5K 113/ The Amnon Libi\ary, COLLECTED BY CHARLES ANTHON, Professor of" Gi-reek and tiatin in Colixmbia College. Purchased Inj Cornell University, 1868. Date Due 1.1f!r.K ^ IflfiO^- ^ lntfirlit)r jrv loaR -iSUi EniW "^HSSd f ,JatM -Ofi Cornell University Library SK 291.A77 1831 Arrian on coursing.The Cynegeticus of th 3 1924 012 419 879 on„,..,i »1 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012419879 §ttian on OTtiurfting* THE CYNEGETICUS OF THE YOUNGER XENOPHON, TRANSLATED TKOM THE GREEK, WITH CLASSICAL AND PRACTICAL ANNOTATIONS, AND A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF THE AUTHOR. TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CANES VENATICI OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY. BY A GRADUATE OF MEDICINE. Wlift) IBmtelltBljments from tDe antipe. LONDON : J. BOHN, 17, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCXXXI. I i,.ua'i.O' .^H-^^firtC". €too l^unUrelr anlr jfittvi Copies of tfjts Jiaorft are lltintelr. <^ EX ^DIBUS VALPIANIS. .s> Tl'lC foil'!)) wiling" W'loil'iiv /v /'^-/ 6,1' vr^u'a / sis:^ mwt:e0:m. ^ t ") Dat mihi pTwteren , tanqiiam se. pax-Ta, d.&dis»cl Dona., caftcTn imuniis, q\L&T!o- cuku sua, t rader et ilK C'viittiia, carrendo superabit dixerat oimTtes l>Lit siTn-ul et iacuiu-wi; majiiJoui q^uod (cemi.s') liai>emxis. OMd Jlcla;^, Z.W atJKi-Ui, aneum; PREFACE. Nee desinat unqtiam Tecum Giaia loqui tecum Koinana vetuatas. — Claudian. The following version does not aim at pleasing the mere literary man. It was not undertaken with the ambitious expectation of being generally acceptable. It is addressed to the coursing public alone — to the amateurs of the leash ; for whom the original was written, seventeen centuries ago, . by their representative of old, a courser of Nicomedia in Asia Minor ; and for whose amusement and instruction the same now assumes an English garb. The general reader will find little in it to interest him. He will perhaps consider it altogether unworthy of his notice. The sportsman, fond of the musical confasion Of hounds and echo in conjunction, will read it with indifference, as treating of a branch of rural sport, not congenial to his taste ; and wonder that an attempt should be 'made to bring under public notice so ancient a treatise on a subject of such partial interest. But the courser, A 2 PREFACE. it is humbly conceived, the active patron of the xu'vsj KsXrixa), proud of his greyhounds, that are as swift As breathed atags, aye fleeter than the roe, will peruse it con amore, and find in its pages much that is entertaining and practically useful, and that utihty enhanced in the department of annotation. The literary courser, v^hose attention it more particularly solicits, vnll reap the additional benefit of the light which is thrown on Arrian's text by the ancient authors of Greece and Rome ; and be ready to yield to the translator the humble merit of having collected in one point of view the classical elucidations of the Cynegeticus,^ and the pertinent observations of writers of a later period. Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata libelli ! The original manual is conversant with coursing, as practised in the age of Hadrian and the Antonini, at which period the Celtic hound was well known, and highly prized : but the annotations of the translator have a more extensive range, being selected from various Cynegetica in print and manuscript, from the first institution of coursing to the present time.^ 1. The editors of the Greek libellus confine their remarks almost exclusively to critical annotations on the text. Indeed Holstein's edition has no notes ; Blancard's, only a few marginal emendations; and Zeune's and Schneider's, -very few parallel passages. Such classical citations, therefore, as are adduced by the translator, are for the most part of novel application. 2. The quotations from the Cynegeticus of Xenophon the elder refer to the chase- practices and kennel -discipline of Greece, antecedent to the institution of coursing. PREFACE. J The imperfect poem of Gratius, the Faliscian, on hunting, Gratii Falisci Cyneg.vs.203. and the often-cited simile of his contemporary Ovid, afford Ovid. Metam. L.I. vs. 533. et the earhest notice of the canis Gallicus — for he was unknown L. vn. vs. 78i. to ancient Greece.^ The description of a single-handed course by the poet of the Metamorphoses, as it is the first attempt of the kind by any classic author, so is it unrivalled in the accuracy of its technical phraseology, and the beauty of its poetry. Intermediate in point of time between the vivid Ovidian sketch, and the full and perfect picture of Arrian, are the faint outlines of the epigrammatist Martial: and Martial. L.m. Epig. 47. et subsequent to the Bithynian's, the somewhat doubtful por- L- xiv. Epig. trait of the philologist Julius Pollux, presented to the Emperor PoUuc. Ono- mast. L.v. Prffif. Commodus ; and yet later, that of Oppian, the Greek poet Oppian. Cyneg. L.I. vs. 401. of Anazarbus, of the reigns of Severus and Caracalla. — 1. This statement is limited to classical authors alone ; the Bihlical scholar might possibly arraign its accuracy, if made more general ; though it scarce needs qualifi- cation to suit the doubtful interpretation of the Hebrew text of Proverbs ch. xxx. ver. 31 . No allusion occurring elsewhere in the sacred volume to dogs of the chase, though many to the earlier varieties of Venation with predatory instruments, it is improbable that the words of Agur to his pupils Ithiel and Ucal should refer to the most uncom- mon of the canine tribe, the canis Leporarius, Gallicus, or Verlragus. The Hebrew expression, however, for " accinctus lumbis," " girt in the loins," as explained in Bocharti Hie- . , 1 , T • , , . ■ , . rozoic. L. II. u. the margin of the English version, is understood by J ewish lexicographers to desig- j^^ j nate the greyhound, and is so rendered in the English text. But with the learned Bochart (Praefat. ad Lectorem — wherein he corrects a few errors of the body of his work, and gives his latest and most mature opinions on certain Scriptural difficulties — a part of his writings apparently overlooked by modem annotators, to the farther propagation of error) I should rather understand the horse to be the animal alluded to " equum intelligi malim, qui non soliim expedite, sed et superbe, et cum pomp^ Ejusdem Prs- quSldam incedit: et lumbos habet cinguU vel zon^ vere succinctos. Quod an de lat.adLectorem. cane dici possit valde ambigo." After all, perhaps, no particular animal may have been intended by the son of Jakeh. The term may have a general reference to any animal of the frame alluded to — " substricta gerens — ilia — " The chapter containing Ovid. Metam. the passage in question is not found in the Septuagint; indeed the Greek version of "'• the LXX. terminates with the 29th chapter. PREFACE. In these authors alone do we find any allusion to the courser's hound, till towards the close of the third century, when he Nemesian. Cy- again appears in the Cynegeticon of Nemesian; who has reg. ™. 100. & ft' ■! <= J. c \,- cleverly struck out in a few lines the elegant symmetry ot tiis shape, and added thereto some peculiar remarks on the selec- tion, feeding, and entrance of puppies. With the scanty por- traiture of the Carthaginian poet we are brought down to the Ejusd. vs. 64. reigns of Carus, his sons, " Divi fortissima pignora Cari," and Diocletian : at which epoch, memorable alike in the annals of the world and its literature, the classical history of the leash may be said to terminate, and therewith all notice of the Celtic hound.' We have no ancient records of tJie chase ^ to succeed the 1. In the 27th oration of Themistius, the eclectic philosopher of Paphlagonia, a passage occurs, which, as far as merely mentioning Celtic dogs by name, may be said to prolong the notice to the fourth century. The whole passage, as illustrative of the author's subject, " non Iqca attendenda sed homines," is curious and worthy of Themistii Oral, citation — So-tis Se ayair^ jcvpas, Toira: TpoiXts liiv m-^/ua, Kol KeATOi, Kol AcS/coiKoi XXVII. (XKihaKes- SdKvet Si aMv Kol ri KaaroplSuv ipiAov, Kol xb 'ApKoSiKhv aiirh, Kol rb Kpij- Tmbc, ah (piais rSv 6nplai/ 4\4yxf^i' Tar tvi/as koto r^v iSic iwuriroinivats. ov iropiiifie- TCH Se ouSe rhs oIkol (ncvXajc^vSelcras, el fi^re k6J\.Kovs eKehtiiv idyn axiniTos Xei- TToii'To. In favour of the greyhound being here cited, it may be remarked that the Bith'ynian courser calls the Celtic dog iiiya Kx^jia (cap. xxxii.) and his shape KaK6v Ti xprifiaj and derives his name dirb t^s wKiSrijTffS, as the characteristic distinction of tlie race. See some remarks on the " Canes Scolici " of Symniachus hereafter. 2. The Cynosophiura alone, a Greek work " de Cur^ Canura," breaks the silence of many centuries. It is supposed to have been compiled, about the year 1270, bj Demetrius of Constantinople, author of the first treatise " de Re AccipitrariSl," and physician to the Emperor Michael Falaeologus. To what is borrowed from the two Xenophons, nothing is added of novelty or interest, save in the department of canine pathology ; indeed it is almost entirely confined to kennel-management and thera- peutics. No notice is taken of any variety of dog by name. The reader, who may wish to consult its medical nostroms, will find the treatise attached to the " Rei Acci- pitrarisB Scriptores'' of Rigaltius (Lutetia; mdcxii.) and to the " Poetae Venatici" of Johnson (Londini mdcxcix.). PREFACE. Greek and Latin Cynegetica ; for though it be true that the barbarian codes of law, the Sahc, Burgundian, and German, Spelman. Gloss. ' ' b ' ' pp. 113. et extended their protection to our variety of Canis Venaticus, G^ioaj^jn ^ °e^* about the year 500, under the title of Veltris and its synonyms ; and some of the Cynegetical writers appear to have been well knovra in the dark ages, and so highly valued in the eighth century, as to be read among the higher Greek and Roman classics, in the time of Charlemagne ; and we believe coursing and other sports were as attractive in the field, as the writers upon such subjects were in the schools, (for the court of this prince had its Veltrarii, officers of the greyhound-kennel, " qui voce. veltres custodiebant,") still, instead of any formal treatise of this date upon the pastime of the leash, we find for several centuries, only incidental allusions to the greyhound, and his high repute, principally as distinctive of the gentility of his possessor, until the publication of " The Booke of Hawkyng, Huntyng, &c." by Dame Juliana Berners, in the fifteenth century. The didactic discourse of hunting, contained in this volume, Haslewood's commonly known by its territorial appellation of " The Book Prolegomena to •' ■^ ^^ Book of St. Al- of St. Albans," may be an amplified versification of the prosaic ^^°^- " Venery of Mayster John GyfFord and Will™ Twety, that were with Kyng Edward the Secunde j" or possibly a compila- tion and translation by the sister of Lord Berners, or the " one sumtyme schole mayster of Seynt Albons " from earher Latin Warton's Hist. •' J J of Engl. Poetry, and French writers : but such authorities are as yet, I believe, ^o'- "• P- '^2. unknown to Antiquaries. Excepting, therefore, the few lines, before alluded to, in the latest of the Latin Cynegetica, and the earher portrait of Oppian, which I consider referable to the 6 PREFACE. hound in question, it may be said that we do not possess m Book of St. Al- print any full description of "the propritees of a good Gre- hounde" Ix tmv mZHv I5 t^v xsipaX^v, from the time ot tne learned Courser of Nicomedia, till that of the sporting prioress of Sopewell. Not that I am ignorant of the curious early treatise of Gaston Phoebus, the celebrated Comte de Foix, written in the middle of the fourteenth century, entitled " Des Deduitz de la Ms. Cotton. Chasse de Bestes Sauvaiges et des Oyseaux de Proye ; " nor Vesp. B. xu. Brit. Mus. of a more rare work in manuscript, Clje lEap^tCt Of ©ame, Henry VI. pt. composed by Edmund Duke of York, " Edmund Langley, Edward the Third's fifth son," in the latter part of the four- teenth century; and therefore, in point of date, claiming a priority to the book of St. Albans, as do, of course, the lucu- brations of the Second Edward's attendants before mentioned. But these enchiridia of field sports preceded the Sopewell col- lection only a few years ; and in the Count de Foix's manual, as given by Fouilloux under the title of " La Chasse du Roy Phebus," there is nothing on our subject worth noticing. Ms. ut supra. In ^])t Crafte Of Jlontpnu ^ by Gyfford and Twety, the grey- hound is mentioned only once ; and hare-coursing is not re- corded at all. Hardyng's The unpublished labours of the Duke of York, * " Ed- Clironicle. monde, hyght of Langley," contain much.original and valuable I. The Craftt of J^Olttsnj is supposed to be a version by GyiFord from a more ancient work by Twety 6r Twici — " Le art de Venerie le quelMaistre Guillaiue Twici Venour leRoy d'Angleterre fist en son temps per aprandre autres." The greyhound ^ , Tj I is mentioned fol, 4. of ilolDinj. " Whanamanhath setuparcherysand greyhoundes, Poetry, V. n. and the becsl be founde and passe out the boundys, and myne houndes aftir," &c. 221. 2. These instructions were written for Henry Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. PREFACE. 7 information: and it is to be regretted that it is not rendered more available to coursers by being committed to the press. With copious general descriptions of our ancient field-sports, and animals obnoxious to the chase, CfjC M&^^ttt Of «3ame unites specific delineations of the shape of each variety of canis venaticus, employed by British sportsmen of past days, with occasional references to the chace practices of foreign countries " by yonde the see." The chapter o£ grejljounbesf anb Of ])ttt nature, as cited hereafter in illustration of Arrian, will be read with pleasure. Indeed the Duke's portrait of the Celtic hound is even more minutely accurate and precise than its Grecian prototype, and i)tt mantlCl*^ as they are quaintly termed, and briefly sketched in the royal Cynegeticus, establish many of the remarks of the younger Xenophonwepi Tijf yvrnjuiif TUtV xvvcov. Still Dame Julyan's compilation being, at least, the first of the kind that issued from the English press, and the type of our modern works of Venery, may be viewed as the earliest attempt, since the revival of letters, to certify by intelligible canons, the corporeal characteristics of a good greyhound. With the tra- ditionary dogmata of Sir Tristrem de Liones,^ who was the re- puted " begynner of all the termes of huntynge and hawkynge," it incorporates the accumulated knowledge of many centuries. 1. The " Morte Arthur" tells us, that " Tristrem laboured ever in bunting and Scott's Sir hawking so that we never read of no gentleman more that so used himself tberein," -Instrem. &c. and in the rich poetry of Spenser, the knight informs Sir Calidore, my most delight hath always been To hunt the salvage chace, amongst my peers, Of all that rangeth in the forest green. Of which none is to me unknown, that ever yet was seen. 8 PEEFACE. Script. iUust. And the Damei being no ordinary personage—" Illustns foe- M. B. auct. I. I ■•« BaieoCeiit.8. mlna, Corporis et animi dotibus abundans, ac tormse eieganiia oidys in Bio- spectabilis — heroica mulier, ingeniosa virago" — "a second graph. Bntan- '^ . . • v nica, in voce Minerva in her studies, and another Diana in her diversions Caxton, note. her contemporaries would doubtless receive a cynegetical trea- tise from her cloister at Sopewell, with gratitude and admi- ration. After the publication of the book of St. Albans, other cyne- getica poetical and prosaic, in various languages, followed in rapid succession ; of which the earUest in my possession are from the presses of Aldus and Feyerabendi ; but collectively they afford very scanty instruction on the history and practice of the leash. Venat. Hercu- The Epiccdium of the Florentine poet, Hercules Stroza, ad- lis Strozae, &c. i i i n i i c Francofort. drcsscd to the Duchess of Ferrara ; the hendecasyllables ot 1582. Adrian. Card!- Adrian Castellesi, and the quatrains of John Adam Lonicer, nal. Venat. Al- dus, 1534. with their accompanying: " icones artificiosissimse ad vivum Venat. et Au- , tr J a cup. per J. A. expressse," add nothing to our stock of information. And the Lonicer. Fran- ' ° cof.1582. same may be said of the chaste cynegetical eclogues, " Sarnis cundi Soiitari- ^^ Vibumus," of Petrus Lotichius Secundus, ensis Poem. ' ' omnia.Burman- uiAmstel.1754. . . . . Qui citbaia pnnius, qm pnmus carminis arte Inter erat vates, Teutonis ora, tuos. 1. The Biographia Biitannica is amusingly severe in its strictures on the renowned Mrs. Barnes, and her incongruous occupations in the field and cloister. " There Biograph. Brit, appears such a motley masquerade — such an indistinctness of petticoat and breeches, note, Caxton, — such a problem and conoorporation of sexes, according to the image that arises out "* ' of the several representations of this religious sportswoman or virago, that one can scarcely consider it, without thinking Sir Tristram, the old monkish forester, and Juliana, the matron of the nuns, had united to confirm Jolm Cleveland's ' Canonical Hermaphrodite.' " PREFACE. ■' I have in vain examined the four books of " Natalis Comes Natal. Comesde Venatione Aldi de Venatione" for more than the name of the canis Celticus — fii.Venet. issi. probably to be interpreted of the war-dog of Gaul, rather than the Vertragus. The Cynegeticon of Peter Angelio, commonly called, from Petri AngeUi Bargaii Poema- his Tuscan birth-place, Bargseus, is said to have been the '» omnia. Fio- '^ ' & ' rent. 1568. labour of twenty years. It is a splendid specimen of modern Latinity, in beautiful Virgilian hexameters, to which the lite- rary courser will award their merited meed of praise. The most approved shape of the " canis cursor " is correctly por- trayed, with a reference to the fabulous tale of the Ovidian Lselaps. Nor has the poet disdained to enter on the minute and necessary details of breeding, and kenneling the pack. Indeed the whole of his fifth book is devoted to the " blanda canum soboles ; " and the reader will find incorporated in the instructions therein given, nearly all the arcana of the Greek and Latin Cynegetica, excepting those of Arrian's Manual, which do not appear to have been known to the poet of Barga. He employs the greyhound in coursing the fox, wolf, deer, and goat ; but gives no description of hare-coursing in any of the six books of his Cynegeticon ; nor in the eclogues entitled " Venatoria," forming part of the fifth book of his " Carmina." Had the manuscript of Arrian's Cynegeticus been known to him, he would, doubtless, have entered as fully into hare- coursing, as he has into every other variety of chase. Of Conrad Heresbach's compendium of fishing, fowling, c. Heresbaciiii Compendium and hunting, ^ attached to his larger work " de Re Rustic^,," I TbereuticiE uni- versae. 1. Should the reader meet with any extracts from the Compendium in the subse- quent annotations, they are to be received on the authority of Conrad Gesner, from whose " Historia Quadrupedum " they are selected. The same learned work has B 10 PEEFACE. have in vain endeavoured to procure a copy. It is a prosaic vyork, treating more of animal history, as I am informed, than of venation : still as this abbreviator of the labours of his prede- cessors was a man of various acquirements, and extensive erudi- tion, it would have been satisfactory to me to have examined his " Compendium Thereuticee Universse ; " or at least the first part of it, devoted to the hunting of terrestrial animals. H. Fracastorii The Alcon of Fracastor is in every one's hands ; being AlcoQ, sea de Cura Canum. annexed to the editions of the Poetse Venatici by Johnson and Kempher. It contains nothing on the subject of coursing. M. A. Blondi To Michael Angelo Blondus or Biondi, we are indebted for de Canibus et Venat. libeilus, the first hint on clothing; greyhounds in the field, and for other matters connected with the discipline of the kennel and its Joan. Darcii inmates ; and to Joannes Darcius, a truly classic poet of Venusini Canes Francof. 1582. Venusium, not unworthy the natal town of Horace, for an elegant sketch of a hare-course, cited in the subsequent annotations. It is singular that the greyhound, indigenous as we suppose him of Gallia Celtica, should have been so little noticed by his countrymen — that a variety of chase heretofore peculiar to Gaul should have been omitted in almost all the cynegetical works of Frenchmen of the olden time ; and that the same omission should be chargeable on the moderns, — on the " Venerie Normande" of M. Le Verrier de la Conterie, the " Traite de Venerie" of M. D'Yauville, and even, to a great extent, on the volume of the Encyclopedie Methodique, which professes to be a " Dictionnaire de toutes les esp^ces de Chasses." afforded the few parallel passages adduced from Albertus Magnus, Belisarius, and Taidif. For all others the translator is himself answerable, having culled them from the origiuiil sources, and generally from the moat approved editions. PREFACE. 11 Savary of Caen published a Latin poem on hare-hunting Album Dian», in seven books, ' entitled " Album Dianee Leporicidee, sive fe'ss.^'''""'' Venationis Leporinae leges," of some rarity, but of little merit. He appears to have had an especial dislike to the canis Gallicus, anathematizing the ancient Celtic recreation in the very style of our own Somerville, who in many parts of " The Chase" seemingly had his eye on the poet of Caen : Nam neque defixi canis irretila coturnix Alb. Diana; &c. Indicio, non iusidiis oppressa Laconum '" P' '^' Heu leporum virlus, brevis ilia et avara voluptas, Et quorum nunquani cor est satiabile csdis Nobile venandi nomen meruere ! The courser will scarce recognize his favourite dog in the slanderous abstract misnomer of " Lacedsemonii pernix violentia monstri." The celebrated works of Jaques du Fouilloux, and his con- La Chasse du temporary Jean de Clamorgan, do not treat of the use of the °"^' ' ^ '' greyhound, except merely " in setting back-sets, or receytes for deare, wolfe, foxe, or such like :" but in " the noble art of Turberviie's b. of H. p. 246. Venerie" by Turbervile and Gascoigne, in " the Jewell for Gentrie," and the compilations of Gervase Markham, we find Couutiey Con- ^ tentments. much illustration of the science and history of the leash in CountrejFarme Great Britain.* 1. Innuba, qui pariter ccslebs, duo nuniina caitu ... „ ... ... ., . . ,,. Alb. Dianas &c. Assiduo colit, Artemidem junzitque Minervse, ^_ jy_ p_ g^, Caius utiique Deaa Savary, quern sedula semper Investigandi leporia tenet ultima cnra. 2. The date of the greyhouDd's introduction into these islands is with difficulty Symmachi E- ascertained. If the "septem Scoticorum canum oblatio " of Flavian, wherewith he pist. I,, n. graced the Quasstor's spectacle of his brother Syraraachus at Rome, be really coarse P' ' varieties of the Celtic type, as supposed by Christopher Wase, this hound must have 12 PREFACE. Turbervile, or whoever be the translator of Fouilloux, has appended an admirable breviary of coursing to " the booke of vva»e'siiiustra- hunting :" and Wase notifies of Gervase Markham, that " he do^sufGratius ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ the fruits of his own experience, as in the whole cycle of husbandry accurately ; so in Cynegetiques excellently." His chapter on coursing with greyhounds » is well worthy perusal ; as is also the description of the " Leporarius" by Dr. Caius in his " Libellus de canibus Britannicis."— Need I stop to remark the doubtful features of the " canis alter prsepete cursu" of Vaniere's Praedium Rusticum? — Some few points belong apparently to the Celtic hound, J. Vanierii P^^ '"' gracilis, longa internodia crurum, Prsed. Rustic. Argutum caput, et levibus vis ignea plantis; "' Demissiimque brevi pectus se coUigit alvo. but his latrancy (" insequitur claris lepores latratibus") would rather assign him to a different kennel. Works of a later date are too well known to need particular notice. Very few are the improvements, either in the discipline of the courser's kennel, or his practice in the field, transmitted to us by these collective cynegetica ; and modern ingenuity has been found here as early as the reign of Theodosius. Indeed Hector Boethius and Holinsbed place him amongst us at an earlier period : nor is it improbable that he See the Appeu- originally accompanied the Scoto-Celts from the continent of Europe at their primary dix Class III. irruption into Ireland and Scotland. We have evidence of his being an inmate of the Cotton. Mas. Anglo-Saxon kennels in the days of Elfric, Duke of Mercia; and manuscriptal Tiber. B. v. paintings have descended to us of a Saxon chieftain and his huntsman, attended by a brace of greyhounds, of the date of the 9th century — the earliest representation which I have seen of this hound as connected with British field-sports. 1. Contained in his work entitled " Countrey Contentments." In addition to which, " The Countrey Farme," by the same author, a compilation from the French, will be read with amusement. PREFACE. 13 added little to our knowledge in any department of coursing, as the reader of the Nicomedian's Manual will readily acknow- ledge. His remarks on the physical indications of excellence in greyhounds, and of speed and good blood, — derived from external shape and character generally, — on the unimportance of colour, — on the indications afforded by temper, tractability in the field, mode of feeding, &c. are perfect as far as they go. Nor can we improve on his kennel management, in feeding, Arriani de \'e- natione bedding, (ew^ /xaXflax^ xa) aKsetvrj), rubbing down, (rgivj/ij tou c. ix. (TtojjkaTo; B-avTOf,) exercising, alternated with confinement, &c. <=• ^• &c. As to slipping-law, and the number of hounds to be =■ ''^• slipped at once, his injunctions fi^'rs lyyuSev sTriKveiv Tf KaycS, jiMjTs TrXe'ouf SuoTv, are strictly complied with at present by all fair sportsmen. The Celts, it appears, had four different ways of coursing, all of which are practised by modern amateurs, according to their several tastes, and the nature of the countries in which they follow their sport. The superior class of Celtic gentlemen, oo-oi fiev ttAoutouo-iv «y- c. xix. Twv xa) Tfv^aia-iv, employed persons to look out for hares in their forms, early in the morning, and to inform them by a messen- ger what success they had met with, before they left home themselves. A second class, probably less opulent, and not able to afford c. xx. the expense of hare-finders, mustered all their brother-ama- teurs, and beat the ground in regular array, abreast of each other. Both these parties were mounted on horseback ; but a third class saUied forth on foot, and these, Arrian says, were really workmen at the sport, auToupyot xuvrjyeo-i'wv : if any person 14 PREFACE. accompanied the latter on horseback, he was ordered to keep up with the greyhounds. A fourth mode of coursing, some- times adopted by them, was that of first loosing dogs of scent c. XXI. to find, and start the game, and then slipping the greyhounds, as soon as it came within sight. Upon all of these different practices the father of the leash has entered most fully in his classical Manual : and if to these points we add his sensible remarks on the entering of puppies, on breeding, management after whelping, feeding and naming of young dogs, comparison of sexes, &c. ; his merit will be allowed to be commensurate with his antiquity, and his enchi- ridion not only the earliest in the annals of the leash, but altogether the most abundant in valuable information. It is foreign to my purpose and inclination to enter into a prolix defence of the courser's pursuit, against the objections of Countrey Con- its adversaries in the field or closet. " I would not goe about," tentments, B. 1. u. i. in the words of Gervase Markham, " to elect and prescribe what recreation the husbandman should use, binding all men to one pleasure — God forbid ! my purpose is merely contrary : for I know in men's recreations, that nature taketh to herselfe an especiall prerogative,, and what to one is most pleasant, to another is most offensive ; some seeking to satisfie the mind, some the body, and some both in a joynt motion." We of the coursing fraternity prefer the " canis Gallicus," and " arvum vacuum" of Ovid, as instrumental to our choicest diversion ; Nemesian. camposque patentes Cjneg. vs. 48. Scrutamur, totisque citi discurrimus arvis ; Et cupimus facili cane suinere prasda ( Nos timidos lepores PREFACE. 15 but we do not forbid others imbelles figere damas, Audacesve lupos, vulpeni aut captare dolosam. For the refined diversion of coursing may be as disagreeable to the fox-hunter, whose only joy is when The bounds shall make the welkin answer them, Taming of the And fetch shrill echoes from the hollow earth, Shrevi, Sc. ii. as it is delisrhtful to the general amateur, on account of its ^„. , ,^. ^ ° ' Elhs's Histor. chaste, and temperate, and contemplative quiet. King James, ries"voM?i^*' in his Bao-iXixov Jcogov, (himself, according to Sir Theodore AXinge'sXtian Mayerne, " violentissimis olim venationis exercitiis deditus,") q^^ B.m. praises " the hunting with running houndes, as the most honourable and noblest sort thereof," and is supported by the high authority of Edmund de Langley, .JKlap^tcr Of dDattlE : ^- "* ®' to. 64. adding " it is a thievish forme of hunting to shoote with gunnes and bowes, and greyhounde hunting is not so martiall a game." But on the other hand, Sir Thomas Elyot, in "The B. i.e. 17. Governour," speaking of " those exercises apte to the furni- ture of a gentylman's personage," and " not utterly reproved of noble autours, if they be used with oportunitie and in measure," calls " hunting of the hare with grehoundes a ryght good solace for men that be studiouse, or theim to whom nature hathe not geven personage, or courage apte for the warres ; and also for gentilwomen, which feare nether sonne nor wynde for appayr- yng their beautie. And peradventure they shall be therat lesse idell, than they shold be at home in their chaambers." — And the author of " The Booke of Hunting," annexed to Tur- bervile's Falconrie, concludes his treatise with the following singular panegyric " concerning coursing with greyhoundes " — " the which is doubtlesse a noble pastime, and as meet for 16 PREFACE. nobility and gentleman, as any of the other kinds of Venerie before declared : especially the course of the hare, which is a sport continually in sight, and made without any great travaile : so that recreation is therein to be found without unmeasurable toyle and payne : * whereas in hunting with hounds, although the pastime be great, yet many times the toyle and paine is also exceeding great : and then it may well be called, eyther a painfull pastime, or a pleasant payne." Coursing, more than the other laborious diversions of rural life, while it ministers to our moderate sensual enjoyment, admits also during the intervals of the actual pursuit of hound and hare, much rational reflection, opportunities of conversation with our brethren of the leash, and mental improvement. It tends, as Markham quaintly expresses himself, " to satisfie the mind and body in a joynt motion ;" for in the beautiful poetry of a living patron of the Celtic dog, there is no interval of idleness with the well-read courser ; Marmion, In- Nor dull between each merry chase, trod, to Canton. passes the intermitted space : For we have fair resource in store. In Classic and in Gothic lore. Oppian. Hali- *• TepnaKij 5' tVeTai fl^pp irXeov iifwep ISp^s. eut. I. vs. 28. Coursing has ever been held an honourable and gentlemanly amusement in Great Britain, from its earliest annals to the present tiine. Nor can I discover any authority for the truth of Vlitius's opinion, as given in his note on the Veltraha of Gratius. Vlitii Venatio " Ne ideo Vertragis suis sagaces posthabeat ille Xenophon : nam hodie in Anglic Novantiqua. sagaces nobilissimi quique exercent; Vertrago autem leporem conficere, indignutii bene nato parum abest quin habeatnr." Such never was the opinion entertained of " greyhound hunting," in King James's phrase :-indeed the farther we go back into the history of the leash, the higher it lanked in the scale of British field-sports. See the "Constitutiones Canuti Regis de forest^"_and Blounfs Ancient Tenures pas- sim, for instances of t(ie high repute in which the courser's hound has ever been held in Great Britain. PREFACE. ]7 But there are those who anathematize hunting and coursing, and other rural recreation, either as sinful, i or indicative of barbarism and mental degradation, in the ratio of the pursuit. Like Cornelius Agrippa, they view venation in genere- as the ^^ l°<=ert. et Vanit. &c. c. worst occupation of the worst of mankind ; and say with ^'"'^i'- Philip Stubbes, that " Esau was a great hunter, but a re- The Anatomie n , T , , of Abuses. probat ; Ismael, a great hunter, but a miscreant ; Nemrode, a great hunter, but yet a reprobat, and a vessell of wrath ; " and bid us, in the poetic badinage of the poet of Cyrene, leave off coursing : ?a vp6icas ^Si \ayaobs Callimachus, H. oSpea $6aKeaecu- t( S4 xev irpdxfs ^SJ Xa7»i)l •" Dian. vs. 154. ^e^CLttv ; swearing, with the melancholy Jaques, that we As You Like It. Are mere usurpers, tyrants, and what's worse, *'^' "• To fright the animals, and to kill them up. In their assign'd and native dwelling-place. But if " some habites and customes of delight" are allow- able and indispensable to the " contentment" of the human 1. The reader will be amused with Simon Latham's epilogue to the third edition of his " Faulconry," wherein he combats (for he wrote in ticklish times, 1658) with his usual quaintness of style and illustration, the notion of the sinfulness of rural sports : inferring that they may " be lawfully and conscientiously used with modera- tion by a magistrate or minister, or lawyer or student, or any other seriously em- ployed, which in any function heat their brains, waste their bodies, weaken their strength, weary their spirits ; that as a means (and blessing from God) by it their decayed strength may be restored, their vital and animal spirits quickened, refreshed, and revived, their health preserved, and they better enabled (as a bow unbended for shooting) to the discharging of their weighty charges imposed upon them." 18 PREFACE. mind, and "men of exceeding strickt lives and severity of profession " have indulged in rural diversions, why need we regard the severe reflections of the sensitive Monsieur Paschal, or his more modem plagiarists ? why think that wisdom loves not the courser's sport ? or that man is degTaded before the tribunal of sound reason by estimating aright the instinct of any of the creatures around him ? or made sinful in the eyes of his Creator by availing himself of the adapted powers of the lowliest of the brute race, for the subjugation of such wild animals as were originally designed by a bountiful Creator for Cicero de Nat. the Sustenance and recreation of man ? " Canum ver6 tarn Deor. L. ii. c. incredibilis ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas in venando, quid significat aliud nisi se ad hominum commo- ditates esse generatos ? " The inference in regard to the chases and field sports gene- rally is surely just, " that man, by co-operating with such animals, employs both his and their faculties on the purposes for which they were partially designed : tending thereby to complete the bounteous scheme of Providence, the happiness and well-being of all its creatures." 63. Manchester Memoirs V. i. Jul. Caesar. Sca- liger. Epidorpi- dum L. IV. videtur Natura parens bunc bomini dedisse ludum, Su^ obire manu retia, defigere varos, Hos cum docuit: cum accipitrem redire jussum Jucunda canes cum leporarios creabat : Nunquatn faciens frustra aliquid carensve fine. Somerville, Chace. B. iv. The brute creation are man's property, Subservient to bis will, and for bim made. As hurtful these be kills, as useful those Preserves ; their sole and arbitrary king. Should he not kill, as erst the Samian sage Taught unadvised, and Indian Brachraans now PREFACE. 19 As vainly preach ; the teeming rav'nous brutes Might fill the scanty space of this terrene, Incumh'ring all the globe. Mr. Warton, the talented historian of English Poetry, a bookful Academic, and not a /xaflijT^s xuvniysa-loov, acquits the Xenophon de hunter of the charge of barbarism, and acknowledges that " the pleasures of the chase seem to have been implanted bv ''''*'• °^ ^"^l- * r J Poetry, V. ii. nature ; and under due regulation, if pursued as a matter of mere relaxation, and not of employment, are by no means incompatible with the modes of polished life." The difference of opinion on the subject of the chase has arisen entirely from the different lights in which it has been viewed ; the one exhibiting its rational use, the other its intemperate abuse. " Elle a trouve autant de censeurs outr^s Encyciopfeiie M^thudique que d'apologistes enthousiastes, parmi les anciens et les sur les Chasses, ' * ^ '■ avertisscment. modernes, parce qu'elle a ete envisagee sous le double rapport de son utilite et de ses abus." Amongst the ancient eulogists, in the Grecian language, will be found Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon, Polybius, and Juhus Pollux ; in the Latin, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, Seneca, Phny, Justin, Symmachus, and others. To which numerous phalanx of classic worthies there is no opponent authority, save that of Sallust: and of more recent days, Petrarch, and Corne- lius Agrippa. Not to swell this prefatory matter with too many citations from obsolete languages, I have referred the reader, who may wish to know more of the eloges alluded to, severally to the passages in a note subjoined. ^ But 1. Aristot. de Polit. L. i. c. v. Plato de Legibus L. vii. Xenophon. Cyropsed. L. I. c. V. L. viir. c. XII, Eespub, Lacedsem. c. iii. Cyneget. c. t, xii. xiii. Poly- 20 PREFACE. touching the adverse party, a word or two may be here admitted. In appreciating the authority of Sallust's sentiments on the subject of field-sports, as given in the studied preface of his Bell. Catai.c.j. Catilinarian War, " Non fuit consilium socordi& atque de- sidia bonum otium conterere : neque ver5, agrum colendo, aut venando, servilibus officiis intentum, setatem agere ; " we should remark the ambitious tone of pretended philosophy in which the introduction is written : " Nostra omnis vis in animo, et corpore sita est. Animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur ; alterum nobis cum Diis, alterum cum belluis commune est." And that this distinction between mental and bius Hist. L. xxxi. Jul. Pollux Onomast. L. v. Prsfat. Commodo. — Cicero de Nat. D. L. II. de OfBciis L. i. Horat. L. i. Epist. xviii. Virgil. jEneid. L. vii. ix. Seneca de Provid. c. ii. Plinii Panegyr, Traj. D. — Justin. Hist. Epit. L. xxxvii. Symmacli. Epist. L. v. Ep. 66. It will be readily ceded that the amatory expostulation of Sulpitia to her dear Cherinthus, TibuUi Eleg. L. Sed procul abducit venandi deTia cara ^' O pereant sjlvje, deficiantque canes! Quis furor est, quse mens, densos indagine collea Claudentem teneras laedere velle raanus ? Quidve juvat furtim latebras intrare ferarum, Candidaque hamatis crura notare rubis ? and the epistle of Ausouius to the ruralist Theon, Ausonii Epist. Sed tu parce feris venatibus, et fuge nota '^' Crimina sylvarum : ne sis Cinyreia proles, Accedasque iterum Veneri plorandus Adonis; are too jocular to place Tibullus and the poet of Bourdeaux on the side of the Cati- linarian historian. PREFACE. 21 corporeal qualities, their proper relation to each other, and the subordinate character of the latter to that of the former, is otSr' ijvopffis, oSt' elfStos htAst' ivetap Oppian. Hali- / « ,, eut. L. V. us. Tdaaov, oaov irpaniBav, gj are kept up in the passage first adduced : in which he merely means to say that he does not wish to spend his time in slothful idleness ; and that the rural vocations of agriculture and hunting, being of a secondary and inferior character, more connected with the body than the mind, are not agreeable to his taste, as the business and occupation of life, " getatem agere." And we must allow that the entire and constant dedication of time to practical agriculture, or rural sports, to the care of flocks and herds, or the kenneling and coursing of greyhounds, unvaried by such higher studies and pursuits as are characteristic of well-educated men, must be deemed, in polished life, rather lowly employment ; — approaching too near Arist. PoUt. L. to the class of occupations, which the Stagirite considers sordid and servile, as being exercised by the corporeal powers alone : — to avoid which, Sallust declares a decided preference to speculative over bodily activity; to the "vita in literis" HistoriaVitset '^ Mortis, over the " vita rusticana:" " qu6 mihi rectius videtur, " says he, " ingenii quim virium opibus gloriam quserere. " Dis- claiming that union of both, which we so much admire in the Athenian philosopher of the Scilluntian retreat, and his coun- terpart, the modern literary country gentleman ; a fair example of an individual acting upon the twofold principle on which Mr. Addison regulated his conduct. " As a compound of soul and body, obliged to a double scheme of duties ; and thinking that he has not fulfilled the business of the day, unless he has 22 PREFACE. employed the one in labour and exercise, as well as the other in study and contemplation," Oppiaa, T$ TiJ liepyliiv SvaTepirea t5\« SicSkoi Kol KpaSiris Kai xeipos, TheGovemour, « It is not onely called Idelnes," says Sir Thomas Elyot, B. I. c. XXVI. " wherin the body or mynde cesseth from laboure, but specially ydelnes is an omission of al honest exercise." Passing over, for the present, the objections of Petrarch, let us pause for a moment on the vituperations of Henricus Sir T. Eiyot's Cornelius Agrippa. So confessedly crabbed a gentleman as The Governour, B. 1. 1. XI. this " noble clerke of Almayn," can add but little weight to the scanty file of semi-classical oppositionists. Admitting in his dedication to Furnatius his mental approximation to the canine qualities of the metamorphosed Queen of Troy, H. c. Agrippa " adeo ut ex ipsa indignatione ferm^ cum Troiana ilia Hecub^ ia Dedicat. D. r & J Aug. Furnatio. yersus sum in canem, ac nuUarum virium sim ad benfe dicen- dum, nil amplius memini nisi mordere, oblatrare, maledicere, conviciari," &c., his verdict cannot be received as that of a candid and unprejudiced adversary. The general contempt with which he visits all the arts and sciences, deprives his De Vaiiit. et anti-cynegetical calumnies of much of their poignancy, and Incert. &c. u. Lxxvii. renders his " ars crudelis et tota tragica, cujus voluptas est in morte et in sanguine, quam ipsa deberet refugere humanitas,"* &c. scarce worthy of the courser's notice. ^ 1. The plaintive poel of " The Task," B. in. has seemingly borrowed from Agrip- pa's page the memorable crimination of the hunter's pursuit : Cowper's Detested sport. The Garden. That owes its pleasures to another's pain ; Tliat feeds upon the sobs and dying shrieks Of harmless nature, &c. 2. I purposely omit all notice of the " Venalio Amphithealralis," or "V, in PREFACE. 23 The moderate and occasional recourse to field-diversions, with the same object that influenced Pliny in their pursuit, aren^" of ancient Rome ; of wliicli Tertullian, Augustin, Chrysoslom, and the Chris- tian Cicero, Lactantius, have written with merited reprobation. " Cum vidercnt j i ■ •• ^ pietatis damiio, addictum devmctumqiie populum his ludis ; passim invecti in eos, ut turnal. Sermon. libidinis, sasvitiaeque fontes; et bene illi." Not a word can be advanced in palliation 1^- ■• >;• 7. of tliese brutal outrages of humanity, "'^ Pradentius. Amphitheatralis spectacula tristia pompas ! wherein man was "butcher'd to make a Roman holiday" — "Homo occiditnr ad Childe Harold's hominis voluptatera." With this monstrous variety of Venatio, so called kot" ^|oxV> Pilgrimage, c. and recorded as such with horror, we have nothing to do ; with its abettors under any f;™j;j„ adDo- qualified form, the modern frequenters of the coclt-pit or bear-garden, the heroes natum. of a bull-bait, and patrons of mercenary pugilists, the rivals of the "municipalis arenas perpetui comites " of Juvenal's days, we have no sentiments in common. We have hailed with exultation the victory already effectuated, or in course of gradual achievement, over the ferocious barbarities of the amphitheatre, and the semi-pagan cruelties of more modern spectacles — a victory that is attempering the pastimes cf the English people to the religion and morality of the age ; and we sincerely deplore the existence of the Beirpov KWifyeTiKhv of Dio, under any modificaliun, in any part of the civilized world. The Sabbath comes, a day of blessed rest ; Childe Harold's What hallows it upon this Christian shore ? Pilgrimage, u. Lo ! it is sacred to a solemn feast ; Hark ! heard you not the forest monarch's roar ? Crashing the lance, he snufiFs the spouting gore Of man and steed, o'erthrown beneath his horn ; The throng'd arena shakes with shouts for more ; Yells the mad crowd o'er entrails freshly torn. Nor shrinks the female eye, nor ev'n affects to mourn. Let Christianity transfuse its lenient spirit into all our sports, and instead of the amphitheatrical entertainments, and barbarian amusements of infidels, let us have such as are congenial to the humanity of Christians. Let us be the champions of rational recreation, not of brutal gratification ; — the friends of man, and not unneces- sarily the enemies of inferior animals ; — spectators in our temperate and innocent diversions of the dog's innate faculties and prowess for the seizure of the destined animals of the chase — " to see how God in all his creatures works," and witnesses of K. Henry VI. Pt. II. act II. sc. 1. 24 PREFACE. ." ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur, " is not reprehensible, nor inconsistent with the due cultivation of the mind, and the fulfilment of the higher duties of Hfe. Petr. Lotichii jngg etiam citharam Phoebus quandoque repomt : 2di EcloK. 1. , ■ ■ Sarnis. vs 10. ■'^' pharelras plectris, et mutat plectra pliaretris. But " there is an especiall need, " observes Christopher Wase, in the preface of his translation of Gratius, after much just praise of hunting, " to hold a strict reine over our affections, that this pleasure, which is allowable in its season, may not entrench upon other domesticall affaires. We must consider that it wastes much time, and although it have its own praise, being an honest recreation and exercise, yet it is not of the noblest parts of life. There is great danger lest wee bee transported with this pastime, and so ourselves grow wild, haunting the woods till wee resemble the beasts which are citizens of them, ^ and, by continual conversation with dogs, become altogether addicted to slaughter and carnage, which is wholly dishonorable, being a servile employment. For as it is the privilege of man, who is endued with reason, and " the curious search or conquest of one beast over another, persued by a naturall instinct of enmitie ; — " how Rokeby, c, lit. Tlie slow hound wakes the fox's lair, The greyhound presses on the hare ; but not hostile instigators of canine ferocity to the heartless maiming and slaying an unnatural prey — a species of animal conflict never intended by creative wisdom ; and wherein violence is done to natural instinct to minister to man's unhallowed sport, H. C. Agrippso 1. Cui dum niraium insistunt, ipsi abjectil humanitate ferae efficiuntur, morumque de Vanitate &c. prodigios^ perversitate, tanquam Actffion mutantur in naturam belluarum. C. LXXVII, PREFACE. 25 authorized in the law of his creation to subdue the beasts of the field, so to tyrannize over them is plainly brutish." On Noah, and in him on all mankind Cowper's Task, The charter was conferr'd, by which we hold ^' ^'" The flesh of animals in fee, and claim O'er all we feed on pow'r of life and death. But read the instrument, and mark it well : Th" oppression of a tyrannous controul Can find no warrant there. Feed then, and yield Thanks for thy food. Carnivorous, through sin, Feed on the slain, but spare the living brute. When field amusements are allowed to engross the whole of our attention, and in their pursuit to enslave, as it were, the mind to the body; when they become the egya of life instead of the ^apepyx, its daily occupation, instead of the occasional recreation of its leisure hours ; ' they constitute, as Ritters- husius has well observed, a culpable flijgojuavi'a, and certainly tend, by devoting the attention exclusively to inferior objects, to abridge the intellect of that sustenance which it should occasionally derive from more refined and important studies. " Fateor insitam esse nobis corporis nostri caritatem : fateor Seneca Epist. XIV. nos hujus gerere tutelam : non nego indulgendura illi, servi- endum nego." With such ultra-sportsmen the translator has no commu- nity of sentiment : nor will they experience from common sense less severity of reproof than " Reason " bestows on Petrarchaj Re- them in the dialogue with " Joy" in Petrarch's " Remedia med- Utriusque Fortunas, Lib.i. ___^ Dial. 32. 1. " In -using either of these games observe that moderation," says King James to Ba(ri\tKhv Aa- Prince Henry, " that ye slip not therewith the houres appointed for your affaires, po"' B. in. which ye ought ever precisely to keepe ; remembering that these games are but or- dained for you, in enabling you for your office, for the which ye are ordained," &c. 26 PREFACE. Utriusque Fortunse. " "Ad honestum nihil idonei, " says Ratio, " sylvas colunt, non vitara solitariam acturi, cui non miniis qu^m politicae se ineptos sciunt, sed feris, ac canibus, et volucribus convicturi, quod non facerent, nisi illis similitudine aliqua juncti essent : qui, si ex hoc voluptatem quandam, seu solam temporis fugam quserunt, utrinque stulti, voti compotes forsan evaserint. Sin, nescio quam, seu ingenii, seu magnifi- centise gloriam aucupantur, errant," &c. ^ The whole dialogue is an admirable rebuke of the licentious sporting in the days of this extraordinary genius. ^ " Hie amor, hagc felicitas, et hoc totum, quod Creatori Deo, quod altrici patriae, quod parentibus, quod amicis redditis? Quis vos ferat, ad aliud natos, in his vivere, si modo vivitis, hoc agentes 1 " says " Reason : " and I confess that I am unable and unwilling to furnish " Joy" with a reply of defence ; approving, as I do, of the joint worship of Minerva and Diana, Plin. Epist. L. recommended by Tacitus to his correspondent Pliny, and of making the health of the body conducive to that of the mind : IX. 10. 1 . According to the decisions of judicial astrology in casting nativities, Julius J. Firmici As- Firmicus remarks that the following personages, " equorum nutritores, accipitrum, tionomic. . V. f^igg^mn^ caeterarumque avium, quss ad aucupia pertinent, similiter et Molossorum, Vertagrorum, et qui sunt ad venationes accomodati," being born when the planet Venus is in Aquarius, are incapable of application to any more laudable pursuit than hunting and hawking. 2, The chasseurs of Agrippa's days, laical and clerical, were equally reprehensible. From the Thebans, this literary Tiraonist tells us, the worst of men, Venation passed to the Trojans, not much better, and thence to Greece and Borne, brutalizing the in- De Incert, et habitants of the earth in its progress — " Tandem hajc exercitia in se revera servilia et Vanit. &c. t. mechanica eo usque evecta sunt, ut positis quibusque liberalibus studiis, hodie prima LXXVII » 1 1. ? IT nobilitatis elementa atque progiessus sint, illis ducibus ad summum gradum perveni- atur : hodieque ipsa regum et principum vita, ipsa etiam (proh dolor !) abbatum, episcoporum, cseterorunique ecclesia; prajfectorum religio, tola inquam venatio est/'&c. PREFACE. 27 " ut sua menti constet sanitas, " says Christopher Wase to William Lord Herbert, " et justum corpori accedat robur." It must ever be borne in mind that the illustrious heroes of Xenophon's classic file acquired not their renown by hunting prowess alone, but by its union with moral and intellectual endowments : Ix Tijf iTn/j^sXeia; Tijf tcuv xuvwv xa) xov)jys(7i«)v xctl ex Xenoplion. Cy- neg. c. I. 7)]j «AX))j Totihla; ttoAu Sisvsyxo'vTsj xara TtjV aperriv eSaufitairSrjirav. Chiron himself was invested with the privileges and science of the chase on account of his moral worth, 8ia 8ixa/oT)]Ta — for he was SixaioTarof KevrauoMv. And the numerous disciples of Oiph. Argon. V. 377. the craft, distinguished in the annals of the world as practical sportsmen, from Cephalus and iEsculapius to ^Eneas and Achilles, left other claims on the notice of posterity than those attached to their characters as u.aSr,ra) xuvijyso-i'cov. * Xenophon. Cy- neg. c. I. know that such Soraerville, The Transporting pleasures were by heav'n ordain'd Uiace. Wisdom's relief, and virtue's great reward. But it is time to cease both praise and reprehension : of the 1. The disastrous casualties that have befallen divers of the worshipful but rash disciples of Chiron and his compeers are recorded in terrorem by a Sicilian amateur of falconry. Will the timid courser venture to mount his " smart hack or Zetland shelty," after reading the following summary of these fatalities? " Meleager en La Fauconnerie perdit la vie, pour la victoire rapport^e sur le sanglier de Calidoine. Le bel Adonis ,]jgio„j.jjg jg fut tire par un sanglier. Acteon fut detorS ds ses proprcs chiens. Cephale y tua Alagoua. sa chere Procris, et Acaste en fut interdict, ayant occis le fils du Roy qui luy avoit est6 donn6 en cliarge, comme fut Brutus pour avoir tu6 son pere Sylvius par mesgarde. Un Empereur fut occis par la beste qu'il poursuivoit. Un Roy en courant a la chasse se cassa le col en tombant de cheval." The legitimacy of the inference drawn by Le Conseiller et Chambellan du Roy de Sicile is doubtful — " Que qui craindra ces dangereux eifectz qu'il s'adonne a la voUerie, ou il trouvera sans doubte plus grand plaisir." The superior pleasure of the latter is as equivocal as its inferior danger; and pursued to excess, I should think, must share equality of peril and of blame. 28 PREFACE. latter I have been sparing ; of the former, perhaps, too liberal. Symmachus, " the wordy champion of expiring Paganism," checks his friend and correspondent Agorius in boasting too Symmachi much of his " nodosa retia vel pennarum formidines, et sagaces *^' canes, omnemque rem venaticam, meliorum oblitus ; " and suggests " quare cum scribis, memento facundiae tusB modum ponere. Rustica sunt et inculta, quae loqueris, ut venator esse credaris. " Wherefore, being myself addicted only to one branch of the craft, viz. that of " greyhound-hunting, " in the phrase of our " pedant king," Sir Thomas t^, nourishe up and fede More s poems. " Manhod." ^''^ greyhounde to tlie course — I am fearful of falling into the error of Agorius, and becoming obnoxious to the same rebuke. Enough, therefore : and now for an example. — Will the bookful recluse, the sedentary and learned oppositionist qualify the scorn vtdth which he views our varied course of occupation in the library and the field, if we Symmachi show him that our opinions and practice " liberalia studia Epist. L. V. 6. ^ '■ sylvestri voluptate distinguere" are supported by a renowned example of antiquity ; and direct his attention to the latter and sequestered part of the hfe " secretum iter, et fallentis semita Xenophon. vitse" of the elder Xenophon, in contradiction of the refined Anali. L. .. . antipathies of Sallust ? — bid him contemplate the rival of Plato and Thucydides in his dehghtful retreat at Scillus, " under the protection of the temporal sovereignty of Lacedaemon, and the spiritual tutelage of Diana j diversifying the more refined pleasures of his studious hours with the active amusements of the field ; breaking his dogs, training his horses, and attending to the breed of stock ; registering the observations of his PREFACE. 29 personal experience in these healthful pursuits with his own immortal pen; and affording an example to scholars in all ages, that they should not disdain to refresh their vigour, and renew their animation, by allowing the unharnessed faculties to recreate themselves freely in country sports, and exercise themselves agreeably in country business." O would men stay aback frae courts, Burns, " The An' please themselves wi' countra sports, uogs. It wad for every ane be better, The laird, tlie tenant, an' the cotter ! I wish it were in our power to enrol the name of the accom- plished Athenian among the first patrons of our particular branch of field-sports ; but the greyhound was unknown to the son of Gryllus. We may, however, place the honour of the leash under the early patronage of his celebrated namesake : whose talents, as a military chief, were distinguished in the age in which he lived ; whose works, as a philosopher and historian, have been transmitted mth reputation to posterity, and continue to attract sufiicient attention from the literary world, to embolden us in directing the notice of such of our opponents as consider the courser in a state of de- graded existence, to the younger Xenophon, in his twofold capacity of a man of literature, and a patron of the leash. And we may conclude from the latter having been considered worthy the illustration of his pen, that coursing was not then classed vdth the " servilia officia" of rural hfe. Before I proceed to the reasons which have induced me to lay before the public the following translation, I cannot resist availing myself of the opportunity, which a defence of the 30 PREFACE. courser's pursuit affords, of transcribing a spirited and highly poetical production of the late Mr. Barnard, of Brantingham- thorpe, 1 breathing the refined sentiments of a gifted scholar I. Of Mr. Barnard, who was accustomed to enliven the sedentary pleasures of his intellectual pursuits with the active and salutary recreation of coursing, and to shake off, in Horatian language, " inhumanie senium . . . Caraoense," in the company of liis greyhounds, on the wolds of Yorkshire, the reader must pardon me, if I speak with the deepest regret. He was indeed, like Maiimus the friend and correspondent of Symmachi Symmaclms, " inter sodales Apollinis ac Dianae, utriusque sectator," or in the appo- ^P"'- ^'''- '^- site words ofErcole Slrozzi, Cassaris Borgiae sylvfe scius, et scius artis Ducis Epice- Pierias, Phcebo et PlioebEs gratissimus »que. dium. But alas ! gifted as he was, far beyond the ordinary worshippers of the sylvan goddess, he hath " begun the travel of eternity," Soplioclis Tra- 04Priice tV navvaTiiTriv chin. V. 887. >-- . ooiev airafftcu. The periodical publications of the day have given to the world the mournful tribute of a scholar to his memory : and when the voice of affection hath sung " the deathless praise " of a departed son, that of friendship may be silent. But let it not be supposed that the learning and genius of this accomplished man were confined to the inferior and perishable subjects of the courser's pursuit. The powers of his talented mind were directed also to the high and heavenly callings of his profession ; and among other subjects, to the commemoration in verse and prose, of the saints and martyrs of the Protestant Church. In the words of the Nutricia of Politiano he was indeed Carm. quinque Felix ingenio, felix cui pectore tantas -niustr. Poetar. . "^ , jy_ Instaurare vices, cui fas tam magna capaci Alternare animo, et varias ita aectere curas ! His poetical version of the poems of the younger Flaminio, a celebrated Latinist of the sixteenth century, on which he was engaged till his fatal illness, and the publica- tion of which be fondly anticipated, will add, I trust, to his posthumous fame. Pindar. Pyth. iv S' oKiytf PpoTav rh Tepm/hi/ atS^eraf oStu SJ Kal wiTVfi X'^l^"^' airoTpSirCfi (irantpoi. tI Se TiS ; tI 8' oS Tis ; (TiciSj 6vttp &v6pa>iroi. PREFACE. 31 and ardent courser, fired at the idea of his favourite sport, his greyhounds, and his mountain thoughts being hghtly or dis- dainfully received in the world's esteem ! MY GREYHOUNDS. Remember'st thou my greyhounds true ? O'er holt or hill there never flew, From leash or slip there never sprang, More fleet of foot or sure of fang. — Intiod. to MAnmiON Cant. ii. Oh ! dear is the naked wold to me, Where I move alone in my majesty ! Thyme and cistus kiss my feet. And spread around their incense sweet ; As the originator of the Courser's Stud Book, and the indefatigable compiler of its genealogical tables, (an attempt " mult^ deducere virg^," to derive " by trees of pedigrees," as Dryden says, the speed and shape of each celebrated descendant, in the greyhound kennel, from the recorded genealogies and performances of a far- famed ancestry, — ci7oSol 6^ iyimvro 5io rh (jivvau 4^ iyaBSiv,) the name of Mr. Barnard Platonis Mene- must be recorded in the annals of coursing with lasting gratitude ; notwithstanding ^cenus. the prolegomena of a vicarious editor have occasioned the substitution of a second name on the title-page of the work, after the unexpected death of the original projector : oil yap oT5' apetfyfiivas iriAas Euripidis Hip- "ASou, (jitios re \oMiov ;8\e'jr«>' ToSe. " But let us cease this querulous display of individual feeling. Many did not know him ; and those who did — his relatives — his friends and correspondents — have felt too much already. And the preface to so trivial a work as a Courser's Vade-Mecum is not a fit occasion for descanting on the high merits of a Christian scholar ; nor is lamentation over the dead a suitable prelude to the entertainment of ihe living. . ..^^^. .„/ J.-1 vj- Ejusdem vs. Kttl x<"P '/"•' 1'"P "" ^^/"^ SiTovs Oji^v, V15G. ovS" S/Jina xpatveiv Ba.vairlii.oiaai iKirnoais. 32 PREFACE. The laverock, spriaging from his bed, Pours royal greeting o'er my head ; My gallant guards, my greyhounds tried, March in order by my side ; And every thing that's earthly bom. Wealth and pride and pomp, I scorn ; And chieBy thee Who lift'st so high thy little horn. Philosophy ! Wilt thou say that life is short, That wisdom loves not hunter's sport. But virtue's golden fruitage rather Hopes in cloister'd cells to gather ? Gallant greyhounds, tell her, here Trusty faith, and love sincere — Here do grace and zeal abide. And humbly keep their master's side. Bid her send whale'er hath sold Human hearts — lust, power, and gold — A cursed train — And blush to find, that on the wold They bribe in vain. Then let her preach 1 the muse and I Will turn to Gracchus, Gaze, and Guy ; And give to worth its proper place. Though found in nature's lowliest race. And when we would be great or wise, Lo I o'er our heads are smiling skie£ ; And thence we'll draw instruction true, That worldly wisdom never knew. Then let her argue as she will ! I'll wander with my greyhounds still (Halloo! Halloo!) And hunt foe health on the breeze-worn hill And wisdom too. But enough — Pindar. Pyth. «'>! 5' ScrxoAos a- viii. vs. 40. iia64ij,fv iraarav ixaKpayopiav \ipa Te Kal diyiia Ti naKBaKif, fiii xdpos i\9iiv PREFACE. 33 By my literary friends of the leash, who will alone probably condescend to open the following little treatise, it will be expected, after this too prolix defence of active field-amuse- ments, and too selfish gratification of personal regret, that I should particularly state the reasons which have induced me to devote a few intervals of leisure to the version and illustration of an ancient courser, dignified by Mr. Gibbon with the title of Decline and Fall, Vol. VII. the eloquent and philosophic Arrian." «i-42. A task so often thrown aside Marmion, In- Wlien leisure graver cares denied. trodaction to Canto IV, But an objection in limine must be first answered to a modern reader giving up any of the " horas vacivae" of his library even to the perusal of the cynegetical writers of anti- quity, much less to their collation ; as treating forsooth of lowly animals, in their nature irrational and ferine. Should any one address me in the language of the old nurse to PhsBdra— rf KuvTiyefflav Kal Teius HuTTV KdreuTiV. Callimacli. H. Wherever the different sporting dogs of antiquity are alluded to, or mentioned by name in the Cynegeticus of Arrian, or the classical works to which I have had occasion to refer in illustration of it, I have endeavoured to clear up some of the obscurity, in which they were enveloped; by classifying varieties, and in a few cases even individuals, and comparing ancient types with modern representatives. This I have at- tempted more especially in relation to the ancient British dogs, and the Celtic greyhound (the subject of Arrian's Treatise), as being of paramount interest to the British courser. , , » ~ „ \ I 1! Theocrili IHvll. Si Ttinroi, oXov towo flfoi irotnaav Stoktes ^^^,_ ^^^ ^g- Bilpiov i.v6pilntouri /ler^iUfieraf 6s imfajBiS. The observations and extracts on these points, more trite 48 PEEFACE. probably than recondite, have been thrown together in an appendix, which I hope may be found amusing to any Uterary sportsman who may condescend to peruse them. liA CHA.USSB . BEGER, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. LA CHAU S S B . ORLEANS. / ikY/BrJ)« ''^'^Onjtrjjj^Tc-TrnTTTi'-'" BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE CYNEGETICUS, WORK ON COURSING. The Cynegeticus was originally written by Arrian, in imita- tion of Xenophon's Treatise de Venatione, to supply the lacunae of that work in the particular department of Coursing. The manuscript seems to have been neglected in the Vatican library for several years after it had been first discovered, in consequence of its bearing the name of Xenophon : for the persons who accidentally met with it, not being aware of Arrian's assumption of that title, took no pains to examine it, under an impression that it was the edited Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon, and not a new and unknown treatise on a different branch of the same subject, by an author of the same assumed name, a pseudo-Xenophon. We are told by Mausacus that Rigaltius intended to have edited it with the Scriptores de Re Accipitraria et de CurS, Canum, (the first edition of which he published in 1612, with a forged epistle in Castilian and Latin from Aquila Sym- machus and Theodotion to a Ptolemy, King of Egypt,) but the 52 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE t printers refused their consent, unless he added a Latin trans- lation; a desideratum which was afterwards supplied by Holstein in the first edition. Henry Stephens, however, had previously perused the unpublished treatise, and given to the world, in his Schediasmata, some observations on different passages. Holstein, the first editor, was a celebrated scholar of his day, and is commemorated in the Sept. lUustr. Vir. Poemata as — Poem. Ferdin. Graias Latiaeque Minervse Lib. Baron de Artibus, Eois notus et Hesperiis. Furstenbeig. His edition issued from the Paris press of Sebastian and Ga- briel Cramoisy in the year 1644. The Greek text, and version attached to it, were amended by Blancard in his Amsterdam edition of 1683; which contains also the minor works of Ar- rian, and the pertinent schediasmata of Henry Stephens above mentioned. My library affords no editions but the above two, and the accurate reprint of Schneider by the University of Oxford in 1817. The last is certainly the best edition of the Cynegeticus of Arrian which I have seen. The Clarendon press also published in the same volume the Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon, and his Opuscula Politica; the same collection of the minor works as Zeune comprehended in one volume, printed at Leipsic, 1778. M. Gail is reported to have published a French translation of the work, with critical notes and dissertations, at Paris, in 1801 : but, notwithstanding repeated applications to the Parisian booksellers, I have not been able to procure a copy. Equally unsuccessful have been my endeavours to obtain from the same source Defermat's version, published by Hortemels of Paris, in 1690. The latter, however, in consequence of the literary character given of its author by Belin de Ballu, in his prolegomena to Oppian, I do not much regret. It accompa- or THE CYNiiGETICUS. 53 nied a French version of the two last books of the Cynegetics of the Cihcian poet, which are stated to abound in errors of translation, and to be performed in a tedious and barbarous style by Defermat, eminent as a mathematician, but of mode- rate attainment in Greek literature. The present version was completed before I was aware of any prior attempt to translate the Cynegeticus into English : the first notice of which, in the partial labours of Mr. Blane, was derived from Schneider's annotations. I do not believe any other to exist in the English language, vidth the exception of such fragments of the treatise as may have been occasionally made to speak English, on the emergency of a periodical publi- cation needing an article on Coursing ; or a literary sportsman wishing to enliven his communications by a reference to the manual, and quoting it in his vernacular tongue. Mr. Blane's attempt did not extend apparently to the whole treatise. It is in parts inaccurately executed, and omits nu- merous sentences, where he professes to translate ; and whole chapters in sequence, where we can see no reason for omission. The fourth, and ten following chapters to the fourteenth inclu- sive, and the twenty-third and twelve following chapters to the thirty-fifth inclusive, are entirely omitted by this capricious translator. Since, then, in a work consisting of only thirty-five chapters, he has, without assigning any cause, passed over twenty-four unnoticed, nearly all of them important to practical coursers, some evincing the kindly feelings of their author, (as for instance, the one containing the affectionate history of his beloved dog Homie,) and others most honourable to his huma- nity, and confirmative of the purity of his religious faith, opera- tive in a heathen breast, (as the two closing chapters, showing, amidst much fabulous allusion, his unreserved acknowledgment of human def)endence on divine aid, and the certainty of evil and misfortune being consequent on irreligion and moral trans- gression,) I hope a complete translation of this ancient courser's enchiridion will not be considered an useless undertaking. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF ARRIAN. Luciani Alex- ander seuPseu- 'AW/p 'Vanaiav 4v toTs -npdnots, koX iroiSei? irap' 3\o>» t^v Plov trvYyev6fisms. domantis. Mr. Addison has remarked, that " a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man, of a mild or a choleric disposition, married, or a bachelor, with other particulars of the like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of an author." If, however, the satisfaction of perusing the Cy- negeticus of Arrian be dependent on a previous acquaintance with these personal particulars of their author, I fear the modern reader will regret the insufficiency of the following biographical notice. Scanty as it is, it contains all the infor- mation I have been able to collect relative to the younger Xenophon. ^ Flavius Arrianus ^ was a citizen both of Athens and Rome, of Grecian extraction, and born probably in the reign of Domitian, at Ficomedia, a celebrated city of Bithynia ; where, according to Photius on the authority of our author's " Bithy- Arriani Cyne- 1. Arrian invariably calls himself Xenophon ; and his predecessor of the same getic. passim, jj^me he designates, for distinction's sake, -rhv iroAai, Thv irpeapirepov. In the Cynegeticus he refers to him as t^ TpiWov, Tip iiaavToti iiiaviifuf, ixelyip rf 2. With the citizenship of Rome, bestowed upon him by the Emperor, when in Greece, as it is supposed, A.D. 124, he assumed the Roman name of Flavins: and subsequent to his return from the prefecture of Cappadocia, he was probably raised to the consulate. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF ARRIAN. 55 nica," a lost work on the subject of his native country, he was priest of Ceres and Proserpine, to whom the city of Nicomedia was sacred. His fondness for polite literature, and celebrity for philosophical knowledge, acquired him the honour of the twofold citizenship. But, though a friend and disciple of Amani Bithy- T-1- 11 ^ ft ■ CI ■ \ A 1 ^^'^^ *' Parthica Epictetus, and the first recorder of his Stoical Apophthegms — apudPhotiiEc- / \» / t - r t J ri r 1 logas. iv, eij tuiv ojM.iXi]Ta)V JEttixtiitou, he appears, like the elder Xenophon, to have been much engaged in military affairs ; and as Roman prefect of Cappadocia, in the reign of Hadrian, to have taken an active part in the war against the Alani and Massagetse, a people bred to eternal warfare — daros tetemi Martis Alanos. Lucan. Pharsal. L, VIII. It is related by Dion Cassius, and the epitomizer Xiphihn, that the Scythian barbarians under Pharasmanes having com- mitted great havock and spoil in Media, (A.D. 136.) had begun to threaten Armenia and Cappadocia ; but finding Fla- Dion. Cassii ° . Hist. Roman. vius Arrianus, the prefect of the latter province, better pre- l. lxix. pared for their reception than they had anticipated, they were induced, partly by the bribes ofVologsesus, and partly through fear of the governor, to retire from the territory under his jurisdiction. Suidas, on the authority of Heliconius, states that Arrian was advanced to the senatorial and consular dignities, and that he was denominated " the second Xenophon" from the sweet- ness of his literary style. And Photius also, in his " EclogEe," speaking of our author's " Parthica" observes, lirtavofial^ov airov Bevo^mroi. veov hoi 8g to ?rai8ei'aj iTri'o-ijfiov, dWx; rs iroXmxixs kpxai Iwio-TsuStj, xai eij to tuiv muTrnv avs^rj tsKo; : and again he adds SijAov le wj ouU pvjTopix^f iro^iaj re xct) hvaf/.sa)s aiteKskeTO. Like his namesake, as I have remarked, he united the character of a man of letters with that of a warrior, dedicating 56 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE a great portion of his time to philosophical and historical re- search. But it is not my intention to enlarge on his literary character in general, nor to enter in detail into the merits of his several compositions. His principal historical work, " The Anabasis of Alexander, though composed," says Dr. Robertson, " long after Greece had lost its liberty, and in an age when genius and taste were on the dechne, is not unworthy the purest times of Attic hte- rature." And his " Indian history is one of the most curious treatises transmitted to us from antiquity." The latter may be considered an episode to the former. It is partly historical and partly geographical, and will be found to contain a fund of entertainment. On the model of the Socratic Xenophon, he committed to writing the dictates of Epictetus, during the philosopher's life- time, and published them as his dissertations : — i subsequently compiling his Erichiridion or manual — a brief compendium of all the principles of his master, and acknowledged to be one of the most valuable and beautiful pieces of morality extant. His Periplus of the Euxine, in the form of a letter from its author to the Emperor, contains an accurate topographical survey of the coast of that sea, Oppian. Hah- irdffTjs yKvKepcinfpos aft<]>iTptr7is eut. I. vs. 600. ,, from the commencement of his voyage at Trapezus, within his own prefecture of Cappadocia, to its completion at Byzantium ; and was written probably while he held his office of command in the province, a short time before the breaking out of the 1. Aulus Gellius particularly authenticates his literary connexion with Epictetus, where he alludes (Noct. Attic. L. xix. c. i.) to the latter's SiaAtfeir " ab Arriano digestas," &c. OF ARRIAN. 57 war against the Alani. Many learned men, as Ramusius, Ortelius, and others, have doubted whether he wrote the Peri- plus of the Erythrean Sea, which sometimes passes under his name ; indeed the late Dean of Westminster says positively " it is not the work of Arrian of Nicomedia :" but his claim to the Circumnavigation of the Euxine has never been disputed. It was compiled expressly for the Emperor ; who, according to Spartian and Dion Cassius, was particularly attached to geo- graphical research, and had visited in person a large portion of his extensive dominions — " orbem Romanorum circumivit." Euttopii L. The elder Xenophon is spoken of, sub initio, by our scientific geographer, in the same relative terms, as in the Cynegeticus, w; heysi o BsvoifSiv IxsTvoj, and it is fair to infer that the Periplus and Cynegeticus are the works of the same individual. In his Tactics, written, as he states himself, in the 20th year of ArrianiTaciica. ' 'J Sub fine. the reign of Hadrian, there is a brief account of former writers on this subject, and a description of the order and arrangement of an army in general : but in the " Acies contra Alanos," a short and imperfect fragment annexed thereto, the particular instruc- tions,'^ which were delivered by him as general, for the march of the Roman army against the northern barbarians, are mi- nutely given. Fragments of other historical works, supposed to have been written by him, are preserved by the learned and indefatigable patriarch of Constantinople — " The History of Events subse- quent to Alexander's Death, in 10 books," " The Parthica, in 17 books," and " Bithynica, in 8 books." Under the review of the first of which works, the Byzantine has left us his opi- 1. These instructions are written, as military orders, in the imperative mood. 'O a fiyeiuiiv Trjs vdaris arpartas Stvo^ui', rh iro\h niv irpb rav atiiietay twv ■nf^iKav TfyeiirBu, lirupoeriTU SI triari rp Ta{«, k. t. \. Such were some of the duties which he enjoined on himself as commander-in-chief. H 58 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE Photu Eclogae nion of Aman as an historiographer, and of the style of his de Rebus post , i / Alexandr. ges- compositions : ca\q ouSevos Touv apKj'Tct (7VVTa^ctiJi.ivtov JcrTOgiaj Ssurs- tis, gOJ, X. T. A. Of the Libellus de Venatione, the treatise on Coursing, I have already made mention ; and shall merely add, what is in some degree pertinent to the subject, that there seems to have been a strong similarity of taste between Hadrian and our author. The Emperor, like his prefect, was not only inti- mately conversant with Greek and Latin literature, " facundis- simus Latino sermone, Grseco eruditissimus," but also pas- sionately fond of the chase. While living in his native town of Italica in Spain, Spartian tells us, he bore the title of Grae- culus, and was, at the same time, " venandi usque ad reprehen- sionem studiosus — equos et canes sic amavit, ut eis sepulchra constitueret." To such a height did he carry this regard, that, according to Xiphilin, he graced a monument to the memory of his beloved hunter Borysthenes, with an inscription written by his own pen : Eutropii L. VIII. Borysthenes Alanus Cffisareus Veredus, &c. For all which unbounded affection for the brute creation, the De Remediis reader may remember, he incurs the severity of Petrarch's xixli. ' '' ' satire in the dialogue " de Venatu et Aucupio." Whether the similarity of Arrian's rural diversions to those of Hadrian in early life, co-operated with other causes to his elevation by so capricious and eccentric a patron, must ever remain doubtful. He is not mentioned by name in the bio- graphy of Hadrian by Spartian : where it is stated, in general terms only, of this singular Emperor, that he was on terms of familiar intimacy with Epictetus, Heliodorus, and all gramma- rians, rhetoricians, &c. Of his acquaintance with the eminent men of his capital there can be no doubt, and his roving dispo- OF ARRIAN. 59 sition must have introduced such to his notice in the colonies and more distant parts of the empire. One, therefore, who had been following the same pursuits with himself from his youth upwards, a sportsman, a military tactician, and a joint friend of Epictetus, was not likely to escape him. Besides, we are assured that he was, on all occasions, sociable in his field amusements, " venationem semper cum amicis participavit ;" and therefore we may suppose that the literary founder of Adrianotherse would gladly avail himself of the earliest oppor- tunity of adding to his personal friends and sporting associates the most accomplished writer and courser of his day. We know how much the pleasure of intercourse is enhanced by identity of pursuit ; and how strong the hold which innocent amusements, shared with congenial friends, have on our affec- tions ! ov ydp Tis Kevrpmffi Safiils SypTjs ipaTUvrjs Oppian. Cyneg. adrts eK&tv Kei^^eiev, ?;^et Be [uv ^ffirera BeiT[i(i. 11. vs. 32. As to the period of his life at which Arrian may be supposed to have written the Cynegeticus, the inference to be drawn from the meagre paragraph of autobiography in the first chapter, wherein he states his fitness to supply the deficiencies of the elder Xenophon's work, from having been ajM, . /I - _ ~ Arrian. Parthi- xai ftiftijTijf ojf «X>j9coj ssvofttiVTO;. ca. Under this view of his works we have the dissertations of Epictetus from the pen of his most renowned follower, the Bithynian Xenophon, and the Memorabilia of Socrates from that of the son of Gryllus, the most eminent disciple of the Socratic school : the Anabasis of Alexander for that of Cyrus, with the same distribution of the work into seven books, and the same title. The Hellenica of Xenophon gave birth to the Parthica and Bithynica of Arrian : and in imitation of the Essay on Hunting, our pseudo-Xenophon has left us his Observations on Coursing. Upon their general similarity of character in active life I have already remarked, and shall only observe farther, that, as far as we can judge from the scanty personal anecdotes which have survived of the younger, for comparison with those of the elder philosopher, this similarity appears to have extended to the frame and composition of their minds. Many of the same excellencies, and respectable weaknesses of character, co-existed in both ; the same patient and unerring virtue — the same kind and generous feeling — the same credulous and enthusiastic regard to celestial admonitions — weikjilvous refaso-o-j fletSv' — ^with a proportionate degree of the purest heathen piety. If it be stigmatised with the title of superstitious credulity in the priest of Ceres, that he supposed himself led by divine inspiration to write the history of a man, ouhv) aWio avSpcoiraiv De Expedit. . ^..^. ...... Alexandri L. lo(x»5, 1 would plead his enthusiastic admiration of his hero in vn. c. xxx. 62 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE palliation of the fond supposition, qualified as it is, with equal good sense and piety, in the concluding sentences of the Anabasis ; where he states that as so extraordinary a person as Alexander could not have risen up in the world without divine interference— ou8' efcu tou Sslov ; so, with admiration of his good quaUties, and reprobation of his bad ones, with a strict regard to truth, and public utility, he professes himself his historian, writing, as he verily believes, under the same divine .influence that first gave being to the subject of his memoir. Surely such a belief in heavenly interference, exciting its professor to what is just and honourable, and deterring him from every breach of propriety, as an historian of truth, must be applauded by every fair and impartial judge of human character ; and more particularly so, when in the person of a Stoic, unenlightened by any philosophy but that of Epictetus, it could have no other foundation than innate rectitude of mind. Under the conviction that Arrian's expectation of posthu- mous fame has been realized in general, and that my brethren of the leash will award him particular honour as the first writer of a Courser's Manual, I conclude this brief sketch of his life and literary labours ; which might have been more full, if his biography by Dion Cassius had come down to us- As the compiler of the Stoical philosophy of " the Phrygian Slave," the historian of the son of Phihp,* the hydrographer of the Euxine, a military tactician, a warrior-prefect, and a Jueement aur ^' '^^^ vanity which La Mothe Le Vayer discovers, so glaring in his history, and les Anciens more particularly in what he says of himself in the 1 2th chapter of the first hook of the i'rincipauxliis- ^„ai,asig of Alexander, hefore quoted, and from which Gronovius and Raphelius tonens, occ. p. , „> g4, satisfactorily ezculpate him, I confess I do not see. The pride of the historian is not beyond the dignity of his suhject. OF ARRIAN. 63 classic courser, he has left works behind him which will en- dure as long as literature itself ; — he has done all in his power to benefit and instruct mankind in various departments of human learning; — has contributed his mite to the advance- ment of rational science and healthful recreation, and proved himself worthy of the immortality he so fondly anticipated. LA CHAUSSE ARRIAN ON COURSING. 06 yip Toi ouS' Iffos S ayiiv \aymf koI kwI' iW' 6 likv, titoi $oi\erm, Set, fj Si ^AA^ 44/ti). But it is worthy of notice that although Arrian attributes to Xenophon a description of the hunting priictices alone of the Cretans and Carians, there is no mention, in the Cyne- c. ir. ON COUKSING. 73 But such of the Celts as hunt for the beauty of the sport, Chap. III. and not as a means of livehhood, never make use of nets. Ceiiic Saga- . J . „ ciuas Hounde. And yet they have a vanety of dog not less clever at hunting on scent than the Carian and Cretan/ but in shape sorry brutes. ^ In pursuit these give tongue with a clanging howl like the yelping Carians, but are more eager, when they catch the scent. ^ Sometimes, indeed, they gladden so outrageously, even on a stale trail, that I have rated them for their excessive barking, — alike on every scent, whether it be of the hare going Tiieir Qualities. to form, or at speed. * In pursuing and recovering her, when geticiis of the latter, of these ardent spartsmen or their hounds, save that in his chapter on boar-hunting he orders Indians, Cretans, Locrians, and Spartans to be taken to the field, as a fit pack to contend with such ferocious game, lii) tos imrv- Xenophon. de Xoi(ras (picked dogs) Iva ETOtyuoi So-i iroA-e/^eic t^ Bijpiiji. Arrian's meaning therefore must be that Xenophon's description, such as it is, (in hare-hunting confined to the Castorian and Foxite hounds,') is applicable to the Ca- rian and Cretan sporting alone, and can have no reference whatever to the peculiar practices of the Celtic coursers. However, I do not believe the-difference between the Spartan and Cretan or Carian hounds to have been very marked, and Xenophon, Ejusdem c. iii- possihly, may have included the two latter with the former in his general classifica- tion of KatrrSptat and a^coireKiSes. 1. Tb Kapiicb;' Kot KpriTm6i>. The Cretan and Caiian hounds were amongst the most celebrated of antiquity — powerful, quick-scented, and nimble. For a full account of them see the Appendix. 2. The Celtic beagle, or Segusian hound, is well known to modem sportsmen, answering exactly to the description here given of him. See the Appendix. 3. AuToJ Ixfeiovtrtti irtii' Khayy^ xat i\ayii$. So Oppian, &\\' iTrdr ix"^"^ "'/'^ Snieplolo Tux^irj?, Oppian. Cyn. i. , , I.- I 505. KayxaKaa,, icvu%ei re Kex^P/^^""^- 4. T^ Spoiioilip ov fJLiiov ii -rif eivalta. Holsten has here misapprehended his author in the version of the 1st edition. Xenophon, with his usual accuracy, explains the difference of the two scents : ri fikv ehvaia, & \ayi>s iropeuerai iij>i(7Tifievos, Tci Si Spa- jy^ Venat. t. v. ftaia TtJxw- The former is of course a stronger scent than the latter ; for the hare 7. goes slowly to her form, often stopping, and saturating the ground with her trail ; but her pace, when pursued, is quickened, and leaves less impregnation. VVase ihinks K 74 ARRIAN Chap. III. started, they are not inferior to the Carians or Cretans, save in the one point of speed. It is good sport, if they kill but a single hare in the winter season, so much resting-time do they give her in the chase ; unless, indeed, by being frightened out of her wits at the tumultuous uproar of the pack, she become an easy prey. Name. These dogs are called Segusians, ^, deriving their name from a Celtic people, amongst whom, I suppose, they were first bred, and held in repute. But« all that can be said about them has been anticipated by the elder Xenophon. For they manifest nothing different from others in their mode of finding, or hunting their game ; — having no pecuharity, unless one Shape, &c. Were inclined to speak of their shape, which I scarce think worth while, except merely to say, that they are shaggy and ugly; and such as are most high-bred are most unsightly. So that the comparison of them to mendicants on the high- ways is popular with the Celts. For their voice is dolorous and pitiful ; and they do not bark on scent of their game, as if eager and savage, but as if plaintively whining after it. Celtic Swift- About these, then, I do not think any thing memorable can be footed Hounds. ^^^^^^^^ g^^ ^j^g swift-footed Celtic hounds are called in the Vertragi. Celtic tongue ouEgTpayoi ; "! — not deriving their name from any particular nation, like the Cretan, Carian, or Spartan dogs : Wase's Preface the " accessiisque abitusque ferarum " of Gratius (Cjneg. v. 242.) has the same to his Irausla- nieaning as these terms of Xenophon. Elane's translation is liere, as in almost every tion' of Gratius. ,,,,.„, passage of the least dimculty, erroneous. 5. 'Eyovalai. The Segusiani were inhabitants of Gallia Celtica on the western Caesar. DeB.G. side of the Rhone. " Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi." By Cicero L. I. 5. 10. (.jjgy 2jg palled Sebusiani (pro P. Quintio). See C. Venatid Class II. in the Appendix. 6. Xenophon's observations on the mode of hunting of the dogs he has described, (viz. the Castorian and Foxite hounds of Sparta,) have anticipated all that can be said about these Segusian beagles. See Xenoph. de Venat. c. in. u. iv. and c. vi. The latter hounds are not mentioned in the Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon. 7. Oieprpayoi — Vertragi, Veltrachae. See the etymology of this Celtic term ex- plained in the Appendix, C. Venatici Class III. Our author is mistaken in deriving the term iirh Trjs axirriTos. Its roots are velt campus, and racha canis. ON COIJKSING. 75 but, as some of the Cretans are named SiaTrovot^ from workina; Chap. in. hard, (Tajnals from their keenness, and mongrels from their being compounded of both ; so these Celts are named from their swiftness. In figure, the most high-bred are a prodigy of Their Beauty, beauty ; ^'' — their eyes, their hair, their colour, and bodily shape throughout. Such brilliancy of gloss is there about the spottiness of the parti-coloured, and in those of uniform colour such glistening over the sameness of tint, as to afford a most delightful spectacle to an amateur of coursing. I will specify the indications of speed and good breeding in Chap. IV. * greyhounds, ^ and by attention to what points ill-bred and and'goo'dBlMd. slow ones may be distinguished from them. In the first place, let them be lengthy from head to tail ; 2 Derived from Shape. - — . 1^ ^ _ — 8. ^livovot. So named, according to Pollux, because they not only kept up the Onomast. L. v, contest through the day, but slept near their antagonists, and went to work again in ^' '• * the morning. " Perdita nee serae meminit decedere nocti." Varius. Apud Macrob. 9. The iTo/iol are probably the wdptmrm of Pollux. Satumal. 10. TV S« ISiav, KoAcic ti xPW'' «<"> ^''- How characteristic of the apiip 6ripevri- Khs of the text is this burst of admiration of the Vertragus, the fleetest and most beautiful of hounds ! " Of all dogs whatsoever the most noble and princely, strong, The Countrey ■ VI T. J r .» Fanne. c.xxii. nimble, swift, and valient. * Blaue omits this and ten succeeding chapters, 1. Ae'Jtti Sh Kol aMs, &c. " I too," says Arrian, " will relate the indications," &c. ; for Xenophou had also written on the external character of dogs, and it was Arrian's intention not to recapitulate what his predecessor had already discussed, but to fill up the lacuniB of his treatise. The variety of hound, however, described by the elder Xenophon being different, and the indications of excellence equally so, it was necessary for the younger Athenian also to enter on the subject of external character. 2. MoKpa! faraiaav Imh KiaKris 4r' oipdv. So Xenophon of the Spartans, xph Be Venatione, tlvoi fieyiKas, &c. Length of body is insisted on by the ancients as an essential q^J^\^^' characteristic of yevmidrris in the horse, cow, and dog. Gratius notes the " longum ^g_ 272. latus " of the latter, and Oppian his ivniceSaphv Kparephv Se'/toi, as necessary to per- Oppian. Cyneg. fection.ofform. Such a structure is generally indicative of speed: and as an example '• the writer may specify a high-bred greylionnd in his own possession, 5 feet 2 inches long: Ocyor cervis, et agente nimbos Horat. L. i. Ocyor Euro. O''- ''"■ 76 AERIAN Chap. IV. External Character generally. for in every variety of dog, you will find, on reflection, no one point so indicative of speed and good breeding as length ; and on the other hand, no such mark of slowness and degeneracy as shortness. So that I have even seen dogs with numerous other faults, that have been, on account of their length, both swift and high-couraged. And farther, the larger dogs, ^ when in other respects equal, show higher breeding than small ones on the very score of size. But those large dogs are bad, whose limbs are unknit, and destitute of symmetry ; * being indeed, when so formed, worse than small dogs, with an equal share of other faults attached to them. Your greyhounds should have light and well-articulated heads ; ^ whether hooked ^ or flat nosed is not of much con- Sir Walter Scott. Rhetoric. L. t. V. Folluc. Onom. L. V. c. X. 57. Xenophon. de Venat. u. iii. ifflagBter ot CBame, c. xv. fol. 66. Vlitius, the learned editor of the Poetae Venatici, mentions that greyhounds were called in his day, kkt' l^oxh"} " '*' '""g" dogs," as by modern coursers. 3. Kal jttV x"' <"' /ieifores — ev(pv4aTfpai ran (riMKpHv. Our most distinguished modem greyhounds, as Millar, " facilis cui plurima palma," Snowball, and others, have been large dogs, lengthy, muscular, and low on the legs : Who knows not Snowball ? he whose race renown'd Is still victorious on each coursing ground ? SwafFham, Newmarket, and the Roman Camp, Have seen them victors o'er each meaner stamp. If we qualify the size by the conditions laid down by Aristotle in the aperal a^fia- ros, we shall probably hit the mark as to neyeBos, whose dpcrj; is de6ned rh {nrepex^iv Karh. rh firlKos, Kol ^dQos, Kid TT\(iros, tuv voWwv, roaovrtp fiel^ovi, Siffre /x^ fipaSv- Tcpas tokIv rh,s Ktviia^is iih. tV inrepfioX'tjv. 4. Pollux has well observed aperai 8e kvvuv, Airb /uv ad/fuiTos, lipyaKai, fmSh affuyu- fiSTpol, flTjde &I'c£p|UO0TUt. The Vertragi, like Xenophon's Spartan Fdxites, should not be high on the legs, nor loose-made — at i>fni\oii, ivy\7iP0P, Kvaiial ariKfiotev UTrtoiroI' ON COURSING. 77 sequence : nor does it greatly matter whether the parts beneath the forehead be protuberant with muscle. '' They are alone bad which are heavy-headed, having thick nostrils, with a blunt instead of a pointed termination. Such then are well- headed hounds. Their eyes should be large, up-raised, clear, strikingly bright. The best look fiery, and flash like lightning, resembling those of leopards, lions, or lynxes. ^ Next to these Chap. IV. 6. Xenopbon reprobates hook-nosed bounds, at Se ypmrdl lunoiioi, Kat Sict toSto oi Harexouiri t)>v \a7oii. PoUus would have the heads light and airy, Koi!i|>ai xa! (tipo- poi : and when speaking on human anatomy, explains the terms 7pu7ra2 and trijuai, tjri Sh ToB (Tijuou, ipaliis hv Sis taTiv t) ^h iK niaav KoiXtf Sxrirep ivl toB ypmoii, fi)s Ka/nrdAi). Many of tbe features of Pollux's portrait of the C. Venaticus are appro- priate to the Celtic hound. See Onomast. L. v. c. 37. Tbe more modem Cynegetica agree, in all important points, with tbe structure approved by Arrian : " A greihounde shnld have a longe hede and somdele greet ymakyd in the manere of a luce, a good large moutbe and good sesours the on agein the other, so that the nether jawes passe not hem above, ne that thei above passe not hem by nether."' A grehonnde sholde be Heeded lyke a snake. De Venat. cm. also 0. iv. Onomastic. L. V. c. 37. Onomastic. L. II. c. ir. 73. ^agster of fiSame, c xv, fol. 66. Book of Hawkyng, &c. 1486. " Capite et coUo ohlongis," says Belisarius : " longo et piano capite," Albertus. Markham's " He should have a fine, long, lean head, with a sharp nose rush-grown, from tbe .^^^"tjYd 48* eyes downwards." 7. 'IviiSri — sinewy. Xenophon says, ivdSri tA KiTuBen ray fier^Trmv : but his namesake is indifferent on this point. 8. Oppian describes tbe eyes of lions as and again, "O/t/uoTa 5" aly\ii€VTa : Kal wphs mrrpiiTrrovfftv air' icpOaXiiiiv anapuyal : Cyneg. iii. V. 26. V. 32. of the leopard or panther. vfifia tpaeLvhVf y\avKi6ufft Kopai fi\eipdpois imb (lapiialpomi., y\avKi6cD(rtv i/JiOv re, Kal ^vSoBi ipotviiraovrai aieonhats keAai, vvpiAa/iwUs : V. 69. 78 ARRIAN Chap. IV. are black eyes, provided they are wide-open and grim-looking ; and last of all, grey : 9 nor are these to be considered bad, nor indicative of bad dogs, provided they are clear, and have a savage look. Chap. V. For I have myself bred up a hound whose eyes are the Episode on grevest of the grey ; ^ a swift, hard-working, courageous, Horm6. sound-footed dog, and, in his prime, a match, at any time, tor four hares. He ^ is, moreover, (for while I am writing, he is Cyneg. iii. V. 90. iKaaster of ©anw, c. XV. fol. 66. of the lynx, tficpSev arfiirTovixi. 9. Xenophon de Venat. c. iii. condemns blink-eyed and grey-eyed hounds as bad and unsightly, oiVxpai ipaaica : but Oppian particularly specifies blue eyes as pre- ferable to all others ; and I have known many azure-eyed dogs of great merit. The darker the eye, however, the better. " Her eynne shuld be," according to De Langley, " reed or blak as of a sphauke :" — " full and clear, with long eye-lids," according to Markham. The reader of Anacreon will understand the sort of eye admired in the greyhound, from the Anacreon. Od. XXIX. fi4\av &[iiM yopyhv etrrctf of the 29th Ode ; and at the same lime, perhaps, smile at the quotation. 1. The early part of this chapter, devoted to the portraiture of the author's beloved Horm^, interrupts his general description of the greyhound's shape, which he again resumes after gratifying his personal feelings in an affectionate interlude of canine biography ; ostensibly introduced to prove that a blue-eyed hound (kiJi/o xopoiri^i', olav xopoiraiT(£T7ji') may possess all the essential excellencies of his race. 2. I have taken the liberty of changing the sex of this favourite dog, according to the example of Holsten ; because I think it probable that Arrian may have used the feminine gender here, and generally through the treatise, not from the animal spoken of having been really of that sex, bat from its being usual with Xenophon and other classic authors to employ the feminine gender when speaking of the dogs of the chase. Indeed, it has been remarked by Eustathius and others, that such was the custom of P' the ancient Greek writes, whenever they spoke of any kind of animals collectively. But Arrian does not apply the feminine gender to dogs gregatim only, but also indivi- dually : and the same prevalence of this gender is also observable in the Latin poets. Stephani Sche. diasm. L. ir. Eustath. ON COURSING. 79 yet alive), most gentle, and kindly-affectioned ; ' and never before had any dog such regard for myself, and friend and fellow-sportsman, Megillus. * For when not actually engaged in coursing, he is never away from one or other of us. But while I am at home he remains within, by my side, ac- companies me on going abroad, ^ follows me to the gymnasium, Chap. V. It must be confessed, however, that the name Honn6 (Angl. Rush) is more applica- • ble to a bitch than a dog. 3. It is generally belis^red that greyhounds have very weak attachments; and the Chronique de fickle companions of Charles de Blois and of Richard II. favour such an opinion. Froissait, and But against these well-known examples of canine infidelity, we may place others of Johnnes's extraordinary attachment to their lords ; at the head of which let Horm^ stand, Transl. V. iv. vptfordrri (cal ^i\ai'0puirori£T7), the beloved and affectionate hound of the founder of the leash : Fossem multa canum variorum exempla referre, Ni pigeat studium parvarum noscere rerum. Natalis Comes de Venat. L. i. To the tales of inviolable attachment recorded by the royal pen of Edmund Duke of York, of " the greiliounde boothe good and faire of Kyng Apollo of Lyonnys," and the " wel good and faire greihounde that was Aubries of Mondidert," the reader is referred for farther examples ; nor should he forget the martyr Charles's dying eulogy of the Celtic hound. Vide J. C. Scaliger de Subtil, ad Card. Exerc. ccii. the last of the Hiatoriie Duae Nobilissimee, sect. 6. 4. " Amans dominorum adulatio." nulla homini mage prodiga grati Officii quadrupes, domiuisque fidelior ipsis ! says the kind-hearted poet of Venusium : and again, Usque sequetur ovans, tua nee vestigia quoquam Deseret, at lateri semper comes ibit herili. Sistis iter ? sistit — properas ? velociiis Euro Scindit in obliquum campos, &c. iCtasster ot ffiame, c. xn. fol. 47^19. Cicero de Na- ture Deor. J. Darcii Ve- nusini Canes. 5. The following lines from a canine epitaph, " De Mopso fidissimo cane," are not inapposite : Custos assiduus domi forisque Noslri principis, et comes fidelis : Septem Illust. Vir. Poemata Amst. 1672. 80 AHEIAN Chap. V. and, while I am taking exercise, sits down by me. On my return he runs before me, often looking back to see whether I had turned any where out of the road ; ^ and as soon as he catches sight of me, showing symptoms of joy, and again trotting on before me. If I am going out on any government business, he remains with my friend, and does exactly the same towards him. He is the constant companion of which- ever may be sick ; '' and if he has not seen either of us for only a short time, he jumps up repeatedly by way of saluta- tion, and barks with joy, as a greeting to us. At meals he pats us first with one foot and then with the other, ^ to put us in mind that he is to have his share of food. 9 He has also Equo seu fuit ire, sive curru, Seu trit^ pedibus vi^ Toluptas. Hinc me carior hand erat ; nee alter Posthac est aliis futuius annis Me cams magis, aut magis peritus Blandiii domino, &c. J. Dai'cii Venu- sini Canes. Vanierii Pi»d. Rustic. L. IV. 6. 'EiravloyTOS irpoeuri, Saiuvli imaTpe<> — more than I ever knew in any other dog — pointing out, in his own language, whatever he wants. Having been beaten, when a puppy, with a whip, if any one, even at this day, does but mention a whip, he will come up to the speaker cowering and begging, ** applying his mouth Chap. V. aaivaa', (aUX yh,p re ipipa neiAlyiiara fluiUoO). Homer. Odyss. X. 21G. Hence probably Juvenal's 10. Xlo\v(p8oyyos, ' sordes farris mordere canini." Hanc tu si queritur, loqui putabis. Sentit tristitiamque gaudiunique. Martial. Is Publii. Did Horm^'s " verba canina" (Ovid, in Ibin) extend to the imitation of spoken lan- guage, as in the memorable case of M. Leibnitz's dog, recorded by him (" temoin ocu- laire") in the Hist, de I'Acad. Royale des Sciences, ann. 1715 ? or are we to under- stand that this most musical of hounds, ^i\o(^0(!77a>i' wKurdTt) aKvXdianv, only " gave tongue," like his congeners, with various intonations of bark ? Anyta Epidauria. o^eiy 6\aK^ x^^^^^ K^ves itpQiyyomo — Apollon. Rhod. L. in. 1216. making up by intelligence, and significancy of action, for deficiency of speech : avSpoiihiv a;TctT97. Plato also has Kiaiv ffo^aTdTOSt 14. 'Upordrn — " holiest ;" Encycl. Metropol., article " Hunting." It is scarcely possible to express this epithet in English. Zeune's Index Graecitatis gives " prae- stantissima." I do not like Mr. Smedley's translation, E. M. ; and yet I cannot suggest a better in its place than that of the version. A coursing friend substitutes " perfectly divine." 15. He now returns from his beautiful episode on Horra^ to the physical indica- tions of excellence in greyhounds generally. The conque of the ear is semi-pen- dulous, and yet the greyhound has the power of elevating it with as much ease as the less reclaimed varieties of dog. This particular structure gives the appearance, no- ticed in the text, of the ear being broken ; and also adds to its seeming magnitude. 16. The modem courser prefers the small ears of the Oppianic hound. Oppian. Cyneg. I. V. 403. ^aict 8* liTrepQiV CJap. XV. tnl. 66. Nemesian. Cyneget. 113. and excludes the pricked ear, the " rectse aures " of Fracastor. Albertus recom- mends " aures acutae retrorsum directae, et parvas :" the Mayster of Game, "the eerys smal and hie in the maner of » serpent :" Gervase Markham, " a sharp ear, short, and close-falling :'' but the most correct notion of the ears of a perfect grey- hound is imparted in the line Cuique nimis molles fluitent in cursibus aures — of the Carthaginian poet. ON COURSING. 83 round, and flexible ; i'^ so that if you forcibly draw the dogs backwards by their collars, it may seem to be broken, from its flexibility and softness. Broad chests are better than narrow. Let them have shoulders standing wide-apart, *^ not tied toge- Chap. V. 17. Seipii liTiKtSavii, Kai crijiea vipBe Kparaict, evp4a. Oppian. Cyoeg. 1. 405. Oa the necessity of a long neck all the Cynegetica, ancient and modem, are agreed ; but there is a difiference of opinion on the formation of the chest. " The neke," according to De Langley, should be " grete and longe, bowed as a swannes nek.'' " Pectore acuto," says Belisarius, " costis inferius longis, et ad ima paululilm tra- hentibus : prsecoidiis lateribusque ita amplis, ut sine diflicultate canes spiritum trahant. Nam qu3 facilior respiratio fuerit, tanto expeditiores ad cursum erunt." Albertus agrees with him in all points of importance. Juliana's portrait is " neckyd lyke a drake :" Markham's, " a long neck, a little bending, with a loose hanging wezand ; a broad breast, straight fore-legs, and side-hollow ribs.'' Topsel translates from Albertus an invention " to make a greyhound have a long neck," far too ridiculous to be extracted. Indeed, this worthy Bishop of Ratisbon fully merits the character given of him by Sir Thos. Brown, " that he hath delivered most conceits, with strict enquiry into few :" and the Rector of St. Botolph's, Alders- gate, is a close copyist of all his absurdities. 18. The following lines complete the accurate portrait of the Cilician poet : Til vp6(rBev S4 t' o\ifoTe'pai irrfSe earuv, opBoTivits KliKlDV TBWwl 8oAlx4pE« IffTol, iipies wfuytrXdrcut if\evpuv itrucdipiTta rapcrck, off^ies fS(TapK0i, /t,}] jrloves- airhp Siriorflc arpitpvii t' iKr6Si6s re ir^\o« SoXixifcKios oip^]. Toioi likv ravaoiffiv i.. Ill, Gratii Cyneg. 276. EffugB qui lat^ pandit vestigia plants, Mollis in officio, siccis ego dura lacertis Crura veliin, et solidos haec in certamina calces. Fracastorius, Alcon. Iina pedum parv^ signent vestigia plants. De Venatione. Tardif explains the cat-like foot, " pedes parvi, digitis duris, et apte conjunctis, ne quid terra aut luti in vi^ admittant :" and Savary of Caen, Album DIans Leporicidae. L. II. ^-^ brevemque pedes glomerentur in orbem Parvaque compactis digitis vestigia ferment. 1. Compare Xenophon de Venat. c. iv. Arrian very rationally combats the no- tion of a greyhound's excellence being at all dependent on so variable a distinction as colour. Oppian, more credulous on this point, reprobates wliite and black dogs, as impatient of beat and cold, and gives a preference to such as are red, russet, or fawn : Oppian. Cyneg. I. 429. Kitvoi S' iv Tt&vTisaiv aputreioaai Kiveacri, Tols iKeKoi fiop(pal fid\a B^peffiv ufJLTjffr^ffi, ini\oip6vouri \iKois, fj rlypeciv rivenoetrffais, ^ KaX a\uneKeeiTffif Boaitrl 7€ •jrop^aKieffffWj tj iirSffoi S^/iip-pi iravetxeXov etSos ^X"""' fftrSxpooi' jLtaXa ydp re flool Kparepoi re ireXoyrat. Sect. IV, p. 262. The Cynoaophium recommends such as are irapavKiitrtot \4ovcri, itipSois, \iicots : and adds to its Materia Medica (p. 275.) amongst other ridiculous nostrums, a formula by which the colour of the hair may be changed from white to black — credat Judceus ! In accordance with the general prejudice which bestowed superior virtue on parti- coloured, (for such was Xenophon's opinion,) Pan confers on the Goddess of the Chase pie -bald and mottled hounds : ON COURSING. 87 is a simple, uniform colour to be suspected as ferine. The Chap. VI. colours, such as they are, should be bright and pure ; and the hair, whether the dog be of the rough or smooth sort, should t\v S* 5 yeveiTjTTis 5(5o fjihv K^vas 9ifit(rv TrijyohSf H. in Dian. Tpeis 5^ Tr6p' ovariovSf '4va 5* al6\ou» Pollux would mix a little Tariety of colour, fK(iaT

(iini Tpo(r^i\Ers. Oppian would have hounds friendly to all men alike : iTnroKTi Kparepotat S" S/iliBees liypemripes i^cTL PTjnidxoiv iaTtav, fiep^Treffffi re nafftv i]9(iSm lKiol Te, n6poia-i Se Biipenv ix^pol. 3. Kp&TiaToi 8^ ai (piKmiSpmrirarai — the best greyhounds are the mostkindly- afiectioned. Martial's Lydia was gentle at home, but savage in the wood, Oppian. Cyneg. i V. 445. Venatrix sylvis aspera, blanda domi : and De Langley's greyhound, " curtaise and nought to felle, wel folowyng his maister and doyng whatever he hym commaundeth. He shuld be good and kyndly and dene, glad and joyful and playeing wel willyng, and goodly to alle maner folkes, save to wilde beestis, upon whom he shuld be felle spitous and egre." 4. 'Xith xj/i^ov iimTJrrrovTiu. Start at the starting prey or rustling wind. 5. All these particulars are, for the most part, matters of education and discipline ; but are partially dependent on innate disposition. Education, however, is very ini- M Epigram. L.n. iBlaj)Bter of ffisrae. c. XV. fol. 66. Tickell's Fragment on Hunting. 90 ARRIAN Chap. VII. mildly, they pay no attention to you ; — if threateningly, they keep aloof from fear. For when a greyhound has had his gallop, and has run about, he ought to come back to his keeper, even without a call,^ — showing that he is under command at will ; but, if the keeper does not choose to take him up, let him again bound away, and again return. Such dogs are well broken in as, at the voice of their keeper, crouch before him ; '' not from fear, but regard and respect for their feeder, cowering like the worshippers ^ of the Great King. 9 It is no good sign for a hound to stand still, when let out of couples on an open Xenophou. portant, operating on a good subject. Tuv kvvuv, says Socrates, t£c titpveirrdTui', Memorabil. ipo^nSfav re oiaiii/, Kal im9eriKuv rots Sriptois, tAj fiiv Ka\us ax9el There is nothing like a soft and warm bed for greyhounds ; Chap. ix. but it is best for them to sleep with men: — as they become tTe^Kennd." In panem coquit ille, cavo hie in robore cald& Digerit in pultem, lambendaque coena paratur. Nee durum sit sajpe tibi, qu^ luee quietem Artemidi debes, illos recreare calenti Jure, miuutatim ecissis e vilibus extls : Currentem, ilignisve bibant in vasibus undam. 5. KojuouoT) Se ^ii^&KKeiv ^ SSaip, &c. Arrian says nothing on the treatment of canine disease beyond this bint on diet. 6. The Cynosophium substitutes the lungs for the liver of a bullock, as nutriment for puppies, when deprived of milk — « yi\a ni) ex^is. See Cynosoph. p. 271. On the feeding of puppies Nemesian observes, that it should be regulated by the season of the year, atmospherie temperature, &c. Interdiimque cibo Cererem cum lacte ministra, Fortibus ut succis teneras complere medullas Fossint, et validas jam tunc promittere vires : but during the intense heat of summer the puppies are to be kept on lighter food, and then again on meal and whey, Cynegeticus V. 161. Tune rursus miscere sero Cerealia dona Conveniet, fortemque dari de frugibus escam. Ejusdera V. 182. 7. 'Ayaelv 8c xaX v iunrta Kanvoiaig. Anian probably wrote rp ao-irf? Ka/ivoiirri : - prodest etiam lac quaudo cibi fastidio laborat canis." The remedy suggested by Demetrius of Constantinople for armexis, " bad feeding," I should consider more likely to increase, than cure the disease ; iav avopntr^ iciuv, K6irpiav &i>epimiav StSov ^^°°^°^^- ipayfti', K. T. \. 94 ARRIAN Chap. IX. Bedding. thereby affectionately attached — pleased with the contact of the human body, and as fond of their bedfellow as of their feeder. ^ If any ailing affect the dog, the man will perceive it, and will relieve him in the night, when thirsty, or urged by any call of nature. He will also know how the dog has rested. For if C^nosoph. 1. A short section of the Cynosophiuni is given to kennel management — idvas p. ibs. lierh av8p appears from Pollux, L. ii. c. V. 3. to be the same as vi/ieXi), white adipose substance adherent to the mem- branes of the abdomen and viscera of men and animals : but if Hesychius be correct in his explanation of imoiiaySaXia as oreap iv o» rits xeipas awefiiTTovro 4v toij Sitirfots- PaKovTis Si rois Kuril' avaXiovres anh rwv Silirvuv, it must have possessed sapo- naceous qualities of detergency ; for if it were pure fat, with Bochart we might well ask " unde abstergantur, qui inde absterguntur .' " For the distinctive difiference between Blondi . Libellus, &c. Countrey Con- tent. B.I. p. 61. p. 52. Tardivus de Venatione. Hierozoicon L. II. c. LV. 102 AHBIAN Chap. XIII. the Weather be very hot, I would have you take an egg in your hand, open your dog's mouth, and push it down, that he may swallow it at one gulp. This will be nourishment enough for him, will cherish his wind, and quench his thirst. * Chap. XIV. Seasons of Coursing. You may go out coursing frequently in spring and autumn, • these seasons being attended with the least risk to your dogs — Columel. de R. R. VI. 4.. 2. Historia Quadruped. &c. mne\ir and (rT^ftp, see Aristot. H^st. Aninii^U L. iii. c, xvii, The properties of each are evidently distinct. 4. " Saepe etiam languor et nausea discatitur, si integrum gallinaceum ovum jejunis faucibus inferas," &c. So also Tardif, as cited by Gesner, " si canis inter venandum nimi^ siti laboret, duo aut tria ova confracta in gulam ei inimittes : sic enim sitim eztingues, et a periculo hecticse vel marasmi canem liberabis." 1. Ancient sportsmen were accustomed to follow their field sports through the whole year ; and often prolonged the chase till midnight. Hor. L. i. Od. r. Oppian.Cyneg. I. 112. irorJ S" kaireplov, jrore S' adfe koI op^ini pas fir* aurlvtirai trArivaliis iSdiuurffav, But the more humane of rpodem d?j9 have abridged this perpetuity of warfare with the animals of the field and forest by legislative eiiactraent. Nemesian alone, of all the cynegetical writers of Greece and tlome, enjoins us to commence courping af the period usually adopted ; Cyneget. V. 321, Hiemis sub tempus aquoss Incipe veloces catulos Immittere pratis, Incipe cornipedes latos agitare per agros. Dame Julian^, seemingly careless of the '' her-hounde's " impatience of heat, held on till Midsummer; Book of St. Albans. At myghelmas begynneth huntynge of the haare : And lastyth tyll mydsomer there wyll no man it spare. Natalis Comes allows us to sport during the whole spring, preferring that season for the reasons stated in the text — De Venat. L. I. Nam neque tunc horrent torpentia ftigora brums. Nee nimio uiuntur floientia prata calore. ON COURSING. 103 but rarely in summer, ^ lying by, generally, s when the heat is Chap. XIV. oppressive. For greyhounds are impatient of heat, and often, when pursuing a hare with all their might, have been suffo- cated from a stoppage of their wind.* To guard against which, a courser should carty eggs with him, and administer them entire, if his hound's breathing be exceedingly distressed. For there is no better refrigerative, nothing that appeases difficulty of breathing so much. It is not unattended with danger for a dog, under these circumstances of distress, to drink immoderately. For the reasons given, then, be cautious of coursing in hot weather. Never go out in winter when the cold is severe, and, on no account, tvhen the ground is frozen hard. For dogs but the prudent and humane courser will not slip his greyhound later than the month of February. 2. ®fpovs Sh oAiyixts, It is not customary with British sportsmen to course in summer. if Sh S4pei, xpf'^ ,,SpoiJ.M6s: a definition equally applicable to man and beast. See the final note "^^ ^'j^'j'^f to this chapter. 106 ARRIAN Chap. XV. from her seat with long strides ; and the greyhounds, having capered about as if they were dancing, * will stretch out at full speed after her. And at this time is the spectacle worthy indeed of the pains that must necessarily be bestowed on these dogs. 5 Ouomast. L. t. ex. 01. Hist. Animal. L. XIII. L-. 14. Metamorph. L. vii. vs. 772. 4. Ata^^i\fiavTfs Ttk /liKri — havivg tossed about their limbs ; capered about. Arrian means to express the anxiety and joy of the greyhound when the liare is just on the start. With the same signification Xenophon uses hia^pliifm, the t^ myS^juo tov ad/ia- Tos &c. of Pollux. S/cipr^ yovv, says iElian of the hare's start, Tck irpara avh t^s y^s, Kal iTTiS^T : and Pollux calls her a\TiKJi' /cal TrjjSijriKii' rh faioj'. 5. The rush of the greyhound from slips is splendidly described in the Ovidian Leelaps : jamdudum vincula pugnat Exuere ipse sibi, cojloque morantia tendit. Vix bene missus erat ; nee jam poteramus, ubi esset, Scire ; pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat : Ipse oculis ereptus erat. Non ocyor illo Hasta, nee excussje contorto verbere glandes. Nee Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu. Many of the coursing terms employed in the present, the 19th, and 20th chapters, on the Celtic mode of following the sport, are illustrated by Michael Drayton's pro- saic muse : Polyolbion. Song XXIII. In the proper terms the Muse doth thus report — The man whose vacant mind prepares him to the sport. The finder sendeth out, to seek out nimble Wat, Which crosseth in the field, each furlong, every flat. Till he this pretty beast upon the form hath found ; Then viewing for the course, which is the fairest ground, The greyhounds forth are brought, for coursing then in case, And choicely in the slip, one leading forth a brace ; The finder puts her up, and gives her courser's law. And whilst the eager dogs upon the start do draw. She riseth from her seat, as though on earth she flew Forced by some yelping cute to give the greyhounds view, Which are at length let slip, when gunning out they go As in respect of them the swiftest wind were slow • When each man runs his horse, with fixed eyes, and notes Which dog first turns the hare, which first the other coats : ON COURSING. 107 Those are the strongest hares which have their forms in Chap. XVI. open and exposed places ; ' for, from boldness, they do not "*'^'- They wrench her once or twice, ere she a turn will take, What's offer'd by the first, the other good doth make ; And turn for turn again with equal speed they ply, Bestirring their swift feet with strange agility : A harden'd ridge or way, when if the hare do win, Then as shot from a bow she from the dogs doth spin. That strive to put her oflF, but when he cannot reach her. This giving him a coat, about again doth fetch her To him that comes behind, wliich seems the hare to bear ; But with a nimble turn she casts them both arrear : Till oft for want otbreath to fall to ground they make her. The greyhounds both so spent that they want breath to take her. For the indications of speed, and strength of course, in the hare, see L'Ecole de la Chasse, c. iv. " Lievre vigoureux, bon a chasser," &c. " The hare that renneth," says De Langley, " w'. right stondyng eeres is but Htel a ferd and is strong ; and jWagfltet Of zit whan she holdeth that oone eere upryght stondyng and that other y leyde lowe ®5TO. c. in. upon her ryge, she fereth hut litel the houndes. An hare that crompes hure tayle upon hure runipe whan she sterteth out of here forme, as a conyng, it is token she is stronge and wele rennyng." 1. Xenophon enters most fully into the description of the hare, her habits, haunts, &c. — TroSuKefrraroi fihv oil/ fialv ol 6petot, oi TrcBtpol Se '^ttop, ^paSirarot Se ol eKeiot, And so also ^lian, with some difference as to the speed of the mountain and plain hares — Aayt^ 5h 6petot ohic oStws rax^is ijcnrepow^ ol toTs ireSiois ^yoiKOvvres, ei fiij Trore &pa KdtKetfoi irsdlov ^x^^" vnoK^ifi^vov, 4v tp KarlovTss StaOeoutn, See also Polluc. Onomast. L. v. c. xii. and Varr. de R. R. L. iir. c. xii. Much of Xenophon's description is versified by Oppian : De Venat. t. V. De Natur^ Animal. L. XIII. c. 14< irruKos IteiSa/Jiev, e^pijs iplSupoii htiiptiv ffufia ireXei rvrBhPf Atiffiov bokixt^raTov odas' /Saibx SirepBf K6,pi\, $aiol ir(!Scs, oiiK Xaa KuXa, k. 7 . \. Cyneget. L. III. VS. 604. " Of hares soom goon faster and ben stronger than other, as of men and of other beestis. And also the pasture and the centre wher thei abiden belpetb moche there- to ; ffor whan an hare abideth and formeth in a playn centre ther as no busshes be, suche hares ben comonly strengest and wel rennyng. And also whan thei pasture of too herbes, that oon is clepyd sorpol and that other pulegium, thei be stronge and fast rennyng." iSlasBter of ©ante. c. m. fol. 20. 108 AURIAN Chap. XVI. conceal themselves, but seem to me to challenge the dogs. • When com-sed, they do not fly to the woods or groves, how- ever near, for immediate liberation from danger, but stretch away to the open country ; ^ and during the contest, if they are pursued by slow hounds, they moderate their own speed according as they are pressed ; but if their pursuers are fast, they run with all their might. ^ Often when they have turned aside to the champaign country, if they perceive a fleet dog following so close as to overshadow them, they throw him off" by frequent ricks and turns, and again make for the woods, or wherever they know of a place of refuge ; and this should be deemed a proof that the dog has beaten the hare. For coursers, such at least as are true sportsmen, do not take their dogs out for the sake of catching a hare, but for the contest and • sport of coursing ; * C. F. Paullini Lagograph. Curios. S. IV. Quadripartit, Botanicum. Book of Venerie p. 248. .lEIian. de Natur. Animal. L. XIII. c. 14. This superioiity of the upland over the lowland hare continues, according to Paul- lini, after death. The flavour of its flesh on the table is as superior in the former to what it is in the latter, as the prowess of the one during life surpassed that of the other — " Lumbi et dunes, sen coxse," says tlie credulous epicure of Eisenach, '' gratissimura proebent alimentum et pulmentum, imprimis marium, qui femellis in cibatu merito praiferuntur, praesertini si montium fuerint incols planorumque loco- rum, serpyllo, pulegio, et similibus herbis vescentes. Qui enim in palustribus locis degunt, vilioris conditionis sunt camis et succi dtterioria." The cause of the infe- riority of the latter is furnished by Simon PauUi, " quia illorum intercus et excre- mentitia humiditas, quae carneni reddit manu contumacem, non attenuata et consumpta est, uti horum, qui fugati sunt." 2. Turberville observes a hare will take to the open country, if the horsemen stand on the covert-side, " then peradventure when shee ryseth, shoe will take towards the champayne ; " but I have often seen a hare voluntarily start directly away from the covert, without any such obstacle existing to her nearer escape. 3. Oil ftV i,va\ii7Kei t)|I' lauToi) Sivaiiiv aTa/iitines, rripei S^ toS SiiiicovTos tV SpiiijV Kai ihv fifv 5 vaeijs, ou irdm ii/^Ke rb eoutoD rdxas- aWh Ktd ti koI ardaTeiXev, as TrfOiKielv luv toD Kwhs, oi niiv airayopemai iirh toC avvrivov toD ifijutv avris. OZSe yhp ^fielvav iiv, Ku\ Sp^ eis rh ftj) iirepTroi/ejirfloj 01 rhv KUiphv ivra. 'Ecki' 8e (cai 6 Kiav J Ukuitos, TTiviKavra 6 AoyAs (pepcTUi Siuv ^ iroSiiv 6(tei, it. t. \. 4. Ov ydp TOL i-iri Tif a\Sivai Tb Sr\p[ov i^dyovai rks Kivas, oAA^ is l^yava Sp6fLov Ka\ S,iu\\av K. T. \. With the fine feelings of a genuine courser, the author considers the pleasure of the sport as arising solely from the struggle for victory between the ON COtJRSING. 109 and are glad if the hare meet with an escape : if she fly to Chap, xvi any thin brake for concealment, though they may see her trembling and in the utmost distress, they will call off their dogs, * and more particularly so, when they have run well. ^ Often, indeed, when following a course on horseback, have I come up to the hare as soon as caught, and myself saved her alive : and then, having taken away my dog, and fastened him up, allowed her to escape. '' And if I have arrived too late to save her, I have struck my head with sorrow, that the dogs had killed so good an antagonist. ^ hare and dog ; — a trial of the former's speed, its distinctive excellence, (so elegantly alluded to by Anacreon in his complimentary ode to the ladies. (piais Kipara raipois, itoBukItjj/ Kayuois') Anacreon. 11. 1. Od. against that of the latter, whose shape marks its natural designation for such a com- petition. Coursing does not seem to have been otherwise practised as an emulative sport in the classic ages ; nor indeed till a very modern period of its annals. 5. Kol KaTa(pvy6vTa is iKavdai tdToi Sre oKiyas oV5e koI 'iS6mes iirrnx^n «• t. \. — A noble paragraph ! conceived and penned in the true spirit of an enlightened sportsman — Read it all ye who dare calumniate, with Savary and Soraerville, The mean, murderous, coursing crew, intent On bluod and spoil ! The Chace. C. Zeune would read SiayavlaaiTo, as referring to the hare, whose life is spared for having run well. Such a reading, if tenable, (which, I fear, for the reasons given by Schneider, it is not,) would add much to the beauty of the passage. 7. How different the sentiments of the Bithynian courser from those of the Sci- luntian huntsman : like a modem thistle-whipper or pot-hunter, Xenophon bids us search every hiding-place for the worn-out hare, that we may catch her at force, Kct/rSi irSSas, or drive her into the snares I while Arrian rejoices in her safety and grieves over her accidental capture and destruction. 8. "Encutra t^iv ks^oX'^i'. Blaue supposes Arrian to strike the greyhound's head as a chastisement for having killed the hare : but this interpretation is too absurd to be admitted. Many are the examples of the custom of striking the head with the hand. De Venat. C. VI. no ARRIAN Chap. XVI. On this point alone I cannot agree with my namesake. I allow indeed that a man may forget every other object of which he is enamoured, when he sees a hare found, and pur- sued at speed ; 9 but to see her taken is, I own, neither a pleasant nor striking spectacle ; but disagreeable rather, and not at all likely to make us forgetful of other objects of attach- ment. 1" And yet we must not blame Xenophon, considering in indication of sudden grief and vexation. Priam is fearfully apprehensive of Hector's death, and strikes his head with sorrow : Iliad. XXII, - Keipa\liv S' Sye Kdtjmro x^P"^" 0i|/o(7^ avBurx^fteyos, Herodot. Thalia. Fsammetichus expresses his grief in the same way over the rich Egyptian monarch, reduced lo mendicancy in his old age, iirX'^foro riiv Ke^a\V — ^'^^ Plutarch tells us that Solon began naUtv tV xeipaKiiy koI t' iWa vomv ko! Aryeic, & avu^aivei rots vepvnadovffif as soon as he heard of the death of his son. 9. The joys of the hare-chase have been celebrated, in prose and verse, by the successors of the Athenian, in even higher strains than by himself : Natalis Comes de Venat, L. II. Tantas amor lepores venandl, gaudia tanta ! Hie mens, liic animus, hie est et tota voluntas ! Prieponunt reliquis una hac solatia cunctis I ittagster of ©ante. fol. 17. 18. " The hare is a good lityl beest and moch good sport and lykingis the huntyng of hur more than in eny othere beest that eny man knoweth, &c." " the sechyns for the hare is a wel faire thing, and the enchasyng of the hare is a wel faire thing, and the sleyng of hym with strength is a faire thing," &c. The latter, it is lingular, are the very sentiments of Xenophon, reprobated by Arrian; and the passage affords one of many proofs of De Langley's acquaintance with the Grecian Cynegeticus, See Markham C. C. B. i. p. 33. and Somerville's Ghace. 10. See Xenophon Cyneg. v. 33. Arrian has spoken throughout his treatise with the greatest respect of his predecessor's opinions ; but ventures to dififer from him in this place, as to the feelings which the poor hare, when caught, should excite — Sophoclis Ajar. 1011. 3 tSi/ ImdvTuv Si) 6ca/i Kiji^h, edye S b6vvu, kcAus ye S 'Opfiii — 2, 6 ay&iv Aayu^ ko! kwi — accurately and beautifully described in the Ovidian simile j Metamorph. L. 1. 533. Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo Vidit ; et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem : Alter inhsesuro similis, jam jamque tenere Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus, et ipsis Morsibus eripitur ; tangentiaque ora relinquit. and in the fable of Cephalus and Procris, the Teumesian fox being substituted for the hare ; Metamorph. L. vn. 781. Tollor eo capioque novi speclacula cursfis : Qua modo deprendi, modo se subducere ab ipso Vulnere visa fera est : nee limite eallida recto. In spatiuraque fugit ; sed decipit ora sequentis, Et redit in gyrum, ne sit suus impetus hosti. Imminet hie sequiturque parem : similisque tenenti Non tenet, et vacuos exercet in aiira morsus. When reading these and, other splendid fables of tliis poet, and his similes illustrative of terror and rapidity of flight, and eagerness of pursuit, in tlie parties represented, ON COURSING. 113 where she likes, and the dog pursues ; she shifts her course/ Chap. XVII. throws him off, and darts forward ; and if thrown out, the dog is wide of the hare, and must again stretch away after her a-head, and recovei; what he has lost of the course by overr shooting himself. it strikes us as probaMe that he was a practical courser, " Apollinis et Diana; utrius- que sectator,*' and derived his imagery from experience in the field. To the tales of " Cephalus and his greyhound Laelaps," and of " Daphne in Laurum " with its cited accompaniment, we may add much of the poetical ornament of Arethusa's plaintive and terrified flight from the lustful Alpheus, Sic ego currebam ; sic me ferus ille premebat, ...&c. in which the classic courser will discover many allusions to liis favourite sport : JMetaniorpli. h. V. 604. Nee me velocior ille, Sed tolerare diu cursus ego viribus irapar Non poteraiii : longi patiens erat ille laboris. Per tamen et carapos, per opertos arbore monies, Saxa quoque et rupes, et qua via nulla, cucuni. Sol erat a tergo : vidi praecedere longam Ante pedes umbram : nisi si timer ilia videbat. Sed eerie sonituque pedum terrebar; et ingens Crinales vittas afBabat anhelitus oris. Ejusdem V. 609. And when the affrighted nymph is rescued by the interposition of a cloud from her pursuer's grasp, and hears the cry " lo Aretlmsa, lo Arethusa," the poet compares her to a hare in a brake under bimilar terror, Lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit Ora canum, nuUosque audetdare corpore motus: Ejusdem V. 627. as if the chase of this little animal had supplied him with the outline of his picture. 3. 'O liiy ^eXi^tts -rhy Sp6iiOV &c. So iElian, SpSfioir Se eva Koi ifliii/ ou 6e7, Sevpo Se Kol iKucre vapaK\lvei, Kol i^eXlrTei tij koX rp, iKirX^rrav Toiis Kvvas Kal ojraTwi/. 4. Apollonius Rhodius has well expressed the k6v(s SeSarinevm &yoTis straining after the game with open jaws ; Tvrdhv Se TiTaLv6ff.evot ^er&tnffBtv De NaturSk Animal. L. xiii. c. 14. Argonaut. L. II. 2S0. 114 AREIAN Chap. XVII. Moreover, the natural difficulties of the country are more in favour of the hare, than the dog— such as rough and stony and Virgil in the simile of the " vividus Umber;'' copjing, probably, the poet of the Argonauts, jEneid. L. XII. 754. Hieret hians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti Increpuit malis, morsaque elusus inani est. The hare under pursuit has a peculiar sensibility of sounds behind her. To this excellence she owes her preservation from the danger of her pursuers. By this faculty she often outstrips the fleetest brace of greyhounds, attentive to the noise of every stretch, and sound of every pant : Statii Theb. L. V. 168. Prsecipital suspensa fugam ; jam jamque teneri Cre4it, et elusos audit concurrere morsus. The Booke of Venerie, p. 248. Bacon, of Discourse, Essay xxxii. " It is a gallant sporl," says Turberville, " to see how the hare will turne and wind to sJive herselfe out of the dogges mouth. So that sometimes even wlien you thiuke that your greyhound doth (as it were) gape to take her, she will turns and cast them a good way behind her : and so saveth herselfe by turning, wrenching, and winding, until she reach some covert and so save her life." And a far greater than this translator of Fouilloux has remarked : "We see in beasts, that those that are weakest in the course, are yet nimblest in the turne ; as it is betwixt the greyhound and the hare." Scarce inferior to his poetical predecessor of Venusium, the classic Darcius slips his swift-footed Pterelas after the started hare, in a sketch which places the course before the reader's eyes : Darcii Ve- nusini Canes. Ocyus insequitur Pterelas, cursuque citato Intervalla facit lati decrescere campi. Jam propior propiorque inicat, jam captat bianii Summa pedum rostro, jam terga fugacia stringit. lUe pavet, flexoque obliquat tramite cursus, Et dubi^ trepidans formidine, jamque teneri Se putat, et rursiim tangentis ab ore recedil, Fataque momento sibi prorogat, aemula donee Rostra levis mergat miserando in corpore victor, Fulmineus victor, geraino cui tramite lumbos -Spina subit graciles, et castigata cucrcet Ilia suhstrictus venter, slant crura volantem ON COURSING. lie grounds,^ steeps and inequalities of surface — both because she Chap. XVII. is light, and because her feet, from their wooUiness, are not liable to be lacerated by the roughness of the ground ; ^ and PriBteritura notuin, longo internodia ductu Pes geril, in ccelum toUantur acumine bino AuriculcE, flexoque in Isevia tergora gyro ErectsE redeunt falcata voluraina caudee. Mr. Gay's " Ilural Sports," Cnnto 2nd, afford the only poetical description of a liare-course in the Englisli language, with which I am acijuainled, in addition to that already cited from the Polyolbion of Michael Drayton : Vet if for sylvan sports thy bosora glow, Canto ii. Let thy fleet greyhound urge liis fiying foe. With what delight the rapid course I view ! How does my eye the circling race pursue ! He snaps deceitful air witli empty jaws, The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws : Slie flies, he stretches : now with.nimble bound Eager he presses on, but overshoots liis ground : She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way, Then tears with gory mouth tlie screaming prey. 5. Oi tpeWwvfs. I have not met with this word elsewhere. XenophOn has t4 ipehKia, chap. v. De Yen., to signify the sarae kind of stony ground. The Scholia on the Acharnenses of Aristophanes, Act ii. sc. ii. explains ^eWeiis as rocky ground, stony beneath, with a superficial covering of earth— such as we see on the slopes of liills, perhaps. *6,\\!is occurs in Hesychius : axXriphs t(!tos koX Suffepyiis, Koi ^| ^iri- TToXijs verpiSiis- Possibly the English term " fell " may be derived from the Greek (peWhs or (beWeiis. 6. n6Sas rohs vp6i — Arrian's own much-valued hound : to the same kennel perhaps belonged Cirras and Bonnas. ^lian. de ®' "'"' '^ ^^^"' '"' "'*"' 'Z"^"'''''''''* ^'' ^avrif t\oKW7iy4Tai aa' evavria SijpiiroivTo, ou ii](Krl Kparepois, ovk &pya\4ouri Kinaai : De Venat. but Xenophon, a practical authority, affirms it — toIs Kfpaai iratfi Kai tois irotrlv. The "■ '^- thrust from the tynes, or branches, of the stag's horns,. were accounted far more dangerous to a human being than those of the boar's tusk : If thou be hurt with horn of stag, it brings thee to thy bier : But barber's hand shall board's hurt heal ; thereof have thou no fear. Hippolyt. Act. J. 71. 4. "EvSct ^a TnSia (uiiKara. The Homeric scholai will remember the Nomade tribes ON COUKSING. 125 coursing deef with Scythian and Illyrian horses ; which. Chap. XXIIL though slow at first in pursuit, and utterly despicable, as far as appearance goes, by the side of those of Thessaly, Sicily, or Peloponnesus, hold out to the last under the most severe work.* On such occasions you will see the huge, swift, proud-looking horse flagging, and this lean and scrubby little animal at first passing him, then leaving him behind, and at last even driving the stag away from him. He holds on indeed until the stag gives out and stops, gasping with distress ; ® when you may, if of this champaign region, on whom Jupiter cast his eyes in looking from Mount Ida towards Thrace. The Mysians were of the number : airhs Sh iraXii/ rpiirev Saffe (paeivli, Iliad, i/'. 3. v6(ripu/ i^ linroTr6\av ©ppKuii' KoSopdiievos alav, Mvauv t' ci.yxt^ix-X^^j '^^'^ ayaviJov 'ImnjixoKyuv, &c. Seneca speaks of the " Vacuisque vagus Sarmata campis," — Claudian, of the " gens De rv. Consu! exercita campo," — and an earlier poet, the exiled Ovid, in one of his mournful elegies, commemorates the Scythian's skill in horsemanship : Honorii. Protinus aiquato siccis aquilonibus Istro, Tristium T , .■-,,, ,■ L- III- EI. X. Invehitur celeri barbarus bostis equo : Hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagittS. Vicinam late depopulatur humum. Strabo notices the hunting propensities of the inbabitants of the Scythian and Sar- matian plains (L. xvii.) ; and the eloquent historian of the Decline and Fall en- Hist, of Rome, larges on the vigour and patience both of the men and horses in the continual exer- 'o'- "• f^- xxvi. cise of the chase. From the way in which these pastoral tribes of the Scythian plains are introduced by Arrian in connexion with the Celtic coursing, we may con- clude that they were Celto-Scythians. 5. The highest praise is bestowed by Oppian on Sicilian horses, aidraroi 2ikcAo£ ; Cyneg. i. but fleeter than these are the Armenians and Parthians ; and fleetest of all, the ^ • Iberians. 6. 'O Se 4s ToaovTOV &pa aj/Te'x". I non ilium unquam genibusve labantem "• Angelii Videris, aut animam fessum vix ore trahentem. ° j^ ^^ Verum importune potuit superesse labori Acrior, atque novas currendo acquirere vires, 126 ARRIAN Chap. XXIII. you choose, spear him at close quarters as if enfettered, ^ or throw a noose over his neck,^ and lead him away alive. Chap. XXIV. In Africa there is a mode -of coursing on Libyan horses, i Coursin*g"of <^^lled Nomades, on which the sportsmen, mounted, catch not Wild Asses, only red and roe deer,^ (for these are taken with little eflFort, and the horses are not esteemed good in consequence,^) but also Velocem quandoque fug^ prsevertere cervum, Et premeie immanes animis optavimus apros. 7. "E^f iTTii' ijSri, el fiev $oi\oio, aKOvrlffai iYyiiBev iis ireTreSTj/ie'i'Tjv. Virgil. Georg. L. III. V. 374. Cominus obtruncat ferro, graviterque rudentes Csedunt, et magna laeti clamore leportant. Xenophon gives a full description of the mode of ensnaring deer in a variety of trap called TroSotrrpajS?/, and adds : aXlffKovrai 5e Kal iivev TToSoaTpifiijs StooKSfJLevat, ^Tav 77 fi &pa depiv^y airayopevovffL yh,p ff^idpa, fiitrre kffTwuai OKOvri^ovrai, Oppian. Cyneg. IV. 54. i,vvby aKovrl^etv 5e Koi avrla To^d^eirBaL BTjpas apsiorepovs. De Nat. Anim. L. II. i;. II. 8. Bp6xov — a noose-rope. Such ropes were generally used by rude nations in battle as well as the chase. For a clever representation of this mode of catching deer, see the Venationes Ferarum of Stradanus and Galle, and the accompanying quatrain of Kilian DufHaiiis. 1. ^lian mentions these horses in his second book of Animal History: Ukuttoi fieu elffiv 'l-Kiruv KafiiS/rov Se S^ Ti c^aBoiTai ouSej/* Aeirrol Se, Kal ovk eijffapKoit Iklt4i- Siioi ye li^ti Kal (pepeiv oMyaplav Seairdrov elffiv : — and Oppian in his first Cynegetic : Cyncg. I. V. 289. Ma^paiv S' al6\a tpvXa iroXh irpotpepovtnv aTrdvroitf ^/jLtfyl Sp6fjiovs ravaois re, koX &fKp\ it6vovs a\eyeivois' Ka! Al$ves jueret toJis SoXix^y Sp6iJ,ov 4KTe\4ov(nv. Cyneg. ii. V. 293. Cyneg. ii. V. 315. 2. 'E\i(j>ovs % SopKdSas, I take iXatpos to be the red deer, the cervns elaphus of naturalists ; and S6pKas the roe deer, cervus capreolus, the chevreuil of France. To these the poet of Anazarbus adds the fallow deer, under the name of eipvKepa- TCS. 3. From hence it would appear that it was no great exploit to take a red or roe deer, in Arrlan's opinion ; but the latter was deemed very fleet by the last-cited poet, ON COURSING. 127 Arabian Coursing de- scribed by Xenophon, wild asses,* which excel in speed, and power of holding out for Chap. XXIV. the greatest length of course. For when the Greeks inarched with Cyrus, the son of Darius, against the great king,^ (in which expedition Xenophon was engaged, who relates the circumstance,^) while they were passing over the plains of Arabia, '^ there appeared herds of wild asses, but not one could be caught by any single horse- man, and therefore the Greeks pursued them with relays of horsemen at stated distances ; and after the asses had held out for a long while against several, they sunk at last from fatigue. Thus even Cyrus himself, the son of the great king, and the brother of the great king, had not horses good enough wKUTciTaij' SdpKuv iplliTiha y4ve9\tt : and his opinion is supported by the high autho- rity of the Mayster of Game, who affirms that " he rennyth wondir fast, and some tyme, at the partyng from his leyre, he shal out goo a brace of good greye houndes." 4. The wild ass, or Koulan, is an animal of the greatest speed and beauty. He is elegantly and correctly described by Oppian : iaaggfer of 'T', ^ MPifairiv, Siroi ju^ Kifnet XfipSav ireifloyrat Se \vyoifTiVy Stft; fiporhs TiyefioveisL, ToUpeKey iirireKdraL Keivojv ^mjS^ropes lirnwv ^5^ Kwas \elirovffi (piXovs, Triaumi t' i\ia!(nir 'litirois, T)e\fov re ^\rj, Kal v6(T(I>li> apteyan. ON COURSING. 129 the rein, press these wild asses so closely in pursuit, that at Chap. XXIV. last they throw a noose around their necks and lead them away quite subdued. 9 Such are the methods of coursing adopted by those who have Comparison of fleet hounds and horses : they neither ensnare the animals with CoursTng. toils, nets, or springes ; ^° nor employ, in short, any other tricks or wily inventions, but contend with them in a straight-forward trial of speed. ^^ And to me, the two spectacles appear nowise Quemque colotRtus Mazax deserta per arva Favit, et assiduos docuit tolerate laboref. Nee pigeat quod turpe caput, deformis et alvus Est oUis, quodque infrencs, quod liber uterque, Quodque jubis pronos cervix diverberet armos. Nam flecli facilis, lascivaque coUa eecutus Faret in obsequium lentic moderamine virgse. Verbera sunt praecepta fugse, sunt verbera freni. Quin et proinissi spatiosa per a^quora campi Cursibus acquirunt commcto sanguine vires, Paulatimque avidos comites post terga relinquunt. 9. The same fact is related by iElian, in his Natural History of Animals, L. xiv. 1. 10. ; and Beckman (Tlist. of Inventions, Vol. iv. p. 292.) observes, on the autho- rity of Vancouver, that the 0p6xos, or noose-rope, is slill employed by the Hunga- rians, for the subjugation of wild horses. 10. See these instruments of predatory hunting described in the early part of the Appendix, and accurately represented in the spirited engravings of the " Venationes Ferarum " of Stradanus and Galle. The metrical skill of A. C. Kilian Dufflseus, the poet of the annexed quatrains, is not commensurate with that of the engraver. 11. 'EktoC eiBeos Sia'ya)'t^6iJi.evoi. Many are the instances recorded in which the agency of the hound of chase was despised by " the light-footed sons of Chiron's school." The heroes and heroines of old Vfere all-sufficient for the capture of the fleetest animals of the forest and plain. This was indeed coursing in good earnest, and is well illustrated bythe simile of the text. In this way Diana furnished her chariot with deer, her irpwrdypiov, the swiftest beasts of draught — nlffvpas ^ e\es &Ka OeovfTUf vitrei KWoSpoiilris, "va rot Bohv &pna ipepucrt. In this way, the son of Peleua arrested the attention of her sylvan ladyship and the goddess Pallas, R Nemesian. Cyneg. vs. 261. Callimach. H. in Dian. vs. 105. 130 AREIAN Chap. XXIV. akin : the former being like thievish depredation ; the latter, hke a battle fought out with main strength : the one class of sportsmen resembling pirates in their clandestine attack, while the other are as openly victorious as were the Athenians over the Medes in the naval engagement at Artemisium, 12 or at Salamis and Psyttalia, or again at Cyprus. Chap. XXV. ^g ^^ ^}jg. g^gg g^^ which greyhounds should begin coursing, ^ of entering you may take a bitch out after the eleventh month ; ^ or, if she bitch-puppies. Lee's Pindar. Nem. Od. iii. Justin. H. L. XXXVII. C. II. Descriptioa of Britaine. Booke Tliirde. c. 7. Pindar. Fragm. xl! p. 75. edit. Heyne. when, if we credit tales believed of old, His speed subdued the bounding stag, liis spoil — E; hounds unaided and the treach'rous toil. Mithridates, in later days, was wont, during his rustication, " feras cursu aut fugare, aut persequi, cum quihusdara etiam viribus congredi.*' And in our own annals, " King Henrje the fift,*' says Holinsbed, ** thought it a mere scoffery to pursue any fallow deare wyth hounds or greyhounds, but supposed liym selfe alwayes to have done a sufficient acts, when he had tired them by his owi> travaile on foote, and so kylled them wyth hys handes, in the upshot of that exercise and ends of hys recreation." 12. Tlef/l 'A/nejiiiTiov. 39i TTOiScs 'Airivat- KpijiriS" i\ev8epias. ■ Plato (\6yos imTd(j>u)s) gives the first and principal honours (apurreia) to the victors of Marathon — t^ Se Sevrepeia, toTs irepi SaKaiuva Ka\ iv' 'Apre/italif voujuoxV'Wi Kai viKiiaaat. Artemisium was a northern promontory of the island of Eubcea ; Psyttalia, a small, rocky, and barren isle, off the coast of Attica, and near to Salamis ; Cyprus, an island of the Mediterranean Sea. The naval victories of Themistocles and Cimon are too well known to need any detail. 1. Having taken a summary view of the different modes of coursing amongst the Celts, and elsewhere, he now enters in detail into the treatment, initiation, &c. of young hounds. 2. The elder Xenophon mentions an earlier date for entering puppies — bitches at eight months, dogs at ten months old : but he does not allude to greyhounds. Pollux would introduce bitches at six months, and dogs at eight; Onomast. L. v. u. ix. The courser will follow the example of his Bithynian predecessor, whose instructions, indeed, are in exact accordance with modern practice. ON COURSING. 131 be well set, and not loose-limbed, you may let go a haFe from fnAP. XXV. your hand before her, in an open field, a month earlier than this, starting the pup close to the hare, that she may enjoy the sight of her game, and, by seeing it quite close, may work with eagerness.^ But presently slip another good dog to the hare, that the puppy may not suifer by too long a course, nor flag from over-fatigue ; and the second dog turning the hare with ease again and again, will drive her into the puppy's mouth, when the latter should be allowed to tear her with her teeth till she has killed her.* Nemesian, Cyneget. vs. 180. 3. He recommends a later period for entering dog-puppies ; see the next Chapter. Nemesian makes no distinction between tlie dog and bitch on this point : Jam cum bis denos Phoebe reparaverit ortus, Incipe non iongo catulus producers cursu ; Sed parvae vallis spatio, septove novali. Hid leporeni praemitte manu, non viribus sequis. Nee cursu8 virtute parem ; sed tarda trahentem IVTembra; quean t jam nunc faciles ut sumere praedas. Nee semel indulge catulis moderamine cursus ; Sed donee validos etiam prjevertere suescaut, Exerceto diu, venandi munere cogens Discere, et eraeritss laudem virtutis amare. Necnon consuetae norint tortamina vocis. Sen cursus revocent, jubeant seu tendere cursus, Quinetiam docti victam contingere priedam, Exanimare velint tantum, non carpere sumptam. Less diffuse than the Carthaginian poet, the Veronese physician enters his " calu- lus venaticus" in the.fullowing lines of his Alcon, witliout specifying his age : Illi igitur plenis ubi nondum viribus aetas Accessit, parvum cursu conscendere collem Et niolli assuescant sese demittere clivo. Hinc tenerum leporeni, vel crura infirma tralientem Sectari capream, et facilem praecurrere canipum Incipiat, verbisque viri paiere morantis. 4. 'A^HTKOiueVou 8e rot) \ay$, says the elder Xenophon, SMi/ai aurals ava^piryvivai. De Venat. Every sportsman is fully aware of the importance of blooding young hounds : mJoiy ■=• '"• Fracastorii Alcon. 132 ARRIAN Chap. XXV. As soon as the season arrives for taking out your puppies, let them be first walked over such roads as are rough ; * ^lian. de Natui'a Animal. L. vm. u. 2. Aristotelis Ethic. Nicora. L. III. w. ji. Plutarchi Utraque ani- malia, &c. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 246. aypevTwhs airas aMs fiev \a$ii)ii Briplov 5i8eT0i, Kai Kexprirat tJ &yp^ lis &eKtp, iav airhv avyxapilirri 6 SeairdrTis : and a greater than Xeiiophon or ililian lias declared that the curL', or quarry, is to the Spartan hound the object of his chase, owSe rais hcjiius Tuv \ayaSiv al Kives xo'P"""'"'' oA.Aet ttJ" Ppiffii — Sri Popav ?Joi«r(i'. But Plutarch tells us that they will not touch the game, nor lap the blood of it, unless they kill it themselves ; while, in the other case, ^Sovrat SiaoTrUvTes, koi ri oTjua KanTouai irpod^/fiuSf &c. Ergo uhi plena sue rediit victoria fine In partem pra?da3 veniat comes, et sua norit Praimia. Sic operi juvet inservisse benigno. Hoc ingens nierltura est : haec ultima palnia trophaei. Onomast. L. u. VI. Julius Pollux advises that puppies be well blooded, ina vpoaM^airran^ Kvvriye- TiKf Tpotfyy. Albi Dianse LeporicidiE L. IV. MS. IVety and Giffard. iSlagstcr o( ffiame. c. xiv. fol. 62. Countrey Con- tent. B.i. p. 51. De Venat. Atque in parva secant spoliatum segmina corpus, Adduntque infectum leporino sanguine panem. " Ye shal gif yor. houndys the bowellis boyled w"". breed, and it is callyd reward for cause that it is etyn on the erthe and not on the skyn." " Goodnesse of greyhoundes cometh of ryght corage and of the good nature of her fader and modir, and also men may wel helpe to make hem good in the enchannyng of hem with other good greihoundes and feede hem wel in the beest that he taketh." " In coursing," says Markham, " you shall observe two things, bloud and labour ; bloud, which is a hartening and animating of your dogge to delight in the pleasure, when he findes the reward of his paines taking ; for if a dog course continually, and never kill, the sport will growe yrksome to him, and therefore, now and then, give him such advantage that he may kill the hare — then labour, which is contrary to killing ; for ia it you must give the hare all indifferent advantage, both by lawe and otherwise, whereby she may stand long before the dogge and make him shewe his uttermost strength before he be able to reach her." 4. So Xenophon : lart Se Kol, &vev rod dpliTKeiv rhv \ayii, ayaBhv, &yctv rhs icipas eis Tti Tpoxea" Ktti yhp eifiroSes ylyvovrai, koX ret (Tiifunja SiairovoSirai in rditois roioirois Natalis Conies de A'enatione, L. 1. Nee nulla hinc merces sequitur te digna lahorum In loca dura canes si duxeris, aspeia mentis Per juga sylvestri populo vix penia sa;pe. ON COURSING. 133 for this exercise is conducive to forming and strengthening their Chap. XXV. feet. Then station the man who leads them upon a conspi- cuous and elevated spot, and be sure that he does not slip a puppy when the hare has got much a-head, and is out of sight ; (notwithstanding the elder Xenophon advises it in regard to dogs that are to be practised at running on scent ; *) for if you slip a greyhound puppy out of sight of her game, she runs wide, and jumps about, and is beside herself and be- wildered. And after she is full-grown, if a hare happen to escape her, she is never at rest, neither returning to her keeper, nor obeying his call, but, from eagerness for a course, continuing to run about wildly, like a mad dog, after nothing. ^ Let the man, then, that holds the puppy stand on such a spot as 1 have stated, '' concealed from view at the point where it is most probable the tired hare ^ will come in the course of her Scilicet hinc ungues solids, corpasqae labori Aptius est parvo, magnum quod pertulit ante ! " Whan thai be at sojoume, men sbuld lede hem out every day a myle or ij upon ^avittt 0{ gravel, or upon right an hard pathe, bi a revere syde, bicause that her feet may be ffifllllW. , „ c. xni. fol. 59. harder. 5. Xlipl tSiv eis Ixvetav curKovfievinv Kvvuv — Spartan hounds, Castorians and Fozites — with regard to which, Xenophon recommends that the hare should be out of sight Dg Venat. before they be allowed to follow her ; lest, from being too near their game, such as >•■ vii. are high-couraged and swift of foot might be injured by too much exertion in pursuit. It is unnecessary to observe that the elder Athenian's remarks are inapplicable to the courser's hound, who runs entirely by the eye ; and the nearer he is slipped to the hare, if he be only just entered, the better. A hare will always beat a puppy in his noviciate, unaided by an old and experienced hound. 6. MoiKO/ue'iTj iotrnv. livaaakiois S" ^ttcit' txiKoi Rvalv aiaaovrts, Apollon. Rhod. L. IV. vs. 1393. 7. He now gives in detail his instructions for entering greyhound puppies to their appointed game, in opposition to those of Xenophon's seventh chapter ; nor can the most experienced courser add to them any thing worth knowing, nor the most igno- rant complain of their insufficiency. 8. novoiiKVOs d Aayiis iiroKan'jitts Sjjeii To the same point sings the poet' of 134 ARKIAN CiiAP. XXV. turns ; and when he sees her quite weary, let him slip the puppy close to her, neither before, nor directly opposite to her ; for the bitch rushing right upon her will overshoot herself, and the hare, with a wrench, easily skimming by, will of course leave the bitch far behind ; the latter with diflSculty turning herself, as galUes sailing briskly a-head cannot readily tack, unless the rowing be much slackened before they are brought about. Let the hare, therefore, just pass by, and then let him shp obliquely after her. Some one should follow up quickly, as soon as the hare is caught, before the dogs are gorged with her blood. Not that the flesh of a hare is to be accounted of much worth by a person who courses for the beauty of the sport ; ^ but it is a bad thing to teach a greyhound to eat a hare. ^^ V. Ang. Bargeei Qusque adeo multo jamdudam tarda labore t-yneg. L. V. Genua trahat, primaeve annis incauta juventae CondDuo sese facili det caede vorandam, Namque animum, si spes olim frustrentur inanes, Ipse 9U£ sibi virtutis male coDscius acrem Abjicit, et dubias, desperat praemia palmae. 9. OvK ^iretSi) ret Kpea &pa wfpl iroWoS irotrfriov avSpl h KdKKos Kwrryerovyri. And jet we find that the hare's flesh was in high estimation with epicures of old ; and a coursed hare is particularly lauded by Martial among the luxuries of a country table, L. III. Leporemque laisum Gallici canis dente. Epigram. 47. In our own country, the sportsman was as attentive to supply the hall of banquet with its due portion of the delicate little animal, as the kennel with its appointed halow. Booke of Thenne the loynes of the haare loke ye not forgete ; St. Alban's. But brynge theym to the kechyn for the lordes mete — says the dignified Prioress of Sopewell, in her metrical canons of hunting. See also " The Venery de Twety and of Mayster John GifiFarde." Fouilloux, p. 69. TurberviUe, p. 174. and Gervase Markham, C. C. p. 33. 10. iloiiriphv iiddrifLa, It certainly is wrong to allow a greyhound to gorge himself with his game, after he has been sufliciently instructed in the art of killing ; but no pu])py should be hastily checked, when he has caught his hare, even though, in the words of old Gervase, " he may bieake her." ON COURSING. 135 Many a dog, too, has been destroyed by gorging himself Chap. xx\ . while out of breath, after a long course, and has died of ^"^ ^''''*- suffocation. ing dog- puppies. Dog-puppies must not be taken out coursing until they are Chap. xxvi two years old,* for their limbs become set at a much later period Age of enter- than those of bitches. Besides it is attended with no little danger to take them out earlier, many a greyhound having been prematurely destroyed by a severe course before he was full-grown, and especially those of the greatest spirit and highest breeding ; for, in consequence of their spirit, they run to the very utmost of their power. The other practical points, a,lready insisted on in reference to bitches, are equally to be attended to in regard to the other sex. Dogs are to be kept from copulation within the age stated ; for the seed being not yet matured in them, is generally weak and evanid, xctSairep ^ tiSv irailm. ^ The puppies them- Age of sexu»I intercourse. 1. Few couraers wait till the period specified before they enter their dog-puppies : but it occasionally happens that dogs entered at fifteen months old, if they are large and unset in their limbs, break down under severe work, and are rendered subse- quently useless ; while others, again, more neat and compact of shape, will run as well at eighteen months as at any later period. " Men shuld late renne no houndes," says Duke Edmund, " of what condicions jMajJBter Of that thei be of, ne nat hunte with hem in to the tyme that thei were a xii mounthis (fSanie. c. xiii. olde and passed, and also thei may hunt but ix yeer at the moost." fol. 52. Venus irominuit vires ! non ulla magis vires industria firmat, Quam Venerem et caeci stimulos avertere amoris. Columella, who admits the dog and bitch to copulate much earlier than Arrian, is still aware of the mischievous consequences of the practice ; " si teneris conceditur," says he, " carpit et corpus et vires, animosque degenerat." Blanda Venus canibus non permittenda tenellis. As to the exact period at which the eiyrjs tpya of Oppian (Hal. i. 532.) should commence, and their probable dutatioQ, without risk of breeding from animals too far Lucret. L. v. vs. 1016. Virgil. Georgy iir. 209. De Ke Rust. L. vri. c. XII. Vanierii Pra^d. Rust. L. IV, 136 ARRIAN Chap. XXVI. selves too are so utterly ruined by it that you can never after- wards, do what you will, remedy the error. The proper and seasonable time for sexual intercourse is from the completion of the third year. ^ Pollux. L. V. li. VII, Columella De Re Kust. L. VII. c. XII. Plin. Hist. Nat. L. VIII. c. 40. Hist. Quadrup. L. 1. De Cane. advanced in years, there is some difference of opinion. According to Pollux, Spo opiffTT) Kvy&v Tphs ■K\i]puiaiv re Kol yivenv, •rUir8tti — " You shall observe," says Markham, " to have your dogges and bitches of equal and indifferent ages, as about three or foure years old at the most. But in case of need, your bitch will endure a great deale longer than your dogge, and to breed with a ^young dogge on an old bitch, may bring forth an excellent whelpe." " Frigidus in Venerem senior — ." After describing a good-shaped bitch, Nemesian adds : Nemesian. Cyneg. vs. 114. Huic parilem submitte mareni, sic omnia magnum, Dum superant vires, dum la;to flore juventus, Corporis et venis primsvi sanguis abundat. Naniqne graves motbi subeunt, segnisque senectiis ; Invalidamque dabunt non firmo robore prolem. Sed diversa raagis foeturae convenit aetas. ON COURSING. 137 And it should be thus managed : — watch the opportunity of Chap, xxvii. Time of sexual mtercouise. Tu bis vicenis plenum jam mensibus acrem In Venerera permitte marem : sit foemina, binoi Quse tulerit soles, Haec optima cura jugandis. Gratlus would have a general parity of character in both male and female, Junge pares ergo, et majonim pignore signa Cjneg. vs. 203. FoBturara. And Bargseus agrees with him that the similarity should extend to the essential points of age, shape, and bodily powers : coDJunge una qui corpore, quique ' ■ Angelii Sint EBtaCG paresy atque iisdem viribus, ut mox L v Ipsa tuis votis similis f(£tura sequatur. Columella is mistaken if he intends liis observations on breeding in general, (de- livered in his chapter on swine-breeding), to apply to the canine race. " In omni De Re Rust, genete quadrupedum," says he, " species maris diligenter eligitur, quoniam fre- ' ^''" '^' "■ quenter patri similior est progenies quam matri." Markham's comparative view of the merits of the male and female in breeding for the Celtic kennei will be found more practically correct. See Countrey Contentments, B. i. The dam should be selected Jiooke i, vwith the greatest attention to shape, pedigree, and character in the field ; nor should Countrey the same points be disregarded in the site, but they are not so important in the latter. Farnie. u. xxir. The chances, however, of producing a good litter are greater iu the ratio of excellence {ytwaihris) in both parents, their genealogical distinction, the blood of their " pro- avorum atavi," &c, for the reasons stated by the philosophic poet : — Fit quoque ut interdum similes existere avurum Lucretii Fossint, et referant proavorum saspe figuras, ' L. iv. vs. 1212. Fropferea quia multa mudis primordia multis Mista sue celant in corpore sa^pe parentes. Quae patribus patres tradunt a stirpe profecta, &c. It is evident from what the elder Xenophon says on the accoutrements of the dog, in the sixth chapter of his Cynegeticus, that the Grecian sportsmen took some pains to preserve the purity of breed of certain varieties of the dog. Sharp spikes were attached to the aTeXiwviai or body-clothes ; iyxaTe^^aiiepai Se iyxevrplSfs, iVo tA 7ei'r) tl)v\dTTai(rt, to prevent promiscuous connexion. The remarks of the text are defective on the subject of breeding, leaving much to S 138 AERIAN IP. XXVII. the bitch being clear of vaginal blood ; for if she receive the seed before, it generally is not retained, but is washed out be supplied by experience and reference to other authorities. Arrian, however, was too good a judge of the importance of purity of blood in the greyhound kennel to attend to the mongrel crosses recommended by other cynegetical writers, whose object seems to have been to induce sportsmen to correct the faults or defects of one species by crossing it with another in which the opposite excellencies abounded. The ancients, before the time of Arrian at least, had no idea of correcting the imperfec- tions of individuals of the same species by selecting from it other individuals in which the same defects were not apparent, but rather " a redundancy of the desired excellency, coveted in the imperfect animal." Such is the plan of Gratius c Gratii Cyneg. Idcirco variis miscebo gentibus usum. *"*• Quondam inconsultis mater dabit Umbrica Gallis Sensum agileni, traxSre animos de patre Gelonse Hyrcano, et vanee tantum Calydonia linguse Exibit vitium patre emendata Molosso. Scilicet ex omni florem virtute capessunt, Et sequitur natura favens. De Re Rust. Varro, however, speaking of the breed of the shepherd's dog, says " magni L. II. c. IX. interest ex semine esse canes eodem;" by which he means that it should not be crossed with any hunting breed. But in the "Geoponica'' we are cautioned against L, XIX. u. 1. allowing those of the same litter to have sexual connexion with each other, Se fxev eS Kepdffeias' drckp iroKii (peprara trdvTuv HvSpes iiraKTripes. gens una tamen felicior auk Nascitur ex specie. Belin de Ballu in his " Animadyersiones" has evidently mistaken Oppian's meaning in the latter part of this citation. The poet alludes to an union of the qualities of individuals of the same variety of dog ; and not, as supposed by the French critic, to breeding in and in, or proximity of blood, in the same family — a practice as degene- rative in the canine race, if persevered in for a length of time, as the Stagirite has observed it to be in the human species. See Aristot. de Rhetoric^ L. ii. t. 17. Brodseus very properly explains nov6(pv\a by lSiiv\a in his annotations. And Conrad Gesner, with his usual accuracy, says : " Prajstautissimi quidem canes in suo quique genere nov6ipv\oi sunt, id est, ex unius generis parentibus prognati : veriim superflua venatorum cura miscere etiam diversa genera, quse quidem innumera sunt, adinvenit." Natalis Comes de Venat. L. 1. Hist. Quad. L. I. p. 259. Ipsa tamen generi sua cuique est maxima virtus. Et quamvis variis proles genitoribus orta Testeturque animos, et magnum robur avorum ; Inque uno interdum geminetur pectore duplex Utilitas ; tamen ilia alieno protinus usu Degenerat, semperque magis producit inertem Frogeniem, et patri^ longe a virtute remotam. P. Angelii Bargiei Cyneg. 1. Ta Se Karaixiivta Tuh Kvalv hwrb, r\i>.4pais yivirai' aviiPaivei Se a/ia Kol lirapais aiSolov 4v S^ T^ XP°''V '^ovrtp oit trpocrUpTat ox^ia^, o^' 4if rats fiera ToiSras cTTTct fiiiipais' T&s yhp irdtras SoKu triai^^v iiiiipas rirrapas KaX Sma, as fVl.rb Tro\v. Dat Venus accessus, et blando fcedere jungit. The son of Gryllus recommends (c. vii.) the same watchful delay to insure fruitful intercourse : S^eir Se KaTwaavoiiivas, Xva 6S.ttov iyKvimves yiyiiuvTai, nphs nims ayaSois. The terra Korawavonhas here signifies " when their heat is beginning to remit a little," and not, as rendered by Blane, " in a quiet maimer.'' Aristotelis Hist. Animal. L. VI. 20. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 163. 140 ARRIAN Chap.xxvii. that she preserves her heat after the vaginal blood has stopped. Suit-ibie age in A bitch's ape may be considered good for the purpose from bitches for i i i breeding. the second to the seventh year. ^ Chap. It is best for the dog and bitch to be shut up by themselves, Mode of sexual ^^'^ *^ ^^ 0^^ ^^ ^^S^^ whilc together. 1 For open and public iniercourse. copulations, if WB may believe sportsmen, are not prolific ; ^ Fracastorii AlcoQ. Bis quinas tamen ante dies, accensus ulerque In Tenerem, venere abstiueant ; sic plena libido Acrius exstimulat, viresque ad semina prsbet. Hinc major soboles, atque inde valen'tior exit. Odyssey, B. XVII. vs. 394. ^lian. Hist. Animal. L. vii. c. 29. Cynegel. vs. 266. 2. 'AyoflJ) Se TJJ 6Ti\eia fiMKin, &c. Marvellous tales are on record of periods much later than tbe seventh year, in which bitches have given birth to numerous progenies ; but Arrian has specified a limited time wilhin which a greyhound bitch may be con- sidered as being at the acme of her bodily powers, and likely to yield such a litter as will not disappoint the expectations of the Veltrarins. To Mr. Pope we are indebted, in his endeavour to reconcile with probability the age of the Homeric Argus, — The dog whom fate had granted to behold His lord, when twenty tedious years had roU'd, — for the almost incredible case of a gravid bitch of the age of twenty-two years. After which, we may well exclaim in the words of the Greek naturalist, oixom ovS\ "Apyos 6 K^v fivdono'njfia ^c, S SeTe^OjUTjpe, ffhv, oubh ic6fi'7ros TronjriKds ! 1. Xenophon merely says that the dog and bitch should be ayaSol, and the Fa- liscian adds that they be of tried spirit, Et ptiraum expertos anirai, quae gratia prima est. In venerem jungunt, &c. The Chace. B. IV. for every longing dame select Some happy paramour ; to him alone In leagues connubial join. Consider well His lineage ; what his fathers did of old. Chiefs of the pack, &c. 2. Ai 7^^ h 7(f iju^avit SfuKlai oi ySvi/Mi. This ridiculous notion, though doubt- fully advanced in the manual, is supported by many of the old Cyncgetica. ON COURSING. 141 but such as are effected by dogs in private are reported to Chap. succeed. ^ Bitches, after being warded, may, be led out, as walking Management about is conducive to their strength ; * but they must not be Sed frustra longus properat labor, abdita si non Altas in latebras, unique inclusa marito Foemina, nee patitur veneris sab tempore moechos Ilia, Deque emeritee servat fastigia laudis, • Primi complexus, dulcissima prima voluptas, Hunc veneri dedit impatiens natura furorem. The credulous author of the Cynographia Curiosa adds to the absurdity of the notion by saying, " Si turn videantur canes, venationi inutiles parient," borrowing the same from the Cynosophiuni, where such an opinion is said to be the result of long experience. See Cynosoph. c. ii. 3. KvitTKcrat re kvidv ix jUiSs oxfias- SqAoi' 5e to5to ylvercu iii\urra iv Tots K\4irT0V(n Tcts oxeitis- 3iro| yiip iiripdma itK-npovai, says the Stagirite : and again he remarks, that the Spartan dog and bitch are more inclined to copulate after exercise, a fact well known to sportsmen : irovliaaims fb.p naKKov Sipavrai ox'iteiy, fj ipyovvres. (See Scaliger's note on the passage, L. vi. c. xx.) This circumstance is also noticed by jElian and Julius Pollux. Indeed the author of the Onomasticon, in a passage that has escaped the observation of commentators, throws considerable light on the text, which is here rather obscure. See L. v. c. vi. 51. of the Onomasticon. Gratii Cyneg. 279. Cynograph. Curios, p. 64. Aristot. Hist. Animal. L. vi. Nee prius optatam in venerem dimitte volentes, Quam rapido quassis cursu, quam corpora multo Sole fatigatis vehementior ingruat asstus. Inde decern noctes, totidemque ex ordine luces Abde domi, cursusque omnes prohibere memento. P. Angelii Cyneg. L. V. 4. A greyhound bitch may be taken out coursing for ten days after having been warded, hut not longer — " Da requiem granidce, soUtosque remitte labores." Walk- Gratii Cyneg. . vs 286 ing exercise, however, should be continued till the period of parturition arrive. " II est prouv^ qu'une lice couverte, qu'on laisse au clienil, s'engraisse et s'app6- Encvc.M^thod. santit en cessant de travailler, et qu'en cet ^tat elle fait ses chiens avec peine, et Sur les Chasses. souventm^me elle meurt dans I'op^ration" — " on la fait proraener de terns en tems dehors, par un valet de chiens," &c. &c. The period of uterine gestation is in the Celtic greyhound the same as in other varieties of the canine tribe : Mox cum se biiia forra^rit lampade Phoebe Ex quo passa marem genitalia viscera turgent. Neraesian. Cyneg. vs. 130. 142 AHKIAN Chap. XXVJII. slipped again to a hare, for fear of being destroyed by over- straining or excessive fatigue. The dog likewise should not be let loose after a hare until he is recovered from his exhaustion, and invigorated by an interval of at least sixty days' rest. After which there will be no obstacle to his being coursed. * Chap. XXIX. Breeding The most favourable season for breeding is the spring of the year, * as the temperature is mediate between hot and cold. Hist. Quadrup. De Cane. Foecundos aperit partus matura gravedo Continue, larg^que vides strepere omnia prole I Conrad Gesner remarks : " observavi in canibus nostris nonnullas catellas gessisse utenim praecise diebus 60, nonnuUaa uno insuper aut duobus. Peregrina leporaria nostra excellens tulit uterum diebus 63." 5. Thv &()peva nij iipUvai iirl Kaydv. This caution is unnecessary for modern coursers, wbo rarely use the same hound in the field and kennel, for coursing the hare, and supplying the pack with high-bred successors. But if the same dog be employed for both purposes, the interval specified for the restoration of his powers is not too long. The Cynosophium, however, suggests a shorter period of 30 days, during which nutritious food is to be administered, and then the stallion hound may be again taken out for sport. 1. Although the rule has its exceptions, (see Brodsus in Oppianum, p. 42.) Aristotle's observation, that animals in general bpiiS. rphs rhv (rvvSucurfibv in the vernal season, will be found correct. Virgil. Georg. Vere magis, quia vere calor redit ossibus'. III. 272. Oppian. (iapi Sh y\vKbs olaTpos amyKalris 'A<^po5iT7iJ .■-„ ■ ' KoX yifioi riPdufft, Kol a^\-!i\av tpiXhrrres jroffw fool ycuiv re tpepeafiioy, a1 t' i»ek K6\irovs il4pos, o'l t' iuii, Trdn-oy fpi^pixriv Soveovrai. All the Cynegetica agree with Arrian as to the spring being the most fit season for De Venatione. breeding and rearing puppies. 'H yhp Sipa irphs -rlis oi|V"i tSi/ kwuv KparUm, a&n,, says Xenophon ; and the same opinion is repeated by the copyists of later date, with little addition. Indeed, the reasons alleged iu the text are the best that can be adduced for preferring the spring to any other season : Oppian. Cyneg. L.I. v. 376. €1 SJ vi TOi Kepi,(S(u (pt\ov ^irAcTo Sra yeVeflAa, flapt niv irpiaTUTTa Kixos ■n6paw( Kiviaatv. ON COURSING. 143 Winter is not propitious for rearing puppies, more especially on Chap. XXIX. account of the want of milk : * and summer is distressing to the dams for suckling. Autumn is worse than spring for this reason, that the winter arrests the whelps before they are thoroughly formed. ^ The Cynosopbium specifies January and February as the best breeding montlis. " La droits saison,'' says Fouilloux, " en laquelle doivent naistre est en Mars, Avril, La V^nerie. et May, que le temps est temp6r^, et que les chaleurs ne sont trop v^h^mentes.'' P- ^• He gives the same reasons as our author for avoiding summer and autumn, and is, of course, followed verbatim by Turberville. Markham would " put them together to Countrey Con- ingender and breed, eyther in January, February, or March, according as ihey shall grow proud ; for those are the three most principall montbes in the yeare for hound, bitches, or bratches, to be limed in : not but that they may conceive and bring forth as good whelps in other montlies ; but because there will be much losse of time in the entering of them." He farther enjoins that " the moone be eyther in the signe Aquarius or Gemini ; for it is held amongst the best huntsmen of this land, that the whelpes tfaat are ingendred under those two signes, wil never runne mad, and for the most part the litter will have at least double so many dogge whelpes as bitch whelpes." 2. "AWus T€ Kol airoplif ydKcMTOs. The want of this essential article of nutriment renders the winter objectionable for the rearing of whelps ; but its abundance in the spring gives to this season an additional claim : passim nam lactis abundans Tempus adest, nlbent plenis et ovilia mulctris. p. 26. Nemesian. Cyneg. vs. 158. 3. °Oti x^'f^" inXaiiPivei Tct aKuKixia. The greyhound puppy is remarkably tender and susceptible of cold ; indeed Fronto says that the whelp of the pastoral dog requires to be fostered in warmth, Suo'xefji'spoi' ydp iari toEto rb fSoi' : and if an animal, necessarily of a hardy constitution, be, when young, impatient of severe cold, we shall readily acknowledge the importance of such a seasonable birth for the deli- cate Celtic whelp, as will give him during his period of growth two summers to one winter. " II faut, autant qu'il est possible, faire couvrir les lices a la fin de I'hiver Encyc. Method. ou au commencement du printems, par la raison que les jeunes chiens, a qui les froids sont toujours nuisibles, ont pour eux deux ktis centre un hiver, et qu'en consequence ils s'^levent plus ais^ment." It is an essential part of kennel management to support brood bitches with the most nutritious aliment. Varro (in Geoponicis) recommends barley bread, in prefe- rence to wheaten, as more nutritious, with mutton broth from bones, &c. poured over the bread, to be given before whelping ; and afterwards, barley meal with cow's or goat's milk, boiled bones, and water to drink. The same instructions are delivered, Geoponic. L. XIX. c. II. Les Chasses. p. 130. Geoponic. L. XIX. c. r 144 ARRIAN Chap. XXX. If you wish a brood-bitch to recover her previous speed, ^ Management you must not let her suckle her whelps, ^ except merely to after whelping. almost oiroXele!, by Varro, de Re Rustic^, L. ii. u. ix. In the latter reference, the author expressly says the bitches are more nourished by barley than wheaten bread, " magis eo aluntnr, et lactia prsebent majorem facultatem." But the experiments of the late Sir H. Davy on the quantum of nutritious matter contained in the diflferent. varieties of bread com, and the test to which they have been put, in kennel feeding, by practical sportsmen, induce us to believe that the " Scriptores de Re Rustic^, " are mistaken on this point. The farina of wheat is the best food for brood hitches, boiled with milk, or scalded with meat- broth. Of the importance of keeping brood bitches on highly nutritious food, the old huntsman. Pan, " Deus Arcadise," was fully aware ; for Diana found him carving a lynx for their repast : Callimach. H. in Dian. 'ApxaSutiiv It) Tlav6s' 6 Si xpta Avyxhs ero/ii/e Aristotelis Hist, Animal. L. VI. 286. Aldrovandi de Quad. Digit. Vivip. L. III. De Re Rust. L. VII. c. 12. 1. The number of whelps in a litter varies much. The translator's experience affords instances of twelve at a birth, and of a solitary puppy, from the same Celtic dam. Aristotle states the former number to be the greatest in a canine litter; but Julius Csesar Scaliger (a celebrated dog-fancier) certifies, in his annotations on the Stagirite's Animal History, a litter of fourteen whelps, as within his own knowledge : and this is again surpassed by the case of the canis leporaria recorded by Aldrovan- dus, " Canis leporaria hie Bononise, unica foetur^, catulos septenos supra decern enisa est." 2. Mt) ^^i* iKTpe<()eiv ouriji'. Whether the bitch be again required for the field or not, no humane courser will allow her to suckle more than four or five whelps. If she be young. Columella advises that the first litter should be taken from her : " pri- mus eifcetffi partus amovendus est, quoniam tiruncula nee recte nutrit ; et educatio totius habitfls aufert incrementum." Nemesian also destroys the first litter, and the smallest pups of subsequent litters : Cyneget. vs. 134. De Re Rust. L. II. c. 9. Sed quamvis avidus, primos contemnere partus Malueris, mox non omnes nutrire minores. Nam tibi si placitum populosos poscere foetus. Jam made tenues, succique videbis inanes, Pugnantesque diu, quisnam prior ubera lambat, Distrahere in valid am lassato viscere matrem. " In nutricatu secundum partum," says Varro, " si plures sunt, statini eligere oportet quos habere velis, reliquos abjicere : quam paucissimos reliqueris, tarn optimi ON COURSING. 145 lighten any excess of milk, — and then put them to other Chap. xxx. bitches, selectin<^ such as are well-bred : for the milk of in alendo fiunt propter copiani lactis." Fronto also agrees with hira, and out of a litter of seven reconiniends only three or four to be left with the mother ; out of three, only two. Many are the diagnostics, recorded in the ancient Cynegetica, to assist the classic sportsman in selecting the most promising puppies : Geoponic. h. XIX, c. 2. turn deinde n)onebo, No matrem indocilis natorum turha fatiget, Percensere notis, jamque inde excernere parvos. Signa dahunt ipsae, teneris vix artubus hseret Ille taos olim non defecturus bonores : Jamque ilium impatiens squs vehementia sortis Extulit, affectat matern^ regna sub alvo. Ubera tola tenet, a tergo liber aperto, Dum tepida indulget terris dementia raundi. Verum ubi Caurino perstrinxit frigore vesper Ira jacet, turb^que potens operitur inerti. lUius e manibus vires sit cura futuras Perpensaie : levis deducet pondere fratres : Nee me pignoribus, nee te mea carmina fallent. Nemesian demands our assent to a novel and somewhat cruel mode of ascertaining the best puppies of a numerous litter, and states that it is founded on actual experi- ment : quae prodidit usus Percipe, et intrepidus spectatis annue dictis. Pondere nam catuli poteris perpendere vires, Corporihusque leves gravibus praenoscere cursus. Quin et flammato ducatar linea longe Clrcuitu, signetque habilem vapor igneus orbem. Impune in medio possis consistere circo. H uc onmes catuli, hiic indiscreta feratur Turba, dabit mater partus examine honestos, Judicio natos servans, trepidoque pertclo. Nam postquam conclusa videt sua germina flammis, Continuo saltu transcendens fervida zonae X'Jncla, rapit rictu primum, portatque cubili ; Mox aliura, mux deinde alium. Sic conscia muter Segregat egregiam sobolem virtiitis amorc. T GratiiCyneget. vs. 287. Nemesian. Cyneget. vs. 144. 146 ARRIAN Chap. XXX. degenerate curs is not congenial to high-bred puppies. ^ If^ however, the dam herself appear no longer serviceable for The same diagnostics occur in the Cynosophium of Demetrius, and the Alcon of Cynosoph. Fracastorius. The former says, the dam ^v(rM$ rivl v6Sif SiaKp'urei Tcb 0e\riova, c. III. ujj) i^iyei, and recommends the refuse to be disposed of by sale or gift, after having been placed under foster-parents. The heavier whelps should be placed, according to this writer, under their own dam. But, of course, our diagnostic canons must Hist. Quad, vary with each variety of dog. Gesner reconciles the conflicting opinions of the .1. p. . Greek and Latin Cynegetica, on the selection of puppies, in these words : " ego ita conciliirim, ut ad rohur praeferendi sunt graviores ; ad celeritatem, leviores;" Hist. Nat. " Optiraus in foeta,'' says Pliny, " qui novissime cernere incipit, ant quern fert .V . c. . pj;,nuj„ Jq cubile foeta :" and he is supported by the Virgilian poet of Barga — P. Angelii Namque ea quem secum tulit in stramenta, toroque & y S' Composuit primum, primoque afiecit honore, llle alios omnes cursuque animisque superbis Vincet ovans, simul ac loris exire solutis Quiverit, et saitu transgressus inania campi Intervalla cite difiugerit ocyus Euro, He condemns the large and heavy pup as likely to be hereafter deficient in speed : Ejusdem Continuo cujus suhsidunt pondere membra Atque artus major moles gravat, ille volucri Insuetus cursu longe post ultima fratium Terga relihquetur, frustraque optabit adempta Prsmiaque, et multo perfusam sanguine prsdam. Markham's " Touching greyhounds," says the practical author of Countrey Contentments, Countrey Con- •< ^hen they are puppies or young whelpes, those which are most raw-boned, leane tentments. B. I. , , ■ ,, , , , , , ,. . . p. 48. loose-made, sickle or crooked bought, and generally unknit in every member, are ever likely to make the best dogges, and most shapely : but such as in the first three or foure monthes, are round, and glose trust, fat, straight, and as it were full sum'd and knit in every member, never prove good, swift, or comely." The courser, in selecting youngsters from a numerous litter, will not be indif- ferent to The maiJts of their renown'd progenitors — Sure pledge of triumphs yet to come ; but will preserve all such " with joy," while he casts " the dwindling refuse to the merciless flood," fearful of overloading " the indulgent mother." 3. Th yhp rwv ayevvSiv yd\a ov ^i/i^vAov ra's yevmlais. It is difficult to prove that the quality of the milk of varieties of the same species of animal is absolutely ON COURSING. 147 coureing, it is best to leave the whelps with their own mother, Chap. xxx. and not to put them under a foster-parent. * For the growth is different, and productive of effects, beyond its physical nutriment, upon the innate powers and propensities of the young animal supported by it : and yet such an opi- nion is too much countenanced by naturalists to make us unhesitatingly condemn it as destitute of all foundation. It was a favourite notion of ancient physiologists, and many moral inferences were drawn from it by Galen and others. " Non frustra Noct. Attic. creditum est," says A. Gellius, on the authority of the philosopher Favorinus, " sic- L. xii. c. i. uti valeat ad fingendas corporis atque animi similitudines vis et natura seminis, non secus ad eandem rem lactis quoque ingenia et proprietates valere ; neque in homini- bus id solum, sed in pecudibus quoque animadversum," &c. Wherefore Sir Thomas Elyot enjoins, when speaking of nutrication, " a nourse shoulde be of no servile The Governour. condicion, or vyce notable : for as some auncient writers do suppose, oftentynies the ^' '• ^- '*'• chylde sucketh the vyce of hys nouryse with the mylke of her pappe." See Brathwait's English Gentleman, p. 94. a i\ vi Toi ntvvrii iTKv\aKoTpoip'ni neficKriTai, Oppian.Cyneg. (I'll wot' ani\yf(r0ai (TKvXcMas reoflTjXc'r juajiji '• ^'^' alyav, % irpo0dTuv, jUtjS* olkiSItiiti Kiiveaatv ^ ydp Toi vadpol re Kal ovTtdavol $apidotei/. Nee unquam eos quorum generosam volumus indolem conservare, patiemur aliense Columel. de nutricis uberibus educari ; quoniam semper et lac et spiritus maternus longe magis • "■ ^- ""• .... *;. 12. ingenu atque mcremenia corpons augent. 4. Kpintrrov i^v virb r^ TeKoiari. — Arrian here copies his predecessor almost verbatim ; but in addition to iherhydKa o'yaSby Kal Th irvevfia of the former, the latter De Venat. adds Ktti al vepiPo\al (pl\at. The classic reader will remember the pathetic address of Andromache in the Troades, c. VII. & veov vTayKdKuT/ia firfrpl i\TaTOV, Euripidis 5 Xpirhs iiSi) rrveCjuo ! Troad. vs. 7CG. It is true that a foster-mother may " cherish kind — an alien offspring," and " pleased" we may " behold her tenderness, and hospitable love," but instances are, I believe, most rare of greyhound puppies, suckled by alien dams of mongrel blood, repaying the courser for the trouble of rearing them. nSv yap rb Texhu rpoipiiv f^^' Platonis iviTTiSfiai' $ tiv Te'/cp : and it is in vain that we make the unnatural attempt, at yhp enexenus. Bepaireua at a\\6Tpiai oiiK ewic oif|i)aoi, according to both Xenophons ; whereas " les Encyclop^d. jeunes chiens, nourris par leur propre mere, seroient plus forts et mieun portans que Methodique. ceux qui sont nourris d'un lait Stranger." " When a bitch hath whelpes," says Tur- u 140 berville, " let a mastiffe bitch (une matine, Fouilloax)give sucke to one halfe, and Booke of you shall find that they will never be so good as those which the damme did bring Hunting, &c. p. 22. up. ' 148 ARRIAN Chap. XXX. stinted by a stranger's nursing; (as the other Xenophon declares,) but the mother's milk and breath are cherishing to her puppies. Chap. XXXI. When puppies can run about, Xenophon properly recom- Food of weaned ^^^^^ t^^t they be fed with milk ; i for the filling them with puppies. .' ' ^ Oppian. Cyneg. III. 107. Giatii Cyneg. vs. 304. Columella De Re Rust. L. Tii. c. 2. Nemesian. Cyneg. Ts. 161. Cynograph. Curiosa. p. 33. /aagBtsr of ffianie. c. xn. fol. 51. ^ ^a r6(rov Texediv t€, Kttl afmy6voio yeveBKrii 4>i\rpov ifl KpaSlri ard^ev 6e6s- •rliaaov ^a (jiiffis Kparep^arov &\\ai'. 1. XpJ) yd\aKTiavaTp4v\iTTouiTiv. Our author is here at issue with Juliana Berners, who says of the greyhound in his ninth year, And whan he is coniyn to that yere, Have hym to the tannere ; For the beste hounde that ever bytche had. At nyntlie yere he is full badde. Merry Wives of Windsor. Act I. Book of St. Alban's. 1490. Indeed, it is incredible, however great may have been his youthful vigour, that any dog should retain his full speed till the tenth year ; a period at which all the bodily powers begin to feel the gradual approach of infirmity, at which many dogs die appa- rently of natural decay, and all are incapacitated for strenuous exertion. " Canes Laconici," says Pliny, " vivunt annis denis, freminaa duodenis, castera genera quin- decim annos, aliquando viginti." Instances of the latter protracted period are very rare. I never knew a greyhound to reach the memorable age of the Homeric Argus — "Apyov S' a5 Karii. fio7p' ^Xa^ev ti^\avos Bavdroio, auTiK' iSStn^ 'Oivtnja ieiKoaT^ ^ctaur^. Odyss. XVII. 32G. Short is their span ; few at the date arrive Of ancient Argus, in old Homer's song So highly honour'd ; kind, sagacious brute I The Chace. B. IV. See iElian de Nat. Animal. Buffon Hist. Natur. and Lord Bacon Hist. Vitas et Mortis. 5. yieya fun SoKeJ Vb KT^/ia &pp^v Kiav rp aKTiBf'ui, yevvaios. Such in the annals of British coursing was Topham's Snowball, and such Bate Dudley's Millar ! Tu quos ad studium venandi legeris, et quos Dixeris hinc comites cursfls, csedisque ferarum, Quaere mares : maribus major vis est animusque, Et melius tolerare valent certamina longa. Natalis Comes de Venatione. L. .. 6. Kol ovK tvev 6(S>v tov tifxevelas, K. t. \. With Schneider's sanction, I have united the 33rd Chapter of the first and second editions of the Greek text with the U 154 ABRIAN Chap. XXXII. of a courser without the favour of some god.^ For such a blessing, then, he should sacrifice to Diana Venatrix.'^ He u. XIX. 32nd of the German editor, from which chapter the former seems to have been most unnecessarily separated hy Holstein, or whoever first divided the Cynegeticus into sections, affixing to each a tahle of contents. In accordance with Arrian's notion, the fabulous greyhound of the suspicious Ce- phalus is conceived, in the imagination of the poet, to have been bestowed on the virtuous Prooris by the Guddess of the Chase, with the high character of pre-eminent speed : Ovid. Metam. quern cum sua traderet illi VII. 754. Cynthia, ' currendo superahit,' dixerat, ' onines.' 7. 'ApTEjUiSi 'AypoTepq. This title of the sylvan goddess is variously derived by etymologists. Scheffer (^lian. V. H. L. ii. t. 25.) would have her ladyship so called from Agrie in Attica — xajptoi/'Avpoi Ka\oiii,evov, the scene of her first essay in Atlic. L. 1. hunting on arriving from Delos. AtaPaat Se riv EiAiffiric, says Faus'anias, x"?^" ''Aypai KaXo^iievov, Kal va^s 'AypoTepas iffrly 'Apre/itdos, k. t. \. But Perizonius objects to Scheffer's derivation, and also to that ott!) t^s &ypas, d venalione, consi- dering 'AypoTf pa rather to signify rustica, in agris agena. If &ypa, venatio, be the root of the title, to the same may probably be referred the titular epithet by which Apollo is connected with the chase, by Pausanias in Atticis, (L. i. c. xii.) 'Aypaios : unless the Attic Agrse would here aiford a more ready solution. But the true deri- vation of 'AypoTipa is to be sought in i.yp6s. See Etymologicon Magnum. From whatever source derived, it is sufficient for our purpose that the epithet is commonly applied to her in the character of " Dea Venatrix,'' (Ovid. Met. L. ii. 454.) — " Dea sylvarum," (Ovid. Met. L. iii. 163.)—" ssevis iuimica virgo — bel- luis," (Hor. Od. xii. L. i. 22.) — as presiding over woods, and delighting in hunting. It is so used in the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes, Tap T* iv ^peiri Spvoydvoi- ai K6pav AciVot' "Ap- Te^LV *AypoT4pav : and in the Rape of Helen of Colutbus, Coluthi Rapt. ouS^ Kaaiyvlrn\ AjjtwI'As 'Air6K\m>os HeleuEB. vs. 32. "ApTf/uis iirliniire, koI iyporipn vep iovaa. To coursers it must be a mighty consolation to know that, by virtue of this distinc- tion, the goddess is ominous of good when seen by them as a night-phantom ; at least Oneirocrit. so says the dream-interpreter of Ephesus, the fortune-telling Artemidorus — Kvvrtyois L. II. c. XXXV. ni\iaTa avii iuPdWovaiv, The game of the modern courser was valued by the Celtic sportsmen, for Dian's treasury, at about 2^4. of British currency. The obelus was a small Greek coin of silver, weighing about 11 grains, in ancient money worth 1^(2. It was the sixth part of the drachma, which nearly answered to the Roman denarius. The double obolus, or diobolion, exactly hit the value of the hare in the Celtic scale of appreciation. 4. "Et! 5J oAtiiTreKi 5/)oxmV — Anglice, ninepence for a fox. The silver drachma was equal to six oboli, consequently this crafty and destructive felon was estimated at thrice the value of the hare. The reasons of the text for the extra payment must be perfectly satisfactory to the patrons of the leash— Sti iirl0ov\ov rh ■xprHia, /cal rohs Xayiis SiatjiBelpei, n.. r. \. " Fraudulentum animal," says Isidorus, " insidiisque decipiens :" and ^lian, alpoSinat Se oi \.ay(f iirh &\iimtKay iviore, aix ^TTor Sp6iu(, oAAA Kol ixSXKov Tex''?)" o:o^hv yh,p iarcer^y i.\ilnrr}(, Kol S6\ovs oTSey. Xenophon, too, remarks that foxes are wont to kill not only hares, but leverets, ainoiis /col tA TcKm : and is supported by the Cilician poet of the chase, who says of the fox— V^nerie Normande. La S. Hubert. Historie of Scotland. Mainus. Pinkerton on Coins. Vol. t. p. 89. and Ainsworth. L. XII. >;. II. iSIian. de Naturi Animal. L. XIII. L. XI. De Venat. 158 AERIAN Chap. XXXIII. destroys hares,) — and four drachmee for a roe-deer,* in consi- deration of his size, and greater value as game. When the year comes round, on the return of the nativity of Diana,^ the treasury is opened, and a victim purchased out of the money collected ; '^ either a sheep, or kid,^ or heifer. Oppian. Cyneg. L. III. 459. iSlasBter of (JGanw. c. VIII. fol. 43. ifflasBter ot fflfame. c v. fol. 30. L. VII. Martial. Epigr. L. XII. Ep. 68. Antiquit. Roman. Tom. I. Statii Sylv. L. HI. 1. 57. otavois TC S6\oi(riv lAeii' /cal reKva \ayaay. " Foxes done grete harme," says Duke Edmund, " in wareyns of conynges and of hares, the whiche thei ete, and take hem so gynnously and withe grete malice, and not withe rennyng." 5. 'EttI Se SopxdSi riffffapas Spax/ids, The tetradrachm of silver was worth four drachmas, or three shillings sterling — a high valuation of the roe-deer, an animal of chase, rather scarce in the Biitish Isles, but at all times, I believe, abundant in France. De Langley calls the roe " a good litel beest, and goodly for to hunte to." 6. 'OirSrav yev48\ia t^kt) ttjs 'ApreniSos. The gods of antiquity had their natal days as well as men. " Dies nobis natalitii sunt," says Arnobius, " et potentias ccelites dies autumant habere natales." The anniversary of Diana's birth-day (see Ad. Tumehi Adversar. L. viii. c. xxvi.) was celebrated on the 13th of August — " Augustis redit Idibus Diana." " Feriis suis, emeritos canes, quietosque a vena- tioue, et immunes habere credebatur, et ipsa etiam feriari," in the words of Fitiscus. Ipsa coronat Emeritos Diana canes, et spicula tergit, Et tutas sinit ire feras. Ovid. Metam. L. XV. 130. Pausanias in Achaicis c. xviii. describes a splendid celebration of the sylvan rites of Diana Laphria by the people of Fatrse, in costliness and magnificence far sur- passing these Celtic ceremonies, but in character somewhat similar. The festival of Fatrse was also annual, as in Celtica. 7. 'Upe7ov. Victima labe carens, et prsestantissima forma, (Nam placuisse nocet,) vittis prsesignis et auro Sistitur ante aras. The ancient sacrifice consisted of three principal things — libation, incense, and vic- tim ; of which the latter was most important — varying according to the character of the deity to whom it wns offered, and that of the persons oflFering. Perfection of form, as described by Ovid, was essential to acceptance at the altar. 8. Oi niv SiV, oi Sk 0170. So iu Horace's invitation to Phyllis to attend his banquet on Msecenas's natal day. ON COURSING. 159 according to the amount of the sum : and then, after having sacrificed, and presented the first-offerings of their victims to the Goddess of the chase,^ according to their respective rites, they give themselves up, with their hounds, to indulgence and recreation,'" — crowning the latter on this day with garlands,^' Chap. XXXIH. aia casus Vincta verbeuis avet immolato Spargier agno. Canninum L. IV. c, XI. The kid of the Celtic hunters is mentioned in the celebration of Diana's rites by Gratius ; see note 10. 9. TUv ieptlav &itapliiuvot tj 'Ayporepif, The first-fruits of the spoil were offered up to Diana Venatrix, (see c. xxxii. n. 8.,) as well as the purchased sacrificial victims. We are told by Plutarch that it was customary to consecrate the horns of the stag to the goddess, and to affix them to her temple ; a quiver, too, with bow and arrows, and a canis venaticus, were commonly added. Tibi saepe, Diana, Msnalios arcus, venatricesque pharetras Suspendit, puerile decus. See Symmach. Epist. L. v. £p. 68. and Fitisci Lexicon Autiquitatum. 10. Eiuxovmai aiirol re Hal ol xiyes. Claudian. De Consul. Honor. L. iv 169. Idcirco aeriis molimur compita lucis Spicatasque faces (sacrum) ad neraora alta Dianae Sistimus, et solito catuli velantur honore ; Ipsaque per fiores medio in discrimine luci Strav^re arma, sacris et pace vacantia fest^. Tum cadus, et viridi fumantia liba feretro Praeveniunt, tenerSlque extrudens comua fronte Hoedus, et ad ramos etiamnum hferentia poma, Lustralis de more sacri, quo tota juventus Lustraturque Deae, proque anno reddit honorem. Ergo impetrato respondet multa favore Ad partes qu^' poscis opem, sen vincere silvas, Seu tibi fatorum labes exire minasque Cura prior, tua magna fides tutelaque Virgo. To the hunting jubilations of our early annals (when Dian's revels were scarce exploded) John of Salisbury alludes in his Policraticus : " Si vero claiiore prsd&, cervo forte vel apro, venantium labor efiulserit, fit plausus intolerabilis, exultant Gratii Cyneget, 483. De Nugis Curialium L. 1. u. IV. 160 AREIAN Chap. as an indication of the festival beinsr celebrated on their XXXIII. ^ ,„ account.'^ venatores, caput prsedaa et solemnia quaedam spolia triomphantibus pr»feruntur, regem Cappadocum captum credas. Sic corniciDes et tibicines videas victoriae glo- riam declarare." 11. TctsKivasSi Kai ffre^avouffiv. The custom of crowning, or decorating with roses and garlands of. ribbon, greyhounds which have distinguished themselves in the coursing field, continues, I believe, at the present day. Such were the rewards bestowed on the fleet horses of the hippodrome : Theocriti Idyl. XVI. Strabon. Geograph, L. XIV, See the medal of Diana Pergaja from Montfaucon Antiq. Expliq. Tom. i. p. 44. The goddess holds a spear, or hunting-pole, in her left hand, and a fillet or crown in her right hand, elevated over the head of a canis vcnaticus, who is wishfully looking up, as if in expectation of the reward of merit. This medal is copied by the learned Father from Beger, and derives its inscription from Ferga in Famphylia, nigh to which city, I find in Strabo, stood on an elevated site the temple of APTEMI2 IIEP- TAIA, whose rites were there annually celebrated. 12. Vestiges of the Celtic ceremonies of Agrotera seem to have been extant, under a peculiar modification, in London, within a period not very remote. That Dian's worship was not confined to continental Europe, but extended, as already noticed in note 1. {sab fine) of this chapter, to the insular Britons, is an historical fact, con- Illustrations of firmed, according to the learned and ingenious Mr. Douce, by the remains of such bhaKspeare, animals as were used in her sacrifices, and also by her own images found on rebuildiner and of Ancient j = o St. Paul's Cathedral — on the site of which. Dr. Woodward very plausibly inferred, a Roman temple of the pagan goddess once stood. " It cannot be controverted," continues the first-cited able antiquary, " that Diana was reverenced in this country long after the introduction of Christianity, when we find from the testimony of Richard Sporling, a monk of Westminster in 1450, and a diligent collector of ancient materials, that during the persecution of Diocletian the inhabitants of London sacri- ficed to Diana, whilst those of Thorney, now Westminster, were offering incense to Apollo. Sir W. Dugdale records that a commutation grant was made in the reign of Edward I. by Sir William Le Baud, to the dean and canons of St. Paul, of a doe in winter on the day of the Saint's conversion, and of a fat back in summer on that of his commemoration, to be offered at the high altar, and distributed among the canons. To this ceremony Erasmus has alluded in his book Dc Ratione Concionandi, when he describes the custom which the Londoners had of going in procession to St. Paul's Cathedral with a deer's head fixed upon a spear, accompanied with men blowing hunting-horns. Mr. Strype, likewise, in his Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. iii. p. 378. has preserved a notice of the custom as practised in Queen Mary's time, with Manners, &c. Vol. •. p. 392. ON COURSING. 16] This Celtic custom I follow with my fellow-sportsmen/ and xxxtv declare no human undertaking to have a prosperous issue injunctions to the obeervance of religious this addition, that the jiriest of every parish in the city, arrayed in Iiis cope, and the bishop of London in his mitre, assisted on the occasion, Camden had likewise seen it when a boy, and had heard that the canons of the Cathedral attended in their sacred vestments, wearing garlands of flowers on their heads." 1. We cannot but admire tlie fine feelings of piety, and conscious dependence on an over-ruling Providence, which pervade the closing chapters of the Cynegeticua. Many splendid passages might be selected from the classical writings of Greece and Rome, demonstrative of the fact that, however darkened by mythological allu- sions, the most enlightened heathens supported a conviction of the affairs of this lower world being under the guidance of a Sujireme Intelligence, and of man himself being utterly weak and destitute when unsupported by llie aid and influence of Heaven. This feeling is strongly manifested in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Orpheus, Phocylides, and a host of others among the Greeks : and notwithstanding tlie mischievous attempt of the philosophy of Epicurus to eradicate from the Roman mind all sense of dependency on Heaven, (as if the Divine Essence, in relation to human conduct, " nee bene promeritis capitur, nee tangitur ir^,") the works of Virgil, Horace, and Claudian afford splendid examples of the important truth that the natural aspirations of poetry tend to the honour of the Gods, and that when right- fully employed, the genius of man is ever directed to the advancement of religion and morality. It is unnecessary to refer to the innumerable passages illustrative of the creed of ancient philosophers, contained in their works ; let it suffice that Pliny, in speaking of the unity of the Deity, gives the reason why men commonly spoke of more than one God : " Fragilis et laboriosa mortalitas in partes ista digessit, infir- mitatis suie memor ; ut portionibus quisque coleret, quo maxime indigeret," &c. The catalogue of subordinate deities, enumerated by our author as directing the affairs, destinies, and pursuits of mankind, merged with him in the belief of one Supreme Intelligence, of which these subaltern deities were the several attributes and manifestations, in the government of the universe and its constituent parts. According to Herroesianax, nAoiirai', nepaetpSvn, Atjm^tijp, Kiirpis/Epares, Tpirtopes, Njipebs, TjiBiis, Kol KvavQxaiTTjs, 'Ep/i?s t', ''Hi^oiimJj Te K\vThs, Hhv, Zeis re, Kal"Hpi;, 'hpTifus, riS" "ERiepyos 'Plit6\Kwv, efs Bi6s itrri : an opinion which was general with the superior philosophers of Greece and Rome, in opposition to the polytheistic notions of their inferiors, who, while worshipping the ' ■ portiones" of Pliny, violated most grossly the unity of the Efs @fhs of philosophy ; Lucretii L. 1. 62. Hist. Natur. L. II. c. VII. 162 ARRIAN Chap. without the interposition of the Gods. 2 For that Mariners, XXXIV. Hor. Carni. L. III. Od. IV. Homer. Odyss. L. in. 48. Opera et Dies vs. 706. Vide Dies TS. 826. Pindar Pyth. L. I. 79. — the understandings of the former being too strong (as Sir W. Jones has remarked in the argument of his Hymn to Surya) to admit the popular belief, but their influence too weak to reform ie, and establish in its place, in the public mind at large, the supreme unity of the Deity — Qui terram inertem, qui mare temperat Venlorum, et urbes, regnaque tristia, Divosque, mortalesque turmas Imperio regit unus aequo. For further notice of this subject, the reader is referred to Maximus Tyrius, Dis- sert. 17., a Greek philosopher of the second century, contemporary, I believe, with Arrian. 2. OirSev &vev Oewv yLyv6fievov avOpcinois h ayadhv otTroTeXeuT^, To this we may cite many parallel passages : irdvres 5e Oewv ;taTeou(r' &v6ptoTroif says the son of Nestor to the /limine attendant of Telemachus. Hesiod begins and ends his poem of the Works and Days with inculcating piety towards the Gods ; the only way to please whom and to be happy, he says, is to be religious and strictly moral — eS 8" 6nv i,Bia/im>v iMKdpui/ irev\ar/ii,4pos ehat. Nor are the passages, recommendatory of due reverence of the Gods, less numerous in the lyric and tragic poets of Greece, than in her heroic poets : 4k BeStv yhp fiaxaval ita- trai fipoTeais aperah Tal TrepiyXuffffoi t* €vt'. See also the sublime supplication of Hecuba iu the Troades of Euripides, vs. 884. The hymn of Cleanthes, ou5e Tt yiyverat epyov 4-nl x^ovl aov Sfxa, ^aifjLov, oihe Kar' ouQepiov B^Xov irtjAov, ovt^ ivi 'iT6vTtp, n.. r, X. is considered the forgery of a later age. Not so, however, the beautiful truths of the Greek poet of the Halieutics : Oppian. Halieutic. L. 11. 4. Ti yh,p iifp6irecr(np arvarhy y6ir juev ^e{ry\Tis re fio&if, ctpdroLO re yaiijs tivpav t' evKtipiroto fpepst yspas cLfi-firoio. Arteniidor, Oneirocrit. L. II. c. 37. Georgic. L. i. 21. Oneirocrit. L. II. o. 35. Ejusdem c. 37. The connexion of Proserpine with husbandry is not so clear ; but as Nicomedia, our author's native city, was sacred both to the mother and daughter, and he held the office of priest in the temple of the latter, we may suppose him fully acquainted with all her tutelary distinctions, of whicli the patronage of agriculture seems to liave been one. Bacchus's presidency was principally confined, in bis character of Vitisator^ to the culture of vineyards : AiSvuaos rois yeaipyois ffvfKpcpet tois rhv ^v\iKhv Kapirhv yetop- 7oEo'i, ix.&Ki^JU££Tttic eiperis. The connexion of Minerva and Vulcan witli handicrafts is noted by Arteniidorus : 'Mriva x^'porexvais a,ya6i) 5itk riiv irpoffTiyopiav, 'Epyivri KaXeirat ydp- — "Kipaim-os .... Xf'P'ii'al' ayaShs iraffi ; — and by Oppian : Halieut. L. ii. 21. Sovpa Se reKTrlvairBai, avaarfiaat re iitKaSpa, ^(2f)6c£ t' oKT/c^ff-ai fifjKuv evav64i Kapw^ IIak\ci,s iwix^ovlovs iSiSd^aro, ^■H(f)oi'irTijj 5J ti.4Kei paurrlipios tSp;is. Juno tells Latona that Vulcan's skill as an artificer, is a counterpoise to his claudicant Lucian. Deor. deformity : ■ aW outos fih S xw^'s, Sfiwj xph'^^l'^is yi iarl, TexWrT)? iiv ipurros, Dial. Junoct „. ^ a Latona. ' ' ' OM COURSING. 165 and Mercury ; " Lovers, to Venus >" Cupid is Suada i* and the Chap. XXXIV. 7. Oi &navoi> Hyciiv x'P^" ^^Bev 'Air6Wav. Representations of Apollo in the character of Musagetbs or Lyristes, from the Justinian gallery, are given by Pere Montfaucon in the first volume of his Antiquities; by Spence, in his Polymetis, PI. xiii. f. r. ii. ; and by Visconti, in the Clementine Museum, Vol. i. Hesiod. D. G. 'J4. Coluthi Rapt. Helen, vs. 2». Mentis Apollinesc vis has movet undique Musas. In medio residens amplectitur omnia Phoebus, 'Air6Wav fiovaiKois i.ya9hs, says the Ephesian, \6yav y&p evptriis S 6ths kb) fiovaiKTJs ttAttis. In which character the Roman poets of the Augustan age have decked liim out to the life. See Ovid's Ausonii Musa- rum Inventa. Idyll. XX. Arteraidori Oneirocrit. L. II. t. 35. Ille caput flavum lauro Parnasside vjnctus — Verrit humum Tyrio saturate murice palla, &c. 10. Mi/^/ioffurj;. This goddess is celebrated by Hesiod, in his Theogony, as the mother of the Muses : ik ^j at MoStrai xpuircS/iTruKEj €|e7€i'o|/To ivv4a, T^aiv SSov 8a\lai, Kal repfis aoiS^s. Metam. L. x i 165. D. G. vs. 915. So Akenside, in The Pleasures of Imagination : Ye beauteous offspring of Olympian Jove And Memory divine, Pierian maids. That this mythology is judicious, has been remarked by Plutarch in his rules for the education of children ; since nothing so much cherishes learning as memory. There is a statue of Mnemosyne in the Clementine Museum of Visconti, Vol.i. 11. 'E/)/*p. Mercury is here introduced in one of his most creditable capacities, as the author of letters, and the god of orators and eloquence : Book III. 166 ARRIAN Chap. Graces.'^ And, upon the same principle, Sportsmen should AAAiV« Francis's Horace. B. i, Od. X. The god of wit, from Atlas sprung. Who by persuasive power of tongue And graceful exercise refined The savage race of human kind ! Artemidori Oneirocrit. L. II. u. 37. Bucol. Eclog, L. n. 57. Artemidori Oneirocrit. L. II. t. 37. Argonaut. L.I. 615. ^neid. L. i 6G8. U. G. vs. 201. Od. Ill, vs. 17. 'Epfujs ayaShs Tois eVl \iyovs ipiiMfiemis, Kol oflATjTais, Kai irai5oTp(/8ais, k. t. \. 12. Ot 5e a;u^l ret epwriKct 'A^poS/r?;. In the Rape of Helenj Venus is called 'Apiioviris $tt(ri\eia, (v. 26.) 6a\diiav $tt(Ti\eia, (v. 137.) and yd/jLav PatriKeia, (v. 306.) queen of marriage. And to the same purport is the description of Nemesian : cui cura jugales Concubitus hominum totis connectere shells. fidMaTa 5e ^706^ 7r£/)l ydfiovs Kal KoivaviaSj Hal irepl tckvuv yovds, says the dream- interpreter, of the goddess of love, awSiaiuev yhp Kol iTriy6va>v iarXv alria. The reader will remember her angry speech (tangit et ira Deos) in the prologue of the Hip- polytus, Tobs liiv aifiovTas Tapth, irpeaPeim Kpdrri, iT^dWai 5* litrot (l>poifovffiy els 7jfji,as jUeyo, k. t. A. and her vengeful and infuriate character, as drawn by Apollonius Rhodius in re- ference to the Lemnians : oSpcKd ixiv yepdav iirtdyiphv S/ruraav. and amplified by Valerius Flaccus, L. 11. vs. 29. 13. "Epani. Venus confesses that she has little power without the aid of her favourite son Cupid : Nate, mesE vires, mea magna potentia, &c. Ad te confugio, jet supplex tua numina posco. She is accompanied by him and"I^fpos (whom the Grecian mytbologists seem to have distinguished from'Epais) in the Theogony of Hesiod. Ty 5' 'Epos afidprriae, Kol"ljuepor tWero KaX6s. The Odes of Anacreon afford many graphic sketches of the mischievous little god : (pepoyra Td^uVy irr^pvyds tc ««! ipapeTpriii. 14. neiflo?. Suada or Suadela— the goddess of peisndnion—mpiiarumconciliatrix. ON COURSING. 167 not be neglectful of Diana Venatrix is nor Apollo," nor Pan .w Chap. ^ XXXIV. In the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, as described by Fausanias, Cupid is seen re- ceiving Venus rising out of the sea, and tiie goddess TlaBi) placing a crown on lier head: and so in the Rape of Helen, she is the bearer of the bridal chaplet: Kol aTfos oiTK^trao'a yairliAtoi' ijKvBt Ileidii, ToleuT^pos'EpwTOS i\a4>pi^ovaa ^apeVprji/. Horace unites Suadela and Venus in the attractions of " the well-bemoney'd swain " — " bene-numraatum decorat Suadela Venusque." And Artemidorus says her ap- pearance is ominous of good to all persons, and on all occasions ; HeLdtb Se koI Xdpnes, KoJ ^npat, Koi Ni!;U(/>ai irphs irdvTa Kol vmriv eia-'iv ayaSal. 15. XdpiffLP, The Graces of Heathen mythology were ladies of great influence : simplicity of manners, gracefulness of deportment, gaiety of disposition, liberality, eloquence, and wisdom, were all derived from them : abv yhp ijuv ri repirvk koX t^ y\vK4a ylvercu Ttdvra ^porois' el ffotphs, €t KctA^s, elf Tis &.y\ahs h.vi)p. Coluthi R. H. vs. 28. Epod. L. I. Od. VI. Oneirocrit. L. II. c. 37. Pindar. Olymp. L. XIV. 6. ' and revel in ban- Hesiodi D. G. quets ; and in Horace's supplicatory Ode to Venus, they are associated with the In the Theogony they " keep their court with the God of Love,' nets ; and in Horace's supplicatory Ode to Venus, they are as " Regina Cnidi Paphique," Cupid, the Nymphs, Hebe, and Mercury : Fervidus tecum puer, et solutis Gratise zonis, properentque Nymphae, Et pariim comis sine te Juventas, Mercuriusque. Carm. L. i. Od. 31. vs. 5. 16. Tois iirX 6i]pa, itrirovSaicSTas oi XP^ a/teKf'ii' Tijs 'AprefuSos Trjs 'Ayporipas. Xenophon was equally strict in his religious observances towards the rural deities, bidding the sportsman, before he slip a single bound, to vow a participation of the game to Apollo and Diana Agrotera. See Pitisci Lexicon Antiquit. Roman. and Apul. Met. VI. p. 175. The falconer of Demetrius, in later days, offered his morning adoration to the God of heaven before sun-rise, and then flew his hawk at the quarry : rhy Behv iiriicaXeadiievos rp fl^poi iii/ievus irvW^titfioiTo, k. t. \. Following his Classic prototypes, Adrian de Castello makes the cardinal hunter supplicate the Sylvan goddess : Volans Ascanius levi veredo Precatus Trivise perenne numen, De Venat. 'l€paK0ff6tl>lOV. p. 21. Adriani A^enatio apud poetas tres Aldi. 168 ARRIAN Chap. nor the Nymphs/9 nor Mercury,"" the conductor and president AA AX V ■ Invadit jacalo, diuque librans Jecit eminus, &c. Xenophon. De Venat. See the Museo Cliiaramonti of Visconti and Guattanj. T. xviir, Virgil. jEneid. L. IV. 143. as a necessary preliminary to the slaughter of a stag, bayed by the hounds. 17. 'kir6\Kavos. Apollo shared with Diana the institution of hunting : '\it6\Ku- vos Kol 'ApreiiiSos &ypat xal Kvues. Whence, will) his twin-sister, he is seen on antique relievos with dogs and other emblems of the chase. In his character of Venator, Apollo is described by Maxiinus Tyrius as a youth armed with a bow, his naked side appearing beneath a chlamys, and his feet raised in the act of running : Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanlhique fluenta Deserit, ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo, Instauratque chores, mixtique altaria circum Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi ; Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, moUique fluentem Fronde premit crinem fingens, atque implicat auro ; Tela sonanf humeris. Statii Achil. L. 1.167. Lncian. Deor. Dial. Juno et Latona. Tihull. L. Ill El. IV. 34. De Aagment, Scient. L. ii. Virg. Gclog. L. II. 33. The reader is of course familiar with the Apollo of the Belvedere — the Venator of Statuaries— "Venator Apollo:" but perhaps not so well acquainted with the Wilton effigy of him, exhibiting in a small compass all the symbols which characterise his presidency over poetry, music, divination, or more probably medicine, and the chase — (vpoanoieiTat fifv irivra EiScVai, Ko! To|ei5ei>', Kal Kiflapf^Eiv, xai tarphs thai, koX HavTeieaSai) — in three of which attributes he is cited by our author in the present Chapter. The attitude of the god is easy and graceful ; he appears to lean against one of the horns of his lyre, placed on a tripod, around which a serpent twines. Over his right shoulder is seen his quiver, and his head is decorated with a laurel crown — " cast^ redimitus tempora lauro : " the chlamys of the Venator is thrown off, exposing the belt beneath, and the farmer with its gem is placed on some fit receptacle beside the right leg. 18. Tlta'6s. " Ofiicium Panis nulla alia re," says Lord Bacon, " tam ad vivum proponi atque explicari potuerit, quam quod Deus Venatorum est," &c. He was the god of the shepherds as well as hunters, the leader of the Nymphs as Apollo was of the lyiuses, the patron of rural life, and president of the mountains. Happy the man, exclaims the poet of the Georgics in his eulogy of country life, who numbers the rustic deities, and Fan amongst the rest, in the catalogue of his acquaintance : Virg. Georg. L. II. 494. deos qui novit agrestes, Panaque, Sylvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores I The most graphic description of the goatish god I have any where seen is in the 13th book of Silius Ilalicus : ON COURSING. 169 of the hip-liways, nor any other mountain gods=i that there f^"-"- a J ' J & X\X1V. pendenti similis Pan semper, et uno Vix ulla iuscribens terrae vestijda cornu, &c. &c. But as this lias been cited at length by Spence in his Poly metis, a book of easy reference, I decline introducing it here — wishing, as much as possible, to present my readers with passages omitted by this celebrated scholar. Let Lucian's more brief delineation be substituted : 6 /uv Kepma tx"^' ""^ ^""^ H iiiuafias is rh Kdra alyl iouciis, Kol Y^ceioi/ PaBti KaBei/icms, oXlyov Tpdyov Staifiipav iarlv. 19, Kviupuv. Beger's list of these ladies does not much exceed one hundred in number, although it is said that Diana had abote a thousand in her retinue. We may suppose those principally interested in Cynegetical pursuits to have been the Oreades, nymphs of the mountains ; the viiti^tu 'Op^aniZes of Homer (Iliad, vi. 421.) the 'Opilit\ayierot of Aristophanes (Thesraophoriazusae) ; the Napate, nymphs of the meadows, (of whom Virgil, " faciles venerare Napaias,") and the Dryades and . Hamadryades, nymphs of the woods, the ^iKopviBav ^pvdSav xophs of Oppian (Cyneg. i. vs. 78.) See Claudian, de laudib. Stilic. L. iii. for a description of the " acies formosa Dianie,'' and the Epicedium of Hercules Stroma; in which latter the names of many of these inferior Sylvan deities, " turbae nemoralis," are registered in chaste hexameters, addressed to the Duchess of Ferrara. Sometimes the Naiads also accompanied the land-nymphs in their hunting pranks : pulchro venantes agmine Nynipbas, Undarum, nemorumque decus, &c. Elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes, and groves. Denrum Conciliimi. Valer. Flacci Argon, li.iii. 530. Tempest, Act V. sc. I. 20. 'Ep^oB 'EfoSiou Kol 'Hyefiuvlov. " Deum maxime Mercurium colunt," says Cfssar of the Gauls or Celts : " hujus sunt plurima simulacra ; hunc omnium inven- torem artium ferunt; liunc viarum atqne ilinerum ducem ; hunc ad quaestus pecunis mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur." Being the god of every species of gain, and the dog being sacred to him, we have additional reasons for the injunction of the text. He was called 'EpctSios or "vialls" according to Pitiscus, "qui viarum Lexicon An liq. prajses, in biviis, et compitis ponebatur ad semltas monstrandas : " in which capacity his statues are, what are commonly called Terminal, — that seemingly imperfect, ugly, awkward-looking shape, to which a worthless Roman nobleman, Rubellius Plancus, is assimilated by the satirist of Aquinum ; De bello Gallico L. V u. 17. V. n. 18S. Nil nisi Cecropides, truncoque simillimus HcrmiE. Nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine, quam quod llli inarmoreum caput est, tua vivit imago. V Juvenal. Sat. viri. 52. 170 ARRIAN 'XXIV ™^y ^^ '• otherwise their pursuits must turn out abortive, their XXXIV. A Greek medal is extant of Arrian's native city, of the reign of Antoninus Pius, bearing the impress of the god Terminus. See Numniopbylacium Reginse Chiistinse, Tab. Lvn. The old herdsman of Theocritus, with the title elmSios, affords the reason of its use : Idyll. XXT. 3. €K Tot Icipe TrpStppuv fjLvBijffoiJtcu iifxa^ ipeeij/ets, 'Epfieot a^Sfievos SeifV oitlv eiyoSloio, rhv ykp a' Sf lidMffTtt irpotrliKii Toiis eiffePeis, airh tSc Beuv. 7. XapuTTiipia BieiP eS irpd^ama. So in his Anabasis, Arrian writes, Biaai 'AXe'lai'- Spov iv Kap/iavla xapun'l]pia t^» kbt' 'IvSac vifens, «. t. \, These free-will offerings may be considered in the light of grateful acknowledgments to the gods for blessings received. They were paid by soldiers after victory, by husbandmen after harvest, and by sportsmen after success in the field. 8. Sire'vSeii'. Wine was generally used in these libations, hut not always ; for there were V7)(/>7);u^irai, Iliad ix. 171. " That every tongue abstain from speech — Portentous." Ogilby, Dacier, and Pope, all mistake the significatiun of eb^^eiy, *' Prsecones claraantes," says Festus, *' populum sacrificiis favere jube- bant. Favere est bona fari." But Bourdin 'ad] Aristoph. Thesmophor. evi Kwohpofiiris, the fleetest animals of chase, like the goddess Dian ; it became necessary to add to their naked powers sundry inartificial imple- ments, auxiliary to the subjugation of some, the destruction and expulsion of other beasts. Lucre tii L. V. 964. Et manuum mir^ freti virtute pedumque Con sectabantur sjlvestria sxcla ferarum Missilibus saxis, et magno pondere clavie : Multaque vincebant, vitabant pauca latebris. Somerville's Chace. B. i. New and unpolish'd was the huntsman's art ; No stated rule, his wanton will his guide. With clubs and stones, rude implements of war, He arm'd his savage bands, a multitude Untraiu'd ; of twining osiers form'd, they pitch Their artless toils, then range the desert hills. And scow'r the plains below : the trembling herd Start at th' unusual sound, and clam'rous shout Unheard before ; surpriz'd, alas I to find Man now their foe, whom erst they deem'd their lord, But mild and gentle, and by whom as yet Secure they graz'd. Acquiring knowledge by experience, man advanced in the mechanism and variety of his hunting gear, as in other articles of increasing civilization. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 5. Post aliS, propiore Mik, meliusque profecti, Te sociam, ratio, rebus s'umps^re gerendis. Hinc omne auzilium vitas, rectusque reluzit Ordo : et continuas didicere ex artibus artes Proserere ; hinc demens cecidit violentia retro. The Times. 1. "The light-footed Greek of Chiron's school," as Churchill calls him. Find. Nem. Carm. L. in, 85. fils T£ Ko! Spaffet' 'ABiva, KTeirnvr' i\d<(iovs &vev kv- vuv Sohltev B' ipK4oiv votriA ykp Kp^TfffKsv. APPENDIX. 183 Finding, on patient trial, the ■)^aos ehpv wepiirre^es of Oppian, with Oppian. Cyncg. its rude accompaniment of fire, &c. insufficient for capturing the more wary creatures — Nam fovei atque igni prius est venarier orlum Lucretii Quam sepire plagis saltum, canibusque ciere; i- >■• 1249. he had recourse to the various kinds of weapons, snares, and wily inventi'ons of slaughter described by Xenophon, Gratius, Oppian, and Nemesian ; and often alluded to by other writers, both sacred and profane : Turn Uqueis captare feras, et fallere visco Virgil. Georg. Inventum. L, i. 139. But " short of due perfection" were all the hunter's wiles, till the dog was tutored to assist in the sylvan pursuit and massacre, and to contribute the acuteness of his senses, his speed and courage, to the service of mankind ; who consummated their superiority over the animals of the forest, when they had directed to their chase the adapted powers of thisi faithful ally, and begun, in the words of the cited poet of the Georgics — " magnos canibus circumdare saltus," — Ejasdem redeeming thereby their esculent crops and innocuous herds from the ferocious and depredatory aggression of quadruped felons. ^ Kou(/>oi'ewy Te 0CA(ij' op- Sophoclis ,„ , „ , V Antigone, 350. vWay aii(pipa\av ayd, GTi)pUitv t' ayplav ^Ovi} it6vtov t' eivahiav paS^s avljp' KpaTfi 5e fiTJX'^o-^s aypa^iKov 9riphs opeiraifidTa.'^ 1. Nee mediocre pacis decus habebatur submota carapis irruptio feranim, et Plin. Paneg. obsidione qu&dam liberatus agrestium labor. Trajan. Diet. 2. According to Manilius the power of fashioning implements of hunting, breeding dogs of good pedigrees, bieaking them in, &c. is derived from sidereal influence at our nativities : At Procyon orieus, quuni jam vicesima Cancri Manilii Septimaque ex undis pars sese emergit in astra, Astronomicon. L. V. 184 APPENDIX. Adrian! Cardinalis Venatio, Certaine Illustrations, &c. p. 25. The " venandi raille viae" of the Carthaginian poet have been superseded in the British islands by the superior attraction of the gun : macliinae, Mirandffi, horrific^, minacis, atrae, Qualem Dec Steropes, nee ipse fertur Pater Lemnius inferis cavernis , Inform^se Jovi, nee ulla ia oibe Per tot secula cogitavit setas ; and of various eminent breeds of fleet and sagacious dogs, adapted to the chase at force. But as these methods were heretofore employed by our less civilized ancestry, i are still in vogue in unreclaimed countries, and many of them yet practised on the continent of Europe — whatever be their " incongruity to our present factions," as Wase expresses himself — a brief description of the " supellex venandi" will not be unacceptable to the modern reader, c. m. fol. 21. . IV. fol. 25. Venatus nou ille quidem, verum arma creatis Venandi tribuit : catulos nutrire sagaces, Et genus a proavis, mores numerare per artes, Retiaque, et valid^ venabula cuspide fixa, Lentaque contextis formare hastilia nodis, Et quodcumqae solet venandi poscere cura In proprios fabricare dabit venalia qnaestus. 1. We have the authority of the most ancient record of British field sports, called jSIaSStCt of (&WXte, (a curious manuscript in the British Museum,) for the general use of mudh of the classic furniture of the chase in France and England five centuries ago. Let the reader compare the following with the Greek and Latin Cynegetica : " Of the Hare, and the methods qf taking her. Men slee hares with greyhoundes and with rennynghoundes by strengthe, as in Engelond ; but ellis where thei slee hem with smale pocketes and wt p'suetes and ut smale nettis, with hare pipes and with long nettis and with smale cordes that men casten where thei mak here brekyng of the smale twygges whan thei goon to hure pasture," &c.— " Of the Herte. Men taken hem with houndis, with greyhoundis, with nettis, and with cordes, and with other harnays ; with puttes and with shott, and with other gynnes, and with strengthe, as y shal say here after," &c. Almost all the instruments of this royal armoury, the fruits of De Langley's extensive experience at home and abroad, and as such recorded in his hunting manual, have their counterparts in the works of Xeno- phon, Gratius, Oppian, and Nemesian, APPENDIX. 185 by way of introduction to the subject of classic hunting with the ancient varieties of the canine race. With seeming accuracy Gratius has described the whole of the antique poaching gear;' but it must be confessed that neither Xenophon's, nor the Faliscian's, nor the hunting technicalities of the other Cynegetical writers, can be fully explained to modern comprehension. The deities and demi-deities of sylvan life are objects of invoca- tion in the exordium of Gratius : His ego prseeidibus nostram defendere aortem GratiiCyaeg. Contra mille feras, et non sine carmine, nisus ^*- ^l- Carmine, et arma dabo venandi, et persequar artem Armorum, cassesque, plagarunique ordiar astus. and then, under their tutelary aid, the poet begins to handle the " arma venandi;" which, as recorded in the Cynegetica generally, consisted of the linta or formido, nets of various mesh and size and shape, nooses, springes, and other traps — missile weapons, as darts, arrows, &c. ; and those for standing-defence, as the halberd-like boar-spear, &c. : many of these, however, were not of very remote antiquity. 2 1. " We are not sensible of Gratius's great care in the choice and ordering of Certaine speares,'' in the language of his illustrator, " nor of his provision in showing to set "' ^'^ '_™*' engines, and dig pils, which men prize in those countries where beares and lyons, with such ravenous beasts, do abound. We seem to have a different end in our hunting, which hath introduced a different stile of hunting," &c. 2. The arts of war and hunting advanced passibus eequis ; both at first equally rude, and destitute of ingenuity of contrivance in their respective instruments of assault : Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro jjor. Sat, L. i. Pugnabant armis quae post fabricaverat usus. Sat. in. 101. Before the age of Homer, the bow and arrow, " the artillery of ancient heroes," the ?7Yos or S6f>v, spear or pike, ^ifos the sword, and Kopivq the club, constituted the entire armoury of the warriors and hunters of semi-barbarous Greece. See Iliad xi. and XVII. Odyss. is. and xrx. How scanty was the fuiniture of Hercules in his attack of the Nemean lion ! ■J A 186 APPENDIX. DeM L. II. c. XII. The feathered line or pinnatum was called, from its effect, metus, formido, and ielfjiara Bripuiv, (Oppian. Cyneg. IV. 389.) " Cum maxiraos ferarum greges," says Seneca, " linea pennis distincta contineat, et in insidias agat ; ab ipso effectu dicta. formido." Gratii Cyneg. vs. 7.5. Sunt quibus immundo decerptse vulture plumae Instrumentum operis fuit, et non parva facultas. Tanlum inter nivei jungantui vellera cjgni : Et satis armorum est. Hsec clar^ luce coriiscant, Terribiles species : ab vulture dirus avaro Turbat odor silvas, lueliusque alterna valet res. Wase's Illustrations, &c. p. 7. The line of feathers of various hue, impregnated with artificial odour, " was drawn about' the woods ( SXlyov yaij)s e^virepQev, Oppian. Cyneg. iv. 386.) in the intermitted spaces where the toyles were pitched, that so the deer (than which no creature is more timorous) might balk them, and be cast upon the net." The linea thus flanked the hUrv or long net, where not extensive enough to enclose the covert ; and filled the intervals, between the purse- nets and nooses, when the latter were set independent of the retia. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 85. Hie magis in cervos valuit metus. ' Ast ubi lenti Interdum Libyco fucantur sandice pinns, Lineaque extructis lucent anconibus arma : Karum si qua metus eludat beliua falsos. Tlieocriti Idjll. L. XXV. 206. ainhf ky&> xepas iyphv e\i!V, Koi\iiv re (papirpav, *Iwi/ ^liTT^elTiv, veofirjv eT^prnpi re ^dKrpov e«7ra7^s, aM(p\otov, iinipeipios kot(voio, eSiierpov, Sir T. Elyot's. The Governour. B, I. c. xviii. The Persian hunting of Cyrus, as described in the Cyropaedia, (L. i. c. v.), presents us with warlike weapons alone. " Thau tooke every man" (I quote from The Go- vernour) " with hym his bowe and quiver with arowes, his sword or hach of Steele, a little tergat, and two dartes.'' 1. " The formido," Wase admonishes the reader of his Preface to Gratius, " may be in some measure retriv'd by looking into the Sicilian hunting, where it continues in use at this day. When the nobles or gentry are inform'd which way a herd of dear passeth, giving notice to one another, they make a meeting. Every one brings with him a cross-bow or long-bow, and a bundle of staves. These staves have an iron spike at the bottom, and their head is boared with a cord drawn through all of L. IV. 586. APPENDIX. 187 The Cilician poet has left a graphic description of the formido, as employed in the Armenian bear-hunt — a picture so vividly sketched, Cyneg. iv. 380., that I regret its length prevents transcription. A part of it will be found hereafter under the Eastern " Canis Inductor" — the Armenian limehound. The fourth Halieutic, in an apposite and beautiful simile, describes the startling effect of the feathered line on timid animals of chase : aiSe Kol ip ^v\6xotffiv opitrrepot aypevrripes Oppian. Hal» eT\ov ^i/aKKfliiv i\6.tpuv svaypet T^xvy, fn}plv6cp OTci^ai'Tes &-Kav Splos' ajui^l 5e Ko{iipojv opviSav Siiiravro floA irrepi- Tol S' iaopuaai il\4fiaTa TTT^fftxovffi Kevhv tpi^ov^ oiidh ire\d(r6pos — {fip6xov yctp out^! tIs r6^pa>@ev TtepifiaKiiv f/ieWev imairiiTiiv, el fi^ Tip ^lipii BarTov iiKo/os -rhv t6vov K6\j/ttS, e(j)9ri Sio0U76j(',) — that the instrument employed against the king was of the nature of a laqueus. And a farther illustration of the use of the noose-rope in war we find in the lines of Valerius Flaccus, Doctus et Auchates patulo vaga vincula gyro Spargere, et 6ztremas laqueis adducere tunnas. 1. Some idea of the curraces laquei, and hunting nets duly set, may be formed from the engravings of Sirada and Galle (1578.); or those of the Venationes Ferarum &c. of CoUffirt, Mallery, Theodore and Cornelius Galle of later date. The spirited wood- cuts of John Adam Lonicer, of Francfort, attached to the Venatus et Aucupium of Sigismund Feyerabendi (1582), are amusing, but far less illustrative than the former. To Pere Montfaucon we are indebted) for a few copies from the antique of the larger varieties of nets for hunting, S(kt«o, retia ; see his plates of stag-hunting : but we have no representations of other predatory instruments in the latter Vfork. Wase confounds the laijuei curraces with the dentata pedica, where he describes the former as " a round hoop of yeughen wood made of boughs, which stood bent by force, in fashion of a coronet, and all stuck with iron nayles, and wooden pins," &c. Peradventure, they may have been set together, the gins in a shallow pit beneath the nooses, more superficially placed on the ground. See Xenoph. de Venat. c. ix. Polluc. Onom. L. >. c. iv. APPENDIX. 193 foot-traps or gins, resembling the iroboarpafiai of Xenophon and Pollux ; and formed, as the following lines indicate, of wood, con- cealed on the ground ; Quid qui dentatas iligno robore clausit Venator pedicas ? cum dissimulantibus armis Saepe babet iinpiudens alieni tucra laboris 1 It being no small recommendation to them that one poacher might reap the fruits of another's labours. Their invention is attributed to a virtuous and holy Arcadian, ycleped Dercylus,i in high favour with the Sylvan goddess, and by her initiated in the mysteries of hunting, and the formation of sundry destructive implements of predation, which he first employed in the valleys of Mount Maenalus, and the Lacedaemonian Amyclse : O feliz, tantis quern primum induetria rebus Prudidit auctorem ! Deus ille, an proxuma Divos Mens fuit, in csecas aciem quae magna tenebras Egit, et ignarum perfudit lumine vulgus t Xen. de Venat. C. IX. Poll. Ononi. L. V. c. 32. And Ergo ilium primis nemurum Dea linxit in anni's, Auctoremque operi dignata inecribere magno, Jussit adiie suas et pandere gentibus artes. Giatii Cjneg. vs. 95. 1. It is remarkable that this inventive genius is noticed by no other writer ; high as his character stands with the Faliscian, hand illo quisquam se justior egit, Aut fuit in terris Divdm observantior alter : unless indeed he be the sly coadjutor of Alebion, who with a tliief cleped Dercylus (of a different caste seemingly from the Gratian hero) despoiled Hercules of his bovine booty during its transit through Iberia. See Natal. Comes, Mytholog. L. vii. Perhaps we may with Wemsdorf consider him the first writer on the science and mechanism of the chase, rather than the actual inventor of its multifarious furniture : or if we cannot thus dispose of bis claim to manual dexterity, may we not identify him with Aristffius, the Arcadian nephew of Diana, hv KaXioviTiv &yp4a Kttl v6iuuv, Gratii Cyneg. vs. 103. Excursus II. ad Gratii vs. 103. Apollon. Argonaut. L. II. 508. a sort of legendary Sir Tristrem in ancient matters of venery, and rural economy. 194 APPENDIX. Plutarch. in Amatorio. But it must not be forgotten that a competitor for the glory of these, and other like discoveries, is mentioned by Plutarch, in Amatorio, and by Nonnus, in Dionysiacis, in the person of Aristaeus — evxcvrai b' 'Apiaraii^ SoAoSires upvyfiaai koi fipo-^oisXvKovs Kal apKTOVs, os npuTOs di'ipeaaiv eVj/Je irobdypas : — indeed, if we may credit the Christian poet of Panopolis, the sire of the hapless Actaeon is entitled to the inven- tion of almost every article of hunting-gear, the dresses of sportsmen, initiation of hounds of chase, &c. — of many of which he has been deprived by less rightful claimants : Nonni in Dionys. L. v Kituos av))p irpdiTiffTos opiBpofiOS aA/xari Tapaaiv eijpe ^i\o(TKOire\oio jr6vov KefuiZoff(r6ov S^pijs, TTws voipff fivKTijpi TTopa tT(pvpa tpopfidSos SAtjs Siiphs aarindvTOio xiav fiavTeierai odfi^v, SpSia o(vk4\cvBov iir\ Spdnov oSaTa Tfivav Koi SoXiris SeSdriKe 7ro\f!irXoKo SlKTva T€X>'r)S, Kal (rraMKQJV Tvnov bp66v. k. t. \. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 108. To the first-mentioned Arcadian worthy Gratius attributes the earliest fashioning of hunting-spears with morIM^°^ — in the 1st Georgic of Virgil vs. 308. and the 2nd Satire of the 1st book of Horace vs. 105. Oppian describes tracking as twofold, by men, and dogs, — the former of course being the more ancient, and more correctly termed tracking, the latter scenting : eTSea S^ ffri^LTjs BvaSepKeos cTrXero Stffa^, avtptcVf ^S^ Kvvuv fiepoires fiev &p* alo\6fiov\oL Hfifiatrt reKix^poPTO, Kal eS ippd(7aavro KeXevOa* Schol. ad Theocrit. Id. IV. 1. The Xayufi6Kov of Theocritus Idyll, iv. 49. vii. 128. Epigr. ii. 3. (XiKov, $ Sio^e^VOKTej oi \ayieol PdWovrai,) seems to be the type of Bargnsus's weapon — the Ittgobolion of Natalis Comes. De Venat. L. i. APPENDIX. 197 Savary's ejaculation on snow-tracking the hare is more amusing than poetical : Onix! improba nix ! generosie invisa Dianse, Alb. Diana; Pernicies leporum ! venantum ignobile vulgus Leponciclffi Quam votis petit assiduis, ut cade craent^ Depopuletur agros ! &c. The many wily inventions devised by man's ingenuity of old for ensnaring noxious and timid animals, appear to us more like instru- ments of lawless poaching, than fair hunting, and fully justify the conclusion of Arrian's 24th chapter de Venatione ; wherein, with the spirit of a genuine courser, he exclaims, " there is as much difference between a fair trial of speed in a good run, and ensnaring a poor animal without an effort, as between the secret piratical assaults of robbers at sea, and the victorious naval engagements of the Athe- nians at Artemisium, at Salamis, at Psyttalia, and at Cyprus," It has been erroneously stated by Montfaucon and others, that the Antiq. Expl. use of nets and snares was not an exercise of pleasure to men of c. iv." quality, but only to peasants, and persons of inferior grade ; — the praise of a noble employment being, on this view, alone awarded to hunting with dogs, or being armed for the sport with venahula, hastilia, &c. either on foot or horseback. But this distinction, how- ever plausible in theory, is not tenable in fact. Discreditable as the use of snares may be deemed, and irreconcilable to modern taste, the philosophic recluse of Scillus, the patrician Xenophon, and every other sportsman, whether high or low, of the classic ages, must plead guilty to their employment : dacuntur et ipsi Manilii L. v. Retibus, et claudunt campos founidiue mortis, Mendacesque parant foveas, laqueosque teiiaces, Currentesque feras pedicarum compede nectunt, Aut canibus feirove necant, prsedasque lepoitant. I do not mean that the gentry had not the aid of servants in these as in other menial occupations — (for it is evident that Xenophon's apKvuipbs was a servant ; and on the huntsman's tomb, recorded by Pausanias in Achaicis c. xxil., by the side of the principal is the oiKerrjs ciKovTia e)(wv, Ka'i ayiav Kvvas ejririjSej'as Or/pevovaiv avdpwirois — The ostentation too of the Horatian Gargilius, 198 APPENDIX. Hor. L. I. Epist. VI. 58. Xenophon de Venat. u. v. qui mane plagas, venabula, servos, Dififeitum transire forum populumque jubebat, — is farther proof; and so likewise the "/amM?!, comitumque animosa juveutus" of Nemesian, engaged in preparing the furniture of hunting ;i)— but I mean that the gentry were practically engaged in this predatory venation, themselves directing and assisting in the distribution of the whole machinery of it. In defence, however, of Xenophon, the most accomplished of ancient sportsmen, and in con- tradistinction of his habits in the field to those of modern poachers, whom in some of his predatory tackling • it must be allowed he resembled, we may observe that he orders all the apparatus to be taken away when the sport is over — avdKveiv j(pri to. nepi Kvvqyeaiov ir&vTa — a clear indication, that though he and his compeers used nets and dogs together, forestalling their prey, contrary to the custom of the more enlightened moderns, who hunt at force, Kara xoSas, — yet it was held illegal, or at least unsportsmanlike, to leave snares on the ground longer than the time of the actual chase.^ 1. Additional evidence of the attendance of servants being usual at hunting expe> ditions, is afforded by the tale of Cephalus, Ovid. Metam. L. VII. 805. Venatum in silvis juveniliter ire solebam ; Nee mecum/amaJos, nee equos, nee naribus acres Ire canes, nee lina sequi nodosa sinebam. Tutus eram jaculo, &c. Preface to the Header. Gratius Englished, &c. by C. Wase. 2. The hunting of the ancient Hebrews appears not to have differed materially from that of the Pagan world. " Canaan,'' observes Wase, " was hemmed in «ith deserts : there was the great Lebanon, and there was Mizpeh, and Tabor, and other mountains which abounded with game ; and in the Toyall age, I beleeve, hunting itself was much frequented ; for though the sacred history do not ex professo take care to deliver us any thing concerning those lighter recreations, yet the frequent representations made by it throughout the writters of that age, do give some proba- bility that it was a frequent object among them, and taken from the common use. David's persecutions are sometimes likened to fowling, oftentimes to hunting : his enemies dig a pit for him, they set a snare to catch his feet. No authors of human learning, whose works yet survive, make so much mention of grins as the Fsalmes have made : his enemies bend their bow, and make their arrows ready upon the string, to shoot at the righteous. 'J'his was Esau's artillery. So tliat according to APPENDIX. 199 But of " tlie abrogated styles of hunting in the ignorant non- age of the world," — to use the language of Christopher Wase, — enough. The pit, the snare, and other supellex venandi, were employed, as already stated, long before the dog was tutored to the chase, 1 and were continued after his initiation, and that of his valued associate and coadjutor the horse, (the joint-presents of the that age, hunting was so instituted ; for our author, speaking of these two, intimates that they were courses of an elder date, for Ginns saith he. Nam fuit et laqueis aliquis curracibus usus : Cervino jtMs^re magis, &c. He sailh likewise for bows and arrows, Magnum opus et celerea quondam fecire sagittae. David's enemies hide a net for him. ■ The proud have hid a snare for me, and Psalm cxl. 5. cords ; they have spread a net by the way side ; they have set grins for me.' Neitlier was it unknown to the Jewish huntsmen the way of driving beasts, by an immission of fear, which is the formido et pinnatnm," &c. The biblical scholar will remember the memorable passage of the book of Job, "the steps of his strength shall he Jobc. xviii. straitened, (^Gt. hunted,) and his own counsel shall cast him down. For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare. The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him (the entangling cord or noose holdeth him fast). The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way. Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet." In the prophet Isaiah almost all the methods of capture given in the Classic Cyncgetica contribute their metaphorical signification. "Fear, and the pit, and the snare, are Isaiah c. xiiv. upon thee, O inhabitant of the earth. And it shall come to pass, that he who fleeth from the noise of the fear shall fall into the pit ; and he that cometh up out of the midst of the pit shall be taken in the snare." See also Jeremiah c. xlviii. and Ezekiel c. xix. The iraylSiS BcwdTov of the LXX. version of Proverbs xxi, 1. may be compared to the " mortis laquei " of Horace, L. iii. Od. xxiv. vs. 8. and to the " leti plagse" of Statius Silv. V. i. vs. 155. 1. It is a curious fact, that in the Hebrew text of the Scriptures tliere is no allu- sion whatever to hunting with dogs. Nimrod is called in tlie Greek version yiyas Kuvriyhs, Genesis x. 9., and Esau &v0pmros flSiis Kwr\yiiv, Genesis xxv. 27. ; but in the Hebrew, there is no reference to the employment of the dog. The canis lumbis Bochart. tenuibus, quo ad venationem utuntur venatores, introduced by commentators, Proverbs Hierozoic. XXX. 31., I believe to be a fanciful rabbinical creation. See a note on the subject in the prefatory matter to my translation of Arrian. 200 APPENDIX. twin-sons of Leda,) who contributed their services in common to almost every variety of chase : Oppian. Cyneg. ^uvol flripooiiroi re hivav, (mat re voSdypaf Li. IV. 4iS. |j^j,j g^ ^. i^ygp^ouTi woSaKea irdtna yeVeSAa We know not at this period whether the different varieties of the canine tribe are to be classed under the same species — ^whether a specific identity exist in the wolf, the jackal, and the dog — nor whether, in the latter family, the peculiar adaptation of each variety for peculiar functions can be the accidental consequences of mere degeneration, excited to change by the climate of different countries, and the ingenuity of man. Let the primeval stock be what it may, the race was first initiated in the pursuit of wild animals by that celebrated sportsman, the Amyclean Pollux ; — for we must not despise fable where history is silent, and again quote the Greek poet of the chase : Oppian. Cypeg. irp^s Se /iSdovs Sripuv icivas fixXiffe KapxapiSoiiTas L. II. 18. Sioyev^s irpwros AaKiBatiiSvios no\u5euK7^s, Kol yitp •irvyfjLaxiT} non iilla per artes Cura priur, sive indomitos veliementior hostes Nudo niarte premas, seu bellum ex arte miuisties. Mille canum patriae, ductique ab origine mores Cuique sak. Where the descriptions of these mores or qualities are suflSciently full, in the works alluded to, for a satisfactory classification of the several varieties of the canine tribe, it is the object of the following- trivial work to attempt it — • the various gifts to trace, The minds and genius of the latrant race. But it must not be expected that it will give an account of all the serai-fabulous dogs of classical antiquity, or attempt to reduce within the pale of a zoological arrangement the shape and properties of every mongrel, however memorable, that has puzzled the dis- criminative acumen of Conrad Gesner himself; or find archetypes in the kennels of Greece and Rome, for " all the barkand parish- tikes" of the credulous Dr. Caius, and more recent writers of canine biography. This little monograph being almost exclusively confined to the common Canes Venatici — Gratii Cynpg. vs. Ifll. Tickell's Miscellanies. Ben Jonson's Sad Shepherd. Act II. sc. 3. 76aaoi t' iirl irStri Kiveaaiv Oppian. Cyneg. e|ox' &p£f'n\oi /ucEXa t' aypevrripffi itiKovrai — '" it is not incumbent on me to inquire whether a Cerberus, or an Orthrus, (the Kparepofpova reKva of Typhaon and Echidna i), ever Hesiod. Theog. existed in canine shape — whether Anubis was a biped or quadruped " latrator" — a genuine barker, or a dog-faced Mercury — -"Ep/jijs 6 virgil. jEn. Kvvoirpoaunros — whether Euripides was torn to pieces by ferocious L. vih.tgs. f^ ^ r J Lucian. Jupiter dogs or spiteful women — whether the beauty of the dog of Alci- Tragadus. 71 S" inroKvatrafieyri, tekcto Kparep6pova TCKra. ''OpBpov juey trpuToy Kvvd yeivaro Vripvovrii* Seirepov adris eriKTEv aiiiixo-vov, oiirt tpareibvy Kdpfiepov ttJ/iT)(rrJ|c, ofSea xiva xi^Ke6(fiuvoi', wevriiKOVTa Kdprimv, oraiSea te, KpaTip6v re. 2 r Hesiod. Theog. vs. 308. 202 APPENDIX. PoUucis Onomast, L. In Ibin. Plutarch, de Solert. Animal, &c. PoUucis Onomast. L. v. blades, probably a Canis Ostiarius and not a Canis Venaticus, was impaired by the loss of his tail, or the act of decurtation conferred on the eccentric Athenian the notoriety he expected— nor on what variety of the race is to be charged the deaths of Thrasus, Actaeon,i and Linus, of Ovid's well-known tetrastic. It is foreign to my purpose to inquire whether Plutarch's dog, who threw stones into an oil-cruse till he had raised its contents sufficiently high in the neck of the vessel to lap the oleaginous fluid, surpassed in sagacious ingenuity the cunning brutes of more modern dog-fanciers — whether the disciplined mimic, exhibited before Vespasian in the theatre of Marcellus, must yield to the discriminative feats of his congener before Justinian. All these non-desctipts, from the janitor Orci to the theatrical pantomimi, are out of my beat. Amusing too as it might be to the reader to have an acccount of every faithful dog, recorded by the immortal German naturalist as the avfifiaxot and <7wfiaT0(pv\aKes of man, — and the anecdotes of canine instinct and affection registered by Plutarch, ^lian, Pliny, Solinus, and Julius Pollux — versified by Johannes Tzetzes and Natalis Comes, and reprinted by the laborious PauUini in the Cynographia Curiosa, presented to his notice, — such a compilation would lead me into too wide a field. For the same reason, and without meaning any dis- respect to the ladies of Greece and Rome, I am prevented from enrolling on my file their domestic pets — Lucre t. L. iv, 995. cODSucta domi catulorum blanda prnpago Degere- the ol eirl TcpTTuiKfiv, Kai ol /leXiToloi Xeyofieyoi of the visionary Artemidorus. i I cannot, however, deny the reader the gratification Liician. Deor. Dial. Juno et Latona. MinsliEei Emend, p. 242. Book of St, Albau's. 1 , With the aid of the poet I shall hereafter venture an opinion on the breed of some of the pack of the stag-like huntsman — the most celebrated of the trio — slain by command of Dian : ^ircl cjuade otfid^ura inrh rod 'AicraUayoSf Nobilis in vultutn domins, lusuque fatigant Labra corallino modicum sufiusa rubore, Vemantesque genas, et ebur superantia colla, Smaragdoque graves digitoa, et Perside gazi. Nunc tenui latrare sono, pictoque videbis Lascivire toro, aut nitid^ juveniliter aul^. J. Darcii Venusini Canes. But hold- Churchill's The Ghost. B. III. whilst thus we play the fool, In bold contempt of every rule — Things of no consequence expressing, Uescrlbing now, and now digressing — To the discredit of our skill, The main concern is standing still. It is a favourite notion of classic writers that the qualities and dispositions of the animals of each country are in accordance with those of the human inhabitants : and this opinion prevails more especially relative to domesticated animals, the reclaimed varieties of the dog and horse. Numerous instances might be adduced in corroboration of this hypothesis. Strabo remarks in the Iberian and Albanian people, and their dogs, the same fondness of hunting — dripevTiKoi be Kai avTOi Kai oi Kvves avrSv els iirepPoK^v : and JElian, jElian. de Nat. in the Medes and their horses — aofiapoX Ik M^Soj icai afipol, koi ™c. 2. fievTOi KOI ol eKeiviiiv rotovTOi tiriroi' ijiairis av avrovs rpv^qv avv to7s bearrorais, Koi rjJ /xey^flei row a&fiaros, Kai r^ icdWei, ic. t. X. These, treasure of time, to wythdrawe theyr mindes from more commendable exercises, and Holinshed's to content theyr corrupt concupiscences wyth vaine disport, a silly poore shift to shun Description of ,, . , J, ., Britaine. theyr irkesome ydlencsse. d . „ 204 APPENDIX. probably, he meant to contrast, as well as their proud riders, with the sorry-looking, unsightly horses of Libya, (active, however, and patient of fatigue), and the unsightly people of the country. The naturalist then proceeds to say that such also are his opinions with regard to the dogs of each country ; and specifies, as examples corroborative of his hypothesis, the Cretan, Molossian, and Car- jElian. de Nat. nianian — kvu)v Kpfjtrira Kov(j>ri, (cai aXriKr), kuI opei^aaiais avvrpo^os' Animal. L. iii. ^ v , ^ t' ' < ' t - > "s, < KOI fievTOi Kai avTOi Kpi/res roiovTovs avTOVs irapaoetKvviri, Kai ^oei r) ffifirj. OvfitKWTaTos be Kvi'w)' MoKoaaos, eTrei QvfUoheaTaToi cai ot avbpes. 'Av^p bk Kap/iavios Kai Kvuiv afi^orepa aypiiuTara ical fxei\i\8rivai areyKra (jtiiirtv. A farther example of this prevalent notion is found in the lines of Gratius on the crafty Acarnanian dog — " clandestinus Acarnan :" — L.2. Giatii Cyneg. vs. 184. Sicut Acarnanes subierunt pislia furto ; Sic canis ilia suos taciturna supervenit hastes : Thucyd. B. P. L. Ill, 107. alluding to a passage of the history of Thucydides, where he relates that Demosthenes placed 400 Acarnanians in ambuscade, in a hollow way near Olpae ; whence they issued forth in the heat of the subsequent engagement, and by their sudden assault on the rear of the Peloponnesians, completely routed them. A similar reference to national character is evident in the passage of Gratius, on cross- ing defective breeds of dogs with others in which opposite excel- lencies exist : Gratii Cyueg. vs. 194. Quondam inconsultis mater dabit Umbrica Gallis Sensum agilem, ' &c. 1. A passage which Wase supposes to allude to the canis Gallicus of Arrian ; vfhose impetuosity of course, and entire want of scent, his peculiar chsuracteristics, resemble the heedless, rash, and head-strong ardour of the Gallic character in gerie- Antiq. Sept. ral, (^lian. V. H. L. xii. c. 23.) and particularly of the Gallic soldiers of Lucan's etCelt.Keysler. ph^g^i;^ , a. II. u. II. 6. Lucan. L. i. p. 19. ■ Ed. Farnab. quos ille timorum Maximns baud urget lethi metus ; inde ruendi Iq feirum mens prona viris, animsque capaces Mortis : et ignavum rediturie parcere vitae. But an allusicm to the war-dogs of Celtica, the " diversi CclliE" of vs. 15G. of the APPENDIX. 205 But to descend from these general remarks on the supposed assi- milation of men and animals, cohabitants of the same soil, to the particular kennel-rolls of Greece and Rome. There appears to have been a threefold distinction of Canes Venatici, acknowledged by classic authors, during the imperial government of Rome. I do not mean that this classification is accurately observed by all the cynegetical and popular authorities ; but it may be traced, more or less clearly, in the writings of Gratius, ' Seneca, Artemidorus, Oppian, Claudian, and Julius Firmicus. The Faliscian notes a triple division in the fragment of his Halieutic poem : canum quibus est audacia praeceps, Venandique sagax virtus, viresque sequendi, " In cane sagacitas prima est," says Seneca in one of his Epistles, " si investigare debet feras ; cursus, si consequi; audacia, si mordere et invadere." We find nearly a similar arrangement in the Oneirocritica of Artemidorus, a strange visionary of Ephesus, who spent his whole life in endeavouring to solve the mysteries, hidden, as he conceived, in dreams — tuv kvvSv ol /xkv iiri Bfipav Tpifovrai, Kat tovtidv oi fiev eiaiv ij(yevTa\, ol ie bfioae toIs 6r]plois jftapovaip' o'l be ejri ivd^jaSts' ot 5' &p' Snaprrj Kai KpaSlr}V Sei\o\, koI yvia viKova' ^ittnTpiol, i(K\h, '7r6itaa\ayyriShv kAoWoktcs. Tj 5' (f/ioSov TrpoMTt:ov(ra leal &yepas, Idbs dpo6et yvfivbv Sttou Keiffffei ireSlov iro\i5- KeWev ^ireira e^eiTjs KATcb vuTov iyeip6fi€VQS \6xos SivSpuv KA077JJSJ1' TroT076Ciri>', iir' itfipia faipivBoio aevijuvoi, koI SeT/un iro^ixpoov ri Si t' aviypii afi(j)lfio\os fjidXa Trdfiirai' arv^ofiii/Tt iretpipriTai, ndvra 8' Siiov SelSoiKe, ^6x0", KTirov, aii\hi', aCrV, SeiiiaXeriv fi'lipivSov, iirel Kf\dSoinos a^Tcu TatWat T* i^6iTep6e Sirjeptai KpaSdovffh Kiv&fiepcu •jtrcpvyh re Kiyiiia trvpi^ovaiv ovveKa irairralvovaa /car' &pKvas avrtov epircr in y tiretTev \iv4ourt \6xois. k. t. A.. But farewell the detail of these savage chases ! 1 — The king of brutes The Chace. In brpken roarings breathes his last, the bear Grumbles in death ; nor can his spotted skin, Though sleek it shine, with varied beauties gay. Save the proud pard from unrelenting fate ! 1 . The reader will find descriptions of many of the different chases, for which I have no room here, in the Latin Cynegetica of the 14th, 16th, and 16th centuries, cited under the boar-hunt of Calydon. For " the chiefe huntyng of the valiaunt Grekes and noble Romaynes," see " The boke named The Goveraour, devised by Sir Thomas Elyot, Knyght." B. i. c. jfviii. 214 APPENDIX. The most lively and striking picture of classic Venation, in ge- nere, which I have met with in the Latin language, is contained in one of Seneca's tragedies; which, let them be the productions of whom they may, contain much brilliant descriptive poetry. The whole arrangement of the field is admirably given in the Hippolytus. The duties of the SiKrwaywyos, ix^evr-fis, nvvayiayvs, apKvupos, and \iv6vTfis, are successively detailed in the prologue, spoken by this Xenophon de rigid paragon of chastity himself, {auxppoavvy ical oaioTtjTi fiaKapiaOeh,) in the character of Magister Venationis. Venatione Act. I. sc. 1. Senecae " Ite umbrosas cingite sylvas, Am ^T'"'sr 1 Summaque montis juga Cecropii, Celeri plants lustrate vagi Quae saxosa loca Parnethi Subjecta jacent ; et quae- Thiiaeiis Vallibus amiiis rapid ^ currens Veiberat und^ : scandite colles Semper canos nive Hiphse^. Hac bac alii, qua nemus alt& Texicur aino ; qua prata jacent, Quae rorifer^ mulcens aur^ Zephjrus vernas evocat herbas," &c. says the son of Theseus to his attendant huntsmen — describing the local scenery of different parts of Attica, most abundant in game — and allotting them their respective stations and duties, with the mute limehounds, (" canibus tacitis,") the noisy pack, and divers imple- ments of the sylvan chase : i • dum lux dabia est ; Dum signa pedum roscida tellus Impressa tenet, alius raras Cerrice gravi portare plagas, Alius teretes properet laqueos. Picta rubenti linea pinn^ 1. The lines of this animated picture, which describe, in the language of ex- perience, the different degrees of restraint to be imposed on the Limiers, the Molos- sians, the Cretans, and Spartans, are here omitted : inasmucb as they will be more appropriately cited by us, when we come to speak of the family of limiers, the canes ihductore$ of classical antiquity. APPENDIX. 215 Vano cludat terrore feras, 1'ibi libretur missile lethum. Tu grave, dextr^ Isev&que simul, Robur lato dirige ferro. Tu prscipites clamoie feras Subsessoi ages : tu jam victor Curvo solves viscera cultro. So much for the furniture of the chase, its inventors, and practice, by way of introduction to our triple classification of the Canes Venaticj of the classic ages. We will now proceed, olnov etrl okv- Oppian.Cyneg. Xdcwc. CLASS I. In the first class of the triple division — quibus est audacia pree- ceps, or gravioribus apta morsibus — are included all the canes pugnaces or bellicosi — pugnacious dogs of war. The Mede, Celt, Ser or Indian, Albanian, Iberian, Lycaonian or Arcadian, Hyrcanian, Locrian, Libyan, Egyptian, Pannonian, Magnesian, Molossian, Briton, Atharaanian, Acarnanian, and a few others nearly allied. CLASS II. In the second class of Canes Venatici, under the title of nare sagaces, are placed all keen-nosed dogs of scent. The Spartan, Cretan, Carian, Etolian or Calydonian, Metagon, Belgian, Gelonian, Umbrian, Tuscan, Armenian, Petronius, Agas- sa;us or Briton, Segiisian, and others of inferior note. CLASS in. In the third class, entitled pedihiis celeres, those dogs alone are comprehended, which ran on sight of their game, as the Vertragus, and possibly the Sicamber : of the latter, however, I know nothing beyond the meagre allusion of Gratius to his speed, and the apparent distinction made between him and the Vertraha, in the Cynegeticon of this poet : Gratii Cyneg. Ts. 201. 216 APPENDIX. Petronios (sic fama) canes, volacresque Sicambros, Et pictani macula Vertraham delige fals^. Strabo L. VII. Janus Vlitius considers the Sicambrian to be the Gallo-Belgic hound of more modern days, and identical with the Ovidian canis Gallicus : but the latter is more probably the Vertraha of Gratius, the oveprpayos of the younger Xenophon. The Sicambrian people, strictly speaking, were Germans, and not Belgians; as they dwelt on the eastern, or Germanic side of the Rhine. On first comparing the different types of the Oppianic Canes Ve- natici with those of the Latin Cynegetica, I was misled by the authority of annotators to an admission that the type, so particularly described by the Greek poet in his first book, /xriKebavov KpaTepov befids, K. T. X. vs. 401. ad vs. 412. was of the sagacious hound, the Petronian or such-like. But this interpretation, in addition to the want of resemblance of the picture to the supposed original, implies, in a notorious copyist of his predecessors' labours and a keen ob- server of natural history, the entire omission of the swiftest of the canine tribe, the canis Gallicus or Vertragus; which, if known by fame in the age of Gratius, alluded to by him in his Cynegeticon, accurately portrayed by Ovid as to his style of running, and subse- quently, and more minutely, by the younger Xenophon, could not, under any balance of probabilities, have been lost to the sporting world, between the time of Arrian and that at which Nemesian flourished : — by the latter of whom the greyhound is most beautifully depicted, and, the mode of initiating greyhound puppies in the hare- course detailed with the hand of a master. I am, therefore, on more mature reflection, inclined to consider the passage referred to de- scriptive of the greyhound type, the third class of ancient hounds, the family o{ pedibus celeres.^ That Rittershusius makes no allusion 1. If the appropriation of the Oppianic portrait to the Vertragus of Arrian alone be deemed too scrupulously exclusive, — inasmuch as it leaves the Spartan hound of Xenophon undescribed by the Greek poet, — I will allow that preference of the Celtic type to all others may have influenced my decision ; and am w-illing, with the reader's approval, to admit the hound of Lacedsnion into a participation of the honour bestowed on the Vertragus. APPENDIX. 317 to such a resemblance, does not surprise me ; for, by pointing out a supposed defect of the picture, compared with a sketch of Gratius, this learned and laborious commentator proves that he was not aware of the variety of dog intended to be delineated by his author — per- haps himself unacquainted with its type in nature. The very feature of the 8oX/xo(7(c9a\|Uol y(apoTi^aw iiro(TTlK$oVTes owuirais- pivis OTTOS Xdfftos, Kparephv Sejitos, eipia vara- Kpaiwol 5* oi TeKtdovffiVf arkp fiGVos evSadt 7co?0\.hv Kol aBenos &(ppadonia linguse Cyneg. vs. 196. Exibit vitium patre emendata Molosso. Will not the praises of Lydia, of Martial's well-known epitaph, place her among the savage inmates of a Molossian kennel ? Amphitheatrales inter nuttita magistros Martial, Venatrix sylvis aspeia, blanda domi : l^P'g'- L. xi. fipigr- TO. L;dia dicebar domino fidissima dextra, Qui nan Erigones mallet habere canem, Nee qui Viclsek Cephalum de gente secutus Luciferas paiiter venit ad astra Deie. Non me longa dies, nee inutilis abstulit astas, Qualia Dulichio fata fulre cani : Fulmineo spumantis apri sum dente perenipta, Quautus erat Calydon, aut, Erymanthe, tuus. Nee queror infemas quamvis cito rapta sub umbras, Non potui fate nobiliore mori. Venatio ad Ascanium Cardinalem ; — as if the Molossi were remarkably latrant, whereas closeness of mouth was their more distinctive quality : unless indeed this Cardinal of St. Chrysogonus refer to two different sorts of Molossi, the one latrant, the other mate and sagacious : Deducunt alii canum phalanges. Poetaj Tres, Latrantes abeunt simul molossi P" 'J". Ed. Aid. Mox indaginis unicae sagaces : for he subsequently slips some boar-hounds, " per invia lustra musaitantes," and others again are distributed about the covert by the harbourers or huntsmen ; the latter being denominated " feros molossos.'' 2 H lu34. 242 APPENDIX. — her education and her quarry will, at least, assign her to the mus- ter-roll of our first class. But of the Canis Molossus Venaticus, enough ; — matchless as he was for stoutness, before Britain was discovered and its race of Canes bellicosi brought into competition with those of Epirus, he at last was compelled to yield the palm of ferocious hardihood to the British bull-dog, and to succumb to his superior prowess : Gratii Cyneg. vs. 179. At magnum cum venit opus, promendaque virtus, Et vocat extreme prscepa discrimine Mavors, Won tunc egregios tantum admirere Molossos. Luciani Fugitivi. De Natura The second variety of the Epirote noticed by Aristotle, though out of the pale of this epitome, is worth recording from its classical associations, and because it possesses in an eminent degree the canine qualities lauded by Lucian, to (pvKanTinov, to olKovpiKov, Kal to s fflv irattl ve^ovra . . . Theocrit. Idyll. VIII, 63. and the milk -fattened ban-dog of Claudian, sic pastor obesum Lacte canem ferroque ligat, pascitque revinctum, Dum validus servare gregem, vigilique rapaces Latratu terrere lupos, &c. Claudian. in Eutropium. L. I. The notices in Homer of these dogs are numerous; (see Iliad. K. 183. /I. 302. p. 109.) and their watchfulness, as nightly centinels, is sung in classic hexameters by the poet of Venusium : Uberior tamen est illis, et fortior inde Laudis causa venit, molli quod tempora somno Fauca terunt, seu flammigero det luniina curru Fliiebus, seu niveas agitat Latonia bigas, Somnifero obliquum volvens jubar axe per orbem. Sed vigili doiniao cur^, laroque cadente Lumlne prospiciunt, et herilia murmure circum Claustra freraunt, ne sint nocturno pervia furi, Neve lupo, tut^que greges statione quiescant. J. Darcii Venusini Canes, Pitiscus tells us, on the authority of Eustathius, that it was cus- 1. Tbe answer of the Canis Fastoralis (Eire (pwviievra ^vrh fua) to the dissatis- fied sheep is beautifully illustrative of his services in the economy of pastoral life : — iyii ydp fijMi d Kol iiittS ouTctr ffd^av, Strre idfre iirip i,v9p^iav icAeTrTcirfloi, iii\Te {mh \iKav apwi^eadai' ijrel u/iteJs ye, et itii iyi) irpotpvXiTToi/u ifias, o«5' hv vepteffOai SivaitrBe, tpoPoO/ieyat iJ.ii aviAiiffde — thereby making good his claim to a share of his master's food. Xenoplion Memorab. L. II. c. VII. 244 APPENDIX. Pitisci Lexicon tomary with the ancients to have porter-dogs i — " moris erat atriensi- Antiqiut. ^j^g £^j.gg servari h canibus," — such were the irvKauipoi and Tpaireiijes of Homer, the attendants at the door of Telemachus, uiives irohas apyol, (Odyss. v. 144.) — the house-dogs of Patroclus, nine in num- ber — of whom two were slain, and offered on his funeral pile, (Iliad. \p'. 173.) and the Kvves wiitjoral of Priam — whose anticipated reckless laceration of his dead body — iroKiov re Kap-q, voKiov re yiveiov — by the irvXadipoi, is pleaded by the aged king to deter his ill-fated son from contending with Achilles. (Iliad, x- 69.) — Such too were the gemini custodes of Evander, which followed their rustic king to the dormitory of his Trojan guest. (JEneid. L. viii. 461.)^ As an attribute of the porter-dogs, speed was utterly unnecessary, though given to those of Telemachus, above cited : and that they generally possessed it not is implied, I think, in the question of Ulysses to Eumaeus, as to the character of the " unhoused, neg- lected " Argus ; Odyss. L. XVII. ov v, Vlitius's fanciful emenda- tion of the text of the Onomasticon has led him into an error, and produced the monstrous birth of a third variety, which he ascribes to Julius Pollux, called aXuireKiKaaTopes ; but which that learned man's work will not admit. Of the whole Spartan tribe the swiftest, perhaps, were the Kvvoaov- pl&es of Callimachus — deriving their name from Cynosura of La- Statii Thebaid. L. iv. Dives etOrchomenos pecorum, et Cynosura ferarum. They were the gift of the Arcadian God Pan to Diana, and pos- sessed sagacity of nose equal to their speed of foot :^ 1 . With some of tbe descendants of the KwoffovplSfs, the latrant sagacious Lacouni of the modern Votizza, Mr. Hohliouse reports that he enjoyed the sport of coursing with his Grecian host in the Morea. See Journey through Albania, Letter XVII. APPENDIX. 253 iirri, 8° ISuKe Callimach. H. 6dff(rovas aipduv KwoaovplSas, a'l pa S<(S|ai &Kvnai v€$pois re Kal ov ^iiovra Kayoibv^ Ko! Koirriv ihdipoio, Kol Bffrpixos tvBa KaMai ffriixrjvat, not ^opxhs iv' ix'tov riyi\aaiT9a,i . , . — and near a-kin to them, we may suppose, if not of the same blood, were the brace presented by the worshipful Agrotera to her much- favoured Cyrene : — BriprjTTJpe Siu Kive, to7s Ivi Koipr/ Ejusil. vs. 207.- 'Ti|iijtj irapck TlJjitjSoy 'Ii^Akiov liifiop' iiSKov. But of fable, enough — The Spartan's shape, qualities, and style of hunting, singly and in pack, are fully described by Xenophon in the third, fourth, and sixth chapters of his Manual. The quarry is here that of which the Athenian was most enamoured, viz. the hare, — with which the woods and parks of his Scilluntian retreat abounded. But for the boar-chase the hound of Lacedaemon is also employed. To the Indian, Cretan, and Locrian dogs, the sportsman, who would Xenophon de- successfully combat the savage boar, must add the choicest indivi- duals of the Spartan kennel. And in this chase, he will find one of the latter hounds most useful as a limier,^ to follow up the trail to the boar's couch in silence, and then, with the rest of the pack, to bay the started quarry : Fulraineus seu Suartanis latratibus actus, ^''" ,^**''?j ^^ „ , J.J- ,. 2'i'> bello Cum sylvam occursu venanlun) perdidit, hirto Punico L. i. Horrescit seevus dciso, et postrema capessit Prfelia, candentem mandens aper ore cmoiem : Jainque g»raens gemiuum contra venabula torquet, Julius Pollux, on the authority of Nicander, has transmitted to us Onomastic.. subordinate varieties of the Spartan, entitled TWeweZairfe* from Mene- laus, Harmodii from Harmodius, and others from other persons, and places of inferior note. Virgil applies the epithets Taygetan to the 1. A limehound — r) Se Kutui' 4t!\ rb ttoAii a(|>i'|ETai TcJirov iXiiSt) Ixviiovau, . ., — Xenophon de (TreiSckf 8" 0(/)//c»)toi eVl ttJv div^v, too/crei, K. T. X. Venat. ex. 254 APPENDIX. Propert. L. II. race, from the " juga longa Taygeti " which traverse Laconia, a favourite resort of the Sylvan Goddess : Virgil. Georg. L. III. 43. vocat ingenti clamore Cithasron, Taygetique canes : Ejnsdem vs. 343. and Amyclean, from the birth-place of Castor and Pollux : omnia secum Armentarius Afer agit, tectumque laremqne, Armaque Amjclaeumque canem, Cressamque pharetram; Bulletin Universel. Pliilosoph. Transact. Vol. 77. p. 24. a local epithet also found in a supposed fragment of Pindar, cited by Plutarch, Quaest. Conviv. ix. 15. 748. and admitted amongst the Fragmenta ex Hyporchematibus. Vol. ii. of Heyne's edition. (Oxon. 1807.) But a few words, before we proceed farther, on the lineage of the oKiatreKihes. Modern naturalists, with the exception of Mons. Desmoulins, are pretty generally agreed that the Canis aureus is the real origin of the domestic dog. And if so, being a nativp of Asia Minor, and of a dirty fulvous colour, may we not suppose him to have been the cross, from which the foxite hounds of Xenophon were bred ? The latter had more or less of a ferine aspect, and fulvous colour, softened down by the admixture of hair of a different hue about the muzzle. Still tawny was.the predominant colour — "fulvus Lacon," (Hor.) Mr. Hunter denies the existence of a genuine foxite, as the dog and fox are of different species, and will not produce together. Guldenstadt allows the jackal may be the Thos of Aristotle. May he not also be the Thos of Gratius, and " Cat o' mountaine "^ of his translator ? May not Hagnon's pack,^ riustrations of '• -^ *^'^™ borrowed, according to Mr. Douce, from the Spaniards, who call the wild Shakspeare. cat gato-montes. ' ■ "■ ' 2. Hagnon Astylides — as the Cretans used aymi', according to Hesychius, for &yea>, S ar/vZv may stand for & Kvvi]y6s. See Wernsdorf, Excursus iii. ad Gratii V. 215. Poetffi Latini Minores, Tom. i. p, 242. APPENDIX. Hagnon magne, tibi Divom concessa favore, 255 Gratii Cyneg. vs. 250. derived from a Thoan cross, and other such semiferous commixtures, be founded in fact ? Hie et semifeiam Tboum de sanguine prolem Finxit. Non alio major sua pectore virtus, Seu n6rit voces, seu nudi ad pignora Maitis. Thoes commisBos (clarissima fama) leones Et BubiSre astu, et parvis domufere lacertis. Nam genus exiguum, et pudeat quam informs fateri Vulpin^ specie, &c. May not these possible tales have given currency and belief to the supposed, impossible, fictitious, engendering of the fox and dog, and the breed of semi-wild iXuireKihes ? — Aristotle says roundly, when animals resemble each other in size, outward character, and time of gestation, they may breed together ; and that it positively happens with the dog, fox, and wolf — ol 8^ Owes, says the Stagirite also, ofioiws KvioKOVTai Tois Kvai, Kni TtKTovai TvcjAa, ic. T. \. — and therefore, by his own canons, may engender with dogs. Galen, Hesychius, and Gesner, seem to allow the possibility of vulpi-canine issue : Caius accounts for such a birth by the " pruriens libido" of the parties concerned : i even Bluraenbach and Desmoulius, on the authority of others, have given credency to it. Pennant reports a case of prolific engendering of the fox and dog, on the word of an Oxfordshire woodman ; and Daniel cites a second in London. Hunter, who assumed nothing in natural history of doubtful cha- racter as fact, till he had put it to the test, denies this cross, d priori, not from actual experiment ; for he did not live to make the trial. The former crosses he fully established : see Phil. Trans. Vol. 77. Ejusdem vs. 253. Pennant's Quadrupeds. Dauiel's Field-Sporls. Vol. I. p. 12. I. Caius's love of the marvellous in natural history surpasses (considering the age in which he lived) that of ^lian and Albertus Magnus. Under the heads of Urcanus and Lacaena, this credulous correspondent of the acute Conrad Gesner notes, seem- ingly in good earnest, that the former is the offspring of the Canis Catenarius and bear, the latter of the dog and fox, " quos, licet inimicos, pruriens tamen libido sffipe ita hie conjungit, ut alibi solet." The truth, however, of the latter maybe doubted, after the impossibility of the former. J. Caii de Canibus Brit. Libell. 256 APPENDIX. May not Ovid be supposed to allude to the cross of the Thos and dog, and to exemplify it in the individual of Actaeon's pack whom he calls Thous ? Ovid. Metam. L. 111.220. Cyneg. L. m. vs. 336. Philosoph. Transactions. Vol. 77. Et Thous, et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisca. The fanciful origin of Oppian's Thos from the wolf and panther, oOev Kparepofpova 0S\n, baffles all elucidation. Let the oKtoTreKibes, then, be considered as possible hybrids, the produce of authenticated crosses. ' The wolf, jackal, and dog, all differ but little. " The dog himself," says Mr. Hunter, Gratii Cyneg. vs. 259. Theocriti Idyll. I. vs. 110. Cowper's Task. B. V. 1. We may suppose the far-famed hound of Sparta, the foxite harrier, '' vulpin^ specie," not very unlike the prick-eared, or at least semi-pendulous-eared lurcbei of modern days, employed by a poaching shepherd to guard his flock, and too often to catcli at force, Karck Tr6Sas, his master's liares, or drive them into the wily laqueus or snare : Kol TTTuKos piWeh Kal Bripia t* &K\a ^u^Ket. Shaggy, and lean, and shrewd, with pointed ears, ' And tail cropp'd short, half lurcher and half cur ; Hor. Od. L. Ode VI. he is too well known by his depredations in the hare-warren to need a fuller delinea- tion. Janus Vlitius considers the Spartan a long-eared hound, and proposes to read Sra fiaxpa instead o[ /uKpa in Xenophon's minute description of the type of excellence in this breed : but Horace's " aure sublat^" would rather favour the notion that the ear was small and pricked up in pursuit of game, as we see in lurchers, and such-like poachiog tikes : Nam quails aut Molossus, aut fulvus Lacon, Arnica vis pastoribus, Agam per altas aure sublatS, nives Quscunque prjecedet fera. on which Dacier observes, " plus les chiens sont conrageux, plus ils dressent les oreilles en courant ;" a quality for which a prick-eared sharp-scented lurching cur might be praised — which is characteristic of the Molossus, but odious in the genuine well-bred greyhound, with which the " veloces catuli" euid "fulvus Lacon" of the contemporary poets of Rome have been ignorantly identified by monkish an- notators. APPENDIX. 257 " may be the wolf tamed, and the jackal may probably be the dog returned to his wild state." All animals having been originally wild, the more a specific class may differ from its prototype in appearance, the further it is removed in consequence of variation arising from cultivation. Where dogs have been least cultivated, they still retain most of their original character, or similarity to the wolf or jackal, both in shape and dis- position. Thus the shepherd's dog, all over the world, has strongly the character of these wild animals^ — ^and so I have no doubt had the dog of Laconia. The wild dogs of modern travellers, as found in Congo, Lower .Slttiiopia, and towards the Cape of Good Hope, somewhat resemble the Spartan type. They are stated to be '•' greyhound-like in shape, red-haired, with upright ears, rough tails, and extremely fierce." The Dingo of Australasia, and Dhole of the East Indies, look very like aXiowedies, The North and South-American half-reclaimed varieties have the elongated jaws of the semi-barbarous breeds, and tend to prove from their general shape, their character of counte- nance, their quick manner, and pricked and erect ears, identity of species in the dog, wolf, and jackal. But on this subject enough : — let us now return within the pale of the kennel of Lacedaemon. The true Spartan dogs of the olden time were strong, swift, and courageous ; and barked on scent of their game. We know that they were strong, on the authority of Ovid's " praevalidusque Lacon ;" and swift, from Virgil calling them " Veloces Spartae catulos," and Pindar alluding to the same excellence in the fragment beginning dir!) Toi)7tTou ii€V ^S,Kaivaii Apud Athenaei eVl ftipo-l iciva TpexeiK trvKivdraTov kfmer6v. eipnosop . C 21. Still their speed, like that of the Etolian of Gratius, was of a quali- fied character, and very much below the Vertragus. Their strength and courage recommended them to shepherds and herdsmen, as guardians of their flocks — the goatherd Lacon's dog, from his venatico-pastoral cast, being probably, of this variety. x' aiiiv ivri uirny ipiKmoinyios, ts K6pa, is likened to a sharp-nosed Spartan hound, eS Se ff" iKepei mvhs i^axahiis Sxttis eipivos fiiffis. Homer's kindly and vivid description of the hunting excellencies of the faithful Argus, his keenness of sight and smell, and speed of foot, would lead us to place him amongst the swiftest of the saga- cious class : and where can we assign him a more honourable station than in a Spartan kennel ? — I am aware some ancient Greek writer (to whom I have lost my clue of reference) considers this far-famed hound an isolated variety of no particular family — ojuws ^ fiais cat ev &\Kois Kal ^Trairi tottois iiaaireipei Kuvas ayadovs, ottoios ris Ka\ 6 1. This quality Aristotle justly attributes to the length of the nostrils of the Spartan hound, affording a more extensive surface for the distribution of the minute branches of the olfactory nerves — Scaip oi //.VKTripes naKpol, oTov twi' Askui'ikwi', 6iTpavTiKi. APPENDIX. 259 "Apyos — not reducible within the pale of a general classification founded on geographical distribution ; but he has evidently all the characteristic qualities of a genuine Spartan, and I never heard of any breed peculiar to Ithaca. "Apyos 'OSviTos. By Seneca the Cretans are called pugnacious — " pug- naces Cressse;" and by Claudian, wire-haired — " Hirsutaeque fremunt Cressae." Arrian, when speaking of the Segusian hounds of J. Darcii Veiiusini Canes. 1. To Darcius of Venusium we owe the following description of the ardour of the Spaitan pack ; Inde suos etenim Lacedsemon Achaica laudat, Assueti quoniam sylvis, cupidique ferarum Pr2ecipiti fervore ruunt, perque invia lastra, Convallesque cavas, et sentibus honida duris Atva, et vulnificis dumeta rigentia spinis Dente rotant preedas, indefessique sequuntur Quod semel emissum est. Illos non obvius amnis Vicinos dirimens sinauso gurgite colles, Sistit, nee rapidos lato tenet obice cursus. Et licet assiduo frangantur anbela boatu Ora, trahantque ffigros afflictis viribus arlus, Assequier tamen est animus, &c. Solini 2. Solinns and Pliny, while they admit the religious adoration of Diana by the c. XI ' "**"fi8 of Ciete, deny to the soil many of the common beasts of chase. " Ager CreticuB," says the former naturalist, " sylvestrium caprarum copiosus est, cervo eget. Lupos, vulpes, aliaque quadrupedum noxia nusquam educat." APPENDIX. 261 Celtica, their unsightly aspect, their noisy howl, and extraordinary sagacity of nose, indirectly proves the speed and keen-scentedness of the Carian and Cretan. Oppian enjoins the hound of Crete to be crossed with that of Pannonia, and the Carian, as if diflFerent, with the Thracian, ivin'iiTyeo tlaloffi Kpriras, Cyneg. L. i. KapasQpvlKiois... "'• ^^*' but, it is probable, the Pannonian and Thracian resembled each other as much as the Cretan and Carian. Two sub-varieties are recorded by Julius Pollux under the titles of iiawovoi and 7r(ipi7r?roi : — the former so called from their bustling, indefatigable character — ras vvKvas raU fi^ipais kv rais jrpos rii 6qpia Pollacis , , . , ^ Onomast. fiay(ais eniKafipaveiv, Kai noWuKis TapevvaaOivTas rots drjplois fied' L. v. t. v. fl/xepav ap-}(£a8ai Tt/s (ta'^i ; the latter, from their running at the horse's 'side — rols lirvois avvQiovaiv ovre irpoQeovres cure firfv airoXenro- fxevoi, Cecropius catulus est quem dixgre parippum. Natalia Comes de Venat. L. i. To these the courser of Nicomedia adds a third sub-variety, seem- ingly produced by the union of the former two — al biuTrovoi airo rov Arriani J , . > . . V , ^ - ,,, s , ,,,,,- .1 de Venat. ^lAOTTOpeiv , Kai at irafxai airo rov o^etos, xai at fiiKrai a?r afujioiv ; tne ^._ jjj_ irajuat probably answering to the irapiiriroi of the philologist. On the authority of Arrian, we conclude the Cretan and Carian modes of Ejusdem hunting to have been the same as generally practised in Greece — such "' "' as are described at large by the elder Xenophon in his Cynegeticus. See Meursii Opera, Tom. iii. c. vii. Creta. Though not used by the elder Xenophon in the common hare- chase, the Cretans are recommended for boar-hunting, and were sometimes employed in pursuit of deer. Incert. Aucfor Kpt,v eynpaTSis Kai aiwirSiv, . VIII. L. II. ^^ ^^ ^^ rjijjg hound's busy manner, — his steady search, even where there is no game, — his burst of silent joy at catching a scent, — his salutation of the harbourer as if sympathizing in his glee at being successful, — his drawing on up to the boar's couch, — the start — and final p%an of exultation and victory, are all described in masterly style. The Gelonian breed is very cursorily mentioned by Gratius, as timid and sagacious ; Arma negant contra, martemque odere Geloni, Sed natura sagax . . , and is recommended to be crossed with the tigrine Hyrcanian ; whence spiritless Gelouian bitches have derived that courage and pluck, of which they stood in need ; Hist. Nat. 2<"<' Bello Fuiiico L. III. APPENDIX. 269 traxere animos de patre Gelons Gratii Cvnez Hyrcano. vs. 195. The Umbrian had much of the Gelonian character— timorous and ^oft — but remarkably keen of nose. Wishing to incorporate every good quality in the same mongrel breed, Gratius ejaculates — At fugit adversos idem quos repent hostes Gratii Cyneg. Umber.' Quanta fides, utinam et solertia naris, '*• ^^'" Tanta foret virtus, et tantura vellet in armis ! Silius Italicus notes the sagacity of the Umber, and seems to indicate his closeness of mouth in the contrasted barking of the Spartan, Ceu pernix cum densa vagis latratibus implet Silii Ifal. de Venator dumeta Lacon, aut exigit Umber Nare sagax e calle feras perterrita late Agmiaa prajcipitant volucres formidiue cervi. But his habits are most vividly sketched in an elegant simile of Seneca's Thyestes, where Atreus, exulting in his artful entrapping of his brother, (as a wild beast enveloped in the hunter's toils — plagis clusa dispositis fera, — ) exclaims in a strain of ill-dissembled self-gratulation, venit in nostras manus Senecae Tandem Thyestes ; venit, et totus quidero. Art iir M- Viz tempero animo, vix dolor frenos capit : Sic, cum feras vestigat, et longo sagax Loro tenetur Umber, ac presso vias Scratatur ore; dum piocul lento suem Odore sentit, paiet, et tacito locum Rostra pererrat : prseda cum propior fuit; Cervice totft pugnat, et gestu vocat Doininum morantem, seque retiuenti eripit. The Virgilian Umbrian, to which iEneas in pursuit of Turnus is 1. " Umber is bete,*' says Wase, " the Bracco of Italy ; and as their dog is timo- rous, so their bore is not very courageous. Whence the poet, — Thuscus aper geiie- rosior Umbro." Act. III. 493. 270 APPENDIX. likened in the last book of the ^neid, may be taken to signify any Canis venaticiis, and not that of Umbria particularly : Viigilii ^neid. Inclusura velud si quando fiumine nactua L. XII. 749. Cervum, aut puniceae septum formidme pennee, Venator cursu, canis et latratlbus iustat ; Hie autem, insidiis et rip^ territus alt&, Mille fugit refugitque vias : at vividus Umber Haeret liians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est. The true Umbrian, I conceive, was mute — certainly so, until his game was on foot ; as were all the other finders spoken of. But another reason against the dog of Marc being the native dog of Um- bria is this — the poet would never have compared the brave and victorious ^neas to a notoriously timid animal, who " fugit adversos idem quos repperit hostes — " while the hero was dealing death and destruction on all sides of him ; Virgil. JEneid. jEneas mortem contra praesensque minatur L. 211, 760. Exitium, si quisquam adeat ; terretque trementes Excisurum urbem minitans ; et saucius inatat. If the character of the hounds of Umbria be such as stated, on the authority of the ancient Cynegetica, the epithet " audaces " bestowed on them by the Latin poet of Barga must be unmerited ; »P. Angelii Celtis velocibus Umbros, Bargiei Cjrneg. Audaces Umbros, et odoris naribus acres. L. '>. Barthius, erroneously in my opinion, identifies the Tuscan dogs of Nemesian with the fierce Molossian-like animals of Oppian's first Cynegetic (vs. 413.). To the passage already cited under the Canes Bellicosi, the reader is referred, for the purpose of comparison with the following from the Carthaginian poet : Nemesian. Quin et Tuscorum non est extrema voluptas Cyneg.vs.231. Saepecanum: sit forma illis licet obsila villo, Dissimilesque liabeant catulis velocibus artus ; Haud tamen injucunda dabunt tibi munera piaads. Naraque et odorato noscunt vestigia prato, Atque etiam leporum secreta cubilia monstrant. Oppian's boar and lion-killers have very little resemblance to these APPENDIX. 271 indices of the form or seat of the timorous hare. The latter poet re- commends the Tuscans (whom he is also supposed to designate under the title of Ausonians in his first kennel-roll) to be crossed with the Spartan race ; TupoTji/ck y4ve8\a AiKuffi — Oppian.Cyneg. L. I. vs. 395. The Armenian bear-dog was a sort of lyemmer used by sportsmen of the East for tracking bears ;i 'irov\hs Sx^os $alvovtri raviffKia ^evQea Spvfiurj Oppian. Cyneg, Uptfs, aiiToXiyois avv i'ipipeaa-i Kivtaaa/, • '^" ^^' *^*'' J'X''"' lifJTciaovT' hXoav irovXiirKava Bripav. &\}C SttSt* &6p^ff(o(n K^ves v, KexapTiii4ms l|oxa Bviiiv, The poet concludes this part of his description with a singularly beautiful simile of a bare-footed little damsel in joyful search of mountain violets, (discovered by their grateful odour, and plucked for the decoration of her head,) with which she returns singing to the home of her peasant parents : Sis Kvvhs IAvBtj Bvfibs Bpatr^s* avrap itraKT^p Kol nd\a fuv Bivovra fimiadiievos re^afui(ri, Kayxa\oav va\(vop(ros ?j8i) fitff H/uKov kralpav, The hiKTva and apKves, the heifia To\i)(poov of the feathered line, and the other instruments of the savage chase, combine to secure the ursine quarry. See Oppian. Cyneg. iv. vs. 354 ad vs. 424. 1. A close-mouthed hound, 'probably, with much of the pugnacious disposition of our first class, added to his sagacity. Many of the limehound tribe, at least those used in trailing after fierce prey, must have had a strong dash of the same daring spirit — not so, however, the uncrossed Umbrian and Gelonian. 272 APPENDIX. LucaniPhareal. L. IV. 437. Having already noticed the wary employment of the mute finder to search out the lair of animals obnoxious to the chase, let us look at the subsequent proceedings.^ When the nets and snares were set, the game found, and started by the Canes ductores, the attendants, it seems, slipped the latrant pack, which were held in couples at hand. That this was the ordinary routine is proved by Xenophon, Lucan, Seneca, and others. The Greek sportsman of Scillus does not, indeed, say that the dog first slipped should be mute, but merely quick-scented. Lucan, however, particularly states his qua- lity of closeness in the lines of his Pharsalia, where he likens the naval tactics of Octavius, " Illyricae custos Octavius undae," to the wily stratagems of a huntsman preparing for the attack of his game ; — Sic dum pavjdos formidine cervos Claudat odoratffi metuentes a'era pennse : Aut dutn dispositis attollat retia vans Venator, tenet ora levis clamosa Moloasi ; Spartanos Cretasque ligat; nee creditur ulli Sylva cani, nisi qui presso vestigia roslro Colligit, et prsedS. nesdt latrare reperta, Contentus treraulo monsti^sse cubilia loro. SenecsB Hippolyt. Act. I. 30. -and Seneca implies the same, at vos lazas Taeitis canibus mittite habenas : Teneant acres lora Molossos, £t pugnaces tendant Cresssa Portia trito vincula coUo. At Spaitauos (genus est audax Wase's ^' " ^^^ tunting used by the ancients was much like that way which is at pre- lUustrations, sent taken wilh the Raindeare which is seldome hunted at force, or with hounds, but &c. I,. VI. p. 61. 0Qg]y irawne after with a blood-hound, and forestall'd with nets and engines. So did they with all beasts; and therefore a dog is never commended by them for opening before hee hath by signes discover'd where the beast lyeth in his layre,- as by their drawing stiffe our harbourers are brought to give right judgment. There- fore I doe not finde that they were curious in the musique of their hounds, or in a composition of their kennell and pack, cither for dcepenesse or lowdaesse, or sweet- nesse of cry like to us," &c. APPENDIX. 273 Avidunique ferae) nudu cautus Propriore liga. Veniet tenipus Cum latratu cava Baxa sonent : Nunc demissi nare sagaci Captent auras, lusttaque presso Qu£erant rostro*^ 1. The Canis ductor, or lime-hound of the middle ages, the iiiPiPaaTijs and /i7ji/u. riis of ancient glossaiies, " qui odorisequS. nare spelaea ferarum, et diverticula depre. hendit," vras strongly allied to, if not identical with, the Sleut-hound of Scotland, the hlood-hound, lyme-dog, or Hmer (from the lyam or leash with which he was led) of authi>rs, employed in the pursuit of animals of chase, and the discovery of murders and amhuscades. See the Glossaries of Spelman and Ducange, in voce. Skinner defines the Limmer " Hyhris, i. claim the palm for Britain ; In thee alone, fair land of liberty! Somerville. Is bred the perfect hound, in scent and speed Chace, B. i. As yet unrivall'd, while in other climes Their virtue fails, a weak degenerate race ! By name, British hunting-dogs (as distinct from the pugnacious class) are mentioned by the poets of Carthage and Anazarbus alone ; by the former, where singing the praises of different canine breeds, the merits of the blood of distant countries ; 276 APPENDIX. Neniesian. Sed non Spartanos tantiim, tantumve Molossos Cyneg. vs. 123. Pascendum catulos : divisa Britannia mittit Veloces,' uostiisque orbia venatibus aptos ; — by the latter, iu the conclusion of his first cynegetic, vs. 467, here- after cited. Of Nemesian's " veloces," probably not of the saga- cious class, I shall, in the sequel, speak. In the absence of any assigned habitat for the Petronius, may we not consider him indi- genous of Britain 1^ Our happy isle has ever been famous for excel- lent breeds of hunting-dogs, for skilful sportsmen, and horses both fleet and patient of the chase. All the Celtic nations indeed, and our ancestors among the rest, were passionately addicted to the diversions of the field, considering the prosecution of such laborious callings a kind of apprenticeship and initiation for war. Thence the superiority of the Celtic breeds of sporting-dogs, and more especially of the Britannus sagax and Britannus bellicosus. With the latter, perhaps, the former may have been sent to Italy by the resident Procurator Cynegii, as worthy of admission into Roman kennels ; for at this early period I believe there were only these two native varieties of the canine race in Britain. In the field of battle, in public spectacles, and in the wolf and boar-chases, the bellicosus, the rival of the truculent Epirote, stood pre-eminent : and in the ordinary hunting of timid and fugacious quarry, the hound " naribus 1 . It is my opinion that these veloces were greyhounds, — which having been ex- ported from Gaul, their native ^oil, into Britain, were thence again sent to Italy ; and therefore I have nothing to saj aliout them here. The passage is not of easy apphcation — some commentators interpreting it as having reference to one variety of hound, and some to another : — Ovid. Metani. pars invenit utraque cansas. L, III. vs. 255. See some further remarlts under the Vertragus of Class III. 2/ Of wliat country were the Canes Petronii indigenous f — Vlitius claims them without proof, for Belgium — denies all knowledge of them to Italy, beyond mere re- port—unceremoniously dissallows the pretensions of Gaul— and, for reasons equally inadequate, those of Britain. But tlie latter, in my opinion, has as well-founded a claim to the breed as Belgium. APPENDIX. 277 utilis," acquired an early name and character.^ For hideousness of aspect, and ugliness of shape, both were remarkable ; Si non ad speciera, mentiturosque decores Gratii Cyneg. Protinus : hzec una est catulis jactuia Britannis : vs. 177. — a notification of Ovid's contemporary, which may be interpreted of the sagacious with as much truth as of the pugnacious sorts. Modern ingenuity has taught British hounds of chase to pursue many varieties of prey. " Alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi, J. Caii de Ca- alius platycerotis, alius taxi, alius lutrae, alius mustelae, alius cuni- "'ubellus!"' culi tantiim odore gaudet." The dog does not himself necessarily differ, for adaptation to different game ; and possibly, the old English Talbot was the parent stock, whence all the sub- varieties, at present found in the kennels of Great Britain, originally sprung,^ modified in shape and character by judicious breeding, and careful management as to quarry : ^ 1. Under the Canis venaticus sagax, ferarum indagator et tectator, the priniary Synopsis Me- definition of Ray, we may place the raodem sub-varieties; the Sanguinarius seu thouica Aniraa- furum deprehenaor of Kay, the Leveravius of Caius, and Venaticus minor of Ray. pedum. The iS'ang'uiiiarius, or blood-hound, is tbe Canis Scoticus, ane Sleuth-hound, of Gesner's Appendix ; briefly therein described from Hector Boethius ; and answering to the Inductor of tbe Classical ages more nearly tban to any other ancient type. He is beautifully described by Somerville, and faithfully by Caius, and Holinshed ; nor is Tickell's sketch, in his fragment on hunting, unworthy of perusal. The second sub-variety of the British bound of chase, the Leverarius, harrier or fox-hound, (" sunt ex his," says Caius, " qui duos, ut vulpem atque leporem, variatis vicibus sequi student,") is the Canis Scoticus sagax, vulgd dictus ane Rache of Gesner's Appendix ; " the racche the whiche that men clepep the Rennyng hounde " of the iBlasster of fflfame, u. xim. fo. 62. Of the third sub-variety I shall presently speak under the Agassaeus. For further particulars the reader is referred to Gervase Markham's clear, accurate, „ and entertaining portraits of" the slow," "the middle-sized," and "nimble hounds," Contentments, copied by this laborious compiler from the earlier work of Duke Edmund of York, Booke i. c. j. above cited. He may also consult Ducange's Canis lalrabilis. 2. I am happy to refer to the Histoiiiin of Manchester, in corroboration of this opinion. Skinner derives the name of the Talbot from the position of his tail — Etymolog. " Canis caud^ reflexi praiditus, credo ab A. S. Tcegl, nobis Tuil, cauda, et Butan Ling. Anglic, extr^, ultra, foras ! " 3. Ancient spo^tsmen were equally aware with their modem descendants of the 278 APPENDIX. Somerville's Chace, B. i. Midsummei Night's Dream. Somerville's Chace, B. i. strong, heavy, slow, but sure, Whose ears dovpn-hanging from hia thick round head. Shall sweep the morning dew ; whose clanging voice Awake the mountain echo in her cell, And shake the forest : the bold Talbot kind Of these the prime, &c. The hounds of Theseus would be correctly placed, from the de- scription of our great dramatic poet, under the old English breed. With it they have more points in common than with their fabled progenitors ; My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind, So 8ew'd, so sanded, and their heads are hung With ears that sweep away the morning dew ; Crook -knee'd, and dew-lap'd, like Thessalian bulls; Slow in pursuit ; but match'd in mouth like bells, Each under each. A cry more tuneable Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn, In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly. The vigorous and fleet Leverarius being a supposed representative of some ancient types, I cite the masterly picture of Somerville for the purpose of comparison with the classic poets of the Chase : See there with countenance blithe, And with a courtly grin, the fawning hound Salutes thee cowering ; his wide opening nose Upwards he curls, and his large sloe-black eyes Melt in soft blandishments, and humble joy ; His glossy skin, or yellow-pied, or blue, In lights or shades by nature's pencil drawn. Reflects the various tints ; his ears and legs Xenophon De Venat. necessity of keeping hounds, when once entered, steady to their particular game. Plutarch (irepl noKimpayiioffinris) alludes to the attention they paid to this point of field discipline : ol Kvyriyoi Tohs aKiiKaKas ovk iSxrtv inrperreffBcu koX Sit^Ketv irauav oi^^v, dWct Tois pvTTipffiv U\KOvffi Koi avaKpodovfTi, KaOaphv ainuv kol tiKpaTov ipyov, Xenophon, passionately enamoured of the hare-chase, would not allow his harriers to turn aside, and run riot, after foxes— Sia^Boph yiip neylarri, leai iv Tip Se6vTi oH iroTt nipfiaiv — it is fatal to their steadi- ness. APPENDIX. 279 P. A. Batgffi Cyneg. v. Fleckt here and there, in gay enamell'd pride, Rival the speckled pard ; his rash-grown tail O'er his broad back bends in an ample arch ; On shoulders clean, upright and firm he stands ; His round cat-foot, straight hams, and wide-spread thighs, And his low-dropping chest, confess his speed, His strength, his wind, or on the steepy hill. Or far-extended plain ; in every part So well-proportion'd, that the nicer skill Of Phidias himself can't blame thy choice. The Talbot, whose portrait is also sketched by the Latin poet of Barga, as well as by the authors cited, is at present fallen into dis- repute — his slowness of foot being scarce compensated by his keen- ness of scent. The fleeter Leverarius, whose consimilarity with the Gratian Petronius almost approaches to identity, was apparently unknown to M. A. Biondi ; for he holds it quite impossible (like the elder Xenophon in regard to the fair capture of the hare with his aXiairedies at force) that any hounds should have speed suflScient to De Canibus et run down a fox, without the aid of wily instruments of destruction.^ But the largest varieties of Somerville's last picture are found a match for the arch-felon, " vulpem captare dolosam," — the only approach to the modern mode of pursuing whom, which the classics afford, is in the fourth book of Oppian's Cynegetics, where the xiyes aoWies are evidently a pack of hounds, though we look in vain for the well-mounted hunters ; Venatione Li- bellua. oifre Mvots" Seivi) yhp iirujipoiriygffi vorjiriu, Cyneg. iv. vs. 448. 1. The difficulty of capturing the fox is indicated, according to Bochart, by mytho- logists, in the fable of the Teumesian fox, the " altera pestis" of Boeotian Thebes, which, in the song of Sir Arthur Golding, wrought the bane of many a wight. The countrie folke did feed Him with their cattle and themselves, untill (as was agreed) That all the youthful! gentlemen that dwelled thereabout Assembling, pitcht their corded toyles the champion- fields throughout. But net, ne toyle was none so hie that could his wightnesse stop, He mounted over at his ease the highest of the top. Then every man let slip their grewnds, but he them all oustript And even as nimbly as a bird in daliance from them whipt, &c. Hierozoicon L. iir. c. XIII. Ovid. Met. L. VII. 763. Gelding's Ovid's Metam. Booke seventh. 280 APPENDIX. Cjneg. III. vs. 450. Martial. Epigr. L. X. Ep. 37. Koi irvKivo'iffi S6\ouriv oXiffBrjcrai BavihoLO- aWk KvPes luv &€ipav aoWeis, oiiS' &p' ixetm Kol Kparepoi trep iSvres avaiiioyrel Safidffavro* In no case does he fall an easy prey to the disturbers of his cunningly- wrought latibulum : juaV apifios iv irpairfSefffft, Kal TTLVVT^ vaUi wfidrots 4pl (j)a>\eicuffip, fiTTairiAovs oi'|aa'a SSfjiovs, rpriTiis re KaAiAs Tiii\69' &■?!■' aW'li\uv, tail fiLV 8Tipi]Topss Kj/Spes apyaK^TJ yevieffcrt KaX avrla d7ipi(ra(r6ai Bripcri t' apewTcpom, Koi aypevrrjpffi niviaaiv. ' Even when, with the din of huntsmen and hounds, driven into nets, the entangled felon, according to Martial, still fights it out, to the no little discomfiture and injury of his canine antagonists; Hie olidam clamosus ages in retia vulpem, Moidebitque tuos sordidx praeda canes . . . ' Identical with the least of the hound tribe of the British isles, the Canis venaticus minor of Ray's Synopsis, and Charleton's Onomas- ticon, is the Oppianic Agassaeus ; the derivation of whose name has fHasBttr o( ffiatne. >;. VIII. fo. 43. 1. " Men taken hem withe houndes," says De Langley, " withe gieihoundes, withe haies and withe pursnettis, but he kitteth hem withe his teethe as the mascles of the wolf dooth but nat so sone." 2. Lonicer's ratio vulpinandi in his ' venatus et aucupium' shows in its accom- panying most spirited engraving the fox-chase of three centuries ago : Venatus et Aucupium per J. A. Lonicer. Callida versuto capitur stratagemate vulpes : Novit enim dubias mille dolosa vias, &c. For the merits of the fox-chase, and its " commoditie of exercise," see Sir Thomas Elyot's ' The Governour,' Book i. c. xvin. and for " the flying of this chase,'' see a Short Treatise of Hunting, compyled for the Delight of Noblemen and Gentlemen, by Sir Thomas Cockaine, Knight — wherein he states " that the author hereof hath killed a foxe distant from the covert where hee was found foureteene miles aloft the ground with hounds," — a run that would be deemed pretty good, I suppose, even by the modern descendants of any Nimrod knight. APPENDIX. 281 Brodaeus ia Oppianum, p. 46. Ritlershiisius in Oppianum, p. 42. puzzled Brodaeus and other classic commentators not a little.i With the hint that 'Ayaaaevs may be connected with Agassa of Macedo- nia, Agasus a port of Apulia, the Thracian Agessus, and Agathia a city of Phocis, no reason is alleged why a British dog should deduce his name from countries and places so remote. Of the existence of such a tiny hound of chase in this country, Rittershusius seems not to have been aware. British dogs, he remarks, are exceedingly keen-scented, but he cannot divine why called small, fiaihv yivos, being, in his days at least, of great size, Brodaeus, too, ignorant of any other than the Britannus of Claudian, cannot reconcile the " Anglici canes prodigiosae staturae " of this poet, and his own experience, with the portrait of the Oppianic 'Ayanaem.^ It is scarce necessary to observe that the dog in question has no affinity with the Agasaeus of Dr. Caius, who very absurdly borrows, for his gazehound, a name previously engaged by a totally different dog ; as if to gratify his etymological mania by connecting the terms Agasaeus, a gaze, a gazehound—" neque enim odoratu, sed pro- spectu attento et diligenti feram persequitur iste canis — (Agasasus, a gazehound) — etsi non sum nescius etiam apud Latinos Agasaei voca- bulum inter canum nomina reperiri" — " Agasaeum nostri abs re qu6d J. Caii de Can intento sit in feram oculo vocant." ■^"'- ^i''^"'"'- Camden has fallen into the same error with Caius, and confounded 1. Nor is the etymology of the English term Beagle of more easy solution. Skin- ner derives it from the French bugler, mugire ; and Menage thinlis, as the hounds were sent from Britain into Gaul, the name may be of British origin. A second derivation is proposed by the former philologist, founded on the diminutive stature of the dogs — cani piccoli — Ital. Canes minores. May not a third possible source of the name he found in the barbarous root bigla, vigilia, excubiee, from the Greek Bly\a, a Latino vigilia— t The watchful tricks of some of our terrier-beagles in u rabbit-warren, and Oppian's graphic sketch of the 'Aymrirehs, his wiles, &c. favour the notion. 2. Janus Vlitius, who, as Wase remarks, " owns England to have been the school from which he took the dictates of his learned commentaries," relates the following anecdote of the tiny beagles of his day : " Sunt enim agasssei illi aded aliquandd exiles, et parvi, ut tres simul leporem in cubili suo invadentes viderim invitos a prsd& sul, cui mordiciis inhaerebant, nihilominus eluctante relinqui. Et ipse binos nutrivi adeo delicatos et tenellos, ut manu una totos circumambirem. Sed hi commensalea potius, et lusui magis, quam ad veuatum idonei habentur." 2 N Skinner, Ety- molog. Angli- can. Venatio No- van tiqua. 282 APPENDIX. Synopsis Ani- malium. Countrey Con- tentments, B.i. C. IV. the Agasseus of Oppian with the gazehound of Britain ; and even Ray has made the gazehouad a variety of the Canis venaticus sagax, distinguished from his supposed consimilars of the same family by running on sight of his game — " qui aspectu feras insequitur." From the following portrait, compared with that drawn by Mark- ham, we may decide the identity of the Agassaeus and Beagle : Oppian, Cyneg. L. I. vs. 467. ?(rTi 8^ Ti (rKv\ditav yevos &\KiiiOV Ixvevriipav, Paihp, oT&p iJ,eyd\iiis Sivrd^iov eftfifV' aoiSrjs' robs Tpdtpev &ypia v\a Bperavup ado\ov^Tuu, airiip iviKXifiiiv tracks 'PLyaaaalovs ov6ingvat>' ruv ^Tot fieyeSos ti\v ofioliov ovTidavottrt Xlxvois oiKiSioiffi Tpoiref^eo-tri KWEO'a'i, yvphv, atTapK6TaTov, KaffiSTpixoVt Sfifiafft vaOh' d\\' ovixfCffi vSSas KiKopvO/ievov afiyaKfoiai, teal Ba/uvols KWoSovau/ aKaxJiivov \o^6pouTi. ^iveai S* aSre ndxurra Travi^oxis iiTTiv 'Ayaffffeist Kal (TTijSf?; TravApiUTOSt htel Karh, yaiav 16vtwv iX"'"" fipefuvcu /iiya Sj) iroi^bs, aWh Kol oJtV iSlutv iieplriv iid\a (nj/uj/yoirfloi lLVTp,iiv, Let the reader compare these little pet-like, weakly, crooked, lauk, wire-haired, dull-looking creatures, keen however, and excellent of nose, with his own experience of the beagle's type and properties, and the representations of authors.^ The poet gives some amusing instructions for breaking in the puppy of the Agassaeus ; Ejusd. T9. 489. avTap Hy^ aJ^a uplvOri, av iily\T]iiov, Kvavai ortAPoiai ojronroi" Kipxapov, iieriSmv TsXiSoi trTS/ia, ;8oi^ 8" ^epitv oiara \e-KToXioiffi TT€ptffTe\Xotv0* vfuvefftrr Seipii nnxeiavii, Kal ariiBea vepBe Kparaih, eipt'a- Til TtpiaBev Se t' oAi^OTcpai ■7r6Se itfruv, opBoTeveis KiifMV ravaol SoXixllpm iffTol, e!ipies aiicnr\A,TM, irKevpuv irriKiipffia Topait, ocripies etffapKoi, n^i iiioves' auxckp SmaSf arpupv^ t" iicTdSi6s re w4\oi SoMx^ffKios oip^. Toioi /lev Tavaoiaa/ iKa (pipoi noyiav ri, fittpvi/6iXfi'os Te TrcAdfoi. Seeing that this derivation could not be upheld, young Gerard Vossius endeavours to adapt his etymology to the little light which Arrian himself throws upon the name, deriving it from vcerligh or teerdigh, nimble. But we shall approach nearer to the APPENDIX, 293 tongue, not from any particular people, like the Cretan, Carian, and Spartan hounds, but from his quality of speed, as some of the Cre- tans are distinguished by certain peculiarities of character. Here, however, our author's ignorance of the Celtic language has led him into an error. Being unable, probably, to explain a term which had reached him in a corrupt form, he falsely derived it from the dog's most characteristic property, airo Tqs biKvrriTos : whereas in truth it is compounded of Felt, a plain or open country ,i the " ar- vum vacuum" of Ovid, and racAa, a hound of chase ; ^ and conse- J. Vlitii Venat. Novant. true root by referring to the passage of Gratius, in which the same dog is raentioned under the title of Verlraha ; At te leve si qua Tangit opus, pavidosque juvat compellere dorcas, Aut versuta sequi leporis vestigia parvi ; Petronios, scit fama, canes, volucresque Sicambros, Et pictam macule Vertraham delige fals^. Ocjor afiectu mentis pinn^que cucurrit, Sed premit inventas, non inrentuia latentes Ilia feras. Gralii Cyneg vs. lO'J. Spelman, citing this passage, reads VeltrakHm, and giv'es many synonyms of the same in the column of his Gloss. Arch. ' de Canibus Veterum' — but all more or less cor- rupt. The correct term would be Veltracha, which has been changed to Veltrachus, Vertrachus, Vertragua, in which last form it is found in our readings of Arrian — Ohip- rpayos. Du Cange suggests Veltjaghere, campestris Venator, ex velt campus, and jaghere venator, as another probable source of Veltragus or Vertragua. See bis Glossary, in voce. The reader need not be informed, that in the term Olieprpayos Arrian employs the Greek ou, as the nearest approach to the initial V — whether using the digarama (the V of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the F of Dr. Marsh) as his prefixture, I leave to others to determine. 1. From the terra Vellris or Vettrahus is derived the class of huntsmen denomi- nated Veltrarii of the court of Charles the Great, " qui velires custodiebant :" of which class, at a later period, were the masters of the leash whom the lords of the manor of Setene, in Kent, furnished as the condition of their tenure to Edward I. and II. to lead three greyhounds when the king went into Gascony ; " so long as a pair of shoes of four-pence price should last" — " donee perusus fuit pari solutarum pretii iiij d." Neither Blount nor Slrutt appear to have been aware of the origin of the term Veltrarius. 2. The Saxons used rucha, and our oldest writers rache and braclie. Thomas the Spelman Gloss. Arch. Ancient Tenures. pp. 9 and 35. 294 APPENDIX. EncycM^hod. quently signifies a champaign-dog, un Ihrier de plaine, a hound ^'^ p t'gT'^'' adapted for coursing over an open country. The Vertagus, or Tumbler, (" qu6d se, dum praedatur, vertat," &c.) I scarce need observe, has no aflEnity whatever with the oUp- rpayos Kvwv of Arrian. By Dr. Caius, in his LibeDus de Canibus Britannicis, he is fully described ; nor are his tricks forgotten by the Latin poet of Caen ; Jac. Savary Alb. Dianae Lepoiicidai. p. 5. Seque volutantes, ladisque cuniculum amicis Fallentes, prsdse coUudentesque futurae, Informat catulos Angli solertia nanos. The files of classical antiquity afford no counterpart to the British Tumbler, unless it be in the Vertagus of Martial — a dog already allotted to the Celtic family, as, in some copies of the epigramma- tist, written Vertragus. It remains for me to mention the distinctions which have been made by naturalists in the greyhound type of our own islands,^ and Prophesia ThonitE de Erseldoun. Rhymer, the earliest of Scottish poets, has raches iu the retinue of his elfin queen — " and raches cowpled by her ran"— and again in Sir Tristrem (Fytte 3rd.). " Haches with hem thai lede.'' See Scott's Glossary, in loco. The old metrical charter, granted by the Confessor to Cholmer and Dancing in Essex, reads — Four greyhounds, and six braches For hare, ioK, and vvild cattes. Book of St. Alban's. The Prologue, vs. 190. Bookc I. And the words rache and brache are of frequent occurrence in the JStSgSttt 0( CEfSUtt, the Book of St. Alban's, and our early poets. See Blount's Ancient Tenures, pp. 2. 26. and 104. 1. The term greyhound has confounded English etymologists as much as that of Vertragus has puzzled Latin commentators. It is variously spelt hy our old English writers : as grehounde by Juliana Beraers, " a grehounde sholde he heeded lyke a snake " — greihounde by Chaucer, " greihoundes he hadde as swift as foul of flight." Lord Beraers writes '' grayhounde ;" Junius, " graihound;" Gesner, " grewhownd f Harrington, " grewnd ;'' and the latter contraction is of frequent occurrence in Golding's translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, And even as when the greedy grewnde doth course the sillie hare, Amiddes the plaine and champion fielde without all covert bare. APPENDIX. 295 to endeavour to trace its connexion with Gallia Celtica. The mo- ^ dern sub- varieties of our systematic writers on natural history are Dr. Caius's derivation of the term, as spelt by R. Brunne, and the Sopewell Prioress, is fanciful enough : — " a gre quoque grehound apud nostros invenit nomen, quod prajcipui gradfls inter canes sit, et priniae generositatis. Gre enim apud nostros gtaduni denotat." Whence also grehjcke of the (tttlt'Ollicon Uilolturtcnge. §. 222.* " Hyra thought that his grebyche lay hym besyde." The gre-hound and grehound bitch being first in degree, or rank, among dogs ; and no one under the dignity of a gentleman being allowed by the forest laws of Canute to keep such titled hounds. In support of the Doctor's notion, it may be stated that Gawin Douglas uses gre for degree in his translation of the jEneid, and so also the prophet of Ercildoun, and the author of the metrical romance of Morte Arthur. In the complaynt of Bagsche by Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, a satirical poem of the ■ Lion King,' on court favouritism, we have a farther example peculiarly apposite ; — for the hounds, speci- fied by name as " doggis of the hyest gre," were probably highland deer greyhounds. Whimsical therefore as Caius's tracing of the term may be, we cannot view it as utterly untenable. By Skinner, 'greyhound' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon grighund; and he farther remarks ''Minsevus dictum putat quasi Greecus canis, quia sc. GrEeci omnium primi hoc genus canum ad venatuni adhibebant, quod facile crediderim si authorem laud^s- set." I know of no authority for so bold an assertion, except the doubtful tales of Hector Boethius, Fordun, and Holinshed, and therefore discredit the fact. Dr. Hickes says: "Grfy canis, extat in nostro grcyhund. Comp. ex grcj/ et hunta, venator.'' q. d. a hunting dog. And Junius notes "quod Islandis gr«!/ est canis." Skinner, on the contrary, hints that the dog may be a badger-hunter, " a grey taxus et hund canis, q. d. taxi insectator." Thus Hickes and Junius bestow on him double dog- ship, and Skinner degrades him to a badger-hound. Well may we exclaim with Brodseus, " Vide qud procedat etymologiarum licentia ! — 6 joculares ineptias !" The terms grewhound, grewnd, graihound, grayhound, Canis Grcecvs, and Grains, all indicate a supposed connexion with Greece. Grew is often used for Greek by Douglas and Lyndsay — (see the Bishop's Preface to his Virgil, and the Knight's apology for " The Maternal Language.") Slill I cannot believe the genuine Celtic hound to have been known to ancient Greece. I would, therefore, rather seek the origin of the English name in the predominant colour of the dog -^—Grey, gray, grai. De Canibus Britannicis Libellus. M. S. Cotton. Faustina, B. in. fol. 194. Lyndsay's Poems, by Chalmers. Etymolog. Anglican. Dictionar. Island. Etymolog, Anglican. Brodseus in Oppian, p. 123. The Monarcliie. * A curious remnant of antiquity in the British Museum, lately committed to the press, (for private distribution, to the extent of one hundred copies,) by that liberal and enlightened promoter of classical and British antiquarian research, both with his pen and purse, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., aided in the editorial department by Mr. William Henry Black ; — to whom also the present writer is indebted for an accurate transcript of the iiHagBtrK Of ffiame, copied and collated in the same national repository. 296 APPENDIX. Glosg. Arch. p. 113. De bello Gallico. L. IV. 12. Symmachi Epist. L. II. Ep. 77. named from the countries in which the respective sorts most abound, English, Scotch, and Irish greyhounds. Spelman, whose authority is entitled to weight, in his remarks " De Canibus Veterum," speak- ing of the " Leporarius levipes, qui ex visu praedam appetit arripit- que, a greyhound, Ovidio Canis Gallicus," subjoins, " sed pro- pria magis Britannicus ;" as if he deemed him of British origin,i a native of our isle, like the inhabitants of the interior mentioned by Caesar, " quos natos in insuM ips^, memori^ proditum dicunt;" — but he cites no testimony in support of his opinion. I do not believe either of the three sub-varieties of the dog in question indigenous of Great Britain ; but rather that all our insular sorts originally sprang from the Celtic Vertragus : — the probability of whieb is supported by the history of the distribution of the Celts themselves, and the name under which the dogs were sent by Flavian to his brother F. Junii Etymolog. Anglican. Etymoiog. Anglican. Venatio Novaniiqua. Description of Irelande, p. 8. grei, caesius, lencophaeus, canus, A. S. gra'g ; which last, says Junius, might be referred " ad colorem Grsecis yepdvctov gruinum dictum ; propterea quod Threiciam gruem simulet vel imitetur, ut loquitur Ovidius," &c. — " Quid si deflecterem gray," says Skinner, " a nom, Gracus, q. d. color Grcecus, ut color Bjeticus ab Hispanic BEBtic^, &c. Teut. Graw." — ^The varieties of the grey colour, of which Werner's nomenclature of colours gives us between twenty and thirty shades suited to our pur- pose, predominate in the greyhound tribe, and more especially the bluish-grey and blackish-grey, (almost peculiar to this race and the great Danish dog of Buffon,) and all the dingy tints which under the epithet dun are found to prevail. Indeed it has been suggested that the line of Gratius, " Et pictam maculd Veitraham delige /oM," may allude to the doubtful tint of colour, denominated grey, (compounded of two colours vaiiously commixed in the Vertraha). — " Videntur Angli canes hos g-roj/hounds vocare," says Vlitius, " id est subfuscos, vel nigro et alho mixtos quod nos graw dicimus." 1. " The Greihounde of King Cranthlynth's dayes," says Holinshed, " was not fetched so far as out of Grecia, but rather bred in Scotland," From Hector Boethius it is clear that the Canes Scotici (qu. Canes Celtici) were superior to ihe native dogs of the isle : " Ut Picti suos canes Scoticis, pulchritu- dine, velocitate, laboris patienti^, simul atque audaci^ longe inferiores animadvertis- sent : hujusmodi generis canum cupidi, ut penes se essent, e quibus nascerentur, quosdam ntriusque sexCls a Scotis nobilibus dono accepfere : alios finito venatu, rege abeunte ip Atholiam, a custodibus clam abstrax^re, et inter eos venaticum quendam candore nivali, eximi^ pernicitate, form& eleganti, audenti^que supra communem canum facultatem, quem Cralhlintus habuit in deliciis, insignem," &c. See also Fordun. Scotichron. L. ii. c, xlii. (Reguanie Diocletiano). APPENDIX. 297 Syramachus at Rome. The Scots, a Celtic tribe, previously inha- biting some part of Western Europe, emigrated into Ireland during the third century, and gave to that isle, pro tempore, the name of Scotland. Thence they spread over the Western islands, and took possession of the neighbouring district of Argyle, the land of the Gael or Gaul — giving eventually their name to the Northern part of Britain generally. May we not suppose the Irish and Scotch grey- hounds to have been primevally derived from the same Celtic stock, accompanying these emigrants of Celtic Europe to Ireland, and thence to Scotland ; in one or other of which territories they re- ceived the name of Canes Scotici, from the Scotish emigrants of Celtica, who accompanied them ? i and may not the English grey- hound, improved in speed by careful management and judicious breeding, as his master increased in civilization and became more 1. Julius CsEsar says of Britain, " Maritima pais ab iis iucolitur qui prajdae ac De bello belli inferendi causS, ex Belgis Iransierant." Ptolemy and Tacitus confinn the sup- Gallico L. iv. posed connexion of the Britons and Gauls ; " Proximi (jallis et similes sunt," says Geogr. L. ii. the latter, " seu durante originis ti ; seu procurrentibus in diversa terris, positio cceli Taciti corporibus habitum dedit. In universum tainen aestimanti, Gallos Ticinum solum Agricola. occup^sse credibile est." And Juvenal tells us, in Hadrian's reign, that British lawyers learned Greek and Eoman eloquence of their Gallic neighbours — G allia cauaidicos docuit facunda Britannos. Sat. xv. vs. 1 1 1 . Indeed, from the coast of Kent to the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory of a Celtic origin was for centuries distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance of language, religious rites, and domestic customs and manners. As an example of similarity of habits in the insular and continental Celtae, it may be noted that Arrian De Veuatione records the marked adoration paid by the latter to Diana Agrotera; and Plolinshed, e. xxxiii. on the authority of earlier historians, observes, " Amongst other the Goddes also, gee Note 12. whiche the Scottishmen had in most reverence, Diana was chiefe, whom they ac- of tte Transla- compted as their peculiar patroiiesse, for that she was taken to be the Guddesse of "' *" ^^^"'' hunting, wherein consisted their chiefest exercise, pastime and delite." Not being able to fix with accuracy the date of their irruption into Britain in the dark ages of our early annals, this laborious chronicler is inclined to consider the Celtic Scoti " such as by obscure invasion have nestled in this islande ;" but subsequently, in his Description of " Historie of Irelande,'' he suggests a date later than the birth of Christ for the E"'*'"** '^- ^' inhabitancy of the Scoti on British soil (circiter A. D. 300.), though previously in occupation of Ireland and the Hebrides. 2 p 298 APPENDIX. reclaimed, be derived, through such intermediate links, from the same parent source ? The coarser varieties of the North, and of the sister Isle, are rarely seen in South Britain ; and though at first closely connected with the Celt, and amongst his earliest descen- dants, are now considered farther removed from the genuine type of Celtica, the oieprpayas Kviiiv of the Greek manual, in consequence of commixture with the canes bellicosi and sagaces. The strongest evidence we possess of the greyhound's existence in Britain, in the reigns of Carus, his sons, and Diocletian, is afforded by the Cynegeticon of the African poet. For although I deny that this hound can be entitled to the local epithet Sritannicus, bestowed on him by Spelman, to the superseding his usual titles, I readily grant, at the same time, that the exported veloces of Britain, of the Nemesian. Cy- Cynegeticon alluded to, were greyhounds. Nemesian must be con- ^ ' ^ ■ ■ sidered almost entirely the poet of the pedibus celeres ; — at least, in that portion of his hunting-poem which has survived the ravages of time. But the usual terms by which the greyhound is designated in Ovid, Gratius, Martial, and Arrian, are no where found in the poet of Carthage ; in place of which invariably occur the terms catuli veloces. That by these terms the latter author intends hounds of the Celtic type, I have, on a careful re- perusal of his work, not the least doubt ; though, when writing the note to the Preface, p. 11, I was inclined to view the veloces, particularly specified by Nemesian as of British export, as nimble harriers, rather than genuine greyhounds ; and did not in consequence adduce the passage alluded to, when there endeavouring to fix the period of the latter's introduction into Britain. Indeed, J. Vlitius, himself sceptical at first as to the na- ture of these swift-footed hounds, (see his remarks on Nemesian vs. 124.,) comes round to my conclusion in the progress of his anno- tations, (see his notes on vs. 233.). Nearly the whole of Nemesian 's instructions have reference to canes cursores, beginning with their exportation from our own island — where, doubtless, they had been previously imported from Gaul — Nemesian. Cy- divisa Britannia mittit neget. vs. 124. Veloces, nostrique orbis venatibus aplos ; and pursuing the subject in the departments of breeding, feeding. APPENDIX. 299 and entering- of puppies to their game.i (his remarks on these subjects being essentially applicable to hounds of the Celtic type,^) he adds, Sic tibi veloces catiUos reparare memento Semper, at in parvos iterum protendere curas ; and then speaking of Tuscan dogs of scent, sagacious Inductores, he contrasts their form with that of the hounds in question, Quin et Tuscorum non est extrenia voluptas Ssepe canum : sit forma illis licet obsita villo, Dissimilesque habeant catulis veloeibus artas.,,, at which point he suddenly arrests his pen, and changes his subject, deferring till a subsequent part of his poem, unfortunately lost, the qualities of this keen-nosed tribe of hounds, Horum animos, moresque simul, naresque sagaces Mox referam ; nunc omnis adhuc narranda supellex Venandi, cultusque mihi dicendus equorum. The latter subjects completed, he again takes up the catuli veloces, and slips them on the sporting field, at the period of the year usual with modern coursers for the commencement of their diversion, viz. the beginning' of winter ; hiemis sub tempus aquosie Incipe veloces catulos immittere pratis, Incipe cornipedes latos agitare per agios. I^cmesian. Cyneg. vs. 200. Ejiisdem vs. 230. Ejusdem vs. 235. Ejusdem vs. 321. 1. Wernsdorf, wbo does not in general attempt to apply liis poet's instiactions to einy particular variety of hound, admits the Cants tin, entered to the hare, vs. 18G. seqq., to be of the Vertragus type. 2. It is worthy of notice that, whereas the earlier Greek and Latin Cynegetica recommend heterogeneous commixture in breeding for the chase — crossing the canine families of different countries with each other, under the hope of improving the pure indigeruB — Nemesiau contends for parity of sort, and pnrity of blood, to supply the greyhound kennel, (" huic parilem submitte parem," &c.) ; as if aware, with the modern courser, that the essential attributes of the Celtic type would necessarily he impaired, if not annihilated, by the admixture of alien blood. Arrian's silence too, on the subject of omnifarious copulation, indicates a conviction of its inapplicability to breeding for the leash. Poelae Latini Minores. Tom. 1. p. 107. 300 APPENDIX. Symmachi Epist, L. Ji. Ep. 77. From the view, then, here taken of the identity of these veloees catuli of Nemesian with the Vertragi of Arrian, we may conclude that greyhounds had been exported from the British Isles to some more southern state, Rome or Carthage, when the native poet of the latter place sung their praises in his Cynegeticon. And from the same source, a supply of these rare and valuable dogs was kept up at Home, in the reign of TheodosJus, by the instrumentality of Fla- vian. Inmates, therefore, of Celto-Britannic kennels, they must have been, on the twofold evidence of Nemesian and Symmachus, at this early period of our dark and semi-fabulous annals. Whether the dogs transported from these isles, as rarities, by Flavian, " so- lennium rerum largus, et novarum repertor," to grace with their " incredible force and boldnesse," the Quaestorate of his brother Sym- machus at Home, " quos praelusionis die ita Homa mirata est ut ferreis caveis putaret advectos," are to be considered Irish or Scotch, according to modern distinctions, is quite unimportant ; for probably at the period of the " oblatio " both were included under the same name. Indeed, it is well known, the inhabitant of Ireland bore the name of Scotus in the age of Claudian, who wrote, as well as Sym- machus, in the reigns of Theodosius and Honorius, Claudian. de Laud. Stilic. L. n. and again, Claudian. de IV. Cons. Honor, vs. 32. Me quoque vicinis pereuntem gentibus, inquit. Me juvit Scilico, totam cum Scotus lemen Movit, et infesto spumavit reiuige Tetbjs. maduerunt sanguine fuse Orcades : incaluit Pictorura sanguine Thule : Scotorum cumulos fievit glacialis lerne. Arrian. de Venat. c. vi. That these Canes Scotici were our Canes bellicosi seems highly im- probable ; for the latter had been known in Rome for several centu- ries, and could not have been deemed rarities in the days of Symma- chus. I am inclined, then, to view them as high-bred Celtic hounds, e'tre Tov baaios yivovs, e'irE rov -^liiKov, naturalized in these isles, and thence again exported to Rome by Flavian. From the earliest date of their existence, there have ever been two varieties of fleet Gallic hounds. As at this time we have greyhounds with rough, and others with smooth hair, so in the days of Arrian were they distinguished in the same way. In the sixth chapter of his Cynegeticus, on the APPENDIX. 301 colour of hounds.i and its little importance to their merits, he ob- serves that the hair, whether the dog be of the rough or smooth sort, should be fine, close, and soft : — by which I understand that, though the dog be what is termed wire-haired, the hair must not be coarse of texture, nor loose and shaggy. And from these sources we may derive the existing races of England, Scotland, and Ireland, without any necessary commixture with other blood, to account for the wire- haired skin. But the extraordinary sagacity of nose, superinduced on swiftness of foot, in certain varieties of modern Celtic hounds with rough coats, favours the notion of Buffon and others, that a cross has taken place with some alien, sagacious breed, at a remote period. Be this, however, as it may, we will consider the coarse- haired and more powerful varieties of Arrian's Celt, the representa- tives of the wolf-hounds of Ireland and Scotland ; ^ and the fabulous Lselaps, " the goodly grewnd" of Golding, presented by Dian to Procris, quern cum sua traderet illi Cynthia, currendo superabit, dixerat, omnes, — a poetical picture of an individual, whose counterpart the author had seen, or heard of, in Celtic Gaul, or some Celtic colony, and whose eagerness in the wolf or fox chase is fully supported by bis high- mettled descendants ; Jamdudutn vincula pngnat Exuere ipse sibi, colloque morantia tendit. Vix bene raissuB erat ; nee jam poteramus, ubi esset, Ovid. Metam. L. VII. 754. Ejusdem vs. 772. 1. There are some curious remarks on the colour of huuting-dogs " fit for to course withall," in chasing of the stag, in The Countrie Farme, B. vii. c. 22. p. 837. edit. 1000, the reference to wbicb is omitted in ray annotations on Arrian. 2. Under the title of le Uvrier d'attache, the Trench Encyclopedia unites the Irish and Scotch varieties. " C'est le plus robuste et le plus courageux des l^vriers ; en Scythie on Temploie a garder le b^tail, qui n'est jamais enferm6. On en trouve en Ecosse, en Irlande, en Tartaric, et chez presque tons les peuples du Nord : il pour- suit le leap, le sanglier, quelquefois mfeme le buffle et le taurean sauvage." The common English greyhound is le Uvrier de plaine of Trance. The former sorts are the Lyciscce of Savary, Enormesque, animis pedis et levitate Lyciscce Prastantes, apris certare lupisque paratae, &c. Encyclop^die Methodique : Les Cbasses. p. 290^ Venatio Lupina. 302 APPENUIX. Golding's Ovid's Metam. Booke Seventh. Scire ; pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat : Ipse oculis ereptus erat. Non ocior illo Hasta, nee excussa; contorto verbere glandes, Nee Gortyniaeo calamus levis exit ab area, &c. He struggling for to wrest his neeke already from the band Did stretch his collar. Scarcely had we let him off from hand, But that where Lselaps was become we could not understand ; The print remained of his feete upon the parched sand, But he was clearely out of sight. Was never dart I trow. Nor pellet from enforced sling, nor shaft from Creetish bow. That flew more swift then he did run. Fleming's British Animals. p. 12. The modern Scotch greyhound differs from the Irish in many re- spects. i The former is rough and wiry, has a bearded snout, and ears half-pricked ; the latter has short smooth hair and pendent ears ; the Scotch is sharp, swift, and sagacious ; the Irish dull-looking, harmless, indolent. The former is still common in North Britain, the latter is become exceedingly rare everywhere. From Mr. Lam- bert's description of a modern specimen, the Irish wolf-greyhound seems to have degenerated much in size.^ Historia Animalium ex Boethio. Spencer's Beth G^lert, or The Grave of the Greyhound, De Venatione c. v. 1. Gesner has introduced into his Appendix a representation of the " Canis Sco- ticus Venaticus, quem Scoti vocant ane grewhouind, id est canem Graecum :" and calls it " genus venaticum cum celerrimum turn audaeissimum : nee modo in feras, sed in hostes etiam latronesque prsesertim si dominum ductoremve injuria afl3ci cer- nat, aut in eos concitetur." See " the Complaynt of Bagsche, the Kingis auld hound," by Lyndsay, for a quaint description of some of the qualities of the highland breed. Poor Cilhart, too, the luckless wolf-hound of the precipitate Llewellyn, will furnish an early example of the mountain sort. Nor should the Ossianic Maida — Kaxis fuv Se/itts iffT^v — by Landseer, be overlooked, as a splendid type of the race on canvass ; though not quite Celtic in his blood. . A breed of Sagaci-eeleres is at present preserved in Scotland, between the English greyhound and Leicestershire fox-hound : the first cross of which is represented to be remarkably handsome, fleet, and courageous. This race is employed for the deer- ehase in tlie forest of Alhol and elsewhere. 2. The hound described in the Linnean Society's Transactions is stated to have been only 61 inches in length — a size surpassed by an example of the Canis Graius of the purest blood and greatest speed, (" facilis cui plurima palma,") 62 inches long, now in my possession — In ydp fioi ^v, as Arrian says of his much-loved Horm6, iircire ToCra typaipov. But it is probable that the beautifully-majestic animal, which APPENDIX. 303 The genuine Celtic greyhound, such as he is represented on the Arch of Constantine, is the " Canis venaticus Graius seu Graecus" assisted in extirpating the wolf from the sylvan fastnesses of our islands, was hereto- fore of far greater size than the writer's &^lniv xiav t^ a\ri6iii{ ytwaios—ol whom he De Venatione might farther say in the words of Ovid, "• *''*"■ non dicere posses Laude pedum formaene bono praestaniior esset. Indeed Mr. Ray's definition of the Canis Graius Hibernicus makes him of the greatest size of the whole canine race ; " Canis omnium quos hactenus vidimus maximus, Molossum ipsum magnitudine superans — quod ad formam corporis et mores attinet, cani GriBCO vulgari per omnia similis. Horum usus est ad lupos capiendos." If the reader be interested in the arcana of wolf-catching, lie will find illustrations, and anecdotes thereof, in Oppian. Cyneg. iv. vs. 212. — in the Venationes Ferarum of Strada and Galle (pi. 49.) — Lupos Venandi Ratio of J. A. Lonicer — La Chasse du Loup of Jean de Glamorgan— ilHaBBter Of ffianie, c. vn. fo. 40.— Turbervile's Art of Venerie, p. 208. — Venationis Lupinje Leges of Savary, &c. The latter author turns out his whole kennel and armoury for the annihilation of this " fera bellua " — even the anathematized Uvrier is now admitted : Non banc, quae lepori, nee quae indulgentia cervo Debetur, meruSre lupi : fera bellua nullo Non stemenda modo : non illam sexus et aetas, Nullaque tempeslas violento a funere servet. Non htc Spartani canis interdicitur usu ; Lina placent, catapulta juvat, venabula, cippus, Decipulffi, foveae, atque podostraba, pardalianches, Et concurrentis vaga vociferatio plebis. Derived from the Irish greyhound, and not very far removed from the original stock, was the gazehound of past days : Seest thou the gazehound, how with glance severe From the close herd he marks the destined deer ; How every nerve the greyhound's stretch displays, The bare preventing in her airy maze, &c. By Dr. Gains, he is supposed to be faithfully portrayed in the following extract : " Quod visu lacessit, nare nihil agit, sed oculo : oculo vulpem leporemque persequi- tur, oculo sellgit medio de grege feram, et earn non nisi bene saginatam et opimam : oculo insequitur : oculo perditam requirit : oculo, si quando in gregem redeat, secer- nit, caeteris relictis omnibus, secretamque cursu denuo fatigat ad mortem. Agasaum nostri abs re quod intento sit in feram oculo, vocant," &c. To this portrait I can assimilate no dog at present known in this country, (though, it is probable, such Ovid. Metam. L. X. 562. Rail Synopsis Animal. Jac. Savary Venatio Lupina. Tickell's Miscellanies. De Canibns Brit. Libel. 304 APPENDIX. Synopsis of Ray ; — " qui aspectu feras venatur, cursu velocissimus, formd Animalium. . ' ' ,^.. -ii corporis et incessu decorus ;" i — a definition strictly harmonizing with Arrian's more copious description, in c. iii. c. viii. sub fine, and other parts of his manual. The genuine quarry of this hound is the little fugacious hare ; of which the historian of the Celtic chase Arrian. de supplies us with many illustrative anecdotes. That such was " the :. XV. XVI. XVII. startled quarry" whereat " the gallant greyhounds," Horm6, Bon- nas, Cirras,2 were wont to " strain," over the champaign fields of might be produced between the Irish greyhound and blood-bound,) nor do the classic ages aiford any counterpart to it. Hor. Od. I. For Dacier's explanation of the " catuli fideles" of Horace — " seu visa est catulis L I 27 > cerva fidelibus ' — as des chiens qui suivent bien la Mte, qui ne prennent jamais le change, so readily acceded to by the Delphin annotator, as portraying the English gazehound, is far too fanciful to establish a race of these " chasseurs d vue " in an- cient Italy. Horace merely gives sagacity and steadiness to deer-hounds, or possibly the negative quality of not opening in pursuit of their game. 1. To this definition Ray subjoins, " nonnullis Scoticus,'' as if he considered the Scotch greyhound of the same type — that there was, in short, only one variety — the English and Scotch being identical. The additional words would of course include the supplementary hound of Gesner's Appendix, and probably were added with that intent. Arrian's work was unknown to the great German naturalist — not having been dis- covered in the Vatican library, when he compiled his celebrated Historia Animalium, nor indeed till a century later. That Ray, too, was unacquainted with the Greek Manual, seems equally clear. Thence the strong points of resemblance in the ancient and modern descriptions of a dog, hypothetically the same, impart the more interest, and obtain the more credence, from the impossibility of a collusive adaptation of the one to the other, and from both portraits corresponding with the images of the Celtic hound, which have come down to us on ancient monuments, the Arch of Constantine, gems, numismata, &c. &c. 2. See Arrian. de Venatione, c. xviii. edye S Ki/!^ai, eiye Si B6yva, koKus ye & 'Opfiii. These we may suppose to have been some of the names of the favourite archetypes of the Celtic kennel ; but of the particular scene of their exertions we have no evidence to adduce. Bom at Nicoraedia, and occupied for the most part with civil and military engagemert.s in the East, at a distance from Celtica, properly so called, (within the boundaries of the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Rhine, and the Ocean,) we know not when or where Arrian became acquainted with the Vertragus. Was the hound existing in Asia Minor in the second century, seeing that he is no- ticed at a later period by the Greek poet of Cilicia, and the Platonic philosopher of Paphlagonia? The Celts themselves are found there, as colonists, at an early date — even in the very district of which Nicomedia was the metropolis. Stephanus of APPENDIX. 305 Cisalpine or Transalpine Gaul, or wherever the father of the leash slipped the " proavorum atavi" of the courser's hound,i can admit, I think, of no doubt. Indeed, the field-instructions of the Cynege- ticus refer almost exclusively to hare-coursing : nor does it appear that the author himself, sensible, as he confessedly was, of the pecu- liar physical adaptation of the greyhound to the hare-course, was ever guilty of misapplying the dog to inappropriate quarry. The red-deer, however, is noticed by him, in his 23rd chapter, as a chase of the Vertragus, fraught with imminent danger, and needing high- mettled hounds.2 And, subsequently, the same animal is pursued with Scythian and Illyrian galloways on the open plains of Moesia, Dacia, Scythia, and lUyria : ^ — and, in the following chapter, we find the like diversions practised in Africa with barbs ; * whereby De Venat. C. XXIT. Gratii Cyneg. vs. 204. Byzantium mentions the Tolistoboii — Uvos TttKarav Iffirep^ac iieroiaiiaivrav lit t^s KiXToyaKwrias is Biimiav, (See also Strabo Geogr. L. iv.) And other colonies are recorded by Strabo among the Thracians and Illyrians, Ke\Tovs rois avafiefuy/ii- vovs Tois Te 0pffi Ko! Tots 'IWupiois — the descendants of whom are perhaps the deer- coursers of Arriau's 23rd chapter, whom I have there called Celto-Scythians : note 4. sub line. 1. Although it is clear, almost to demonstration, that the greyhound was utterly unknown to ancient Greece in the days of the elder Xenophon, I readily allow that Greece may have been Arrlan's coursing-field, with the hound of Celtics, at a later period — an opinion supported by Janus Viitius ; — for into the south of Europe the dog had been introduced as a prodigy of speed — " ocyor affectu mentis pinn^ue" — pro- bably direct from the country of whicli he was indigenous, viz. Transalpine Gaul, T^s KfKTiKrjs raAoT^as of Stephanas, (the Gallia Celtica of my annotations, without De Venatione reference to Cassar's more limited appropriation of the term Celtica,) about the com- '^' ^^■"• mencement of the Christian sera. 2. Tcks Kivtts Tcis yevvaias, — possibly the coarser and fiercer varieties of the Celtic hound — for Arrian seems to distinguish these noble-spirited dogs from the xiva iyaSiiv, who, he says, may be destroyed by a stag. 3. The Celtse with their colonies overran almost all Europe. We trace them &om the pillars of Hercules to the extreme wilds of Scythia ; the colonists of the latter territory alone being, correctly speaking, Cello-Scythje; — but in consequence of the ignorance of the ancient Greek geographers as to the exact limits of either Celtica or Scythia, (as already remarked in my annotations on the second chapter of the Cyne- geticus,) the term Celto-Scythians has been indefinitely applied to all the inhabitants of mid- Europe, from Celtica to Scythia. 4. It was Xenophon's want of acquaintance with these African barbs, along with the Scythian galloways, and Celtic greyhounds, which led to the omission of them all, in his Cynegeticus : and to the lacunae, thereby occasioned, in the older hunting- 2 Q Arrian. de Venat. 306 APPENDIX. red and roe deer, and wild asses of extraordinary agility and en- durance, are captured by mere boys — a style of chase resembling the Arabian onager-hunting of the elder Xenophon's Anabasis. But whatever innovations upon the established field-sport of the mother country may have been effected in remote Celtic colonies, by the substitution of other larger quarry in lieu of the hare, the latter is alone to be viewed as the legitimate prey of the Vertragus. treatise, is to be attributed the supplementary one, written by the younger Atfaenian. But it is quite problematical whether hounds were employed at all in the Celto- Scythian and Libyan chases— 'indeed, it is my opinion, they were not : — for, though it be true, that Arrian recommends picked dogs, of high courage, for the stag-course, at the commencement of chapter 23, we hear nothing of hounds in the stag-chase, immediately following, on the ireSla eviiKara of Mcesia, Dacia, Scythia, &c. ; where long-winded, and scrubby nags supply their place. And again, in the onager-chase of the Nomadic tribes of Libya, barbs alone are the pursuers, wiih boys upon their naked backs, continuing at full speed till the game be run down. So that oBtib toi ffriputnVi '6irois K{tpes re ayadal koX lirtroi, k.t.\. with which the author commences the period immediately following the description of the vanquished onager, must in part have a mote remote reference than to the hunters spoken of in the same and prece- ding chapters — 3ffOis Kivcs re ayuBal referring to the Celts of Western Europe, per- haps, and^TTTOi to the equestrians just before mentioned — the forraerclass of sportsmen using swift-footed hounds, the latter horses alone. This interpretation harmonizes with Oppian's description of the horses and hunters of Libya and Mauritania, and their chases, as already cited c. xxiv. note 8. Oppian.Cyneg. L. IV. 51. ^5e KiJvas \eiTrovffi ^lAous, irhwol t* i\6waiv XifKoiSt TjeTdov Tc j8oAp, koX v6(ripiv apwyuv. BARTOIjI . .08 . : . . DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES AND VIGNETTES. The Emperor Trajan with huntera and a Celtic greyhound : Medallion from the Arch of Cunstantine. V Antiquili Expliquh par Mont- faucon. Tom. in. Liv. iv. Tab. 175. Frontispiece. Apollo and Diana — Twin-deities of the Chace : Silver coin of Delos. GoUzii Numism. Grcec. Ins. T. xviii. fol. iii. . . . Title-page. The Author's greyhound — Hjl^v xiuv rp oAtjScIci yivvatos. ArHan. de Venat. v. xxxii. Dedication page. Procris presenting Lielaps and the fatal dart to Cephalus. Metamorplios. Ovid. h. XV. jEneisformis ab Antonio Tempesta Florentino incisi. Back of do. Ancient implements of writing ; — picture from Herculaneum. Antiquilh d'Herculanum gravies par F.A.David. PI. xxxiv. p. 50. . . Page 1 308 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES AND VIGNETTES. Hunter bearing spoils of the Cbace : Ancient gem. Le Gemme Antkhe figurate di Michel Angela Causeo de la Chauase. Cacciatore. T. 135. p. 54 48 Diana Aeicina sen Nemoeensis : Ancient gem. Begeri Thesaur. Bran- denb. T. i. Gemmw p. 64: 49 Diana in her usual hunting attirR : Ancient gem of La Chausse. Diana ^ Cacciateice. T.ei.p. 21 \ SO Ganymede. Pierres Gravies d'Orlians. Tome i. T. xii. p. 49. .y Celtic greyhound : Brass coin of Cythnua. Golizii N. G. Ins. T. xvm. fol. VII. 51 Celtic greyhound : Brass coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G, Ins. T, xviii. fol, viii. 54 Diana Venatrix : a beautiful Cameo of X,a CAausse. Diana. T. 8. p. 4. 63 Equestrian Courser : Ancient gem of Maffei. Gemme Antiche. T. iv. Caccia. T. ixxi. p. 116 64 Celtic greyhound : Silver coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G. Ins. T. xviii. fol. IX 65 Greyhound puppies — a groupe in white marble in the British Museum ; from the ruins of Antoninus'e Villa at Blonte Cagnolo ... 66 Celtic greyhound killing a hare: Ancient ring. Gorleei Dactyliotheca. fol. 120 67 Diana Peeg^a : Silver coin of Perga in Pamphylia. Begeri Thesaur. Brandenb. T. i. p. 506. 175 VoTUM sen Donabium Uian* Venatrici. In Hortis Mediceis. Admi- randa Romanarum Antiquitatum ac Veteris Sculpturte Vestigia, IjX. d Petro Sancti Bartolo. Tab. 33 176 Celtic greyhounds and deer from Vaillant. Montfaucon L'Antiq. Expliq. T.iii. 177 Genii hunting from Maffei : Gemme Antiche. T. iv. Caccia di Genii. T. Liv. p. 86 17g Diana Venatrix : Silver coin of Syracuse. Begeri ThesatiT. Brandenb. T. I. Numism. Sicilise, p. 384. 179 Celtic greyhound : Silver coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G. Ins. T. xviii. fol- *• 306 FuNEHALis PoMPA. lu ^dibus Barberiuis. Admiranda Romanarum Antiquitatum ac Veteris Sculpture Vestigia, ^c. A Petro Sancti Bartolo. Tab. 70. 307 Porter or Watch-dog — Canis Custos : Ancient gem of Maffei : Gemme Antiche. T. iv. Cane, T. lxxxviii. p. 137 315 [The Plates and Vignettes are executed by Messrs. Day and Haghe, Lilliographeis to the King, 17, Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.] BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA. _ "Oti liiv oiv Koi Iripois {nr\p Toirav IffmiSacrrai, Ka\ws oISo- 4yi> 8e iiiavr^ ToSra, 8(re oTovre ^v, MpoiVos, ical vepifiaX&y airo'is tV o-uj^Sr; Ac'Jii', Keift^AioK ouk do-TTouSaffTOj'^ ^KiroKVoi weiriffTeuKa. Ei 5e ti); /cal SWi^ ^acerrai raCra AutriTcAij, XP'ha-Ba atnoTs- SrifSe oi tpavftrai, idrm Tip jrorpl fltiAireii' te /cal irepieTreic- o4 yttp itdvra nuffi Ka\ii,, ovSi iijia SoKei oTrouSiiffai irSffi Trivra. ALliah, de Natura Animalium, Pn^rAT. For the amusement of such as may be desirous of consulting the Cynegetical works cited in the preceding annotations on Arrian and the Appendix, a list of their respective titles and editions is sub- joined. The author does not pretend to enumerate all the known editions of each Cynegeticon, but only those of his own library. Where two or more of the same work are mentioned, the copy made use of is either pointed out by specification, or the name of the editor and place of publication are printed in italics. In cases of disputed text, different editions have been collated, and the most approved readings selected for use. Enrolled in the catalogue are a few treatises de re Venaticd which the present writer has never seen. They are admitted on the authority of earlier compilers, in whose bjbliothecae they appear : but their im- portance to the Oijpijs kXvto. blivea (Oppian. Cyneg. I. 16.) is assumed rather than established. Remoteness of residence from public libra- ries must plead for the author's unavoidable ignorance. He could not certify by actual examination the admissibility of any book not on his own shelves. The works in question are distinguished by the prefixture of an asterisk. A Bibliotheca Cynegetica upon the following plan was first at- tempted by Rittershusius in his Prolegomena to Oppian, imperfectly executed by Lallemant in his Bibliotheca Historica et Critica The- reuticographwn, and subsequently, but still far short of perfection, by Belin de Ballu in his prefatory matter to the poet of Anazarbus. The latter's catalogue professedly excludes all prosaic works, save those of the classic ages — departing from its rule in the solitary instance of Conrad Heresbach's Compendium. Of the English Cynege- tica, Somerville's Chace is alone admitted, the doggrel of the Book of St. Alban's possessing insufficient poetical pretensions, perhaps, in the eyes of a foreigner, to place Dame Juliana Berners, or the " one sumtyme scole mayster of seynt Albons," or whoever be the author of these antique canons, amongst those " qui metrice banc materiam persecuti sunt." Proleg. in Oppian. p. xvi. Ed. 4to. I. Xenophontis Opuscula Politica, Equestria, et Venatica, cum Arriani Libello De Venatione, &c. J. G. Schneider. Oxonii, Xenophon. MDCCCXVII. Xenophontis Scripta Minora, &c. L. Dindorf. Lipsix, MDCCCXXIV. On Hare Hunting, from Xenophon, by W, Blane, Esq. London, 1788. 310 BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA. Gratius, IIT, Ariianus. IV, Pollux. Oppianus. Nemesianus, Demetrius. Gralii, qui Augusto principe floruit, de Venatione Lib. I. This edition of the Faliscian is contained in the rare little Aldine volume, entitled Poetae tres egregii, &c. Aldus, mdxxxiiii. He- published by Sig. Feyerabendius, ad calcem Venatiis et Aucupii J. A. Lonieeri. Francoforti, mdlxxxii. Gratii Falisci Cynegeticon, &c. Th. Johnson, A.M. Londini, MDCxcix. Poetae Latini Rei Venaticae Scriptores, &c. G. Kempheri. Lugdun. Batav. mdccxxviu. Poetae Latini Minores. J. C. Wernsdorf. Altenburgi, MDCCLXXX. A Poem of Hunting, by Gratius the Faliscian. Englished and Illustrated by Christopher Wase, Gent. London, 1654. Arrianus De Venatione, ex interpretatione L. Holstenii. Paris, MDCXLiv. Arriani Tactica, Peripli, Cynegeticus, et Epicteti Stoici En- chiridion, ex Recensione Nieolai Blancardi. Amstelodami, 1683. ■ APPIANOY TA 2:ftZ0MENA ^. t. \. 'Effelepyaae^^ra Kai 'EKboBivTa iwo NEOWTOY AOYKA eh TO^ovs enra.. EN BIENNH. THi: AOYSTPIAi, 1809. Xenophontis Opuscula Politica, &c. cum Arriani Libelio de Venatione. J. G. Schneider. Oxonii, mdcccxvii. Julii PoUucis Onomasticum. Hemsterhuis. Amst. mdccvi. The fifth book, addressed to the Emperor Commodus, affords much valuable information on the technicalities of classical venation. Oppiani Poetae Cilicis De Venatione Lib. iiii. &c. Conrad. Rittershusii. Lugduni Batav. mdxcv. Oppiani Poetae Cilicis De Venatione Libri iv. &c. Joh. Gottlob Schneider. Argentorati, mdcclxxvi. Oppiani Poema De Venatione, &c. Jac. Nic. Belin De Ballu. Argentor. 1786. J. Brodaei Turonensis Annotationes in Oppiani Cyneg. L. iiii. Basileae. mdlii. Oppiani De Venatione Libri iiii. Joan. Bodino interprete, Lutetia;, MDLV. * The First Book of Oppian's Cynegetics translated into English Verse, &c. by John Mawer, A.M. London, 1736. M. Aurelii Olympii Nemesiani Cynegetic6n Lib. i. Aldus, mdxxxiiii. (The same Aldine volume as before referred to, enti- tled Poetae tres egregii, &c.) Nemesian also occurs in the collections of Poetae Venatici of Feyerabendius, Johnson, Kempher, and Werns- dorf. KYN0C04>I0N. Liber De Cur^ Canum. This work of &c. &c. 1. The Cynegeticus is contained in the third volume of this uncommon edition ; which the writer regrets not to have seen till his translation was printed off. Its principal attraction is the novel annexation of some Greek Scholia by the editor, ingenious and explanatory. Those of the Cynegeticus, in a few instances, give a ditFerent interpretation of the text to what is given by the translator ; but these are not very important. BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA. 311 Demetrius of Constantinople, written about A.D. 1270. was first published by Aurifaber. Wittemberga.% mdxlv. The author's edi- tions are those of Rigaltius in the Rei Accipitrarix Scriptores. Lu- tetia:. mdcxii. and of Johnson, attached to his Latin Poets of the Chacc. Londini, mdcxcix. * %t art De ^enerie fe quel iKiai^tre (iBuillame Ctofci Vif nour le jHop ti'aingletenre ftjst en iSon temp^ per apranore autrejf. This Ms. is reported by the Historian of English Poetry, Vol. ii. p. 221. note m. to have been formerly among the Mss. of Mr. Fer- mor, of Tusmore in Oxfordshire. Clje Craft of l&ontpng of IKtan^'ter 3iol)n epfforo anti mUm Stoetp tljat toere toptf] SJpng €DtoarD t\)t ^ecunbe. It is also denominated %t menerji &e Ctoctu anD Of Jiap^'tr 5Ioj]n '&\U farOe. Ms. Cotton. Vespas. B. xii. The French work is unknown to the writer: but of Clje Craft Of ftOtltpng a faithful transcript is in his possession. * Des Deduitz de la Chasse de Bestes Sauvaiges et des Oy- seaux de Proye. The celebrated work of Gaston Pliebus, Comte de Foix, and Vicomte de Beam, written about the year 1347 ; first printed by Anthoine Verard ; secondly, by Jehan Treperel ; and, subsequently, by Philippe Le Noir, under the title of Le Miroye de Phebus. The author has no copy of this work.