoUandischen Psalm- und 
 Gesangbuch" (1814) ; "Choralbuch zu den 
 neuern sachsischen Gesangbilchern " (Leipzig) ; 
 "Versuch einer kurzen und deutlichen Dar- 
 stellung der Harmonielehre " (2 parts, 1818, '19) ; 
 coll.s of chorals ; many choral-preludes ; 40 or- 
 gan-pieces for beginners ; etc. 
 
 Wer'ner, Josef, b. Wurzburg, June 25, 1837. 
 Violoncellist ; studied in the Cons, there, joined 
 the Munich court orch., and became a teacher 
 in the Munich School of Music. Has publ. a 
 method f. 'cello, a quartet f. 4 'celli, Elegie f. 
 'cello, duos f. 'celli, and various solo pieces f. 
 'cello. 
 
 Werstow'ski, Alexei Nikolajevitch, b. 
 
 Moscow, Feb. 18, 1799 ; d. there Nov. 17, 1862. 
 State councillor and theatre-inspector at Mos- 
 cow. Comp. 7 operas : Askold's Grave (very 
 successful). Pan Tvardovski, etc. 
 
 Wert, Jacob van, famous Flemish contra- 
 puntist ; b. 1536 j d. Mantua, May 23, 1596. 
 Went to Italy when a youth ; succeeded Con- 
 tinuo as maestro to the Duke of Mantua about 
 1566 ; was vice-maestro at Novellara, ,1568-74 ; 
 then maestro at the churcli of Santa Barbara, 
 Mantua. Very prolific composer. • — Extant 
 works : 11 books of madrigals a 5, one a 4, and 
 one a 5-6 ; i book of canzonets ; 3 of motets a 
 5-6 ; publ. from 1558-1633, and often reprinted. 
 
 W6ry, Nicolas-Lambert, b. Huy, u. Li^ge, 
 May 9, 1789 ; d. Bande, Luxemburg, Oct. 6, 
 1867. In Paris 1822-3 as cond. at " Vauxhall " 
 (amateur concerts) ; from 1823-60, solo violin in 
 the royal orch., Brussels, and teacher of violin- 
 playing at the Cons. 
 
 Weserabeck. See Burbuee de W. 
 
 Wesley, Charles, b. Bristol, England, Dec. 
 II. 1757 ; d. London, May 23, 1834. Teacher 
 in London ; organist of St. George's, Hanover 
 Square ; organist in ordinary to George IV. 
 — Publ. "A Set of Eight Songs" (1784) ; " A 
 Set of Six Concertos for the Organ or Harpsi- 
 chord " ; anthems ; hymns. 
 
 627 
 
WESLEY— WESTPHAL 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, b. Bristol, England, Feb. 
 24, 1766; d. London, Oct. 11, 1837. Pupil of 
 his brother Charles, and became the foremost 
 English organist of his time. Deputy org. at 
 the Abbey Church, Bath ; from 1824, org. of 
 Camden Chapel, London. He is especially 
 noteworthy as a warm admirer of J. S. Bach, 
 and the first to make his works known in Eng- 
 land. Biography in W. Winters's "Account 
 . . . of the Wesley Family " (London, 1874) ; 
 also cf. " Letters of S. W. to Mr. Jacobs, relat- 
 ing to the introduction into this country of the 
 works of Bach " (London, 1878). — For pf. 
 (harpsichord) he publ. " 8 Harpsichord Les- 
 sons" (1777) ; II sonatas; 2 sonatinas ; 16 ron- 
 dos ; 4 marches ; a trio f. 3 pf.s ; a Polacca ; a 
 Grand Fugue ; 7 sets of Variations ; 4 waltzes, 
 etc. ; also comp. a Church Service in F ; nu- 
 merous anthems, motets, and hymns ; fugues 
 and voluntaries f. organ ; many glees, choruses, 
 and songs ; 4 symphonies, 3 overtures, 11 organ- 
 concertos ; etc. 
 
 Wesley, Samuel Sebastian, son of pre- 
 ceding ; distinguished organist and composer ; 
 b. London, Aug. 14, 1810 ; d. Gloucester, Apr. 
 ig, 1876. Held several appointments as organ- 
 ist in London churches ; then at Hereford Cath., 
 1832; Exeter Cath., 1835; Leeds Parish Ch., 
 1842; Winchester Cath., 1 849; Gloucester Cath., 
 1865. Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc, Oxon., 1839. 
 — Works : 4 Church Services ; many anthems ; 
 glees, songs, and part-songs ; exercises and pieces 
 f . organ ; also ' ' A Few Words on Cathedral 
 Music and the Mus. System of the Church, with 
 a Plan of Reform " (1849). 
 
 Wes'selack, Johann Georg, b. Sattelpeile- 
 stein. Upper Palatinate, Dec. 12, 1828 ; d. Ratis- 
 bon, Dec. 12, 1866, as Mettenleiter's successor 
 as regens chori and Inspector of Seminaries. 
 Edited Vol. ivof Proske's " Musicadivina," with 
 biogr. sketch of Proske. 
 
 Wes'sely, Johann, b. Frauenburg, Bohemia, 
 June 24 (27?), 1762; d. Ballenstedt, 1814, as 
 violinist in the orch. — Works : 2 comic operas ; 
 14 string-quartets ; 3 string-trios ; 3 quartets f. 
 clar. and strings ; 10 var.s f. horn and violin w. 
 orch. ; 6 do. f . clar. w. orch. ; etc. 
 
 Wes'sely, (Carl) Bernhard, b. Berlin, Sept. 
 I, 1768 ; d. Potsdam, July 11, 1826. Pupil of 
 J. A. P. Schuiz ; in 1788, mus. dir. at the Na- 
 tional-Theater ; in 1796, Kafellin. at Rheinsbeck 
 to Prince Heinrich .of Prussia, after whose death 
 he entered the government service at Berlin, then 
 at Potsdam, where he organized in 18 14 a society 
 for classical music. — Prod. 4 operas ; wrote music 
 to ballets and dramas ; numerous "occasional" 
 cantatas ; 3 string-quartets ; songs. Also con- 
 tributed to the " Archiv der Zeit " and the " All- 
 gem, mus. Zeitung." 
 
 West, John Ebenezer, b. South Hackney, 
 London, Dec. 7, 1863. Concert-organist and 
 pianist ; pupil of Dr. Bridge (org.) and E. 
 
 Prout (comp.) at the R. A. M.; from 1884-91, 
 org. and choirm. at St. Mary's, Berkeley Square ; 
 since 1891, at S. Hackney Parish Ch. — Works : 
 2 cantatas, The Healing of the Canaanite's 
 Daughter (1882) and Seed-time and Harvest 
 (1892) ; Psalm 130 (1891) ; Evening Services in 
 E|7 and A ; Te Deum in B[j ; anthems, part- 
 songs, songs ; — incid. music and overture to 
 Longfellow's " King Robert of Sicily " ; march 
 f. orch., "Victoria, our Queen"; organ-music 
 (sonata ; fugue ; march ; postlude ; etc.). 
 
 Westbrook, William Joseph, b. London, 
 Jan. I, 1831 ; d. Sydenham, Mar. 24, 1894. 
 Org. of several churches ; 1865-78, cond. of the 
 S. Norwood Mus. Soc; Mus. Bac, Cantab., 
 1876; Mus. Doc, 1878. In 1862, with Ham- 
 mond and Crowdy, he founded the " Musical 
 Standard." — Works : Oratorio Jesus (1877) ; 
 cantata The Lord is my Shepherd(\'ii<^ ; services, 
 anthems, part-songs, trios, songs ; sonatas and 
 voluntaries f. organ ; several text-books on the 
 organ, etc. ; transl. the violin-methods of Alard, 
 Dancla, and de Beriot. 
 
 Westlake, Frederick, b. Romsey, Hamp- 
 shire, Feb. 25, 1840 ; d. London, Feb. 12, 1898. 
 St. at the R.A.M. 1855-62 under W. Macfarren 
 (pf.), and G. A. Macfarren (harm.) ; was app. 
 sub-prof, of pf. in 1862, and full prof, in 1863. 
 — Works : Several masses, a Duo concertante f. 
 pf. and 'cello, a prelude and fugue f. organ, 9 
 Episodes f. pf., a pf.-fugue, hymns, part-songs, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 West'meyer, Wilhelm, b. Iburg, n. Osna- 
 briick, Feb. 11, 1S32 ; d. Bonn, Sept. 4, 1880. 
 Pupil of Leipzig Cons., and of Lobe (in dram, 
 comp. and instrumentation). Prod, the success- 
 ful operas Amanda, oder Grdfin und Bduerin 
 (Koburg, 1856), and Der Wald bei Hermann- 
 stadt (Leipzig, 1859) ; a " Kaiser-Ouverture " 
 perf. annually on the birthday of the Emperor 
 of Austria (Aug. 18) ; an octet for wind an4 
 strings ; symphonies ; quartets ; songs. 
 
 Westmoreland, John Fane, Earl of [previ- 
 ously Lord Burghersh], b. London, Feb. 3, 
 1784 ; d. Apthorpe House, Oct. 16, 1859. After 
 passing through the Spanish campaign, he 
 studied composition at Lisbon 1809-12 under 
 Portugal, then fought in the Prussian army, 
 became British Envoy at Florence, and from 
 1841-51 was British Minister at Berlin. Founded 
 the R.A.M. in 1822. — Works: 7 Italian operas 
 forFlorence and London : Bajazet, 1821 ; L'Eroe 
 di Lancastre, 1826 ; Lo scornpiglio teatrale, 1B36 
 [publ. 1846] ; Catarina, 1830 [in English as 
 Catherine, the Austrian Captive\ ; Fedra, 1828 
 [publ. Berlin, 1848] ; // Torneo, 1826 ; // ratio 
 di Proserpina, 1845 ; — also 3 symphonies ; string- 
 quartets ; pf .-pieces ; — Cathedral Service ; solemn 
 mass ; Requiem ; 6 cantatas, by Metastasio, f. 
 solo voice and pf. (1831) ; madrigals, glees, 
 songs, canzonets, etc. 
 
 West'phal, Rudolf (Georg Hermann), b. 
 Oberkirchen, Lippe-Schaumburg, July 3, 1826 ; 
 
 628 
 
WETZLER— WICHMANN 
 
 d. Stadthagen, July ii, 1892. Philologian ; 
 student at Marburg, qualified as lecturer at 
 Tubingen, from 1858-62 was prof, extraordinary 
 atBreslau, taughtin Jena, Livland, and Moscow, 
 and after 1880 lived in Leipzig, Biickeburg, and 
 Stadthagen. His exposition of Greek rhythms 
 and metres is clear and systematic ; in his treat- 
 ment of Greek music he is less happy, conclud- 
 ing that the Greeks employed polyphony. He 
 is opinionatedand aggressive. — Works : ' ' Metrik 
 der griechischen Dramatiker und Lyriker " (w. 
 Rossbach ; 3 vol.s, 1854-65 ; 2nd ed. 1868 ; 
 3rd ed. as " Theorie der musischen Kiinste der 
 Hellenen," 1885) ; " Die Fragmente und Lehr- 
 satze der griechischen Rhythmiker" (1861) ; 
 " System der antiken Rhythmik " (1865) ; " Ge- 
 schichte der alten und mittelalterlichen Musik " 
 (1865 ; unfinished ; includes " Plutarch ilber die 
 Musik," 1864) ; " Theorie der neuhochdeutschen 
 Metrik " (1870 ; 2nd ed. 1877) ; " Die Elemente 
 des musikalischen Rhythmus mit Riicksicht auf 
 unsre Opernmusik " (1872) ; " AUgemeine 
 Theorie der musikalischen Rhythmik seit J. S. 
 Bach" (1880); "Die Musik des griechischen 
 Alterthums " (1883); "AUgemeine Metrik der 
 indo-germanischen und semitischen VBlker auf 
 Grundlage der vergleichenden Sprachwissen- 
 schaft" (1892; with addendum by R. Kruse, 
 " Der griechische Hexameter in der deutschen 
 Nachdichtung ") ; and " Die Melik und Rhyth- 
 mik des griechischen Alterthums" (1893; 3 
 vol.s). 
 
 Wetz'ler, Hermann Hans, b. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, Sept. 8, 1870. Pupil 1885-92 of Frau 
 Schumann (pf.), B. Scholz (comp.), Ivan Knorr 
 (cpt.), H. Heermann (vln.), and Humperdinck 
 (orchestration). Settled in New York in 1893 
 as a teacher, pianist, and organist ; is asst. -or- 
 ganist at Trinity Ch. — Works : Ancient Engl, 
 ballad, " The Fairye Queen " (publ.) ; concert- 
 overture (played by Thomas Orch., Chicago). 
 
 Wey'se, Christoph Ernst Friedrich, b. 
 Altona, Mar. 5, 1774 ; d. Copenhagen, Oct. 8, 
 1842. Pupil of his grandfather, a cantor, and 
 of J. A. P. Schulz at Copenhagen. Prod, sev- 
 eral operas in Copenhagen ; a symphony, over- 
 tures, pf. -sonatas, pf. -etudes ; many sacred and 
 secular cantatas. 
 
 Whist'ling, Carl Friedrich, bookseller in 
 Leipzig. In 1817 he publ. Vol. iof the " Hand- 
 buch der musikalischen Lrtteratur," continued 
 later by Fr. Hofraeister and A. Rfithing. 
 
 White, John, b. W. Springfield, Mass., Mar. 
 12, 1855. Pupil l86i-3of Dudley Buck ; then, 
 in Berlin, of Aug. Haupt (org. and cpt.). Or- 
 ganist of St. Francis Xavier, New York, for 3 
 years ; then studied comp. with Rheinberger at 
 Munich, gave organ-concerts in various German 
 cities, was organist and choirm. 1887-96 of the 
 Ch. of the Ascension, New York, and since that 
 time has lived in Munich, studying and compos- 
 ing. — Publ. works : Missa solemnis ; O salu- 
 taris ; Adorate devoto ; Ave verum, Magnificat ; 
 Nunc dimittis ; etc. 
 
 White, Maude Valerie, b. Dieppe, of Eng- 
 lish parents, June 23, 1855. Pupil of O. May 
 and W. S. Rockstro ; entered R. A. M. in 1876, 
 was elected Mendelssohn Scholar in 1879, and 
 completed her studies in Vienna. Now (1899) 
 living in London. — Works : Mass (1888) ; " Pic- 
 tures from Abroad," 14 pf.-pieces ; Scherzetto f. 
 pf. ; " Naissance d'amour," f. pf. and 'cello; 
 other pf. -music ; songs ; etc. 
 
 Whiting, George Elbridge, b. Holliston, 
 Mass., Sept. 14, 1842. Organist; played at 
 Worcester when 13 ; in 1858 succeeded D. Buck 
 as org. of the North Congr. Ch., Hartford, 
 Conn., where he founded the Beethoven Soc. 
 Went to Boston in 1862 as org. in various 
 churches ; studied with G. W. Morgan, New 
 York, and Best, Liverpool ; was org. in Albany 
 and ISoston (King's Chapel and Music Hall), 
 studied with Hauptand Radecke inBerlin, taught 
 at the New England Cons., Boston, till 1879, 
 then at the Cincinnati Coll. of Music till 1882, 
 since then at the New Engl. Cons. — Works : 2 
 orch.l masses w. organ (1872) ; Te Deum ; Ves- 
 per services ; the cantatas Tale of the Viking, 
 Dream Pictures, Lenore, March of the Monks of 
 Bangor ; Midnight Cantata, f . soli and pf. ; 
 pree Lances, i. male ch. and military band ; 
 Henry of Navarre, ballade f. male ch. and orch. ; 
 symphony and suite f. orch.; pf. -concerto ; suite 
 f . 'cello and orch. ; suite f . 'cello and pf . ; many 
 pieces f. organ and pf. ; songs ; — " The Organ- 
 ist "(Boston, 1870); and "The First 6 Months 
 on the Organ" (1871). 
 
 Whiting, Arthur Battelle, b. Cambridge, 
 Mass., June 20, 1861. Pf.-pupil of W. H. Sher- 
 wood ; pianistic debut Mechanics' Hall, Boston, 
 1880 ; studied with Chadwick and J. C. D. 
 Parker ; then in Munich Music-School under 
 Rheinberger. Lived for some years in Boston ; 
 at present (1899) in New York as teacher of pf. 
 and comp. — Publ.: Many pf.-pieces (Bagatelle ; 
 Fantasy w. orch.; Concert-etude; Valse-Caprice; 
 etc.); church-service in A ; anthems; songs; or- 
 gan-music. — In MS. Concert-overture f. orch., 
 pf.-concerto, pf.-trio, sonata f. pf. and violin, 
 etc. 
 
 Whitney, Samuel Brenton, b. Woodstock, 
 Vermont, June 4, 1842. Organist ; pupil of 
 Chas. Wels in New York, and J. K. Paine at 
 Cambridge, Mass., where he was organist at Ap- 
 pleton Chapel ; since 1871, organist and choir- 
 director of the Ch. of the Advent, Boston. Or- 
 ganizer and cond. of many church-choir festivals; 
 prof, of organ-playing, and lecturer, at the Bos- 
 ton Univ. and the New Engl. Cons. ; excellent 
 Bach-player. — Works : Anthems and songs ; a 
 pf.-trio ; sonatas and transcr.s f. organ ; pf.- 
 music. 
 
 Wich'raann, Hermann, b. Berlin, Oct. 24, 
 1824. Studied at the R. Akademie ; also under 
 Taubert, Mendelssohn, and Spohr ; from 1857 
 for a short time cond. of the Bielefeld Mus. Soc. ; 
 settled later in Berlin. — Works : Symphonies ; 
 
 629 
 
WICHTL— WIECK 
 
 quartets ; trios ; sonatas f . pf . , and f . pf . and 
 violin ; psalms and songs ; also " Gesammelte 
 Aufsatze" (2 vols: 1884, '87). 
 
 Wichtl, Georg, b. Trostberg, Bavaria, Feb. 
 2, 1805 ; d. Bunziau, Silesia, June 3, 1877. Vio- 
 linist, studied at Munich, and played in the 
 orch. of the Isarthal Th.; in 1826 he joined the 
 orch. of Prince of HohenzoUern-Hechingen at 
 LOwenberg, Silesia, as 1st violin ; from 1852, R. 
 Mus. Dir. and 2nd Kapellm. there ; lived on 
 pension at Breslau, 1870-6, then at Bunziau. — 
 Works : An opera, a melodrama, and an orato- 
 rio ; a mass ; songs ; symphonies and overtures ; 
 a string-quartet ; violin-concertos ; many instruc- 
 tive pieces for violin ; etc. 
 
 Wick'ede, Friedrich von, b. Dbmitz-on- 
 Elbe, July 28, 1834. Army-officer, then post- 
 office official ; music-pupil of J. Vieth (a pupil 
 of Fr. Schneider). Living in Leipzig since 1872, 
 later in Munich, employing his leisure for com- 
 position. — Works : Opera Ingo ; funeral-march 
 for Emperor Wilhelm I.; overture " Per aspera 
 ad astra" (1875); pf.-pieces ; songs (highly 
 praised). 
 
 Wid'mann, Erasmus, poet-laureate and 
 Kapellm. to Graf Hohenlohe at Weikersheim. 
 — Publ. " Teutsche Gesanglein" a 4 (1607); 
 " Musikalische Kurtzweil newer teutscher Ge- 
 sanglein, Tantz und Curranten " (1611) ; " Mu- 
 sikalischer Tugendspiegel mit schonen histori- 
 schen und politischen Texten " a 5 \ad lib. 4] 
 (1614) ; motets a 3-8 (1619) ; "MusikalischerStu- 
 dentenmuth " a 4-5 (1622) ; antiphones, re- 
 sponses, hymns, etc. (1627); "Musikalische 
 Kurtzweil in Canzonen, Intraden, Balletten, 
 etc." «4-5 (2 books ; 1618, '23). 
 
 Wid'mann, Benedict, b. Braunlingen, n. 
 Donaueschingen, Mar. 5, 1820. Rector at Frank- 
 fort. — Publ. " Formenlehre der Instrumental- 
 musik " {1862) ; " Catechismus der allgemeinen 
 Musiklehre " ; " GrundzUge der musikalischen 
 Klanglehre" (1863); " Praktischer Lehrgang 
 filr einen rationellen Gesangunterricht " ; 
 " Handblichlein der Plarmonie-, Melodie- und 
 Formenlehre" (4th ed. 1880); " Generallbass- 
 ■Obungen " (1872). 
 
 ■Wid'mann, Joseph Victor, b. Nennowitz, 
 Moravia, Feb. 20, 1842; came as a child (1845) 
 to Switzerland ; is a distinguished poet and 
 dramatist, since 1880 literary editor of the Ber- 
 nese "Bund"; wrote the libretto of Goetz's 
 opera Der Wider spenstigen Zdhmung, and 
 others; also "Johannes Brahms in Erinne- 
 rungen " (Berlin, 1898). 
 
 Widor, Charles (-Marie), distinguished or- 
 ganist and composer ; b. Lyons, Feb. 22, 1845. 
 His father, an Alsatian of Hungarian descent, 
 was organist at the church of St.-Fran9ois, LyonS; 
 as a boy, W. was a skilful improviser on the 
 organ, and studied later at Brussels under Lem- 
 mens (organ) and Fetis (comp.) ; became organist 
 at St. -Francois, Lyons, in i860, gained high 
 repute by concerts there and in other cities, and 
 
 since 1869 has been organist at St.-Sulpice, Paris. 
 In 1890 he succeeded Cesar Franck as prof, of 
 organ-playing at the 
 Paris Cons.; in 1896 
 he replaced Dubois 
 as prof, of cpt., 
 fugue, and comp. 
 For many years mus. 
 critic for the paper 
 " I'Estafette " (pen- 
 name " Auletes") ; 
 also director and 
 cond. of the society 
 "La Concordia." 
 For the stage he has 
 written the 2-act 
 ballet La Korrigane 
 (Opera, Dec. I, 1880; 
 99th performance Mar. 30, l8g6) ; music to the 
 play Conte d' Avril (Odeon, 1885) ; do. to Les 
 Jacobites (Odeon, 1885); the 4-act lyric' drama 
 Mattre Ambros (Op. -Com., May 6, ,1896) ; the 
 3-act pantomime yi?a»«£a?'^7r (1890); the opera 
 Les Marins, w. H. Cain (in preparation) ; opera 
 Les Picheurs de St. -Jean (not perf.) ; — further, 
 a mass f. 2 choirs and 2 organs ; Psalm 112 f. 
 ch., orch., and organ ; 2 motets n 5 ; an Ave 
 Maria ; 2 O salutaris, one f. baritone, the 
 other f. tenor w. 'cello and organ ; "La nuit 
 de Walpurgis," f. chorus and orch. (which he 
 conducted in 1888 at a London Philharm. Con- 
 cert) ; 2 symphonies, a " Choral," a Suite espa- 
 gnole, a Serenade, a " Nuit de Sabbat," etc., f. 
 orch. ; many highly interesting and original or- 
 gan-works (Symphonic gotique, and 9 other 
 "Symphonies" [sonatas]);apf.-concerto(op.39); 
 a violin-concerto ; a 'cello-concerto ; n pf. -quin- 
 tet, op. 7 ; a pf.-trio, op. 19 ; a pf.-quartet ; 3 
 little trios f. pf., violin, and 'cello ; a sonata f. 
 do. ; a Fantaisie f . pf . and orch. ; a Romance f. 
 pf. and violin ; a Suite f. flute and pf. ; much 
 pf. -music ; part-songs, duets, songs, etc. 
 
 Wieck, Friedrich, b. Pretzsch, n. Torgau, 
 Aug. 18, 1785 ; d. Loschviritz, n. Dresden, Oct. 
 6, 1873. Studied theology at Wittenberg, but 
 became a private tutor in order to obtain leisure 
 for musical study ; establ. a pf.-factory and a 
 mus. circulating library at Leipzig, but gave up 
 both to devote himself to teaching the piano, in 
 which profession he had extraordinary success 
 (among his pupils were his daughters Clara and 
 Marie, also R. Schumann, H. von Billow, Anton 
 Krause, Fritz Spindler, I. Seiss, B. Rollfuss, 
 and G. Merkel). He removed to Dresden in 
 1840, studied Mieksch's singing-method, and 
 taught singing also. Besides 2 books of pf.- 
 studies, he publ. " Clavier and Gesang" (1853), 
 and " Mu.sikalische Bauernsprilche " (2nd ed. 
 1876, by Marie Wieck). — Biography by A. von 
 Meichsner, " Fr. W. und seine Tochter Clara 
 und Marie" (1875), and by A. Kohut, " Fr. 
 W." (1887).— His daughter Clara married R. 
 Schumann [see Schumann], — Another daugh- 
 ter, Marie, b. Leipzig, Jan. 17, 1835, played in 
 
 630 
 
WIEDEMANN— WIHTOL 
 
 public at S, and was app. court pianist to the 
 Prince of Hohenzollern in 1858 ; made concert- 
 tours to Sweden and London ; and establ. a 
 school for pf. -playing in Dresden. — His son 
 Alwin, b. Leipzig, Aug. 27, 1821 ; d. there 
 Oct, 21, 1885. Violinist, pupil of David ; mem- 
 ber of the Italian Opera orch. at St. Petersburg 
 1849-59 ; later teacher of pf . at Dresden. — Publ. 
 " Materialien zu Fr. Wiecks Pianoforteme- 
 thodik " (1875). 
 
 Wie'demann, Ernst Johann, b. Hohen- 
 giersdorf, Silesia, Mar. 28, 1797; d. Potsdam, 
 Dec. 7, 1873, as singing-teacher to the cadets. 
 Organist 1818-52 of the R. C. Church ; founder 
 and cond. of 2 singing-societies. Comp. masses, 
 a Te Deum, hymns, etc. 
 
 Wie'derkehr, Jacob Christian Michael, b. 
 Strassburg, Apr. 28, 1739; d. Paris, April, 1823. 
 From 17S3 in Paris ; 'cellist at the Concerts 
 spirituels, bassoonist at the Th.-Lyrique, trom- 
 bonist at the Opera ; from 1795-71802, singing- 
 teacher at the Cons. — Works : 12 concertantes f . 
 wind ; 2 quintets and 10 quartets f . strings ; 6 
 quintets f. pf. and wind ; 6 pf. -trios ; 6 violin- 
 sonatas ; etc. 
 
 Wie'gand, Josef Anton Heinrich, dramatic 
 bass ; b. Frankisch-Crumbach in the Odenwald, 
 Sept. 9, 1842; d. Frankfort, May 28, 1899. 
 While engaged in commercial pursuits in Paris, 
 he had private vocal lessons, and in 1870 joined 
 the opera at Zurich ; then sang in Cologne, and 
 from 1873-7 was leading bass at Frankfort, tour- 
 ing America in the latter year with the Adams- 
 Pappenheim troupe. At Leipzig 1878-82; at 
 the Vienna Court Opera, 1882-4 1 then eng. at 
 Hamburg. At Bayreuth in 1886 he sang the 
 roles of Gurnemanz and KSnig Marke; also 
 appeared in the JVibelung cyc\e. at Berlin, 188 1, 
 and London, 1882. 
 
 Wielhor'ski. See Wilhorski. 
 
 Wieniaw'ski [vya-ne-Shv'-ske], Henri, dis- 
 tinguished violinist; b. Lublin, Poland, July 10, 
 1835 ; d. Moscow, 
 Mar. 51, 1880. At 
 the age of 8 he 
 entered Clavel's 
 class in the Paris 
 Cons., and the 
 advanced class of 
 Massart in 1844, 
 winning ist prize for 
 violin-playing in 
 1846. He gave his 
 first concerts at St. 
 Petersburg and 
 Moscow in 1848, and 
 from 1 849-50 studied 
 harmony at the Paris Cons, under Colet. He 
 then began a series of concert-tours with his 
 brother Joseph, the pianist, through Poland, 
 Russia, Germany, Scandinavia, Belgium, Hol- 
 land, England, etc.; in i860 he was named solo 
 violinist to the Czar, living chiefly in St. Peters- 
 
 y -' 
 
 burg until 1872, and teaching at the Cons, there 
 1862-7. With Anton Rubinstein he toured the 
 United States in 1872, then extending his travels 
 alone to California ; in 1874 he succeeded Vieux- 
 temps as prof, of violin-playing at the Brussels 
 Cons., resigning in 1877, and continuing his 
 tours, with rapidly failing health, until death. 
 He composed 2 concertos, some fantasias, pieces 
 de salon, and studies. — His brother, 
 
 Wieniaw'ski, Joseph, famous pianist ; b. 
 Lublin, May 23, 1837; entered the Paris Cons, 
 in 1847, studying under Zimmerman, Mar- 
 montel, and Alkan (pf.), and Le Couppey 
 (comp.); in 1850 he went on tour with his 
 brother, Henri ; studied with Liszt at Weimar 
 in 1855-6, then taking a course in theory under 
 Marx at Berlin, and returning to Paris in 1857. 
 In 1866 he settled in Moscow as a teacher at the 
 Cons.; but soon established a pf. -school of his 
 own, which flourished. He went to Warsaw 
 later; and finally settled in Brussels, teaching in 
 the Cons. On very numerous concert-tours 
 throughout Europe, he has won fame rivalling 
 that of his gifted brother. — Works : 2 overtures ; 
 Suite romantique f . orch. ; pf.-concerto in G 
 min., op. 20; striiig-quartet; pf,.-trio, op. 40; 
 Grand duo polonais f . pf . and violin ; sonata f . 
 do., op. 24; sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. 26; 
 Fantasia f. 2 pf.s, op. 42; Polonaises (op. 13, 21, 
 27, 4S); Waltzes (op. 3, 7, 18, 30, 46); Mazurkas, 
 op. 23; Fantaisie et fugue, op. 25; Idylles, 
 morceaux de concert, etc. ; — a Romance-Etude, 
 op. 10; !^tudes de concert, op. 33, 36; 24 etudes, 
 op. 44; etc. 
 
 Wie'precht, Friedrich Wilhelra, b. Asch- 
 ersleben, Aug. 8, 1802 ; d. Berlin, Aug. 4, 1872. 
 He studied in Dresden and Leipzig, where he 
 was already famous as a trombonist ; lived in 
 Berlin from 1824, at first as violinist in the court 
 orch., finally as Director-General of all the 
 Prussian military bands. He invented the Bass 
 Tuba (1835, with the instrument-maker Moritz), 
 the Bathyphoh, a sort of bkss clarinet (1839, with 
 Skorra), the "piangendo." on brass instr.s with 
 pistons, and an improved contrabass bassoon ; 
 his claim of priority over Sax, in the invention 
 of the Saxhorns, was not upheld by the courts. 
 
 Wihan, Han's [HanuS], b. Politz, n. Brau- 
 nau, June 5, 1855. Excellent 'cellist, pupil of 
 Prague Cons.; 1873, prof, of 'cello at the Mo- 
 zarteum, Salzburg; 1877-80, chamber-virtuo.so 
 to the Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen ; 
 1880, 1st solo 'cellist in Court Orch., Munich; 
 1888, prof, of 'cello-playing at Prague Cons.; 
 also a member of the "Bohemian-String- 
 Quartet." 
 
 Wihtol, Joseph, b. Wolmar, Livonia, 1863. 
 St. music 1880 at Mitau ; from 1881-6 at St. 
 Petersburg Cons, under Johansen (harm.), and 
 Rimsky-Korsakov (comp. and instrumentation); 
 since 18S6, prof, of harm, there. — Works : " La 
 fete Ligho," symphonic picture f. orch., op. 4; 
 " Dramatic " overture f. orch., op. 21 ; pieces f. 
 
 631 
 
WILBYE— WILHEM 
 
 'cello (op. 12, 14); pf. -pieces (sonatas, varia- 
 tions, etc.); songs. 
 
 Wilbye, John, madrigal-writer ; teacher of 
 music in Austin Friars, London, 1598. — Publ. 
 "Madrigals to 3-6 Voyces " (1598; reprinted 
 1841 by the Mus. Antiq. Soc.) ; " The Second 
 Set of Madrigals to 3-6 Parts, apt both for 
 Voyals and Voyces" (1609 ; repr. 1846 by the 
 Mus. A. S.) ; one madrigal in " The Triumphes 
 of Oriana " (1601), and 2 in " Teares or Lamen- 
 tacions " (1614). 
 
 Wild, Franz, b. NiederhoUabrunn, Lower 
 Austria, Dec. 31, 1792 ; d. Oberdobling, n. 
 Vienna, Jan. i, 1S60. Chorister at Klosterneu- 
 burg and later in the court chapel ; sang as 
 tenor soloist at Eisenstadt, in the Theater an 
 der Wien (Vienna) and the Court Opera (1813) ; 
 then at Berlin, Darmstadt, Kassel, and finally, 
 from 1830, again in Vienna. 
 
 Wilder, J6r6me Albert Victor van, b. 
 Wettern, n. Ghent, Aug. 21, 1835 ; d. Paris, 
 Sept. 8, 1892. Known as a writer for " Le 
 Menestrel," etc.; as a translator, into French, 
 of German songs and opera-texts ; and as the 
 author of " Mozart, I'homme et I'artiste" (1880). 
 
 Wilhelm, Carl, composer of " Die Wacht 
 am Rhein " [poem by Max Schneckenberger] ; 
 b. Schmalkalden, Sept. 5, 1815 ; d. there Aug. 
 26, 1873. Pupil at Kassel, 1834-6, of Bott, 
 Baldewein, and Spohr ; later of Andre and 
 Aloys Schmitt in Frankfort ; from 1839-64, 
 director of the Crefeld Liederiafel, for which he 
 composed many male choruses, among them 
 "Die Wacht am Rhein," now a national song 
 of the Germans, first publ. in the " Chorlieder- 
 sammlung," of Erk and Greef (Essen, 1854). 
 In i860 he received the title of " R. Prussian 
 Mus. Dir."; in 1870 Queen (later Empress) Au- 
 gusta presentedhimagold medal, and in the same 
 year he was granted a pension of 3,000 marks. 
 
 Wilhelm von Hirsau, from 1068 until his 
 death on June 4, 109!, Abbot of the monastery 
 at Hirsau, Schwarzwald, wrote a treatise on 
 mus. theory, publ. in Vol. ii of Gerberl's 
 " Scriptores "; also, with German transl. and 
 commentary, by Dr. Hans Miiller (Leipzig, 
 1873). The treatise " De musica et tonis," 
 ascribed to W., is mentioned in von Murr's 
 " Notitia duorum codicum musicorum" (Nu- 
 remberg, 1801). 
 
 "Wilhel'mj [vil-hel'-me], August (Emil 
 Daniel Ferdinand), eminent violin-virtuoso ; 
 b. Usingen, Nassau, Sept. 21, 1845. Taught 
 by Concertmeister Fischer at Wiesbaden, he 
 played in concerts at 8 ; in 1861 he played be- 
 fore Liszt, who introduced him to David at Leip- 
 zig as a second Paganini. He studied 1861-4 
 at the Leipzig Cons, under David (violin), 
 Hauptmann, and Richter ; in 1862 he played in 
 the Gewandhaus ; in 1S64 he went for further 
 study to Raff at Frankfort, and in 1865 made his 
 first concert-tour, to Switzerland ; he then visited 
 Holland and England (1866), France and Italy 
 
 (1867), Russia, Switzerland, France, and Bel- 
 gium (1869), England, Scotland, and Ireland 
 (1869-70) ; then travelled through Holland, 
 Scandinavia, Germany, and Austria (1871-4), 
 to England (1875-7), and America (1878), mak- 
 ing a 4-year tour of the world to S. America, 
 Australia, and Asia (1878-82)! In 1876 he was 
 leader of the Bayreuth orch. at the production 
 of Der Ring des Nibelungen. For several years 
 he lived chiefly at Biebrich-on- Rhine, where he 
 established, with R. Niemann, a " Hochschule " 
 for violin-playing. In 1886 he removed to Blase- 
 witz, near Dresden ; and in 1894 was app. head- 
 prof, of violin-playing in the Guildhall School 
 of Music, London. In 1895 he married the 
 pianist. Miss Mausch. He is one of the great- 
 est among contemporary violinists. — Works : 
 Hochzeits-Cantate f. soli, ch., and orch.; a vio- 
 lin-concerto ; solo pieces and transcriptions 
 (Bach, Chopin, Wagner) f. violin ; Romanze f. 
 pf . ; songs.- — His son, Anton, an excellent vio- 
 linist, was app. in 1898 violin-prof, at Belfast 
 Cons. — His sister-in-law, Maria W., nie Gas- 
 tell, b. Mayence, July 27, 1856, is a noted con- 
 cert soprano, a pupil of Mme. Viardot- Garcia. 
 
 Wilhem, rede Bocquillon, Guillaume- 
 Louis, b. Paris, Dec. 18, 1771 ; d. there Apr. 
 26, 1842. The son of an army-officer, he him- 
 self entered active service at the age of 12 ; but 
 from 1 795-1 801 studied at the school of Lian- 
 court (founded by the Duke de Larochefou- 
 cauld), and then for 2 years in the Paris Cons. 
 He taught music in the military school of Saint- 
 Cyr ; and in i8lo was app. teacher of mu,sic 
 at the Lycee Napoleon (later College de Henri 
 IV), occupying this position until death. The 
 system of enseignement mutuel (mutual instruc- 
 tion) which had been introduced into the popu- 
 lar schools of France, attracted W.'s attention, 
 and in 1815 he began to apply it in mus. teach- 
 ing, with such marked success, that in i8ig 
 he was chosen to organize a system of mus. 
 instruction for the primary schools in Paris, 
 was app. singing-teacher to the Polytech- 
 nique in 1820, and likewise Director of a Nor- 
 mal School of Music. In 1830 ten elementary 
 schools were imder his supervision ; in 1833 he 
 conceived the happy idea of instituting regular 
 reunions of the pupils in one grand chorus, to 
 which he gave the name of " Orpheon," the 
 performances of which were marked by wonder- 
 ful confidence, precision, and animation. In 
 1835 he was made Director-General of mus. in- 
 struction in all primary schools of Paris, and 
 was created a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
 Besides his school-classes, he formed classes of 
 adults, chiefly workingmen, in which the suc- 
 cess of his system was equally conspicuous, and 
 which now, under the name of " Orpheons," in- 
 clude scores of popular singing-societies. He 
 publ. numerous songs and choruses ; also a 
 great coll. of a cappella choruses, " Orpheon," in 
 5 (later lo) vol . s. His first expose of his method, 
 "Guide de la methode elementaire et analy- 
 
 .632 
 
WILHORSKI— WILM 
 
 tique de musique et de chant " (1821-4), was fol- 
 lowed by " Tableaux de lecture musicale et d'exe- 
 cution vocale " (1827-32), " Nouveaux tableaux 
 de lecture musicale et de chant elementaire" 
 (1835), " Manuel musical a I'usage des colleges, 
 etc., comprenant, pour tous les modes d'enseigne- 
 ment, le texte et la musique en partition des 
 tableaux de la methode de lecture musicale et 
 de chant elementaire " (1836). — Biographical : 
 Isouard (1842) ; E. Niboyet (1843) ; Lafage 
 (1844). 
 
 Wilhorski [Wielhorski], Count Matvei 
 Jurjevitch, b. Volhynia, Oct. 19, 1787 ; d. St. 
 Petersburg (?), 1863. Excellent 'cellist, pupil of 
 B. Romberg ; Director of the Imp. Russian Mus. 
 Soc. , St. Petersburg. To the Cons, he left his 
 fine library, and to Davidoff his Stradivari 'cello. 
 — His brother. Count Michail Jurjevitch, b. 
 Volhynia, Oct. 31, 1788, d. Moscow, Aug. 28, 
 1856, comp. a string-quartet, variations f. 'cello, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Wil'ke, Christian Friedrich Gottlieb, b. 
 
 Spandau, Mar. 13, 1769 ; d. Treuenbrietzen, 
 July 31, 1848. In 1791, organist at Spandau ; 
 1809, at Neu-Ruppin; in 1820, "R. Mus. Dir." ; 
 in 1821, government expert on organ-building. — 
 Publ. " Beitrage zur Geschichte der neuern 
 Orgelbaukunst " (1846) ; " Ueber Wichtigkeit 
 und Unentbehrlichkeit der Orgelmixturen " 
 (1839) ; articles in the "Allgem. mus. Zeitung" 
 and the " Cacilia" ; etc. 
 
 Willaert [Wigliardus, Vigliar, Vuigljart], 
 Adrian, called Adriano ; b. Flanders, about 
 1480; d. Venice, Dec. 7, 1562. A pupil of Jean 
 Mouton and Josquin Depr^s, he went to Rome 
 in 1516, thence to Ferrara, later entered the ser- 
 vice of Ludovic II., King of Bohemia and Hun- 
 gary, and was app. maestro at San Marco, Venice, 
 on Dec. 12, 1527. Here he founded a music- 
 school, among whose distinguished alumni were 
 Zarlino, Cipriano de Rore, and Andrea Gabrieli ; 
 W., as the teacher of these famous pupils, is con- 
 sidered the founder of the great Venetian school 
 of composition. He is also regarded as the 
 creator of the style of writing for 2 choirs, 
 prompted thereto by the 2 opposed organs at 
 San Marco, preceding Agostini by over half a 
 century. — Extant works : 5 masses a 4 (1533) ; 
 2 books of motets a 4 (i539> '45) ; motets a 6 
 (1542); 2 books do. a 4-7 (1561) ; "Canzone 
 villanesche" a 4 (1545); madrigals a 5 (l 548) ; 
 " Fantasie o Ricercari " a 4-5, with de Rore 
 (1549) ; vesper-psalms a 4-8, with de Berchem 
 (1550 ; republ. '57, '63) ; madrigals a 6, with 
 Verdelot (1561) ; hymns a 4 (1550) ; " Musica 
 nova," motets a 4-7, and madrigals (1559) ; 
 psalms for vespers and compline, u 4 (1571)- 
 Detached pieces are in Scotto's, Petrucci's, 
 Montan-Neuber's, and other contemporary coll. s. 
 {Cf. Eitner's monograph on W. in the " Monats- 
 hefte fur Musikgeschichte," 1887.) 
 
 Willent-Bordogni.Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, 
 b. Douai, Dec. 8, 1809 ; d. Paris', May 11, 1852. 
 
 Bassoon-virtuoso ; pupil of Delcambre at Paris 
 Cons. ; played at the Italian Opera, London, and 
 the The&tre Italien, Paris ; in 1834 he married 
 Bordogni's daughter at New York, travelled with 
 her, was app. bassoon-teacher at the Brussels 
 Cons., and in 1848 at the Paris Cons. — Works : 
 Method f. bassoon ; 4 Fantasias f. bassoon w. 
 orch. (or pf.) ; a Concertante f. bassoon and 
 clarinet ; a Duo f. bassoon and oboe ; he prod, 
 the operas Le moine (Brussels, 1844), and Van 
 Dyck (ibid., 1845). 
 
 Wil'ling, Johann Ludwig, b. Kuhndorf, n. 
 Meiningen, May 2, 1755 ; d. Nordhausen, Sept., 
 1805, as organist of the Hauptkirche. — Publ. 
 sonatas f. pf. , f. violin, and f. 'cello; a 'cello- 
 concerto, a violin-concerto, duos f. violins, 24 
 English Dances f. pf. ; etc. 
 
 Willis, Richard Storrs, brother of N. P. 
 Willis ; b. Boston, Mass., Feb. 10, i8ig. A 
 student (1837) at Yale, he was elected pres. of 
 the " Beethoven Soc," for which he wrote orch.l 
 pieces and choruses. Studied (1841) at Frank- 
 fort-on-Main under Schnyder von Wartensee 
 (harm, and form), and at Leipzig under liaupt- 
 mann (cpt. and instrumentation). Returning to 
 New York, W. contributed to the press, and 
 later edited " The Musical Times," " The Mus. 
 World," and " Once a Month" ; publ. "Our 
 Church Music " ; and comp. much vocal music 
 ("Church Chorals," "Student Songs," "Mis- 
 cellaneous I,yrics," besides many patriotic songs 
 afterwards collected as "Waif of Song," and 
 publ. by Galignani, Paris, 1876). Now (1899) 
 resides in Detroit ; has publ. a vol. of lyrics, 
 " Pen and Lute." 
 
 Will'mers, Heinrich Rudolf, b. Berlin, Oct. 
 31, 1821 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 24, 1878. Fine 
 pianist, pupil of Hfcmmel at Weimar and Fr. 
 Schneider at Dessau. After concert-tours (1838- 
 53), he lived in Vienna until called to Berlin in 
 1864 as prof, at the Stern Cons. ; resigned 1866, 
 and returned to Vienna. His technical specialty 
 was the trill ; in the performance of " chains of 
 trills" he was unrivalled. — Works: Pf. -quartet ; 
 sonata f. pf. and violin ; brilliant pf.-solos : Op. 
 I, six etudes ; op. 5, Serenade erotique (for the 
 left hand) ; op. 8, Sehnsucht am Meere j op. 27, 
 Un jour d'ete en Norvege ; op. 28, two etudes de 
 concert (" Lapompa di festa" is No. i) ; op. 29, 
 Northern National Airs ; op. 35, Tarantella 
 giocosa ; op. 49, La Sylphide ; op. 69, Triller- 
 ketten; also fantasias, etc. 
 
 Wilra, Nicolai von, b. Riga, Mar. 4, 1834. 
 Pianist and composer ; pupil 185 1-6 of the Leip- 
 zig Cons. (Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz, Plaidy, 
 etc.) ; from 1857-8, 2nd Kapellm. at the Riga 
 City Th. ; then went to St. Petersburg, becom- 
 ing, in i860, on Henselt's recommendation, 
 teacher of pf. and theory at the Imp. " Nicolai " 
 Inst., retiring 1875 to Dresden, and living from 
 1878 in Wiesbaden. — Works : Popular string- 
 sextet, op. 27 ; sonata f. pf. and 'cello, op. ill ; 
 sonatas f. pf. and violin, op. 83, 92 ; suites f. 
 
 633 
 
WILMS— WINTER 
 
 do., op. 88, 95; — for pf. 4 hands : Suites, op. 
 25, 30, 44, 53, 100 ; suite of waltzes, op. 86, go, 
 g3 ; " Reisebildei aus Sciilesien," op. 18 ; " Ca- 
 lendarium," op. 3g ; " Die schone Magelone," 
 op. 32 ; — for pf. solo : Valse brillante, op. 13, 
 No. 2; 10 CharacterstUcke, op. 24; " Im, rus- 
 sischen Dorfe," op. 37, No. 2; Valse-Improraptu, 
 op. 45 ; etc. ; — male choruses ; motets (op. 40) ; 
 songs ; also pieces for harp. 
 
 Wilms, JanWillem, b. Witzhelden, Schwarz- 
 burg-Sondershausen, Mar. 30, 1772 ; d. Amster- 
 dam, July 18, 1847. Teacher and organist in Am- 
 • sterdam. — Publ. 2 pf.-concertos, a flute-concerto, 
 a string-quartet, 2 pf. -trios, a violin-sonata, etc. 
 
 Wil'sing, Daniel Friedrich Eduard, b. 
 
 Horde, n. Dortmund, Oct. 21, i8og. Organ- 
 ist in Wesel 1829-34 ; then removed to Berlin. — 
 Works: Oratoriojesus C/iristus, in 2 parts (prod. 
 Bonn,i88g,byW.'s pupil, Arnold Mendelssohn); 
 a De profundis a l5 (won the gold medal for Art 
 at Berlin); sonatas f. pf. ; songs. 
 
 Wilson, John, famous English , lutenist ; b. 
 Faversham, Kent, April 5, I5g4; d. London, 
 Feb. 22, 1673. Mus. Doc.,Oxon., 1644; prof . of 
 music at Oxford Univ., 1656-62; then Gentle- 
 man of the Chapel Royal, and chamber-musician 
 to Charles II. (Cf. Rimbault: " Who was Jack 
 Wilson?") — Publ. " Psalterium Carolinum. The 
 Devotions of His Sacred Majestic in his soli- 
 tudes and sufferings, Rendred in Verse, Set to 
 Musick for 3 Voices, and an Organ or Theorbo" 
 (1657); "Cheerful Ayres or Ballads" « I or 3 
 (1660) ; also glees and catches in Playford's 
 ' ' MusicalCompanion " (1667), and songs in ' ' Se- 
 lect Musicall Aj'res and Dialogues" (1652, '53, 
 ■69). 
 
 Wilt, Marie, n/e Liebeythaler, dramatic so- 
 prano; b. Vienna, Jan. 30, 1833 ; d. there (by 
 suicide) Sept. 24, 1891. After her marriage wi_th 
 the civil engineer Franz Wilt, she studied sing- 
 ing under Gansbacher and Wolf ; debut Graz, 
 1865, as Donna Anna ; in 1866 she sang in Vi- 
 enna and Berlin ; and was eng. for the seasons 
 of 1866 and '67 at Covent Garden, London, first 
 appearing as Norma on May i, l866. She then 
 sang in opera and concert at Vienna for ten 
 years ; also at London (1874, '75) ; on account of 
 a family agreement which prevented her from 
 singing on the stage at Vienna, she went to Leip- 
 zig in 1877, and later to Brilnn, Pesth, etc., but 
 afterwards appeared again at Vienna. Her voice 
 was rich, voluminous, and of great compass ; in 
 bravura singing she had few rivals. 
 
 Win'derstein, Hans (Wilhelm Gustav), b. 
 Lilneburg, Hanover, Oct. 29, 1856. St. 1877- 
 80 at Leipzig Cons, under Henry Schradieck and 
 Fr. Hermann (vln.), E. F. Richter and W. Rust 
 (theory) ; also playing in the Gewandhaus Orch. 
 From 18S0-4, leader in Baron von Derwies' pri- 
 vate orch. at Nice; then till 1887 violin-teacher 
 at the Winterthur (Switzerland) Cons., after 
 which he cond. a concert-orch. at Nuremberg 
 
 for 3 years, and 1890-3 the concerts of the Phil- 
 harm. Societies of Nuremberg and Fiirth. 1893- 
 6, director of the newly establ. Philharm. Orch. 
 at Munich, and of the Kaim Concerts. In i8g6 
 he organized, at Leipzig, the " Winderstein 
 Orch." of 60 pieces ; founded the Philharm. con- 
 certs at Leipzig and Halle, and made successful 
 concert-tours to other cities. Succeeded Klen- 
 gel in 1898 as cond. of the Leipzig Singakademie. 
 — Works : Trauermarsch, and Valse-Caprice and 
 Standchen, f. orch.; pieces f. violin and pf.; — 
 has an orch.l suite, etc., in MS. 
 
 Win'ding, August (Henrik), b. Taaro(Laa- 
 land), Denmark, Mar. 24, 1825. Pianist ; pu- 
 pil of Reinecke and Ree at Copenhagen, Drey- 
 schock at Prague, and of Gade. Is Director of, 
 and prof, in, the Copenhagen Cons. — Works for 
 piano: A Concerto, op. 16; a quartet, op. 17; 
 Reisebilder, op. 3 ; Genrebilder, op. 15 ; Pieces 
 in the form of studies, op. iS ; Phantasiestucke 
 f. pf. and violin (or clar.), op. 19; Studies, op. 
 25 ; Preludes in all keys, op. 26 ; Toccata, op. 
 34 ; Sonatas f. pf. and violin, op. 5 and 35 ; 10 
 Landliche Scenen ; 3 waltzes ; a Humoreske ; 2 
 books of "Contrasts"; 4-hand duets, op. 32; 
 also a violin-concerto, etc. 
 
 Wingham, Thomas, b. London, Jan. 5, 
 1846 ; d. there Mar. 24, 1893. At ten, organist 
 of St. Michael's Mission Ch., Southwark ; pupil 
 of Dr. Wylde's London Acad, of Music 1863 ; 
 entered the R. A. M. in 1867, studying under 
 Bennett and Harold Thomas, and becoming 
 prof, of pf.-playing in 1871. From 1864, or- 
 ganist at All Saints', Paddington. Successful 
 teacher and composer. — Works : 2 masses (1876, 
 1887) ; Te Deum w. orch. and organ (1884) ; 
 motets, offertories, etc. ; 4 symphonies, 6 over- 
 tures, a serenade, and an Elegy (on Sterndale 
 Bennett), f . orch. ; Concert-Capriccio f . pf. and 
 orch.; 2 string-quartets; a pf. -septet ; Barca- 
 rolle f . pf . ; songs. 
 
 Win'kelmann, Hermann, dramatic tenor ; 
 b. Brunswick, 1845. Pupil of Koch at Hanover; 
 debut Sondershausen, 1875; sang at Altenburg, 
 Darmstadt, and Hamburg ; then eng. at Vienna 
 for the Court Opera. Assumed the role of Par- 
 sifal at Bayreutii in 1882. 
 
 Winograd'sky, Alexander, notedconductor; 
 b. Kiev, Russia, Aug. 3 (N. S.), 1S54. Pupil 
 of Soloviev at the St. Petersburg Cons. ; from 
 1884-6, Director of the Imp. School of Music at 
 Saratov; since 1S88, Pres. and Dir. of the Imp. 
 Soc. of Music at Kiev, and cond. of its sym- 
 phony-concerts. Has given concerts, by invita- 
 tion, in the chief Russian cities, and also in 
 Paris, where he cond. Russian programs in the 
 "Concerts d'Harcourt," 1894, and the "Con- 
 certs Colonne," i8g6. 
 
 Win'ter, Peter von, dramatic composer ; b. 
 Mannheim, 1754 ; d. Munich, Oct. 17, 1825. 
 Violinist in the Electoral orch., and a pupil of 
 Abbe Vogler ; in 1776, mus. dir. at the court 
 theatre ; went with the court to Munich in 1778, 
 
 634 
 
WINTERBERGER— WITT 
 
 and from 1788 till death was court Kapellm., 
 with frequent leave of absence, which he im- 
 proved to bring out operas in Naples, Venice, 
 Prague, Paris, London, Milan, and Genoa.— 
 Operas: Armida (Munich, 1778); Cora ed 
 Alenjio, and Leonardo e Blandini (ibid., 1779) ; 
 Helena und Paris (ihxd., 1780); £)er Jieisende, 
 Oder der Betielsiudent (^\hid. , 1781) ; Bellerophon 
 (Munich, 1782) ; Das Hirtenmddchen, Scherz, 
 List und Rache, and Jery und B&tely (ibid., 
 l7go) ; Catone in Utica (Venice, 1791) ; Anti- 
 gone (Naples, 1 791); I fratelli rivali, and // 
 sacrijizio di Creta (Venice, 1792) ; Pscyhe, and 
 Der Sturm (Munich, 1793) ; Armida und Ri- 
 naldo (Vienna, 1793) ; Das Labyrinth (Vienna, 
 1794; sequel to Mozart's Zauberjlote) ; Arianna 
 (ibid., 1795) ; Ogus, ossia il trionfo del bel sesso 
 (Prague, 1795) ; Die Somt/ierbelustigungen 
 (Berlin, 1795) ; Die Thomasnacht (Bayreuth, 
 1795) ; ^ <^"^ vedovi, and his most celebrated 
 opera. Das unterbrochene Opferfest (Vienna, 
 1796, given in Ital. as // sacrijizio interrottd) ; 
 Elisa, and Babylon's Pyramiden (ibid., 1797); 
 Marie von Montalban (Munich, 1798) ; Tamer- 
 Ian (Paris, 1802) ; Calypso (London, 1803) ; // 
 ratto di Proserpina (ibid., 1804); ZazV« (ibid., 
 1805) ; Der Frauenbund (Munich, 1805) ; Cas- 
 tor et Pollux (Paris, 1806) ; Colmal (Munich, 
 1809) ; Die beiden B linden (\h\A., 1810) ; Belisa, 
 Grdfin von Huldburg (ibid., 1812) ; Die Pan- 
 toffeln (Hamburg, 1816) ; Maometio II, and / 
 due Valdomiri (Milan, 1817) ; Etelinda (ibid., 
 1818) ; Der Sanger und der Schneider (Munich, 
 1820). Of these, Tamerlan, and parts of Das 
 unterbrochene Opferfest, were publ. in full 
 score ; f fratelli rivali, Der Sturm, Das 
 nnterbrochene Opferfest, Das Labyrinth, Ogus, 
 Calypso, and Marie von Montalban, in pf.- 
 score. He also wrote 3 oratorios and 17 sacred 
 cantatas for the court chapel ; 26 masses, and a 
 vast amount of other church-music ; several 
 secular cantatas with orch. or pf. ; 9 symphonies 
 (incl. the grand choral symphony "Die 
 -Schlacht "), overtures, 2 septets, 6 string-quar- 
 tets, 2 string-quintets, an octet f. strings and 
 wind, a sextet f. strings and 2 horns, concertos 
 f. clar., bassoon, etc.; and a celebrated " Voll- 
 standige Singschule " in 3 parts. 
 
 Win'terberger, Alexander, b. Weimar, 
 Aug. 14, 1834. Pianist, pupil of Leipzig 
 Cons. 1848-9, later of Liszt. In 1861 he went 
 to Vienna ; in 1869 he followed A. Dreyschock 
 as pf.-prof. at the St. Petersburg Cons.; in 
 1872 he settled in Leipzig. Has publ. inter- 
 esting and original pf.-pieces (Alinen-Tanze 
 [waltzes, mazurkas, minuets, etc.], op. 20 ; 3 
 Pieces, op. 25 ; Concert-etude, and Valse-Ca- 
 price, op. 27 ; Concert-Adagio, op. 63 ; 23 in- 
 structive and characteristic pieces, op. 72 ; 2 
 sonatinas, op. 93) and songs (" Britannias 
 Harfe," op. 33 ; German and Slavonic duets, 
 op. 59, 66, 68). 
 
 Win'terfeld, Carl Georg August Vivi- 
 gens von, b. Berlin, Jan. 28, 1784; d. there 
 
 Feb. ig, 1852. Law-student at Halle ; in 
 1811, "Assessor" in BerUn ; in 1816, judge at 
 Breslau, and keeper of the raus. section in the 
 Univ. library; in 1832, " Geheimer Obertribu- 
 nalrath " at BerHn ; pensioned 1847. He left 
 his valuable coll, of old music to the Berlin 
 Library. Learned and original writer on mu- 
 sical history. — Works: "Johannes Pierluigi 
 von Palestrina" (1832, w. critical notes on 
 Baini's "Palestrina"); "Johannes Gabrieli 
 und sein Zeitalter" (1834; 2 vol.s letterpress, 
 I vol. mus. illustrations ; of high interest and 
 importance); "Der evangelische Kirchenge- 
 sang und sein Verhaltniss zur Kunst des Ton- 
 satzes " (1843-7 ; three large quarto vol.s; in- 
 dispensable source for the study of evangelical 
 church-music of the i6th-i7th centuries) ; 
 " Ueber C. Fr. Chr. Fasch's geistUche Gesangs- 
 werke " (1839) ; "Dr. Martin Luthers deutsche 
 geistUche Lieder" (1840) ; " Ueber Herstellung 
 des Gemeinde- und Chorgesangs in der evange- 
 lischen Kirche " (1848); and "Zur Geschichte 
 heiliger Tonkunst" (2 parts ; 1850, '62). 
 
 Wirth, Emanuel, b. Luditz, Bohemia, Oct. 
 18, 1842. Violinist, pupil of Kittl and Mild- 
 ner at Prague Cons., 1854-61. Teacher at Rot- 
 terdam Cons., and orchestra-leader, 1864-77 ; 
 then succeeded Rappoldi as viola-player in the 
 Joachim Quartet, Berlin, and violin-prof, at the 
 Hochschule. 
 
 Wit, Paul de, b. Maestricht, Jan. 4, 1852. 
 Violoncellist; in 1880 he founded, w. O. Laf- 
 fert, the " Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenbau " 
 (Leipzig). Opened a Museum of mus. instr.s 
 in 1886, selling the collection to the BerHn 
 Hochschule in i8go ; has since made a second 
 coll. 
 
 Wita'sek, Johan]^ Nepomuk August, b. 
 Horzin, Bohemia, Feb. 20, 1771 ; d. Prague, 
 Dec, 7, 1839. In 1814 he succeeded his teacher, 
 Kozeluch, as Kapellm. at the Prague Dora- 
 kirche ; in 1826, director of the Organ-School. 
 His interpretation of Mozart's concertos was 
 warmly praised by the composer himself. W. 's 
 own pf. -works had considerable vogue in 
 Prague, but are now forgotten. 
 
 Witt, Friedrich, b. Halten-Bergstetten, 
 1771 ; d. Wurzburg, 1837. Viohnist, pupil of 
 Rosetti at Wallerstein ; at 19, ist violin in 
 Prince von Oettingen's orch.; from 1802 he 
 was Kapellm. at Wurzburg, at first to the 
 Prince-Bishop, then to the Grand Duke, finally 
 to the city. — Works : The historical opera 
 Raima (Frankfort, 1804) ; the comic opera Das 
 Fischerweib (Wurzburg, 1806) ; the oratorios 
 Der leidende Heiland (Wurzburg, 1802) and 
 Die Auferstehung Jesu ; masses and cantatas; 
 he publ. 9 symphonies, music for wind-band, a 
 septet f. clar., horn, bassoon, and strings, a 
 quintet f. pf. and wind, a flute-concerto, etc. 
 
 Witt, Julius, b. Konigsberg, Jan. 14, i8ig; 
 teacher of singing there, and composer of favor- 
 ite male choruses. 
 
 635 
 
WITT— WOLF 
 
 Witt, Theodor de, b. Wesel, Nov. g, 1823 ; 
 d. Rome, Dec. i, 1855. Pupil of his father, an 
 organist, until Liszt visited Wesel in 1839, be- 
 came warmly interested in the talented boy, and, 
 by giving a concert for his benefit, enabled him to 
 study in Berlin under Dehn. A serious disorder 
 of the lungs declared itself in 1846, and he was 
 sent to Italy, with a government stipend, to study 
 old church-music; he laid the foundations, and 
 edited some volumes, of Breitkopf & Hartel's com- 
 plete edition of Palestrina's works. His own 
 comp.s comprisea pf. -sonata and afewvocal num- 
 bers. 
 
 Witt, Franz, b. Walderbach, Bavaria, Feb. 
 g, 1834; d. Schatzhofen, n. Landshut, Dec. 2, 
 1888. A pupil of Proske and Schrems at Ratis- 
 bon, he took holy orders in 1856 ; was parish priest 
 at Schatzhofen from 1873-5. Iri 1867 he founded 
 the " Allgemeiner devitscher Cacilienverein " for 
 the improvement of Catholic church-song ; es- 
 tablished and edited the " Fliegende Blatter 
 flir katholische Kirchenmusik," and " Musica 
 sacra"; publ. " Der Zustand der katholischen 
 Kirchenmusik "(1865); " Uber das Dirigiren der 
 katholischen Kirchenmusik ;" and " Das bayer- 
 ische Kultusministerium" (1886). C/". the biogr. 
 sketch by Carl Walter, " Franz Witt." 
 
 Witt, Joseph von, dramatic tenor ; b. Prague, 
 Sept. 7, 1843 ; d. Berlin, Sept. 17, 1887. An Aus- 
 trian officer, he retired from the army, studied 
 singing under Uffmann at Vienna, sang at Graz, 
 was then eng. at Dresden, and from 1877 at 
 Schwerin as leading tenor. 
 
 Wit'te, Georg Heinrich, son of the organ- 
 builder C. G. F. Witte ; b. Utrecht, Nov. 16, 
 1843; pupil of the R. Music-School at The Hague 
 1859-62, studying undervan der Does (pf.), Lu- 
 beck (vln.), and Nicolai (theory and organ) ; from 
 1862-5 of Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles and 
 Plaidy (pf.), Hauptmann (cpt.), and Reinecke 
 (comp.). Pie taught in Leipzig till 1867, then till 
 1870 in Alsatia, and in 1871 was app. conductor 
 of the Mus. Soc. at Essen, with the title (since 
 1882) of " R. Mus. Dir."— Works: Op. i, waltz 
 f. pf. ; op. 3, concert-v/altz f. pf. ; op. 4, 4 Im- 
 promptus f . pf. ; op. 5, pf. -quartet in A (took prize 
 at P'lorence); op. 6, Grand Elegy f. violin and 
 orch. ; op. 7, waltzes (particularly fine) f. pf. 4 
 hands ; op. 8, arr. of the ' ' Alia polacca " in Beet- 
 hoven's Serenade, f. pf. 4 hands; op. 11, Inter- 
 mezzo and Impromptu f. pf. ; op. 12, 'cello-con- 
 certo ; op. 13, two CharakterstUcke f. pf. ; op. 14, 
 3 pieces f. pf. and 'cello (prize) ; op. 15, sonata f . 
 pf. and 'cello; a grand choral work " An die 
 Sonne," f. mixed ch. and orch. ; songs. 
 
 Wohrfahrt, Heinrich, noted pedagogue ; b. 
 Kbssnitz, n. Apolda, Dec. 16, 1797; d. Conne- 
 witz, n. Leipzig, May 9, 1883. Pupil of Ilaser 
 at Weimar ; cantorand tutor in Thuringian towns ; 
 teacher at Jena and (from 1867) Leipzig. — Publ. 
 ' ' Kinder-Clavierschule " (24 editions), "Der erste 
 Clavierunterricht," "Der Clavierfreund " (36 
 children's studies); " Clavieriibungen," " Gro- 
 ssere und rein praktische Elementar-Clavier- 
 
 schule," " Schule der Fingermechanik,'' 
 " Anthologische Clavierschule," " Theoretisch- 
 praktische Modulationsschule," " Vorschule der 
 Harmonielehre," " Wegweiser zum Componi- 
 ren " ; also Instructive pieces f . pf . , op. 74 ; 3 chil- 
 dren's sonatas ; " Kleine Leute," op. 86 ; etc. — 
 His sons, Franz and Robert, also teachers of 
 repute in Leipzig, publ. other educational works. 
 
 Wol'demar, Michel, b. Orleans, Sept. 15, 
 1750; d. Clermont-Ferrand, Jan., 1816. A tal- 
 ented and eccentric violinist, pupil of Lolli. For 
 some years he was conductor for a travelling the- 
 atrical troupe. By adding a fifth string (bass r) 
 to the violin, he obtained an instr. which he called 
 " violon-alto," as it included the viola-compass, 
 and for which he wrote a concerto (this instr. was 
 adopted by Urban). Pie also publ. 3 violin-con- 
 certos, a string-quartet, duos f. 2 violins and f. 
 violin and viola ; ' ' Senates f antomagiques " f . vio- 
 lin (" rOmbrede Lolli," " de Mestrino," "de Pu- 
 gnani," " de Tartini ") ; 12 grand solos ; 6 " reves 
 ou caprices " ; " Caprices ou etudes "; " Le nou- 
 veau Labyrinth pour violon," followed by studies 
 in double-stops ; " Le nouvel Art de I'archet" ; 
 " Etude elementaire de I'archet moderne " ; 6 fu- 
 gal themes; variations on " Les P'olies d'Es- 
 pagne," etc. ; methods for violin, viola, and clari- 
 net ; also a system of mus. stenography (" Tab- 
 leau melotachigraphique "), and a method of mus. 
 correspondence (" Notographie "). 
 
 Wolf, Ernst Wilhelm, b. Grossheringen, 
 1735; d. as court Kapellm. at Weimar, Dec. 7, 
 1792. Prod, about 20 operas, dramatic cantatas, 
 etc., in Weimar ; also Passion oratorios, Easter 
 cantatas, etc. ; publ. 7 pf. -concertos, 4 quintets f. 
 pf., flute, violin, viola, and 'cello ; 6 string-quar- 
 tets; 7 books of pf. -sonatas, each containing 6 
 numbers ; — 15 symphonies, 17 partitas, and much 
 chamber-music, are MS. — Also wrote "Kleine 
 musikalische Reise " (1782), and " Musikalischer 
 Unterricht " (1788). 
 
 Wolf, Georg Friedrich, b. Hainrode, 1762 ; 
 d. Wernigerode, in Jan., 1814, as Kapellm. — 
 Works : " Kurzer Unterricht im Clavierspielen " 
 (1783 ; often republ.) ; " Unterricht in der Singe- 
 kunst " (1784; do.); " Kurzgefasstes musikali- 
 sches Lexicon" (1787 ; do.). 
 
 Wolf, Ferdinand, writer on early Romanic 
 literature ; b. Vienna, Dec. 8, 1796 ; d. there 
 Feb. 18, l866,__as librarian of the Imp. Library. 
 His work " Uber die Lais, Sequenzen und 
 Leiche. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der rhyth- 
 mischen Formen und Singweisen der Volkslieder 
 und der volksmassigen Kirchen- und Kunstler- 
 lieder im Mittelalter" (Heidelberg, 1 841) is the 
 most valuable compendium on these subjects. 
 
 Wolf [Wolff], Ludwig, b. Frankfort-on- 
 Main, 1804 ; d. Vienna, Aug. 6, i85g. Pupil 
 of Seyfried in composition, and a skilful pianist 
 and violinist. — Works : 3 string-quartets, op. 
 12 ; a pf.-quartet, op. 15 ; 4 string-trios, op. 6, 
 13, 16 (prize at Mannheim), iS ; many other 
 works MS. 
 
 636 
 
WOLF— WOLFRUM 
 
 Wolf, Max, b. Moravia, 1840 ; d. Vienna, 
 Mar. 23, 1886. Operetta-composer, pupil of 
 Marx and Dessoff. — Operettas (successful in 
 Vienna and elsewhere) : Die Sckuhe der Liebe, 
 Im Namen des Konigs, Die blaue Dame, Rosa 
 mid Reseda, Der Pilger, Die Portratdame, 
 Casarine, Rafaella (1884). 
 
 Wolf, William, b. Breslau, Apr. 22, 1838. 
 Pianist, pupil of Th. Kullak ; teacher of mus. 
 history at the Humboldt Academy and Breslaur's 
 Cons., Berlin. Writer for mus. periodicals. 
 
 Wolf, Hugo, Viennese composer, fellow-pupil 
 of Gustav Mahler in the Vienna Cons, (about 
 1878), has comp. about 500 songs, and prod, 
 his first stage-work, the 4-act comic opera Der 
 Corregidor, at Mannheim, i8g6, with success. 
 
 Wolff, Edouard, b. Warsaw, Sept. 15, i8i6 ; 
 d. Paris, Oct. 16, 1880. Pupil of Zawadski 
 (pf.) and Eisner (comp.) at Warsaw, and of 
 Wiirfel (pf.) at Vienna; lived in Paris from 1835 
 as an esteemed concert-pianist, composer, and 
 teacher. His style resembles that of Chopin, 
 with whom he was intimate. — Works (350 opus- 
 numbers) : Valuable etudes, op. 20 (24 num- 
 bers), op. 50 (24), op. go (24 etudes faciles), op. 
 100 (24 improvisations in etude-form), op. 189 
 (" L'art de chanter sur le piano," 48 etudes), 
 "L'art de I'execution," and " L'art de I'expres- 
 sion"; — op. 63, Valse "La favorite"; op. 139, 
 Chansons polonaises originales ; op. 148, Taren- 
 telle; op. 164, 186, Chansons bacchiques; a pf.- 
 concerto, op. 39 ; also 30 celebrated duos f. pf. 
 and violin (w. de Beriot), and 8 more (w. Vieux- 
 temps). 
 
 Wolff, Auguste-D6sir6-Bernard, b. Paris, 
 May 3, 1821 ; d. there Feb. 3, 1887. Pianist, 
 pupil of Zimmerman and Halevy at Paris Cons., 
 and later; pf. -teacher there ; entered Pleyel's 
 pf. -factory in 1850, became a partner in 1852, 
 and head of the firm (" Pleyel, Wolff & Cie.") in 
 1855. Was hon. pres. of the " Soc. des com- 
 positeurs de musique"; founded the " Pleyel- 
 Wolfl Prize" (annual) for the best pf.-composi- 
 tion with or without orch. 
 
 Wolff, Hermann, b. Cologne, Sept. 4, 1845. 
 Pupil of Franz Kroll and Wuerst ; editor of the 
 " Neue Berliner Musikzeitung " 1878-g ; co- 
 editor of the "Musikwelt"; concert-agent and 
 concert-manager at Berlin. 
 
 Wolfl [WolfB, Woefl], Joseph, famous 
 pianist; b. Salzburg, 1772; d. London, May 21, 
 1812. A pupil in pf.-playing and composition 
 of L. Mozart and M. Haydn, he appeared as a 
 concert-player in Warsaw, 1792-4, but left Po- 
 land in the throes of revolution, and settled in 
 Vienna. He had moderate success as a stage- 
 composer, bringing out 3 light pieces, Der Hdl- 
 lenberg{i'j<)S), JDas schone Milchmadchen (lygj), 
 and Der Koff ohne Mann (1798) ; as a pianist, 
 on the other hand, he held his own in rivalry 
 with Beethoven, aided by his enormous hands 
 and great contrapuntal skill ; the relations be- 
 tween the two rivals were friendly. In 1798 he 
 
 set out on a long tour, playing in Brlinn, Prague, 
 Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg (1799); 
 he was again in Leipzig (Oct., 1800), and Berlin 
 (Dec.) ; in 1801 he journeyed to Paris, where 
 his success as a pianist was immense. He made 
 that city his home until 1805 ; prod, an opera, 
 V Amour romanesque, at the Theatre Feydeau 
 (1804), with applause, but failed next year with 
 the 3-act heroic opera Fernando, ou les Maures, 
 and soon after repaired to London. At his first 
 concert, on May 27, 1805, he produced a pf.- 
 concerto and a symphony of his own composi- 
 tion, and played other concertos on June i and 
 June 5. He was received with the greatest ap- 
 plause ; and everything shows that he retained 
 his popularity throughout his 7 years' residence 
 in London. Two ballets by him were prod, at 
 the King's Th., La surprise de Diane (Dec. 
 21, 1805), and Ahire (Jan. 27, 1807), both with 
 corrsiderable success. His compositions were 
 regularly advertised on concert-programs as 
 special attractions ; as late as May 16, l8i2, a 
 new concerto was played at a Salomon Concert 
 by Richard Cudmore, one of W.'s pupils. His 
 most eminent English pupil was Cipriani Potter. 
 Of his stage-pieces, the comic opera Liebe macht 
 kurzen Process, oder Die Heiraih auf gewisse 
 Art (Vienna, 1801 ?; W. wrote 7 of the 15 mus. 
 numbers) still remains to be mentioned. An 
 extremely prolific composer, he publ. 69 works 
 with opus-numbers, and many others (chiefly f . 
 pf.) without. Though very fashionable at the 
 time in Vienna, Paris, and London, few of his 
 pf. -pieces are now known. The best of the 7 
 concertos are the " Concerto militaire," op. 43, 
 and " Le Calme," which created a sensation at 
 London in 1806. The grand sonatas " Non 
 plus ultra," op. 41, and " Le diable \ quatre," op. 
 50, likewise deserve mention. Other published 
 comp.s are 2 symphonies, 9 string-quartets, a 
 dozen pf.-trios, 2 trios f. 2 clar.s and bassoon, 
 many violin-sonatas, a flute-sonata, a 'cello- 
 sonata, about 40 pf.-sonatas, duos with violin, 
 a duo f. 2 pf.s, a " Methode de piano "(with 
 100 studies, op. 56), 24 preludes f. pf., sonatas 
 f . 4 hands, waltzes, Polaccas, Polonaises, rondos, 
 fantasias, variations, etc., f. pf. ; other instr.l 
 pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Worfram, Joseph Maria, b. Dobrzan, Bo- 
 hemia, July 21, 1789 ; d. Teplitz, Sept. 30, 
 1839. Pupil of Kozeluch (harm.) at Prague, and 
 Drechsler (pf.) at Vienna, where he gave music- 
 lessons from 1811-13 ; obtained a government 
 position at Theusing, and became mayor of Tep- 
 litz in 1824. An amateur composer, he prod, 
 an opera at Teplitz in 1820 (?), and several others 
 in Dresden from 1826-38, one of them (Alfred, 
 1826) being so successful that W. was nearly 
 called to succeed Weber asJCapellm. A " Missa 
 nuptialis," some pf.-pieces, and songs, were 
 publ. 
 
 Wol'frum, Philipp, b. Schwarzenbach am 
 Wald, Bavaria, Dec. 17, 1S55 ; pupil 1879-84 of 
 the Munich School of Music ; mus, dir. of Hei- 
 
 637 
 
WOLLANCK— WORMSER 
 
 delberg Univ. ; Dr. phil. Hon. causa (Leipzig, 
 1891). — Works: the "Grosses Halleluja" 
 [Klopstock], and other choral compositions ; pf .- 
 pieces ; songs. 
 
 WoUanck, Friedrich, b. Berlin, Nov. 3, 
 1782; d. there Sept. 6, 1831, as counsellor at 
 the city court. Amateur composer. — Works : 
 Opera Der Alpenhirt (BerHn, 1811); " Lieder- 
 spiel" Thibaut von Lowis ; music to Gubitz's 
 drama Liebe und Frieden ; monologues from 
 Maria Stuart and Die Braut von Messina ; 2 
 masses, a Requiem, and other church-music ; 
 over 100 songs, 33 part-songs ; the cantata Hed- 
 wig von Rungenhagen ; 2 overtures, 3 string- 
 quartets ; 2 sextets ; quintets ; a pf.-trio ; pf.- 
 sonatas ; clarinet-concertos ; etc. 
 
 Wol'lenhaupt, Heinrich Adolf, b. Schkeu- 
 ditz, n. Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1827 ; d. New York, 
 Sept. 18, 1863. Pianist ; pupil, at Leipzig, of 
 J. Knorr (pf.) and M. Hauptmann (comp.). He 
 went to New York in 1845 ; played at a concert 
 of the Philharm. Soc, and made an enviable 
 reputation as a concert-pianist and teacher ; in 
 1855 he undertook a successful concert-tour in 
 Europe. Among nearly 100 brilliant pf. -pieces 
 may be mentioned op. 19 and 31, military 
 marches ; op. 24, Galop di bravura ; op. 27 and 
 47, Valses styriennes ; op. 30, Improvisation ; 
 op. 32, Nocturne ; op. 72, Scherzo brillante ; 
 besides many transcriptions and aKrangements, 
 
 Wollick [VoUicius ; BoUicius], Nicolas, a 
 
 native of Bar-le-Duc, studied at Cologne, and 
 became a teacher at Metz. — Publ. "Opus aureum 
 musices castigatissimum, de gregoriana et figu- 
 rativa . . ." (Cologne, 1501 ; 2nd ed. 1505 ; 3rd 
 entirely remodelled ed., as " Enchiridion mu- 
 sices . . de gregoriana, etc.," 1509; 4th ed., 
 like the 3rd, Paris, 1512 ; and 5th, 1521). 
 
 Wolzogen [und Neuhaus], (Carl August) 
 Alfred, Freiherr von, b. Frankfort, May 27, 
 1833 ; d. San Remo, Jan. 13, 1883. From 1868 
 Intendant of the court theatre at Schwerin. Au- 
 thor of "Ober Theater und Musik" (i860) ; 
 " ijber die szenische Darstellung von Mozarts 
 Don Giovanni" (i860) ; " Wilhelmine Schroder- 
 Devrient" (1863) ; new German versions of Mo- 
 zart's Don Giovanni and Schauspieldirector ; 
 also articles in periodicals. — His son, 
 
 Wolzogen [und Neuhaus], Hans (Paul), 
 Freiherr von, Richard Wagner's ardent ad- 
 mirer ; b. Potsdam, Nov. 13, 1848. Studied 
 mythology and comparative philology at Berlin 
 1868-71 ; then devoted himself to literature in 
 Potsdam till called to Bayreuth in 1877 by Wag- 
 ner to edit the " Baireuther Blatter." Has publ. 
 " Der Nibelungenmythus in Sage und Littera- 
 tur" (1876) ; " ThematischerLeitfadendurch die 
 Musik von R.Wagner's '?es,\s^\(t\ Der Ring des 
 Nibelungen " (1876 ; 4th ed. as " Erlauterungen 
 zu R. W.'s Nibelungendrama," 1878); "Die 
 Tragodie in Baireuth und ihr Satyrspiel " (1876 ; 
 5th ed. 1881) ; " Grundlage und Aufgabe des 
 allgemeinen Patronatvereins zur Pflege und Er- 
 
 haltung der Biihnenfestspiele in Baireuth " 
 (1877) ; " Die Sprache in Wagners Dichtungen " 
 (1877; 2nd ed. 1881) ; " R. Wagners Tristan 
 und Isolde" (1880) ; " Unsre Zeit und unsre 
 Kunst" (1881) ; " Was ist Stil ? was will Wag- 
 ner?" (18S1); " Die Religion des Mitleidens" 
 (1882); " R. Wagners Heldengestalten erlau- 
 tert" (2nd ed. 1886); " Wagneriana " (1888); 
 " R. Wagner und die Thierwelt ; auch eine 
 Biographic" (1890); " R. Wagners Lebensbe- 
 richt"(i884; the original of " The Work and 
 Mission of My Life," publ. 1879 in the " North 
 Amer. Review," under Wagner's name); " Erin- 
 nerungen an R. Wagner " (1883) ; many articles 
 in mus. periodicals ; also a transl. of Schure's 
 " Drame musicale" as "Das musikalische 
 Drama" (1877; 2nd ed. 1879). 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Mary Ann. See Paton. 
 
 Wood, Mary Knight, b. Easthampton, 
 Mass., Apr. 7, 1857. Pianist, pupil of B. J. 
 Lang at Boston, and A. R. Parsons, J. H. Cor- 
 nell, and H. H. Huss at New York. Has publ. 
 about 30 songs, several of which have been 
 brought into vogue by Bispham, Julie Wyman, 
 and other noted singers. She is living in New 
 York. 
 
 Woodman, Raymond Huntington, b. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1861. Pf.-pupil of 
 his father; studied harm., cpt., and orchestra- 
 tion with Dudley Buck, 1881-5, and with Cesar 
 Franck at Paris, 1888. From 1875-9, asst.-or- 
 ganist to his father at St. George's Ch., B'lush- 
 ing, L. I.; org. of Christ Ch., Norwich, Conn., 
 1879-80 ; mus. editor of the " New York Evan- 
 gelist," 1894-7; at present (1899) org. and 
 choirm. First Presb. Ch., Brooklyn (since 1880); 
 prof, of music at Packer Collegiate Inst, (since 
 1894) ; head of organ-dept. , Metr. Cojl. of Mu- 
 sic, N. Y. (since i88g) ; etc. His church-choir 
 of mixed voices is noted for excellent perform- 
 ances. — Publ. works : Romance, The Brook, 
 Spring Song, and Three Album-leaves, f. pf.; — 
 Prayer and Cradle-song, and Cantilene, f. organ ; 
 — numerous popular part-songs, anthems, and 
 songs. 
 
 Woolf, Benjamin Edward, b. London, Feb. 
 16, 1836. Taken to America in 1839 by his 
 father, who taught him the mus. elements, and 
 various instr.s ; studied imder W. R. Bristow 
 (organ) at New York ; cond. theatre-orchestras 
 in Boston, Philadelphia, and New Orleans, writ- 
 ing overtures, incidental music, etc.; in 1870, 
 mus. and dram, critic for the Boston " Globe," 
 later for the "Sat. Evening Gazette." Besides 
 string-quartets, pf.-trios, etc., he has prod, the 
 "operatic comedietta" Lawn Tennis, or Djakh 
 and Djill CBoston, 1880) ; the 2-act comic opera 
 Pounce &' Co. (ibid., 1883) ; overture to Shake- 
 speare's Comedy of Errors (1887) ; the 3-act 
 comic opera Westward ho ! (Boston, 1894 ; 
 succ.) ; etc. 
 
 Worraser, Andr£ (Alphonse-Toussaint), 
 
 b. Paris, Nov. I, 1851. Studied at Paris Cons. 
 
 638 
 
WORK— WUERST 
 
 tinder Marmontel (pi.) and Bazin (harm, and 
 cpt.) ; 1st prize for pf.-playing, 1872 ; Grand 
 prix de Rome in 1875. Resides in Paris. — 
 Works : The 3-act opera-comique Adek de Pon- 
 thieu (Aix-les-Bains, 1877) ; 3-act pantomime 
 V Enfant prodigtie {^m.-^, l8go ; London, 1891); 
 " exotic fantasy " in 3 acts Le Dragon verti^axxs, 
 1895); 3-act op. -com. .A'zz'oA' (Paris, 1896) ; pan- 
 tomime rid/al (London, 1896); ballet V&toile 
 (Paris, 1897). Also several symphonic comp.s 
 (" Lupercale," "Suite tsigane,"etc.); pf.-pieces. 
 
 Work, Henry Clay, thecomposerof " March- 
 ing through Georgia" ; b. Middletown. Conn., 
 Oct. I, 1832 ; d. Hartford, June 8, 1884. A self- 
 taught composer of popular songs. His first suc- 
 cess was " We are coming. Sister Mary" ; other 
 well-known ditties are "Grandfather's Clock," 
 " Father, come home," " Shadows on the floor " ; 
 among the war-songs (1861-5), are " Drafted 
 into the army," " God save the Nation," " Song 
 of a thousand years," "Wake, Nicodemus," 
 " Kingdom coming," etc. 
 
 Wouters, (Frangois-) Adolphe, b. Brussels, 
 May 28, 1841 ; studied in the Cons, there. In 
 1868, organist of Notre-Dame-de-Fihistere, and 
 m. de chap, at Saint-Nicolas ; since 1871, pf.- 
 prof . at the Cons. — Works : 3 messes solennelles ; 
 3 short masses ; a grand Te Deum, an Ave Ma- 
 ria, a " Jesu refugium nostrum " f. bar. solo, etc. ; 
 male choruses ; asymphonic overture ; technical 
 studies and transcriptions f . pf . ; etc. 
 
 Woy'cke, Eugen (Adalbert), b. Danzig, 
 June 19, 1843. Pianist; pupil at Leipzig Cons., 
 1864-7, of Moscheles, Plaidy, Hauptmann, 
 Reinecke, and Richter. Settled in Edinburgh 
 as a.teacher. Has publ. a number of interest- 
 ingpf.-pieces : 7 Sonatas (" Dramatique," " Ro- 
 raantique," " Poetique," " Capricieuse," " He- 
 rolque," "Fantastique," and"Sentimentale,"the 
 last two with violin); Andante, op. 19; " Au 
 rouet,"op. 23; " L'oisillon," op. 35; 8 Novel- 
 lettes, op. 41 ; 6 characteristic pieces, op. 42 ; 
 etc. — His wife, Emily DrechslerW.,K/.? Ham- 
 ilton, daughter of Adam Hamilton of Edinburgh, 
 is a concert-violinist, playing in public since her 
 nth year, and at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, Oct. 
 21, i86g. Married in 1871. — Their son, Victor, 
 b. Edinburgh, 1872, taught by his parents, made 
 his debut as a violinist on November 30, 1889 ; 
 since 1892, in New York, where he has taught 
 at the National Cons. 
 
 Woyrsch, Felix von, b. Troppau, Austrian 
 Silesia, Oct. 8, i860. A pupil of A. Chevallier 
 at Hamburg, but chiefly self-taught ; since 1895, 
 cond. of the Altona Singakademie ; also organ- 
 ist of the Friedenskirche. Composer of marked 
 ability. — Works : Comic opera Der Pfarrer von 
 Meudon (Hamburg, 1886) ; 3-act comic opera 
 Der fVeiier ir teg (Hamhurg,lSgo\ Berlin, 1892); 
 3-act opera Wikingerfahrt (Nuremberg, i8g6 ; 
 succ.) ; opera Donna Diana; music to Sakuntala 
 (Breslau, 1885) ; Deutscher Heerbann, f. soli, male 
 ch., and orch., op. 32 ; Die Geliurt Jesu, f. soli. 
 
 ch., and orch., op. 18 ; " Sapphische Ode an 
 Aphrodite " f. sopr. solo, female ch., and orch.; 
 "Edward," ballade f. bar. and orch., op. 12 ; 
 "Deutsche Volkslieder " from the I4th-i6th cen- 
 tury, a 4-7, op. 33 ; " Persische Lieder,"bp. 6 ; 
 " Spanische Lieder,"op. 14 ; " Rattenfangerlie- 
 der," op. 16 ; — symphony in B[) minor (1892); 
 symphonic prologue to Dante's " Divina Com- 
 media" ; a string-quartet, a pf. -quartet, a violin- 
 sonata, etc. 
 
 Wranit'zky, Paul, b. Neureusch, Moravia, 
 Dec. 30, 1756 ; d. "Vienna, Sept. 28, 1808. Pu- 
 pil of J. Krauss at Vienna ; violinist in the Ester- 
 hazy orch. under Haydn ; in 1785, Kapellm. of 
 the Imp. Opera, Vienna. He prod, numerous 
 operas, operettas, and ballets ; wrote music to 
 several dramas ; composed 27 symphonies (some 
 equally popular with Hadyn's) ; 12 quintets, 45 
 quartets, and 9 trios for strings ; 3 trios f. 2 
 flutes and 'cello ; divertissements f. pf . andstringS 
 (op. 34) ; pf. -trios (op. 21) ; and 3 pf. -sonatas. — 
 His brother, Anton, b. Neureusch, 1761, d. Vi- 
 enna, 1819 ; violinist, pupil of Paul W., Al- 
 brechtsberger, Mozart, and Haydn. Kapellm. 
 to Prince Lobkowitz ; esteemed as a teacher. — 
 Works : 2 masses (MS.), a violin-concerto, 6 
 string-quintets, 15 string-quartets, duos and va- 
 riations f . 2 violins, violin-sonatas, and a method 
 f. violin. 
 
 Wre'de, Ferdinand, b. Hanover, 1828 ; d. 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Jan. 20, 1899. Pian- 
 ist, pupil of Marschner, Methfessel, and Litolff ; 
 at Frankfort he was cantor of the Marienkirche, 
 cond. of the Singakademie, and singing-teacher 
 in the public schools. — Works : Male choruses, 
 songs, and pf.-pieces. 
 
 W^righton, W. T., popular English song- 
 composer ; b. 1816 ; d. Tunbridge Wells, July 
 13, 1880. Some well-known numbers are "Ever 
 with thee," " My mother's name," " Faded 
 Rose," " Postman's Knock," "April Showers." 
 With H. W. A. Beale he edited "Congrega- 
 tional Psalmody " (London, 1858). 
 
 Wii'erst, Richard (Ferdinand), b. Berlin, 
 Feb. 22, 1824; d. there Oct. g, 1881. Besides 
 instruction from Rungenhagen at the Akade?nie, 
 he was taught violin-playing by Hubert Ries, 
 and later by David at Leipzig, and composition 
 by Mendelssohn. In 1845-6 he studied in Leip- 
 zig, Frankfort, Brussels, and Paris. He then 
 settled in Berlin, teaching composition for many 
 years at KuUak's Academy ; titles of " R. Mus. 
 Dir." (1856) and " Professor " (1874) ; elected a 
 member of the Acad, of Arts in 1877. Editor of 
 the " Neue Berliner Musikzeitung " 1874-5. 
 Esteemed critic for the " Berliner Fremden- 
 blatt," and for mus. periodicals. — Works : Operas 
 Der Rothtnaniel ; Der Stern von Turan ; Vineta 
 (Mannheim, 1864) ; Eine JCiinstlerreise{apereXta, 
 with Winterfeld ; Berlin, 1868) ; A-ing-fo-hi 
 (Mannheim and Berlin, 1875); Faublas i^&xXm., 
 1876) ; Die Officiere der Kaiserin (fierXm, 1878) ; 
 the lyric cantata Der Wasserneck; 2 symphonies 
 
 639 
 
WULLNER— XANROF 
 
 (No. 2, op. 21, won prize at Cologne, 1849) ; 
 overtures ; a violin-concerto ; string-quartets ; 
 songs ; etc. 
 
 Wiill'ner, Franz, b. Miinster, Westphalia, 
 Jan. 28, 1832 ; pupil there of C. Arnold and A. 
 Schindler, following the latter to Frankfort in 
 1848, and studying there under him and F. 
 Kessler till 1852. The winter of 1850-1 was 
 spent at Berlin with Grell, Dehn, and Rungen- 
 hagen. Afterfurther study at Brussels, Cologne, 
 Bremen, Hanover, and Leipzig, also giving piano- 
 concerts in which Beethoven's last sonatas were 
 prominent, hewentto Munich, 1854, and wasapp. 
 pf.-teacher at the Cons, in 1856. In 1858 he 
 became town mus. dir. at Aix-la-Chapelle, with 
 the title (1861) of " R. Mus. Dir." With Rietz 
 he conducted the 41st Lower Rhine Mus. Test, 
 of 1864 ; then returned to Munich to conduct 
 the court chapel, and in 1867 became director 
 of the choral classes in the reorganized School 
 of Music, writing for them excellent "Choril- 
 bungen der Munchener Musilcschule. " He suc- 
 ceeded von Billow in i86g as cond. of the Court 
 Opera and the Academy Concerts, becoming ist 
 court conductor in 1870, and " R. Professor" 
 in 1875. In 1877 he succeeded Rietz as court 
 Kapellm. at Dresden, and artistic director of the 
 Cons. ; in 18S2 Schuch was promoted to take 
 W.'s place as court cond. ; the latter conducted 
 the Lower Rhine Festival at Aix-la-Chapelle 
 that year, and the Berlin Philharm. Concerts 
 in the winter of 1883-4 ; and on Oct. 1, 1884, 
 succeeded Hiller as Director of the Cologne 
 Cons., and cond. of the Gurzenich Concerts. A 
 distinguished conductor, he hasdirected two other 
 Lower Rhine Festivals (1886, i8go) ; is a most 
 successful teacher ; and has made a good name 
 as a composer. — Works : Cantata Heinrich der 
 Finkler, i. soli, male ch., and orch. (ist prize at 
 competition of the Aix-la-Chapelle Liedertafel, 
 1864) ; additional recitatives to Weber's Oberon 
 (accepted by various leading theatres in Ger- 
 many) ; Psalm 125, f. ch. and orch., op. 40; 
 Miserere f. double choir, op. 26 ; Stabat Mater 
 f. do.; op. 45 ; other masses, motets, songs f. 
 mixed chorus, and songs ; chamber-music ; pf.- 
 pieces. 
 
 Wun'derlich, Johann Georg, b. Bayreuth, 
 1755 ; d. Paris, 1819. Flute-virtuoso, pupil 
 of his father, and of Rault at Paris, appearing 
 at a Concert spirituel in 1779 ; in 1782 2nd, in 
 1787 1st flute in the royal orch. and at the Opera ; 
 in 1794, flute-prof, at the Cons., where he taught 
 till death ; his most famous pupil was Tulou. — 
 Publ. 6 duos f. flutes ; sonatas f . flute and bass ; 
 3 do. w. bassoon (or 'cello) ; 6 solos f. flute ; 9 
 grand do. ; 6 divertissements ; caprices, etudes, 
 and a Method, f. flute. 
 
 Wiir'fel, Wilhefm, b. Planian, Bohemia, 
 1791 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 22, 1852 ; excellent pianist 
 and teacher ; after tours he became prof, at the 
 Warsaw Cons. (1815) ; from 1826, sub-conductor 
 at the Karnthnerthor Th., Vienna. — Works: 
 3-act opera Rilbezahl ^Prague, 1824) ; comic 
 
 opera Rothmantel (Vienna, 1832 ?) ; pf. -concerto, 
 op. 28; " Wellington's Victory " f. pf. 4 hands, 
 op. 13 ; Fantaisie, op. 45 ; rondos, polonaises, 
 variations, etc., f. pf. 
 
 Warm, Wilhelm, b. Brunswick, 1826. Vir- 
 tuoso on the cornet a pistons ; since 1847 in St. 
 Petersburg, from 1862 teacher of cornet at the 
 Cons., and from 1869 bandmaster-in-chief of the 
 Russian Guards. — Comp.s f. cornet. 
 
 Wurm, Marie, b. Southampton, Engl., May 
 18, i860. Pianist, pupil of Pruckner and Stark 
 at the Stuttgart Cons.; from 1878-80, of Anna 
 Mehlig,_Mary Krebs, Jos. Wieniawski ; in 1880, 
 of Raff and Fran Schumann ; won the Mendels- 
 sohn Scholarship in 1884, and has studied since 
 with Stanford, Sullivan, Bridge, and Reinecke. 
 As a concert-pianist she has met with success at 
 the Crystal Palace (1882) and numerous recitals 
 in London, and at the Monday Popular Concerts 
 (1884) ; also at Leipzig, Meiningen, Berlin, etc. 
 —Works : An overture ; a pf. -concerto ; a string- 
 quartet (op. 40 ; 1894) ; Prelude and Fugue f. 2 
 pf.s ; sonata f. pf. and violin ; sonata f. pf. and 
 'cello; pf. -sonata ; " Tanzweisen," 4 hands; 
 Valse de concert ; Barcarolle ; etc. 
 
 Wylde, Henry, b. Bushey, Hertfordshire, 
 May 22, 1822 ; d. London, Mar. 13, i8go. 
 Pianist ; a pupil of Moscheles, and (1843) of Cip- 
 riani Potter at the R. A. M.; in 1844, organist 
 of St. Ann's, Aldersgate St. ; became prof, in 
 the R. A. M.; founded the New Philharm. Soc. 
 in 1852, and conducted its concerts 1858-79 ; 
 took degree of Mus. Doc, Cambridge, in 1851, 
 and succeeded E. Taylor as Gresham Prof, of 
 Music in 1863. He built St. George's Hall, and 
 in 1871 established the " London Academy of 
 Music," remaining its principal until death. — 
 Publ. "Harmony and the Science of Music" 
 (1865 and 1872) ; " Music in its Art Mysteries" 
 (1867) ; " Modern Counterpoint in Major Keys" 
 (1873); "Occult Principles of Music " (1881) ; 
 " Music as an Educator " (1882) ; " Evolution of 
 the Beautiful in Sound " (1887) ; cantata Praise 
 and Prayer, op. 14 ; a pf . -concerto ; pf .-sonatas, 
 op. 1,7; Rhapsody f. pf., op. 2 ; etc. 
 
 Wyman, Addison P., b. Cornish, N. H., 
 June 23, 1832 ; d. Washington, Penn., Apr. 15, 
 1872. Teacher of violin, etc., at Wheeling, W. 
 Va. , in 1859 ; founded a successful music-school 
 at Claremont, N. H., in i86g. — Publ. popular 
 pf. -pieces : "Silvery Waves," "Woodland 
 Echoes," "Moonlight Musings','' "Music among 
 the Pines," etc. 
 
 X 
 
 Xanrof, [L6on Fourneau, called Xanrof ,] b. 
 Paris, Dec. 9, 1867. Amateur comp. ; lawyer by 
 profession. His first essays were songs for 
 Yvette Guilbert ; since i8go he has prod, light 
 stage-pieces in minor Parisian theatres ; writes 
 for several papers. 
 
 640 
 
XYl.ANDEK— ZAJIC 
 
 Xylander (recte Holtz'mann), Wilhelm, b. 
 Augsburg, Dec. 26, 1532 ; d. Heidelberg, Feb. 
 10, 1576, as prof, of Greek. Wrote a Latin 
 transl. ofPsello's " Compendium mathem. qua- 
 drivium, id est arithmetica, musica, geometria et 
 astronomia " (Leyden, 1647). 
 
 Xyndas, Spiridion, Greek composer ; b. 
 Corfu, 1812 ; d. in poverty at Atliens, Nov. 25, 
 1896. Wrote many charming and popular melo- 
 dies to new-Greek songs ; also successful ballad- 
 operas (Count Julian ; The Two Rivals; The 
 Parliamentary Candidate). 
 
 Yussupoff, Prince Nicolai, b. St. Peters- 
 burg, 1827. Excellent violinist, pupil of Vieux- 
 temps.— Works : A program -symphony " Gon- 
 zalvo de Cordova," with violin obbligato; "Con- 
 certo symphonique" f. violin; etc.;— also 
 " Luthomonographie historique et raisonnee" 
 (1856; on violin-making); and " Histoire de la 
 musique en Russie : . . . Musique sacree suivie 
 d'un choix de morceaux de chants d'e'glise" 
 (1862). 
 
 Yzac. See Isaac. 
 
 Yost, Michel, celebrated clarinettist ; b. 
 Paris, 1754; d. there July 5, 1786. Pupil of 
 Beer. — Publ. 14 clar.-concertos ; 30 quartets f. 
 clar. and strings ; 8 books of duos f. clarinets ; 
 Airs varies f. clar. w. viola and bass. 
 
 Young, Rev. Matthe'Vir, b. Roscommon, 
 1750; d. Nov. 28, 1800. Prof, at Dublin Univ.; 
 Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh. — Publ. 
 " An Inquiry into the Principal Phenomena of 
 Sounds and Mus. Strings " (1784). 
 
 Young, John Matthew Wilson, b. Dur- 
 ham, Engl., Dec. 17, 1822; d. W. Norwood, 
 Mar. 4, l8g7. ist boy-solo at Durham Cath.; 
 pupil and assistant of Dr. Henshaw; in 1850, 
 organist of Lincoln Cath., retiring in 1895. — 
 Works: Sacred cantata The Return of Israel 
 to Palestine (Lincoln Festival, 1892) ; Festival 
 Service; Morning Service; Te Deums, anthems, 
 etc. 
 
 Yradier, Sebastian, Spanish song-composer ; 
 d. Vittoria, 1865. His most popular song is 
 "Ay Chiquita." A coll. of 25 favorite num- 
 bers, to words by Tagliafico and Paul Bernard, 
 was publ. at Paris. 
 
 YriaKte, Don Tomas de, Spanish poet; b. 
 Teneriffe, about 1750; d. Santa Maria, n. Cadiz, 
 1791. His didactic poem " La Musica" (1779) 
 was transl. into Italian (1789), French (1800), 
 and English (1811). 
 
 Ysaye, Eugene, celebrated violinist; b. 
 Liege, Belgium, July 16, 1858. Pupil of his 
 father [a cond. and violinist] ; then of Liege 
 Cons., and of Wieniawski and Vieuxtemps at 
 Brussels ; the latter's influence obtained state 
 aid for the prosecution of Y.'s studies in Paris. 
 He was leader in Bilse's orch., Berlin, till i88i ; 
 since which time he has become one of the 
 foremost among contemporary violinists (tours 
 throughout Europe and N. America). From 
 1886, head prof, of violin-playing at the Brus- 
 sels Cons., and leader of the " Ysaye Quartet." 
 In 1893, Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. — 
 Works : 6 violin-concertos ; variations on a theme 
 byPaganini; 3 Mazurkas f. violin (No. 3, ofj. 
 II, is " Loin tain passe"); op. 12, Po^me ele- 
 igiague f. violin w, orch. (or pf.); etc. 
 
 Zabal'za y Ola'so, Don Damaso, b. Iru- 
 rita, Navarra, Dec. 11, 1833 ; d. Madrid, Feb. 
 25, 1894. Pupil of Sagabeta, Vidaola, and 
 Mariano Garcia ; in 1858 he settled in Madrid 
 as a concert-pianist and teacher , was later app. 
 prof, of theory and declamation at the National 
 Cons. Wrote an immense number of pf.-pieces, 
 many very popular ; also sonatinas, and studies 
 used in the Conservatories of Madrid, Barce- 
 lona, Paris, and Milan. 
 
 Za'bel, Carl, b. Berlin, Aug. 19, 1822 ; d. 
 Brunswick, Aug. 19, 1883, as 2nd Kapelltn. at 
 the court theatre. — Comp. ballets, military mu- 
 sic, dances. 
 
 Zacco'ni, Ludovico, b. Pesaro, 1540 ; d. 
 about 1600. Augustinian monk, cond. of a 
 monastery-choir at Venice, in 1593 a member of 
 the Vienna court orch., in 1595 do. at Munich, 
 and returned to Venice. His great work " Prat- 
 tica di Musica," in two parts (Venice, 1592 ; 
 1622), is a valuable treatise on mensural theory 
 and counterpoint, and also on contemporary 
 instr.s. 
 
 Zachari'a, Eduard, b. Holzappeler-HUtte, 
 Nassau, June 2, 1828 ; pastor at Mazsayn, Un- 
 ter- Westerwald. Inventor of the ' ' Kunstpedal " 
 for pianofortes, a set of 4 pedals lifting the 
 dampers from 8 divisions of the strings : A^ — E, 
 F—B, c—e, f—a, b\)—d', e'\)—g', a'\)—c', 
 
 Zach'au, Peter, town musician at Lubeck, 
 publ. "7 Branlen, dazu Gigen, Gavotten . . . 
 mit 3 Couranten" (1683), and " Erster Theil 
 vierstimmiger Viol di gamb Lustspiele solo" 
 (1693 ; preludes, AUemandes, etc.). 
 
 Zach'au, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Leipzig, 
 Nov. ig, 1663 ; d. Halle, Aug. 14, 1712, as or- 
 ganist (since 1684) of the Liebfrauenkirche. He 
 was Handel's teacher. Organ-pieces, figurate 
 chorals, etc., were publ. in Breitkopf & Hartel's 
 "Sammlung von Praludien, Fugen, etc.," and 
 other coU.s. 
 
 Zajic, Florian, excellent violinist ; b. Un- 
 hoscht, Bohemia, May 4, 1853. Studied for 8 
 years at the Prague Cons, under M. Mildner, 
 Bennewitz, etc. ; joined the theatre-orch. at 
 Augsburg, became leader at Mannheim and 
 (1881) Strassburg, succeeding Lotto ; and (1889) 
 
 41 
 
 641 
 
ZAM MINER— ZECKWER 
 
 at Hamburg ; in i8gi he succeeded Sauret as 
 violin-teacher at the Stern Cons. , Berlin. 
 
 Zammi'ner, Friedrich, b. Darmstadt, 
 1818 (?); d. Giessen, Aug. 16, 1856, as prof, of 
 physics ; publ. " Die Musik und die musika- 
 lischen Instrumente in ihrer Beziehung zu den 
 Gesetzen der Akustik"(2 vol.s ; Giessen, 1855), 
 an important contribution to acoustic science. 
 
 Zanardi'ni, Angelo, b. Venice, Apr. 9, 1820; 
 d. Milan, Mar. 7, 1893. In 1854 he prod, at 
 Venice the opera Amleto, of which he also wrote 
 the libretto ; he also wrote the texts for Ponchi- 
 elli's // figliuol prodigo, Massenet's H/rodiade, 
 Mancinelli's Isora di Provenza, Catalani's De- 
 janice, Domeniceti's // logo de lie fate, etc.; 
 translated many foreign libretti (e. g., Wagner's) 
 into Italian. 
 
 Zanetti'ni. See Gianettini. 
 
 Zang, Johann Heinrich, b. Zella St. Blasii, 
 u. Gotha, Apr. 13, 1733 ; d. as cantor at Main- 
 stockheim, Aug. 18, 1811. Excellent pianist 
 and organist ; pupil for 2 years of J. S. Bach at 
 Leipzig. He comp. and engraved "Die sin- 
 gende Muse am Main " (1776) ; wrote a " Kunst- 
 und Handwerksbuch," Part ii of which' is " Der 
 voUkommene Orgelmacher, oder Lehre von der 
 Orgel und Windprobe " (1804). In MS. are 
 church-cantatas, organ-trios, pf.-sonatas. 
 
 Zang'e [Zangius], Nicolaus, d. Berlin, be- 
 fore 1620, as Kapellm. to the Elector of Brand- 
 enburg. — Publ. " Schone teutsche geistliche und 
 weltliche Lieder"o 5 (1597), and " AnderTheil 
 deutscher Lieder " a 3 (1611 ; both in Liegnitz 
 Library) ; ' ' Lustige neue deutsche Lieder und 
 Quodlibete " a 5-6 (1620 ; in Berlin Library) ; 
 and " Cantiones sacrae " a 6 (1630; Danzig 
 Library). Other pieces in coll.s, and MS. 
 
 Za'ni de Ferranti, Marco Aurelio, b. Bo- 
 logna, July 6, 1800; d. Pisa, Nov. 28, 1878. 
 Eminent guitar-virtuoso ; gave concerts at Paris 
 (1820) ; was in St. Petersburg 1821-4 as private 
 secretary ; then made highly successful concert- 
 tours to Hamburg, Paris, London, and Brussels, 
 where he settled in 1827 as a guitar-teacher, be- 
 coming prof, of Italian at the Cons, in 1846. 
 Returned to Italy in 1855. 
 
 Zano'bi. See Gagliano. 
 
 Zara'te, Eleodoro Ortiz de, b. Valparaiso, 
 Dec. 29, 1865. St. there in the CoUegio di San 
 Luis ; in 1885 won ist prize offered by the 
 Chilian government, and studied in Milan Cons, 
 under Saladino ; won prize in 1886 for his opera 
 Giovanna la pazza ; graduated 1888; travelled 
 and studied in Italy. In 1895 he brought out 
 the first Chilian opera. La fioraia de Lugano, at 
 Santiago, Chili, Nov. 10, with success. 
 
 Zarem'ba, Nicolai Ivanovitch de, b. 1824 ; 
 d. St. Petersburg, Apr. 8, 1879. Pupil of Marx ; 
 teacher at the St. Petersburg Cons, from its 
 foundation in 1862 ; A. Rubinstein's successor 
 as Director, 1867-71. 
 
 Zaremb'ski, Jules de, b. Shitomir, Russian 
 
 Poland, Feb. 28, 1854 ; d. there Sept. 15, 1885. 
 Brilliant pianist ; pupil of Dachs at Vienna, and 
 Liszt at Weimar. Succeeded L. Brassin in 
 1879 as pf.-prof. at Brussels Cons. — Works : 
 Op- 7i 3 concert-studies ; op. 18, Ballade ; op. 
 20, Serenade burlesque ; op. 22, Berceuse ; 
 op. 23, "A travers Pologne" (6 pieces) ; op. 
 26, Serenade espagnole ; op. 27, Etrennes (6 
 pieces). 
 
 Zarli'no, Gioseifo, important theorist ; b. 
 Chioggia, Mar. 22, 1517 ; d. Venice, Feb. 14, 
 1590. He entered the Franciscan order in 
 1537, and in 1541 went to Venice, completing 
 his musical studies there under Willaert. In 
 1565 he succeeded his fellow-pupil Cipriano de 
 Rore as maestro dv cappella at San Marco, hold- 
 ing this position until his death. He likewise 
 held the otSce of chaplain at San Severo. To 
 obtain the former post, Z. must have been a 
 composer of eminence ; Foscarini, indeed, terms 
 him "the famous regenerator of music in all 
 Italy"; but most of his MSS. have been either 
 lost or stolen, as his only extant compositions 
 are 21 " Modulationes " a 6 (Venice, 1566; 
 edited by Z.'s pupil, Usberti) ; 3 " Lectiones 
 pro mortuis " (part of a coll. of motets a 4 by 
 de Rore et al.; publ. by Scotto, 1563), and a 
 mass (MS. in library of the Liceo B'ilarmonico, 
 Bologna). His theoretical works are " Institu- 
 zioni harmoniche" (Venice, 1558 ; republ. 1562, 
 1573 ; iu it Z. recognizes the natural opposition 
 of the major and minor triads, taken up later by 
 Tartini, and with more success by Hauptmann ; 
 he also gives lucid and practical demonstrations 
 of double counterpoint and canon, illustrated 
 by numerous examples in notes); " Dimostra- 
 zioni harmoniche" (1571 ; 1573) ; and " Soppli- 
 menti musicali," containing explanations of the 
 two foregoing works (1588). The above, to- 
 gether with several non-musical treatises, are in 
 his collected works U589 ; 4 vol.s). 
 
 Zarzycki, Alexander, distinguished pianist ; 
 b. Lemberg, Austrian Poland, Feb. 21, 1831 ; 
 d. Warsaw, Nov. i, 1895. Studied in Lemberg, 
 and later (1856-61) at Paris (Reber, theory) ; 
 gave brilliant concerts in France, Germany, 
 Austria, and Poland ; cond. of the Warsaw 
 Mus. Soc. in 1870 ; Director (1879) of the Cons, 
 there, succeeding di Kontski. — Works : Effec- 
 tive pf. -pieces (op. 7, Grande Polonaise w. orch.; 
 op. 10, two Nocturnes; op. 17, pf.-concerto ; 
 op. 18, Grand Valse ; op. 19, 20, Mazurkas ; 
 op. 24, Serenade and Valse-Impromptu ; op. 
 34, 3 pieces ; op. 37, Suite 'polonaise w. orch.). 
 
 Zaytz, Giovanni von, b. Fiume, 1834. 
 Pupil of Lauro Rossi at Milan Cons. 1850-6 ; 
 since 1870 at Agratn as cond. at the theatre 
 and singing-teacher at the Cons. — Works : The 
 first Croatian opera, Nicola Subic Zrinjski 
 (1876), and several others ; also about a score 
 of l-act German operettas ; instr.l pieces, 
 masses, choral comp.s, songs, etc. 
 
 Zeck'wer, Richard, b. Stendil, Prussia, 
 
 642 
 
ZEISLER— ZERRAHN 
 
 Apr. 30, 1850. Pianist ; . pupil of Moscheles 
 and Papperitz, at Leipzig Cons., for pf. and 
 organ ; of Hauptraann, Richter, and Reinecke, 
 for comp. From 1870-7, organist of St. Vin- 
 cent de Paul, Philadelphia ; of Philadelphia 
 Cath., 1878-80. From 1870-6, teacher at the 
 Phila. Mus. Acad.; Director of same since 
 1876. Has prod, several compositions for orch., 
 f. pf. , and f. voice. 
 Zeisler. See Bloomfield-Zeisler. 
 Zelen'ka, Jan Dismas, b. Lannowicz, Bo- 
 hemia, Oct. 16, 1679 ; d. Dresden, Dec. 23, 
 1745. He was asst.-cond. to Heinichen at 
 Dresden, and after the latter's death sole cond., 
 though without the title of " Hof kapellmeister." 
 In 1735 he was app. court church-composer. — 
 Works : 20 masses, 3 Requiems, 2 Te Deums, 
 and other sacred music ; also 3 oratorios. Die 
 eherne Schlange, Jesus auf Golgotha, and T 
 penitenti al sepolcro ; cantatas and arias ; and a 
 Latin melodrama. 
 
 Zelen'ski, Ladislas, b. Galicia(on the family 
 estate Gradkowice), July 6, 1837 ; pupil of Mi- 
 recki at Cracow, Krejci at Prague, and Damcke 
 at Paris. Prof, of composition at Warsaw Cons. 
 — Works: " Im Tatra-Gebirge " f. full orch., 
 op. 27; " Trauerklange " f. orch., op. 36; a 
 symphony ; 2 cantatas w. orch. ; Romanze f. 
 'cello w. orch. , op. 40 ; 3 string-quintets ; string- 
 quartet, op. 28 ; variations f. 2 violins, viola, and 
 'cello, op. 21 ; pf.-trio; pf.-pieces ; also a mass 
 w. organ, and an opera, Goplana (Cracow, i8g6 ; 
 succ). 
 Zell, F. See WAlzel. 
 Zell'ner, Leopold Alexander, b. Agram, 
 Sept. 23, 1823 ; d. Vienna, Nov. 24, 1894. His 
 father, the cathedral-organist, was his teacher ; 
 as a child he played the organ, 'cello, and oboe ; 
 at 15 he became organist of the Katharinen- 
 kirche, and played the kettledrums in the theatre- 
 orch. ; served in the army until 1849 ; then taught 
 music in Vienna, founding and editing the 
 " Blatter fiir Musik " (1855-68), and giving a 
 series of well-attended historical concerts (1859- 
 66) ; and succeeded Sechter in 1868 as prof, of 
 harmony in the Cons, and Seer. -General to the 
 " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde." He excelled 
 as an harmonium-player ; wrote a method and 
 transcriptions for the instr. , and made improve- 
 ments in its mechanism ; he also publ. instruc- 
 tive 4-hand pf.-pieces, 'cello-pieces, and choruses. 
 Zell'ner, Julius, b. Vienna, 1832. He took 
 up serious music-study in 1851, abandoninga 
 mercantile career ; and has had much success in 
 Vienna as a teacher and composer. — Works : 
 2 symphonies, in E and Ej?; music to "Die 
 schSne Melusine " ; "Im Hochgebirge" f. soli, 
 ch. and orch. ; chamber-music, part-songs, songs, 
 and pf.-pieces. 
 
 Zel'ter, Carl Friedrich, b. Berlin, Dec. 11, 
 1758 ; d. there May 15, . 1832. The son of a 
 master-mason, and brought up to the same trade, 
 his passion for music was irrepressible ; he 
 
 studied under Kirnberger and Fasch, became 
 leader in Rellstab's " Liebhaber-Concerte," 
 brought out a funeral-cantata at the death of 
 Frederick the Great in 1786, and in 1791 joined 
 the " Singverein " (later " Singakademie ") con-- 
 ducted by Fasch, often acting as the latter's 
 deputy, and succeeding him in 1800. He was 
 elected associate (" Assessor ") of the Akademie 
 in 1806 ; professor, in 1809. In 1807 he organ- 
 ized a " Ripienschule " for orchestral practice ; 
 and in i8og, the Berlin " Liedertafel," the 
 pioneer male choral society so called [the 
 " Deutscher Sangerbund " now numbers several 
 hundred such associations, with over 50,000 
 members], for which Z. composed nearly 100 
 male choruses. He also founded the R. Inst, 
 for church-music, of which he was the Director 
 till death, in 1819. The friendship between Z. 
 and Goethe, inspired by the poet's predilection 
 for Z.'s songs, and the latter's admiration for 
 Goethe's poetry, found expression in voluminous 
 correspondence, " Brief wechsel zwischen Goethe 
 und Zelter " (6 vol.s ; 1833-6). In his songs and 
 male choruses, Z. is a composer of national im- 
 portance ; he also comp. an oratorio, aTe Deum, 
 a Requiem, and many pf.-pieces ; and wrote a 
 Life of Carl Fr. Chr. Fasch (Berlin, 1801).— 
 Dr. W. Rintel wrote " C. F. Z., eine Lebens- 
 beschreibung " (Berlin, 1861). 
 
 Zemlin'sky, Alexander, b. Vienna, 1877, 
 of Polish parentage. Pupil of Director Fuchs 
 in the Vienna Cons. His symphony in B|7 won 
 prize of the " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" 
 at Vienna, 1897 ; his opera Sarema (Munich, 
 1897 ; succ.) took 2nd prize in competition 
 opened by Bavarian Regent in 1894 (libretto 
 after Gottschall's " Rose vom Kaukasus"). 
 
 Zeng'er, Max, b. Munich, Feb. 2, 1837. 
 Pupil of Stark at Munich, and of the Leipzig 
 Cons. ; Kapellm. at Ratisbon, i860 ; mus. dir. 
 of the Munich Court Opera, 1869 ; court cond. 
 at Karlsruhe, 1872 ; resigned on account of ill- 
 health, and- became cond. of the Munich Ora- 
 torio Soc. (1878-85), the Acad. Gesangverein, 
 and the'choral society in the R. School of Music. 
 Degree of Dr. phil. hon. causa in 1897 from the 
 Univ. of Munich. — Works : Opera Die Foscari 
 (Munich, 1863) ; opera Ruy Bias (Mannheim, 
 1868) ; 4-act opera Wieland der Schmiediyinmch, 
 1880; revised, 1894); oratorio JCain [after By- 
 ron] (Munich, 1867; often perf. elsewhere in Ger- 
 many); secular cantata Die HeinzelniaHnchen, 
 I. mixed ch. and orch. (op. 79) ; cantata Eros 
 und Psyche ; 2 ballets [for King Ludwig II.], 
 Venus und Adonis, and Les plaisirs de Vile en- 
 chant^e{both 1 88 1, in private); 2 Gretchen scenes 
 irom Fausl; symphony in D; "tragic" sym- 
 phony ; an overture (op. 42) ; pf.-trio ; choruses ; 
 pf. -music ; songs. 
 
 Zen'ta, Hermann. Pen-name of Augusta 
 Holmes. 
 
 Zeretelew. See Lawrowskaja. 
 
 Zerrahn', Carl, distinguished conductor ; b. 
 
 643 
 
ZEUGHEER— ZIMMERMANN 
 
 Malchow, Mecklenburg, July 28, 1S26. He 
 was a pupil of Fr. Weber at Rostock ; studied 
 further in Hanover and Berlin ; went to Amer- 
 ica in 1848 as a member of the GermaniaOrch., 
 and established himself in Boston, becoming a 
 prominent figure in musical circles. From 1854- 
 95 he was conductor of the Handel and Haydn 
 Society, being succeeded by B. J. I^ang ; for 
 many years he also conducted the Harvard Sym- 
 phony Concerts ; and was prof, of harmony, in- 
 strumentation, and singing, at the New Eng- 
 land Cons. , Boston. 
 
 Zeug'heer, Jacob, b. Zurich, 1805 ; d. Liv- 
 erpool, June 15, 1865. Violinist ; pupil of 
 Wassermann (Zurich) and Franzl (Munich). 
 In 1824 he organized the Quartet called " Ge- 
 briider Herrmann" ("Herrmann Bros."; ist 
 violin Z. ; 2nd, J. Wex ; viola, Baader ; 'cello, 
 J. Lidel), making successful concert-tours for 6 
 years. In 1831 he became cond. of the " Gen- 
 tlemen's Concerts," Manchester ; in 1838, of 
 the Liverpool Philharm. Soc. 
 
 Zeu'ner, Carl Traugott, b. Dresden, Apr. 
 28, 1775 I d- Paris, Jan. 24, 1841. Pianist, pupil 
 of Turk at Halle and Clementi at St. Peters- 
 burg ; lived as a concert-giver and teacher in 
 Paris, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Dresden. — 
 Works : 2 pf. -concertos ; a string-quartet ; var.s 
 on a Russian theme, f. pf., violin and 'cello; 
 Polonaises, var.s, fantasias, etc., f. pf., much in 
 vogue at the time. 
 
 Zia'ni, Pietro Andrea, b. Venice, about 
 1630; d. Vienna, 1711. In 1666 he succeeded 
 Cavalli as 2nd organist at San Marco ; in 1677 
 he entered the service of Empress Eleonora at 
 Vienna. A noted composer in his day, he wrote 
 21 operas for Venice, Bologna, and Vienna ; an 
 oratorio, Le lagrime delta Verging (Venice, 
 1662) ; " Sacrae laudes "05 (op. 6, 1659 ; with 
 2 instr.s obU. or ad lib.) ; sonatas for 3, 4, 5 or 
 6 instr.s (op. 7 ; i6gi). 
 
 Zia'ni, Marco Antonio, nephew of preced- 
 ing ; b. Venice, 1653 ; d. Vienna, Jan. 22, 
 1715. About 1700, Vice-Kapellm. at the Vi- 
 enna court ; in 1712, court Kapellm. — Comp. 
 some 40 operas and serenades, also 9 oratorios, 
 for Venice and Vienna. 
 
 Zichy, Geza, Count, b. Sztara, Hungary, 
 July 22, 1849. Son of an Hungarian noble, 
 and passionately fond of music ; he unfortu- 
 nately lost his right arm at the age of 17, but 
 by dint of unconquerable energy became a left- 
 handed piano-virtuoso of astonishing and bril- 
 liant attainments, under the guidance of Mayr- 
 berger, Volkmann, and Liszt (Pesth). A mem- 
 ber of the legal profession, and an incumbent 
 of high positions, he has found time to give 
 many concerts, and even to undertake extended 
 pianistic tours, for charitable ends. Until 1892 
 he was president of the Hungarian National 
 Acad, of Music ; Intendant of the National 
 Theatre and Opera at Pesth from 1890-4. — 
 Works : A melodrama. Die Gesckichte einer 
 
 Burg (Vienna, 1889 ?) ; cantata Dolores, i. soli, 
 ch. and orch. (1889) ; 4-act romantic opera Aldr 
 (Pesth, 1896 ; succ.) ; 3-act opera Meister Ro- 
 land (Pesth, 1899 ; V. succ.) ; a collection of 
 studies and pf. -pieces for the left hand alone 
 (publ. Paris), songs and part-songs. 
 
 Zim'mer, Friedrich August, b. Herrengos- 
 serstadt, Thuringia, Feb. 26, 1826 ; d. Zehlen- 
 dorf, n. Berlin, Feb. 8, 1899. Pupil of E. 
 Hentschel at Weissenfels ; in 1854, teacher at 
 Gardelegen Seminary ; in 1859, R. Mus. Dir. at 
 Osterburg in the Altmark. — Publ. an " Ele- 
 mentarmusiklehre " ; a " Violinschule " ; a " Ge- 
 sanglehre " ; and an " Evangelisches Choral- 
 buch." 
 
 Zim'mer, Otto, b. Priskorsine, Silesia, 1827 ; 
 d. Breslau, Apr. 2, 1896. Pupil of Richter and 
 Mosewius at Breslau ; organist and R. Mus. Dir. 
 at Oels ; editor of the ' ' Fliegende Blatter fiir 
 evangelische Kirchenmusik." 
 
 Zim'mer, Robert, b. Berlin, Jan. 17, 1828 ; 
 d. there Dec. 5, 1857. Pupil of Dehn ; teacher 
 in KuUak's Acad, from 1856. — Publ. " Gedanken 
 beim Erscheinen des 3. Bandes der Bach-Gesell- 
 schaft in Leipzig " (1854 ; critique of Becker's 
 ed. of Bach's works for pf.). 
 
 Zim'merman, Pierre- Joseph- Guillaume, 
 famous pf. -teacher ; b. Paris, Mar. 19, 1785 ; d. 
 there Oct. 29, 1853. The son of a Paris pf.- 
 maker, he entered the Cons, in 1798, studying 
 under Boieldieu, Rey, Catel, and Cherubini ; 
 won 1st prize for pf. -playing in 1800, and for 
 harmony in 1802 ; became pf.-prof. at the Cons, 
 in 1816, and retired on pension in 1848. Cheva- 
 lier of the Legion of Honor, 1848. Among 
 his many pupils were Alkan, Marmontel, Pru- 
 dent, Ravina, Lacombe, Dejazet, and Lefebvre. 
 — Works : 3-act comic opera V Enlevement 
 (Opera-Comique, 1830) ; 2 pf.-concertos ; a pf.- 
 sonata, op. 5 ; 24 Etudes, op. 21 ; " Les delices 
 de Paris," a book of contredanses w. variations ; 
 rondos, fantasias, etc., f. pf. ; 6 coU.s of vocal 
 romances, w. pf.-accomp. ; and his chief work, 
 the great "Encyclopedic du Pianiste," a com- 
 plete method for piano. Part iii of which is a 
 treatise on harmony and counterpoint. 
 
 Zim'mermann, Anton, b. Pressburg, 1741 ; 
 d. there Oct. 8, 1781. Kafellm. to Prince 
 Batthyany, and organist at Pressburg Cath. — 
 Publ. 9 sonatas f. pf. and violin (op. i, 2) ; pf.- 
 concerto (op. 3); "Die Belagerung von Valen- 
 ciennes " f. pf. and violin ; 6 string-quartets ; 
 6 violin-duos ; and the Singspiel Andromeda 
 und Perseus (Vienna, 1781) ; — other works MS. 
 
 Zim'mermann, Agnes, fine pianist ; b. Co- 
 logne, July s, 1847. Pupil, at the London R. A. 
 M. ,of Potter and Pauer (pf . ,)and Steggall andO. 
 Macfarren(comp.) ; twice won the King's Schol- 
 arship (i860, '62), and also the silver medal. Pi- 
 anistic debut at the Crystal Palace, 1863 ; at the 
 Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1864 ; also toured Eng- 
 land and Germany, and has high repute as an in- 
 terpreter of classic compositions. — Works : A pf.- 
 
 644 
 
ZINGARELLI— ZOLLNER 
 
 trio, op. ig ; 3 sonatas f. pf. and violin, op. 16, 
 21, 23 ; a pf .-suite, op. 22 ; 2 pieces, op. i8 ; other 
 pf. -pieces; and has edited the sonatas of Mozart 
 and Beethoven, and pieces by Schumann. 
 
 Zingarel'li, Nicola Antonio, celebrated 
 composer of dramatic and sacred music ; b. Na- 
 ples, Apr. 4, 1752 ; d. Torre del Greco, n. Naples, 
 May 5, 1837. A student at the Cons, di Loreto, 
 where Fenaroli was his teacher in composition, 
 from 1759-69, he completed his studies under 
 Speranza. His first opera, / quattro pazzi, prod, 
 at the Cons, in 1768, was followed by Montezuma 
 (Teatro San Carlo, 1 781); neither had much suc- 
 cess, and he was ot)liged to support himself by les- 
 son-givinguntil ^/««fl?a,prod.at LaScala, Milan, 
 in 1785, brought him fame and commissions ; up 
 to 1811 he produced 27 more operas, among which 
 Giulietta e ^cotw (Milan, La Scala, Jan. 30, 1796) 
 is considered his masterpiece. He spent much of 
 his time in journeying from place to place for the 
 rehearsal and production of his operas. In 1792 
 he was app. maestro di cappella at Milan Cathe- 
 dral ; in 1794, at the " Santa Casa " in Loreto ; 
 and in 1804, at St. Peter's, Rome. In all these 
 positions he wrote a great deal of church-music. 
 In 1811, for refusing to conduct a Te Deum to 
 celebrate the birthday of Napoleon's son, the 
 " King of Rome," he was imprisoned at Civita- 
 vecchia, and later transported to Paris by order 
 of Napoleon, who set him at liberty and liberally 
 paid him for a mass written in Paris. As Fiora- 
 vanti had meanwhile become maestro at St. 
 Peter's, Z. repaired to Naples, and in 1813 be- 
 came Directorof the royal ' ' CoUegio di Musica " ; 
 in 1816 he succeeded Paisiello as maestro at the 
 Cathedral. As Director he was very conservative 
 in his views, and displayed little energy ; but as 
 a teacher he had excellent success, among his pu- 
 pils being Bellini, Mercadante, Carlo Conti, 
 Lauro Rossi, Morlacchi, etc. His operas, in- 
 terpreted by the finest singers of the time (Cata- 
 lani, Crescentini, Grassini, Marchesi, and Ru- 
 binelli), had immense vogue. He wrote a vast 
 amount of church-music, much appreciated in 
 Italy, more particularly the collection " Annuale 
 di Zingarelli " (or " Annuale di Loreto "), a series 
 of masses for every day in the year (there are 38 
 f. male ch. and orch., about 20 solemn masses, 7 
 f. double choir, 66 with organ, 25 a 2-3 w. orch., 
 etc.); also a 4-part Miserere alia Palestrina 
 (1827); furthermore, about 80 Magnificats, 28 
 Stabat Maters, 21 Credos, many Te Deums, mo- 
 tets, hymns, etc. ; 3 oratorios ; also solfeggi, 
 arias,organ-sonatas, a string-quartet.etc. — Biog- 
 raphy by Florimo in "La scuola musicale di 
 Napoli," Vol. ii. 
 
 Zink'eisen, Conrad Ludwig Dietrich, b. 
 Hanover, June 3, 1779 ; d. Brunswick, Nov. 28, 
 1838. Trained by his father, and by Rode at 
 WolfenbUttel ; 1801-3, in a regimental band at 
 Llineburg; then leader, under Forkel, of the 
 Academical Concerts at GOttingen; 1819, cham- 
 ber-musician in the Brunswick court orch. — 
 Works : 4 overtures ; 6 violin-concertos ; a Duo 
 
 concertante f . violin and viola; var.s f. violin w. 
 string-trio ; 2 duets f . violin and viola ; 3 string- 
 quartets; var.s f. flute w. string-quartet ; a con- 
 certo f . oboe ; do. f . clar. ; do. f . basset-horn ; 
 do. f. bassoon; pieces f. clar. w. orch.; do. f. 
 oboe w. string-quartet ; var.s f. 2 horns w. orch.; 
 military music; part-songs f. mixed and male 
 chorus. 
 
 Zipoli, Domenico, organist at the Jesuit 
 Church, Rome; publ. " Sonate d'intavolatura 
 per organo o cembalo" (Rome, 1726 ; Part i con- 
 taining ' ' Toccate, versi, canzone, offertorio, ele- 
 vazione, post-coramunio e pastorale " ; Part ii : 
 " Preludi, AUemande, Correnti, Sarabande, 
 Gighe, Gavotte, c Partite"). 
 
 Zoel'ler, Carli, b. Berlin, Mar. 28, 1849 ; 
 d. London, Aug., 1889. Pupil of H. Ries 
 (vln.), W. Garich (harm.), and Grell (cpt.), at 
 the R. Academy, Berlin. Travelled with Ger- 
 man opera-troupes ; settled in London 1873 ; in 
 1879, bandmaster of the 7th (Queen's Own) Hus- 
 sars. Distinguished composer ; member of the 
 R. Accad. di S. Cecilia, Rome, 1884; hon. mem. 
 R. Istituto Mus., Florence, 1885 ; Fellow of the 
 London Soc. of Sciences, Arts, etc., 1886. — 
 Works: QorsAc a^sxeXa, 7 he Missing Heir ; lyr- 
 ical monodrama Mary Stuart at Fotheringay; 
 scene f . sopr. w. orch. , The Rhine King's Dctugh- 
 ^^;' J- 4 overtures ; other orch. 1 pieces; "Concerto 
 dramatique " f. violin ; quintet f. flute, oboe, clar., 
 horn, and pf. ; string-quartet ; other instr.l mu- 
 sic ; church-music ; songs ; — wrote "The Viole 
 d'amour, its Origin, History, etc. "; edited "The 
 United Service Military Band Journal." 
 
 Zoilo, Annibale, maestro at S. Giovanni in 
 Laterano, Rome, 1561-70 ; in 1571, singer in 
 the Pontifical Chapel. A Salve regina is in Co- 
 stantini's " Selectae cantiones" (1614); madri- 
 gals and canzoni in Lindner's ' ' Gemma musi- 
 calis" (Nuremberg, 1590), and other coll.s from 
 1585-96 ; in MS. in the Vatican Library are 
 masses, a Salve regina a 12, a Tenebrae a 16, 
 etc. 
 
 Zoll^ner, Karl Heinrich, b. Oels, Silesia, 
 May 5, 1792 ; d. Wandsbeck, n. Hamburg, July 
 2, 1836. He toured Germany as an organ-vir- 
 tuoso, etc. , until 1833, then settling in Hamburg. 
 — Works : Kunz undKaufungen, opera (Vienna, 
 1825?) ; a melodrama, Ein Uhr; publ. masses, 
 motets, psalms, part-songs, organ-pieces, a pf.- 
 sonata, a 4-hand do., other pf. -music, a method 
 f . pf . , a violin-sonata, etc. 
 
 Zoll'ner, Karl Friedrich, b. Mittelhausen, 
 Thuringia, Mar. 17, 1800; d. Leipzig, Sept. 25, 
 i860. He studied at the Thomasschule, Leip- 
 zig, under Cantor Schicht, from 1814; renounc- 
 ing theology for music, he became a vocal 
 instructor at the " Rathsf reischule " in 1820, and 
 in 1822 organized a musical institute with his 
 friend Hemleben, with choral practice every Sun- 
 day. In 1830 he began writing male choruses; 
 in 1833 he founded a Liedertafel known as the 
 " Zollner-Verein " [see Zelter], a male choral 
 
 645 
 
ZOLLNER— ZUR NIEDEN 
 
 society whose organization was soon imitated 
 elsewhere. In i§59, 20 of tliese societies lield a 
 grand mus. festival at Leipzig ; after' his death 
 they united to form the " Zollner-Bund." In 
 1868 a monument to his memory was erected in 
 the Rosenthal, ■ Leipzig. Z. was one of the 
 most famous among German composers of part- 
 songs for male chorus ; besides these, he wrote 
 motets, songs for mixed chorus, and songs w. 
 pf.-accomp. — His son, 
 
 Zoll'ner, Heinrich, b. Leipzig, July 4, 1854, 
 was intended for the law, but studied 1875-7 ^t 
 the Leipzig Cons, under' Reinecke, Jadassohn, 
 Richter, and Wenzel; in 1878, Mus. Dir. at 
 Dorpat Univ.; in 1885, corid. of the Cologne 
 Mdnnergesangverein, also teaching at the Cons., 
 and conducting the Cologne Gesangverein (mixed 
 chorus), the Wagner-Verein, and the Musical 
 Society. In l88g, with a picked male chorus, 
 he undertook a most successful tour to the chief 
 cities of Italy. In 1890 he became the con- 
 ductor of the NewT York ' ' Deutscher Lieder- 
 kranz"; in 1898 he was called to Leipzig as 
 Kretzschmar's successor as University Mus. Dir. 
 and cond. of the " Paulinerchor" (Univ. male 
 choral union). — Works: The operas Frithjof 
 (Cologne, 1884), Faust [after Goethe] (ibid., 
 1887), the " Kriegsduologie " Jm Jahre iSjo, 
 consisting of two 2-act operas, (i) Bei Sedan 
 (Leipzig, 1895), and Der tjberfall (Dresden, 
 1895); and the "musical comedy " Jias hoherne 
 Schwert (Y..asiA, Nov. 24, 1897); — grand choral 
 works. Die Hunnenschlacht (Leipzig, 1880); 
 Konig Sigurd Hing's Brautfahrt, {. male ch. 
 and orch., op. 53; Heldenrequiem f. sopr. solo, 
 male ch. , and orch. ; cantata Die neue Welt (won 
 the international prize at Cleveland, Ohio, 1892); 
 also an oratorio, male choruses (op. 1, 4, 5, 6), 
 numerous songs (op. 2, 7, 8, 54 [5 numbers, 
 poems by P. Cornelius]); a symphony, op. 20; 
 an orch.l episode, " Sommerfahrt," op. 15; 6 
 Little Pieces f. violin w. pf.; etc. 
 
 Zoll'ner, Andreas, b. Arnstadt, Dec. 8, 
 1804; d. Meiningen, Mar. 2, 1862, as musical 
 director. Publ. popular part-songs for male 
 voices. 
 
 Zopif, Hermann, b. Glogau, June i, 1826 ; d. 
 Leipzig, July 12, 1883. After taking the degree 
 of Dr. -phiL, and studying agriculture, he en- 
 tered the Stern Cons., Berlin, in 1850; later 
 founded an " Opernakademie," an " Orchester- 
 verein," etc., in BerHn ; went to Leipzig in 1864, 
 became co-editor of the " Neue Zeitschrift fUr 
 Musik," and editor-in-chief after Brendel's death 
 in 1868. For his activity on the committee of 
 the "Allgemeiner deutscher Musikverein" he 
 received the title of "Professor." He publ. 
 some large choral works, etc.; a " Theorie der 
 Oper " ; and a " Gesangschule. " 
 
 Zschie'sche, August, b. Berlin, 1800 ; d. 
 there July 7, 1876. Dramatic bass ; sang 1820-3 
 at Pesth in minor roles, then at Temesvar, and 
 in 1826 was eng. at the KOnigstadterTh., Berlin, 
 
 and from 1829-61 as basso serioso at the Court 
 Opera. 
 
 Zschoch'er, Johann, b. Leipzig, May 16, 
 1821 ; d. there Jan. 6, 1897. Excellent pianist, 
 pupil of J. Knorr, Th. Kullak, Henselt, and 
 Liszt ; noted teacher ; founder (1846) of the 
 " Zschocher'sches Musik-Institut " at Leipzig. 
 
 Zum'pe, Hermann, b. Taubenheim, Upper 
 Lusatia, Apr. 9, 1850 ; after graduating from 
 the Seminary at Bautzen, he taught for a year at 
 Weigsdorf, and from 1871 at the Third Burger- 
 schule, Leipzig, also playing the triangle in the 
 City Theatre, and studying music under Tott- 
 mann. From 1873-6 he was with Wagner at 
 Bayreuth, aiding in the preparation of the Nibe- 
 lung scores ; was thereafter Kapellm. in theatres 
 at Salzburg, Wurzburg, Magdeburg, Frankfort, 
 and (1884-6) Hamburg. After some years spent 
 in teaching, coaching opera-singers, and com- 
 posing, he was app. court Kapellm. at Stuttgart 
 in 1891 ; in 1893 he succeeded Faiszt as cond. of 
 the " Verein fiir klassische Kirchenmusik "■ ; and 
 in 1895 was called to Munich as court Kapellm. 
 — Works : Opera Anahra (Berlin, 1880) ; roman- 
 tic comic opera Die Vei'wunschene Prinzessin 
 (not perf.) ; 3-act operetta Farinelli (Vienna, 
 1S88 ; V. succ.) ; 3-act operetta Karin (Hamburg, 
 1888 ; succ.) ; operetta Polnische Wirthschaft 
 (Berlin, i8gi ; succ.) ; also an overture to Wal- 
 lensteins Tod; songs. 
 
 Zumsteegf, Johann Rudolf, b. Sachsenflur, 
 Odenwald, Jan. 10, 1760 ; d. Stuttgart, Jan. 27, 
 1802. As a pupil of the " Carlsschule," he was 
 intimate with Schiller. He intended to become 
 a sculptor, but developed under the teachings of 
 Kapellm. Poll and others into an excellent 'cellist 
 and composer ; in 1792 he succeeded Poll as 
 court Kapellm. He prod. 8 operas at Stuttgart, 
 4 of which are publ. in pf.-score (El Bondokani, 
 Die Geisterinsel^ Zaalor^ and Das Pfauenfest^ ; 
 choruses to Schiller's Rauber ; church -cantatas ; 
 a 'cello-concerto, duos f. 'celli, and 'cello-sona- 
 tas. But it is chiefly as a ballade-composer, the 
 precursor of Lowe and Schubert, that he will be 
 remembered ; he wrote 20 ballades or cantatas 
 for solo voice with pf.-accomp., including Schil- 
 ler's Maria Stuart, BUrger's Lenore, Goethe's 
 Colma, Ritter Toggenburg, and Des Pfarrers 
 Tochter von Taubenhayn. 
 
 Z\xr Miih'len, Raimund von, tenor concert- 
 singer ; b. Livonia, on his father's estate, Nov. 
 10, 1854. Pupil of the Hochschule in Berlin, 
 of Stockhausen at Frankfort, and of Bussine at 
 Paris. He excels as a singer of German Lieder. 
 Visited London for the first time in 1882, and 
 several times since. 
 
 Zur Nie'den, Albrecht, composer ; b. Em- 
 merich-on-Rhine, Mar. 6, 1819 ; d. Duisburg, 
 Apr. 9, 1872. A theological student at Bonn, 
 his love of music prevailed ; he studied under 
 Fr. Schneider- at Dessau, then taught at Bonn 
 (where Joseph Brambach was his pupil), and in 
 
 646 
 
ZVONAR— ZWINTSCHER 
 
 1850 settled in Duisburg as musical director, 
 conducting many grand choral works with great 
 success. — He publ. the " lyrisch-dram. Gesang" 
 Die Sage von der Mariinswand ; Der hlinde 
 ^o«jf [Uhland] ; and Das Grab auf Busento ; 
 all for soli, chorus, and orch.; (in MS. are Kd- 
 nigin Esther, Die schone Magelone, etc., f. do.) ; 
 also a " Deutscher Marsch " f. pf. 4 hands; 
 songs ; etc. 
 
 Zvonaf, Joseph Leopold, b. Kuyov, n. 
 Prague, Jan. 22, 1824 ; d. Prague, Nov. 23, 
 .1865. Pupil of, teacher in, and finally Director 
 of, the Prague Organ-School. In 1859, Di- 
 rector of the Sophien-Akademie ; in 1863, 
 choirmaster of the Trinitatiskirche, and music- 
 
 teacher in the " hohere Tochterschule " [school 
 for young ladies]. He publ. the first treatise 
 on harmony in the Bohemian language ; wrote 
 an opera, ZabSj {xvol perf,); and numerous vocal 
 works. 
 
 Zwin'tscher, Bruno, b. Ziegenhain, Sax- 
 ony, May 15, 1838. Pianist; pupil of Julius 
 Otto at Dresden for two years ; then 1856-g, at 
 the Leipzig Cons., of Plaidy and Moscheles 
 (pf.), Richter, Hauptmann, and Rietz (harm, 
 and comp.) ; in 1875 he was app. teacher of pf.- 
 playing there (resigned i8g8 ?). Has publ. a 
 " Technical School " in continuation of Plaidy's, 
 and a " School of Ornaments" (also in Eng- 
 lish ; New York). 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 
 
 Agostini, Paolo, was not "the pioneer in 
 the employment of large bodies of singers in 
 divided choirs"; Willaert antedates him by a 
 century. 
 
 Albani. The exact date of her birth is Nov. 
 I, 1852. Her stage-name viras «<;/ assumed "in 
 grateful memory of the town [Albany, N. Y.J 
 where her public career began," but was selected 
 for her quite by chance, for her Italian debut, 
 by her teacher Lamperti. 
 
 Anderton, Thomas, b. Birmingham, Engl., 
 Apr. 15, 1836. Was teacher there, and organist 
 of the Parish Ch. , Solihull ; mus. critic of the 
 Birmingham "Daily News." — Works: The 
 cantatas The Song of Deborah and Barak, 
 The Wise and Foolish Virgins, The Wreck of 
 the Hesperus, John Gilpin, The j Jovial Hunts- 
 men, The Norman Baron (1884), and Yule 
 Tide (Birm. Fest., 1885) ; an English Requiem ; 
 many songs ; prize glee, " Mat o' the Mill " ; — a 
 symphony, overtures, marches, and an Allc- 
 mande, f . orch. ; string-quartet ; pf .-pieces. 
 
 Arnold, Richard, excellent violinist ; b. 
 Eilenburg, Prussia, Jan. 10, 1845. Went to the 
 United States in 1853 ; returned in 1864 to 
 Europe to study under Ferd. David at Leipzig ; 
 from 1869-76, first violin in Th. Thomas's 
 orch.; 1878-91, leader and solo violinist in the 
 New York Philharm. Club ; elected member 
 of the Philharm. Soc. in 1879, a director in 
 1880, leader in 1885, and vice-president in 1896. 
 Organized the R. Arnold String Sextet in 1897. 
 Living in New York as 
 a concert-violinist and 
 teacher. 
 
 Aus der O'h e, 
 Adele, accomplished 
 contemporary pianist ; 
 b. Germany ; pupil of 
 Th. Kullak and Liszt. 
 Has played with much 
 success in Germany, 
 England, and the Unit- 
 ed States. — Publ. 
 works : 2 pf.-suites, 
 op. 2, 8 ; Concert-etude 
 f. pf., op. 3 ; Three 
 Pieces f . pf . , op. 4 ; 
 songs (op. 5, 6, 7, etc.). 
 
 Bach, Albert Bernhard [real family-name 
 Bak], was b. in B. Gyula, Hungary, Mar. 22, 
 
 1844. At his father's wish he began a mercan- 
 tile career at Vienna in 1861, but went over to 
 music, studying under Marchesi at the Cons. 
 1869-70, also with Cunio, Weiss, and Gans- 
 bacher. In 1871 he gave his first concerts, as a 
 bass-baritone singer, at Vienna ; from 1876-7 
 studied at Milan for Italian opera under Lam- 
 perti, Ronconi, and Varesi ; was eng. at La Scala 
 1877-8, and in 1879 at the Court Opera, Pesth, 
 where he was reengaged in 1885 for leading 
 bass-baritone roles ; since 1886 has sung in ora- 
 torio and concert (at London, Manchester, Edin- 
 burgh, Glasgow, etc., also in Germany). In 
 Britain he has had great success as a concert- 
 singer ; his specialty is LOwe (he is an honorary 
 member of the Berlin Lowe-Verein). His lec- 
 tures on "Raphael, Mozart and the Renaissance" 
 were publ. in 1883 (enlarged ed. in preparation) ; 
 a booklet on ' ' Sound, Light and Colour " was 
 publ. in 1899. Also edited 3 vol.s of Lowe 
 Ballades, with Engl, translations. Preface, and 
 directions for proper performance. Resides in 
 Edinburgh. [Also cf. the article in body of this 
 Dictionary.] 
 
 Bache, Constance, sister and pupil of Walter 
 B. ; b. Edgbaston, Birmingham, Engl. Pianist ; 
 studied further at the Munich Music-School, and 
 with Klindworth and Hartvigson ; since 1883, 
 music-teacher and writer in London. Has 
 transl. the libretti of Liszt's St. Elisabeth, Schu- 
 mann's The Rose's Pilgrimage and Fatist-scenes, 
 Mozart's Bastien et Bastienne, and Humper- 
 dinck's Hansel und Gretel j also Liszt's Letters 
 (2 vol.s ; 1894), Hans von Billow's Letters and 
 Literary Remains (1896), Heintz's analyses of 
 Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Die Meister singer, 
 and Parsifal, and other works ; has also com- 
 posed the songs " To my love " and " The rain 
 is falling." 
 
 Badia, Luigi, died Milan, Oct. 30, 1899. 
 
 Banister, Charles William, English com- 
 poser ; b. 1768 ; d. 1831. The complete ed. of 
 his works, edited by his son H. J. Banister, con- 
 tains 21 numbers, including " 12 Psalm and 
 Hymn Tunes," "4 Moral Pieces," the song 
 " The Star of Bethlehem," etc. 
 
 Bannelier, Charles, died Paris, Oct. 5, 1899. 
 
 Beazley, James Charles, b. 1850, at Ryde, 
 Isle of Wight, where he is living as a teacher 
 and composer. Pupil at the R. A. M. of H. C. 
 Banister, Steggall, Sterndale Bennett, and Jew- 
 
 649 
 
BELLASIS— COBB 
 
 Son. — Works: Cantatas Drusilda, Josiah, The 
 Red Dwarf, The Golden Flitch ; songs and part- 
 songs ; pieces f. violin and pf. (Elegy, 3 sona- 
 tinas, 6 Sketches, 6 Bagatelles, 6 Miniatures ; 
 etc.) ; pf.-pieces, and 35 studies f. pf.; other 
 instr.l music; also "Aids to the Violinist ; A 
 Short Treatise in Reference to Bow-marks." 
 
 Bellasis, Edward, English writer ; b. Jan. 
 28, 1852. Publ. " Cherubini : Memorials Illus- 
 trative of his Life" (London, 1874) ; also pf.- 
 music, several songs, etc. 
 
 Bellermann, Heinrich, ha; publ. (Berlin, 
 1899) a biography of his friend Ed. Aug. Grell. 
 
 Bevan, Frederick Charles, b. London, 
 July 3, 1856. Chorister and solo boy-soprano at 
 All Saints', Margaret St., London ; organ-pupil 
 of Willing and Hoyte, and organist in several 
 churches ; studied singing under Schira, Deacon, 
 and Walker, became Gentleman of the Chapel 
 Royal, Whitehall, in 1877, and at St. James's in 
 1888. Well-known bass concert-singer, and 
 composer of very popular songs : The Mighty 
 River, The Flight of Ages, My Angel, Watch- 
 ing and Waiting, etc. 
 
 Boedecker, Louis, died Hamburg, June 5, 
 1899. 
 
 Brandeis, Frederic, died New York, May 
 14, 1899. 
 
 Breslaur, Emil, died Berlin, July 27, 1899. 
 
 Brooks, Walter William, b. Edgbaston, 
 Birmingham, Engl., Mar. 19, 1861. Chorister 
 in St. Martin's Ch. ; pupil of King Edward's 
 School, and won first place in all England for 
 theory of music in the Oxford local exam.s; 
 pupil of Prout at the R. A. M., 1879-81, then 
 settling in London. Since 1889, teacher of pf. 
 and voice at the Wm. Ellis Endowed School. 
 Has written for the ' ' Monthly Mus. Record " 
 (which he edited for a time) ; " Mus. Opinion,'' 
 and the London " Figaro." — Works : Allegro f. 
 orch. (prize at Belfast, 1891) ; pieces f. violin 
 and pf. (op. 14, 48, 50) ; pf.-pieces (Prelude and 
 Fugue ; " The Family-circle," 12 charact. pieces ; 
 6 progressive studies) ; songs and part-songs. 
 
 Browne, Lennox, b. London, 1841. Eminent 
 surgeon and throat-specialist. — Publ. "The 
 Throat and its Diseases" (1878 ; 4th ed. 1893) ; 
 "Voice, Song and Speech ; a Complete Manual 
 for Singers and Speakers" (1883; 15th ed. , 
 1892 ; with E. Behnke) ; " The Child's Voice ; 
 Its Treatment with Regard to After-develop- 
 ment" (1885; w. Behnke); "Voice, Use, and 
 Stimulants " (1885) ; "Mechanism of Hearing" 
 (1889) ; " Science and Singing" (1884). 
 
 BuUard, Frederic Field, b. Boston, Mass., 
 Sept. 21, 1864. He renounced the study of 
 chemistry for music, taking a four-years' course 
 in composition under Rheinberger at Munich 
 (1888-92). He then settled in Boston as a 
 teacher of composition, and composer ; he was 
 mus. critic for "Time and the Hour," 1897-8. 
 Has publ. about 40 songs (" The Sword of Fer- 
 
 rara," " Beam from yonder star," " The Water- 
 lily," " 'Tis for my lady fair," "A June Lullaby," 
 "The Singer," "The Hermit," "Deprofundis," 
 etc.); also church-songs, hymn-anthems, duets, 
 and a score of four-part songs for male voices, 
 several of which are very popular. 
 
 Bunnett, Edward, b. Shipdham, Norfolk, 
 Engl., June 26, 1834. Chorister at Norwich 
 Cath., 1842 ; articled to Dr. Buck, 1849, and his 
 assistant 1855-77 ; then org. of St. Peter's, Man- 
 croft ; Borough Organist in 1880. Mus. Bac, 
 Cantab., 1857; Mus. Doc, 1869; F. C. 0., 
 1870. From 1871-92, cond. of the Norwich 
 Mus. Union ; organist of the Norwich Mus. 
 Festivals since 1872. — Works : De .profundis 
 (Norwich, 1880); services, anthems, etc.; the 
 caxitaia. Hhine land, f. sopr. solo, ch., and orch, 
 (Norw. Fest., 1872) ; cantata Lora (1876) ; come- 
 dietta Incognita (1892); "Victoria," f. sopr. 
 solo and chorus (1887) ; part-song " The Rhine 
 Maiden " (1884) ; — Andante and Rondo f. pf. 
 and orch.; pf.-trio ; duo f. pf. and clar. ; pf.- 
 pieces ; " 8 Organ-pieces" ; 6 original comp.s f. 
 organ ; 12 Short and Easy Pieces f. Organ ; 
 Largo, and Ave Maria, f. organ ; etc. 
 
 Burmeister, Richard. In i8g8 he succeeded 
 Scharwenka as director of the New York Scharw. 
 Cons. 
 
 Cantor, Otto, contemporary writer of vocal 
 music, now (1899) living in London. No details 
 obtainable. 
 
 Clarke, James Hamilton Smee, b. Bir- 
 mingham, Engl., Jan. 25, 1840. An organist at 
 12, he was apprenticed to a land-surveyor 1855- 
 61 ; then went over to music, held various posts 
 in Ireland, and in 1866 became organist of 
 Queen's College, Oxford, graduating Mus. Bac. 
 in 1867 ; he also cond. the Queen's Coll. Mus. 
 Soc. In 1872 he succeeded Sullivan as organist 
 of St. Peter's, S. Kensington ; became cond. , in 
 succession, at the Opera-Comique, Comedy, 
 Toole's, Gaiety, etc. ; of the D'Oyly Carte Com- 
 pany on tour (1878), and also from 1878 mus. 
 dir. at the Lyceum Th. , writing music for dramas 
 given by Irving. From 1889-go, cond. of the 
 Victorian National Orch. (Australia). In 1893, 
 first cond. of the Carl Rosa Company. Has 
 publ. about 400 works, inch incid. music to 
 Hamlet, Merchant of Venice, King Lear, The 
 Corsican Brothers, etc.; operettas and comedi- 
 ettas for the German Reed Company Entertain- 
 ments ; School-cantatas and -operettas ; sacred 
 cantata Praise ; 8-part anthem The Lord is my 
 Light, op. 44 (won prize of Coll. of Organists, 
 1864) ; much other church-music ; songs and 
 part-songs ; — 2 symphonies, 6 overtures, a pf.- 
 concerto, op. 78 ; a pf. -quartet ; string-quartets; 
 organ-music (6 sonatas ; 3 Andantes ; 3 Offer- 
 tories ; 3 Pieces, op. 348) ; etc. 
 
 Cobb, Gerard Francis, b. Nettlestead, Kent, 
 Engl., Oct. 15, 1838.' Fellow of Trinity Col- : 
 lege, Cambridge, 1863 ; studied music at Dres-i 
 den. Pres. of Cambridge Univ. Mus. Soe. 
 
 650 
 
COWARD— HANDEL 
 
 1874-84 ; Chairman o£ the Univ. Board of Mus. 
 Studies, 1877-92.— Works : Psalm 62, f. soli, 
 ch., and orch. (Ripon Cath., 1892); 7 church- 
 services, incl. a full Morning, Evening, and 
 i.Communion Service f. men's voices, comp. by 
 request for the choir of St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor ; motet Surge illuminare (1887); prize 
 madrigal " Sleeping Beauty," a 6 ; a prize glee 
 "A Message to Phylhs," a 4 ; numerous songs 
 and ballads (especially Kipling's " Barrack-room 
 Ballads"); a pf. -quintet, op. 22 ; suite f. violin 
 and pf. ; pf.-suite, "Voices of the Sea " ; etc. 
 
 Coward, Henry, b. Liverpool, Nov. 26, 
 1849. Graduate of the Tonic Sol-fa College ; 
 Mus. Bac, Oxon., 1889; Mus. Doc, 1894; 
 Lecturer on music. Firth Coll.; singing-teacher 
 at the Girls' High School, Sheffield ; cond. of 
 the Amateur Instr.l Soc, and of the Mus. 
 Union, at Sheffield ; chorus-master of the Shef- 
 field Festival, 1896. — Works : Cantatas Magna 
 Charta, 1882 ; Queen Victoria, 1885 ; The Story 
 of Bethany, 1891 ; The King's Error, 1894 ; 
 Heroes of Faith, 1895 ; and The Fairy Mirror, 
 f. female voices, with tableaux vivants ; also 
 anthems, songs, Sunday-school songs, hymns, 
 etc. 
 
 Crowest, Frederick J., b. London, 1850. 
 Organist and precentor at Christ Church, Kil- 
 burn, and choirmaster of St. Mary's, Somers 
 Town. Has comp. church-music and songs. — 
 Writings: "The Great Tone-Poets" (1874); 
 "Book of Musical Anecdotes" (1878 ; 2 vol.s) ; 
 "Phases of Musical England" (1881) ; " Musi- 
 cal History and Biography in the Form of Ques- 
 tion and Answer " (1883) ; " Advice to Singers"; 
 "Musical Groundwork"; " Cherubini " (in 
 "Great Musicians .Series"); "Dictionary of 
 British Musicians " (1895) ; "The Story of Brit- 
 ish Music" (Vol. i, 1895). 
 
 Cui, C6sar. His last opera, Sarazin (text 
 after Dumas' "Charles VII chez ses grands 
 vasseaus"), was prod, at St. Petersburg, Nov., 
 iSgg, with decided success. 
 
 Cur»7en, John Spencer, son of the Rev. 
 John C; b. Plaistow, 1847. Pupil of his father 
 and G. Oakey ; later of G. A. Macfarren, Sulli- 
 van, and Prout, at the R. A. M. Active pro- 
 moter of the Tonic Sol-fa system, and of vocal 
 teaching in the schools ; Pres. of the Tonic Sol- 
 fa College in 1880. Active contributor to the 
 "Tonic Sol-fa Reporter" (now the "Musical 
 Herald"). Has publ. "Studies in Worship- 
 Music" (1880), and a 2nd series of do. (1885) ; 
 "Memorials of John Curwen " (1882); " Musi- 
 cal Notes in Paris" (1882) ; etc. 
 *i)avies, Ben, was born at Ponardawe, n. 
 Swansea, Wales, Jan. 6, 1858. [C/. London 
 "Mus. Times " for August, 1899.] 
 
 Davies, David Ffrangcon, baritone, b. 
 
 JjBethesda, Carnarvonshire, Dec. 11, i860. Took 
 
 fegree of M.A. at Oxford and rec. orders in the 
 
 Ch. of England ; then studied at Guildhall Sch., 
 
 London, and under W. Shakespeare ; debut at 
 
 Manchester in i8go. Was for some time with 
 Carl Rosa Co. in Engl, opera ; has also sung much 
 in oratorio. Several visits to the United States. 
 De Mol, Pierre, died Alost, Belgium, July 
 12, 1899, as director of the Music-School, and 
 m. de chap, at St. Martin's Church. 
 
 Erdmannsdorffer, Pauline {nie Oprawnik ; 
 called Fichtner after her adoptive father); b. 
 Vienna, June 28, 1847. Excellent pianist, pupil 
 of Liszt 1870-1 ; court pianist at Weimar and 
 Darmstadt. Married Max E. in 1874. 
 
 Errani, Achille, b. Italy, 1823 (?) ; d. New 
 York, Jan., 1897. Tenor opera-singer, pupil 
 of Vaccai. He was the teacher of Minnie 
 Hauck, Emma Abbott, Emma Thursby, etc. 
 
 Foley [ " Foli " ], Allan James, died South- 
 port, Engl., Oct. 20, 1899. 
 
 Fuchs, Johann Nepumuk, died Vienna, 
 Oct. 5, 1899. 
 
 Gade, N. W. In list of works, op. 43 should 
 be " FantasiestUcke f. clar. or violin w. pf." ; 
 and op. 49, Zion, " Concertstuck " f. baritone 
 solo, ch., and orch. 
 
 Garcia. The given pronunciation (gar'-shah) 
 is usual in Germany and England ; the correct 
 Spanish pronunciation is " gar-the'-ah." The 
 name is also sometimes pronounced "gar-se'-ah." 
 
 Gibsone, Guillaume-Ignace, b. London, 
 about 1826. Pianist ; pupil of Moscheles ; con- 
 cert-giver in Brussels, 1845 ; German tour in 
 1846 ; settled in London as a teacher and com- 
 poser in 1850. — Works : 3 cantatas, an opera, 
 and 2 symphonies (MS.); sonata f. pf. and vio- 
 lin ; numerous pf. -pieces (Polonaise ; "Medita- 
 tions," 24 numbers ; Chanson a boire ; Chanson 
 d'amour ; 4 Sketches; etc.); songs ("Sweet 
 hour of Eventide " ; " My lady sleeps " ; etc.). 
 
 Grell, Eduard August. Excellent biogra- 
 phy by H. Bellermann (Berlin, 1899), 
 
 Grfitry. Last line of art. (on p. 234), for 
 Brunei read Brenet. 
 
 Hadow, William Henry, b. Ebrington, 
 Gloucestershire, Engl., Dec. 27, 1859. Studied 
 pf.-playing at Darmstadt (1882), and comp. with 
 Dr. Lloyd at Oxford (1884-5), graduating Mus. 
 Bac. i8go ; Fellow and Tutor, Worcester Coll., 
 1888 ; lecturer on mus. form (for Stainer) 1890- 
 2 ; editor of a series of works on Mus. History 
 for the Clarendon Press. Has publ. "Studies 
 in Modern Music " (1892), 2nd series, 1894 ; 
 also a hymn, "Who are these?" f. soli, ch., 
 strings, and organ ; cantata The Soul's Pilgriin- 
 age ; prize-anthem " When I was in trouble"; 
 songs ; string-quartet ; pf.-trio ; 2 sonatas f. pf. 
 and violin ; a sonata f. pf. and viola ; 2 pf. -so- 
 natas ; etc. 
 
 Hall^n, Anders. His last opera is Walde- 
 viar (Stockholm, Apr. 8, 1899 ; v. succ.) 
 
 Handel. On p. 249, 1. 5, for Christian read 
 Christopher. 
 
 651 
 
HAYDN— MOFFAT 
 
 Haydn. The latest biography is that by Dr. 
 Leopold Schmidt (Berlin, 1899). 
 
 Haynes, Walter Battison, b. Kempsey, 
 Worcester, Engl., 1859. Pupil of Leipzig Cons. 
 Org. of St. Philip's, Sydenham, 1884 ; do. of the 
 Chapel Royal, Savoy, in 1891, succeeding H. F. 
 Frost. In l8go, prof, of harm, and comp. at the 
 R.A.M. — Works : Additional accomp.s to Han- 
 del's Chandos Anthem ; 2 cantatas f. female 
 voices. The Fairies' Isle, and A Sea Dream ; a 
 communion service ; other church-music ; duets 
 and songs ; " Idyl " f. violin and orch.; Prelude 
 and Fugue f. 2 pf.s. ; organ-sonata ; other organ- 
 music. 
 
 Hellmesberger, Georg, Sr. Line 9, /ijr titu- 
 lar prof. , read prof, extraordinary. 
 
 Hertel, Peter. Retired in 1893 ; d. in Ber- 
 lin, June 14, 1899. 
 
 Houdard, Georges, contemporary French 
 writer, has publ. 2 important wrorks explanatory 
 of neume-notation : ' ' L'art dit gregorien d'apres 
 la notation neumatique " (Paris, 1897), and " Le 
 Rythme du chant dit gregorien d'apres la nota- 
 tion neumatique " (l8g8 ; with an Appendix, 
 1899). His exposition is said to be clear and 
 convincing. 
 
 Jadassohn, Salomon. His latest book is 
 " Das Tonbewusstsein. Die Lehre vom musi- 
 kalischen Hbren" (Leipzig, 1899). 
 
 Joachim, Joseph. Biography by Andreas 
 Moser : " J. J. , ein Lebensbild " (1899). 
 
 Kienzl, Wilhelm. His opera Don Quichote 
 was prod, at Berlin, Nov. 18, 1898. 
 
 La Tombelle, Fernand de. See Tombelle, 
 DE LA, in body of Dictionary. 
 
 Leschetitzky \not Leschetitzki], Theodor, 
 is now (1899) living in Wiesbaden. 
 
 Lohr, Richard Harvey, b. Leicester, Engl. , 
 June 13, 1856. Pupil of Prout, Sullivan, and 
 Holmes, at the R.A.M., winning Lucas medal 
 twice (1877, '78); also Potter Exhibitioner, and 
 Santley Prizeholder (1879). Organist at St. 
 James's, Marylebone. Has also appeared as a 
 concert-pianist since 1882. — Works : Oratorio 
 The Queen of Sheba ; services, anthems, etc.; 
 part-songs; songs; a pf. -quartet ; a Ballade, op. 
 3, f. 'cello and pf. ; Duo concertante, op. 13, f. 
 do.; a Caprice, op. 11, and a Cavatina, op. 14, 
 f . violin and pf . ; " The Window," 12 pf .-pieces ; 
 etc.; — "Primer" of the rudiments of music 
 (1882) ; " Principia of Music " (i8go) ; etc. 
 
 Lott, Edwin Matthew, b. St. Helier, Jer- 
 sey, Jan. 31, 1836. Anorganistat 10, he studied 
 under Best 1851-2 ; was organist of various Lon- 
 don churches, and lived in Jersey 1865-70 ; has 
 been org. at St. Sepulchre's, Holborn, since 1883. 
 — Works : A church-cantata, services, anthems, 
 etc.; songs ("Into the Silent Land," "The 
 Fairy Wedding," etc.) ; about 300 pf. -pieces, in- 
 cluding a sonata, a IBourree, a Minuet, and 55 
 Finger-inventions in all keys ; organ-pieces ; 
 
 catechisms f . piano and harmony ; and a Dic- 
 tionary of Mus. Terms. 
 
 Lucas, Clarence, b. in Canada, 1866. Pupil 
 of Dubois in the Paris Cons. — Works, : 2 operas, 
 Anne Hathaway, and The Money Spider (Mati- 
 nee Th., London, 1897); also pf.-pieces, and 
 songs. 
 
 Lussan, Z^lie de, dramatic soprano ; b. New 
 York, 1863. Taught by her motheTr, an opera- 
 singer. Concert-debut at 16, in the Academy of 
 Music ; stage-debut with the Boston Ideal Opera 
 Company, 1885 ; she sang several seasons with 
 that troupe, and then went to London, where 
 she was eng. (1889) for the Carl Rosa company. 
 Roles : Arline {Bohemian Girl), Zerlina, Car- 
 men, Mignon, Fille du regiment, Marion {La 
 Vivandihre), etc. 
 
 Marpurg, Fr. Wilh. In enumerating his writ- 
 ings the following were inadvertently omitted ; 
 " Historisch-kritische Beytrage zur Aufnahme 
 der Musik " (5 vol.s ; 1754-62 ; 1782 ; appeared 
 irregularly); " Kritische Einleitung in die Ge- 
 schichte und Lehrsatze der alten und neuen Mu- 
 sik " (1759 ; only on ancient music) ; and "Kri- 
 tische Briefe Uber die Tonkunst " (a weekly pub- 
 lication appearing 1759-63, covering many im- 
 portant points in mus. science and art). 
 
 Massenet, J. E. F. Opera Cendrillon prod. 
 1899. 
 
 Mertz, Joseph Kasper, distinguished guitar- 
 player ; b. Pressburg, Hungary, Aug. 17, 1806 ; 
 d. Vienna, Oct. 14, 1856. His parents were 
 poor, and he was early obliged to give music- 
 lessons to support himself. In 1840 he took part 
 in a concert at Vienna ; then made a tour through 
 Moravia, Silesia, Poland, and Prussia (Royal 
 Th., Berlin); gave concerts in 1842 at Dresden, 
 where he met and married the piano-virtuoso 
 Josephine Plantin, with whom he played in 
 Chemnitz, Leipzig, Dresden, and Prague, when 
 ill-health compelled his return to Vienna (Feb., 
 1843). There they played before the Empress, 
 and settled as music-teachers ; gave several con- 
 certs in 1851 ; made a trip to Salzburg in 1853, 
 again playing before the Empress, King Ludwig 
 of Bavaria, and other notabilities, performing 
 some duos for guitar and pf. of their own com- 
 position, and giving two more successful con- 
 certs. After this, M.'s health failed rapidly. 
 
 Moffat, Alfred Edward, b. Edinburgh, Dec. 
 4, 1866. Pupil of L. Bussler at Berlin, 18B2-88. 
 Composer, residing in London and Germany in 
 turn. — Works : Cantatas (f. female or children's 
 voices) The Passing Year, The Dressing of the 
 Well, The Children of Samuel, A Christmas 
 Dream ; album of ten trios f . female voices ; 
 many duets and duettinos ; 12 sacred rounds ; 8 
 books of school-songs ; songs, etc. — a pf.-quar- 
 tet ; pieces f . violin and pf. (24 pieces ; Album 
 of 12 pieces ; Album of 6 pieces) ; pieces f. 'cello 
 and pf. (12 salon-pieces ; 12 pieces ; a sonata) ; 
 many vocal arrangements ("The Minstrelsie of 
 
 652 
 
MOLLENHAUER— WAGNER 
 
 sScotland," " Folk-songs of England,'' etc.) ; also 
 instr.l arrangements, chiefly of classical pieces. 
 
 Mol'lenhauer, Emil, son of Friedrich M.; b. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 4, 1855. A violinist, he 
 appeared at the old Niblo's Garden, New York, 
 in his ninth year ; joined the orch. of Booth's 
 Th. a little later, and when about 16 entered Th. 
 Thomas's orch. as one of the 1st violins, remain- 
 ing here about 8 years. He then joined the 
 Damrosch Orch. , and a few years later became 
 a member of the Bijou Th. orch. at Boston ; was 
 1st violin in the Boston Symphony Orch. 1884-8, 
 then assuming the conductorship of the Germania 
 and Boston Festival Orchestras, touring the 
 country every year with the latter with famous 
 vocal and instrumental soloists (Calve, Nordica, 
 Melba ; Campanari, Planyon, Ben Davies ; Rum- 
 mel, Joseffy, Ysaye, Marteau). In 1899 he was 
 elected conductor of the Boston Handel and 
 Haydn Society, succeeding Mr. Lang. 
 
 Moszko^ira. The preferable spelling of the 
 name given as ' ' Moszkva " in this Dictionary. 
 
 Mozart. Cf. Pressel, G. A. 
 
 Prentice, Thomas. Properly Thomas Rid- 
 ley Prentice. 
 
 Rinck, J. C. H. In list of works, add op. 
 loi as the ist annual issue of the ' ' Choral- 
 freund." — The error made by Fetis (and copied 
 by Riemann and Shedlock), of assigning op. 78 
 to " preludes" and also to " variations on cho- 
 rals," was discovered too late for correction. 
 
 Rowbotham, John Frederick, b. Edin- 
 burgh, Apr. iS, 1854. Took the Balliol Schol- 
 
 arship, Oxford, at the age of 18 ; studied music 
 there, and at the Stern Cons., Berlin, for 3 
 years, also at Dresden, Paris, and Vienna. He 
 travelled on the Continent to collect materials 
 for his "History of Music," publ. in 3 vols. 
 (London, 1885-7); has also publ. "How to 
 write music correctly" (1889); " Private Life of 
 Great Composers" (1892) ; " The Troubadours, 
 and the Courts of Love " (1895); the mus. articles 
 in Chambers's "Encyclopaedia," and many pa- 
 pers in leading periodicals ; has comp. a mass f. 
 double choir w. orch. ; and songs. 
 
 Schmidt, Arthur P., music-publisher ; b. 
 Altona, Germany, Apr. i, 1846. He went to 
 Boston, Mass., in 1865, and entered the music- 
 business of Geo. D. Russell & Co. In 1876 he 
 established a business of his own, which now 
 has branches in New York and Leipzig, and 
 which has won prominence more especially by 
 its publication of the works of American com- 
 posers. 
 
 Schmidt, Dr. Leopold, has written the latest 
 biography gf " Josef Haydn" (Berlin, 1899). 
 
 Strauss, Ludwig, died Cambridge, Engl., 
 Oct. 23, 1899. 
 
 Vannuccini. The preferable spelling of this 
 name ; which is also written " Vanuccini " and 
 " Vannucini." 
 
 Wagner, Richard. To the list of explana- 
 tory works add " Handlung und Dichtung der 
 Buhnenwerke R. W.'s nach ihren Grundlagen 
 in Sage und Geschichte dargestellt," by von der 
 Pfordten (Berlin, 1899). hXsacf. art. Tappert, 
 WlLHELM (" Wagner-Lexicon " ). 
 
 65.3