Ala &-3t.'f % THROUGH m u C "■ ^1 isn L--*^ a;a ?i!fei. ^ H -^ RY or THE .\ AND, a' "vNi^E INDIANS CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PS 2959.S4D6 ""'""'"' '-'""^ The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022183507 I^ansas Chief WAH-SHUN-GAH. By permissioo of George B. Corr)ish, Arkarjsas City, Karjsas, this is published. Taker) irj 1908. I DON CORONADO | 4i» «!• 4» *i^ 4. Through KANSAS 4* ^^ 4if «if 4i* ^ t ^ 4' J Then Known As J I QUIVIRA I 4^ == ■«!» 4* 4 4* A STORY OF THE 4* 4.» 1541 4 t KANSAS, OSAGE, and «5P 41^ •^ 1; PAWNEE INDIANS THE FIRST COLONY WAS JAMESTOWN SIXTY SIX YEARS AFTER THE Don Was Through Kansas. COPYRIGHT 1908, By THE DON CORONADO CO. Set up, Stereotyped, Printed and Bound by The Don Coronado Company, Seneca, Kansas. The Pilgrims Landed 79 Years After Don Coronado Went THBOuofl KANSAS. i2i 4» DEDICATION. ^ 4if In behalf of the millions of Fore^n Bom ^ ?^ Citisiens, this work is dedicated to our ^ |I DEAR OLD UNCLE SAM ^ 4 4* Who gave us Homes, Liberty and Prosperity, ^■ ^ «& 4i» and for whom we will lay down our Lives. ^ t ^ 4* And to our Beloved «|i 4^ *^ t* STATE OF KANSAS, ^ ^ God Bless Her, and keep Her the most J^ T Progressive State in these •«* t* UNITED STATES 4 ^ OF 4 AMERICA. >§• COMPARISONS. STATES SQUARE MILES 1 TEXAS. 2 6 5,780 (^ 0"F THE 46 STATES IN THE UNITED STATES ^ THE ELEVEN LARGEST ARE ^ 2 CALIFORNIA. 15 8,3 60 ^3 MONTANA. 14 6,0 80 ^4 NEVADA. 110,7 00 i 5 COLORADO. 10 3,925 Je WYOMING. 9 7,8 90 { 11 KANSAS - - - 82,080 5 ENGLAND, IRELAND, ) I > 122,262 f SCOTLAND and WALES, j f f THEREFORE f ^ KANSAS AND A, HALF f Would be a little larger than Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Minnesota, next, then GREAT BRITAIN. IN THE HEART OF KANSAS. In 1541, WHEN C»RONADO PASSED THROUGH KANSAS, HE TRAVEHSED NEAR THE SPOT WHERE FORT RILEY IS LOCATED. THEREFORE, TO AS- SERT THAT HE WAS IN THE HEART OP OUR GREAT REPUBLIC IS VERY APPROPRIATE SINCE FORT RILEY, KANSAS, IS THE GEOGRAPHICAL CENTER OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The Don Coronado Exploring Expedition first entered Kansas at the place where Barber County is now located, and passed through Kingman, Reno, Harvey, McPher- son, Marion, Dickinson, Geary, Riley, Pot- tawatomie, and Nemaha Counties, He visited at the "City of the Twenty-Four," which in 1541 was located on Independence Creek, a little north of Atchison, Kansas. x^,SV ^-/, ^>. ^/. .vv A^ , sv ,v v ^ >, ?A>!, ,SV 4^ 4 I: ^ A PkOPHET. ^ ^ On October 20, 1541, Don Coronado wrote V ^ the King of Spain the following, which now ■> A after 367 years demonstrates his foresight, it |^ 4J must have been Kansas he describes, for he k i "When I reached it (Quivtra), tt ts m the i f A fortieth degree, (The 40th degree is the north Y^ ^ line of Kansas, and if this line is followed east r ^" it will be found to run through Spain, in Eu- |^ rope), the country itself is the best I ever 'seen' |> for producing all the products of Spain, for ^ besides the land itself being very fat and black K. and being very well watered by riverlets and [^ springs and rivers I found everything they have -y i 5' i ^ S' in Spain." W 5t 'v\' '^r VT ^\' -^<' -tV vt- vt- Vt- v't- ^ft-f^ ^ JUST A FEW WORDS- The aim of this book is to endeavor to make interesting a few historical events, so as to extend knowledge. The dates, names and locations are with few exceptions authoritative. No attempt has been made to imitate oth- ers in the use of supposed Indian vernacular, for the reason that at the period of the story, 1497- 1 541, it is not possible to do so with any regard to truth. The Kansas, Osage, and Pawnee Indians of the State of Kansas ought to be introduced to this and future generations, and if this work throws light on their customs, traits and loca- tion of villages, one of the aims will have been accomplished. But the burning desire and most earnest wish is to have you exclaim, who is THE AUTHOR? Seneca, Kansas, U. S. A., igoS. :« ¥ i. i. i i i i .vi. ^j, ^y. Sampson against that nation which produced the most renowned seamen known to history! The battles of Manila Bay and Santiago win go resounding down in history so long as the art of printing prevails, and when the United States of America, like Eome, is only remembered by what is recorded in histories, yet nations unborn wiU read the story of these naval battles with the same interest as the student of history now does the conflict which occurred September 2, 31 B. C, at Actium, wherein Mark Antony and Cleopatra were on the one side and 4he Roman Admiral Agrippa was on the other. But notwithstanding the defeat of the Spanish Armies and navies by the United States in 1898, and although the sovereign of the country which gave birth to Cervantes in 1547 (whose name will forever, be illustrious because of his Don Quixote) has lost Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines, yet it must ever be remembered by aU intelligent and fair-minded people that from the discovery of America by Columbus, October 12, 1492, until she lost Venezuela "in hoc SIGNO VINCES". $. $. $. ,5 in 1813, Argentine in 1816, Columbia in 1819, and Mexico in 1824, culminating in her final dispossession of her last colonies in 1898 by the United States, a glance at the map of South America -will demonstrate thai about one-half of that immense country was for over 300 years under the dominion of the successors of Ferdinand and Isabella, and that two other nations Cuba and the PhDIippines, were under her con*]*©! for nearly 400 years. Again let it be remerffbe'red by all good Christian people, that the teaching of the lowly Nazarene was by her missionaries taught to these pagans, who were turned from the worship of false gods, to the Cross as the emblem of the Son of God as well as the God of Gods. So we must not de- tract from the merit due the country now confined to its original territory, Spain, for her name must go down in history as having been one of the great nations of the world. "In hoc signo vinces" (by this sign shalt thou conquer) will everlastingly per- petuate her memory, because of the following signs: $d> ^ {]g (]> ijt> 9 w V 9 ■9 for is not the "almighty dollar" the God of the Americans? (and all other nations if it comes to that,) and is not the very word a synonym for the astute Yankee ? And from whence came the term, but from the Spanish term dollar; so there is no possibility of forgetting the former greatness of that country which 2,000 years ago was known to the Greeks and Romans as Iberia. There was quite a commotion in the little town of Palos, Spain, on the early morning of August 3, 1492, owing to three vessels being ready to sail with 6 THE PINTA NINA AND SANTA MaKIA. 120 men for the purpose of finding a new route to the East Indies, who were going to risk theit lives in the attempt to find a new water path, so as to be able to compete with Venice, MUan, Florence and Genoa,who monopolized the trade with Syria, Egypt and India. These mariners had agreed to go with Captain Columbus, and on that fine August morning adieus and affectionate last farewells were common. Wives embraced their husbands, mothers wept over their sons, fathers admonished their boys to be brave, and the priests blessed them all, fervently praying fcr the Almighty to protect and bring them safely back to sunny Spain. Hundreds of conversations were being carried on by the 2,000 inhabitants of the little seaport town, located about 120 mileo northwest of the Straits of Gibraltar. Hark to this dialogue: Mr. Shipbuilder; "Did you ever see such fools, to be flying in the face of Providence? That man Colon (Spanish for Columbus) is crazy. Has he not put in years trying to induce merchants to lit him • out with a vessel, and now the Queen has given him $67,000 to sink to the bottom of the ocean, and worse still, we will lose some of our best sailors. I would not give, a piaster (dollar) toward such an enterprise. "Oh, have you seen that Nina, one of the boats? It is only fifty feet long, and the Pinta but little longer, and neither have upper decks. I tell you those Pinzon boys do not realize what they are doing. Ah, Coloa is cunning enough. He takes the Santa Maria, which is ninety feet long and has a deck. He may return, but the others. God help them!" Mr. Banker: "Well, we let the brothers have a CXJLUMBUS IS OFF WITH 120 MEW. 7 little money to buy their outfits, but if they do not return we shall hold their lands; and then there is Eodrig de Triana, who is not worth a peso, but we have his fathers I. O. U, for the amount, and no doubt he wiE have to pay it!" And now a mother offers up a prayer for her son. "Holy Mbther, you can protect my boy andl bring him back to me. You know how much I love him. You were a mother yourself, and know how dear the child is to her who bore it. Amen. ' ' The only encouragement came from boys of twelve to eighteen, who had not arrived at the age of bal- ance, but who long for adventure, being fuD. of courage and energy, and nothing to lose in the way of funds. But the Captain of the 120 men was in heaven upon earth; his ambition was unbounded, having a superabundance of faith in the enterprise; all of which was very requisite to counteract the chilly encouragement usually received by him. At last all hands are on board. Tlie Pinta, being: the fastest sailer, took the lead, and amid the prayers tears and sobs of those on the little island of Saltes the boats sailed down the river Tinto and out into: the Atlantic. . Although the Captain had studied Aristotle's account and map of the West, compiled 300 B.C., who then declared the world to be round, as well as Seneca the Spaniard who affirmed that India could be reached from the west, and had conversed with tihe noted Americus, now known as America, and the great geographer of Palos, whose name is lost but who was a friend of Father Perez of La Eabida 8 THE COMPASS PREVARICATES. Monastery, and much interested in all matters relat- ing to explorations and discovery of new lands, and had also corresponded with the famous Italian mathematician, TroscaneUe, who gave him every encouragement, and lastly but more important, not- withstanding he had for many years attended oho great Naval College and Observatory at Lisbon, and the compass had been in use for 600 years, it had never been intimated that the magnetic needlo would NOT infallibly point to the north star; and notwithstanding he had had many talks with hiz wife's father, Bartholomew Perestrello. who was a, navigator, his very soul was tried when after forty- thi'ee days on the great ocean he found that the needlo> did not point to the north star as usual. Realizing the. superstition of his crew, he endeavored to keep them, in ignorance, but there were men of middle age who had led nautical careers all their life and could not be. fooled; and then began the Captain's trouble. Ho. was compelled to deceive his officers and sailors, for- lie well knew their superstition and was cognizant, ihat if they realized all that their commander did,, ithey would mutiny; so he resorted to deception, giving,* them the theory that the polar star revolved around en, given point, and owing to the distance traveled the;, ©tar did not appear in the same spot as nearer home,,, and to support his explanation, he convinced!, hioi icrews by showing that the farther west they weuti ths greater the varitation. But the great navigator, was compelled to falsify the distance traveled, fur wJjSfl they were 2,200 miles from the Canary Islands, t» told them they had gome only 1,560 m.iles, thua ' .COLUMBUS FALSIFIED. 9 deceiving tnem over one third. Of course tiad he failed to make good his assertion of being able to reach the Indies by sailing west, instead of east,then posterity would have condemned him as being a fraud, in fact in all probibiMty he would never have been heard of, as many another who do not succeed. Would not Aguinaldo have been the Father of his Country, had he succeeded in forming a government? Columbus was justified, for even in this enlighten- ed age sailors who went vrtth the Nares expedition to explore for the pole had the idea that if they did not have a child's caul with them they surely would be drowned. So is there any wonder that the uneducated seamen were doubtful, if not actually scared? and so Columbus must be excused for worrying, for all the professors of navigation who taught in the Royal College at Lisbon had no conception of such vari- ation of the needle. But now it is known how the earth's electrical currents var j in different parts of the globe. The map shows the Canary Islands to be in latitude 27 north and the seaman Triana called "Land ho! Land ho!" in latitude about 25, only tw6 degrees south of that of the Canaries, or about 140 miles; so the Ocean Pathfinder must have been imbued with the old adage, "Go West and grow up with the country." It is a peculiar coincidence that the capital of the World (Washington) should be exactly due north of the Island of San Salvador, being only about ten miles from the nearest point of the Island. While on the subject of coincidents, and to demonstrate that- 10 FRIDAY NOT .UNLUCKY. the unlucky day has been maligned, (for, was it not a piece of luck that our Western World was discovered on Friday? How superstitious some people are!) let us look at this record: Friday, August 3rd, left Palos. Friday, October 12th, landed at San Salvaaor. Friday, , left New World for home. Friday, February 15th, first saw land on return. Friday, March 15th, arrived at Palos. But Columbus and his men must be transplantea in our minds from the supposed Indies to the Uttle port of Palos, where they arrived with the Pinta and the Nina with eighty-one of the one hundred and twenty souls, having been gone seven months and twelve days, traveling over tho trackless ocean about 2,900 leagues, or 8,000 miles in round numbers. The Santa Maria had been lost, and owing to the lack of means to transport, or perhaps to hold the country while the discoverers returned to Europe, thirty-nine men were left at Port au Paix, Hayti, aD of whom were killed by the natives. It has been heretofore stated that the two vessels arrived with eighty-one people, but we must add a little history. "Columbus tried to induce some of the natives (of San Salvador) to go with him and show where the land of gold was to be found. But this they refused to do; so on the next day, Sunday the 14th, taking by force seven natives that he might iastnict thorn in Spanish and make interpreters of ■feiiON -iKIBNAPPBlJ INDIAKS. 11 tjiefll, he set sail to discover if possiMe where ,;^c|iJ waiS) to be hai." Also, belor© sailing from Cuba, he Imrefl on board six men, seven women and three children. So he arrived home wifc thirteen men, seven women and three children; total, twenty-three IndianSi . Palos is about 550 iniigS: as the crow Gies to Barcdona, aaid yet ''he jonrneyed to Court, las pro- cession was a most imppsiag one as it thronged the streets, Ms Indians leading the line v/ith birds of Jbirijllant plumage, the skins 6f- unknown animals, strange plants and ornaments from the persons of dusky natives shimmering in the air," . Upon reaching Sarceiona, and being brought before the King and Queen, Columbus was lauded to Ms heart's content. No man in the history of nations received more adulation, and the.promise of riches was enough to turn a man's head; and in fact he then thought it certain that he would be able to equip an expedition to the Holy Lt, ad to wrest the Holy PiacS from the Moors. Thia was one of Ms ambitions. ■ ■ --s. . The mto of the fifteenth centn ry mau© three other voyages, each more eztensiife than the one before, . brlhging back gold and many olfeer rare articles as weU as 500 Indians to be sold assltwes, Ms' last return to his adopted country being in 1504. Is it possible to conteBiplsite the exaiteme'.ib and fervor that prevailed during the twelve years of uicj- 6overy by Columbus? The spirit of adventurs took hold of tUe people, both lioh and poor, bigh and; low, to such i, degree that Spain vv-ent ■.mad as did- uie 12 ANGELS ABE MARCONI'S MESSENGERS. Israelites when they concluded to leave Egypt for the "Promised Land". A comparison can be made of the opening of the 16th century in Spain with the craee which prevailed in Europe during the Crusades; the John Law Mississippi scheme of 1719 was but an infant enterprise. By comparison this was the size of the French project, and here is the difference. The reason for this is the fact that it took some money to buy stock in the great French corporation; but the sixteen year old boy of Spain was imbued with the innate and natural desire for adventure, with an opportunity to procure land and a home and riches. The wealthy class took hold of various ex- peditions, expecting returns many fold. To grasp a proposition one must be able to make comparisons, so here are some: In the year 1861 a sound went vibrating round the world. It was made by a few pounds of gunpowder. It was a voice in thunder tones that commanded the Southern States "To Arms, to Arms, Ye Braves", and to the North it vividly brought to mind the truth of the adage, "In Union there is strength". Those who remember the intense excitement that prevailed during four years of that memorable struggle KNOW what it is for a nation to become intensely in earnest. The Span- iards during the twelve years of Christopher's ex- ploits talked and thought of nothing else but the riche.s and the possibilities of the Indies. It must be borne in mind that there were no Atlantic c«,btes or telephones, and Marconi had not communed with God and arranged to have messages tranHinittcd by unknown and UNSEEN messengers; MOTECUHZOMA NOT MONTEZUMA. 13 and yet the news took wings, so that even before the end of the last voyage of Colon there was many bucca- neers who took ships to wrest riches and land from the natives of the "New World." It was only twenty- six years from the year that the first party returned that' Cortes had conquered King ■ Motecuhzoma, (Montezuma was the spelling, but the above is according to the 14th Annual report of the United States Bureau of Ethnology; which is authoritative.) and the Mexican country, and thirty-nine years until the Pizzaro brothers made Peru a Spanish colony. Let us do a little figuring. Cortes took with him about 700 men when he subdued the Mexicans, and history states that he received from King Monte- cuhzoma who tried to buy him off, $7,000,000, so if this sum is divided by that number, it would allot to each individual $10,000. Again, the Pizzaros made the ruler of Peru fill a room with gold and silver, which is stated as having amounted to $17,000,000, and the invaders numbered 500 soldiers, so if this sum is divided by that number, it would allot to each individual $34,000. Ye gods, is there any wonder that nearly every young man in Spain became unbalanced ? SECOND.-' The World Was Astounded When Cortes New Spain Founded. T WAS the learned men of the University of Salamanca and three other colleges there located to whom King Ferdinand referred Columbus' project of reaching India by sailing west. It was these scientists who rejected the claims of Columbus as being visionary and impractical. Here in this Harvard- Yale seat of learning the principal personage of this narration was born, Francisco Vasques Coronado. Ha was noble by birth and education, being trained to the profession of arms, and from boyhood had been encouraged to become an expert horseman as weU as to be proficient in the manual of arias. His father being an ofBLcer of state and of great influence was able to give him every advantage. Before completing his education at the Salamanca Universi- ty in the year 1528, the great Cortes, then Governor of Mexico, visited Spain, and was the hero of Europe. The eclat received by the conqueror naturally fired BOYHOOD OF OUR HERO, 15 the youth of the country with a longing to emulate their great countryman; so when Coronado had com- pleted his education, being of the manor born, and having from childhood been fed on the legends of the chivalric Cid, naturally with eagerness sought his fathers friend, Antonio de Mendoza, when the King appointed him Governor of Mexico to succeed the deposed Cortes, to procure a commission to ac- company the newly appointed Governor of Mexico. For several months, while the expedition was being equipped, Coronado at his home was gathering up his paraphernalia, such as horses, armor, harquebusses, swords, personel retinue of servants and fighting men, which made a great commotion in the city of Salamanca. The 17,000 students who were that year attending the numerous institutions of learning in that famous city and the magnificent display of war- like preparations were indehbly branded upon the brain of many a boy who was in his teens attending school. There was one young Spaniard who was in heaven during the period of this bustle. Vv''ith aU the energy of youth he took his lessons, not only from the professors of learning, but he toiled early and late to acquire aU the elements necessary to constitute a Cavalier. At this period of history war was the craze of Europe, and particularly of Spain: so is there any wonder that the school-boy here re- ferred to should be ambitious to become a MAN? How natural it is for a boy to have a longing to reach manhood, and on the other hand, when a man arrives at middle life, how he would like to be young. 16 DEFINITION OF GENTLEMAN. And what had his father admonished him to^jacquire? FIRST. To hate the Moors and Mohammedans, and to rid Spain of the remnant which still held part of their country. SECOND. To be a good Catholic and go to confessional regularly. , THIRD. Regardless oi the company he was in to aiway.<» be a gentleman. FOURTH. To learn aU the arts of a soldier, which includes being faithful to the King, brave, a good horseman, as weU as to be able to care for him, a crack shot, a sidlled swordsman, to teach his horse to swim, as weU as himself, and to acquire the art of drill, drDl, drill, so as to become proficient in military evolutions. FIFTH. And not to neglect his book studies, astronomy being very requisite when on the ocean or in strange countries, and mathematics, geography, mechanics, Jus Gentium (Law of Nations), as well as the laws of Spain, navigation and medicine, aU of wliich are pre- requisites to qualify a man to become a leader and commander of his fellows. Shortly after the foregoing colloquy or lecture, our boy put this question to his noble, beautiful and splendid parent: KEEP YOUR HEAD UP. 17 "Mother, will you be land enough to explain the meaning of gentleman? Father told me to always be a gentleman." The mother responded to the boy's interrogatory as follows: "My dear boy, I am not qualified to instruct you in this regard, except from the feminine point of view, which no doubt is not what the average man would affirm; but, my son, since you have made the request it is my duty to instruct you. "Well, God forgive me, but a gentleman must be handsome. I know this is not according to the teaching and precepts promulgated by our Master, but it is the frailty of woman, and my son, before I leave the first proposition let me impress upon you the imperative necessity of keeping your head erect, shoulders back and chest forward while you are growing into manhood; cultivate a carriage which will stamp you as a gentleman; and mind you, it must become so natural to stand erect that you will do so as do your legs when walking, for do we not take the strides with our limbs without realizing that we are doing so? And thus it is with our bearing; it must be cultivated until, like the trained tree it becomes natural; and, my dear son, I trust some day to have the gratification of hearing your voice raised in the Cortes of our beloved country, therefore let me admonish you of training your voice, as well as your body, that is to acquire a good, deep sonorous tone of conversation, and this must become so natur- al that when facing an audience while making a pubUc speech no heed or thought is given to tone, but theme, for a squeaky orator is an abomination. " 18 BE TRUTHFUL BE SPIRITUAX,. So much for the outward man, which is only the rudi-ments of a gentleman. "And now for the soul or unseen parts which goes to make up the definition. Pure thoughts are as honey in the comb, for is not honey-comb unpalat- able without the nectfvc deposited therein? And so the face of a woman cannot be sweet or beautiful, or a man wiU not be attractive or handsome unless there is reflected upon tlie mirror of the. countenance desires as pure as distilled crystal water. "My dear son, to attempt to enumerate aU the things which are required to make a gentleman in the All-Seeing Eye, as well as by appearances, are beyond my descriptive powers, but the principal things are BE TRUTHFUL, BE CHARITABLE, BE SPIRITUAL, BE HOPEFUL." And this is how our hero was to be reared. Is there any wonder that such a youth of eighteen was thrilled with that thirst for adventure which is in- explicable? But for a few years we must permit our student to complete his education before bring- ing him upon the scene of action. Mendoza, the newly appointed Governor of New Spain (Mexico), finally in 1535 had his ships and men ready to sail for the New World, and Coronado with his retinue accompanied him. It is well to note that this expedition comprised THE GOOD GOVERNOR MENDOZA. 19 many vessels and soldiers, because once before a Governor ba.d been sent to depose Cortes, but he captured them and refused to resign his rule of the immense and wealthy country vrhich he had conquer- ed, and the King of Spain did not know but the same thing would prevail, hence the necessity of making such a large display of force so as to convince the conqueror of the uselessness of opposition. The army duly reached Vera Cruz, it being the nearest port to the City of Mexico, which was 180 mUes distant, and the new Governor was duly install- ed, Cortes stepping down without opposition. And now Governor Mendoza, having the govern- ment in his hands, as well as occupying the palace where Motecuhzoma, King of the Aztecs, resided when the Spaniards first reached that country, and having the powers of an autocrat, aU important mat- ters were referred to him. About a year after the Viceroy's arrival at the capital, he and Coronado and some other state oflcers were in consultation when an officer of the guard came in, and after the usual military salutation an- nounced "that four men vdth a marvelous story desired audience with His Excellency." After some questioning the officer was ordered to bring the men into the presence of the Governor, and in a few minutes four men stood before the august assemblage. One of the four, Alonso del OastiEo Maldonado, whose home was in Salamanca, had known Coronado in that city, and that gentleman at once showed 'his pleasure in meeting a fellow- townsman; then Maldonado, having such a friend at ^0 A MARVELOUS JOURNEY. court, introduced the other three by stating, "Your Excellencies, I have the pleasure of introducing to you Cabeza de Vaca, my commander and superior officer, and this is Lieutenant Andres Dorantes and that is Stephen, "the last named a Barbery Negro. After the introduction the four men were requested to be seated. Maldonado then asked De Vaca to recite the story of their travels and adventures, who, arising and making the sign of the cross, proceeded with the following narration: "Eight years ago we four left Seville with Panfilo de Narvaez. He had command of the expedi- tion, which comprised four vessels and 600 men. We put In at Havana for repairs and to replace one of OTir ships which had been wrecked, and then set sail for the coast lying east of this colony, but owing to the storms we encountered, we were driven out of our course, but the pilots said that the place where we landed, (Tampa Bay, Florida), was but a short distance from our destination. Our party numbered 300 men and flfty horses. "After unloading the equipment and supphes Narvaez sent one ship back to Havana for recruits, the other three were to sail along the coast towards the north and west and then return. "Finally we began our march. We took a north erly direction, and then turned towards the west. Our progress was slow, for our men knew nothing of the country, and the forests and morasses presented many difficulties. Our men were unused to travel- ing through such dense timber and the Indians would give us no help, but soon became openly THE KOUTE OP THE FOUR. 21 hostile whenever we encountered them. Then food became scarce, and nothing would mduce the na4)i7e8 to rev3al hidden stores of corn or gold. We con- tinued to march for about a month when we arrived at a very large river with a very strong current flow- ing towards the south". ( This must have been the Apalachicola river), and it was about April 19th when they left Tampa and arrived at this river May 15tih or twenty seven days, now it is about 160 miles north from their new starting place to New Troy, Florida, and from there west and a httle north to Tallahassee is another eighty mUes and from thence west to the river he described is about fifty more, so in twenty seven days they traveled, say 300 miles or an average of about eleven miles a day, which considering its be- ing virgin forest, without roads, as weU as being continually annoyed by the natives, makes a very fair average. De Vaca continuing his narration stated: "When we arrived at this large stream our men were very much discouraged, none of them had ever en- countered such woodlands before, and owing to their having no experience in woodcraft, it tried them sorely to transport the baggage and cannon over the pathless wilderness. The day we reached the banks of this river, Narvaez held a council of officers to discuss matters and it was decided to send a party along the banks of this river, untU the sea was reached and your most humble servant had the honor to be se- lected to command the expedition. We arrived at the sea shore and for several days waited to endeavor to sight our three vessels but failed to do so." (Due west of Tallahassee to the river would strilw 22 ENDtJIlANCE OP THE SPANIARDS. a point about sixty miles from the mouth of the river.) (continuing the narration he went on to say; "When we got back the army was very much dis- couraged and it was decided to continue our march towards the west. We built rough rafts from the trees, transported our men, horses and baggage across and continued our way, plodding on and on until another large river blocked our progress towards the west." (This must have been the Alabama river, for it is interesting to examine the map of Alabama and see how near are the rivers, Alabama and Mobile, not to exceed ten miles apart, and they must have reached the first named. These two rive'rs flow for sixty miles towards the south and are not more than ten miles apart and both are navigable streams and each emp- ties into Mobile bay; it is about 175 miles west from the Apalachicola river to the Alabama river.) De Vaca, in his story, then told^ "Upon reach- ing this second stream, we concluded to skirt along its banks south until the sea was reached hoping to find our ships. We finally arrived at a fine bay at the mouth of the river on the last day of July. We were very much demoralized and weak, owing to the lack of food; in fact, when we reEiched the ocean, we had eaten our last horse and to commemorate this fact we named the place at the mouth of the river, Bahia de las Cavarros. Up to this time we had found no trace of gold and very little food and the country not inhab- itable for white men by reason of the swampy nature .of 'the soil, we were aU thoroughly disheartened es- pecially when nothing of onv >^ails could be seen." A BLUNT SOUJIER TALKS. 23 (It is about 125 miles to the second river and . supposing they were fifty miles from its confluence when they ceased to continue west, so it would make about another 222 miles traveled the second time, and say it took them a month for De Vaca to go to the tnouth of the Apalachicola and return and to con- struct the rafts to cross it, so they were a month go- ing the last 225 miles to reach Mobile Bay, and realizing they had eaten their horses and were phy- sically weak, it would appear that an average of about eight mUes a day was doing very weU.) Upon reaching this point in the account of their route, De Vaca addressed the man who was acquainted with Coronado, and requested him to proceed with the story. Senor Maldornado taking up the thread of the narrative said: "Your Excellencies wUl pardon my lack of descriptive powers, for I am a blunt soldier, and although my parents favored me with a good education, it being their intention to have me enter holy orders, but Holy Mother, bless them, they reckoned without knowing their own flesh and blood, for truth impels me to confess my boyhood dreams were of adventure. But although many works of travel and adventure have been read, yet never did I read of such an adventure and experience as this expedition encountered, for what with the heat, quag- mires, flies that raised lumps on our skin, (mos- quitoes), big trees with thick underbrash to obstruct Dur passage, and then the Indians trying to ambush 03, and last, but worst of aU, the scarcity of food, made it a bard lot indeed. 24 SWORDS MADE INTO NAILS. "When we failed of our ships, owing to our desperate condition and after earnest deliberation, we solemnly resolved to leave the country at any risk. So we all went to work with a wOl, to construct five boats with which to escape. We erected forges and used iron implements to make the saws, axes and nails necessary. Our stirrups, spurs, swords, in fact nothing was exempt only our harquebuses, which we realized must be retained for protection; but the most valuable and precious accoutrements were mutUated to save our lives, and, Senor, you could not help smile had you seen our sails and ropes; the first were made of hides pieced with the shirts of the men, and the ropes were of the horsehair from our dead animals. I think it was September 22nd that we embarked. There were about forty -five men to each boat, none of whom had any experience in navigation, as those who came from home wlio were accustomed to such had all gone in our ships. It happened that we four were assigned to the same boat. We endeavored to steer westward, keeping near the land and stopping occa- sionally for water and to shoot meat to live upon. "Towards the end of October we came to a very powerful river. Its current was so strong that It drove the boats out to sea and so much fresh water came down that for a league, (2.42 miles), for the life of us we oonld not enter the mouth. And notr the sad part of our story is reached, for it was here ^v« lost our commander, Narvaez, his boat and that which held the friars were wrecked and all drowned. Our boat and the two others continued to make our way along the coast thinking to reach this province, but it BBSCUED BY THE INDIANS. 25 was not to be, for after going west from where we lost our commander, we were all wreoked in a storm and driven ashore." (Pardon the digression, but this river spoken of was the Mississippi, so that the five boats sailed from Mobile Bay, a distance of about 160 mUes, when they met with disaster, but the authorities are not in har- mony as to the place where the three remaining boats were driven ashore, but Galveston seems to be about the point, which would then be another 340 miles, a total of 500 mUes covered by the four rudely con- structed boats.) Maldonado continuing the account of their experiences further said: "The natives were watch- ing us when our four boats went ashore; they treated us kindly owing to despondency and lack of cour- age, for, as you know, when men are lacking food, it soon makes cowards of them; but there was no neces- sity of resisting, so the 120 men allowed themselves to be captured by our rescuers. We were able to save aU pur harquebuses and powder. This was agreed upon when we saw ourselves drifting ashore and witnessed the crowds of natives awaiting our be- ing cast on the land; we expected the Indians would attempt to massacre us, but instead, they helped us out of our dilemma. "After being given food and recruiting our strength for a few days, aU hands with the assistance of the Indians took the wrecked boats apart and we constructed buildings for ourselves which made ue quite comfortable. "From the time of losing Narvaez, the genius of 26 FIGHT FOR INDIAN ■WIVES. the expedition was that man, (pointing to De Vaca), and on being cast among barbarians, it was he who kept lis all from giving up. He imbued us with the HOPE that we would return home, and for five years W3 remained with the tribe , He was our counsellor and guiding star. And now you will forgive me for referring to a part of our experiences which may not be considered honorable to you gentlemen, but the truth must be told. We soon became strong and of good health and being only men,'some of my country- men, and, in fact, I may admit all, began to antago- nize the male portion of the tribe, and it seemed as though there would be trouble come of it, but De Vaca soon acquired enough of their language and having read Roman history, remembered how the Eomans did to procure wives from the Sabines. So De Vaca got to talking to the chief who was made to compre- hend that if there were any other tribes we would go and fight for women. It transpired that hke all the tribes, there was a feud between our Indians and an- other nation, and after a council of the principal men as well as ourselves, it was decided to fit out a strong party and attack the other people and endeavor to capture wives for our men. "Don't forget that we had our firearms; of course we did not have one for each of our 120 men, but there were about fifty harquebuses and enough pow- der and lead to fire each harquebus seventy-flve times before the same could be exhausted. So we figured that the fifty harquebuses would, with care, kill or malm 2500 men. We were told that the enemy were more powerful than our people, but that their women BULLETS VS. BOWS AND AKROWS. 27 were comely, which as you understand fired us with a desire for them tliat made us reckless. "As soon as it was decided to attack the enemy, we began our preparations. Every nail and scrap ol iron had been carefully collected which came from our boats. So we went to work and forged points for our arrows, and made a large number of cross-bows, so as to equip our men who had no harquebuses, and we also assisted the Indians to arm themselves with the new style of bow, it being much more effective than the ones they were using. When all was ready we started with about a hundred of our men, fifty of whom had firearms, the others having powerful bows and short knives, as the iron would not permit of our making swords. About 500 Indian warriors, the pick of the country, made ui^ the balance of the army. "It must have been about 200 mUes northeast be- fore we reached the city of the enemy. It was located near the mouth of a good sized river, (Red river, Louisiana), which emptied into the Ipj-gest stream I ever saw in my life, (Mississippi). "We attacked the city and found swarms of fight- ing men, but the thunder and lightning of our har- quebuses appalled them; they were mowed down in such large numbers by fire as well as by the superior ahooting power of our bows, for by reason of our arrows being tipped with sharpened iron, and as weU as by the superior workmanship of our shafts, we hav- ing iron tools instead of stone with which to dress and shape the wood. They saw^ the uselessness of fur- ther resistance; in fact, they were so astounded at the numerous things they saw used in tne conflict 28 DE VACA THE INDEi'ATlGABI-E. and their superstitions were so worked upon that they submitted to the yoke, "There was very little property which was worth our carrying back home, but we helped ourselves to beautifully tanned robes, food, corn, dogs and har- ness; also we selected about 300 of the youngest and most desirable females as well as 200 of the youngest men, and insisted that the vanquished see to carrying our baggage and trophies of the contest towards home. "It was but a short time that every man of the 100 had selected a wife, we did not lose a single man in the fight, and before we reached home our Indian wives discovered that we were superior men to their own, for we treated them not Uke slaves, but as though we appreciated them; so before arriving home they were well satisfied with their masters. "You may be sure that on our arrival we were feasted and lauded to such a degree that it turned our heads, but we had lost our principal instruments of power: there were the fifty harquebuses but no am- munition, hence they were useless. We used to com- mune with one another and declare that if we had plenty of powder and lead, we would do as Cor- tes, subdue them and set ourselves up as rulers. "From this on we were treated as though we were native born, but many is the time that De Vaca wonld speak to me about escaping. He was always at work endeavoring to acquire not only the language of onr tribe but of any others that he came In contact with. "I must tell you one thing sure, so a proper FIRST WHITE MAN IN KANSAS. 29 Comprehension of the status of affairs may be under- stood. We each had a wife and soon children came, and the majority of our party became attached to their families, so we dared not suggest that we con- template escaping, and this is the principal reason why we four banded ourselves together in secret and asked no others, as it was invariably found that they were adverse to going away. After being with these people for about six years and having learned their language, we had frequently been told that there were large and rich cities in the north and west, and as near as we could calculate we were east of New Spain, although we had lost our bearings; but longing for our native country, we four concluded to make our escape. "For several months before leaving we were care- ful to equip ourselves each with a good bow and arrows in which we had become quite expert; also to tan some hides which we made into clothes. At the designated time we met at the rendezvous and then began the trip of our lives which lasted over twenty months before we had the satisfaction of discovering this colony. "To attempt to inform Your Excellencies where we traveled and what we saw, would fiU a book, but that you may have some comprehension of the vast imexplored territory traversed by us, I shaU en- deavor to give the general course pursued, although It is impossible to come within many leagues. (Num- erous routes are given at this date. Some even as- sert that these four men traversed the State of Kansas.) DO THE FOUR ALONG THE ARKANSAS. "We kept a northerly course until we came to the first large river from our starting place, (Red river), if we were correct in our reckoning it v.-^as about 250 miles which we crossed, continuing. north until another large stream was reached, (Arkansas), which we figured to be about 140 mUes further. This one came from the northeast. We continued along its banks for about thirty mUes towards its source and we changed our course for due west, and eter- nally west, WEST, crossing mountains without any road except the paths made by wild animals. It was in these mountains that we suffered and met our greatest hardships; we became bewildered, in truth, we were lost in the world, and that is the reason we decided to keep directly west, feeling certain it would bring us to the ocean if we kept on that course. Finally the ocean was seen and then we skirted towards the south hoping to find some Europeans; and at last we did meet with a party of Spanish slave catchers near the little village of San Migal on the coast of the Gulf of California. We could not have endured the hardships and fatigue much longer, but our saviors gave us clothes to cover our naked- ness, and more important stiU, food, which we very much needed. And here we four, who for nearly eighli years have been among savages, at last have the honor to stand before Your Excellencies to, tell that which we sincerely hope will redown to the glory of our beloved King and Country." At the conclusion of the narration, the viceroy requested Maldonado to be seated and then pro- pounded numerous interrogatives to the leading A 3,000 MHiE JAUNT. 31 spirit of the four adventurers, after a whispered con- sultation had been held by the officers for a few min- utes, the gist of which was to decide on a Une of questions proper to ask regarding the people they saw and the country they passed through, but most important to endeavor to learn of the wealth of the people and of the gold which was then the standard as at the present date. Mendoza: "Don Vaca, (who arose and saluted the Governor), we are profoundly impressed by the recitations of the wonderful experiences which you gentlemen inform us of. Generations unborn wLU read of your exploits and comprehend the metal of our countrymen. But there are some questions which we would like to have you answer, e. g.. How many leagues did you travel? De Vaca: "Noble Sir, it is impossible to esti- mate the distance covered from the place where we commenced to keep a due west course, for except in crossing the range of mountains, we aimed to come guided by the compass exactly west. Of course that was not possible while in the mountain chain, as the only paths lead us through labyrinths, which some times leads to all points of the compass, but I should say we covered, traveling due west, 300 leagues (about 1000 miles); but to attempt to estimate the dis- tance walked from the place of our captivity to where we commenced to come west would be futile, for we wandered from place to place. A conservative estimate would be from 450 to 500 leagues (about 1,500 miles), so we must have covered eight leagues (call it 800, or about 3,000 miles.)" 32 GOLD AND SILVER STORIES. Mendoza: "How did you subsist?" De Vaca: "We were careful to prepare before starting, so we had our bows and about twenty-five arrows each, the finest we could get, and we aimed to never shoot unless to procure food and to save our lives and the shaft never left the string unless we were pretty certain of recovering it again, so we lost very few. Thus we were able to kill ample game in most places, especially on the buffalo plains. Then we had three flints and steels which were a part of those we had when captured. Thus we were able to cook our game. The animals were not afraid of us as a rule, so we could easily get within range of them; thus we had no lack of meat; but except when we could procure some maize from the Indians, we had nothing but animal flesh to appease our hunger and that caused us much trouble, for it became nauseating and made us iU.'' Mendoza: "Now teU us of the peoples you saw." De Vaca: "It is a marvelous story. We saw many tribes of Indians. They wore precious stones and gold and silver ornaments. But more especially, some of the natives told us of the seven cities of Ci- bola, which were rich and densely populated, the peo- ple having much gold and sUver. We were north of the place where they are located. We did not see them ourselves, but by reason of our acquaintance with the sign language of the natives, and some of the words used by the tribe where we were in captivity being understood, it convinces me of the truth of the statements." Mendoza: "Did you meet many natives in your A SPANISH MEDICINE MAN. \lh I travels aud how did they treat you?" De Vaca: "Your humble servant had made it a point to acquire the mysteries of the medicine men of our tribe, and, in fact, had been initiated into their secrets, so it was very easy to convince the tribes we met of our superiority and to work on their credulity by reason of our additional experience and education. But the most important articles which brought about courteous treatment was my medicine-man's bag, bells, and other toys, which some of the ingenious men of our party had made, and which puzzled the natives and awed them. We were not only treated kindly but offered every inducement to remain with many of the tribes which we visited." Mendoza: "It has already coino to my notice that you were in a pitiable condition Avhen nvst di covered. WiU you tell us liow yon got along without clothing?" De VaCx\: "As you are awarD, the natives go very sparingly clothed, so wo could procure none from them, and, in fact, first our leggings began to ravel out thin until nothin:j v. as left but the waist by reason of going through the timber, gr;iss, and wading streams, till at last we got into the same costume as the Indians themselves; but remarkable to relate, we did not mind that, in fact, living with nature seemed to agree with us if we had only some vegetable matter to go with the animal. The only part of pur person ;affected were our feet, but it was very easy to shoe ourselves with the sMh of a fresh Mhed aIniBtial, which when iittcd to the feet and kept in place by thongs, upon becoming dry were soon very 34 BUFPAIX)ES AKD BUFFALOES. comfortable." (Although it is about 360 years since the Spanish shoemaker told of this process of manu- facturing shoes, yet in some of the old countries of the world they stiU tan the leather and last it upon the feet, making a superior glove-fitting foot gear.) Mendoza: "And now, my good Don, one ques- tion more and most important. Prom all the in- formation you were able to obtain, do you think it advisable to examine further into these seven cities of Cibola which you were told of by the natives?" De Vaca: "Assuredly, for it seems to me from the accounts given it equals this colony when con- quered by your predecessor, (Cortes). But, Your Excellency, there is one matter which you should hear of. We traversed many leagues of country where we saw thousands and tens of thousands of animals with wool like large sheep or cows, (buffa- loes), but have a big hump on their back the same as a camel. They are a brave animal and ferocious and make excellent meat. We subsisted on these ani- mals and the deer which roam near them for many months." And thus ended the story. As before stated, there are persons who have in- vestigated the country traversed by these four men, it being claimed that they must have come as far north as the Arkansas river. Then there are others who take the position that that would be too far north in order to have the party arrive so far south as the Gulf of California. It seems that those who make this assertion forget to take into consideration the yule laid down by navigators and geographers. DUE WEST GOES SOUTH. 35 Of course, the use of the "spherograph, " or great circle or tangent saUing, was not invented at the date of our story, and, more than that, they were soldiers, not sailors, hence knew very little of navi- gation or the use of the compass or the necessity of making allowances for the world being round; and it would seem that those who have endeavored to dis- credit the assertion of the men being as far north as the Arkansas river overlook this rule for the use of the compass. Spanish translators give it that they continued "west," "west";thuspremisingthat they skirted along the sout^ bank of the Arkansas river until they reached the west line of Kansas. This is reasonable, for at this i «: it it deflects north, which would make them in 38 aegrees north latitude, and the head of the Gulf of California is in, say, 31 degrees north lati- tude, or seven degrees (486 miles) south of the Arkan- sas river. The west line of Kansas is west of "Wash- ington 27 degrees and the head of the Gulf of Califor- nia is 89 desrrees west of Washington, or twelve de- grees f re m th 3 west line of Kansas to the head of the Gulf of California, (about 500 miles). If a Une is drawn on the map from the point where the Arkan- sas river leaves Kansas it would be found that the line came very nearly striking San Francisco, which is about 400 miles north of the Gulf of California; a,nd by reason of the curvature of the earth and the four men keeping directly west by the compass, even it they had no needle but kept toward the setting sun it would direct their course south between the '22nd d«y of June and the 22nd day of December, for, as 36 PECUUARITIES OP NAVIGATIOIT. you know, the sun appears to be going south from the longest day to the shortest, after which it seems to come back north. To convince yourself: some aight when the north star can be seen take a piece of string and suspend from the ceiling, then go back a few steps and make a mark so the plumb line and your mark will range with the polar star. Now take a square or resort to the hypothenuse, using the six, eight and ten to arrive at a square, then the right angle of the suspended string would be an angle of ninety degrees, or the same as a carpenter's square. Now suppose you should then set up a lot of stakes clear around the world to range with your square directly west from your plumb line, you would dis-- cover that in 1,000 mUes you would be a good deal fur- ther south of the north pole. To make this more clear, if you have sailed or should in the future sail across the Atlantic from Liverpool to New York you wDl dis- cover that the course of the ship is kept north of west by several points notwithstanding New York is in latitude forty North, and Liverpool fifty-three, or thirteen degrees further north, or 900 mUes. One would naturaUy suppose that the vessel would be steered south instead of ' 'nor 'west, ' ' as the saUors say. Before leaving the presence of Mendoza, we must dispose of the colored man Stephen, who, being a slave belonging to Dorantes, the viceroy purchased him so he could act as a guide and interpreter; he being so well versed in the sign manual of the Indians that he would be of assistance to a party sent to dis- cover the rich cities of Cibola, which the four men heard about so frequently in their travels. THIRD, Pizarro Pillaged Peru, Princes Provinces Perdue. Pachacamae Passado; Papistry Passed Parvenu. ._ Apology and Explanation. [The above four lines may appear senseless, but considerable time was expended in going over the unabridged dictionary . to procure words beginning with "P" to make a doggerel. The first line explains itself; the second means that princes lost provinces.; "perdue," Webster says, means lost. The next wocft "PachJicamae" was the name of the Peruvians' Groci and Creator of the Universe; "passado" is defined as lost, passed; so the God as known in Peru was loat, deposed, set aside. "Parvenu," says the great au- thority, is, to attain to, to succeed, to rise to high sta- tion; an upstart, one newly risen into notice. Hence, ■the fourth line signifies that Catholicism supersedes' the religion of the Inca.] Skeptics may sneer at the early efforts of the' Church, but when a priest left Europe for the New^ World he knew his lot would not be a "bed of roses"; and so it was with Father Marcos of Nice. He was a Frenchman belonging to the Franciscan Brother- hood "Disoalcd," whicli meant at the date of oyr story, 38 A FAITHFUL DISCAL.BD. "barefooted," otherwise a monk who must go without covering for the feet. The original Spanish account of this man says he was with Plzarro in Peru, had witnessed the death of Atahulpa, the conquered king of the Incas, and had walked barefooted from there to the city of Mexico. Just contemplate the wonder- ful endurance of this man! Look at the map and learn that -coming from Curzco, the then capital of Peru, which would now be located in Bolivia, and remember that Peru had a population of thirty mDlion when she fell and comprised most of the continent of South America. It was 1,000 mUes to the equator; so from there to the capital of New Spain he walked thirty-five degrees north and about thirty degrees west, or about 4,500 mUes, so is there any wonder that he was honored? This seems incredible and hardly reasonable, but anyway he was a faithful "Discaled" as will appear by his travels undertaken after reaching New Spain, _ Like Peter the Hermit, also a Frenchman who harangued all Europe to induce the Christians to go and take the Holy Land from the Mohammedans and succeeded to a greater extent than any other religious crusade; Father Marcos -Vsras just as devout and sin- cere in the cause of converting the Indians. Upon arriving In the capital city and owing to the extraordinary feat of Pizarro Brothers capturing a nation of thirty millions with a handful of men, this holy father was extended every courtesy by the pow- ers, tiiat were, fpr it must be remembered that the Aiiwa of the magnificent outcome hiadi hardly circu- laiied, hencfe the great respect shown the ni^w arrival. PKEEST WALKED ,4,500 MILES. S.) Oe was not like the king's runners we read of in tlic Good Book who were promised great rewards for the first man who should reach another ruler with the king's message: some started out before they fully comprehended what their message was; others only half understood; but one of the messengers waited to comprehend all the desires and wishes of th^c king, andj although he wais lastj jret he had the message; aU the others were messengers wil^ciut a message. But Father Marcos knew what he was talking about; he had seen; it was not hearsay evi^ dence or what some one else had told him. Now, Father Marcos having arrived soon after the four men had told their story to the governor, and being very desirous of making new religious con-> quests among the Indians of Cibola, he thinking no doubt that the same thing would be enacted as was done in Peru, when Mendoza intimated that he was about to send out a reconnoitering party to test the truth of the four men's statement of the riches of the populous cities of Cibola, Father Marcos was made principal of the expedition, he being given tiie negro Stephen as guide and interpreter. It would make you smile to recite how the col- ored. man fooled the natives. He in some way became possessed of a medicine man^s outfit and played upon the credulity of the natives, but it was a case of "giye an inch and take an eU." He met with such kind treatment from the aborigines that, like some people of the present period, he could not stand prosperity. So he began to demand at every village ^privileges which were vicious and wrong; so at last when the 49 A NEGRO MEDiaNB MAN, ■. _ good father was not with him, he got himself killed, but not before he had obeyed the commands of the reverend father who was following his steps, but »t a distance, while trying to teach the natives to follow "In His Steps." The account written contemporaneously with the event says: "The negro, Estevan, had been ordered by the viceroy to obey Friar Marcos in everything under pain 01 serious punishment. WhUe the friar was waiting at Vacapa he sent the negro towards the north instructing him to proceed fifty or sixty leagues (175 or 200 miles), and see if he could find anything that might help them in their search. If he found any signs of a rich and populous country, it was agreed that he was not to advance further but should return to meet the friar or else wait where he heard the good news, sending some Indian mes- sengers back to the friar with a white cross the size of the palm of the hand. If the news was very promising the cross Was to be twice the size, and if the country about which he heard promised to be larger and better than New Spain, a cross still larger than this was to be sent back. "Tlie Negro met with such favorable accounts of the large cities that he sent back a cross as tall as a man and the Indian whom he entrusted to convey the code message was instructed to narrate to the holy father regarding the populous cities of Cibola. This Indian told Father Marcos that the houses were of 'stone and lime,' with 'flat' roofs; some 'four storiea high, all united under one Ijord': the people wore THE NEGRO MEDICSNE MAN KILLED. tl clothes, had precious stones, etc. These acc;.ii ilj were further verified by other Indians, and, j}iore particularly, the negro forwarded a, second cross as high as a man, which denoted everything desirable. T\ie friar in following the colored pathfinder discov- ered erected along the road several large crosses which were emblems of success, both spiritual and material. As the holy man got nearer to the seven cities, the accounts given him were stDlmore wonder- ful, and a native of Cibola assured him of the truth of all be heard. But when Father Marcos readied a point in Apache county, Arizona, he for the first time learned of Stephen's death. It was conveyed to him by a young man who had been with the negro. lie was the son of an Indian chief who told how anxious the Negro had been to be the first to reach one of the seven ''cities; how he forwarded the friendly Indians ahead with notice of his approach to the chief of the place and in token of his position and authority sent a gourd to which was attached a few strings of rattles and two plumes, one of which was white and the other red." The old chronicler revealed the- fact that these baubles were medicine men's talismen and the Blackamore had learned their importance from De Vaca, but it did not awe the inhabitants to such an extent as usual, for, when presented to the chief of the Pueblo, he threw it on the ground and told the messenger bearing the gourd, ratties, etc., to inform the stranger that when he reached the city he would find out what sort of men lived there, and instead of being permitted to enter the place, he oaA his party would aU be put to death. But the Barbary 42 BLACK MAN EEMINDERS. Moor had had so many experiences in his long life with the other three that he was undaunted, so he continued on until the first city of Cibola was reached, but instead of being allowed to awe the officers of the city, he, himself, was arrested, aU the turquoises and other articles which he had extorted from the Indians were taken from him, and he was then incarcerated with his Indian guides for the night without food. The next morning Stephen tried to escape, but he was killed, and to this day the legends of that coun- try commemorate the event, and particularly by names which survive; e. g., in the northwest corner of Apache county i.T found "Lana Negro"; also twen- ty-five miles south is "La Vaca," southwest from these are the "Black Hills," and the south boundary of the country is the "Black river"; then there was for- merly a town called "Kiakima," or "Black Mexican," the ruins of which are stUl to be seen. It must be remarked that although the above names were on one map of Arfzona, yet when a later one was examined, no such names could be found, especially the first two, which are the most important ones. For the purpose of this narrative it should be remembered that although the JBarbary Negro ]tiad done no overt acts ill this first city of Cibola, yet the news of his concluci; iVad gone before. It must not be supposed tliat in those days there were not messengers, for it is freqiK'"'tly i"ecf»i'ded that Iridian runners thought notliitiR of cKvefihg from .elj^hty to.onehua^ired mile* iaadivy;**o word had preceded the negro, telling of Ij.s uni>oc-oaiio(; conduct, and this people could not be hn»uttii»ljod by liin *'hocu« pocus" scheme, fi»r, HOW NEWS FLEW. 43 ■ItiMUghthey were sun worshippers, their conceptioB of the Great Spirit was ennoblirxj:?, perhaps more sc thaii such a creature as this slave was the preceptoi of the Christian Religion. When the news reached the good father that his guide was no more, he realized the uselessness. of his attempting to proceed farther, although he himself had been treated by the Indians with the greatest ol consideration and he had procured as presents many valuable articles. Among the number were beautiful robes tanned so perfectly that the curriers of France could not excel the natives in the art. These robes were principally made from the skins of the buffalo, and the friar learned that they come from a far east- ern country where the people painted themselves. It seemed the farther east he got, the more corroborat- ing cumulative evidence did he procure as to the truth of the existence of the seven cities of Cibola; therefore he felt justified in returning and reporting to Mendoza that there was a country worthy of conquest, so to the capital city of Mexico he returned bhat he might deliver his report in person to the Viceroy. Is it to be wondered how the news fiev/, not only through New Spain but across the Atlantic to the Old Country? For here was a man whose sacred office would not premit him to tell a falsehood, substantiat- hig the remarkab]'3 experiences of DeVaca and his three companions. In fact, an account of the wander- ings of the four had been recited to the King of Gpain In person by DeVaca who got back to Spain about 1538; and in all probability. Maldonado and Dorantes 44 CORONADO APPOINTED A GOVEBNOK. also told of their exploits to the people of Spain, for it is recorded that they left New. Spain for home, and again Mendoza had kept His Majesty informed of a possibility of there being anottier Montecuzhoma to dethrone,, and about this time Coronado was appointed governor of New Galaoia, which comprised a iar^ ■^•^iTitdrj CO the north of Mexico. FOURTH. Superfine Equine. Of all the aaimals vrhich you admire, Is not a horse superior and higher; Even the one that's not a. flyer, Regardless of breed, dam or sire? The thoroughbred's forte is racing, The standard bred horse its pacing, The draft's performing work facing, The whole being used for chaisiug. 'E MUST now take you from the new to the old. The term "old" might be used derisively now, but in the year 1539 Old Spain was "it," being one of the most powerful nations of Europe, if not the fore- most. Heretofore a youth has been introduced to you, at the time when Coronado was preparing his retinue in Salamanca preparatory to embarking with Mendoza for New Spain. The young man's father's conception of a man was put to paper, as well as his mother's admonitions and definition of a gentleman. This young Spaniard wUl be your hero. He has now reached his majority and must seek renown and for- tune, but, poor boy, as many a fellow who has gone before has done, he has fallen in love with a "Moarish woman," so designated by his austere pater (father). 46 "her." The manner in whicti the lady is referred to co-r-'^ys the -estimate in which she was held by the head of the .family, arid,, ^Ithpugb the young man's mother loved her only child with a devotioa only possible to a mother, yet even she is wiUing for her boy to joiii an expedition to New Spain rather than have him marry a despicable Moor. Strange how narrow minded people are! This is an example. It must first be noted tint in the fifteenth century there was located in Sai'smanca a celebrated college for Irish students. Here the wealthy Irish youth went to complete their educntion, more particularly if they were to lead an 0Gc]esin,Rt- ical life. This Irish institution still flourishes. To this school came the grandfather of our hero, and while attending the University formed an attachment for a Spanish maid who afterwards bscame his wife. The father of our hero forgot that his father was an Irishman, for had he been liberal minded he would have considered this when he so strenuously objected to his son going outside his own race to procure a mate. Had the father of Alonso stopiied for a few moments to commune vrith himself he would have had to admit that by the natural law his name should have been Fergis Geraldines, an old Irish name; but whenhis father proposed to Alonso's grandm could not have conceived precepts grander or wliicii would tend more tovsrards buUding character. She co;iveraed upon such themes as only a relined and educated woman could. She by acts, as well as by words, in- cessantly strove to inculcate into the character of her knight and lover such thoughts and desires as would make of him all that which he had been lec- tured to be, i. e., a man and gbiitleman. Had the Catholic parents stopped to conteniplAte and ask themselves, "What is the difference bV tween a good Catholic and a Mohammedan?" wljat would they have found? AUah, or God of the Moors,\ was a single deity. Their God was the same Jehovah that watched over the Jews. Our good Catholic's God is composed of three. Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, and they would assert that it took these three to constitute the one almigpity, (note the final one). So the Christian's God, like that of the Saracens and Moors, finally reached the same number, one. What kind of a syllogism would it make to say that there is but one God and then in the next breath proclaim that it took three persons to make this one power? The major and minor premises vsrould bring about a peculiar conclusion. There is a saying with men of a certain profession about like this: "None but Grod can create a soul,'^ (which is the major premise), "and nonebutakin^ can create a corporation," (which is the minor prenii.se); "therefore a corporation has no soul," (the last being th^ conclusion). Just try and arrange the three God-iieads to make a syllogis- tic proposition! But the cont^ntkm 'would sincerely SOME OP THE WORLD'S HEROES. 49 be asserted that it took three distinct component parts to make the air we breathe, viz: nitrogen, oxy- gen, and carbonic acid. Again, there are three prere- quisites to life, viz: air, food, and vfater. AH humans and animals must have all three to continue to live, so it takes three to make a man or a horse, and any one of the three things must be forthcoming, otherwise the man or animal must soon cease to have life, which is one of the attributes of God. Therefore, we must not make light of the Trinity, which teaches that three Gods are necessary to make the one Great Creator. But to return to our Mohammedan lady and her people. For bravery their Kahled will more than compare with the English Richard Cour de Lion, or Don Rodrigeo (Cid), the Spaniard, or Bayard of France, or Wallace of Scotland, or Alfred of England, or any other knight known in history; and for the re- nown of its soldiery just read the life of Mahomet and see how their army of ten thousand would defeat five times that number; and- when it comes to magna- nimity towards those subdued they were far more humane than the Christian denominations. Take the country we are writing of and its iniquitous Inquisition as a witness. - ■ N "When the Moors overran Spain they permitted the. people to continue their Christian rehgion, and when it comes to civilization, the Mussulman has done as much, if not more, to bring the minds of men out of darkness than any other sect; and consider the beautiful buUdiiigs erected by them; tiiey surpass all, regardless of nationality or creed. For an ocular lemonstration of the breadth of culture and height EiO A WOMAN'S INFLUENCE, yl civiliza,l^on reached by the followers of him who nade the Koran possible, all one has to do is to view the extraordinary, marvelous building erected about the late of this story at Agra, India. All who have seen the structure declare Taj Mahal to be the most beautiful bildihg they ever saw. It took twenty-two /ears to erect, costing millions of dollars; and, mind you, it was built by a husband for the last resting jlace of his beloved queen, Moomtaza Zumanee. But let us endeavor to read the mind of Alonso md apply psychology practically. He knows the breadth of her mind. He is cognizant how much more considerate she is of others than his own peo- ple are; all of which makes hifli reach a height of ration- alism rarely known in those dark days following the Inquisition. So he resolves to appear to accede to uhe demands of the Church, his parents and friends, 3ut he and she pledge each tp the other for ever and 3ver; it being agreed that he shall go to the New World and carve out a reputation and fortune for 'aimself , and when the time comes she is to follow. Were it possible to see what was inscribed upon his brain plate, it would disclose the resolve to be true AuA. faithful to her, not only in thought but in acts. At the date when Alonso was preparing to em- bark upon the enterprise to New Spain, the magnif- icent, yea wondei ful, conquest of Mexico by Cortes had been reported evea among thQ ignorant peasantry, Mtd every youth of noble birLn was wild to become the peer of the great conqueror, and so it was with our hero. It mnst be borne in mind that Alonso's father AN ARAB'S SECRET. 51 ■was & wealt^by aristocrat, able and willmg to equip Ms oniy boy sumptuously; tHeref6re,^in.iBe tlie young fellow's eighteieiithbirthday, be has had his own horse, which4s,n.0T;!r fiyg years old, and it has been trained siiifee it was a tworyear-old t6 obejr the commEindiS of its master. Only those who have been intimately asso- ciated with horses can possibly comprehend the ex- tent of the thinking faculties of a w:ell; bred horse. He, can be .taught to do so many wonderful things iitit it is useless to try to enumerate them. Except the advice of a noted chief of the Moors, whom Aloiiso fiiet athcjir father's and to whomwas imparted the fact of the acquisition of his two-year -old; Alonsp hav- ing been presented with the same about that ti,me by his father. Tlae famous Arab was the highest au- thority on horses, so, having a love for the boy on her account, told the young fellow a secret which was imparted to none except his own immediate relatives. The secret was that the two-year-old should be con- verted into a gelding, giving the reason that it would make the animal so much more tractible, and of greater endurance as well as give it more sagacity. And Alonso, like a broad minded youth, took the advice which turned to his benefit in future years. Alonso, being iii training for a knight, commenced while young to train his steed so that when the time arrived that he was to light the enemies of his country, and espe- cially the Moors, his charger would serve him faith- fully and eJJactively; therefore, this perfect specimen of the fequine family, now five years old, was christ- ened when a colt with a name famous in times of yore, for it was the celebrated Gid's horse, Babieca. 52 A GELDING. To give a aescription of this animal so as to meet the views of the average admirer of a horse, would be a useless task, as some horsemen admire a cream- colored, glass-eyed, Arabian-nosed animal; others a buckskin, believing that that color denotes as "tougli as buckskin"; then again, a sorrel is the ideal; with others a black; some Mke a piebald or grey; but onr young hero had selected a dark dappled bay with black points, i. e., black mane and tail and black legs, which at the advice of the Moorish chief had been converted into a gelding. It must be borne in mind that at the time we are writing, horses were not as large as now, and so eleven hundred pounds in those days was above the average; but even now that weight horse, if hot too heavy set, is the most likely nag to stand a long ride and keep it up day after day. No man or woman has any conception of the attach- ment, yea love, which one will have for a beautiful piece of horse-ilesh, except those who'*have been in the saddle a great deal. The assertion is here made that to back a spirited horse and rMe fast is the most glorious exercise known to man. Ask any man or lady who has had the experience and ninety-nine per cent will tell you of the peculiar sensation of pleasure which will thrill a horseman or horsewoman. Of course, should one unaccustomed to riding, attempt to straddle a desirable riding horse, he would feel hke a man in deep water who could not swim, and oven persons who may have ridden thousands of miles, yet should they cease for a few years to ride, would not be as comfortable on a horse until tiioy hiul ijocome used to the saddle. This theme is ODK HERO'S EQUIPMENT. 53 i 6afe that Alonso delighted to converse upon and, with- out donht, is one upon which much could be written. But what about our hero's other equipment? His armor was in those days even before his good horse and by reason of his father's influence, being close , friends of many military men who had been to New Spain, and from information obtained, Alonso con- , eluded to have his armor made especially for service in the New World, and aU through the adventures in which he took part it will be seen what a great advantage it gave him over his comrades. The men who had seen service in New Spain Iniew that the natives of the newly found country had no knowledge of fire-arms, they being confined to the use of spears, darts, their most powerful implement of warfare being the bow and arrow, but their arrows were pointed with flint and vv'henevor they struck iron they invariahly broke; so Alonso had his suit of armor made to order and very light so that he could handle himself more casiljr thfin the average knight could- with the usual woiglit of harness upon his body. Again, the good rcasoniiipj powers of our young hero caused him to have an harquebus made lijjhter than the averapc, conclu Jiug thai; he Avould be able to get nearer tlic enemy; hence it would be unnecessary for him to have so cumbersome a gun to carry as oth- ers used. This, with the reduction in weight of his ai-moi", gave him a tremendous advantage over the whole of the army, either on the march or in battle. But be is all ready to start, and now he is on board of a vessel, considered a large one in those da^^g^It had one hundred people, with ten horses, 54 OFF FOR NEW SPAIN. ■with feed and water enough for the voyage. There- ■was only an upper deck, partly covered. Just com- pare this ship with one now plying between New York and Spain. These modern vessels think nothing of carrying 800 head of hve cattle, 300 horses and 1200 dressed beeves in refrigetatoriS, 'with: fresh -water, and feed for the voyage across the Atlantic, as well as hundreds of people as passengers. It is a very easy task to transport our hero and his company across the water on paper, but in those days it took patiekce, endurance, and pluck, but as usual the last named landed Alonso at Vera Cruz on the coast of I few Spain in the Gulf of Mexico. An examination of the map discloses the fact that this port is about 180 miles- from Mexico, the then capital of New Spain. It must further be remembered that this port of Vera Cruz in those days had no wall for the shipto come along side, that its cargo and live stock could be unloaded, but the horses and men were com- pelled to struggle through the surf as best they could, and here our hero first was able to show his superiority over his fellows, for was not his armor and fire-arms lighter? and did he not have a horse which he had trained from a colt to swim and do many" useful things unusual in the average horse? Here Alonso showed the stuff that was in him, and, although lie had enlisted as a subaltern, yet the offi- cer's soon marked him as a man of promise. You naturally ask, what did he do to attract this attention? Just fancy yourself on a vessel of the kind then anchored off shore in the year 1539, nearly a mile from land. Then contemplate the scene -when it A TRAINED EOHSE. 00 becamencccssary to upload the ten horses, since it ia at least eight feet from the deck of the ship to the surf. And just consider the fuss that ia being made among the owners of the horses wondering how to get them ashore, when without any talk or bluster our ■ beautiful, inteUigent, trained creature, who has been taught to obey when it was ordered by its master, did leap down into the sea followed by his trainer. Thus soon he was on terra firma, hours before the oth- er horses were swung over the sides with block and tackle. Do you wonder at the surprise and admira- tion of those viewing the scene on board? "And not only the docDity of the animal attracted attention lut also the practical executive ability of our young soldier. It was he who first landed. By his energy the necessary crafts were got alongside the ship to bring the horses to land, and then his tact in handling the na,tives who manned these rude affairs, at once stamped him as a leader of men, and from that day he was a marked man. Every boy or girl who reads this and who is de- sirous of making his mark in the world, should ever remember that the world admires him or her, whether young or old, who does. The dreamer may have the best thinldng madiihe of aiiy human in; the lihiverse, but unless this thought sets in motion. th« hands and legs' to do things, it availeth naught, and this partly innate but highly cultivated faculty of Alpnso is;,.jtvhat; Vf^?;^^ b|i& fp'^o??- , P® W** iu>t l^Vt btitewr-rdii^itD: assist, ^o.;^i^^' if it was not his duty. Did jrbu ever hear "I vvb^ji't" snappishly ex- claimed by some young person when requested ta 56 "l WON'T," "l CAN'T." perform some act which he or she did not consider his duty? Of course you have. Well, should this meet the eye of a young man or woman, right here resolve that there will be fewer such ejaculations and, more important, less "I can't," but more "I'll try." And here we are again in the country which has only been under Spanish control for twenty years, that being the length of time since Cortes entered Mexico. It is the latter part of the summer, the time when the new arrivals were camped after their te- dious voyage across the Atlantic, and still they were over 180 miles from the residence of the governor. FIFTH. / The Spanish knights with prancing steed, In Fifteen Forty made a sight indeed; Their flashing armor would awe a queen, Each being ready to fight like a fiend. / PON AEEIVING at the capital, Alonzo im- mediately presented himself to Governor Mendoza. Our hero brought from Spain cre- dentials of the highest order and his gentle- manly demeanor and handsome person at once caused the "Good" Mendoza to be favorably impressed, and when informed that the sole object of our young cava- lier's coming to the new country was to. join the expedition to make new conquests under Coronado, as well as to make a fortune for himself, he was given, every encouragement and promised advancement if satisfactory to General Coronado. Alonso informed the governor that he desired to learn the language of the country, and would like to hire a native servant from whom he could acquire the language, as well as to attend upon him; to which the governor responded by informing him that a youth of the deposed Motecuhzoma royal family had 68 MONTE AND AIXINSO. spoken to him about going with the new expedition, and that he thought, in all probability, the young man would, like to associate himself with our hero, and promise to have the scion of royalty come to his quarters. And here we present him to you before introducing him to senbr Perez. He was born in the palace of Motecuhzoma II. only a few weeks before Cortes took the city of Mexico the second time in 1520, so he is nineteen years old. He has been educated by the best of Spanish teachers and speaks that language fluently, as well as his native tongue. ' After the death of his father, who was killed by a stone, supposed to have been thrown by one of his own people, while being exhibited as a prisoner by Cortes at his capital. His mother retired into the country and was premitted by Cortes to enjoy considerable of her husband's wealth, so our young native had been reared iu affluence, and since 1535, when Mendoza commenced to govern the country, our young prince had been intimate with the good governor, who had taken quite an interest in the young man's welfare. So it is no ordinary individual who is seeking an interview and subaltern position with Alonso. And now our two young men meet for the first time, but hereafter to become close and intimate friends, they are two of the principal participants with the expedition in which they are to take part. You will learn of their characters as the story proceeds, so it is unnecessary to introduce Monte, except to say that he agreed to become Alonso's servant. Coronado at this time was governor of New EXPEDITION ALL, KEAUY. 59 Galacia, this was a province to the north of J\ew Spain. His headquarters being at Compostella, which w^as located about 400 miles northwest of the city of Mexico, so it became necessary for our two young men to travel this 400 miles before they could join the expedition. This they did. The location of ComposteUa should be understood, so you may have the proper conception of the dis- tance marched by our Commander, Coronado. That city does not appear on the map of Mexico now, but if you wiU find San Bias on the Pacific Coast in about 21 1-2 north latitude, then you will be about forty miles north of where our expedition started from. Arriving at the capital of New Galacia, Alonso at once sought an interview with Governor Coronado and presented his credentials for the purpose of procuring a place in the expedition; and owing to the governor being a native of Salamanca and having seen Alonso frequently at his father's home, the commander naturally took kindly to his young fellow townsman and assented to his accompanjdng the army of conquest and discovery, appointing him a lieutenant. All was bustle and excitement for the pre- parations were about completed, and, mind you, it was no smaU affair. Here is what a participant in the expedition wrote at the tiflie. "It was a. splendid array as it passed in review before Mendoza and Goronadp on this Sunday in Pbbruary, 1^40. The young cavaliers curbed the picked horses from the large stock farms of the Viceroy, each resplendant in long blankets fiowing 60 , DON CORONADO STARTS. to the ground. Each rider held his sword and other weapons hung in tibeir proper places at his side. Borne were arrayed in coats of maU, pcdished to shine like that of their general, whose gilded armor, with its brilliant trappings, was to bring him many hard blows a few months later. Others wore iron helmets or Tisored head pieces of the tough bull hide, for which the country has ever been famous. The foot- men carried cross bows and harquebuses, while some of them were armed with sword and shield. Looking on at these white men with their weapons of Euro- pean warfare was the crowd of native allies, armed with the club and bow of an Indian warrior. There were about 250 Spaniards on horseback, 70 foot soldiers, and over 300 warriors, with about 1,000 friendly Indians, who were servants and had charge of the baggage." As to baggage, etc., let us again quote from the old Spaniards, who recorded the facts at the time: "The next morning after the review, when aU. was off in duly organized companies, with their ban- ners flying, upwards of 1,000 servants and followers, black men and red men, went with them leading the spare horses, driving the pack animals, bearing the extra baggage of their masters, or herding the large droves of big and little cattle, of oxen and cows, sheep and swine, which had been collected by the viceroy to assure fresh food for the army on its march. There were more than 1,000 horses in the train of the force, besides the mules loaded with camp supplies and provisions, and carrying half a dozen pieces of light artillery, the pedreros or swivel guns of the period." PXJLL, OF HOPE AND COUEAGB. 61 So it ■win be seen that the expedition when it marched out of Compostella on Monday, February 23, 1540, consisted of orer 1,600 people and 1,000 horses, not including mules, oxen, cows, etc. There were also two ships, which were loaded with supplies, with orders to keep within sight of land and sail north in the Gulf of California; which they did until stopped at the mouth of the Colorado River, they not knowing of the Peninsula of Lower Califorma. It was not only by their bravery that the army expected to conquer the new found countries, but by the display of modern things, which they knew would awe the natives and frequently cause the invaders to be worshipped as gods, as was done in Mexico when Cortes took that country with his handful of men; yes, and they fuUy expected to find the seven cities OP CIBOLA rich, and it was the purpose of the 300 Spaniards to take possession of these cities and install themselves in the best structures and take from the natives their lands, stock, in fact, whatever was worth while; therefore, it was with hopes sublime that our party started on its journey, which now is known to be one of the most extraordinary feats ever preformed by any company of soldiers. SIXTH. Cor--o--na--do No--Bra-va--do He-first--to-do Col--o--ra--do, - here. WOULD very mucli assist your imagination ix Reming- ton's picture of the "March of Coronado" could be inserted The painter brings out the cavaliers very prominent. Their ar- mor and horse trappings are vividly portrayed in his ■work of art. So expressive is the painting that there is depicted on their faces the Don Quixote expres- sion, and no doubt, every one of them believed that their names were to go resounding down in history; and although the majority of them are prominent men and many of noble lineage, yet they are fuUy cognizant of the hardships they will have to endure, but they do not shrink from the ordeal. This will hold good particularly with our young hero and his servant Monte, who have become close friends, eacb. acting toward the other as equals, both being willing to risk his life for his friend; their ieeling .»ward LESSON OF CAUTION. 63 each otlier wastlio Datnoa and Pytliias story putintfl every day practice; they were br-ave men, strong; as Samson in their faith in each other; and 'during thjeii journey of 400 miles from the City ox Mexico: to Gom- postello they had been taught tlie lesson of "cautioii." These two men had the advantage of others, for Alqn- so could hold his own from ai Spanish standpoint, whereas Monte knew the ways of the natives and could keep his master apprised of affairs among the Indians, who predominated in numbers over four to one. AJonso was clean mentally, his lady was always in mind, the exalted precepts advanced by heif came constantly, but they gave him strength of character; and Monte had been reared by a mother, who had seen her country stolen by a few bloodthirsty men, her husband taken from her, and finally killed, her- self forced to live in retirftment; but this gave her a better opportunity to watch over her youngest son, V* ho had profited by the teaching of his mother. Is it any wonder that these two young men be- came attaclied? They were about the same age, twenty and twenty-two, and yon wiU not be surprised to learn of their secretly confiding to one another their love affairs. , Alonso had told Monte of his beautiful Moor, and Monte had in turn confided the secret, of his choice. The lofty sentiments of both made them better men. In fact, these two boys were about the only ones in the .'ompany who could be classified as model young men. A.lonso would not partake of intoxicants, as tliat was the one thing her religibn taught as be- ing an abomination; so out of respect for her he has 64 ALOMSO TEOUGHT OP IIEU. abstained. But the one thing which dragged' the average young man down was the native females. These white men seemed gods to them, and Uke the average colored wench, they were flattered by the at- tentions of a white man. lliis was a trying ordeal for pure young men, but Alonso thought of hek and gov- erned himself. Monte 's mother's apparition ap- peared before him whenever temptntion came in his way. The result of this conduct naturally made our hero a better soldier, and Monte a superior compan- ion; and so marked was the contrast in their appear- ance and ever readiness, as well as the first class mannner in which their outfit was kept, which in- cluded the care of Babieca and the pack mule carry- ing their articles of comfort, that even Coronado him- Belf complimented Lieutenant Perez for his eCici^ncy and close application to his duties. From Compostella the expedition went nco^rly northwest. The historian who was there xvTole: "For eighty leagues, (about 200 mUes), tho march ]was along the much used roads which followed the jcoast up to Culiacan," which city stiU reiiiins its name. The historian further says: "Everyone was niger 'to reach the wonderful regions which were to be ihetr destination, but it was impassible to make rapid Iprogress. The cattle could not be hurried, while the baggage animals and the carriers were so heavily jladen with equipments and provisions that it was 'necessary to allow them to take their own time. S >\ - •nJ irere lost at the Gentizpack river, across which thft cattie had to be transported one at a time. At INDIANS EXPERT BOWMEN. 05 :». Gbiametla tliere was anotlier delay. Ilere the army oaxaped at ihe remains of a village which Nuno de €^Bzmaa had established. The settlers had been driyen away by a pestilence caught from the Indians and hy the fierce onslaught of the natives, who came down upon them from the surrounding mountains." Tlie food supply of Coronado's force was begin- ning to fail, and as the tribes about here were stUl in rebellion, it became necessary to send a force into the mountains to obtain provisions; the army master, Samaniego, who had been warden of one of the royal fortresses, commanding the foraging party. The men found themselves buried in the thick under- brush as soon as tliey passed beyond the Umits of the clearing. One of the soldiers, inadvertently, but none the less in disregard of strict orders, became separated from the main party, and the Indians, who were nowhere to be seen, at once attacked him. In reply to his cries the watchful commander hastened to his assistance. The Indians who had tried to seize him suddenly disappeared. Wlien everything seemed to be safe, Samaniego taisod his visor, and as he did so, an arrow from among the bushes pierced his eye, passing through the skull. The death of Samauiego was a severe loss to the expedition. Brave and slriU-. ful, he was beloved by all who vrcre v/ith hici or under him." It must be remembered that the Sierra l.Iount- ains were on the east, thus necessitating the party trareling east until a pass was found, which was near the source of the rirer Sonora or near Tuscan in Ari- which now the railroads use in crossing the 68 PEACEABLB INDIANS. mountains. From this point they turneu northeast teiward the seven rich cities of Cibola. The accounts of the trip to this territory, say that it was a wilder- ness that had to be traversed before reaching the goal. This wilderness, so designated, would be through the eastern part of Arizona and southwest- ern New Mexico. At last the first of the s.even cities are seen, but not until they had this experience: General Coronado wrote to Mendoza; "To refresh our former 'Trauailes' (trials), the first days we founde no grasse but worser way of mountains and badde passages." Another writer remarks: "The discouragement of the m^i increases with the diiliculties of the way. The horses were tired, and the slow progress became slower, as horses and Indian carriers fell down and died. Corn was almost gone, and as a result of eating the fruits and herbs which they found along the way a Spaniard and some of the servants were poisoned so badly that they died. The skull and horns of a great mountain goat filled the EuropesRS with wonder, but this was hardly a sign to inspire them with hopes of abundant food and gold. There were thirty leagaes of this traveling before the party reached thft borders of the inhabited country where we found fresh grass and many nutte and mullberrie trees. The day following that on which they left the wilderness, the advan»@ guard was met in a peaceable mai^per by four Indians. We treated them most kindly, gave tiaem beads and clothing and wUled them to return unto their city and bid they stay quiet in. their houses fearing nothing. The General assured mnntTs yodb voaon. iff Iftiem thftt^ thej^ need have no ftnxietjr, -becanse w« bad been aent by His Spanish Majesty to defeod: and aydethem." For several pages you have been* given thfetext of the latest translations but notwitdlstanding the suffering complained of ^hile going through the ■wUdeVness to i-each the first of the seven cities, yet by reason of thejsagacity of Monte, his knowledge of the natives and part of their language, and owing to the sober judgment of Alonso, these two manliged to keep their horse and mule in good condition'- and themselves aJso in good shape. Alonso has been taught by his fencing master to always let his adver- sary put forth his very best at first, but for himself, to have in reserve his best,, and this axiom and truism he has applied to his conduct in his present surroundings. He has schooled himself and Monte to do their duty, but to keep in reservve a stored upi force to be used when others were losing heart. Those two boys could plainly see that the time would surely come when it would be absolutely necessary to rise to the occasion, and they were both prepared for any emergency. It was July 7th, 1540, when the Spaniards reached Cibola, and viewed the city. Then it was that they discovered that the glowing accounts of the coun- try as told by Friar Marcos of Nice were without foundation; and, to use the language of a man pre,sent, "Such were the curses that some hurled at Friar Marcos, that I pray God may protect him from them. " This town was located in Valencia County, New Mexico, and no do»bt, in the Zuni Indian 68 THROUGH VALENCIA CO., NEW MEXICO. Beservation — ^the authorities say near Ojo Caliente. .H; The TJnited States Goverament has expended a large sum of, inoney in translating from the Spanish everything that%ouidheipund.Ayritten at the time or Boon atterwardsj and CJastenada's account of the taking of the city of Cibola is most thrilling, so it is here quoted: ',' •*'It is a little una'ufcractiye village, (Cibola), looking as if it had been crumpled all up together. There are mansions in New Spain which make a better appearance iat a distance. It is a village of about 200 warriors, is three 'iand four stories high, with the houses small and having only a few rooms and vrith- out a court-yard. One yard serves for' each section. The people of the whole district have collected here, for there are seven villages in the province, and some others are even larger and stronger than Cibola. [These folks waited for the army, drawn up in front of ihe village. When liitey refused to have peace on the "terms the interpreters extended to them,* but ap- 'peared defiant, the Santiago, (battle-cry), was given and they were at once put to flight. The Spaniards then attacked the village which was taken with not a little difficulty since they held the narrow and crooked entrance. During the attack they knocked the general down with a large stone and would have killed him, but Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas and Hetrnando de Alverado, who threw themselves about him and drew him away, received the blows of the stones which were not few, but the first fury of the Spaniards could not be resisted and in less than an hour they entered the village and captured it. There they disQpyerfed food whicli ■wets the thiag they were most in need bf." it would not do to recite the -fury and bad teiiiper displiiyed toward the Indians •£ the first of the sfeven cities, whi^ turned out to be a village otf a 'fiew hun- dred t)opuiatibn, and without much precis" njetal. The soldiers were mad with digapijeipfeaiK^t. i^d were pronounced in their cpnderanatioii iof B!a|ipjer Marcos, who had conveyed the story , of iSie isev^ii rich cities of Cibola, and who was with the expedition, but concluded to turn back at this xioiht because of the abuse heaped upon him. Owing to Coronado having been hurt during the taking of the iirst city, he remained there quite* timfe, but was not idle, for he sent out several exploring parties, only one of "which can be mentioned here. While eiicamped at Cibola, an Indiaii chief attracted attention who had a long mustache, and was named by, the Spaniards "Whiskers," becar;Re Indians did not then nor now, aUow hair to g row on the face, but pluck as it grows. The account from which this is copied recites: "He was a tall, well built young fellow, with a fine figure. He told the general that they ha,d come in response to the notice which had been given to offer themselves as their friends. They brought a present of tanned hides and shields and head pioceif, which were very gladly received, and the generb,] gave them some glass dishes and a number of pearls and little bells, which they prized very highly; because these were things they had never aeen. They 70 TBH BOCK for this rock of Acoma could not possibly be scaled by any other than a native. iBut our expedition must hurry as it has quite an expanse of territory yet to go over. The next town visited was Tiguex, now known as Bernalillo, a few miles north of Albuquerque; and you will appreciate 72 AI.ONG THE PECOS VALLEY. , the account of this first visit in the language of the old chronicler: "From here, (Acoma), we went to a province called Tiguex, three days distance. The people came out peaceably, seeing that Whiskers was with us. These men are feared throughout aU these provinces. Alverado sent messengers back from here to advise the general to come and winter in this country. The general was not a little reheved to hear that the country was growing better. Five days from here we came to Cicuye or Pecos, the last of the walled cities toward the east. It was a very strong vUlage four stories high. The people came out from the viUage with signs of joy to welcome Alvarado and their captain brought us into town with drums and pipes, something like flutes, of which they had a great many. They made many presents of cloth and turquoises, of which there are quantities in that region. We enjoyed ourselves here for several days and talked with an Indian slave, a native of the country toward Florida, which is the region Don Fernando de Sota discovered. This fellow said that there were large settlements in the further part of the country, so Alvarado took him to guide them to the cows; but he told us of many and such great things about the wealth of gold and silver in his country that he did not care about looking for cows, but returned after he had seen some few, to reporb the rich news to the general. We called this Indian "Turk" because he looked like one." This town of Acnye i.s located about forty miles soutiieast of Santa Fe and twenty miles southwest of Las Vegas, THE INDIAN "tURK." 73 and shows on the map as "Pecos." From here Alvarado returned bacli: to Berna- lillo, where the general and the main part of the ariny were now encamped. The Indian, "Turk," was taken along so as to tell his story about the rich country of his nativity. .Up to this time the expedition had failed to discover any nation rich in gold and silver, and many tales had promised the thing for which men, then as now, would sell their very souls, which are more precious than the fool stuff; so is there any wonder that these men were ready and willing to risk their lives, when it was held out that they would re- ceive gold and silver, which would be "Free Silver" in the true sense of the word, i. e., free to them if they could get their hands upon it; and they cared not whether it was coined free; all they wanted was the opportunity to appropriate it to their own use. Alverado returned to Tiguex, taking with him "Turk," so that he could recite his wonderful story of QuiviKA. On reaching Tiguex the native of Quivira was taken into the presence of Coronado and his officers, and retold his story of the great cities of the province of Quivira, of the the immense number of "humped cows," deer, turkey and numerous other game, of a river (Missouri), two leagues wide, in which there were fishes as big as horses and large numbers of canoes with more than twenty rowers on a side, fitted out with sails, having a poop under awn- ings for their lords, and with the prow adornecl by a great golden eagle. He said everyone had the ordinary dishes made of gold. He called the gold "Acochis," but more particularly that gold and silver 74 THE Kansas' INDIAN guide, was very plentiful. This made the Spaniards crazy with the desire to restch the goal of gold. The seven cities of Cibola had been exploited and found wanting, hence became eclipsed by the promise of wealth in this promising country, Quivira. So all was ex- citement when the general announced his intention of personally conducting an expedition with the whole of his army to the new province of Quivira and camp was struck April 23rd, 1541. Most of the sol- diers still had visions of wealth untold. The army was guided by Turk, a Pawnee, and another Indian named by the Spaniards "Ysopete," who was a Kansas Indian, having been captured and brought to Bernalillo. It is known for certain tiiat they went thr'ough the city of Pecos, and assuredly they traversed the south bank of the Canadian river in TexaSj until they reached a point east of the town of Mora in the Indian Territory. The river was crossed here, and inasmuch as the Indian guides had bwt their bearing they then went nearly due north aatil th«y reached Barber County, Kansas; from whence they traveled northeast until a point was reached somewhere near Hutchinson, or about fifty miles northwest of Wichita. SEVENTH. America was discovered in J8al)ella's reign; Spun for gain conquests did maintain; Her biiccaneers plied the Spanish Main, Now hef acquisitions are only in name; But i&vUe without gain is very tame; Here's to Alfonso XIII, is the U. S. rcfralc - ilHAKESPEARE flourished and wrote about fifty years after Coronado's expedi- tion, and the clergy, literary people, and those of .the^bigh!0st.«tandaM of -morality now quote the author of Hamlet, Merchant of Venice, Venus and Adonis, and also the I^s- sionate Pilgrim without blushing. The literature of the sixteenth century was not what it is in the early part of the twentieth century. The following was written at the time and by those who were through Kansas. It would not do to put into print some of the unnsuail incidents recorded by the men who were with Ooronado, for then this work might be refused by the Postal authorities as being obscene. It would require too much space to recite verba- tim the original, bat in order tliat the reader may have some conception of titie habits and laoTals of the 76 INDIANS LIKE GIANTS. Indians who inhabitated Arizona, New Mexico, Cali- fornia, and Kansas we herewith produce some ex- tracts from the United States Government records: It was on the Coast of California where the fol- lowing incident is recorded. "After going 150 leagues they came to a province of exceedingly tail and Strong men — ^like giants. They are naked and Uve in large straw cabins built under ground, like smoke houses, with only the straw roof above ground. They enter these at one end and come out at the other. More than a hundred persons, old and young, sleep in one cabin. When they carry anything they place it upon their heads, and in this manner they can carry a load of three or four hundred pounds. Once our men wished to fetch a log for the fire and six men were unable to carry it, and one of these Indians is reported to have come and raised it in his arms, put it on his head alone, and carried it easily. (In a note, the strength of the people is verified by Sir Francis Drake, who visited the coasts of California.) Wlien Don Pedro de Tovar arrived there (Sonora), he found that the natives had killed a soldier with a poisoned arrow, which had made only a little wound in one hand. Several soldiers went to the place where this hap- pened to see about it, and they were not well received. A force seized the chiefs of the village, but after- wards th^y were exchanged for some thread and cloth and other things which the soldiers needed. Finding them.sclvcs free, they, renewed the war and made an attack. _ As they were strong and had poisoned arrows tiiey killed ,several of the Spaniards and wounded others, so that they died on the way back.- THE QUERECHOS OR CX3MANCHES. 77 They retired toward the town, arid if they had not had Indian allies' from the country of Hearts, it would have gone worse with them. They got back to town, leaving seventeen soldiers dead from poison. They would die in aigony from only a small wound, the bodies breaWng out with an insupportable pestilen- tial stink." "After ten days more they came to some settle- ments of people who lived like Arabs £i,nd who are called Querechos in that region. They had seen the cows for two days. These folks live in tents made of the tanned skins of the cows. They travel around ■ near the cows, killing them for food. They did noth- ing unusual when they saw our army, except to come out of the tents to look at us, after which they came to talk to the advance guard and asked who we were. The general talked v?ith them, but they had already talked with the Turk, who was with the advance guard;' they agreed with what he had said. That they were intelligent is evident from the fact that although they conversed by means of signs they made themselves understood so well that there was no need of an interpreter. Tliey' said that there was a very large river over toward where the sun came from, and that one could go along this river through an inhabited region for ninety days without a break from "settlement to settlement. They said that the first of these settlements Was called Haxa, and that .. the river was more than a league wide and that there were many canoes upon it. These folks started off from here next day with a lot of dogs which dragged their possessions. For two days, during which th -:; 78 YBOPBSB VKK KAXBAR. wmy vartheA in the puae dar«gfi(m as fbot in ti^eb they hiftd eome from the eettteilBfiats-Hliet in,b^lm^tia the north »bcI' eeet, hot iiM««, towwrd tiie norj^r— they BMr other roaming Qnercehoe igtikd »ooh grisst nnBLber«of cows that it alreedy seemed something Incredible. These people gave a great deal, of infor- mation about settlements, all toward the east from where we were. Here Don Garcia broke his arm and a Spaniard got lost who went off hunting so far that he was unable to return to camp, because the country is very level. The Turk said it was one or two days to Haya (Haza). The general sent Captain Diego Lopes with ten companions lightly equipped and a guide to go out at full speed toward the sunrise for two days and discover Hetxa, and then return to meet the army, which set out in the same direction next day. . They came across so .many animals that those ;whp were on the advance guard.killed a large number of bulls. As these fled they trampled one another in their haste until they came to a ravine. So many of the animals feU into this that they filled it up and the rest went across on top of them. The men who were chasing them on horseback fell in among the animals without noticing where they were going. Three of the horses that fell in among the cows, all saddled and bridled, were lost sight of completely, "There was another native of Quivira with the army, a painted Indian named Ysppete, This Indian declared that ToFk waa lying and on account of this the army paid no attention to him, and even now, although he said ^at the Qaerechos had con- sulted with him', Ymipcte was not believed." A BEAUTIFUL INDiAK OmL. 79 "They found an Indian girl here who was aa white as a Castilian lady, except that she had her chin painted like a Moorish woman. In general they all paint themselves in this way here, and they decorate their eyes." "Prom here the general sent out to explore the country and they found another settlement four days from here .... The country was well inhabited, and they had plenty of kidney beans and prunes like those of CastUe, and tall vineyards. These village settlements extended for three days. This was called Cona. Some Teyas, as these people are called, went with the army from here and traveled as far as the end of the other settlements with their packs of dogs, women and children, and then they gave them guides to proceed to a large ravine where the army was. They did not let these guides speak with the Turk and did not receive the same statements from these as they had from the others. These said that Quivira was toward the north £tnd that we would not find any good road thither. After this they began to believe Ysopete. l''he ravine which the army had now reached was a league wide from one side to the other, with a little bit of a river at the bottom, and there were many groves of mulberry trees near it, and rosebushes with the same sort of fi'uit that tliey have in ^France. They made verjuice from the unripe grapes at this ravine, although there were rijje ones. There were walnuts and the same kind of fowls as in New Spain,, and large quantities of prunes like those of Castile. During this journey a Teyas was seen to shoot a bull right through both shoulders with an 80 HOW NATIVE WOMEN DRESS. arrow, which would be a good shot for a musket. These people are very intelligent; the women are well made and modest. Tliey cover their whole body. They wear shoes and buskins made of tanned skin. The women wear cloaks over their small petticoats, with sleeves gatherd up at the shoulders, aJl of skin, and some wear something like little sanbenitos with a fringe, which reached half way down the thigh and over the petticoat." "It was estimted that during this fortnight they IriUed 500 buUs. The number of these that were there without any cows was something incredible. Many fellows were lost at that time who went out hunting and did not get back to the army for two or three days, wandering about the country as if they were crazy, in one direction or another, not knowing how to get back where they started from, although this ravine extended in either direction so that they could find it. Every night they took account of who was missing, fired guns and blew trumpets and beat drums and built great fires, but yet some of them went off so far and wanderd about so much that aU this did not give them any help, although it helped others. The only way was to go back where they had killed an animal and start from . there in one direction and another untU they struck the ravine or fell in with somebody who could put them on the right road. It is worth noting that the country there is so level that at midday, after one has wandered about in one direction and another in pursuit of game, the only thing to do is to stay near the game quietly until sunset, so as to see where the sun goes down, and INDIAN FEMALES PAINT. 81 even then they have to be men who are practiced to do it. Those who are not, had to trust themselves to \others." \ "The women paint their chins and eyes like the Moorish women of Barbary. They drink wine made of the pitahaya, which is the fruit of a great thistle which opens like the pomegranate. The wine makes them stupid. They make a great quantity of pre- serves from the tuna; they preserve it in a large amount of its sap vrithout other honey. They make bread of the mesquite, like cheese, which keeps good for a whole year. There are native melons in this country so large that a person can carry only one of them. They cut these in. slices and dry them in the sun. They are good to eat and taste like figs and are better than dried meat; they are very good and sweet, keeping for a whole year when prepared in this way. "In this country there was also tame eagles which the chiefs esteemed to be something fine. No fowls of any sort were seen in any of these vlilages except in this valley of Suya, wL j re fowls like those of Cas- tile were found. Nobody could find out how they came to be so far inland, the people being aU. at war with one another. Between Suya and ChicilticaHi there are many sheep and mountain goats with very large bodies and horns. Some Spaniards declare that they have seen flocks of more than a hundred together, which ran so fast that they disappeared very quickly." "Cibola has seven cities. The largest is called Macaque. Tiie houses are ordinarily three or four stories high, but in Macque there are houses with 82 HOW THE WOMEN DRESS. four and seven stories. These people are very mtel- ligenlj. They cover their privy parts and all the im- modest parts with cloths made hke a sort of table napkin, with fringed edges and a tassel at each corner, which they tie over the hips. They wear long robes of feathers and of the skins of hares, and cotton blankets. The women wear blankets which they tie or knot over the left shoulder, leaving the right arm out. These serve to cover the body. They wear a neat, well-shaped outer garment of skin. They gather their hair over the two ears, making a frame which looks like an old-fashioned head-dress." The city next described was located where Ber- nalillo, Bernalillo County, New Mexico, now stands. "Tiguex is a province with twelve villages on the banks of a large, mighty river: some villages on one side and some on the other side. It Is a spacious valley two leagues wide, and a very high, rough, snow- covered mountain chain lies east of it. There are seven villages in the ridges at the foot of this, four on the plain and three situated on the skirts of the mountain. "There are seven villages seven leagues to the north at Quirix, and the seven villages of the province of Hemes are forty leagues northeast to Acha, and four leagues southeast to Tutahaco, a province with eight villages. In general, these villages all have the same habits and customs, although some have some things in particular which the others have not. They are governed by the opinions of the elders. They all work together to build the villages, the women being engaged in making the miztnre (or the walls, while ^e men . Vring titie wood Rad put i|) in plaro. Whay have Ba lime, but they make a mixture of ashes, ooaXJes itpd dirt, wbioh ie ftLmost ss mortar, for when the hotise is to have four otories, they do not make the waJls more than haJf a yard thick. They gather a great pile of twigs of thyme and sedge grass and set it afire, and when it is half coals and ashes they throw a quantity of dirt and water on it and mix it all together. Tliey make round balls of this, which they use instead of stones after they are dry, fixing them with thb same mixture, which comes to be like a stiff clay. Before they are married the young men serve the whole village in general, and fetch the wood that is needed for use, putting it in a pile in th6 court-yard of the villages, from which the women take it to carry to their houses. ITiey gather a great quantity of brushwood and dry it to use for cookiBg all through the year. There are no fruits good to eat in the country except the' pine liiits. They have their preachers. Sodomy is not found among them. They do not eat human flesh nor make sacrifices of it. The people ar6 not cruel, for they had Francisco de Ovando in Tigueix about fox-ty days after he was dead, whole and without any other wound except the one that killed him, white as snow, without any bad smell. I found out several things about them from one of ouF I4dians, who had been a captive among them for a whole year. I asked him especially for the reason why the young women in the province went entirely naked, however cold it might be, and he told me that the virgl^i^ had to go around this way until t^ey txrak abusband and that they covered theinselves after 84 ' . THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY. , they had known man. The men here wear little skirts of tanned deer sidn and their long robes over this. In aJl these provinces they have earthenware glazed with antimony, and jars of extraordinary labor and workmanship, which are worth seeing." "When any man wishes to marry, it has to be arranged by those who govern. The man has to spin and weave a blanket and place it before the woman, who covers herself with it and becomes his wife. The houses belong to the women, the 'estufas' to the men. If a man repudiates his woman he hr.s to go to the estufa. It is forbidden for. womc-ii to sleep in the estufas, or to enter these for any purpose except to give their husbands or their sons soma- thing to eat. The men spin and weave. The vrori-ioii bring up the children and prepare the food. T!: j countryis so fertile that they do not have to break ir) the ground the year round, but only have to sow the seed, which is presently covered by the fall of sno',7, and the ears come up under the snow. In one year they gather enough for seven. A very large number of cranes and wild geese and crows and startlings live on what is sown, and for all this, when they come to sow for another year, the fields are covered with corn which they have not been able to finish gathering. "There are a great many fowls in these provinces and cocks with great hanging chins. "When dead, these keep for sixty days, and longer in winter, with- out losing their feathers or opening, and without any bad smell; and the same is true of dead men. Their virgins also go nude until they tal?e husbands, be- DESCRIPTION OP BUPFA1.0ES. , 85 *' i ■ ' cause they say that if they do anjrthing wrong then it will be seen, and so thfey do not do it. They do not heed being ashamed because they go around as they were born." .—,^^: — . ' "There are a great number of wolves on these plains, which go round with the cows. ' They have white skins. The deer are pied with white. Their sMn is loose, so that when they are Idlled, it can be puUed ofE , with the hand while warm, coming off like pigskin. The rabbits, which are very numerous, are so foolish that those on horseback killed them with their lances. This is when they are mounted amanj the cows. They fly from a person on foot. "Now that I wish to describe the appearaiiso of the bulls, it is to be noticed first that there was not one of the horses that did not take flight when he S3,v/ them first, for they have a narrow short face, the brow two palms across from eye to eye, the eyes sticking out. of the side, so that when they are run- ning, they can see who is following them. They hare very long beards like goats and when they are run- ning they throw, their heads back with the beard dragging on tlie ground. There is a sort oi gLifclle round the middle of the bodj. The haii i;3 very woolly, like a sheep's, very fine, and in front of the girdle the hair is very long and rough as a hon's. They have a hump, larger than a camel*s. The horns are short and thick, so that they are not seen much above the hair. In May they change the hair in the middle of the body for a down, which makes perfect lions of them. They rub against the smaU trees in the Httle ravines to shed their hair, and they continue M A VBRY hSyjBlj COUNTRY. tM« until only the down is left, as a snalf e eh^^ti* hl8 skm. When they run, they carry it »rect like a Btiorpion. It is worth notidng that the little calTes are red and just like ours, but they change their col- or and appearance with time and age. "Another strange thing was that all the bulls that were killed had their left ears slit, although these were whole when young. The reason lor this was a puzzle that could not be guessed. The wool ought to make good cloth on account of its fineness, although the color is not good, because it is the color of beryl. "Another thing worth noticing is that the bulls traveled without cows, in such large numbers that nobody could haye counted them, and so far away from the cows that it was more than forty leagues from where we began to see the bulls to the place where we began to see the cows. !I!he country they traveled over was sO level and sinobth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs, so that if some of them were at a distance they looked like smooth-trunked pines whose tops jointed, and if there was only one bull, it looked as if there were four pines. When one was near them it was impossible to see the ground on the other side of them. The reason for all this was that the country seemed as round as if a man should imagine himself in a three-pint measure, and could see the sky at the edge of it, about a cross-bow shot from him; and even if a man only lay down on his back he lost sight of the ground." . "Tlie country is so level that men became lost MARCO POLO. 87 •when tliey went off half a league. One horseman was lost who never reappeared, and two horsed, all Sad- dled and bridled, which they never saw again. No track was left of where they went, and on this ac- count it was necessary to mark the road by which they went with the cow dung, so as to return, since there were no stones or anything else. Marco Polo, the Venetian, in his treatise, (chapter 15), relates and says that he saw the same cows with the same sort of hump; and in the same chapter he says that there are sheep as big as horses, Nicholas, the Venetian, gave an account to Micer Pogic, the Florentine, in his sec- ond book, toward the end, which says, that in Ethio- pia they have oxen with a hump, like camels, and they have horns three cubits long, and they carry their horns up over their backs, and one of these horns makes a wine pitcher. Marco Polo (in chapter 134), says, that in the country of the Tartars, toward the north, they have dogs as large or little smaller than asses. They harness these into a sort of cart and with these enter a very miry country, aU a quag- mire, Ivhere other animals cannot enter and come out without getting submerged, and on this account they take dogs. We found Indians among these first cows, who were on this ac<3ouht called Querechos by those in the flat-roof houses. They do not live in houses, but have some sets of poles which they carry with them to make some huts at the places where th^ stop, which serve them for houses. They tie these poles together at the top and stick the bottoms into ttiie ground, covering thelu with some cow-sMns which they carry around, and wMeh, as I have said, 88 WHAT THE OLD CHRONICLERS SAID- serve them for houses. From MtfheAi was learned of these Indians, all their human needs are supplied by these cows, for they are fed and qlothed and shod from these. They are a people who wander arouiid here and there, wherever seems to them best. We went on for eight or ten days in the same direction, along these streams which are among the cows. The Indian who guided ns from here was the one that had given us ilie news about Quivira and Arache, (or Ara- hei), and about its being a very rich country with much gold and other things, and he and the other one from that country I mentioned, to which we were going, and we found these two Indians in the flat-roof villages. It seems, that as the said Indian wanted to go to his own country, he proceeded to teU us what we found was not true, and I do not know whether it was on this account or because he was counselled to take us into other regions by confusing us on the road, although there are none in all this region except those of the cows. We understood, hoAvcver, that he was leading us away from the route we onght to fol- low and that he wanted to lead us on to those plains where he had led us, so that we would eat up the food, and both ourselves and our horses would be- come weak from the lack of this, because if we should go either backward or forward in this condition, we crJ.d not make any resistance to whatever they ;n' ■ .': wish to do to us. From the time when, as I K:;. ,'. T,e entered the plains, and from this settlement (vf Querechos, he led us off more to the east, until we cttine to be in extreme need from lack of food; and as the other Indian, who was his companion and also LOST ON THE PLAINS. 89 from Ms country, saw that he was not taking ua where we ought to go, since we had always followed the guidance of Turk, for so he was caEed instead of his, he threw himself down in the way, making a sign that although we cut off his head we ought not to go that way, nor was that our direction. I beheve we had been traveling twenty days or more in this direction, at tlie end of which we found another set- tlement of Indians of the same sort and way of living as those behind, among whom there was an old blind man with a beard, who gave us to understand by signs which he made, that he had seen four others like us many days before whom he had seen near there and rather more toward New Spain. And so we understood him, and I presumed that it was Dor- antes and Cabeza de Vaca and those whom I have mentioned." These portions are recited so that the historical part of the expedition may be authoritatively known. The scholarly men who compiled the volume from which the citations are given, spared no labor in the compilation of the work for the United States Govern- ment. It expended a large amount of money in paying the numerous ethnologists, who put in years of re- search on the subject. You note that the Spaniards frequently speak of Indians they came across while going through Texas and Indian Territory. They are called Querechos, and the compilers of the Govern- ment's two volumes, in a note, say these were the Ck>manches; also the Spaniards have mentioned the Teyas Indians who were enemies of the Querechos. May not this name '"Teyas" be the origin of Texas? 90 freedom! glorious FREEDOM! There is as much similarity as "Cansas" to (Kansas. This subject will be commented upon further. The great explorer and commander with Ms whole force has arrived at the south bank of the Arkansas river, and he can plainly see that the army is becoming discouraged, owing to the lack of proper and wholesome food. There was no dearth of meat, for as you have been Informed, the army was hardly out of the sight of the immense herds of buffalo, deer and antelope; but meat for breakfast and the same for dinner and ditto for supper would become somC' what monotonous. But the general was determined to test the truth of Turk's statements; hence he resolved to select thirty of his best horemen and six foot soldiers and make a dash for the goal — not the pole as is often done in arctic explorations. Is there any wonder that Coronado determined to see the end? Those who saw the prairies of Texas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma and Kansas only fifty years bafoce they commenced to be settled to any extent, KNOW w'.oat a fascination the country had for them. It mattered not to the early Kansas settler that the grasshopper ate up his corn, wheat, and in fact, all green vegetation, or that it was blasted by hot winds or dried up for the want of rain; yet he loved the country and even if he was compelled to leave his homestead for a few years because of the failure of crops, he would pine for "home" and would return. ITiere was something exhilarating in the sunshine; the air was pure and resembled that of the ocean; and last but not least, he felt a freedom which is inexplicable and incomprehensible to those who have not ez- 'ptnAtxuBitA the iddasurAble aeiiMtioa. ' And then thi* man, Coronado, was ho foot, he lautw a fine coantr j, and for ilo other reason, he was sure it would make as rich an agricnltuTal country as l^ain, and he writes the King and Viceroy Mendoza. He knew from the calculations of the men whose reckoning was to step— step every foot of the way traveled, countin$<; each stride, so as to make a scientific report, that he was some place near the 37th degree North latitude; this line which is the boundary of Kansas will, if followed directly east, pass near the soutii line of Spain in Europe. He told of the rich soil, the beautiful climate, the streams skirted with timber. Mind you, he reached the Arkansas June 29th, that being St. Peter and Paul's Day. The river has that h!anie to commemorate the day. This period of the year is, without doubt, the finest for giving a favor- able impression of that country. ■• !Presto change! The Don traversed Oklahoma and Kansas in 1541, yet not untn 350 years afterward, 1889, did the astute Yankee discover that this land was valuable for homes; and just let us paint a picture of what took place in the year of our Lord, 1889, over the very ground which Coronado's army passed: It is April 22nd, at noon, 1889. All along the southern boundary of Kansas, soldiers keeping them from crossing the line, are arranged thousands of men and women who are waiting for a cannon to boom as the signal, which is the Government of the United States' word "Go," as if it was a rase for life. Some are on race horses, others are riding mules, others in wagons; some in buggies, many on foot; 92 THE OKLAHOMA "rUN." most of whom have bpen enduring, hardships for days and perhaps week? — all for the sake of procur- ing 160 acres of land at the nominal price of $1.25 per acre. Talk about the greed of the Spaniard; and djsr regard for the rights of the natives in the year 1541! Iliose who saw and took part in that memorable "run" for a claim in Oklahoma can testify to the bru- tality and craze of the average "boomer"; they wera like animals, and all for the right to procure a piece of land which for 350 years had been considered of no value. Another thought: Many of the horses which made the race so that his rider could be the first to stand on a quarter-section of land, thus entitling him to the right of possession by reason of his being the first occupant, was an offspring of some of the Span- ish mares which were left in the country in the year 1541, they being called "Indian ponies,"' "Texas ponies," "Broncos," "Cayugas," etc. Those who have had the satisfaction to view the magnificent country all along the Arkansas river, as well as north and south thereof, do not have to stretch their imagi- nations to seethe pleasure experienced by those early discoverers. A man would be a chunk of wood who could not be impressed vfith the grandeur of the scene — beautiful, level land, verdure as green and lux- uriant as any to be seen in the world, not excepting Spain or Italy; for the comparison has been made, that if it were possible for the inhabitants of the eastern half of Kansas to be put to sleep and then be transported to Italy without being aware of tiie change of location, on awakening they would not be able to discern the difference in the crops, trees and CAMPED ON THE ARKAXSxlS. 93 vegetjitioii. Take the production of core, in (lie quality and quantity of whicli Kansas frequently exciels. "aH others, and compare the little puny corn fields in Italy, and particularly, the size of the ears. That grown in Italy is about seven inches long and the Kansas ear is a foot long and -wiD %veig-h twice as much. And so it is with wheat, in which she sur- passes aU other states or countries; her ilour now excels all others and is sought after by all European countries. Then, her cattle and hogs furnish rations for the armies ot the world and her horses wUl com- pare favorably with those of any other state or country. You have often read of the extraordinary, incom- parable, romantic blueness of the Italian sky. Poets and artists work themselves up to a pitch of ecstacy in their fervor and enthusiasm when describing the softness and beauty of Italy's canopy. Bah! the Sunflower State can go her one better. The forgoing digression was prompted so as to prove that Coronado was a proi-ihct, when he put on record that Quivira, (Kansas), had "fat black soil" and. that all the products of Spain would grow here." Of course, you are aware that quite a number of priests were with the army. They were aU good Catholics,, whose sole purpose was to convert the heathen natives to Christianity, and they must be accorded just credit for their rectitude in the interest of humanity. So when the camjj was made on the afternoon of June 29, 1541, after an opportunity was given the men to bathe in the river, religious services were held; after which the general held a 94 THE INTREPID THIBTYSIX. council of officers to obtain an expresaioa of faift command what tras best to do. After eonsiderabla dtscussion it tras decided that mrtj horsemen and. 9ix foot soldiers should proceed oa to the cities of Quivira, but that the main body should retrace their steps toward Tigaex to awaii the return of the general, who was to personally conduct the diminished expedition.. Of course, there were more than the tiiirty-siz soldiers, for since reaching the plains numerous Indians had been seen and now there arc several besides Turk and Ysopete who know the country well. EIGHTH. You may preach, And you can pray; But if you're too gay,. The Lord will say: "Out of my way; You've gone astray." So "repent today," Is the miiistrel's lay. IRE YOU getting impatient, dear reader, to get word from Alonso and Monte? You have been informed that Alonso was your hero, and yet he has not been heard from, notwithstanding he has come all. the way from ComposteUa to the River Saint Peter and Paul's. But rest assured, he has not been idle, mentally or physically, for he has taken part in every skirmish or battle with the Indians and has had various experiences during the sixteen months since theexpeditionleft the rraidezvous, which would fill a book, sixteen months passed in the hum drum of the average business does not count for much, but this period of time spent in going , through such numerous and often ■ xlangerons ' 96, KANSAS HAS 82,080 SQUARE MILES. experiences, as were encountered by Alonso, is a horse of another color. He is in the prime of his manhood; his strength of character has been tested; many times temptations of all descriptions have been resisted; his mother might be proud of her darling boy and his father would compare him with the chivalrous Cid of old; and She, whose beautiful face and figure was ever present, would be justified in worshiping him as her idol, for he was aU that she could desire; and by telepathic communication trans- mitted over cupid's relays, batteries and sounders, through the invisible conductor erected in the Heavens by the Great Inventor, and Promoter, — she is sanguine in her own mind of her lover's faithfulness and fidelity; arid on his part, he has been rewarded for his constancy by a sensation so pleasurable that thoughts of Heaven could not possibly surpass it. One of the secrets in hfe was early learned by our Jaero, not to despise others occupying a position below him; for in his youth he frequently discovered some person who could give him information acquired by experience, such as those in ' his own station in life knew nothing about; he had been often entertained "by an old servant in his father's employ, who had seen much service; the old man had schooled his young master how to care for himself during ^^the tedious and trying march, and now he was cognizant that the old fellow knew whereof he was advising. So Monte was counselled to make friends with a few •of the best Indian servants, and more particularly to cultivate the acquaintance of the Quivira Indian, Yaopete; and frequently would Alonso, Monte and VSOPETE, THE KANSAN. 97 Ysdpete commune together discussing the difS-culties which were to be overcome; for the Quivira Indian had traversed the country when he was captured on the plains and brought to the mountains. Alonso and Monte made it a point to treat the Quivirian kindly and, more than that, meted out substantial benefits to him in the way of comforts; which to this plains Indian were delicious luxuries, and hence he would have devoted his life to his Spanish and Mex- ican friends; and all through the expedition the two - received many benefits by the sagacity and nobleness of the poor slave Indian, which repaid them many fold. Of course, up until the time when the army left Tiguex in February, 1541, our two young men did not have the advantage of the experi- ence of Ysopete. It was only after they left for th6- great cities of Quivira that he became their slave by choice. -But Alonso found himself very advanta- geously situated from the first day of the expedition, owing to the acquaintance of Monte with the natives^ for many of the chiefs had known his father, and the fact of his sire having been a great chief, they natur- ally respected his son; so frequently Alonso saw things which even Coronado never had any knowl- edge of and which would have been undiscovered by our hero had it not been for his servant Monte. All through the narratives written by the men whose province it was to record the history of the exploring party it is noted how frequently Spaniards died from a slight woundj because the arrow or spear which inflicted it was poisoned. Monte knew that the mountata tribes used this poison for he had been 98 POISONED AliEOWS. I SO advised by his tutors and he had some inkling tlial) they had an antidote but the nature of which was unknown to him, so he resolved that it would be one of the first things he must discover to demonstrate his regard and solicitude for the welfare of his kind master, for early in the trip he found how serious it was to be injured in the slightest manner; in fact, it was sure death, and more Spaniards died on this memorable expedition through its means than by all other causes. As before stated Cibola, or the first of the seven cities, which were originally the projective points of the army, was, according to Castenada, captured on July 7th, 1540. The natives when they first saw the Spaniards arrayed before their waUed city, con- cluded to resist, but they were defeated. There is a detailed account of this affair in the translations, but some things are left for future writers to describe. When the Indians discovered that the invaders were about to defeat them, they shut themselves up in their strong rooms. During the night the victor- ious army entered part of the stronghold'.,' It is here we wish to pick up the story of our hero's exploits. Of course, Monte took no part in the fight, his duty was to care for his master's outfit and be ready to care for him in case of accident, but Monte knew the principal chief of the city and succeeded in reaching him during the night by the aid of a friendly native, who was a citizen of Cibola. The chief had confidence in the scion of royalty and propounded many ques- tions to the young man relative to the action bf^the Spaniards under Cortes when he deposed his father. A SECRET DIVULGED. 99 How else could the young man answer other than to tell the truth, which was derogatory to the Span- iards? Many things were talked about, and the advice given by Monte to the chief was to the effect that he and his people had better make their escape. During the interview Monte informed the chief of the nobleness of his master, and asked the chief to con- fide to him the remedy for curing a wound made by a poisoned arrow so that he could save his master should he get hurt. The chief hesitated, but the ear- nestness of his young friend and the fervor and friendship displayed for his young master, struck the Indian chief as being so commendable that he agreed- to impart the information, if Monte would take a sol' emn oath to never divulge the remedy to any other person; and that he was only to use it upon himself and others who were dear to him. Of course Monte gladly assented to the stipulation. Then the chief informed him how they proceeded to make theiy missiles so deadly. "If we cannot pro- , cure rattlesnake's venom, the most deadly poison then the next best thing is to allow hver to decom- pose, to which may be added crushed tarantulas and scorpions; then we take the spines of the cactus and mix them in with grease. This wUl cause much irri- tation of the wound. But for any of these, and par- ticularly for the rattlesnake venom, the juice of the quince apphed is the only known cure." So from that hour Monte resolved to never be without some of the remedy, and thus he saved his master's hfe. But you naturally exclaim, what part did Alonso take in this first assault? His conduct was so con- 100 HEROISM OF ALONSO. spicuous that Coronado commended him in private. Not only was he brave but cautious. Frequently by his foresight did he save the life of some individual officer or soldier. These natives were not cowards by any means,. but when it is taken into consideration that they had never heard a gun fired, is there any won- der that they did not withstand the onslaught? Can you draw upon your imagination and picture a line of men in armor; riding animals which you have never seen before in your Ufe rushing toward you, crying out in a strange language, and before reaching you throwing something from an instrument which came so swiftly toward you that the little missile would strike you or your friend so hard as to go through your flesh, tear and gash, so it caused you or them to fall, killed or badly hurt? What could such an un- known force be compared with? The Indians to a man were justified in the thought that the Spaniards were aided by the God of thunder and Ughtning, for would not the flash of the musket be the hghtning and the report be the thunder?. So at the very first volley, the poor dwellers of Cibola became panic stricken and rushed peU-mell into the narrow en- trance; the foot-soldiers not encumbered vrtth armor, attacking them whUe retreating, the heavily equipped horsemen following in the wake; and because of Alonso's light equipment and Babieca's careful grooming, Alonso was the first to reach the hand to hand melee. He sprang off his horse, and drawing his sword, assisted his comrades who had gotten mixed up in the throng of natives. Although retreat- ing they were using their heavy clubs on their assail- NEW THUNDER AND LIGHTNING. 101 ants. Domingo Martin and a fellow named Sanches were down, and numerous Indians were about to slay them with their weapons, when Alonso sprang into their midst flourishing his sword in the approved manner taught him by his old fencing master. The natives held their ground seeing so few of the enemy were really in their midst, and ceasing to notice the prostrate soldiers, concentrated their efforts upon the new arrival, who although outnumbered yet because of his_ superior skill in the use of the keen three-feet-six highly burnished Grenada blade, was able to protect the fallen men from further injury. But the helmet of our hero received several dents as weU as his body armor, and when lie found the throng becoming too numerous, he drew from his belt the "dag," that all cavaliers carried, which upon being discharged at close range, emitting fire and smoke, so awed the inexperienced Indians that they turned and ran, thinking the evil spirit was on the side of the invaders. Take your watch in hand, now raise your good right arm, then locate the little min- ute hand, and now in fancy think you are holding in your hand a sword, then pretend that you are slash- ing at a foe and keep account of the number of times you lunge or strike. " In one minute it will be dis- covered to be somewhere in the neighborhood of fifty; so when it is stated that it was only a minute that Alonso stood in the seething mass of retreating In- dians, yet in such a position it is a very long time. Not only did he save the lives of his two comrades, but when succor came he was the cause of cutting off the retreat of a score of Indians who were taken prisoners. 102, _ LIEUTENANT PERBa PRAISED, The commanding officer was early on the scene and saw the terrific work of Lieutenant Perez, as well as the aid extended to his two brave soldiers, and although he did not commend him on the spot, neither in public, yet in private he took tbe young man's hand and with a pressure and look which conveyed more than words, said; "I am proud of my f eUow townsman, and shall report to your kinsmen at home." That word, home, brought Her to his mind more vividly than anyone else. It was she whom he desired to please. Many precepts flashed through his ifiind of which she had told him, as tan^t in her Koran; and had she not informed him that one of the principles was to practice humility, when most successful? And if ever he should receive the adulations of princes or fawning followers, he was^to remember this precept of her ' religion, it was she who had informed our hero of the Christ- like demeanor of him who came 537 years after the Christian Son of God. Her prophet would not wear fine or costly raiment; he knew the necessity of frail humans avoiding the last upper round of the ladder of fame; he fully realized the scientific theory of balance and avoided the extreme ends, for a small thing put on the apex of Jacob's Stairway will cause it to lose its perpendicular — and so he stUl wore his camel- hair shirt, still lived in his unpretentious and humble dwelling, even at the time when the wealth of Asia was pouring iiito Medina. So Alonso schooled himself to that modesty of mien which denotes a man whose equilibrium is weU cultivated. Hence he avoided at this time becoming A WOMAN ON THE BRAIN. 103 conspicuous; but he ever had it in mind to rise to the occasion should the time ever present itself when it became requisite to do so. Alonso had the most trying experiences at Tiguex, at which point the Spanish army wintered during 1540 and 1541. In truth more grumbhng was heard among the soldiery and their servants than at any other time. Is it not a natural axiom which wall hold good the world over, that frigid weather without the proper clothing, and particularly without some nook into which one may crawl out of the piercing and nipping wind or stinging cold, will cause strong, vigorous, resolute men to get into their minds that Ufe is not worth living? And whenever a human being gives up and loses his courage upon becoming chUly and'numbed by reason of cold, he can easily lose his life, or contract some complaint which wOl cause trouble in the future. It must have been an exceptionally cold winter that season; for all the writers tell of the hardships experienced there. ■ The man who has been out in the wilds when the thermometer registered twenty or thirty degrees below zero, and particularly if the wind was blowing, knows what vim and energy it requires to keep from freezing the extremities. The toes, fingers, nose and ears are very susceptible. This may be read by persons who have not had the experience of encountering the extreme cold, and perhaps have never heard of the peculiar effect cold wUl have upoa the back of the head at the bump just above the necl/. It is the tenderest spot of all, and should a man expose that part, he will soon discover a peculiar sensation, 104 COLD BRINGS SLEEP, 'which no doubt is the principal cause of giving upj for the brain loses its activity and power to revolve kthe wheels and keep up the necessary friction of the Tbdcain that sends the message to the balance of the body; to be brave and not give up: for is it not a demonstrated fact known to all explorers and iaravelers in cold countries, that to give way to sleep under such conditions is certain death? Doctor Solander, one of the arctic explorers, whUe travhng in the intense cold, kept admonishing his men to not permit themselves to give way to sleep, and yet he himself laid down and the men were compelled to beat him and set him on his feet, running with him to induce will power, and during all this the commander fought and even tried to injure his men as he became crazy to go to sleep. It is told as a fact that two trappers were in the northern part of Canada, both inured to cold, and yet one day one of the men ob- served that his companion was becoming depressed in spirits ■ and intimated that he was sleepy; where- upon his mate knew from experience that somethlBg must be done quickly or he would be alone in the wilderness; so he struck the would-be sleeper a blow, cursed him for a coward, and did everything to rile him, to make him mad and fight. In this he finally succeeded, and after blows had been exchanged, the companion who was soUcitous of his friend's welfare, ' finally "called out for him to stop, and explained the reason for his attack; thus the man who was about to give up had his blood surging through his body and was alive in every sense of the word. But notwithstanding that the average soldier ,,LEAEN TO CARE FOR YOURSELF. „ 105 ' '"'' ' "was whini&g about the cold, Alonso and Monte were quite comfortable, for they not only realized the neoesalty of procuring . comfortable quarters for themselves, but their horse and mule must be housed; and, mind you, there were no stables in Tiguex; for, »lthough the natives of Cibola had during the twenty years of Spanish dominion of Mexico heard of the wonderful animal, yet they had no stables at that 'time; so our young men were obliged to erect a stable, which was done with the assistance of some natives. Then again our two young men, in their conduct towards the citizens of the village, were not arrogant or domineering, but gentle and kind both to the men and women, and it must be noted that the exemplary manner in which they acted toward the women folks soon spread; hence they yreve respected more than any i thers in camp, and of course this held more strongly with Alonso for he was a soldier and a gentleman. It was so rare for this class to be virtuous that th&se untutored natives showed their reverence for such conduct. History will bear out the statement that more travelers have lost their lives owing to the manner they permit their brute, natures to control their conduct toward the op- posite sex than by any other causes. Without doubt the circumnavigator of the globe. Captain Cook, was MUed by jealous men. If this is doubted, read the account of the captain's last sojourn witii the xiatives of the Hawaiian Islands on February 14, 1779. His men. did not wish to leave the country, they became so enamored with the native women, who were comely and attractive; and in fact, some did run ^ 106 ' VIRTUE REWAEDBD. away from the ship and remained. Taike the mutiny of the Bounty. This vessel was sent to Tahite in the Pacifie in 1787 by the British Government to collect plants. While the crew were gathering the cargo they took up with the females, and became so carried away that after they had left for home they concluded to mutiny; so putting in a boat the captain and eighteen of the men, the remainder returned to the island where they had left their en- chantresses. The Good Book appears to put the blame on the poor women but all honest, manly, pure men will have to concede that this is a mistake, at least in the year of Our Lord 1908. , Another incident happened while wintering at Tigues which showed the stuff of which Alonso was made. The commanding ofEicer demanded of the chief 300 cloaks, but he did not have that many: so the Spaniards went from viUage to village taking by force, if necessary, aU the cloaks they wanted, even compelling the natives to hand over the one which they might be wearing. This was only one of the incidents that caused the Indians to feel the yoke of the invaders. So unreasonable were the Spaniards that the natives would not have been men if they did not resist the ill treatment. But Alonso intimated to Coronado that if he Vv'as compelled to resort to steal- ing, — and he considered it nothing else, — ^that he would not remain with the expedition; he, therefore, tpo!^ no part in the raid for cloaks. This also made a f;\vorable impression on the natives, for they ob- .>f."'.'..'cl he was not wearing one of thetr^ garments. ^ * I L wtis after this episode that the Spasiardsso THE INDIANS FEEI> SPANISH YOKE. 107 exaisperated the Indians that they commenced to] make arrangments for the annihilation of theirj enemies, and in all probability they would have; succeeded but for Alonso ajid Monte. As before ^ stated Monte had friends among the natives. He made it a part of his duty to keep up and retain this ' good feeling in the interest of his beloved master. • not only for his protection, but he v^as able to obtain many articles of diet and comfort which the balance of the army did not procure. The last act which brought about the revolt of the subdued people was the lack of faith on the part of the Spaniards in not giving Whiskers his Uberty; for they had kept him as a hostage. This was the climax, and resulted in a secret arrangement between aD the villages for the purpose of driving the interlopers from their homes. Becaase Monte frequented the homes of some of the principal chiefs, also through his acquaintance with quite a number of Indians both of the village and among the army servants, he could not help but conclude that some secret move was on foot. There was no stir, in fact, there appeared to be a listless- ness and an abandonment to their fate; the purpose of which was to put the army off their guard. But Monte observed the under-current and informed his master of his suspicions. He was admonished by Alonso to keep a sharp look-out and report what he observed. Thus our young men had the advantage of the others, at least by being on their guard, but trouble came sooner than it was expected, for Monte had concluded nothing would be done until spring. 108 .A.NIMAL SAGAaiY. wMeh was several weeks hence. Don Eondrigo Maldorado was the 0^1 3er of the watch one night when at about the fourth watch, the natives thought to surprise the army; but Monte ever alert heard a strange and unusual noise. Had he been asked to define what it was, he could not have done so.; but even the prowling wild animals acted differently than usual; they knew there was some thing going on that was new for the night time; the wolves spoke in language which denoted they were disturbed; and Monte also heard the Indian dogs barking in unusual manner; then the birds and other game were restless; yet to the uninitiated, there was nothing starthng or strange about this condition of things. To him who makes a study of such matters, it was as good as a shout of warning. Your attention is called to frogs in summer, they wiU croak — croak— croak, but instantly you put in an appearance, how quickly they stop. If you have had any experience with pea fowls or guinea fowlsj they are the quickest to discover anything going on. It is axiomatic among farmers who have these birds, that no noise or strange object can be around them without their giving warning. When Monte concluded that aU nature was on the alert, he thought it meet that he should be like wise, so his master was quietly notified, and he with Monte thought best to be ready for any emergency. And it was well, for shortly afterwards Monte discovered hundreds of Indians stealthily approach- ing the camp. He ran to his master's tent, who was fully prepared, and even had his horse saddled. INDIANS DRIVEN INTO RIO GRANDE. 109 laskintly be gave the alarm, which was only a few minutes before the Indians came on with their linearthly yells. They did kiU several Spaniards, but were themselves driven into the Rio Grande, and to use the words of one who was present: "They were driven back with great slaughter until they came to the river where the water flowed swiftly and very cold. • They threw themselves into this, and as the men had come quickly from the whole camp to assist the cavalry, there were few who escaped being killed or wounded. Some men from the camp went across the river next day and found many of them who had been overcome by the great cold. They brought the.se, hack, cured them, and made sci^vants of them." There were a good many small fights between Tiguesandthe Arkansas; for the Indians of Texas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma harassed the expedition whenever a good opportunity afforded; but in every instance our hero conducted uimselfas becomes a brave soldier. ninth; A roan to advance Must have a, chance, So Judge not by appearance, But by the perseverance. BANDELIER is one of the principal au- thorities upon the route covered by Coro- nado. He vsrith General Simpson and Major Powell, agree that the troops first got into Kansas through Barber County. The old chroniclers teU of meeting some Indians before reaching the river St. Peter and Paul's, so it is here assumed that there was a vUiage located on the Medi- cine Lodge river, at the Junction of another stream. Those who have seen the beautiful country sur- rounding this town and consider the numerous water courses near by, cannot but admit that in all proba- bility here was the first of the Quivira villages seen in the province. Its location is about sixty miles from the Arkansas river. The derivation of names usually have a significance. Why have wt- a Medicine Lodge and a river of the same name'r There is no \ MUSICAL GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. .111 snch nomenclature in the Anglo-Saxon lamniacp It is not a violent presumption to assume that it is of Indian origin. It is authoritatively stated by Amer- ican historians that it was the Comanche and Texas Indians whom the Spaniards met through Texas, Indian Territory and the southern part of Kansas; so may not C!omanche County, adjoining Barber County, be the place where part of the tribe had a stopping place when hunting buffalo, or when on the war path with the Kansas, Pawnee, Missouri or Osage Indians? WhUe on the subject of names, it is interesting to contemplate these aboriginal ones. — To say the least, they are musical, if not poetical. The following are names of counties in Quivira: Pawnee, Shawnee, Pot- tawatomie, "Wabaunsee, Comanche, Wyandotte, Cher- okee, Cheyenne and Osage. Of course it must be acknowledged that the only ones which could possibly go back to the date of our history is Pawnee, Coman- che, and Osage. These were Indians of the plains at the time Coronado visited Kansas, the others are remainders of the various tribes brought to the state in the middle of the 19th century by the United States Government, and located on separate reserva- tions. Osage County, without a doubt, is named after the tribe of that name, which was surely located in that neighborhood when the first white man came to the Osage river. It was and is now an ideal stream for canoeing, at least, for about 200 miles above the con- fluence. Do you observe that the nine names of counties in Kansas above designated aU end with "e"? There are five more named after the emigrant tribes, making fourteen out of the 105 counties in Kansas 112 14 COUNTIES HAVE INDIAN NAMES. which bear Indian names. Since you are within the borders of Quivira, it becomes necessary to introduce you to tiie tribes which were there located. One peculiarity about the contemporaneous accounts of the expedition is that few, if any, of the Indian names are given as we know them now. All the men who gave accounts of their experiences frequently refer to the "Teyas" Indians, whom they met through Texas and Indian Territory; and yet it cannot be authoritatively stated, that the largest state in the Union is named after this tribe, because nothing extant bears this out. But, to say the least, is it not a remarkable incident that the only difference is changing the "y" to an "x" so that it reads now as "Texas"? Tlie Spanish pronunciation for this is "Ta-has," hence there needs very little stretch of the imagination to realize from whence came the name. Again, all along the route after reaching ttie plains, another tribe is very prominent, "Querechos." Coronado in a letter written to the King of Spain, dated October 20, 1541, telling of his first meeting with these people, said: "After nine days' march from Cicuye (Pecos, New Mexico), I reached the plains, and in seventeen days' march I came to a settlement of Indians who are called 'Querechos'." Taking fifteen mUes as an average day's march for the army, 145 mUes from Pecos, a lit- tle south of Las Vegas, would bring the expedition to some place in Oldham County, Texas, and here it was that the immense herds of buffaloes were first met. Again, if we take another eight days ' march from here, we will have reached about the jpoint where our ezplor- COMANCHES 367 YEARS AGO. 113 er wrote to the king that he first came across a Quere- chos village. Therefore, let us locate it within a few miles of Roberts County, Texas. If you will look at a map of New Mexico and Texas you wUl find the Canadian river runs for over two hundred miles nearly due west, and is surely an ideal, natural high- way for an army, since they would be able to procure water for themselves and animals, and there are few obstructions. From this place till the northeastern part of Kansas was reached, the travelers met natives quite frequently. According to the authorities this tribe of Quere- chos was that afterwards known as Comanche, and from Coronado's account of them they were nomads of the highest order; for here is what the great Spaniard said: "They travel around with these cows, who do not plant, and who eat the raw flesh and drink the blood of the cows they kill, and they tpin the skin of the cows, with which all the people of this country dress themselves here. They have little field tents made of the hides of cows, tanned and greased and very well made, in which they live while they travel around nea.r the cows, moving with these. They have dogs which they loaA, which carry their tents and poles and belongings. Thosr> people have the best figare.s of any that I havp snen in the Indies. They could not give me any account of the country where the guides were taking mo " There is one query which flushps through the mind when thinking of the dwellers in Quivira wher first discovered: How, came it that although there were two natives of this province with the expedition. 114 CHIEF OP "tATAPIRAX." Turk and Ysopete, yet nowhere do the Spaniards mention the names of the Indian tribes as they are nowlcnown. The question naturally arises: Are the Kansas, Osage, Pawnee, and Missouri tribes different from those who roamed on the prairies at the time of our story? It would seem that the two guides^ so long with the expedition, would have used the names of the tribes to which they belonged, so that those who wrote of the country and its people would have gotten somewhere near the pronunciation. But neither Coronada, Castaneda, De Sivola, Del Suceso Hakluyt nor JaramiUo, all of whose accounts have been carefuUy translated under United States supervision, make any mention of the varioiis tribal names; and, mind you, it is known for sure that the general and JaramUlo were two of the thirty horsemen who reached the north line of Kansas. They do recite the name of the principal chief of one village or villages. He is designated "Tatarrax, Chief of Harahey," By a stretch of the imagination, Harahey might be con- strued to mean Osage. Father Marquette, 129 years after the time of this story, explored the same terri- tory. He spelled this name "Oschage," which re- sembles the sound as now given. He also spelled the others as follows: "Kansa, Paniassa, (Pawnee), Quermessowrit, (Missouri)." If the name "Harahey" is changed to "Harshay," it sounds something like Osage. Coronado gives no information as to how many villages the various tribes had. Father Doriay states that in 1678 the Osages had "seventeen villages on a river of that name, which empties into that of the Missourites."' INDIAN SUMMER. 1.15 rhe history of Kansas gives sixteen different ways which early writers spelled the same. Most have the same phonetic sound. Here are some that would be difficult to distinguish if one did not know what it referred to: "Canceas, Cansez, Kansies, Konza; the v/ord meaning in Indian "Smoky". The derivation, in all probability, came from the peculiar atmospheric condition which prevailed in the fall of the year, which is still called by everyone "Indian Summer," there seeming to be smoke in the air. It was more pronounced when the state was first settled. The term will be handed down to posterity through the name, "Smoky Hill River." The reason for raising the point that the historians of our party failed to touch upon the names of the tribes, is because of a statement made by J. V. Brower, author of "Quivira", a magnificent- ly illustrated and highly artistic volume published by him in 1898. After careful research over several Indian villages, and particularly in a large one about two miles down the Kansas River from Manhattan, near the junction of the Kansas and Blue Rivers; visiting the ruins or location of others in Geary, Riley and Wabaunsee counties; and after the expend- iture of a large amount of energy and funds, he with the gentlemen of quivira Historical Society came to the following conclusion, as set forth on page 11 of Brewer's "Quivira: "First — ^Village sites of a more or less sedentary people who were quite permanently located on both sides of the Kansas River. They made and used earthen vessels and the most exquisitely chipped 116 EARLY INDIAN VILLAGES. specimens of flint implements: constructed mounds of stone and earth; and in some cases calcined the remains of the dead. "Second— Village sites of a wild and barbarous people who made very few, if any earthen vessels; and whose chipped flint implements are rudely and roughly made, and who infested the plains as hunters and warriors. "Third — ^VOlage sites which yield evidences that they were occupied alternately by people who widely differed in their customs and habits; the chipped im- plements of the first class and of the second class be- ing promiscuously intermixed over an identical field of observation." , As you wiU observe, the learned men who made careful research both above and under the soU, con- clude that there were plain indications of a higher race than the nomadic buffalo hunters. Of course, the Kansas, Osagej Pawnees and Missouris were the people who roamed over Quivira in 1673, when Father Marquette visited them, but bear in mind,, this was 129 years after the epoch here treated. That is a long time when comparisons are made. It is possi- ble, but not probable, that another people inhabited this region, and that they were conquered or driven out after the Spaniards were there; and that when the renowned French ecclesiastie visited the region, he gave the names of the invaders. Although it is now over 200 years since the reverend father drew his map of Quivira, or as he names it, "IJassin de la Floride," yet names by which he designated the var- ious tribes are still extant. TWO CENTS AN ACEEn 117 Q'be only way to comprehend the meaning of 129^ yeara is to draw upon history for events, and what is found to have taken place in the last 129 years right in the territory that is being described, makes interesting reading for the student of history. It belonged to Spain 129 years ago, then France got it; the next thing that happened, Napoleon sold it to the United States for the paltry sum of fifteen million dollars; but mind you, Louisiana comprised what would be equal to nearly eighteen states the size of Kansas, and in fact, it cost oiir astute and dear old Uncle Sam about two cents per acre! Who would not buy land at that price? It was just 100 years on September 25, 1906, since Lieutenant Pike visited the. Pawnee Indians about fifty miles up the Solomon, river in Kansas, and it is only about sixty years ago that the Federal Government induced many tribes to come to Kansas. Since that time most of them have again been removed to the Indian Territory, and fifty years ago there were but a few hundred, or at the most, a few thousand people living in the State. Fifty years ago the old martyr, John Brown, was flourish- ing at Osawatomie; and last, but not least, it was only forty-seven years since Quivira became a State. It showed remarkable foresight on the part of Coronado when he, 367 years ago, wrote to Mendoza and the King of Spain in this strain: "That the soil was black and fat; that the grass made fine- pasture; that most of the products of Spain would grow here; that, it would make a fine agricultural country," etc. This Spaniard was a prophet, but one without honor in his own day, and that was owing to his being 118 CORONADO A PKOPHHT. nnsuccessM in discovering a rich nation which conld be plundered of its created wealth, as Cortes and the Pizarros had done. How like history through all time this is. Nothing succeeds like success, and, mind you, this means to have lands, houses, money; character without "the root of all evil" avaUeth not; for with rare exceptions, no man is accepted for a station of honor who is poor; but then those excep- tions usually make their mark and leave their names inscribed upon the roUs of glory. Columbus was without means, yet his name will be in books printed thousands of years henec. He was given a chance to show the metal in him and we know the result. Bo- naparte was not a descendant of some noble house, and yet he demonstrated by acts the force of his per- sonality, and further, whUe he selected his generals from the ranks, nothing could withstand his soldiery when led by their peers; but when the same leaders became rich and effete, and the first consul of France became emperor, when titles were conferred upon the commanders, they seemed to lose the incompre- hensible innate something which dominates others. "Was this not one of the reasons why the Frenchmen were not successful in their last campaigns? Com- panies, regiments, brigades, and corps must have the "Come on, boys, let's give 'em ," and the captain over a company, as well as actiiig generals, must be in the van, for if they keep to the rear and give the word, "Go on, boys, and give them ," it will have the same effect as when the business man does not at- tend to his affairs; he will fail; and this wDl hold good more strongly with the farmer than with any other GIVE A MAN A CHANCE. 119 ,1 ... .■ class. Let a tiller of the soil and a keeper of stock lie in bed and expect a man to get up at five o'clock and attend to the work of the day; let the husband- man neglect to superintend, and he will soon find things going wrong. Of course there are exceptions, to this rule. i Did not the South African War which England recently had on her hands, demonstrate the incompetency of the average commander of the British forces? Men selected to lead from those who are nobles by birth are not as effective as generals- from the masses, for no other reason than that they have fulfilled the requirements of the Missourian who insisted upon being shown. Surely Generals Roberts and Kitchener showed the feather-bed, pampered meii with influence; generals they were, N. G. Then with this experience, let the United States raise men from the ranks and if it expects to continue to be great, it must see to it that there are no p he is brought into the presence of the princi- 148 TUSKSTRANGUSa., pie ofEicera for the purpose of getting him to make a confession, and here is what was written at the time of the transaction: "Turk after much persuasive cross-ezaminati(Hi, was at last induced to confess that he had lied." They asked the Turk why he had lied and had guided ^em so £Eir out of the way. He said that his country was in that direction, and that besides this, the people at Gicnye had asked him to lead them off upon the plains and lose them, so that the) horses would die when their provisions gave out„ and they would be so weak if they ever returned that they could be killed without any trouble. Thus they could take revenge for what had been done to them. This was the reason why he had led them astray, supposing that they did not know how to hunt or to live without corn; while as for gold, he did not know where there was any of it. He said this like one who had given up hope and was being persecuted, since they had begun to believe Ysopete, who had guided them better than he had. Fearing lest those who were there might give him some advice by which harm would come to them, they garrotted him. Tills vindicated Ysopete because he had always said that Turk was a rascal and that he did not know what he was talking about, and had always hin- dered his talking with anybody. After Turk was strangled, Ysopete on the third day of their sojourn at Junction City got near enough to some of his Indian friends to have them recognize his sign of friendship, for it is conceded that all the tribes understood the sign language, making it pos- sible for them to convey ideas to each other notwith- SIGN LANGUAGE. 149 standing they were unable to speak each other's dialect. The great work from which the facts are taken, comment on this sign language by stating in Vol. 1, Page XXXII; "Numerous aboriginal tribes were at the threshold of writing when the American eontinant was discovered; a few were fairly entered on the domain of graphic expression, but most were still groping blindly and widely for definite methods; and their spontaneous and unguided essays towards the crystallization and perpetuation of thought in graphic symbalswere remarkably curious and instruc- tive. A common mode of recording thought among the Indians inhabiting the territory now forming the territory of the United States was of crude inscrip- tion forming pictographs; accordingly these primi- ■ itive essays toward graphic expression were sub- jected to study, and the research was fruitful. EarUer than the attempt to annihilate time through a permanent record was the effort to bridge the chasm of space by thought symbols extending be- yond the reach of sound; and thus nearly aU primitive people, including most of the American tribeSj de- vised systems of signalling by means of gesture, the waving of weapons and garments, fires, smoke, etc. In conjunction with signalling, many Hi-organized groups of people, consisting of clans and tribes tem- porarily or permanently at peace, but speaking a dis- tinct dialect or tongue, devised systems of gesture or signs for conveying ideas. Among some American tribes this mode of expression became highly de- veloped. Together signalling and gesture speaking constitute a distinct part of expression co-ordinate 150 PICTURE WRITING AND GESTURES. with speech and writing, though a nearly useless one after the invention and utilization of graphic symbol- ism; and the study of the art is especially significant since its stages of rise, culmination, and decadence were exemplified among different American tribes. It is for these reasons that the work of pictography and sign language was taken up in the Bureau and the reasons have appeared only stronger and more deSnite as the study progressed. "Eesearches concerning the pictographs and ges- ture speech of the native American tribes were con- tinued by Colonel Garrick Mallery, who spent a part ' of the 5'ear in the field among the survivors of the Alsonquin tribes. The work resulted in substantial addition to the picture writing and gesture speech among these people. During the greater part of the year Colonel Mallery was occupied in the oflce, first in preparing and afterwards in revising and correct- ing the proof sheets of his extended report, entitled, "Picture Writing of the American Indians." Castaneda states, writing of the Comanches and Teyas: "They are faithful friends. They are able to make themselves very well understood by means of signs." As before stated, Ysopete began signal- ing to the natives of the friendship of the party; and finally by the use of the sign language, he got their fears removed, permitting him to come close to them, and when they discovered he could speak their own language and inform them of the tribe to which he belonged, (Kansas), and name the chiefs with whom ho was acquainted, they were immediately paciflcJ. Jaramillo wrote, "The Indian, Ysopete, BUFFALO BILL." 151 fan began to call them in their language, so they came to us without any signs of fear." Regarding the locality of Junction City, as you know, the Kansas Pacific Railroad (now the Union Pacific) runs through that place, having been built in 1866, forty years ago. Thirty mUes west is Abilene, where "Buffalo BUI," (W. F. Cody), obtained his so- briquet because he was the man who kept the rail- road boarding houses in buffalo meat while the road was being buUt; so you see even at that late day there were some of the native cows still on the prairies. From this point our party did not lack company; the news flew onlegs, (Indian runners), as weU as by signal fires from point to point, that there was no danger; that the sight was much more interesting than was the show to David Harem when a boy. Barnum's, Forepaugh's,' Robinson's, Ringlings', Buffalo Bill's, Wombal's, all combined would not make such an at- traction as these men did with their bows which made thunder; men who had clothes which an arrow could not pierce; and more wonderful stiU, who had some kind of a thing which they could only describe as being larger than a buffalo but which could fly with a ma,n on its back. Acicording to the official map compiled by the Quivira Historical Society, on which Indian villages are marked, three are shown: one about two miles north of Junction City; another about ten miles south; then ten miles east of McDowell Creek there are located four more villages; so that within a radius of ten miles from the camping ground of our flying ex- pedition there were six villages. This wiU average w^ith the cities and towns of the present day. ELETVENTH. Poor Kansas! (?) ' The game was tame (?), The buffaloes were lame (?); The State had no rain (?), The homesteader no gain (?); 'Twas a confounded shame That he settled the plain (?). HERE IS no record left by those whose memory this narration desires to perpetuate relative to the names of the various clans or native prov- inces they visited, except ^that of "Chief Tatarrax, who ruled over Har- ahey"; also the province of Arache, (or Arahei), Axa, Ilaxa and Harale,"but no name which can with any cortaiaty be made conformable to the present ones. Yet there is extant history which heretofore has been spoken of, for is not Father Marquette's map drawn in the year 1673, still at Montreal, and does it not designate aU the tribes as we know them, giving their locations so there can be no doubt of the terri- tory occupied by each nation? Ci; course, the Rev- CAMPED ON THE KANSAS RIVER. 153 erend Father spells Kansas, "Kansa"; Osage, "Ou- chage," Pawnee "Panissa", but without doubt, the points designated must have been the most promi- nent location of the tribe named; so from that map, as -well as from the one compiled in 1757 by Du Pratz, in- cluding the researches of the Quivira and Kansas State Historical Societies, the location of our Indian cities >.s presumed. Mind you, they are now known, and as written of 200 years ago by . numerous writers; so without, doubt one of the largest Kansas towns was located at an ideal camping ground about two miles east of Manhattan on the north side of the Kansas river and near the mouth of the Blue, so they could get to the Missouri river in their canoes down the Kansas; also up the Blue for many miles. Then if they wished they could go up the Kansas for tweny- f ive miles and at Junction City ascend the Republican, or by going another twenty-five mUes they reach the Solomon. VerUy it was a magnificent location nat- urally for men who had nothing else to do but hunt game and watch those who they thought were their enemies. Before leaving the map referred to, it may be information to learn that the reverend priest desig- nates as the "Padoucas" the tribe occupying the country west for fiity mUes (estimated) from Manhat- tan; and, more particularly, that Du Pratz has the name "Paduca" quite prominent in the same locality. , If the Kansas river is taken for the south base of the territory allotted to the tribe of that name, com- mencing at Junction City as the southwest corner of the territory claimed by the Kansas Indians, and run- ning east to Kansas City where the river empties 154 SPANIARDS KNEW A GOOD COJN'ir./. Into the Missouri, thence going north up the "Big Muddy" to the mouth of the Nemaha river at the northeast corner of Kansas, thence up the Nemaha west and continuing west along the south fork of the Nemaha and Clear Creek, crossing the Blue at Marysville, thence southwest to Clay Center on the Bepubliean, then down that stream to Junction City, the place of beginning, it will be seen that this beau- tiful chunk of land is about sixty by one hundred and twenty miles, and is the Italy of the United States. Jaramillo says: "This country presents a very fine appearance. - 1 have not seen a better in all Spain nor Italy nor a part of Prance, nor indeed in the other countries where I have traveled in His Majesty's service, for it is not a very rough country, but it is made up of hillocks and plains and very fine appear- ing rivers and streams which certainly satisfied me and made me sure that it wUl be very fruitful in all sorts of products. Indeed, there is profit in the cat- tle ready to the hand, from the quantity of them, which is now as great as one could imagine." All you have to do is to examine the map and see what line natural boundaries it has. i'\-om the numerous villages within ten or fifteen in'.lo-s from the camping ground of our party came the young warriors to view the wonderful strangers and their equipment. , Coronado states that they were painted Indians, so it is not a stretch of the imagination to describe their decorations, and of course you may be sure that ihey had on their best clothes, which comprised a narrow pkir ot ■wimming dvawere, made fvom calf or de*r«lciB. Bone hAd laoe THE EARLIEST KANSAN. 155 or fringe to set them ojl, and they did not consider it immodest to display this fiaery. All had quivers over their shoulders. These were quite artistic, being made from fawn's hide, tlia body forminp: the quiver. It was turned inside out, and was by nature made round. It was made neat by having the flesh extracted without cutting the skin, the liind legs, bones, flesh and sinews were scooped out. The pelt would be scraped ,with a slicker, thus remov- ing all flesh; next it was rubbed with the taUow of the buffalo untU it became as pliable and as well tanned as a currier could doit. The neck was then drawn together with a thong with tassels at the end, made from the bush of some animal's tail according to the fancy of the owner. A hole was cut at the other end, leaving the hind legs to form a sling to throw over the shoulders for carrying it, the little deer'sf feet often being left, and polished smooth, for an ornament. Of course the hair was left on. So a very artistic, light, durable, and easily carried receptacle was made for the missiles of death. Attached to the qtiiver was a little pocket made from the skin of a prairie dog, scooped out the same as heretofore de- scribed, in which they kept their flint knives. U8uall7 they carried several in case of one breaking. The leffc arm was encased in a gauntlet reaching from the wriai to the elbow, made from the leg of a buffalo; each maa Mlecting, when hunting, the size which would fi^ his arm. lUs covering was to keep the string of the bow from hurting their arms whea a shaft was flred. It should be remembered that nearly every tribe of Bed men in America had a Totem. James Feni- 156 , , KANSAS TOTEM. ,,, ' ' ' ', more Cooper states that Unsus, the last of ihe Mohe- cans, had a turtle tattooed on his breast. That was not his tribal Totem, but his individual one, signifying him to be a chief by hereditary right. The great novelist does not state what the tribal totem was. "The Clan Totem" is reverenced by the body of men and women who call themselves by the name of the totem, believing themselves to be of one blood, de- scendants of the common ancestor. In its social as- pect, it witnesses the relation of the clansmen to each other and how they are bound to give assistance in time of distress." After careful research the location of the totem of various tribes andpeoplc cannot be here given; for although the authorities jgive numerous^ people as being addicted to Totemism,yet they do not state on what part of the body the emblem is located, i or whether on one or different parts of the body accord- 1 ing to the custom of the numerous people using them. | It may be thought that only the American Indians used this; bat Australia does so almost universally, i as well a 3 Panama, Columbia, Venezuela, parts of: Africa, India and numerous places. So it must be a, kind of mania; for do not sea-faring men invariably , have their arms or chests tattooed with an anchor or. other emblem? (The German government has re-' cently forbidden the practice in its navy, it having been demonstrated that it was unhealthy). Although, the books throw no light upon the totem used by the Kansas people, yet it is stated that the Kaws used among "their different branches "Black Eagle,' "H^te Eagle," "Deer and Deer Tail." , The Kaiisas Indians were designated Kaws over a hundred years OSAGES' CUATH TOTEM. 157 4 <* ago by the French traders who established trading points in this territory. It is a contraction of the proper name. History recites that the old men of this tribe, told of their coming from the northeast near the Great Lakes, and this is borna out by the fact of their using the same class of teats a3 the natives of the timber country, the only difference be- ing the Kansans used the buffalo skins to cover the tents instead of the bark of trees, and it is also con- ceded that the Kansas and Osaga tribes came to Qui- vira at the same time and in one body, but on their arrival, they divided into tv^^o bands, a3 did Abraham and Lot, the difference only is, that ths old patriarchs I>arted because they had so miny cattle that there was not sufBcient pasture for both of them in the same locality, whereas the tribes divided because there was too many of them to hunt the game in one confined territory. Again, it is authoritatively s'lated, that the Kansas and the Osages speak the sam? language, but the Pawnees and the Padoucas had each different dialects but all could readily comprehend by signs, which surprised Coronado and caused him to comment thereon in his commentaries. But to come back to the totem of the Kansas clan. They had a Black Eagle tattooed on their breasts right in the center; the Osages used the White Eagle to designate their band; then another branch had a deer, and still a fourth a Deer TaU. A peculiar thing about this totem was that they must not eat of the flesh 'of the animal represented or they would be in- jured in health or break out in sores. The books 158 AMERICAN EAGLB THE KANSAS TOTEM. tell of a sub-elan of Omaha Indians having "Red Maize" for a totem, and if they ate thereof, even in ignorance, it would cause sickness, not only to them- selves but to their wives and children; and another di- vision of the Omahas had the Elk, and if any part of a male elk was eaten, they would have running sores iSll around their mouth. It looks reasonable that when our tribe emigrated to its new home and con- cluded to separ^ite, one retained the Black Eagle for its totein^, the other,, the Osages, changed theirs to a White Eagle, itansans have nerve enough tp claim anything, so why not take the credit of being the first copyrighter of the Totem, (Eagle), now used by the'United States? To say the least, it is a remarkable thing that tiiis tptem should have the same significance as the story 6f the Garden of Eden: "And the Lord God copi- manded the man, saying: Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat, but of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it, for in the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die." In the days that aye being written about, the Indian, then as now, loved gaudy colors. A red blanket for many generations has been to them like what the scarlet neckwear has been to a colored #.6nch; and so our natives who had scrutinised the Spaniards, have the d(icorations distributed about their bodies. The forehead, cheeks and chin are painted red; the arms and legs have black rings alter- nated, with red crosses; in fact, they were "i>ainted Indians" in every sense of the word. They all had on some kin i. of, a headgear decorated ^ith feathers. ,1., , '., ■ / BOWS SUPERTOR TO GONS. 159 Each carried his faithful bow, and mind you, this was no plaything, for Castaneda records seeing "a Teyas shoot a bull right through both shoulders with an arrow, which would be a good shot for a musket." Those who have Watched the youih of the west, real- ize how wild the average boy is oVer his first "twenty- two," and then he is crazy to hunt and shoot, and is not happy save when he has the gun in his hands. - So it was with the Indian chUd, who began in childhood to acquire the art. Is it any wonder, then, that the Indians were proficient? Be^nning at eight years of age and continuing till twenty, they would get twelve years of practice. "As there was no school to attend, theirs was the school of necessity. They were com- pelled to acquire proficiency in hunting instead di learning; and hunting meant the use of the bow and arrow. That they ware experts is frequently attested, by t'i3 Spmiards, for you will recall tha incident, whoii Vc certain ofiicer lifted his visor how an arrow tlia': moment pierced his brain. ITow something about the bow and arrov/. Fifty arrows were considered a good supply, and hei:e is a description of them takea from the great work here- tofore mentioned: They are twenty-two to twenty- three inches long without the head; they were made of some light Wood, cedar preferably; the feathers at the neck are glued on, (the natives early knew of glue from the feet of the buffalo and deer,) after hav- ing* the quill part stripped off, and were about four inches in length, and were tied with fine Binew!i-4o keep them in place. The heads of tOie arrows were Upp^A inth fttnt. There was a notch of oouk^c et tits - 160 ARROW SHOT THROUGH BUFFALO. neck of the arrow made to fit the stria;:? of the bow. The bow is made from hickory or ash, both of which are natural to Kansas. Both smooth and shell- bark /kiiekory, either of which is ideal material for bows, are common. Of course bows were made ac- cording to the fancy of each son of the prairie, but all desired one of accuracy and one which would carry a long distance. Tlie average length was four feet. The wood was frequently rubbed with deer brains to make it elastic and less liable to sphnter when ten- sion was great. The skin was carefully selected gut of a deer which was cleansed, and while pliable was drawn through the hand, then twisted, then passed through a series of holes made in a piece of bone to get it down to the required sige. Of course each individual decorated the part grasped by the hand to suit his taste. The important and rarely understood point is, how far will a bow shoot? Here is what Un- cle Sam says: "With reference to the penetration of the arrow, much depends on the bow. I have exam- ined a bow belonging to Long Soldier, a Sioux hunter of magnificent physique, who formerly dwelt at the now abandoned agency of Grand River, North Dakota. The stringof this bow I could scarcely pull at full ar- row length, even when standing on the bow and pull- ing the string with main strength. This was per- haps the strongest bow used in the Sioux camp. The report was current, and doubted by none, that Long Soldier had often shot arrows entirely through the body of the buffalo. In this case it is to be of course understood that the arrow encountered no large bones. Bows and arrows were used long after the, NOISELESS KILLING ARROW. . 161 •introduction of firearms, as the former could be suc- cessfully used in hunting game and shooting down sentinels without revealing the presence of an enemy. "It is well known to those familiar with the sub- ject, that as late as fifteen or twenty years ago, when hostile Indians were still thoroughly in practice with the bow and arrow, that it were safer to stand before an Indian's rifle at eighty yards than at the same dis- tance when he was armed with a bow and arrow. Since these more primitive weapons have been discarded, however, the Indians have become more expert wiuh the rifle, as has many times been shown." Ask a sportsman at what distance his breech, seli- loading shot-gun wUl kill, and invariably his reply will be sixty yards; and for a good hunter to bring down a rabbit on the run at 180 feet is above the average shot. ; A.gain, observe what Uncle Sam in substance says relative to the Indian not taking kindly to fire- arms: These children of nature are not stupid. They know that the foolish (?) wild animals will very readily "catch on" at the first crack of a rifle that there is danger, whereas a bolt from a bow would be sUenfr and yet death-dealing, and would not this weapon be much more effective where an opportunity was sought „to shoot a man without giving a general alarm? Is it not a fact, that under favorable atmospheric con- ditions the report of a rifle could be heard several mUes? So these subtle natives must be given credit for having a good deal of mother wit. Until the Spanish-American War, whenever sharp- shooters or a deploying party thrown out before an engagement, commenced firing, not only was the 162 TALL INDIANS.: enemy put on the alert by the noise, but the smoke, made a target for them to aim at. If you remember the Spaniards had quite an advantage over our boys, because they used smokeless powder. That new explosive very soon superseded the old,black stuff. But what of the physique of our Quivirans? Here is what the General said in a letter written to the Klhg, October 20, 1541: "The people here are large. I had several Indians measured and found that they were ten palms in height, ( 6 1-2 feet )." . Quite numerous were the men and boys who came to satisfy their curiosity and most were given some article which was highly prized. The com- mander had Ysopete translate to several Indians a message which he wished carried to Chief Tatarrax, who resided about twenty miles distant, two miles from the present location of Manhattan, on the Blue river. These men set out to bring back an answer of friendship, a present of colored cloth and a cheap brass jewel, being sent as a token showing good will. It did not take long for a reply from the chief of the city of Harahey to reach the party, he having been kept posted continually by runners, relative to the attitude of strangers. While encamped at this place some of the men went hunting and lost their wacr, for it was like being on the trackless ocean if one got away from the water course, and it is recorded that one of the party was. lost entirely and was never heard of, and that two horses with their saddles and bridles* strayed away and were never seen'a^ain. The messengers returned, ■ bringing presents of roasting ears which was just ready to eat, and with DOGS USED BY INDIANS. ' 163 Ysopete's help it was cooked and eaten witti ^reat relish by the newcomers; also the king and chief sent some prairie chickens which were a treat. -•And now the troop is ready early in the morning for their day's journey to the big city. The men are in prime spirits and condition, as the natives have treated them with every deference and their loads have been transferred to the pack animals of the na- tives. These were dogs of large size; the draught carried by each canine being about fifty pounds. The plan of locomotion was by two light poles made into shafts which were tied to the dog, the poles extend- ing back, the ends of which dragged along the ground with very little friction; then this baggage was placed across the poles. This is the plan yet used by many tribes, but instead of a dog they use an Indian pony. A party of Indians were seen thirty -five years ago go- ing from' Nebraska, passing through Kansas on their way to Indian Territory; their families being with them and their belongings transported in the manner described. Our cavalcade had an escort of Indians which, increased in numbers as the party advanced, for the women and children were no longer afraid. And turned out in holiday attire to take part in the demon- stration; so that from Junction City to Manhattan Alonso and Monte were introduced to many people; in ^f act, Alonso received more attention than did his general, for the reason that Ysopete kept conversing with his people, reciting to then how kind the lieuten- ant had been to him; and Monte received bis share of attention as they were informed of his being a son of * 164 HOW INDIANS "don't" DKISSS. the deposed king of New Spain. Another reason for 'Alonso beingr so popular was tiie fact that he was the 'youngest man of the small army of soldiers, as well as the most handsome. The men thought him well- i proportioned, and the young maidens looked upon ;him with a rapturous expression upon their painted countenances. y Although the females were barbarians, yet they ■were more modest than one would suppose. They must not be described as "refined, educated women"; ,but of the women, generally, Coronado says: "The j women are well proportioned and their features are < more like Moorish women than Indians; they do not hanre doaks, nor cotton of which to make them, but use the skims of the cattle they kill, which they tan, b^ng: settled among the cattle on a very large river." It ia hard to describe the garments worn by the femaleain the summer, for recollect it was the hottest time of the year when they were first seen by Euro- peans, and naturally, the clothing would be as scant as possible; the same as ladies resort to at the pres- ent period in July and August, for have you not observed numerous women during the hot months of summer wearing bodices which were pretty vapory? So there was only a "slight" difference in the attire of our native Quivirian women, they having no shirt waists on; but their lower limbs were covered with leggings, some of which were quite artistically deco- rated with fringe; some had shoes or moccasins. Quite a number had sashes over their shoulders, , made of pied deer skin. (It is said that there were such in Quivira.) These were nicely tanned, leaving PROP, dychb's experience. 165 the white artistixjally arranged so as to make an orna- laent on the breast. Speaking of tanning and dressing skins, here is the experience of Prof. Dyche of the University of Kansas, -when on a hunting expedition in Greenland. Upon his arrival, the first thing he did was to enquire -where he could get some clothes made to order,such as the rigorous, winter climate required. He was •directed to an old lady, who instructed him what class of pelts to buy. Then the old lady hired sev- eral women to drees them; which was done by each woman chewing the flesh side until it was perfectly pliable, this being the highest class of currying; so may it not be assumed that our ladies of Quivira re- sorted to the same process? Again while on the sub- ject of tanning, no doubt, you have seen articles of clothing made by Indians from the skins of animals. Always they are of a yellowish tinge, regardless of the animal from which the hide is taken. The rea- son for this is because the native Indian invariably uses sumac, which JaramUlo states grew wild when he was in the country, and it is very common now. The method to tan with sumac is to gathef the leaves which contain all necessary properties, which with- out any other process gives the creamy,, yellow color of the chamois skin. And further, it is known that this same plant wUl yield a red and other colors from its roots if properly treated. Years ago there was a tannery in Nemaha County, Kansas, that pui.l clhl- dren for gathering sumac to use to tan calf skins for boots. It left the leather the same color as heretofore described; let it {be understood that a small per cent 166 ORNAMENl^S OF DEESS. of black oak batk was also used in this process of tanning. ^ -.^ . But to return to the attire a.nd ornaments of our native Tvonien. Nearly all had necklaces, not made from beads, for our Indians had not come in contact ■with the white man before, so knew nothing of these gaudy baubles, which in the future history of these children of nature were to become as valuable and as much prized as are diamonds and pearls by white folks. But many things were utilized to beautify their persons, such as, strings of teeth from animals, small bones cut into rings and dyed and strung; also small shells which abound in all the streams, (In after years these strings of shells were called wanm- pum and were used as money,) polished tortoise shells, which the Spaniatds averred were "turquois," believ- ing they were in Asia; for they thought the orna- ments were made of that costly material, which was then known to be procured only in Persia, and esti- mated as being very valuable for jewelry. But the old fellows were mistaken as to being in Asia, as weU as calling it "turquois, " for it was made from the back of the turtle or tortoise which abounds in the streams of Quivira. They have been seen as large as eighteen inches long and weighing fifty pounds, and the shell back or shield, whatever it is known by, is susceptible of a fine polish. Then some had selected small colored pieces of rock, there being a sreat variety in this part of the country, and drilled holes therein. So it need not be thought that there was no natural material with which to make ornaments; in fact the most wonderful, natural ornaments have been 15 MILES AN HOUR IN CANOE. 167 picked up on the bluSs. Some have been seen ia. Ellis County, which puts one to guessing how they were formed, especially mica, which nature has moulded into maryelous shapes. The location referred to is on the high bluffs south of the Saline river near PlainviUe. Well, the children's attire are asked about; They were as born, therefore it does not take long to enum- erate what their garments consisted of. It is in the magnificent valley of the Kansas river where our party is making towards one of the princi- pal cities of Quivira, and as they approach they are met by a large concourse of people, for the news has spread not only to the clan Kansas, but messengers have sped to the Osage villages along the Osage river; also the Pawnees have been informed of the presence of the strangers. It will appear incredible the short- ness of time it took to get word to the people of the country, but here is how it was done: The principal town was located a little east of Manhattan on the Kan- sas river, so canoes were used to spread the news along the Kansas and Missouri rivers; and mind you, al- though it is about 125 mUes from Manhattan to the mouth of the river, and the meandering of the stream making it at least 200 miles, and considering the speed of a canoe, as it was going down stream, fif- teen miles an hour was not considered very fast, for at times twenty miles an hour could be made; and when you consider what a frail, Hght craft was used, your wonder will cease. The Indians of the forest used birch bark and other desirable bark to construct their boats with, but our Buffalo Indians could not 168 CANOES FROM BUFFALOES. get that imaterial, so tliey utilized a much superior ar- ticle, which was so common that it was no trouble ta procure; and just note how perfect a water craft they were able to make from the carcass of a buffalo, this being the method of making an "express" canoe: Af- ter the animal was killed, the head and legs would be cut off, then the flesh; in fact, everything would be scooped out outJI the hide could be turned inside out; all flesh was scraped off, then the leg holes would be sewed up with sinew as well as the hind part to keep it canoe-shape; then it would be turned to get the hair side out, when it was ready to make into a canoe. This was done by taking two saplings about two inches in circumference, the length of the body, then one end would be lashed together and pushed through the neck until it reached the hind part, then the ends protruding at the neck end would be cutoff at the proper length and tied together; the next operation would be to cut a hole toward the rump large enough to admit a man's body; then the bow to the gunnels was made by reaching in and fastening the necessary cross pieces, being the longest about the center and shorter toward the ends; then a sapling would be fastened to each end and bent downwards at the neck so as to make a graceful and water cutting prow; then some ribs would be put in by splitting small hickory saplings, making them the desired form. Now it is ready to sew up the neck, which is naturally the proper shape, for the neck makes a good natural prow; the hole for the Indian to kneel down in would be adjusted by a round hoop, having the hide rolled around it and fastened, of cotirse; this being done HOW CANOES ARE PADDLED. 169 while the skin is new and pliable and can be shaped in most any manner wished. A canoe thus made would not weigh to exceed forty pounds, and by rea- son of the direction being opposite to the way the hair lays, it was remarkable how the duck-like bark sped over the water; in fact, the hair resembled the feathers on a duck, and tlae oil which remained in the skin and hair made it glide through the water without friction. Uncle Sam's book says on page 202: "The pad- dles employed are the same as for the birch canoe, the blade and handle being each about two feet in length. When a single oarsman uses a canoe he al- ways kneels at the stern, etc. The oarsman places , a small bunch of grass on the bottom, on this he kneels and paddles on one side, readily keeping the canoe in a straight course by following each stroke with a slight upward turn, thus compensating for the divergence of the bow from a true course." Again our Uncle Sam; "Generally the top of the handle has two projecting pieces resembling the letter T, giving the oarsman an easy and effective means of us- ing the paddle." Is this not the first time you ever heard that our Indians propeUed a canoe by dipping in one side only? There is aothing wonderful about that, for the Venetians in their gondolas use one oar on one side only and make fast time; but although sculls and oars have been used, upon attempting to operate a gondola on the Grand Canal it \v naments cost about two dollars, yet owing to the bur- 1 nish and remarkable brilliancy of the metal, the native | : who had never seen the like before, thought them | very precious. Then Father Juan de PadDla took! a necklace of colored beads with a cross pendant of some white metal, which was put around, thai chief's neck. The holy man placed the emblem of Ghrist reverently about the person of the chief, whose people he desired to bring to the cross, and with it the priest with uplifted hands, face toward heaven, offered up a fervent prayer to the Son of God to assist him in converting tlicsc pornk-: and it was impressive 174 ^ FATHER PADILLA. i • . 'J. . >. ' In ttie presence of the throng of people on that beau- / W ul July afternoon to witness the man of God stand- / Iqg there in hia priestly garb on a spot where never iMifore bad such a prayer been heard. NaturaJly the IjffAinme were struck with wonder by the actions and Aiypearance of the black-robed father, and the scene was 80 unusual. Is there any wonder their supersti- ttcms were aroused? _^ » '^And now it became necessary for the cluef to thow his gratification aad good wiU toward the •Grangers. , so packs of dogs were ordered around iMded with dried buffalo meat, as well as ground flieat; also there, were many hides full (in lieu of bask- ets) of new corn, as well as beans, grapes, plums, etc., vhi(^ by signs the chief made, the Spaniards under- stood were for them; then Ysopete was turned to as the interpreter, who endeavored in the few Spanish words he had picked up to translate what the chief desired to convey, the main feature of which was that they were welcome, and that he would see that they were unmolested and given every facility to see the country. ''~Then the Chief directed his priest to come forth. This was done because Ysopete had hurridly explain- ed what the black father had done, so the native pre- acher with many gesticulations, waived his medicine bag (the priest held his crucifix when praying), and spoke in a loud voice and pointed to his god, then setting in the west, to give health and strength to the strangers, that they might have abundent buffalo flesh, corn, pumpkins and beans, in order that they might bo strong in body and happy. At the conclus- MEDKJtNE MAW VS. CHRISTIAN SCTENTIST. 176 Ion of the harangue, the native preacher and doctor scattered some dust of flowers and water on the ground, which was the highest ceremony he could perform. No doubt some may smile at the foolishness of the Indian preacher, medicine man or by whatever appellation he is known, but is it foolish to adore the sun? Does it not create everything, especially vegetable life, which every animate thing must have directly or indirectly to exist? With all deferens 2 to verses 11 and 12, Genesis First, as follows: ''And God said. Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yield- ing seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after bis land, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: aad it was so. And the earth brought forth ^rass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yield- ing fruit, whose seed was in itself, after its kind: and God saw that it was good." We are informed by the Book of Books that God created vegetation on the third day, and this was the day before the sun, moon and stars were brought into existence, they being created on the fourth day. Of course some astute, profound, and erudite ecclesiastics may be able to assign a reason for this seemingly unnatural freak, but "Nothing is impossible with God." We are per- mitting our thinking faculties to run in its natural channel, without bias, for from observation we know th;it vegetation if kept from the sun will not amount to much. So it would appear that the uneducated native was justified in his adoration of the life-giving power and furnace of the earth. If you vfun ever oat on an awful night, suffering from the cold, and then .^^'176 ANCIENT AND MODERN TOOLISHNESS. . , to have the glorious sun come out in the mornin;^ and 'warm your chilled foones, it would cause you to adore the incomprehensible power of the sun. And as for , water, many of the American Indians worship ( springs for the water which is ejected therefrom, and/ why not? These who have observed crops and vege^ totion dry and shrivel up for the want of moistur'e can only realize what it means. Those who reside in large cities have no comprehension of the solicitude going-to-bed and waking-thoughts put upon the matter of rain in agricultural districts; and last, but more important, the denizens of a country sparingly watered, or the ship- wrecked mariner, realize it to be something deserving of adoration and even worship. ■ Again, the trumpery of the Indian medicine man, or high priest, and his flummery wiU be laughed at; but let us reason a moment and make comparisons. Yes, the fool (?) Indian doctor sets considerable' six)re by his medicine bag; weU, so does an Allopathist, Ho- meopathist. Eclectic, or any of the modern school of physicians, carry their medicine bag (case) wherever they go, and without it they would be at sea. Just consider the opposition and ridicule heaped upon the followers of Mrs. Eddy, who assert that mind can control disease, and those who are broad-minded know there is something in this. But the illiterate are the ones that usually condemn advancement. So what is the diflEerence between an Indian doctor cur- ing his patients by incantations, which work upon the mind of the afflicted, and the Christian Scientist who does the same thing? At this period in the world's history people are PRESUMPTUOUS MSN. 177 prone to poke fun at some things done by primitive man. Let us call attention to some fool things done by advanced, educated, smart folks at the beginning of the 20th century. First, take the abuse of the body. Is it out of the way to state that one-fourth of the world's people are addicted to the use of tobacco? And of all the stupid things it is this: no animal is silly enough to chew the nasty stuff. Are there any who wiU gainsay the fact that the male portion of the world must look to their laurels, otherwise they will not in truth be able to designate them- selves the "Baron" in law; as you Imow, formerly married men took this name upon themselves; the wife --Vas "Femme"; these terms really meant of course that the husband and wife were one, but that Mr. Man was the one, and that Mrs. Man had very few rights under the law; "Baron," meaning super- ior, and "Femme," inferior. It appears rather pre- sumptuous for law-makers to arrogate to themselves that men are superior to women. But no doubt the idea was long cherished. "She took of the fruit there- of, and gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat,"-^this for thousands of years condemned the "weaker sex," (?), considered as part of man, and for him to do with as he Uked. Who would think that a being endowed with thinking faculties could so tenaciously stand by such a proposition; but, hallelu- iah, the men are being shown in true Missouri style, that woman is the equal of man, except perhaps in b"ute force. Bat coming back to some of the various v/Toag- doings by which men are ruining their bodies. Hare 178 THE DAMNABL,E CiGAIlBTTB. you not seen some ninny of a youth smoMng the dam- nable, death-dealing, foul-kiUing cigarette? Have you observed the awful color of his face, the gone-look in his eyes? Ah, boy, boy, for God's sake, cease this awful thing. And Mr. Man, the youth is somewhat excusable since he follows in your footsteps; but what about those cigars you are pufSng at like a loco- motive, ruining your mind and body? And often worse than that— for do not men spend on themselves for tobacco and other stuff funds which they as men ought to use in the upbuilding of their families? Also, how long will the custom prevail by which a man or woman must be forced to take second hand the vile tobacco smoke after going through the mouth and teeth and nose of another! The vile stuff! Did you ever read Bob Ingersoll's lecture on the "Stiil"? He uses language behond what is possible to imitate here. But the drink habit of the world is appalling. It is safe to assert that out of every hun- dred persons who are addicted to the stuff only five per cent are women. It unfits men for the battle of life, and still more vital, it is a hereditary evil, for it brings human beings into the world upon whom the sins of their fathers wOl be perhaps stamped, transmitting an appetite for that stuff which is the curse of the world, and over which they have no control. The man or woman who iS unable to govern their unfortunate longing for spirits (de^^l spirits) ought to be taken care of by the government and cured if possible, and if they continue to persist in wrecking their lives should then be shut up and kept as an example to deter others from doing likewise. Let A MAN UNMANNED. 179 < . • it be here understood, there is no desire or wish to in- jure the poor, pitiable creature who would drink the last glass, even if they knew they would die the aezt moment. Here is an experience of a lifetime, and it is true: A dear friend was drinMng too much. He was infor- ; med that if he did not brace up he would be ruined, not only physically but financially; this he assented to, and after considerable discussion, iasisted on shakiiig hands with a solemn promise from that time to cease its use. The solicitions friend being desir- ous of displaying his feeling in the matter, said to the penitent: "You have a red cow and a red calf in your pasture belonging to me. I am so anxious to have you straighten up that instead of promising you a cow in the future, this cow and calf are given to you so as to seal the compact in red; that being the color of whisky and beer, it will remind you of your prom- ise whenever your eyes see them." About a week after the above dialogue, a man who drank to excess informed the temperance crank ! ! that he knew of the cow and caU matter, but that the promiser had backslid; that although he was a drunkard himself, he hated a sneak, for the man was trying to hide his faU from his best friend; and, sad to teU, the poor fellow had fallen by the wayside, as was witnessed. The incident to this point has been enacted hundreds of thousands of times, but here is another part of this incident which is less frequent: Concluding there was no hope to save thfe man from himself, a last resort was taken as follows: The faUen man and his friend were both members of a 180 GOD PITY him! litvSfifedf Masons. The offieje of tlie one was "In the West," the other's was "To the jRight." A person who belongs to a secret society knows that it is Of^ftl for the presiding officer to ask sometime during the meletimg if anyone has anything to offer for the good of the order. At a meeting of the Masonic lodge this question was asked. The friend of the fallen brother then arose from his seat, and with a lump in his throat, and in tremuloms accents, pointed to his friend and brother on his right, and in the presence of thirty-five members told the story of his dishonor. You could have heard a pin drop in the room; every man' was affected; all were sorry for their weak brother and were willing to show their interest in the welfare of him who could not govern his appetite. There was no equivocation, but he, with cheeks bathed in tears, admitted his faults and told of his burning desire to desist from the use of all intoxi- cants. So he was taken to the altar, his hands placed upon the Holy Bible, the thirty-five men forming a circle around the altar, and then the worshipful mas- ter administered an obligation which was repeated by the penitent brother as follows: "I, 'Hiram Adrift,' of my own free will and accord, in the presence of Almighty God and the brothers here assembled, do hereby and hereon promise and solemnly swear that from this time and henceforth I will not drink any in- toxicating liquors of any description, binding myself by no less penalty than that of losing the respect of my brothers here assembled, as well as the condem- nation of all good men. So help, me God, and keep me steadfast. And in token of this solemn obligation MKN DETERIORATING. 181 I here kiss the Holy Bible before me." To which the brothers responded: "We wituess the pledge." But sad to relate, before ten days had passed, the man had again fallen, notwithstanding the solemn engagement he hf.d entered into. God pity him! There arc other things besides tobacco and drink which are causing the male sex to deteriorate. They know what it is without putting it into print. So is there any wonder that on account of these vicious habits on the part of the progenitors of the human species, the "JSTew Woman" is coming to the front in commercial activities, literature, in "belles lettres," etc.? Ask any bank which has a lady clerk or cashier concerning her ability and integrity; scan the news- papers for defalcations and pilfering from employers, noting how few women become notorious for graft or embeijzlament, then say that woman is not man's equal, if you dare! Again: Do you not observe those magnificently formed young girls of from thirteen to eighteen years of age, who are making toward school? Note their carriage, the symmetry of their bodies, and scan their intelligent, bright, smiling faces, and observe the neat manner in which the hair is dressed, and the cleanliness of their attire. And then look at the average boy; slouchy, going along apparently aimless. Of all arguments in support of the contention here made, you have only to see the statistics of the women graduates from our institutions of learning and com- pare them with the men graduates. The truth must bo 'rfd, that women are taking the honors, and it (Iciiaastrates that they are the peers of men. 182 NEAR MANHATTAN, KANSAS. • But the sun is reaching the horizon in tlie west,' [so we must proceed toward the chief's village east of i Mttohattan. This is done amidst songs, laughter and music by the band, consisting of "drums and pipes, something like flutes, of which they have a great many." Upon arriving at the village our party are given huts to live in, and Monte and Ysopete are veri- table "Sancho Panzas," and Alonso is their-^**Don Qaizote.'l , Monte fairly worships the young Span- lard, and sings his praises all the time, because of his ;beiii]]r the only one that can talk with the people, and also Ysopete being quitie a character in the eyes of his ! own folks, for he has had experiences which few of his countrymen had gone through. Ysopete had no lack of sweethearts, for he is a young wsurrior of average looks, and the additional pohsh he acquired frcHn his contact with civilized people naturally makes the expression on his face niore attractive, and, more than that, he is nearing home,, and soon expects to see the "girl he left behind " TWELSTE. Quivira, Quivird,; beautiful Quivira, How those of her domain admire her! Her dower is the sunflower, Its power all others overtower. The sun, it ever keeps in sight, Following him from morn till night- Leading aU others because of right, Displaying its superiority and might. I"W' ERETOFORE the name of J. T. Brower H has not been mentioned. It is meet that EJ his name should be recorded in this ffl book, because his splendid ^works on "Quivira" has made it possible to study the location of the various Indian villages that are be- ing mentioned, and it would afford great pleasure if necessary funds might be had so that this work could be illustrated with the beautiful photo-engravinga with which his books are so profusely interspersed. Within a radius of ten miles around Manhattan four- teen Indian villages have been located; six of them are along the Repubhcan river and only average two miles apart; about twelve miles due south of Manhat- tan are four more, a mile or so apart; these are called "Elliot Village Sites," named after the gentleman who discovered tliem. All over this territory cousid- 184 QUIVIEA IIISTOIUCALc SOCIETY.. 1- erable research has been made; the opening of Indian graves and mounds, and finding therein many stone implements, such as arro-w-heads, knives, scrapers, spear-heads, tomahawks, mill-stones, axes, hammers, etc., all of flhit; also bones of birds, and shell beads, shell ornaments, pottery, bone fish hooks, all of these articles in plenty. Illustrations of these being given in J. V. Brower's book. There are other persons who ought to receive the credit due them for their ear- nestness and devotion in assisting to unravel the his- tory of the early, settlers of the State of Kansas. The Griffin sites on Wild Oat creek in RUey "aounty; Keagy-Schmidt-Palenske siteis on Mill creek, Wabaun- see county; Henderson's, site on Smoky HUl river, also an Udder site; these delving gentlemen with many others too numerous to mention here, and also particularly Professors Mudge and Goodnow of tJie Kansas State Agricultural CoUege, deserve to have their names go down to posterity for banding them- selves together and perfecting the Quivira Historical Society. The people of our State ought to be in- formed of the interest taken by the progressive and scholarly gentlemen of Riley county, who so inter- ested themselves in doing something substantial that they raised funds which to erect a beautiful marble monument to perpetuate the remarkable historical event of the thirty-six Spaniards being where Man- hattan is now located 867 years ago. Stress is put upon the fact of this block of stone as it will impress the reader of the truth of this story. The follow- ing is what is engraved on the tablet: ,'".., . MONUMENT AT TWAW TTATTAff - 185 HARAHEY Governed by CHIEF TATAKRAX. Discovered by CX)RONADO 1541. Re-discovered By J. V. brower; 1896. Erected by W. J. Grifpin, and F. B. Elliott. Oa the o&^r side of the monument is: For QUIVIRA HISTORICAL SOCIETTY 1904. Kansas, U. S. A. 186 . , INDIANS DBINK HOT Blj6oi>. i ■^- The Tillages or cities heretofore named are eo' 'prominent and afford such unmistaJiable evidence of their existence that it bears out the assertions of Turke and Ysopete relative to the province of Quivira being thickly settled; in fact, all over this part of Kansas a great number of village sites have been located. No doubt Ysopete was quite sincere in Ms contention of the greatness of his own nation. • It was his home, and comparing the inhabitaoits of this territory with those occupying the plains between Ci- bola and here, they were comparatively (avilized, for the Querechds Indians, as well as the Teyas tribe, so ; often mentioned by Coronado and others, were met ' over a large expanse of country. They seemed to have no settled habitatiop, but followed herds of buf- falo, camping among the immense droves; no doubt, "their sole and only aim in life being to live, and their view of life was not as changeable as the kaleidoscope, "the acme of their epicurean appetites being a good. Jive rump steak from a freshly killed buffalo, washed down with nice hot blood, and as the old Spaniards told: their relish was to take an intestine between the ieeth and with their knife cut off a good mouthful, bolting same without mastication. It is authorita- tively stated that in Abyssinia the natives are ad- dicted to cutting a hve steak from the rump of their work oxen and sewing up the wound so it will heal, and who knows otherwise, for the purpose to furnish another fry! -These roamers of the plains of Texas, Indian Territory and part of Kansas were several degrees xerooved from the Kansas, Osage and Pawnee Indians. TUB PADOUCAS. , 187 Tliese cLililren of the prairies had no villages of any importance as far as recorded. Tlie Spaniards not only make mention of the Padoucas, but they record many things concerning these Indians, also. Without doubt they were permanently settled in the central and west part of Kansas. They are prominently named by Marquette in 1673; Du Tissenet, a young Canadian, who was in Kansas in 1719, actually visited them; also in 1721 Du Tissenet stated that they had a large village at* the head of the Smoky Hill river which he visited. History says of these people: "In \ the early part of the eighteenth century the Padouca nation was divided into several tribes, claiming the country from the headwaters of the northern fork of the Kansas river, then south nearly to the Spaniards of New Mexico. On the map of Charlevoix the Kan- ' sas river is called the Padouca river, and the same on that of Du Pratz, (on which the region afterwards em- bracing the Kansas territory was evidently drawn.) The Padouca villages are located at the sources of both forks of the Kansas river, and also on the Arkan- sas. The Padoucas belong to no one of the great In- dian families. They were of an unknown race and language, with habits in many respects dissimilar to that of any other nation. Their villages instead of being heterogeneously thrown together — a confused mass of lodges — were laid out regularly with streets that form squares as in a modern city. The houses were neatly built, and the Indians in intelligence and habits of living, rank higher than the more eastern tribes with whom they were almost constantly at war. Of their history after the visits of the Frencb IBS' THE PADpUCAS BECOME EXTINCT. during the first quarter of the ISfch century little is known. Whether the tribe toward the east united with the Pawnees for their destruction, or whether disease did its fatal work among them, is only a mat- ter of conjecture. As a nation they long ago disap- peared, and the roving band of Kiowas and Kaskaias, whose language there is no similarity to the Dahco- tah, and who, from their haunts in the Black HULs, long came down to hunt in the region where the Pa- doucas formerly lived, are supposed to be the last lemnants of the great nation of the Padoucas." .^ At the date of our story the Padoucas dia not dare to show themselves among the Quivirians, for had they done so, they would surely have met death, so bitter was the feud between them. You vrill note what history says as to the manner of this mysterious people having their town laid out systematically, but this cannot be said of the village on the Kansas river near Manhattan where our party is now stopping, for Oastaneda described their houses to be "round with- out a wall, and they have one story like a loft, under the roof, where they sleep and keep their belongings. The roofs are of straw. " It was the hottest monthin the year when the party was in this country, and by reason thereof it is nut unlikely that the natives had taken -down their wall so as to permit the beautiful Kansas breeze to pass through Aheir shelter, and these walls without doubt were constructed from the skins of the buffalo, which were easily adjusted aq- cording to the season, and the roof instead of straw was long bluestem grass, that grows as high as eight and averaging four feet and makes excellent thatching. CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS OP FLINT. 189 The authorities state that in the neighborhood of Manhattan there was locjated a natural armory, con- sistinpT of material fitted for aU kinds of edge tools, aid so necessary was this flint or chert, to use the language of another: "The remarkable deposits of bluish gray flint found in the neighborhood sites de- scribed, and from which nearly aU the chipped imple- ments of the region were made, was a perpetual invi- tation intensely attractive to the barbarians who de- pend upon chipped implements for the arms of tha chase, the weapons of war, and as necessary in peace, and the supply conveniently available about the fertile region of the upper course of the Kansas river must liave characterized the locality as so very desirable, and its location was known so far abroad that con- tending tribes fought for its possession, with herds of buffalo, fruitful valleys and quarries of flint the prizes for which savage man staked his life." We are told that the Indian village where our troop was now sojourning was visited by Major Long's exploring party in 1820, at which time the Indians were in possession of flint-lock guns, knives, axes and other iron utensils obtained from the whites, but then they were not on the old site, but a mile distant at that time. In concluding this chapter, the following are some of the unusual articles unearthed in this locality: Pottery with handles, pipes of peculiar pattern, a piece of chain mail nearly destroyed by rust, skele- tons buried in sitting posture, flint spades, many beads and all kinds of trinkets; and bear in mind, most of l^ese articles have been discovered under the ground, so there can be no humbug about them. THIRTEENTH. 'A Kansas, Osage or Pawnee. In 1541 were a sight to see; The Kansans were tali, The Pawnees were smal^ The Osages tallest of aJIi , [(^RTiif ADO give the"people of Qiiivira «*edit for being true, kind and noble, and it muftt have been so, otherwise the thirty-aix sol- ' diers, one priest, and a few attendants would never have been permitted to leave the country. For was it not an awful temptation to such creatures as these natives to see the strange things and yet not be able to acquire thera? But no suggestion of a sin- gle wrong done to our party has been recorded while they were in the midst of the throng of war-like, un- civilised people. Does this not speak well for the natural fairness of these aborigines? And let it be recorded on tablets that will endure forever, the Spaniards must have treated their hosts with friend- ship and equality. If the general or any of hia moa lost a single article by theft or otherwise, no mention is made thereof. So there was the most friendly spirit prevailing on both sides, each vieing with the oUiev to show their willingness to f raterniae, and A SUMMER'S EECREATION. .. „ 191 ' this ihcj did to the heart's content of both parties. ^ July in Kansas is a trying month; it is hot, and no doubt if anything was more so then. So is there any wonder that the commander of the party as well as the soldiers were unanimously in favor of taking a rest and seeing some recreation if possible? And there was lots of it; yea, verily, some of the soldiers ^soldier-like) were in lieavea upon earth. They had sweethearbs and sweethearts. There was something going on all the while, for the Indian chief called into the city or village all of his warriors, which on the second day af ber the arrival of the strangers amount- ■ed to about 2,000. These were as fine a specimen of stalwart young men as can be found any place in the world, perhaps with the exception of their kindred, the Osage, who it is said were models physically, but they will be introduced to you hereafter. J No attempt is going to be made to hare you be- lieve these Eed Men and women of the prairie were able to give banquets, but in their rude manner they aU united to treat their visitors royally. This was S EKTBSBTAniir NATTVES. why triavail, they are out of the pale, being the whale that swallowed U. S. head and tail, but will it prevail? It's not an estate tail; future will tell the tale, emi- nent domain may avail, to take on forced sale, but better to sail over Ita own rail, built by the ijeople's bail. It is the second day or our exploring party's so- journ at Manhattan; they are being feted so magnifi- cently by Chief Tatarrax and his sub-chief and war- riors as well as by all the people, that Coronado, Alonso and Jaramillo hold a council for the purpose of instituting something to entertain the people, and after due deliberation it is concluded to hold a tourn- ament and joust. At any time and to any people this sport always met the acclaim and approval of those witnessing the chivalric, popular and dangerous pas- time. Kemember this is 1541, so take your mmd back to that time to picture the custom as prevailed then, for now it would appear brutal; but comparing it to American f ootbaU playing, there was Uttle difference in the possibility of being injured. Of course, you all realize how anxious the average young man is to be in the team, and the fact that there is danger whets his desire for the fray, and it was likewise with the mailed knights of 367 years ago: so when the com- mander suggested the tournament it struck the other two very favorably. Then Alonso further recom- mended the winding up of the entertainment with a joust. This was acquiesced in by the others. Eight here some authorities have to be examined to be sure of the ground which is being trodden, for although KNIGHTS" TOURNAMENT. - 195 the vivid description of a tonmament as described by Sir Walter Scott is called up, yet so dim is the im- pression on the brain-slate that it cannot be deciph- ered, so plagiarism must be confessed, asldng pardon for doii]^ so. A tournament is where a number of men trained in the use of the lance, mace and sword make up two parties of nsusLQy equal number; they were clothed cap-a-pie; i. e., from head to foot in armor, and mounted. There were very strict rules governing the sport; they had their heralds who acted in the same capacity as do our umpires of football and base- ball games. Each knight or horseman who took part in the tournament armed himself with a spear with an attachment on one end about four inches round made of wood so that it could not possibly injure, or rather, penetrate the armor of his antagonist. Also they wore swords which had no cutting edge or point, and their dexterity with the battle-axe or mace was displayed by the use of a club of a regulation heft and length. The horse was sometimes encased in armor, or barbed, as it was called, but usually just capari- soned, which means, had a cloak or cover laid on the saddle and body, which was frequently made of heavy material to keep the horse from getting hurt. " These clothes would frequently be very richly ornamented. When all is ready, one troop rides in one direction, the other the reverse, until the regulation distance is reached, when they turn and make for each other at a gallop, and the principal thing to do is to unhorse the other fellow, so the staff or lance is held against the body. They usually had a strong, leather belt • 198 HISTORIOAL TOURHAMBNTS., ;--- ._ ... ._„ .,_"» with a thick leather attached so the lance could rest and avoid hurting themselves when rushing into anoth- er man on horseback coming in the opposite direction. Some acquired the knack of having their rest when at the saddle, and a jolt from this having the momen- tum of the horse as well as its superior weight come against a man in the saddle would invariably push him from his steed. In 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy, con- quered England, he is said to have been one of the first to inaugurate the passage or arms or tourna- ments. 7 However, it was unknown in England up to that time, but during the Crusade period, and up to • 1559, or eighteen years after the time of this narra- tive, it was a regular pastime for the elite of military circles; but in 1559, Henry II. of France got injured by a lance breaking and piercing his eye, which caus- ed his death, put a damper on the sport; but history states about the time of our story tournaments were frequently held in the Tilt yard at Smithfield, Lon- don, and as late as 1839 the Earl of Bglinton gave a magnificent entertainment of the old tournament at his castle, wherein many of the nobles encased them- selves in the armor of their ancestors and took part, including Prince Bonaparte, who was afterwards Na- poleon III. of Prance. It further says that Lady Seymour was the queen of beauty. One commenda- ble thing about the old tournament was the rule that none tainted with crime could take part; also no man who had insulted or wronged a woman; in fact none but those supposed to have the knightly honor of a nobl§ci?m were permitted to enter the lists. The re- A. JO0ST. 197 ward to the victor was the favor of liis lady love; if he had none the fact of his being a vianquisher of others would redound to his credit with the females of his acquaintance. A man may have been ever so brave, but much, if not more, depended upon the sagacity of his horse as upon himself, and persistent training was given the animal so it would become accustomed to the game, if you like to call it by that name. The joust is an entirely different thing, although resem- bUng the tournament, for in the last-named it is troop against troop, whereas in the joust the combatants engage one another singly. Sir Walter Scott, in his inimical way, teUs of a joust in "The Talisman," where Eichard Cour de Lion and Saladin are on the plains of Palestine, both mounted on beautiful horses. Richard of Eng- land, being encased from the crown of his head to the tips of his toes; his horse weU protected by the barb. The Arab or Mohammedan has no defensive clothing, but attired in Ught silk, his only weapon is the cymi- ter, or a crooked haJf-moon shaped sword. Then they are described as maneuvering to procure an ad- vantage, but so much more agile was the Mussulman's steed that the burly Englishman could not get an op- portunity to wound his opponent, but the wUy fol- lower of Islam frequently made passes for the joints of the armor, those being the only vulnerable places where he expected to reach the flesh of the enemy. One thing in the Saladin's favor was the lightness of his*equipment; thus giving his peerless gelding so much better chance to make quick turns, for which such animals are famous, and although the mighty 198 UICHAED I. AND SALADIN and world-renowned warrior made fearful iunecs at his opponent, yet he was unable to phase him, and so encased was the Crusader, and what with the weight he carried both him and his horse became so harassed that had it continued the odds were in favor of the champion of the prophet's cau.'se. The exact cause of secession is forgotten, but they mutually agreed to discontinue, whereupon the commander of the In- fidel hordes invited the Lion Hearted into his tent, treating the pufEed and blowed soldier of the Gross to Iced sherhjJt, which no doubt was very acceptable, considering the warmth of his body. The famous Scotchman in his "Pair Maid of Perth" immortalizes himself by his extraordinary de- scriptive powers in a joust on foot, wherein the hated Southrens were met by an equal number of High- landers. A boy who reads this historical novel (and every boy ought to read aU of his works) will be car- ried away, so much so that he will neglect his study; but God bless you, my son, it is ennobling to read of such sturdiness and nobility of soul as displayed by the hero, Harry of the Wynd; and this realistic ac- count as given by the gentleman of Abbotsford was no pretension; it was to the death; and further, the author bases the account upon facts. It would be presumptuous to try to imitate the story by reteUing it; you must read the original to appreciate the thrill- ing nature of the episode. Another joust must be noted before proceeding. It is the one which read as boy and man, each time being intensely thrilled by Dumas' "Three Muske- teers." The principal character is a youth of just D*AKTA6NAN THE MUSKETEER. 199 twenty-one, wlio was reared in the rural district quite a distance from Paris. His father was a, renowned swordsman in his young manhood, and had taught his son every trick of fencing he had acquired from his tutors, as well as by actualcontact with the blades of his numerous adversaries, with which he had crossed swords in his lifetime, and his son being a likely fellow acquires aU his .parent was able to. im- jjart, and. upon reaching his majority his father pre- sents iaim with his only nag, which is dun and sorry- looMng and thin. "With the horse is presented his own tried and true sword, an Ul-filled purse and a let- ter to a friend in Paris. The father's parting words to his boy were not as is frequently the case: "Get ricli honestly, but get rich," but told his boy to iight Ti'ilii his good sword at every opportunity; be. right, but fight; and D'Artagnan surely is made by- the nov- elist to heed the admonition of his sire. The first night of his arrival in Paris he is sauntering about the, 6ity after night, when aU at once he hears a slo? gan, then the next thing he observes three men being hard pressed by a superior number. Instantly D'Artagnan draws his sword and without a word ar- rays himself alongside of the three, and then begins the first introduction to the Three Musketeers, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, who are veritable Bayards, eacii c E them. Of course you contemplate the result of the "-<"li)i ]. D'Artagnan kills several, and from thence Ifle ;-;■;• ;r,p; {?rriscon becomes the protege and constant com- p.V'.'.ioI the Three Musketeers. -\ .Toi- the principal officers liad deciJcc] to hold. V '^ '..."unnment and joust, it was submitted to Uie ■900 PREPARING POIl THE COMBAT. others ot the party, to get their assent, which wg,s liealrtily j^ven, and with few eiicoptions all desired to tafe part, tut it was finally arranged that twelve on each side would be the practical number, or a total of twenty-four, Father Padilla, who was a soldier before becoming a priest, consenting to act as herald, ehoos' ing his own assistants from the men who did not take part in the sport. Ysopete is then instructed in the .necessary arrangements, which are requisite to the carrying out of the program^ which is set for two days thereafter so as to give; the men an opportunity to prepare, and then the guide goes to Chief Tatarrax and informs him. of the wishes of Corcnado. The chief at once enters into the spirit of the matter and concludes he will give an exhibition of his warriors' sldll in the various sports of the country: so hastily the lieutenants of the chief are caUed into council, and a plan of procedure is agreed upon which is to take place the day following the new-comers' display. Now all is bustle, not only among the Spaniards, who are procuring nice, straight, hickory saplings to make their lances, but swords like single sticks must be improvised for the joust; then their armor must be poUshed; in fact, the best foot must be put forward by everybody, both red and white. Word is hurriedly transmitted aU over the country of the comin'.? cere- monies, and rest assured that every man, worn m and child wiU be present within fifty miles from Manhat- tan (except Padoucas, who must not shu .v themselves on pain of death), and word has been sent up the Blue, up and down the Kansas, to bring their racing canoes, as there are to be prizes awarded; also the PRIZES FOR THE IN^DIANS. 201 chief has it announced that for the swiftest ruriTiofst, best bowmen and any feats of magic are to' be re- warded, btit the prizes most coveted are the ones which Coronado has announced he wiE present to the best all-round marksman with the bow aihd arrdw, also the fastest runner, as well as the beist canoeist. The bowman is to receive a hatchet and a chain of brass with a Spanish half dollar attached thereto, value $2.50; Or $3.00 to the fastest sprinter, p, sword with the scabbard and belt; and the expert boatman is to have a pocket knife and some unstrung beads of various colors. Let the natives take care of themselves and we will follow Alonso for a little and see what he is thinking about, and more important, doing. You hjive been told of the training of this man, how he has from boy- hood been trained in every trick of horsemanship known to the Spaniards; but more than that, from the fact of his girl acquaintance since boyhood, he has come in touch with some of the most renowned Moorish knights, who were Arabs and the acknowl- edged best riders in the world. And has not our hero been with them, ridden their spirited steeds, and learned all that the Moors could impart? For they liked the boy because of his respect for the fair Moorish damsel, whom we now understand he loves with the passion of a Spaniard, or a Frenchman, who are notoriously ardent and heroic lovers. So Alonso is on the alert, realizing this to be one of the ordeals of his career and he resolves to use every effort to bring credit upon himself, so that she may hear of it at home; and this grand thought is so indelibly im- pressed xvpion his mind tOai ft iMikes MrdsbiiM easT' to aadure, and her picture so obscures the ftoes of the dus^ maidens, causing them to lo(^ homdy a^d. commonplace, so that he has no desire for th^ eom- pany, except to receive their smiles and attention, aad he having their adulation because of his gentle treat- ment of them; and this he makes a point in dosag: » smile, a twinkle of the eye; in fact, the young man i» by nature so constructed that no one could help but be attracted toward him, especially the opposite sez» but even the men all revere his purity of acts aad thoughts. This element of character must be takea into consideration when sizing up his fitness to enter the lists; for his mind is not running after false gods,, so his body retains all the elements of strength wi& which God has endowed man. Again be is above the average for strength and endurance, for has he not a strain of Irish blood in his veins, which necessarily has transmitted the qualities of endurance and stick- 'to-it-iveness? «• Alonso's horse, lilce its master, has been excei>- tionaHy well taken care of, as heretofore recited, and now it is in the best trim of any; of course it is not as strong, and does not have the staying powers as it would have on oats, barley, corn, flax, bran or bea^s; but comparing Babieca with the other horses of the troop, a glance shows it to be the fittest for a trial of endurance. This assured fact buoys Alonso, for he is fully cognizant of the importance of his horse; and another advantage, more important than the last named is, that the horse has been trained to such work. He knows from experience the need of obey- HOW TO CARE FOR A HORSE. 2G3 iag his master by the slightest indication of the thighs and knees, for a number of years he has be- come used to the clash of armor and swicoutrements, whereas on' the other hand, all others have only known service since the beginning of the expedition, and have never been trained to sTich an ordeal as is about to take place. But although our young soldier feels quite confident, yet he knows the necessity of preparation, therefore he instructs Monte and Yso- pete to take every care of his favorite, and to grind a few ears of corn each day, and be careful not to feed too much, as that would do more harm than good; also he tells his boys not to let others know, of their actions. Alonso superintended tiie currying, or rath- er the rubbing, of his pet, but there is (me thhig he is in a quandary about, and thait is, his horse has no shoes, and he has observed how easy his feet slip from under him on the grass; and it is a fact, if a horse is used on the prairie without "shoes his hoofs will get so smooth that in pulling a load it will soone- times be very troublesome, especially to start a loaded wagon, so our second-in-command, realizing the disadvantage he would be at because of his horse not being sure-footed, resorts to a scheme for the purpose of roughing up the hoofs, so he has Monte carry water and empty under the feet of the animal, making soft black mud. This is very beneficial to any horse's feet, but for the purpose desired to accom- phsh in this instance it was just the thing; and to be on the safe side, the hoofs were scraped with a rough flint stone to make the edges sharp so they would hold to the grass. In the Kansas State Historical ,204 JPHE SBCpET C>P mjXlJUG, Sepiety's .QOllectioQ' (one^ql thi^, finest ia,the XJ^to^r Btat€!i^~) th,er^ is a borse. ish^e ma^e of r^^fh^j^g, l^Jiil?^ ^as .Bse4 by S'li Ijjdian on his ppny? The shpe shqwf signs of, mucli serviiW!. i.^npthej! ipxportant thing, to il&siso'siQind was Ms girths, forihey must bev.absp-. IlDttely'tialiable: so every stitcfeand buckle was tested^ and if anydoubt, was 'Strengthened. One point i that- 'WOoM oonMnually come to his mind was the Jaf^fa^s of liis armor, for he realized that should a tilt ecwi« BJ) ajgainst rt, the possibility was that he would. get iigured. So he resolvefs to resort to expert tactics, trustitig to the maucn\"ering of' Ms steed to k^p him 'otitbf arm's way. Although there is only two days j id 'which to prepare, yet every advantage was taken ; of the interval to exercise his horse: so three times a day Alonso would ride away froni camp with only Monte and Ysopete with him, and when out of . sight would then give hi^ horse some'pretty! severe tests in turning iquicMy, stopping the imStant i called upon, and most itnportanl, to have the animal rehearse the oft-practiced knaok of responding to the sway of the body of- his master, as well as to the peculiar motion or pressure of the legs, but which can only be under- stood by going through a series: of years of horseback rldiag. No doubt you have heard how the Arabs train their; horses to respond to this inexphcable manner of directing a horse by the motion of its rid- er's body instead of with the bridle; perhaps the western cowboys got their first lessons in horseman- ship from the Bedouins, but this is doubted, for, by intuition this peculiar manner of guiding a horse comes with practice. If a man or boy reads this who LIEUTENANT PEREZ IN TRAINING. 205 has had years ot practice in the saddle, herding and driving cattle and horses on the plains, he wilL know the truth thereof when it is aflSrmed that a herdsman on a weU-trained cattle pony will tie the reins over the horn of a saddle and with whip4n hand will cut out a single animal from a herd without touching the reins^ the horse wUl turn the instant he feels the pressure of the thighs of the rider, or the sway of the body, and so proficient do both rider and horse become that one will assist the other, as it were, in avoiding the sudden shock in too sudden a change of direction. As before asserted, there is something remarkable about this experience in rid- ing, and cannot be appreciated by the uninitiated. And this was part of Alonso's tasls, to traiti, toughen and teach his horse not new but old tricks. It may be interesting to learn that the Mexicans are now conceded to be the most expert with the lariat, but they acquired this from the SpaniardSj who, by reason of their contact with the Arabs (Moors) of Spain, were bold and experienced horsemen, so Alonso had early been taught the use of the lasso, and like aU good horsemen carried one aU the time, and this was practiced with, as he expected to give an exhibition of its use. While our ideal character was training his steed he did not neglect his own per-, son, but took a plunge bath every night and morning in the spa,rkling Blue river. It was a busy time for all parties, what with. perfecting their equipments, fitting their horses, arranging the program of pro- cedure, gave very little time for loafing around. FQURTEENTH The tournament of ye olden tiiii6\ . Is Jiere reviyed along the same IMS,, l iHtpressing the Indian as thoHgli dS*ui(9 By the glamour in the sunshine. T MUST have been about tiie 25th of July, 1541, when the wonderful spectacle which is about to be de- scribed in this chapter was enacted. It was a beautiful Kansas morning (none can surpass); thousands of Indians are early astir. Tliere are those from the Osage villages, many from the Pawnee country, a few from the distant town of the "Twenty- four" near Atchison, and even some Omahas and Mis- souris are on the scene to witness the ever memor- able ilihtferMnmentj as weU as to be ready to take part in the next day's festivities. Our Spaniards are early to rise this morning, for upon them is the day's ordeal. Every man in our troop has put the best foot forward. Armor and arms are polished, horses are made to look their best by rubbing, but not with coal oil on a cloth as horse- traders now resort to for tliG purpose of makings MIUTARY EVOLUTIONS. .207 horse's hair look sleek and smooth. AlQn.'50 h?.s given particular attention to hia trappings, as well as to his lasso, for he intends to manipulate the same accord- ing to the progiram agreed upon. The chief at the re- quest of his august visitors has stretched ropes of rawhide so as to keep the immense throng back and give opi)ortunity for carrying oa the exhibition, and on the beautiful Kansas river bottom a ciiitSiblG spot has been selected. The sun is quite well up, only bohi^j cb-^ut tw,; hours from noon, when word is passed along the mass of natives that they were coming; and now com- mences the exercises of the day, which consists, of every soldier (thirty-five), there being seventeen double-files, with the general at the head, all. on foot, marching toward the grounds where they are first going to give the natives an object lesson in European military evolutions by troops on foot, ro ^.rith heads and bodies erect, in true military f aKliion, tliey march, march, march, keeping perfect step, v.rith their swords clanking, harquebuses on their should- ers, obeying the word of command in unison a.nd with precision. Now they are in perfect alignment, facing the chief and principal men, then the various evolu- tions are gone through; but first of all the "present arms" was promptly given, as weU as the commands corresponding with those used at the present day, and for about half an hour the small squad went through the various tactics then known to the mih- tary. There was no lack of appreciation on the part of the spectators, for there was beating of drums, blow;. ing of buffalo horns, squeaking from reed-Uke fifes, 208 i SPiaCTACLB SSUPBltNATrttAlJ. ediouts, laughter, in.fact, tlio natives apylaudod to the enterl^iBecer'i^heaFts ' Gor/Seiit. There are onlj*' twenty-four to talro part in the tanrnament in the afternoon, so that leaves six horses and six men who have no part, so it has been ar- ranged to have a horse race. Tlie six men stripped of tiieir soldier gear now come riding out toward the race course^ and although the spectacle just wit- 'nessed was a wonder, yet owing to the people having only recently seen horses, they were carried away when they saw them, not that these six animals were 'anything extra, for notwithstanding they were above the average breed, yet tlie finest horses in the world wiU make a sorry aiapearance to be compelled to work on grass alone. Of course, ahorse will fatten up if running loose on the plains; but if taken right o& the range and compelled to make a hard ride or drive, it would soon play out. But to the Indians these six flying animals were marvelous. Our Spaniards real- jlzed that it would not do ^o make the distance too long on account of the condition of the animals, so the race was soon over. But now the fun is to begin, for it has been pre- arranged with Ysopete that after the race he is to go to Chief Tatar rax and request him to select young men of his people to ride the horses in a race, the same as did the soldiers . Then the big chief harangued the people, vociferously announcing the kindness of the visitors and extolling them for their sldll, but ends Ilia speech by informing them of the offer, and requests all those who, desire to undertake the ordeal to present themselves before him; but just as soon as HOBSB RACE ON THE PRAIRIES. 209 it was understood what was offered, there was hurry- mg and urgent scrambling to get to the front by hun- dreds of young fellows, for let it be recoi^ded', they knew not what fear waS, and such an opportunity was not often afforded them to display their willingness to participate in a hazardous undertaking, for so it looked to them, but so numerous were the volunteers that the chief was in a dilemma, so turned to the other chiefs and announced that he had a solution of the difficulty, and then informed all the people that he had concluded to designate his youngest son as a representative of his own people, but recommended that the chief men of the tribes present be permitted to iappoint a rider, so the Osages, Pawnees, Missouris and Omahas each named one; but one horse ,$till lacked a rider. At this juncture an old chief whis- pered to Tatarrax to let all the young men who were before him race and see who should have the oppor- tunity, so hurriedly arrangements were made for the race of the "Six Hundred," but there was more room than there was for the charge of that many at Bala- klava, the distance being a mound pointed out by the Sachem about a mile away where they were in- structed to make for, the necessary judges having been appointed to see fair play. It was the Spaniards' turn to become interested, as they never had and never will again witness such a sight. There was no pre-arrangement who should win, as is frequently the case with modern racing, both foot and horse, so every man and boy put forth his very utmost, and there were in that company many who could have outstripped the celebrated In- 210 FOOT RACK ON THB,PBAII?IE, dian "Deerfoot,"- who made such a furor all over Europe with his wonderful endurance. But half way toward the goal the contest, plainly shows that only fifty are in the race^ and upon reaching the turning point fifteen are about the number who are reaUy in the contest, and most of the others stop and look on; and now there is a battle royal, for these young bloods each know his capacity and has faith that he can win, so a fearful pace is kept up toward the hom- ing; gradually a few draw away, and eighty rods (one- fourth mile) from the finish four only are neck and neck. They fairly fly, on, qn; neither of the boys seem to be able to forge ahead, but the pride of a young Indian from the distant great city of the Twen- ty-four seems to fairly give him wings. The thought flashes through his brain how he can take for his "fetich or medicine" the flying animal; if he can only win the race and then have the opportunity to mount the big elk without horns! These grand Indian- desires in mind, and his ambition to have the right to use such a medicine all his Hfe, impelled him forward the necessary distance to make him the victor, amid the tumultuous applause of the. Europeans in their customary manner and the Indians by stomping their feet and jumping up and down while chanting some words in unison with their feet. But Ysopete is more elated than any present, for this eighteen-year-old boy is from his home city; he kaows his father and mother; so contrary to the cus- tom of the Indian, for like the Greeks of old, they cultivate an austerity of expression and actions, for to tlie Indian it is efEeminate to give way to emotion. A LAUGHABIiE SPECTACLE. 211 but b^ Ysopete coming in contact with the Spaniarda some of the vrebs had been removed from bis brain, so he does not hesitate to hng the young vietor, and scrape the beads of perspiration from his body; in fact, being a professional runner of his clan, he ia an ideal trainer, and knowing from e^pe^enee the strain which such an ordeal puts Txpon the body he uses e^- ery known means .to fit the young fellow for his maiden ride on horseback. The soldiers hare con- ceived the idea of taking off the saddles so as to make it more difficult for the novices. And now the six horses are ready for the start. It would make a Tod Sloan, Johnny Eeece or Danny Maher crack their sides with laughter to have seen the ludicrous appen,ranoe of these six jockeys; but after most of them losing their balance they finally get started. They are supposed to go toward a pole, to ride around it, then to return to the starting place. But, Lord bless you! owing to the reins being jerked and the wrong Lin3 pulled the poor animals did not know what to do; soma stopped, and in doing so, came down from a gallop to a trot. Those who understand this know how easy it is to ride on a lope, but to be brought up suddenly to a trot causes one to either lose his balance and slide off, or else the next thing is to grab around the horse's neck, thus losing control of the horse's head, which usually gets an amateur into trouble. Finally one reaches the pole, and being so tickled he gives a yell of satisfaction which so scares his steed that it gathers the bit in its mouth and makes a bolt that is a race indeed. And now this rider can easily keep his seat, for just so long as a 212 PtJN P03 THE INDIANS. hpirse goes atraigkt ahgad on a d,ea!i run it is no trick to stick on, and although the young fellow is not in tiae race, yet he is in heaven o.n horseback. And now up comes .another, but in taying to guide his racer around the pta:^ he pulls the wrong rein, thereby turn- ing the horse away irom the turning place, which gives the third horse a chance to get around the pole. And this third son ojE, the prairie is a young Pawn^,. and so far has made, the best showing. The reasaa. for this- is the f apt. that, at .hoins he has a jovatg buffalo calf which he has been training to ride, and although the young bull nature of the , creature.: wUl come out, our young Pawnee wiU stick on until \ the, animal will put its head to tho ground and falriy. turn a somersault, so the young acrobat is compeHed| to dismount, or rather cannot help being dumped; , but this experience gives him an advantage over Tbos ' fellows. But what of the oilier three? One has lost control of his horse entirely, for upon losing his bal- ance he slid off, and in trying to save himself let go the reins, and naturally the horse could not stop ow-, ing to its being on a fast run; then the other is in a, plight, having been jolted off, but stiU holds to lie^ bridle but cannot get upon his feet; so he is h^^ag' digged along but hangs on like grim death, withoat< knowing what to do until finally the horse stops -when the young fellow being f uU of nerve tries to scramble upon the horse, which is a leggy animal, and having no experience takes some time before he succeeds in mounting. In fact, the young Pawnee is on his way to the winning post before he regains the back of his horse. The other unfortunate is the winning foot- WESTERN INDIANS FIKST RIDimaS. ^13 racer, but heiiappens to have one of those claes of horses which is not comf6rtai)le for even a good horseman to ride, especially bareback, as the saying is: '*He came down like a thousand of bricks, arid the rider works Ms passage," which signifies that he is a hard rider, for every time his forefeet come down when on a gallop it gives his rider a jerk, which fairly shakes raie's insides out of place, and when it trots^ — well, to ride such ahorse bareback would cause the individual to lose considerable hide froiri an unmen- tionable spot in his body, taking quite a time to be free from the reminding sensation every time he book a stride with either limb. The antics of this last contestant cannot be described, bet it can truth- fully be stated that, although he did not win the race, yet he showed the stuff he was made of; he had caught on to the trick of catching the. mane, and with the agility of an Indian he amused the people by fall- ing ofE, then with a spring getting back, so it caused more eclat than anything; but our young Pawnee was about the only one that got fairly back to the starting point. Without doubt the Coronado expedition was the direct cause of the Indians of the plains bfecoming the first possessors of the horse, and thus long before the more easterly tribes had any knowledge of the benefits to be derived therefrom, and the trip of the indefatigable Spaniards 367 years ago, with the great number of horses and mares, many of which the pro- fchonotaries of the expedition admit as having gotten away and never being seen again. Authorities on horses state that it was in the reign of Henry VII. of 21-4 EMILY inSTOSY OW IIOBSSS England that stallions were first raadeiato gelJings. Henry became king in 1485 and died 1509, so dividing the time of his reign it will be consorvatiye to say that it was about 1500 when first the'gelding camfe to be made in England; that is, just forty -one years be^ fore the date of our horse-race in Quivira. So it is very reasonable to suppose that nearly aU the males ■were in their natural condition, therefore it took but a very short time for them to increase, which is known that they did from a very early period all over the plains of Texas, Indian Territory and Kansas. ' Here are some things which the authorities say about the multiplying of horses: "In the thirty-sec- ond year of his reign (Henry VIII. or 1541, the very year of our story) the biU for the breed of horses was jwissed, the preamble of which runs thus: 'Foras- much as the generation and breed of good and strong horses within this realm extended not only to a great help and defense of the same, but is also a great com- modity and profit to the inhabitants thereof, which is now much decayed and diminished by reason that in the forests, chases, moors and waste grounds within the realm little-stoned horses or nags of small stature and little value be not only suffered to pasture there- upon, but also to cover mares feeding there, there- fore Cometh in manner no profit or commodity.' " Another section of the same statute enacted: "That no entire horse being about the age of two years and not being of the height of fifteen handsfuU shall be put to gra,ze on any common or waste land." It was also enacted: "Within fifteen days of Mich- aelmas Day (September 29), all horses, mares and ENGIilSH STATDTJSS ABOU:? . HOBSBS. 215 'fiol2s found in the foTcsts; cnases and camTfKfiis" anafl be 'driven,' and any found not growing into servicear We animaJa shall be Wiled. " Further the horse book says: "In AustraJia as well as America, horses im- ported by European settlers haye escaped into ttie unreclaimed lands, . and multiplied to a prodijgions extent, roaming in vast herds over the plains where no hocfcd a,rLiiaal trod, before."*.. Have we, not. ten years ago knovvn of the ranga horses of Dakota, Wy- oming and Nevada becoming so numerous that the stockmen were compelled to t&ka their Winchester rifles and exterminate them? This was because they \7f.r2 so hard to break to ride or work that it did not pay to bother with them, especially when horses were cheo-r; of course, when the range horse brings a good figure, then many of them are sold, and after being conquered and broke they are the toughest class of horses, especially for riding or driving. The day is not far distant when the range pony and horse will be' known no more, and that some record may be kept of the peculiar characteristics of these monarchs of the rans'e. An incident, the truth of which can be vouched for, came about under the following circumstances: A. ranchman who handled considerable cattle and who had four strapping grown sons, averaging from eishtcen to twenty-eight years of age, ha,d one day some men bring into the neighborhood of the ranch a drove of western horses, offering them for $15.00 to $50.00 each. The four farmer boys bought one each for cattle ponies (they are unescslled); they were roped; 1. e., lassoed and halter.:; gotten on them, and now the sturdy young feUows, '..ere quite conceited 216 PLAINS HORSES LIKE TIGfESKS that they could break and ride any horse, and so the ifun comiQeiitied, as thtee animals Trerehke tigerti. They resie'ntfed ill treatment, a known fact, for tho brutal young men beat the poor things urith the view of Subduing them, but the more severe the usa^ the mor& vicious became the nags, and finally they were su^ terrors ^rith their kie&s from behind, strtkmg with their front feet as well as biting, that after one or two of the boys got hurt they were compelled to acknowledge being beaten; but out of the same herd a man purchased one just as vicious, but he got it home, tkd it sugar and finally was able to pat it on the neck, until the animal discovered it was not going to be hurt, submitted to the saddle and harness, maMng an ideal cattle horse from which no cow or steer could dodge or outrun. So the fact of our six young Indians' first horse- race being witnessed by thousands of natives, and be- cause of the stirring experiences of the lucky six, naturally fired these children of nature to hanker for such an animal; and thus it was that the plains In- dians became so notorious for their fine horseman- ship and love of the useful animal. The natives of the prairies had the advantage of their eastern ene- mies because of their superiority in covering distances on their ponies, but the Sioux and dwellers of the Great Lakes had the advantage of coming in contact with the French-Canadian traders, from whom they procured fire-arms and steel implements 'of warfare, by which they were able to more than outweigh the advantages the western Indians had because of their horses. After the excitement and fun created by the STBBET FAIR ON THE FLAIKS. '217.. borge-race, a niimber of the Spaniards dlspl^ed tiieir marksmjanship with their muskets, but there 'was nothing very extraordinary about it, except its being incomprehensible to the throng of spectators. One point had been f iiUy settled by Coronado and his officers, that they must not compete with the na- tives in any of the sports for fear of exciting animos' ity or contempt; the first might be caused by sur- passing, the sccjoad by showing inferiority. l^e next thing, on the program is the display of the day, and now begins to assemble the horsemen preparatory to the ordeal. It might be good fiction to describe how the horses pranced with arched necks, ears pricked up, restless, impatient; how they champed their bits; but the reader of experience knows better, as tliey have to come onto the "Field of Cloth and Gold" in an ordinary and orderly manner, considering they had no grain for some time; yet because of tlieir rest since reaching Quivira they are in pretby good heart. It has all been ar- ranged as to the procedure, which is that twelve on a side shall be selected on the field of tournament, therefore the two dozen horsemen are lined up facing the principal chiefs, and Father PadUla, having been selected to act as herald, is standing in front of the troop, making a strange contrast. He is in his black clerical garb: all others in their best. It has been agreed that the selecting of sides shall .be .done.,ifiL , such a manner that no distinction shaU be made as to rank, so twenty -two grains of white corn and two of red corn are placed in a helmet, and then the Father beckons to a comely Indian maiden, the herald in- 218 RULES OF THE TOU&NAMENT. forming i^e first horseman to the right to make the first selection to constitute the troop on one side, then the drawing is to continue until the other red grain is reached, the contestant procuring same hav- ing the right to designate who shall make up the sec- ond company. Then the Holy Father, to make the matter comprehensive to the young girl, teUs Ysopete to explain her duties, and also to announce to the spectators the equality with which every man is to be treated. The first red grain that comes out is for Private TruzHlo, the other f eU to the lot of Sergeant Maldonado. Now the selections are in order: Private TruxUlo chooses the general, the sergeant points to Lieutenant Perez, and thus the selecting continues until the party is equally divided. Then according to the rules of the tournament (which were much more technical than the Marquis of Queensbury rules governing prize fights, or the French code of dueling) the Herald announces the manner in which the com- bat is to be conducted, as follows: The first thing to do is to draw lots for place, which is done by the pri- vate ajid sergeant. Private Truxillo selects the west, which gives his troop the advantage of having their backs to the sun; then the herald orders the company of the private, which has in it Coronado, to proceed toward the west about half a mUe, where stakes are driven in the ground to designate their alignment, the'btfi'efs ^re {■o'g6'"toWatds the east, making the party about a mile distant from each other; so they will have to ride about half a mile before coming in contact, and he further instructs that v/hen each party reaches the rendezvous they shall have their horses' NOW FOB THE OSDEALi. 219 liu^ads pomting: away from their adversaries, so when tJbe ^ag is fired they will have to "about face" before tBey caa proceed on thrar way to attack, which they ' may do as they see fit, a dead line being drawn on the soxth tmd south over which neither party is allowed to pass over on penalty of expulsion from the contest in ^iSigrace. The herald further proceeds by stating, fbsb after the horses are headed toward the other each paxtj must keep in a body and in line until within ahcnt 200 feet of their opponent, or where the flags are flying in the field, but from that point they may either proceed in a body or singly as they choose, and fche_ test was to see which troop could unhorse with his improvised lance the greatest number of tiie op- pa£4z>g party, and once a contestant's feet or foot toQcdied the ground, he was considered "hors de com- haft," and immediately must vacate the arena with his horse; and he further informed the men that the first attack must be done without any maneuvering, but directly in front, and when each passed the other they mast ride at once to the goal from whence their op- ponents came; in the meantime those who by the rules should leave the field were to immediately do so. - And now comes the ordeal, says the herald, for after those who are entitled to remain in the affray EEte again in line, a shot will be fired as a signal for a plil-mell, go-as-you-please rush at each other, and as ^ose who become unhorsed must desist from further partieiiJafcion, but the remainder to continue the tour- nament until there are none on the opposite side to attack. ^ The. Father then said in a solemn, warning manner, that this was a test of friendship, and not of TtiSSB SCOKB'NTS TOR X^E INDIAKS. )ik^^, 44o!K>BiaAiiii|;^1ih^to retaemberthe necesal^ li^fp^ig oa>refiiliiot to raaiiii'6ach other^ as they were W'kew aaumg thousands of strangers. After which tin mail as a l^est, and not as Herald, knelt down in {fae presence of that throng of people and prayed the •Almighty to keep any from being injured; and asking te)r his blessing upon the men who are about to par- Haeipate in the coming ordeal. '.. The command is now given for each trocp to pro- ceed toward their respective stations, and while en route are arranging the form of attack, and the selec- "fcion of one to command. Coronado is designated to 'direct the one party, and on the suggestion of Alonso, Sergeant Maldonado is to command the other. Cor- .onado's twelve decide to place the commander and JaramDlo in the center, and they are by the majority vote to endeavor to engage Alonso and Maldonado, ibut the other dozen decide to place Alonso and their commander three horses from the ends, and it is es- Ipecially agreed that each man is to choose the most ^favorable opportunity to unhorse a man, regardless of !who he is, the reason assigned being that it would E'' — dicap them to be compelled to select a certain op- en*. -'I The messengers, who are running backward forward to keep the herald informed, finally give rtbe word that each party is ready, and the sound of (the pistol is heard vibrating over the prairies; but fwstch these men, for it is a tense moment for these t w ii l ty^onr, who have all smelt powder many times, jret this kind of excitement is more trying on the ner- vous 'syBtem than going into a real fight, but they are, and in fact mnst be, intensely in earnest to acquire T.nrp. A CSffiODS STBIEBT PABADZ. 221 that peculiar sensation ■which impela men to heroic deeds, and although the captain of Alonso's cavaliers kept admonishing his men to not blow their horses by keeping up too fast a pace, yet it seemed the feeling of the riders was contagious, for the horses seemed to become excited and worked up to a tension unusual for them. (But then these sagacious creatures usually understand, and more than they are given credit for, as was demonstrated at the late San Francisco earth- quake and fire by the horses in the stables making heart-rending cries of terror during the quake.) On, on, nearer, nearer came the combatants to- ward each other; but Alonzo is cool and confident, having in mind his motto not to be too fresh at first, but to reserve his latent powers for the final ordeal, so he took the first opponent reached, and so easy did he avoid his thrust and planted his staff right in the breast of the man, that he was pushed off his horse so forcibly that the ground was struck with a thud; but JaramiUo seemed to be desirous of getting at Alonso, for in the rush he was observed trying to spur his horse toward the lieutenant, but by reason of there being several between them it was impossible to do so, but they are passed each other and so the honor s are about equal, Maldonado being compelled to retire. But the other side still have their commander, as well as the redoubtable JaramiUo, who was an iron man; but Alonso is asked to take the place of the de- funct sergeant, so it now devolves upon our young hero to plan the next mode of attack, and having with himself seven to the others' six, yet he feels at a dis^ advantage, because of the experience of the two older 222 A GLORIOUS PASTIME. men, Coronado and Jaramillo. But realizing the re- sponsibility of his situation, he directs Private Truxillo to select another man in whom he has conlidence to assist him in attacking the old warhorse, Jaramillo. Alonso announces he will see what he can do with the general. -;Now the test of endurance, horsemanship and dexterity with the tilt is to commence in earnest. Each man is to select his opponent, and while waiting for the signal the new champion admonishes his com- rades to sit firm in their saddles and control their mounts; to keep them steady; he himself has re- solved on a line of action, which is to rely upon the superior condition and speed, as well as the training of Babieca, to outstrip the other horses; and to out-general the men. So he orders every man to ride as far apart as possible, except the two who are to concentrate on the redoubtable captain, and he tells how he will make a dash for the commander, trustuig to his horse to keep others from reaching him, and realizing the general will not avoid him when he rec- ognizes who It is that seeks a personal bout. Alonso feels so confident of his ability to unhorse his supe- rior that he informs the men the instant he does this, he vinll turn his faithful gelding and be on the re- turn to assist them before they have fairly met the balance of the party. Again the signal is given, and now for the climax of the melee. Off rushes both sides; but soon Alonso calls on his Arabian, and now like the wimd he, Is being taken toward the object of his ambitios. Bat Coronado divining the purpose of the jrouag soldier J Is not to be outdone, and he also havi&e a strong, BOW> THE PELL-ilSLiL, EUSH. . . 223 ' erful animal rushes pell-mell to meet his antagoniist. It is soon over; but the trick of the trained animal is ■worth more than the power and niassiveness of the other; in fact, Coronado's armor is many pounds heavier than Alonso's, so he cannot handle himself with such agility as the other. But the thing which Perez is relying upon is the care of the steed's feet, thus he can swerve so desterously that it is impossi- ble for the other rider to foresee such an event. On comes each for the other. Alonso's reins are not in his hands. ' They are fastened to the pommel of his saddle; the animal responds to the slightest pressure of the thighs and legs; the spear is held firmly in both hands by Alonso. He is m ecstacy, sitting on his beloved horse flying towards his friendly adversary, but whom he is anxious to unsaddle; and now they are within speaking distance. The moment to the spectators is thrilling, for it seems as though one or both would be killed by such a 3hock; now Coronado comes straight for his young subaltern, and now is the crucial moment for the sagacious mount of Alonso: When his opponent behoves he is about to reach his person, by a sudden swerving of the body^ the horse of Alonso springs sideways, thus taking his master out of harm's way, aJl of which is as planned and con- templated by our young soldier, hence he is prepared to act at the right moment, for now his tilting spear comes in contact tvith the bod^ bf'hi's opponent, but not with such force as it would have been by a head- end collision, as it were. But the knack acquired by Alonso was by a slight of hand to take his adversary from the side, thus compelling him to lose his balance 224 TRUE KNIGHTHOOD, and be foirced to the, ground. It has t^ken quite a. time to convey some comprehension ot the affair, but it was over so quickly that it was like witnessing the Derby on the Downs in England. The word is soon passed around "They're off," and the horses are at the finish. But Alonso's brain just now is very active, and instantly he is on the qui vive to see how the oth- ers were progressing, and the first thing that met his eyes was the moment when two men had caused Jaramillo to lose his balance, but whose foot is caught in the stirrup, and the horse is scared, and is speeding away with the captain, dragging him along the grass. Alonso, like lightning, takes in the situa- tion, fully realizing the danger of his companion in arms, and so, like a flash, he is putting his horse to its topmost speed; dropping his tUt and untieing his lasso, he soon is close enough to the runaway horse to throw the noose over its head, and he soon brings it to a stop, but not any too soon, for the excitement of the, contest, the bumping, he has received, and the heat being very, oppressive, and particularly the sun shining upon the iron armor, making it so hot that he can hardly breathe, has caused Jaramillo to become unconscious; Alonso releases his foot and lifts his vis- or. He was not injured, but overcome, by the excessive heat and exertion, and.soon revived upon being loos- ened from his harness, Alonso had lost all thought of the tournament in the solicitude for his comrade, but now his mind re- verts to the field and inquires what the outcome is. He learns that there is only himself on the one aide and, only one on the other, who is' still in the ring. EAQLECHIEF. • • The Pawoee's Ijave no principal Chief. Tljis is one • of the several. Original picture taKer) at J Pawoee, Oklahoma, Iq 1908. S ' ''t A MAQNANtMOUS ACT. ' Althongh Alonso dialikea to conlinae the boat, yet he feels in dnty bound to see it out; so observing ttie sol- itary opponent sitting upon his horse, he call Babieca by blfl most endearing name to encourage him; and being handed his lance, which he had discarded, now rides at top speed toward the solitary and only snr- vlring pedestrian of the other t,roop. But the poor fellow has stood in the melting sun with his visor up, trying to get a little fresh breeze, and owing to his blood being awful hpt, and yet not the fighting Idnd of blood requisite to face danger, he loses his nerve and stands stock still when he observes a horseman approaching him at a furious gallop; in fact, his horse's sides are so heaving with the heat that it will not respond to the cluck or spur, and Alonso, seeing that the man was standing stock still, could not bring himself to do suchau unmanly act as to attack him, so he reined in his horse and demanded of the man what he meant by such action. The poor fdlow then told of his predicament, which caused Alonso to laugh; and then he thought hpw magnanimous it would be to dismount, thus technically make Hie other side the victors, and no sooner did the noble precept come to him than he responded to the brave and manly promptings of his heart. So he sprang to the ground and approached the last of the opposition, and, taking him by the hand, asked him to dismount as the victorious party. This, episode was a beautiful tribute to the nobility and Odyssea-like character of the young man, and endeared him to all, both his friends and the natives, for Ysopete had conveyed to the chief and others the significance of Alonso's chiv- alrous conduct. 226 DOES CIVILIZATION aVlLIZE? QUERY. The authbrities have been perused so as to ac- quire some conception of a tournament. A ht^le his- tory was dug up which impelled the jotting down here. The period is about seventy-five years before the celebi;ated passage of arms just told of, and the query arises, "])oes civilization civilize?" The follow- ing is what is referred to: "Over the vice of the higher classes they (the clergy) exerted no influence whatever; the king paraded his mistress as a queen of beauty through London, the nobles blazoned their infamy in court and tournament. In these days, says a canon of the tinges, arose a great rumor and clamor among the people that wherever there was a tournament, there came a great concourse of ladies of the most costly and be^autif ul, but not of the best in the kingdom, sometimes forty or fifty in number, as if they were a part of the tournament, in diverse and wonderful niale apparel, in partly-colored tunics with short caps and bands wound cord-wise around their heads, and girdles bound with gold and silver, and daggers in pouches across, their body; then they proceeded on chosen coursers to the place of tourney, and so expended and wasted their goods and vexed their bodies with scurrilous wantonness, that the murmur of the people sounded everywhere; and thus they neither feared God nor blushed at the chaste voice of the people." It was arranged to have the leaders take part in the joust with swords, or rather single sticks in lieu of foils, but the termination of the last entertainment BAOLB FBATHEUS A3 DIAMONDS. 227 ■was stichthat ifc was coneliidod to have six of the men who had taken no part in the tournament to entertain ^th an exhibition of swordsmanship. These three pairs are pitted against each other, Coronado, Alonso and Jaramillo acting as judges. Th6 plan oif action is tot the men to begin at the. same time, thej:e being a judge to keep the liumber of points madp by cither of the contestants; then at a given'signal all are to cease, when the judges are to compare notes and announce the two men having the highest number of marks pitted against each other. The preliminary bout is oyer and our two fencers are doing their best to dis- play their pro|fi,ciency with the foils (single sticks), and both being experts, it causes considerable interest among their, countrymen, if not the natives. The terms "carte," "thrust," "carte over the arm," "low -carte," fiancomade or cotade," "tierce," "primie," "quinte," "half circle," "feints, "etc.* are some of the names for the various plays, but which might just as well be in the Indian lajiguage, for not the slightest conception is there of the meaning of these technical tertas. They were taken from a book on "The Noble Art of Fencing." The soldiers knew the two men to be very proficient and were as excited as are the Philippines during a cock-fight. Atlhe close of the day's festivities Chief Tatar- rax presented Alonso with a beautiful headgear made principally from eagle feathers. This was the very highest compliment he cpuld pay the young man, as it was the sign of their tribe, and more especially, as eagle feathers were as rare and costly as jewels are to the people at this day and age. And thus ended the first day. FIFTEENTH. The Kansas, Osage and Pawnee are the kings presented to thee; They are naitive children, you see, all being absolutdy free. This Eden had devils (rattlers) galore, but they had the fee; Their God had not yet forbidden them to eat of the tree. Thes* natives ef Quivira, and *<"■ many yeais their survivora, . Thus enjoyed the game as God had ^^illed the same. Then solicitous for their souls, but more the buffalo holes, The superior tribe did then contrive their homes to divide. CONFESSION is good for the soul; therefwi you, kind readers, are constituted "Father Confessors," to listen to this plaint, Btipry, yarn, "hiimbug," or imagination; for haw is it possible to enter into a long-winded, truthful and authentic account of the various sports in TOgne among the denizens of Quivira when hardly a scratdi of the pen is come-at-able that is authoritative? The only record along this line is the statement of their marksmanship with the bow and arrow, and they bad canoes. So the confession is heralded on the four wings of heaven, that nearly aU of this chapter is a stretch of the imagination, based largely upon the known habits of later tribes as set forth in the great United States Indian work heretofore utilized. But because they left no account of themselves on Baby- A LITTLE ANCIENT HISTORY. 229 lonisiii or Qialdean baked tablets, nor any ponderous rock or brick structures^ as did the older civilizations of the East to mark their cities or places of abode, yet youi" attention is directed to the fact that it wasn't till aboyt the year 1820 that nature compelled the world to observe that great ruins were buri«d under the hills that were artificial, but which ap- peared to have been liirown up by the Creator. Evea the natives of old Mesopotamia and ChaJdea were not aware of the fact that the hills bordering the Tiip-ia and the Euphrates were bricks, and not natnre'a handiwork, and for thousands of years these infialM- ble monuments of the dead past were awaiting 4m hand of man to open the earthern doors to the Wjrtir ries that would speak as accurately of the deadwB tbe phonograph will. in the future. Less than 100 years ago the rain washed out a gully or ditch throui^ a meadow, over whjch the camels, horses, sheep and asses roamed, and It was observed that a great amount of debris kept washing down the ravine aa tt got larger. This caused the natives to wonder where the carved rocks came from, and bricks were found in great plenty, as well as a wall was brought to view compelling the attention of the dumb natives; and then it was that word began to pass around until it reached some European ofOicials, who, upon investi- gation, made the discovery that it was the buried city of Nine veh . Then the limelight was turned in on the brains of men interested in the history of the pasit, until now by tlie aid of the newly acquired art of i:ead- jng the cuneiform characters of the peoples told of in the Bible, we have the highest, most indelible ae- ■280 SOD HOUSES IN KANSAS. couats of their customs, laws, wars, Idiigs, otc, and ' so hipfh a*osted man, yet observe how he was fooled. In his own account of the retreat he tells of camping by the side of a great wall around "a vast desert city" on the Tigris. This tremendous outer wall was twenty-five feet wide and 100 feet high, being nearly seven miles in circuit. He called it La- rissa, and that it wa^ the Medes who occupied same when qonquered and razed by the Persians. "Where- as, in truth, only 200 years before it was the Medes who destroyed the city aifter a two years' siege, and the, great error of Xenophon was the statement that the King of Persia was the conqueror, for that nation as a world power had not come into the drama of na- tions. Then contemplate that Nineveh, the most pow- erful city of the east and capital of Assyria, should loseits identity in 200 years. So it must not be taken as a foregone conclusion that QuiviKt did not contaia quite a large population because there are no visible monuments of their presence, for when you consider the lost civilization, heretofore cited, which was a myth until research by the lovers of knowledge brought to light the remarkable evidences we now have, and for the express benefit of the historians of Kansas, how much are we indebted to the Quivira Historical Soci- 232 saoOND day's entbstainmbnt. ety for its efforts in locating the numerous cities bur- ied under the sod, as are the ancient cities of yore? Without doubt, there; were according to the Span- ish and later authorities quite a number of people re- siding in or about the territory now known as Kansas^ so there is no fiction about that fsict, Ysopete is a very busy man on this morning of the eventful day when he intends to take part in some of the contests. He waS one of the runners for the chief of "The Village of the Twenty-four," when cap- tured by the Teyas and by them sold as a slave down in Pecos or Cicuye; and by the continued exercise in walking aiid often running ahead to find the best course fdr the army to march, his muscles were like steel, and could not be in better training, so he has registered himself as a contestant for the longest race of ten miles, and some of his friends having arrived from his native village, who know him to be the swift- est Indian in their part of the country, especially the great city of the Twenty-four, he has no lack of back- ers and encouragers who feel honored by their ac- quaintance v/ith a countryman of such remarkable ex- periences. It is not stretching the faot to say there were t'nousands of people camped miles around the village; nearly every family brought a house with them, con- sisting of a few poles and buffalo sMns, these being^ carried by their dogs, every family being the owner of a pack with which to carry their belongings when on the hunt, as well as to transport the game when killed. • A custom prevailed among the western Indians, INDIAli'S OF H3EOIC MOULD. 233 ivmcn we are informed was invariably insisted upon by the entertaining tribes; so the Kansans being the host caused a circular camp to be laid out where every visiting tribe must erect their tepees while sojourn- ing in the friendly territory, and on the present occa- sion the visitors were so arrabged that a large mush- room town had sprung up in the suburbs of Manhat- tan. Of course, the Osa^es speak the same tongue as the Kansans, an^ being their kin and nearest neigh- bors were the strongest numerically; then came the I^wnees, next the Omahas and last a few Missouris, all of whom were at that time on friendly terms (for a wonder). V The Indian lias always borne a reputation from earliest times as being of thefaeroic mold; that is, they love to do some act which would bring them to the favorable notice of thdr fellows, therefore hun- dreds of men on this July day 367 years ago were pre- pared and willing to go through any physical travail in their hope of doing some heroic deed that would bring upon them the eclat of the tribes, so there v/as no lack of contestants for the numerous sports. The day's program began earlier than the day previous, so at eight o'clock the band began to play; calf -skins stretched over a section of a hollow tree, and a good many of them, were the principal instru- ments, the thumping of which being accompanied with the words something like Yar, Yar, Yar, Goo, Goo, .Goo, Woo, Woo, Woo; others had tambourine drums, which they kept striking with a stick with some hide on the end to keep from injuring the thick porohment; then there were the fifes made by punch- il4 A laSN-MIliB! FOOT-BACEi. ing the pith from caneS; again there were one-stringr bass viols. The idea was conceived by drawing a rawhide over the taut bow-string, and every Indian was able to produce time by the aid of an arrow used like a fiddle-bow and the bow for the fiddle. But like fire crackers now used, on that day of days, every boy had a home-made "hummer or bull roarer," which every youngster kept going and with it shouting: . ^'Nfi nim naau, na niaa naau, Wa wa na dana dia , Wa wia, na dana dia, llanisa na, Nanisa na.' .. ■ TRANSLATION. " ' "My children, my children, I am about to hum,- I am about to hum, % ' My children, my children. So the day is a veritable 4th of July celef>!%tion for racket, if for nothing else. But the first «venfe of the day is called early, which is the ten-mile foot- race. As this was considered the most severe test, of the day's sport, it has been concluded to get it over with before the sun is too far in the zenith* Therefore, the contestants are coming to the scratch; ^preparatory to thes start, which is arranged at the fir- ing of Ooronado's dag. A two and a half mile course ■has been carefully prepared by levelling up the buf- ifalo holes, cutting any overgrown grass, as the time is expected to be a record-breaker. Now the thirty- , three men are lined up ready for the signal: it is to be Itt standing start, not a "twig" start, as will be ez- .plained in another tnatch. Off they go! some like a YSOPBTB, A POOT-RAGEB. 235 IshOt out ot a gun; but the older men have had morie /experience andrealize the impossibility of continuing i such a pace. The younger men, therefore, are quite in advance, and,' ate foolish enough to-pat themselves with the contemplation that the (M fellows were not in it. But the hindm^ost are not old; none, are over thirty years of age; Ysopete is twenty- seven. There are six who run {abreast at a long swinging gait; they even waste a little breath by remai'king the swift run the youngsters are keeping up; but each fiiaile, as much as to say, they will find out. There is not much to record until after they have reached the starting place the first time, Or five miles; the (Six professionals are still abreast, but they even intimate to each other that after the turn is made they intend to increase the rate, for & number of those in the lead appear so far ahead that to the inexperienced it would seem impossible to overtake them, but this does not worry the six, for they have been there be- fore. V What is uppermost is how many of the hind- Inost party wiU have the" best staying powers. At the turn Ysopete meets the eye of his god, Alonso, who does everything possible to encourage his dusky admirer, and not only is it our hero who wishes the guide to be the victor, but the general and every man in his troop, for he has proven himself to be truthful and faithful, so is there any wonder with such en- couragement shouted to him as he passed that his very soul should be imbued with the desire to win? Again his young townsman, who was thfe svdftest of the 600 the day before, is npt an ingrate, and from childhood having participated in foot-racing knows TWEWTY-ffira MILBS IW TWO HOUKS ■ -■■• i ■J'' *• nan J Meks^'^vrin^b^thar'^uniiiitiated know nothing of; so wheo the six mea are fairly past the judges' stand, as it would be termed now, he ran up behind his friend and spoke words of endearment and encour- agement, and owing to the other five belonging to other tribes, who did not speak the Kansas dialect, they did not comprehend that the young fellow was telling Ysopete that he could run the five miles and would do so by his side, if he would dash in front of the others: so Ysopete resolves to now begin to call on his reserve force, although it teooms a little early to do so, but resolves to drop doad rather *ihan be beaten, and now without much eSort he darts forward and our young racer very quickly gets past the other five and soon is even with liis friend, and as you reil- ize, he is fresh, so there is no trouble for bim to keep abreast, and in a few sentences he informs his f rjend that he proposes never again to permit the others to overtake them, and sets the point where they were to pass the others at about the turning place. From this on it seemed easy for Ysopete, what witli those behind, who he was determined should not apcain catch up with him, and tlis few in the lead, who were being reached very rapidly, made it appear easy, hence the balance of the race seemed a foregone con- clusion, and it was rapid, there is no mistake, for the ten miles was finished in thirty-five minutes. It may seero incredible to make ten miles in thirty-five min- utes, ^ut this is based on the great authority, where- in it asserts that in playing a certain game the In- dians, although they had to pick up a stick with their toes, yet they made twcnty-flye mUea in two hours. YsoPBTJt vteamvsB thb honors. 23f But here w the citation ifcaelf:, "Tbm. chief feature of the race ia the kicki&c of sMcIn, which the leader ot each side phioes acroM Mm toalk at the base of the to^s. These sticks are rooad' eid aad of tht »vto of the middle finger; they are piek}- eA op with the toes and kicked forward, when bao of the set, Or partners of tlie one kicking, renews the feet, kaeipinK up rapid speed. Mr. Hodge saye the distance covered by one race was twc^nty-five milte, and the time consumed only two hours. It is well known that the Tarahnmara Indians of Mexico are so nained from their custom of racing while driTJng bo- fore them a wooden ball by means of the feet alone. It is said that frequently; seventy or eighty mil6s are thus covered in a single race." Do not forget that the people we are writing of were God^s children; they are admitted by the men who first saw them to be magnificent physical specimens of humans, and they had nothing else to do but cultivate the body so as to make themselves strong, agile and swift, so they could battle with na- ture, animals and enemies; and further bear in mind that the ten miles was without obstr'uctions, and pleasedon't fail to note where twenty -five miles was made in two hours they were picking up a s^lck with their toes. Just as soon as the chief and judges announce that Ysopete is the winner of the prize offered by CJor- onado, which is a sword and scabbard with belt at- tached, the swiftest runner is presented to the chief, who in true Indian manner presents the bright sharp awful big knife to the smiling native, '''" ■'' '"""^ 238 AiHISTOEICAL SWOKD FOUND. Note: About the time that the tale had been com- pleted to here and Ysopete had in. the story been awarded the sword, a trip -was taken to the Kansas State Historical Society at Topeka, to delve amon^ books for material to inject herein, and while examin- ing the Indian relics in the museum a card was ob- served with an inscription, viz: "Sword of Captain Jiiah GaUego, an of&cer with Coronado 1541; in vault>^' It is so highly prized that it is kept under lock and key. As you may surmise, being intensely interested with anything that would throw light on the expedi- tion treated of in this book, the courteous secretary George W. Martin, and his assistant George A. Root, very kindly permitted a personal examination of the sword. It has no handle, the theory being that all' perishable material rotted while buried. There is a very plain inscription along the blade, as follows: "no MB SAQUES SIN BAZON SO ME ENBAINES SIN HONOR" Being translated is "Draw me not without reistson; sheath me not without honor j" There is no mistake about this, but the claim of those who deposited the valuable relic is, that in small script letters they de- ciphered to read "Juan Gallego,"who is mentioned as being with Coronado. The sword "was found bur- ied in the sod in Finney county, Kansas, in 1886. Of course a minute examination of the name of Juan GaJlego was not made with a glass, but gentlemen of veracity have, so that fact will have to be considered conclusive. On returning home, the great authority was re- ferred to for the purpose of learning what was said JUAN aAIiliOGO'S SJABBR 2S9 t- of Gallego; and here is verbatim the langi^age coa- tnhiied la v(dume X, l4tb Aunual fSeport of th^ Bureau of Bthil0logir;'pafi:e-484: "Abauithe middle of Octo- ber,, Captain ^elchior Diaz and. Juan Gaij^bgo came from Cibckla, Juan Gallego, on his ' jf ay to New S^pain. ' ' Also, "after Meleliior i)iaz and Juan GallbgO' had arrived in the town of Sonora, it was ai;inounced that the ariny was to depart for Cibola; ^elchior DiW was to remain in charge of that town v?itii eighty men; that Juan Gallego, was going tOy New Spain with missives for the vieeroy^ and that E^iar Marcos was going bacik with him; because he did not think it was safe for him to stay in Cibola, seeing thafc his re- port had turned oiit to; be entirely false." The fact of Father Marcos returning back to New Spain with Gtallego surely makes the date the middle of October, 1540. Of course, it was possible for Gallego to get back from New Spain so as to take part in the expei- dition the following spring. But did he? Was it not a strange co-incident that a sword had been awarded to Ysopete before it was known of the one on exhibi- tion atTopeka? Another remarkable' thing about the saber is its being found in Finney county, for in aU probability that was the route gone over on their re- turn home. It is understood that the next performance is to be the principal event of the day, for by the use of the bow and arrow these people are able to exist, and when nature compels something, rest assured it wUl be acquired. The targets are stuffed buffalos, there being ten; that number is necessary to accommodate the num- 240' ■ rMDIAN BOWMEN. erous contestants, a set of judges having been ap- pointed for each animal, and only one shaft is allowed each man at a distance of about sixty paces, and the ten best bowmen are selected from the ten targets, and these are the ones who really are to make the test. A new target is put at seventy paces, and each of the men whose arrow lodges in any part of the ani- mal's body is permitted to continue to shoot, so when the last of the ten have had their opportunity it is found that six are still in the contest, so the beast is moved to seventy-five paces and only four succeed. Now it is eighty paces, and a new rule prevails, that the shaft which strikes nearest a designated spot back of the shoulder (the most vital part of the ani- mal) is to be considered best. And now it is that the powerful Osage Indian, Long Atrow, displays his su- perior strength and proficiency, for his bolt strikes SG near the spot th%t no others can beat it, but al- though Long Arrow is the victor he requests the tar- get to be carried to 100 paces, and then with a mighty strong arm and sure aim one of his long arrows fly from his powerful bow, which comes very near not the "Bull's Eye" but the buU's thigh, thus entitling him to the hatchet and chain with the silver dollar hanging therefrom. Now we are to witness a fast race over a hundred yard track; there are twenty-two starters, and in- stead of a standing start they resort to the customary holding on to sticks, so that there can be no jock- eying. The runners recede, from the mark in order to get a good and fair start. Being read3', a twig, FAIR JCXJKEYIHG OF INDIANS. 241 »lie;lr or platted grass twelve to fifteen inches in length is held between them, each grasping an end, so as to readily indicate when one or the other is gain- ing undue advantsi^ in speed from the standing pc4nt to the scratch when the race is actually to b^n. In starting, the racers step off briskly, at once beginning a gentle trot, which increases in speed as they ap- proach tiie scratch, though they endeavor to keep abreast and stance at ^e stick or wisps held by tiie men on each side. "When the true starting paint is retbched, the sticks are dropped and ill start forwaird at nearly racing pace from the very first. And if they had stop-watches, it would have been recorded — "Time: 10 seconds. " This race is a record-breaker, for it beats the time recorded a half second. For the sake of computation call it 100 yards in ten seconds^ that would be 600 yards in a minute, and on that basis would amount to 36,000 yards per hour, or over twenty miles, so when it was stated that Ysopete made ten miles in thirty-five minutes vou can readily see its possibility. , -* - -»h». For deviation, the medical magicians now give an exhibition of their wlzardness. These performers are the medicine men of the various tribes present; they occupied over an hour in the rendition of the tricks. Of course, it would take too long to give a full account, but here is one performance which merits a write-up, as the newspaper men say. ,% In the first place, it would be much more compre- hensive were it possible to demonstrate the jugglery by the insertion of "Fig. 20" in the work so frequently quoted. The Tshesaqkan is composed of four upright 242 tNTDIAV TOMPOOIiBBY pOlM from six to eight feet, high, securely planted in the ground so aa' to make the diameter of three to fbor feet, around this is wrapped skins to make the inferior inyisible from without. The niediQino man then goes inside and voices some incantations, then a poor woman who has a very sick child knocks on the posts to announce her presence, and tells her tale of Woe to the medicine juggler. Then more mystic Words and jangling of his "juggler's rattle," which the cut shows to be like a tambourine, then there is a talk between a spirit and the magician (no doubt he is a ventriloquist). After a lot of flummery the child is brought to the medicine man, and here is where the deception comes in: The doctor keeps shaking the rattle and then applies some herbs to the part afilict- ed, then more chanting and gesticulations, , then a tube several inches long made from bone is taken into the mouth of the medicine man which he pretends to swallow, then another tube, until several are supposed to be inside; and now comes the cure, for after going ttirough various contortions and pretended vomiting, finally up comes the various tubes, one af terthe other, which are by violent motions, as if being thrown off the stomach, and ejected into a bowl, the pains (?) con- tinue until the five or six tubes are finally extracted and lodged in the bowl of water. The notion is by this procedure: the patient has the disease abstracted from his body through that of the juggler. And while the foolishness is going on the "famous and wOrld-wide physician" has several assistants pound- ing away on medicine drums, so vociferously as to nearly raise the dead or kill the livingf. CANOE BAaNG. 243 There were many meritorious tricks periorinedj. such as maldng figures dance, but" it was effected by fine thread, being hidden, ^attached to the dancers j also the snake trick, performed just as mTsteriot>iSl;f as it could be now. But l(8t us prpoeed with physical instead of men- tal sports, and watch the canoe races which are about' to take place. There are single, double and two-pair races. Both banks of the -Kansas river are lined wittt spectators, for the course is about two miles dowit the stream and return, which would appear to be a. short distance. But not so, as win be concludect when the account is finished. . For not only must the contestfint, be ex^rt in handling the craft, but ^so a. swimmer of power' and endurance; for as much win depend on the action of the racer in tiie water as in the canoe. The first race is the cHie in which the* most numerous numbers are to take part, as this is the one for which Coronado gives the pocket-knife and a lot of unstrnng colored beads. There are so> many entries that the river is swarniing with the' racers, and you need not think there was no inge- nuity displayed in the construction of this useful and much used means of transportation, for it was the pride of this tribe, who invariably dwelt near a navi- gable stream, to have a great number of canoes, as it was an easier and quicker way of going distances in pursuit of game, than by any other means. A canoe has already been described, which was niade from the^ carcass of a buffalo, the hair being left outside. But there were many types, aiid were so light that they did not weigh to exceed twenty-five pounds. Of 2U YSOPISTB DOES SOME SCHEMING. oour^e these were for speed and not fot service. It' 1$ dMcalt to grit a fair start, ;but it will not matter much in the outcome, for if a canoe was the first to get the lead, he would be the first to upset; therefore many kept back. Let us confine ourselres to one character who is in this race. It is the son of Chief Tatarraz. He has been schooled by Ysopete how to win the race, and owing to the last named having reached the age when men realize that sometimes a Uttle schem- ing mixed with physical endurance will prevail over brute power, so our Indian guide had his protege practice many times unseen by anyone the trick by which the son of the chief expected to win the race, they having gone over the course surreptitiously and are cognizant of the favorable spot where to enact the winning card.'. Young Tatarrax, like many others, has his canoe marked with the insignia of his father, a small bunch of eagle feathers tied to the prow of his bark; the winner is supposed to get to the winning post with his own canoe, therefore it is necessary to recognize each his own. Just one little insinuation is thrown out at this time, which is, that Ysopete has taken a piece of hide and fastened to the bottom of the young chief's canoe; it is about like a handle on a trunk. At last, after considerable maneuvering they are oft, and for a short distance all is well; then the fun begins. Now there are four canoes which forge «head; one draws away from the other three, but just as his stern is about to pass the secondman, he grabs the foremost canoe and tips it over. This canoeist is of coiirse prepared, but it disconcerts him; tlien there Tiic irrrsT last, are th#e others i:b>f the Ysopete scheme. He realizes he cannot expect to win by a fair, square paddle, for both the other men are older and stronger; /so if his submarine, aquatic scheme should fail he is sure of defeat. So at Uie proper place he drops the paddle and dives into the water, keeping his fingers on the side of his canoe so as not to lose the location while under the water, hav- ing taken the deepest breath in all his life; and now the handle is grasped with one hand and he feels his feet on the beautiful sandy bottom, which is only about four feet deei).^ So he has to crouch in order to keep his head from coming above the water. - But he has practiced this manner of dragging his canoe enough times to bonvince him of his abUity to snc- oefed. This gives him confidence, and now for the ef- fort of his life. One thing practiced and thought of was the necessity of selecting the side where the cur- rent of the river was the least, so the young savage felt sure of his ground, having traversed it many times before: so with eyes wide open, of course mouth closed, he ran dragging his canoe after him by the hand hold; by this means lie was able to get ahead, of the other two who were confounded by the si>eed of' craft without seeing the motive power, and thus lost time, and when he reached the si>ot agreed upon by him and Ysopete, it being where it was found he: could hold his breath to, the faithful guide as pre-ar- ranged was standing in the stream, beating the same yOUNG TATARBAX WlWg. 247 Trith his haads tom^e'a nmse so as to encourage tae boy, as well as for another artful purpose, for then up bobs young Tatarrax's head and down goes Ysopete, •who grabs the handle, keeping the craft steady and on the- move, while his young friend is climbing in. The young feUow soon talces in the situation that he is a httle ahead, but then bQth men are making, for him, but Ysopete is now doing hiaJBttl^ diying act; so BfVraj speeds the little thing to the; astonishment of the two, racers. The plan was well conceived, for Ysopete ' strained every nerve to drag the canoe, which with bothhis efforts and the occupant thereof with the paddle she fairly flew over the water, but the wily Indian diver knew when to desist, so with a final, last, extra-powerful pull he released his hold, but in- stead of coming to the surface ran back as far as he possibly could hold his breath,' this beitag to put the people off the scent as to his conspiracy. About the time our La Subtle Ihdian gets to the surface,' he hears the acclaim of the people, and he is happy to see the successful termination of his well laid plot. To the credit of the young chief, just as soon as possible he told his father of the good work done by Ysopete, and the old man admonished his son to bring the guide to him, which was done, the chief in private requesting that not another soul be told of what was resorted to for the purpose of winning the race, the main thought in the astute leader's mind was the ad- vantage which would accrue to his boy in the future to advance his being selected as the chief of the tribe. And from that day Ysopete was a marked and favored Indian, all of which was merited. 248 EQUALS JT3LES VEKNB. THoee -whotiAVB read Jules Verne's "Forty Thou- sand Leagues Under the Sea" will aUow that the race as described is not near so marvellous as Nero having to dig through the Nol'th Pole so as to get his vessel through. We shaill not take up your time vrith a separate recital of each canoe race, sufB.ce it to say that there were two, four, eight and as high as sixteen paddles to a canoe All these barks were made from buffalo skins. At the close of the day's exercises the Spaniards are resting in the cool of the eveniiig, which in Kansas lasts for nearly two hours after the sun goes down; no doubt this is owing to the absence of mountains. And you can rest assured they had numerous visitors, one of which was introduced to Alonso, Goronado and Monte by Ysopete. It was Long Arrow, the Osage, who won the prize. He had asked Ysopete if he would not present him to the Big Chief, so here he is stand- ing erect in the presence of the officers. Ysopete is making them understand the wishes of Long Arrow; i. e., to be permitted to shoot the lightning bow. Af- ter speaking with the commander and procuring his persmision, Alonso tells Monte to bring his harque- bus, vfhich is carefuUy primed in case of accident, and the party, and of course many spectators, go a short distance from camp, and a target of bones is soon thrown up with the skuU of a buffalo on the apex for thie thing to be aimed at. The Indian of the "Strong Men" (Osages) is given directions how to handle the weapon, being admonished not to puU the trif^ger until he sights along the barrel, and standing AL.OWSO POISOWHD. 249 but a short distance his shot makes the bones fly, which so tickles the fellovr that he jumps and jreUs like an Indian! Then Ysopete requests Alonso to permit his young chief, Tatarrax, to have a go, so he is Ukewise accommodated, and manages to bring some splinters. While the big Osage was shooting, Alonso is examining Long Arrow's bow, and when the Indian had gotten through with the firearm Alonso asked him to explain how he was able to pull such an instru- ment, and the Osage being from Missouri (part of the territory roamed by this tribe was in that state) "showed" how he used same in true Missouri style. Then Alonso sent an arrow from it, as weU as the young chief's bow and several others, so as to judge the various instruments. - After the last episode has been concluded, Alonso goes to his tent to rest, but it is not long before he feels a peculiar sensation in his left arm, upon which there is an abrasion of the sMn, which was caused by the lariat rope when he caught Jaramillo's horse, and after each minute the pain so increased that he called Monte's attention to it; then Monte went for Ysopete who at once pronounced it poison. Then there was hurrying: for these two last named were intensely solicitous for the welfare of the young man, in fact they idolized him, and now the secret which Monte had communicated to him by the Chief in Cibola is hastily applied to the place where the sMn is rubbed off, for it cannot be called a wound, and faithfully do these two friends, in deed as well as in need, care for the young Spaniard, and before the morning sun rises the swelling has gone down and the pain has 250 TUB ANTnX)TE. ceased, thanks to the prompt and more especially to the valuable antidote in the possession of Monte. The only solution of the cause for the poisoning was, that some of the arrows which Alonso had handled were or had been treated, and suf&cient had gotten into the hurt. SIXTEENTH. ilT CHI NKSBI NANPE, "Mie}%i niM Aanpe mayu^ye, Mich* nkiki nanp« mayutaye^ Ateheyt lo,Ate hieye lo, Inichaghe-tte, Inichaghe-kle, Ate heye lo. Ate heye lo, Chanonpa wan ckicha-upi, Chano npa man CMehchupi'i Ate heye lo, Ate hehe lo, Cha-yanvpi-hta, Cha-yanipi-kla, ■ Ate heye lo, Ate heye lo." TRANSI*4TI0N: *My son, let me grasp your hand; my son, let me grasp your hand, Says the father, says the father. You shall live, you shall live. Says the father, says the father."" \ bring you a pipe, I bring you a pipe,"'' Says the father, says the father. By means of it you shall live, by means ot it you shall livej Says the father, says the father." NoTB.— The abo7e lines are Sioux Indian Doetrr, and are here produced to give a conception ot the reverence In which the,plDe Of peace iras held. HE FOLLOWING morning after the close of the last chapter the com- mander mformed hia company that they must continue their journey bo as to get back to Tiguex before winter ^A set in, soChief Tatarrax was informed that they wouid like to proceed on the following morn- ing, to which the Chief made no objection, but insisted before leaving that the pipe of peace and friendship 262 , TnE PIPE Off PEACE. miiBt be smoked to seal tbe good will of both partiea* and Goronado could do nothing else but acquiesce. At the appointed time, Goronado, Alonso, Jara- Bifflo, Father Padilla and several officers met a goodly number of natives in a tent or hall. After the lormal introduction had been gone through, (Ysopete, acting as Interpreter,) there was a large circle formed, each man Bitting on the ground (these people had no inlaid or mosaic floors), the natives with their legs crossed in their customary manner. Then Ghief Tatarrax called upon the Uttle Osage chief, who had arrived the day before with a large party of warriors; he was a man to be respected, for his tribe combined with the great Osages were more powerful, having a larger number of warriors than the Kansans, thus the rea- sons for making him the prominent figure, this man being a born leader and no ordinary character, for it was by merit alone that caused his being made chief, as these men of nature knew that a i>ampered, born-with-a-silver-spoon-in-his-mouth man rarely had the attributes requisite to dominate others. Hie talk of the Osage, on being translated by Ysopete, was in effect an invitation to visit the chief's villages, pledg- ing bis protection to the death. After inquiry by Goronado as to the direction where the chief resided, it was agreed that the country of the Osages shonld be honored by the presence of the Spaniards. In due time an account of same will be forthcoming, as well as a short history of this remarkable branch of the Kansas tribe. Other chiefs of the Pawnees, Omahas and Mis- ■ouris also requested the party to partake of their THE PIPE EMBI^EMATICSAL, OF TBUTH. 253 hospitality, but except with the Pawnees, which had heea already arran;ged was to be their D«zt stoppiai; place, it was announced that the plans of the expedi- tion would not at that time allow of their remaininc; in the country long. ^ While these talks are going on, Chief Tatarraz is preparing the pipe of peace, which, according to the highest authority, holds an important part in the mythology and ritual of almost aU our tribes, ea»taiid west, and no great ceremony is complete and no treaty was ever ratified without it. It is generally symbolic of peace and truth. As a peace emblem, ft was formerly carried by every bearer of a friendly message from one tribe to another, and was smolnd in solemn ratification of treaties, the act of smoking being itself in the nature of an oath. Amcoig the prairie tribes, an individual accused of crime is of- ferted the sacred pipe, and if he accepts it and smokes he is declared innocent, as no Indian would dare to smoke it if guilty. The ordinary ceremonial pipe of the prairie tribes is made of the red stone known as catlinite, from the famous pipe-stone quarry in Min- nesota, which still retains its name by the city of Pipestone, in the county of the same name in the old country of the "Sioux." One of these catlinite pipes was unearthed near Stockdale, Riley county, Kansas. The only peculiar thing is, it has no holes bored, either for the tobacco or stem. It shows that although the Kansas tribe were many hundred mUes from the quarry in Minnesota, yet they had the material for a sacred peace pipe. A cut of the pipe is shown in "Quivira;" also a common pipe made from chalk, ex- 254 "tabaoum" not tobagoo, liumed at a place on the Big Blue river, plainly shows having been used, thus demonstrating the use of some material for smoking. Before proceeding with the ceremony, it may be well to dissertate on tobacco and its substitutes. Is it not a fact that invariably Sir Walter Raleigh is given credit for the introduction of the weed into Eu- rope? But the authorities name DeOvUdo, a Spaniard, as being the one who first took the seeds to Spain; then Jean Nicot, a Frenchman, in 1560 taught its use 1io his countrymen, and the word nicotine is derived from his surname. The books give 1560 as the date J of its appearance in France, at which time Raleigh -was.*rere GAME. GAME, GAME, ^' 263 ve*y nuineroiis. How could it be otherwise when it i* authoritatively stated by a gentleman who was where Manhattan stands, and says the blue stem was so taU that he could tie it over his head; so it must have been over six feet high; and where such grass grows it is certain to be a paradise for game. From near Louisville the party next day got up to the Vermillion near Onaga, Pottawatomie county. The map will convince you what a natural route it was. The distance covered on this second day is about twenty miles. Any one who may have been on the prairies, especially in the locaJity where our party is camped, will say Amen! to the statement that a July evening here is as salubrious and enjoya- ble as any place; and while enjoying the evening's rest before retiring, Alonso and Monte stroU on top of a bluff adjoining the river and entertain each other with their thoughts. To confess the truth, Alonso seemed as though he must commune v^ith somejone about the woman who is ever uppermost in his thoughts, so whUe reclining on nature's carpet he, as it were, emp- tied his receptacle of thoughts upon Monte, and felt better for so doing. Usually it is manly and cou- rageous to keep one's counsel and thoughts to him- self when in love, but at times a man or woman will become so overbalanced with the ever-present subjects that it becomes oppressive, and like a business man LQ financial straits it does good to unbosom one's long- ing or fears to a friend in whom you have confidencej so Alonso, having implicit faith in the young Motecus- homa, commences his conversation in the following manner: "Monte, you wUl not consider me a milk 264 ALONSO RBrresAiiS His lotbs. aop for my tt^ng; with you about my dear lady, but I need not ask that questioa, for I kaow you too well for that. O Monte! I lore her so much that I some- times am afraid of beoominf? unbalanced because of the constant thinking of her; if I could only see her for a few minutes so as to press her sacred lips to mine! Do yon know, Monte, since the tournament, after which by. the rules of chivalry I was entitled to the smiles and presence of her of my choice, and yet to be so far away' My God ! I thought my head would split open the night of that affair, for it seemed the list brought up to my vision the many passages of arms which I have witnessed since a boy, and when the time is reached when by custom I am entitled to at least a pressure of the hand from my beautiful queen — well, well, O God! please give me strength to stand erect like a man and not allow one thought of doubt to pass my brain, for I am sure she will be faithful to me, as You are witness to my honor and reverence for her. Keep her, protect her for both our sakes, for Father, it is Your guidance and strength that has protected my body and soul up to this time, for which accept my thanks from the bottom of my heart; and you know whether I deserve Your pro- tecting hand to sustain me while going through the awful mental ordeal, and Lord, speak to her so that she may be comforted and not depressed in spirits as I have been for many days." And then the poor fellow broke down and sobbed, but the gates of the brain had been opened by his friend on earth and the Greater One above. Without speaking a word, Monte took his friend's both hands THROUGH POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY- 265 In his, ana with a pressure, that spoke louder than words raised him to his feet and directed him toward the camp; and that night for the first time In several weeks Alonso slept like a laboring man, who has some one else to do the thinking. " ^^^ «' And now the third day's march is on, and the ex- pedition has only five miles to go when it will be out of the county named after the emigrant tribe of Kan- sas Indians, which tribe formerly hunted in the neigh- borhood of Chicago. The name signifies "Brave Men," or Pottawatomies. They helped the French to defeat Braddock; were at the f aJl of Quebec, on the Plains of Abraham and allied themselves with the British in the war of 1812. They were the principals ini the "Fart Dearborn (Chicago) massacre in 1812, where the Americans agreed to evacuate on being allowed to leave unharmed, to which the Indian besiegers a«;reed, but after they were on the inarch the Indians attack- ed and killed a large number; the others were made . slaves; also they were with Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, helping the French to whip the Iroquois nation of Indians, dud still later took part with Te- cumseh at the battle of Tippecanoe, it being Kehtipa- qnonank, or "The Great Clearing" as it was called by them, but which has been corrupted to Tippe- canoe. The name of Braddock has been mentioned above, and so unusual is the following incident that you wiU no doubt excuse taking up your time in its recital: "The Virginia provincials, under Washington, by their knowledge of border warfare and cool courage alone saved the day. Braddock was himself mortally 268 ..THE POTTAWATOMIE INDIANS. wounded by a provincial named Fausett, A brother of the latter had disobeyed the sUly orders of the Gen- eral, that the troops should not take positions behind thetrees, whereupon Braddock rode up and struck him down. Fausett, who saw the whole transaction, im- mediately drew up his rifle and shot him (Braddock) through the lungs." Formerly the Pottawatomie reservation took in part of the county of that name, but now their dimin- ished reservation is a square block of land eleven miles square in Jackson county, the north line being only about three miles south of the city of Holton; the number given as residing thereon being 462. Again, before leaving the Pottawatomie history let it be cited: "From the time of the arrival of the Pottawatomies at their new home in Kansas they lived at peace with the government, and had no diffi- culty with, the neighboring tribes, except in 1850, when, on account of frequent depredations committed by the Pawnee tribe, the Pottawatomies declared vrar against them. • The first engagement between the warriors of the two tribes was on the east side of the Blue river, near the Rocky Ford, and on territory now included within the limits of Pottawatomie county. In this engagement the Pottawatomies were victo- rious, and compelled the Pawnees to retreat west to Chapman creek; here the Pawnees rallied, and here was fought a fierce and bloody battle. Some of the Pottawatomie braves displayed great valor and won for themselves great fame as warriors among the members of their tribe; one of the braves, Now-quah- ge-zhick, particularly distinguished himself by daring THE PAWNEES DBPEArTED. 267 "* ■feats'of bravery and the number, of scalps of the en- emy which he took in battle. The Pottawatomies came off victorious, and forever after lived in peace. Although the north line of the county just trav- ersed is passed, yet history states that Nemaha -was formerly a part of the Pottawatomie and Pox reser^ vation. The hunters have arranged to camp on the Nemaha river near the present town of Kelly. Look- ing at the large local map it is discovered that the creeks run nearly north and south, and it is frequent- ly discussed that the Nemaha heads near Corning, Nemaha county, and runs north for twenty-four miles before it turns east to get into the Missouri, whereas the Eed Vermillion heads within a mile of the Nemaha and runs south. Again, the Nemaha runs directly north for twenty-four miles, and at the point where it reaches the Nebraska line it is only a few hundred feet from the same range hne where it heads, so it must have been the natural trail, and those who trav- ersed this country fully comprehend what a fine way Jt makes. The party passed today an interesting ele- vation, which is reached very gradually from the north or south; i. e., where the city of Corning is lo- cated, nearly due west of Atchison about fifty-six miles, and is the highest point between the Missouri river and the city of Waterville, which is 100 mUes west of the great river named: so while the party were going up the Red Vermillion to its head, it only took a few minutes for them to reach the head of the Nemaiia, when they would go down stream. Not a thing occurs to mar the progress of the expedi- tion, so they are again wending their way north, and 388 SSStfElCA, VKUAHii OOlTNTY. BCAWaAS. >/., ■■**■ , ...i Dow"'ih@' Pawnees begin to meet them, for runners have carried the news of the approach of the party. It is quite eariy in the morning of the fourth day out of Manhattan when they reach the present location of Senieca, Nemaha county, and where the great orer- ' land route is crossed. Speaking of this great high- way brings many incidents to mind; for instance, it was In the year 1842, it is claimed, that the first antii- ori/ied Government expedition passed through tfaa county. Ife-was Fremont, who was south of Sabethii> l^ence west to Baker's Ford nine miles north of Sen- eca, then northwest to the northwest comer of the county. Two years after Fremont passed Idiron^ the Mormon pioneers took the same route on their. way from Nauvoo, Hancock county, IUin<»8, whidi city the Mormons founded in the year 1838. Tbia city now has about 2,000 population. The causeof the Mormons desiring to get away from everybody was the fact of the bad treatment of the "roughs," who hung Joseph Smith in 1844. It was in February, 1846, when a large party crossed the ice-bound Mississippi inloWa, but in July, 1847, Brigham Young himself reached Salt Lake City, and the next year the exodus of the balance of the people took place. In 1854, men now living settled near Seneca, and it has been handed down as perfectly authentic that a numerous party of Mormons camped on the largest lake in Nemaha county,, or for that matter anywhere else near, it containing thirty to forty acres, and ow- ing to there being an epidemic among them they drained the Murpliy Lake to get the fish, and to this clay the ditch where they dug ean be plainly traced. Tns: TBAH. ov thb mormons. 209 , Also for many years tbe ^ravea showed w'aere the dead w^tie bwed on; the sloping grouild/ . It is aoa- eeded that the '49ers came this vray to relach Ccidif or- nia, and in April, 1S50, Major Ogden, qaartermaster at Fort Leavenworth, with an escort of some Kickapoo guides', laid out a road northwesterly to' a point be- hind Seneca to intersect the road from St; Joseph, Missouri, at the cros«ing of Big Blue river, now Marysville. From 1849 until the buUiUng oi the Union Pacific and other railroads, the overland route to the west was via Nemaha county, and for fifteen years this road was traveled to such im extent that it is no, trouble to follow same through the cultivated farms because of the deep ruts left, and at some places the road is visi- ble for several hundreds of feet in width. Thiii was the mail route used by the Government. Along this road it was that Mark Twain rode with Monks and Bob Ridley (Bob Sewell)i,the renowned drivers, and a few boys, who are now old men, rode Pony Express through the towns of Hiawatha in Brown county, and Granada and Seneca in Nemaha county, thence oh west to Marysville. When the trains of wagons were proceeding over this road there would be miles and miles of wagons and oxen, taking hours in going through the place where the city of Seneca now stands. Occasionally there would be a mule team, but nearly all the' wagons were drawn by oxen. ' There was a road which came from Leavenworth, but it struck the government highway at the Seven Mile house; i. e., seven miles from Atchison, and the road from St. Joseph switched onto the main route at 27b ON THE OVEEIiAND TRAIL. Kennekuk, Atchison county. The average nnmhor of oxen would he about six yoke or twelve; head, hut in 1866 two wagons, each loaded with b, boUer, passed through Seneca; one wagon had eleven yoke or twen- ty-two head of cattle, the other nine yoke, so the wagon with eleven yoke would stretch out a dista,nce of about 130 feet. If kodacks had been in vogue dur- ing the overland travel, what thrOling pictures could be presented! Men trying to get west without cattle but by the aid of sails, and many an outfit had only hand-carts which they pushed all the way to th& Gold Elelds in X^alifornia, and frequently their hand-bar- rows would have a Uttle saU. Then there was the means of propulsion by dogs; this in many of the European countries at the present time is utilized by hitching the dog to the axle under the cart, the man, or fre- quently a woman, doing the steering, and giving the team a kick if becoming lax. BefcH-e leaving the Overland Route, it is believed you will enjoy liie following digression: Robert Sewell, alias Bob Ridley, was for many yestrs a resident of Nemaha county, and when taking up with the vocation of stage driving was a young man above the average for size. On one of his trips he had four extra good mules, and when near Cottonwood Spring, Lincoln county, Nebraska, the first thing Bob discovered was bullets whizzing past him. Such a sound was a reminder that Indians were on the war path, but more common in those days a party of them had turned into common highwaymen; but Bob knew his business, as well as how to handle a repeating Winchester, which every driver carried. So the mules BOB SEWEIiL.. AI» IJU1>-TIMB DRIVER. 271 were urged to their topmost speed, and every once iu a While Bob dropped an Indian, and at the time an ac- count of the attempted hold-up had it, that he killed three and wounded ten; but although Bob SeweU lived in the same town, yet when questioned &,bont this episode would laugh it off, and if he ever did give a personal account of the affray it is unknown. But perhaps because of his reticence to brag, for Bob was no blow-hard, was the motive, or more likely his good judgment impelled his silence. To show the pecular make-up of this man, here is what took place November 4, 1880, this being the eve- ning before the State election at which the voters were to say whether the sale of intoxicating Mquors should be prohibited in Kansas: Bob was addressing a num- ber of young men on the measure, stating that al- though he was addicted to drink, yet he realized the curse it had been to him; in truth, he delivered as fine a temperance lecture as was ever uttered, winding up with the assertion that he would vote for the meas- ure, but notwithstanding that he then took a bottle from his pocket and wound up by averring, "Yet I'll take a drink right now!'" But we are stopping too long at this road. One would think there was a half-way house where liquors could be obtained; not so in 1541: so up the beautiful vaUey our party proceeds, and no finer farming coun- try can be found out-doors, and the troop is beginning to reach where the Nemaha is large enough to use canoes if desired; but the evening's goal is soon to bo reached, and now we are crossing the 40th parallel. The line just crossed is about eighteen miles north of 272 CROSS THE FORTISTH PARALLEL. last night's camping ground, and althouch our party knew just where they were making for, yet now it would be admitted there is doubt, for the QuiviraHis; torical Society have not explored this region, but af- ter careful examins^tion of Marquette's and DuTis- senet's maps, and from what.can be dug up from the records, our party will continue due north until the main branch of the Nemaha river is reached near Ta- ble Bock, Pawnee county, Nebraska. So our party will )>e compelled to stop for the night, as they have come |a. strong twenty mQes and it is still about eight miles to the village where they are about to stop. There are plenty of sight-seers, for has not the news spread more than it would by telegraph? Not a soul in the conntry but knew of the approach of the wonderful strangers. It is no trouble for Alonso to procure com for his horse, or rather for Monte and Ysopete to bar^n for it. Before leaving Manhattan, Alonso made up his mind that Babieca should be fed right up to the, handle, as he resolved to use him for some stiff work if an opportunity is afforded, as well as to fit faim to stand the long trip home, for Coronado has pri- vately intimated to his lieutenant that he is going to m^ake as fast time as possible on their return. Bright and early the next morning, the host, for it had reached numbers which entitled it to such a term, began its short journey, and here is what took place: "When we arrived within about three miles of the Tillage, we were requested to remain, as the cere- mony of receiving the Kansas warriors as weU as the other Indians into the towns was to be performed there. There was a small circular spot, clear of PAWNBBS OUT BN MASSB. 278 grass, before which the visiting tribes set down. We were a small distanoe;in advance of the Indians. The Pawnees then advanced within a mil© of us, then halt- ed, divided into two troops audcame on each flank at full charge, making all the gestures and performing the maneuvers of a real war charge. They then en- circled u^ around, imd the chief advanced to the cen- ter and gaye us his hand. His name was Character- ick. He was accQmpanied by his two sons and a chief by the name of Iskatappe. The Indians were still seated; but the "Belle Oisean" (orator) then arose and came forward with a pipe and presented it to the chief, who tojok a whiff or two from it. We then piro- ceededon, the chiet,,Coronado, Alonso, JaramiUo and Father Padilla; the troop, baggage and servants fol- lowed in the rear with %he PaWnees each side, run- ning races, etc. When we arrived on the hiU above the town we were again halted, and the Indian visit- ors seated themselves in- a row, when each Pawnee who intended so to do presented whatever desired to the members of the other tribes, and when a present was made a pipe was also given, the recipient smok- ing same." The foregoing is changed a little, for it is the lan- guage of Lieutenants Pike and Wilkinson, September 25, 1806, when they visited the Pawnees, and the Osages were the tribe that escorted Pike and Wilkin- son. The Pawnees gave eight horses to the visiting Osages at that time. All the authorities say the Paw- nees had a different dialect from any other of the trans-Missouri Indians, so Ysopete could only use the sign language common to ^ Indians. Do you note 274 . " FATHER MARQUETTE'S MAP. the similarity la the names of the Chief Iskatappe and pur guide? Poor Ysopete! how anxious he is getting, to see his people, and he is only sixty-five miles from home. Aloniso has procured his freedom from the general, smd the faithful fellow is no longer a slave, and can leave; when he sees fit; but he tells his kind friends that he prefers to remain with them until the City of the Twenty-four is reached, and this is appreciated, as he can act as interpreter when the Kansas tribe is visited at the City of the Twenty-four. - The map made by Father Marquette 132 years after Coronado was in Kansas shows four villages vnthin thirty miles (estimated) of each other. The westermost is named "Pahatet." (Although a power- ful magnifying glass was used to decipher the name on the map, yet there is doubt; the "Pah," or first three letters are plain, but the "a" may be some- thing else; the next letter, "i," is all right; but the last, which is called "t," may perhaps be"i.*' TMs explanation is given for educational purposes.) The next town east of the last named is "Maha," then "Pana," and neaa^est the Missouri "Tontanta." The four towns range nearly in a line east and west. The jnap made by Du Pratzs, eighty -four years after the reverend father's, only gives "Panis, Mahas or White Panis,'' in about the same locality as the first four named. This is further west; this same map also designates the district around where these two towns are situated as the "Country of the Panis." Prom a reliable source it is found that the Kansas In- dians' name for the Republican river was "Pa-ne-ne- FIKB AND WILKINSON 275 tah," or Pawnee river, but whether the "tah" means river, it cannot be stated; but it can plainly be seen where the word "Pana" or "Panis" came from. "White Panis," as marked on the map, is about equi- distant between the Arkansas and Kansas rivers; but the Republican being a continuation of the Kansas ex- plains this. The last named town is located due north of the bend in the Arkansas. This would make it at the forks of the North and South Solomon riv- ers, near the west line of Mitchell county. Also, tiie French priest's map shows ji village of "Paniassa" at about the same place. But considering vvhat Pike and WUkinson have in their official report to the Government, wherein they say on September 29, 1806, they were at the Pawnee village on the Hepublican, and held a oouncU with tius tribe, and the location is given as being near the pres- ent site of Scandia, in Republic county; this would only be about forty miles northwest of the forks of the Solomon river, so in all probability it was in this locality where a branch of the tribe flourished; and niiid you, those early' maps, taking aU things into- consideration, were fairly accurate. Turk, whom we have mentioned before, was a Pawnee according to the book. It was so conjectured, to use the language as given: "Thinks this was due to the manner in which he wore his hair, characteristic of certain branches ofthe Pawnees." There can be no contro- versy relative to the significance of the word "Pani," for numerous authorities state that in Indian it means "Horn," and refers to the peculiar manner in which the Pawnees dressed their hair, making the ^6 sKULPiiro BY warriss. luur bjr thOiaid of p||^eD,ts to ^erabJLe a horn on tho crown of their head. Wtwt ttiat style of hair-dresH- inffwasis not stated. This naturally brinirs up the custom of many tribes having their hur clipped so a^ to leave a tuft at the top for the f rilow vrho got an op- portuaity to grasp the same, thus matdag a good hand-hole while running the knife around the man's crown who is to lose his- scalp. After careful re" search there cannot be found anything which throws light upon the origin of scalping. It woqM seem that if it was resorted to in 1540-1541, the Spaniards would hare mentioned, because there were frequent oppor- tunities for Indians to take scalps. With aU due re- spect for our own race, it locdcs a little as thcmgh they themselves originated the brutal practice. Tbam oaor elusion is arrived at after reading the foOowii^, which no doubt is reliable: "Scalping, the act peculiar to Nortii Ameri(»n Indian warfare of partly cutting, partly tearing off a piece of the skin of the head, -wiih the hair attached; whether the victim is alive or dead at the time does not effect the operation. The Indians, witii whom scalps are the trophies of victory, have always left a long lock or tuft on the scalp as a challenge. Boun- ties have in American history more than once been offered for scalps. In 1724, £100 (about $500) was of- fered by Massachusetts for Indian scalps; in 1754, during the French and Indian War, a bounty was offered by the French for British scaips, and by the colonies for Indian scalps; in 1755, Massachusetts of- fered £40 for every sc^p of a male Indian over twelve years of age and £20 for scalps of women and. children." BOUNTIES OfrSSXD FOB SOAIiPS, 2T7 1 * ' What do you think of that? Is there any woii^Ar thdre were a lot of thagsr, yes th^es, real Indiwi ones, not the "red" Indians however, but the typ» which flourished until recently in the East Indies, and Who for many years, it is said, were liceiised or winked at by the East Indian Company and "the British Gk)yernment to kxU any stranger passing through their district! But even these Eastlndian thugs spared females, which seems moire than what the great State of Massachusetts did. Suppose our Government should olEfer a pi'ize of $500 for every E^jlippino scalp which could be pro- cured, why there are yet a class of men ^ho would rush over to the Philippines and go to man-hunting, and then they would be heroes! One more thought: Out west here, it is very common now for counties to pay a bounty for wolf scalps. One dollar is about the average price, and it has been known for men to watch she wolves and protect them in their lairs un- til they had their three to six cubs, and when they were old enough so as the scalp would unmistakably show wolf, the hunter would then Mil the young ones, but permit the mother to escape so as to raise another litter. Again, why is it that the head of the Indian was not demanded for the $500? Just be- cause it would take too much labor for a man-hunter to pack a few heads, whereas the hair of the Indian was so pronounced, that there could be no possible mistake, for It is always a deep Waidk color, iuid so unlike a white man's. But returning to our expedition. It was comfort- ably situated, and arrangements with the chief of the 278 PAWNEE COURTESY. Pawnees were made for the morrow's entertainment, for he having heard of the" doings in Chief Tatarrax's villages' conld not permit the strangers to be slighted;' bnt Corpnado had informed the chief that he could only reiinain two days, as he must hurry the men homeward, and begged to be excused from partaking in any pf the sports . B ut the chief thought it unfriend- ly: so the commander was compelled as a matter of policy and courtesy to do something: so it was agreed the second day should be when they were to enter- tain the natives. But Coronado felt he had no more struts other than already given, hence had to counsel with the whole of the troop so as to arrange a program. EIGHTEENTH. We are now over the fortieth parallel^ Which divides Nebraska from hell, Where black Abohtionists did dwell, Watched over by Brown so well; While Missourians did cuss and swell, . When overrunning the territory pell-mell, Waiting for the liberty bell to tell War is ended and slavery as well. . NEBRASKA is caHed in Indian "Water Val- ley or Shallow Water." And how appro- priate it is, as will be seen from the nature of the Platte river, which nearly cuts the State in two, and of most of the streams emptying into it. The Platte must be over 500 mUes long. It runs from the west line until it empties into the Missouri on the east; the State being 420 miles in length. The name "Nebraska" is a beautiful one and is musical besides being very applicable, for the Platte river is very wide and shallow to a certain extent; and still, since it is a waterway which drains over one-half of the State, at times it is mighty deep instead of shal- low. . During the overland travel it was always dreaded by the freighters, owing to its treacherous quicksand, and many a wagon was lost while trymg to ford it. 280 FmST KETTLE IN NEBRASKA In 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Bill was in ev- eryone's mquth, as the saying goes, and was the fore- runner of the Pro- and Anti-Slavery party, Know- nothinjg-ism, etc., all ending in war. Kansas was carved out of Nebraska in this bUl. Now on this fine July morning the Pawnees and visiting Indians are astir early, getting ready for the day's celebration. ^The Spaniards are taking it easy, as they are to be entertained. It has heen discovered that the horses gave most satisfaction to the natives, and on that account it has been arranged for twenty- five to be ridden by Indians in a race, and the geineral offering as a reward an iron kettle which he concludes to discard in order to lighten the baggage, since he is beginning to make calculations for a flying try) home- ward; and anotheir thing, he discovers that presents are getting scarce, and h« has yet two of the prin- cipal cities to visit, and he knows for practical use this stew pan will be quite an acquisition. Jt has beeii suggested to the chief to have the horse race first, inthes cool of the morning. The chief had re- quested Goronado to arrange how the racing siiall be conducted. It is young chief Tatarrax who has com- mand of his father's fifty warriors, and as you know, he and Ysopete are great chums, so Ysopete on the road has secured permission of Alonso to let the young Indian ride the pack mule in order that he may acquire the art; and many times Alonso has in- vited the young fellow to take a ride on B^ieca. So he is the best, in fact the only rider, among the natives. Acting upon a suggestion run across in an old BONNIwa DOWN A OEBSR. 281 "work treating of ladians, wHereia It is stated it wtM common for ihem to ma down a deer, avwrins tiie method being to follow aj cloaie in their wake as po»- sible« but taking advantage of the circling of the ani- mal, which saved the man many miles of travel, for all wild game have their home and will not run away from it, those who have hunted wolves on the prairie with hounds can tell yon about ten miles is a good average, although ithas been known for a wolf to run nearly forty miles away from his lair, a1>out sun-up in the morning there were let loose four young deer, each having a coUar around its neck with a private mark put thereon, in fact the commander has scratch- ed on the leather "His Majesty, the King of Spain." The arrangement is a go-as-you-please affair, but ow- ing to the endurance it took there were not many who cared, to undertake it. ' '' It has been before suggested that Ysopete was, like his white tutors, getting to be quite a schemer, and wishing his young townsman to be Eigain honored exercises his brain in the interest of his protege. He has got the young fellow to agree to make the trial, and Ysopete has arranged with an acquaintance of his, whom he knows to be a man for the task, to assist the young resident of the city of the Twenty-four in capturing the fawn, it being agreed that Ysopete is to remunerate the assistant runner, and the young fellow is to have the prize of a large butcher knife. And now the plan is all arranged, which is abput as follows: Ysopete has learned that one of the fawns has only been snared about two days back, and ascertains the locality where captured; he reasons 2R9 DEER AND man' RACeV ' that the young thing woiild run for its old pasture and ' would not leave it very far. Of course, they could not foretell which direction any of the animals would' take, so a code of signals was agreed upon between " the young man and his assistant, Ysopete furnishing- the brains. One signal was, that no matter how far away, if seen with their two arms raised over their heads, they would know each other, it being under- stood that just as soon as the run was discovered, they should take turn about so as to keep up a racing pace. Now the four deer are free. The one spotted by the two runners, who we are to follow, took a contrary direction to the other three and seemed to know where it was going; the others ran together and were followed by the chasers, but our two men who vdll be followed made straight after the one. Of course, the young thing went like the wind, but our brace of Indi- ans are running together, keeping their eagle eyes on the wild thing. Finally it reaches the locality of its cap- ture, but cannot find the herd; now it begins to circle, and the older Indian instructs the other to make a cut-off to meet the bounding deer: so off goes our young feUow, the other reducing his pace to a walk, but making calculations where he can nearest strike the circle. Now the animal is about to pass at least three miles away, but now is his time to run, so he begins a swinging trot until he reaches rising ground, then he falls prostrate to the ground; this means for the other to stop running, and finally observing the young man has seen the signal, then off he goes; but mind you, not directly in a line toward the now bewU- A MA"" AND DEER FIGHT 283 dered creature.-bufc making aJlowance for the circling. This is kept up for several hours; aU the time the poor thing is losing courage and strength, untU about one hour after high noon our two men get together and conclude it is time to make the final dash, which is done, and they have the deer at bay. The next thing is to kUl it, for it is no easy task to catch a two- thirds matured deer, yet more a strong, vigorous one, for their front feet strike like sharp-pointed steel, and so powerful are they that if a man does not use care or is not exceptionally strong he wUl surely get the worst of it. So it is arranged that one shall pre- tend to be trying to catch it by the horns, which also are bad things to contend with; but while the one is getting the attention in front, the other is to grab the hind legs and pull them ofE the ground; the plan suc- ceeds, and they have the collar or trophy. They are about eight miles from home, but the two men are fresh and game as if only just started out, and they must hasten so as to be first and thus get the prize. While they are running toward home, a few hnes will be devoted to a known incident in Jackson county, Kansas, twenty-five years ago. There was about four inches of snow on the ground; a farmer going toward home in his lumber wagon observed a deer coming across a field toward him. He got out of his wagon, having in mind he might succeed in getting hold of the animal; the deer jumped one fence and then crossed the road, and in jumping a wide ditch failed to light on the opposite bank, which beiag slippery caused it to slide to the bottom of the washout. Our farinor tlien jumped on the deer, and the struggle 284 RACING AND THE CEREMONIAL DANCE. commenced; but after a good degtl of -wallowing over ttie snow, and having his clothes rift like ribbons, he finally succeeded in cutting the animal's throat with his pocket Imife. This man who accomplished the feat was no "green" man, but a sturdy, bull dog of a fellow, otherwise he would not have succeeded. You may be sure the crowd is watching the deer runners whenever an opportunity is offered, so When our two are observed approaching, waving the oollftr, there goes up a shout rarely heard on the prairie in those days; and soon our two men arrive, the older man giving the younger one the credit for the capture. While the deer chasing was progressing, the horse racing and other sports are going on. To spin out the program, it is arranged to have three races, with eight horses in two and nine in the third; then the three winners are to see which gets the pot. It has been agreed that the Pawnee chief should select the twenty-five riders, and of course he cannot slight young Tatarrax, and racing like, he gets a winning horse, for Ysopete has procured the assent of his young master to let his young chief have the fastest horse in the herd. These three races ynJl not be described, as it is about the same as before; hut the ceremonial dance would hke to be given in full as described in the government work. It requires more space than such a story as this would justify, but our flying expedition were regaled with a display which caused many of the party who were members'of se- cret orders in Spain to wonder. Readers may doubt the Toruth of there being a secret order in Quivira at the date of our narrative, but in 1720 to 1769, the great AN INDIAN SECRET ORDER. 286 chief of the Ottawas was the High Priest of a secret order, and to bear this out the book is cited: "To Pontiac must be ascribed the highest position among the leaders of the Algonquin rsice. Born the son of a chief, he became in turn the chief of his own people, the Ottawas, whom it is said commanded on the occa- sion of Braddock's defeat. For this or other services in bet^f of the French he had received marks of dis- tinguished consideration from Montcalm himself. By reason of his natural ability, his influence was felt and respected wherever the name of his tribe was spoken, while to his dignity of chief he added the sacred char- acter of high priest of the powerful secret order of the Mide. ' ' The dance of the secret order which took place in the year 1541 was made up of eight divisions, each division doing its strut as required in battle. "Those who were not enrolled in some one of the eight orders were held in but little respect. " The first degree were the young entered appren- tices, like the Masons, or perhaps pages in the Knights of Pythias would be a better term, comprising the young men. The second is passed, but the third or- der was important. They were the "Club Men." Their dance was called "Hichaaqawee, " and were aU men in the prime of life. They carried notched clubs; their province was to mimic an attack; these club men dash at the enemy, and although they hold the most dangerous position, yet there were always more applicants than could be accommodated, and the work jsays there were deaths in the third degree, but none ever resigned. Then there was the sixth degree, or "Dog Men." They had rattles, which no doubt an- 286 HAED PUSHED FOB PRESENTS. swered for the drums, fifes and bugles as now used in battle. There were other sports, such as -wrest- ling, jumping, etc., enough to make up a long celebra- tion, but the day's pleasure must be ended. The of- ficers and men of the troop are getting tired of exert- ing themselves in the warm, enervating July sun, and because there has ceased to be any fear of attack, and no likelihood of reward, for there is no metal of any description among the natives, except once in a while a trinket is seen from copper, which no doubt came from the lake country, but they must not appear to neglect the Pawnee chief, as he might take offense. The time has again arrived for the Europeans to entertain nature's children, so the party has racked their brains for a change of program; but the first thing done is to march in a body, the footmen bring- ing up the rear, the whole being led by Father Padilla, who leads on foot, carrying a large cross (he always walked), which he made from some deer leg bone?. The troop made the best appearance possible, and drew upjsefore the chiefs in regular military style. The priest knelt down and asked a blessing, then Cor- onado advanced toward the chief and presented him with some articles, it being hard for the commander to procure appropriate presents, for they were get- ting scarce, so he concludes to begin to part with some of the personal equipment, and upon making requisition upon all his men he has found many arti- cles could be spared without injury to the enterprise; some have a ring, others an extra dagger, others flint and steel; then there are clothes that are not needed because of the extreme heat, so the chief is given two EXPERT LASSOING. 287 rings, which are really valuable, having settings in them! These are placed on the fingers of the chief, then a cloak with a red lining, and several other im- portant men are given clothing, aU of which pleases the Indians, but a dagger is what gives the Pawnee the greatest satisfaction. In turn the Spani'irds are presented with several beautiful robes, some colored feathers, as weU as a gaudy head-gear; this the chief insists putting on the head of Coronado, standing back to admire the showy thing. Of course, the aris- tocratic soldier felt as though he was a popinjay, and got an excuse as soon as possible to remove the gew- gaw. For the amusement of the natives, about the same things were gone through as at Manhattan, but just a little change to make up for the tournament that was not given. The Spaniards were among the finest horsemen in the world at that time, as now their descendants are, for the Mexican at present is the peer, if not excelling any other people, not excepting the Arabs. The reason for the Spaniards being such proficient horsemen was owing to the Moors and Arabs having control of affairs of Hispaniola from 711 tm the fall of Grenada in 1492, or over 700 years. One thing done to make up the day's progrr.ai was for ten horsemen, aU experts with the rope, to enter a large ring formed by the spectators, and each try to lasso the other, it heing understood that care should be taken to avoid accidents. Each man was on the alert, but owing to aU of the horses having been unbroke, except Alonso's, who was one of the ten, when the expedition started, our hero had such an 283 A TBICK m HORSEMANSHIP. advantage that the other nine were not "in the game," for Alonso with his well-trained horse could do about as he liked; and being of a kindly and jovial mould he caused considerable laughter, in which the contest- ants themselves joined, for they plainly saw the su- periority of the young lieutenant. A certain trick was resorted to by Alonso as a ruse to outwit the others, and Babieca had been drilled and drilled in the following trick more than any other, for the young knight expected to be obliged to utilize it in battle some time: He would pretend to retreat from an enemy, but at the right moment a word and a grip •of the thighs and a motion of the body, the horse would swerve aside so suddently as to surprise the pursuer, and Alonso would bring his horse so as to be really chasing the chaser. By this method Alonso could invariably inflict punishment without much dan- ger to himself, and further, his horse was so trained that just as soon as the purpose of his master was ac- complished he would proceed on the same course originally being taken before the swerve. Thus, with this movement several of the men were fooled, getting the noose over their body before they knew it. This rope-throwing is no modern invention, for history tells that in India a sect known as "thugs," or "peo- ple who use the noose," has flourished from time im- memorial, and should a devotee succeed in throwing a noose over the head of a horseman and in strangling his victim, he was claimed as a hero; but the usual method was for three to tackle a mounted man. Another sport of the day was the running on a fast gallop, the rider reaching down while going on a THE PAWNEK INDIANS. 280 , dead run and picking up some article; the most im- portant thing is to be sure and have the cinches tight, for otherwise when the reach is made for the object, the saddle may turn and then the best rider in the world would lose his balance. But let us desist from further reci'.al along tHe line of sports, and conclude this chapter with a brief account of the Pawnees: Is it not a remarkable thing that these people speak a different language from any other known tribe? Does it not cause the query: Where did they come from? "Were they or the Kan- sas or Osages fixst to occupy Qui\4ra? None of the interrogatories can be answered. The first mention of the Pawnees was by Coronado; then after 132 years Pather Marquette teUs of them, but very little of their history is known. Quoting from the work much used in the preparation of this book, the 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, the following will demonstrate the fact that they took part in things: "In the early part of 1800, during the constant wars of the Indians, several of the Wisconsin tribes were in the habit of making captives of the Pawnees, Osages and Missouris, and these were consigned to servitude. The Menomonees had Pawnee slaves. Al- though called Pawnees, there were to my knowledge three Osages, two Missouris, who were slaves but called Pawnees." It should also be mentioned that Mas-caw, a Pawnee, was not treated or regarded as a slave, for he married a chief's daughter. In the 18th century in Canada, the term "Pani" meant slave, and was like the use of the word "nigger. " As you may know, "Pani" m3ans Pawnee. There is no doubt but 290 PAWNEE SLAVES. that the Sioux were the ones who captured them, as from all accounts these two tribes were eternally at war; in fact it appears that the hand of every tribe was raised aj^ainst them, but they held their own as long, if not longer than any other tribe. In 1719 a French lieutenant named Dutione was among this people and says: "I was well received among the Osages. Having explained my intention of going to the Paneoussas (Pawnees), they answered me well in everything that regarded themselves, but opposed my going among the Panis; so I proposed that they let me take three guns for myself and- interpreter, to which they consented. In four days I was among the Panis, where I was badly received, owing to the fact that the Osages had made them beUeve that our intention was to entrap them and make them slaves. On that account they twice raised the tomahawk above me, but when they learned the falsehoods of the Osages, and saw the bravery which I showed them when they threatened me, brutal as these men are, they consented to make an alliance, and treated me very well. I traded them my three guns, some powder, pick axes and a few knives for two horses and a mule, marked with a Spanish brand. I pro- posed to them to let me pass through to the Padou- cahs. To this they were much opposed, as they are deadly enemies." Government Surveyor McCoy teUs some of his experiences with the early Indians of Kansas. He was running lines in 1829. The paper from which the following is copied is in the archives of the Ksm- sas State Historical Society at Topeka: "On our way INIttANS HOBSB STEALING. 291 to Cantonment, Leavenworth, to procure our escort and supplies, we passed the Shawnee council-house, which was a few miles out from the Missouri State line, south of the Kansas river. There we found a company of thirty-five Kaw Indians engaged in a coancn with the Shawnees. Tlie latter invited my lather to attend the council. This he v;a3 glad to do, as our work would lead us near the Kaw villages, and it was necessary that my father should give some ex- planation of his design in surveying in order to avoid exciting their jealousy and exposing us to danger. There was ground for precautionary measures. The Kaws and Pawnees were hereditary enemiej, and at this time were at war, or more correctly speaking, in their never-ending contest to ascertain which could steal the most horses and scalps from the other. A party of Kaws had recently stolen nine horses from the Pawnees, and two other parties were at this very time out on like expeditions. As much of our work lay between these two tribes, we were hable to find ourselves between two fires as it were. "We had rea- son to fear that if the Kaws should not succeed to their satisfaction, in their descent upon the Paw- nees, they might endeavor to make up for their lack of plunder from our party; and if they should succeed in their incursion upon the Pawnees, the latter might follow them, and be led on to us with a like disposi- tion to make up for their losses. In view of our pos- sible danger from the Pawnees, at the request of my father, Major John Dougherty, their agent, had the goodness to send an express to invite their chiefs in- to a council at Fort Leavenworth. This precaution 292 RANGE OP THE PiWNEES. was the more necessary, as our surveying expedition would take us far out upon that portion of the buffalo plains frequented by the Pawnees in their hunting excursions. Indeed, we were to pass through a por- tion of the Republican valley not very far from where the Pawnees long had a permanent village, the seat of the Pawnee republic, and which they had but a few years previous to the time of which I am speaking abandoned, removing to the Platte valley in Nebras- ka. Major Dougherty appointed a council with the Pawnee chiefs, to be held at Port Leavenworth on the 24th of September, 1830. "The Pawnees ranged west of the Big Blue to what is now Norton county, south along the Republi- can, and north to and beyond the Platte. Their vil- lages were on the Platte and Loup fork. Their war parties took wide range. They were at war with all the wild tribes in the plains: the Comanches and Kiowas on the south; the Arapahoes, Cheyennes and Sioux on the west and northwest. Though not num- bering near so many as their opponents, except the Arapahoes, they defended themselves so successfully that the enemy rarely got away without leaving some scalps. They were also the worst Indians the whites had to contend with on the northern overland trail. Though they would not attack well-armed parties, they were dangerous stock thieves, and the guards always doubled when the Big Blue was crossed. Af- ter having passed the Pawnees some forty miles west of Fort Kearney, traveUng was quite safe. Though they were numerous and powerful, the overland emi- gration with their immense flocks and herds were not PAWNEE CRUELTY. 293 molested by tiie Sioux and Cheyennes for the five hundred miles through their country from *he veara '49 to '54. ., "During the summer of 1850 and the year follow- ing, immigration to California and Oregon was im- mense. In 1850 the cholera swept away many men, women and children, and hundreds of bodies were torn from their shallow graves by the wolves. The Pawnees were untiring in their depredations, and a few people were killed. Dragoons patroled the road from thirty miles west of Port Kearney to one hun- dred miles east, and rendered every assistance possi- ble, at one time following a large war party througli what is now Washington, Republic, Jewell, Smith, Phillips and Norton counties. The action of Major Chilton in command of his troop and of Fort Kearney in '49 and '50 was so vigorous that the Pawnees crave very little trouble afterwards." Missionary Dunbar, who for many years was: with the Pawnees, is the authority for the following: awful episode: j "In 1837 it was about seed time, ana tfiey nad thus sought to obtain a plentiful harvest. (I shal} here give the substance of the most detailed account of the cruel torture of a young Sioux maiden.) The young girl v7ho had been captured was only aged fif- teen; after having been well treated and fed for sis months, under pretense that a feast would be pre- pared for her at the opening of the summer season, she felt rejoiced when she saw the last days of winter roll by. The day fixed upon for the feast having dawned, she passed through all the preparatory cere- 294 A SIOUX MAIDEN SACKIFICEU. monies, and was then arrayed in her finest attire; al- ter which she was placed in a circle of warriors, who seemed to escort her for the purpose of showing her deference. Besides their wonted arms, each one of these warriors had two jiieces of wood which he had received at the hands of the maiden. The latter had on the previous day carried three posts, which she had helpsd to fell in the neighboring forest; but sup- posing that she was walking to a triumph, and her mind being filled with tlic most pleasing idea, the vic- tim advanced toward tlie p^ace of her sacrifice with those mingled feelings of joy and timidity which, un- der similar circumstances, would naturally be excited in the bosom of a girl of her age. "Their march was rather long, the silence was in- terrupted only by religious songs and invocations to their Master of Life, so that whatever effected the senses tended to keep up the deceitful delusion, which began to vanish and her eyes were opened to the fate that awaited her. How great must have been her surprise when she found it was no longer pos- sible to doubt of their intentions? Who could de- scribe her poignant anguish? She burst into tears; she raised loud cries to heaven — she begged, en- treated, conjured her executioners to have pity on her youth, her innocence, her parents, but all in vain. Neither tears, nor cries, nor the promises of a trader who happened to be present, softened the hearts of the monsters. She was tied with ropes to the trunk and branches of two trees, and the most sensitive parts of her body were burned with torches made of the wood which she had with her own hands distrib- SEED SPKINKLED WITH BLOOD. 295 tit3l to the warriors. When her suffering lasted long enough to weary the fanatical fury of her fero- cious tormentors, the great chief shot aai arrow into her heart, and in an instant this arrow was followed by a thousand others, which after having been vio- lentl.v turned and twisted in the wounds, were torn from them in such a manner that her whole body pre- sented but one shapeless mass of mangled flesh, from which the blood streamed on all sides. When the blood had ceased to flow, the greater sacrificator ap- proached the expiring victim, and to crown so many atrocious acts tore out her heart with his own hands, and after uttering the most frightful imprecations against the Sioux nation, devoured the bleeding flesh amid the acclamations of his whole tribe. The man- gled remains were then left to be preyed upon by wild beasts, and when the blood had been sprinkled on the seed, to render it fertile, all repaired to their cabins, cheered with the hoDe of obtaining a copious; harvest. "As soon as the report of the sacrifice reached the Sioux, they burned with a desire to avenge their honor, and swore to a man that they would not rest satisfied till they should have killed as many Pawnees as the young victim had bones in her fingers and joints of her body. More than a hundred Pawneeg have at length fallen beneath their tomahawks," NINETEENTH. The Missouri river is mighty indeed; But it 's treacherous and will deceive; It robs a man of his land and fee, Wrenches from its roots the largest trefi- Today a man may be rich, Tomorrow his land be a ditch; His riparian rights be switched Down the stream others to enrich. ORONADO was only a frail man, and as such must be excused from becoming impatient to get back to New Spain; and is there any wonder when you know that he had only a year before married Beatrice de Estranda, "a cousin by blood" (if gossip was true) of Emperor Charles V.? Her father, Alonso de As- trada, had been Royal Treasurer of New Spain. From his mother-in-law, Coronado received as a marriage gift a considerable estate, "The Half of Tlapa," which was cohfirmed ta him by a royal grant. Cortes com- plained that the income from this estate was worth more than 3,000 ducados (about $3,000), and that it had been unduly and inconsiderately alienated from the crown. Coronado obtained also the estate of one THREE TOWNS CALUSD CXJBONADO. ^7 Joan : 'To the West, to the West, to the Land of the Free, Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea; Where a man is a man if he is willing to toil, And the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil." Is it not a fact that people who are located on the sea-coast invariably become proficient saUors? And so with these children of the prairies, who Uved on a mighty water course; they were compelled to protect themselves from their enemies by cultivating the art of managing canoes. It is authoritatively stated that the Sionz Indians were expert canoeists, and so it ■warn absolutely necessary for the denizens of the City of ih» Twenty-four to be prepared to counteract the ri'TBT-marauding parties of the Sioux. But you are becoming impatient to hear from the characters of our story. WeU, first, Ysopete has reached home, after being absent several years, and worse than anything else to an Indian, he had been a slave, but thanks to the magnanimity of the Spaniards he was now a free man. ' And poor Alonso! He is stiU in the bondage of the mind, which is very much more straining upon the nervous system than is physical slavery. She is ever uppermost in his thoughts. He is to be pitied, for without doubt when a man becomes so far gone A STEADFAST IXJVEB. «{09 in his . adoration and love for a woman that is eter- nally mirrored upon the looking glass of his brain, he is in a bad way; but it is one of those inexplicable, mysterious ways of the Almighty which finite man cannot comprehend, but he is permitted to endeavor to fathom such an ordeal. It would be presumptuous to attempt to commune with the Great All- wise, but may not a few interrogatories be put to you, dear reader? What do you think of the proix)sition that a male of the human family is compelled to go through the period of longing for her he loves to such an ex- tent that the wish becomes a mania? Again, may not the Giver of All Thoughts have brought about this state of things so that when the being upon whom the man's thoughts are eternally concentrated comes into his presence, she will appear as an angel, and the brute in the man will be so subdued by her presence that his conduct will be such that his Maker will re- cord in the great book of deeds and thoughts: "WeU done, you weak and frail man?" Or, i« this order of things brought about so that the great longing for her company and presence will cause him to be more con- siderate of the fraU creature when the time arrives that, he is given the moral and legal right to the sole possession of that one creature whom he has selected out of the millions from which he has chosen his one love? Perhaps the reason for putting a man through such experiences is to try him by fire, as it were: for does it not demonstrate the constancy of the lover? So should the last idea be correct, then if ever there was a man true to his sweetheart it was Alonso. It has already been noted what C!oronado vrrot© 31C A MODEL MAN. the King in regard to the females of Quivira. He said they resembled Moorish women. Ah, that word "Moorish" set the blood of Alonso boiling, for it more than ever brought thoughts of his Moorish loved one in Salmanica; but there was a Uttle solace for the man, as he knew they -were now turned toward New Spain, which he was longing to reach so as to get word from her, and this kept him brave and n^anly in resisting temptations, which were many. One thing which helped Alonso to shake off his frequent "blue spells" was his resolve to outdo himself in displaying his proficiency in horsemanship, if called upon for any demonstration, and he felt sure that the natives will not be content until they witness the wonderful things reported of the strangers. The chief has already been notified that only three days can be spared for the stay, and everything is in a bustle preparing for the entertainment; in fact, all kinds of game have b^en snared, and many buffalo caught alive to help make up the show; several extra large wooden canoes have been made by scoop- ing out from the largest cottonwood trees a solid boat without a seam or crack. Tlie officers had frequently conversed about how they were to entertain the citizens of the City of the Twenty-four, and not desiring to repeat the program were somewhat handicapped in trying to originate something new, fo each was requested to make sut- gestions. Alonso volunteered to make one, to give an exhibition of skill in horsempijship; this he agreed to do, because he knew that his beloved horse had been recp'vinjr a good measure o' nice new corn, and ^miTATING THE MOHAMMEDANS, 311 WM in prime condition for a test of endurance, so it ■was iffrang^ that this should be one of the features. It would be tedious to reiterate everything done by the Spaniards to amuse the natiyes, for much of it was the same as heretofore rendered. But one change in the program may be interesting. The reader is admonished not to attribute the incident to fiction, lor the history of Mohammed, written by a Christian clergyman, recites that the great cavalry general, E[ahled, unhorsed thirteen cavaliers in the presence of the opposing armies. The account as given by the author goes on to say that Mahomet himself was with his army, and instructed his renowned general, Kah- led, to personally reconnoiter the enemy, but Ma- homet, knowing the reckless bravery of his emissary, admonished him to not get too close to the enemy's lines, and not to be rash or take any chances of being captured. In view of both armies, the reconnoiterer rode his magnificent Arabian steed toward the oppos- ing army, all eyes being upon him. Of course, the enemy was on the qui vive, and wondered at the au- dacity of the man: so hastily, twenty of their fleetest mounted knights waited until the solitary horseman came to a, standstill, and was making a minute exam- ination of the number and arrangement of the hnes, wh(>n simultanecu-jiy the twenty brave and chivalric. cavalrymen rushed pell-mell at the apparently fool- hardy individual. The arrangement of the twenty was to cut ofP his retreat, the procedure having been hurriedly conceived while waiting the apyroach of the horseman; but owing to the plan of the twenty neces- sitating their acting individually, gave the brave Arab 312 AIJONSO UWDERTAKMS A TASK. an excellent opportunity to display his superb horse- manship and superiority in the use of the lance and sword. The authority heretofore cited then graphically describes how Kahled so arranged his speed, that he would only permit one of the twenty to come at him singly, he governing th(? speed of his steed so a^ to select his man, while retreating toward his own army^ and out of the twenty thirteen were unhorsed, all in plain view of the thousands who witnessed the glor- ious feat of valor. Alonso knew he had as fine a horse as was ever jrossible for man to back, and since his eighteenth year had practiced the necessary quick turns and ab- rupt stops in imitation of the great Kahled, who had been frequently spoken of to him by her. In fact, he ha i inany times been in the arena of the Arabs at horn >, and had every confidence in his ability to un- d rtake the task of unhorsing ten of the troop. Not only vrere the natives excited about the contest, but the Spaniards were more so, for it was an unusual t lirg to them, and there was a good deal of specula* tion as to the outcome, few if any thinking it i>ossible for one man to put ten men hors de combat. ■ At the request of Alonso, the officers were to take no part; he did this because, at the bottom of his heart, he had nj doubt of his ability to even unhorse the hardy eld war veteran, Jaramillo, yet more Coronado, who had not had the experience which the redoubtable captaiii had. So ten of the rank and file volunteered to be th« attacking party. It was arranged that the exhibiting should be about as was enacted at the memorable real EASY WHEN YOU KNOW HOW. 313 tut, where the rjaowned Kahled covered himself with universal and everlasting glory. Of course, you un- derstand that all the spears were made harmless, as it was a friendly bout, and there was no desire to in- jure any; but whenever one was dehorsed. he was out of the game. The one important point which Alonso figured on was the fact that none of the horses had ever been trained to this line of riding; all they knew was to go straight ahead, not having been schooled to answer to the pressure of the thighs and peculiar swaying of the body, and more particularly Alonso had found out that not one of the party had acquired the knack of having his horse take the shock of pushing the an- tagonist from off his steed. This is what made it so easy for our young hero. ALt the appointed signal, the ten men rushed from their station for the purpose of surrounding him, but Alonso then made straight for the man who was com- ing toward him, he being the nearest the starting point, and when the first victim saw he was selected, and his blood not being very warm from excitement, as is necessary to perform heroic deeds, was so dazed that he was not himself, and was an easy mark; but there are stiU nine left, and our champion had re- solved to act with all the speed there was in Babieca, for the animal responded alacriously, like he did in Spain when he had the best of feed: so quicker than it takes to put the words on paper, the instant the first man was put out of business the horse's direc- tion was so quicMy changed that the next poor fellow was taken by surprise, and worse still, his horse 314 ALONSO IMITATING KAHLED. would not face the long pole when he saw it coming toward his head, so took the bit in his mouth and turn- ed away, being afraid of getting a thump, but the equine's timidity was fatal to its rider. Alonso was in the height of his glory. It was the most pleasurable experience of his life, sitting on that noble steed with aU the confidence possible for any human to have in his breast. It was a rapid gait which Alonso took, and as his horse got warmed up it seemed as though it was made of springs, so nicely did he respond to the slightest pressure. Within ten minutes, seven of the men were walking from the arena, if the prairie can be so called. Now the other three remaining men plainly saw what the result would be, so riding up to each other col- duded they would double up on their redoubtable op- ponent, and all three rushed abreast toward Alonso, but he instantly took in the situation and pretended to come toward them at fuU speed; but just a few yards before reaching the three he caused his horse to swerve to the right, so that he passed aU three out of reach; of course, the three went rushing past at break-neck speed, but as soon as they found their plans were thwarted they puUed up their horses to bring them to a stop so as to turn toward their antag- onist; but Alonso knew his plan, which ^a^, that no sooner had he got from in front of the trio than his horse was brought around and was following the three before they had time to observe what had hap- pened, and just as the nearest man to our champion was about to turn his horse, he found a spear coming in contact witli his body, which came so sudden that AIX>NSO UNHOBSBD TBN MBK 315 he was pushed from his saddle very scientifically, and now there was only two left, and these two could plainly see the outcome, but concluded to make one rush at the impregnable, indefatigable, single horse- man. But Alonso just played with them for several minutes, as the entertainment was too short, having lasted about fifteen minutes, and when our young lieutenant had permitted the two men to make sev- eral rushes at him, once or tvrice he actually stopped his horse, but just before they reached him, caused his barb to spring aside and let the two horses pass without any damage to either party. But all of a hur- ry the last of the ten is on the grass instead of the horse's back, and then it is that all the Spaniards, in eluding the ten, surround the young man, for they spontaneously felt an admiration for their young countryman which they could not restrain. Coro- nado hugged the young fellow, and in fact every man of the thirty-six did something to convey their appro- val and appreciation of the wonderful demonstration. But Ysopete and Monte had to abide their time to show their adulation of their master, but to Alonso their approval and pleasure affected him even more than the soldiers; he had tested their friendship by acts, for had not these two natives ministered to his physical wants, not for days, but for weeks and months, studying every possible contingency for his comfort? Had not Monte saved his life by use of the antidote when his hand got accidentally poisoned? The good Father Padilla, reverently placing his hand upon Alonso^s head, blessed him with a fervor and with such beautiful words, that it really affected 310 FATHER PADILLA. the rough soldiers, and particularly the lientenant himself. The day's entertainment was made up of drill, sword contests, and for a change the men sang a Spanish hymn, and Father PadiUa spoke, which was in part repeated by Ysopete. The substance of the holy man's discourse was to convey his great desire to bring them to the true God, and closing his ad- dress with the suggestion that he might return to their midst and make his home with them, if they would permit; and to the last suggestion the chiefs and the people gave cheerful assent. Coronado has not been idle, for be is becoming very anxious about the army that is wending its way toward Cibola, and so has made diligent inquiries rel- ative to the best route to take on his return, and has concluded that he can investigate the country of the Osages on his way home; and further, he has, since reaching the City of the Twenty-four, been reliably informed that white metal can be taken from the earth in the Osage country; this information spurs him on, as so far Quivira has given no evidence of having min- erals of any description. Of course, the natives knew nothing of the commercial value of smelter, lead and zinc compared with silver; they knew that it was white, and the wUy Spaniards naturally thought it was silver, and this vv'as the article most coveted. It may be history to know that in 1718 miners were sent from Prance by the Company of the West, or Missis- sippi Company, which made John Law famous, and these men actually did mine lead and some silver on the Osape river. THU RICH OSAGES. 317 Asking your kind indulgence for digression, but is it not reasonable that one thing which made the Osages such shrewd business Indians may have been the fact that, as early as 1719, M. De BrenviUe visited the lead mines of the Osages, and from that date car- avans were constantly coming and going, and as early as 1723 a fort was built by the French called Fort Or- leans, which was located above the mouth of the Osage river on an island in the Missouri river? Hence by reason of coming in contact with civilization at so early a period, is there any wonder that the Osage Indians of Oklahoma are the richest people in the world? Again, if you trace history you wiU find how keen they were to acquire the very cream of the land in the In- dian Territory. But coming back to the commander of the flying expedition. He resolved to reduce his baggage to the least possible weight, so was able to offer several use- ful articles as prizes to induce the natives to take part in the sports. It is unnecessary to go through the same horse races by the Indians., and the ludicrous appearance made by them; also the running races, except to state that Ysopete took one of the principal prizes for running, and had also entered into the great swimming contest across the swift, opaque Missouri and returq. As before recorded, Ysopete was in the pink of condition, and since his return home to his own loved ones, and to be a free man, it gave a buoyancy of spirit to the fellow that he felt as though he could fly. The men who dwelt with the Indians of Kansas have stated that all the men, wom- en and children were expert swimmers, and they must 818 POWEK OP THE BOW, of necessity have been so, for frequently wnen hunt- ing they would have to retreat toward home; often wide and swollen streams would have to be crossed to avoid a superior enemy, and they always had a large number of dogs that were trained to swim. But when it came to crossing the Big Muddy and then re- turning, it was a task that only bold spirits would un- dertake, and then they had to start quite a ways up the stream, as the current would carry the most ex- pert swimmer down stream. By reason of the prizes won by our Indian guide, and the prestige of having learned many things new to the natives, it made him a prominent character among his own people. But there is one thing which should be mentioned here, because it seems incredible; but the authorities bear out the statement hereafter to be made. At the bow and arrow contest heretofore described, it was stuffed buffalo which was used for targets; but here the real live animals are to be let loose, and a powerful Indian brought down one with the arrow, and the force of the missile was so tremendous that not only did the arrow go through the grown buffalo but came out and lodged in the ground. Again, in another contest, a fine animal was let loose, and one man was so swift that he actually outran the bull and killed it with his flint knife. One more incident must be mentioned, for in after years it was resorted to more frequently both in hunting and war, and the white settlers when IdlEng buffalo for the hide only resorted to the same tactics as were used by the plains Indiana many years before; i. e., the use of decoy buffaloes: It was one of the most laas^able things seen among the Quirirana DBCX)Y BDTFAIiOSS. 819 'by the Spaniards. Buffaloes had been skinnea, leav- ing the head and horns in their natural shape by stuff- hig same with grass; then the Indian' would, as it were, get inside of the skin and mimic the animal to such perfection that it aj^eared to be the real thing; and to cap the climax, several had calves by their side, a boy being used to represent the calf. It is said that in warfare one tribe often fooled their opponents by this method, until it became too common to work. ' In a former chapter, the matter of scalping has been touched upon. The assertion was there made that doubts were entertained as to the practice being original with the Indians, and now that we are among the tribes after which the Hub State is named (Kan- sas), it might be well to discourse on this theme for a Uttle. It is remarkable, all things considered, when it is realised that the numerous tribes of aborigines scattered all over North America, differ to an extraor- dinary degree in the treatment of their heads. It has been intimated how the Osages flattened the back of the babies' heads by strapping them to a board but whether the Kansans did Ukewise cannot authori- tatively be stated, but analogous reasoning would compel the belief that both the native tribes of Kansas shaved off their hair, or rather pulled out, burnt or shaved their pates, leaving only a tuft on the top, to which was braided a feather, or tail of a deer. Does it occur to you what a peculiar sight it must have been to have several hundred warriors with not a single visible hair upon their bodies, except the tuft hereto- fore described? And right here it is desired to em- phasize the fact these two peoples were the only ones 320 SCALPING NOT UNIVKKSALr. recorded who treated their he lis in suoa m inner. That the reader may have no doubt of this peculiar assertion, a few citations from the extant writing of men who saw them in their native villages in Kansas. Catlin says: "The Osages shave their heads." In the official acjcount of the Long Expedition, this sentence is found: "They pluck all their hair, even the eye brows, and auUa (under the arms), and pube." Father De Smet says: "They have their heads shav- ed contrary to the customs of other tribes. " Hubert Howe Bancroft, in his "Native Races," wi:ites: "The Comanches take a few scalps for the purxx)se of being used at the war dance when victorious." The same author says: "The practice of scalping among the California Indians was not universal, but was practic- ed in some localities; they cut off hands and feet." Here is what is found in the Smithsonian 14th Annual Report of Ethnology: "It is to be noted that the Osages beheaded the Kiowas without scalping them. This the Kiowa says was a general Kiowa practice; in fact, according to Kiowa, the Osag^NEVEX scalp 3d his enemies, but cut off the heads, and ieft them unscalp- ed upon the field. They kept tally of the number killed, however, and when an Osage warrior had killed four, he painted a blue half circle curved downward upon his breast. " Also the same work states: "The Dakota at an early period used to do likewise and not scalp." The 14th Smithsonian Ethnology recites that in 1775 the British called all the Indians from the Lakes to the Gdlf , distributed aU kinds of articles, and of- fered rewards for American scalps; ib. further re- ORICHN OF KANSAS A.WD OSAOSS. 32). cords that in King Philip's war in 167&. the EogUsh soIdierB got thirty shillings for every Indian actJcp, and Philip's head was cut off and went at the sune price; ib. also says in snbstance, that in 1725 one tiovewell, having recruited a company of forty men, found ten Indians asleep, scalped them and took same to Boston and received £1,000 (about $5,000), and fur- ther intimated that Lovewell was in the business of scalping, but he got himself killed. How would the average man feel toward an outfit whose business was to tear the skin off another's head in cold blood? Can you blame the Indian for retaliating? And does it not appear a little as though the civilized nation first inau- gurated the atrocious custom? Can you not see that to bring to the authorities han-l^, foot or any small member of an Indian's body might lead to fraud? But without a single exception, every Indian has straight black hair, which would not even require an expert to detect; and again how necessary to have a crown, otherwise how easy it might be to manufacture sev- eral scalps from one flayed head! But the time is reached when our party must proceed on their journey home, but before they leave the Kansas people it is desired to say a few words rel- ative to their origin. It must be admitted that the place from whence they came is only conjecture. It is recorded by Du Pratz, who wrote of these people about 1750: "The tradition of their emigration from their old home to the northward of the great lakes, the journey southward, their separation into bands and settlement on the Missouri and its tributaries, was famiUar to many of the tribes when they first be- 322 CORONADO ERECTS A CROSS. came known to the French. In the great migration, ths Kansas and Osage formed themselves into distinct bands, and located their villages on the banks of the Missouri, the Kansas and the Osage rivers. How long this vast territory his been peopled by these tribes there is no certain knowledge; whether they were the first settlers no one can teU." The Kansas branch is now located upon their smiU reservation adjoining Kansas in the Indian Territory, and by a remarkable coincidence, they are situated in the same direction from the Osages as they were originally in Kansas; 1. e., north and west. From a casual view of the map showing the Kansas, Pawnee and Osage reservations, it would seem that the last named has many times more territory than has the first two; but upon this we shall further touch when our expedition arrives in the Osage territory. This chapter must not be closed until an impor- tant incident has been mentioned. Jaramillo, in his record of the expedition, has left for future ages to think over this statement: "We turned back, it may have been two or three days, where we provided our- selves with picked fruit and dried corn for our re- turn." It is assumed that it took the party two or three days to travel from the Pawnee villages to the City of the Twenty-four, which is distant sixty or sixty-five miles, at which place they prepared new corn by drying same; (this is done by thrifty far- mers' wives at the present time); and also dried fruit, which in the early settlements was also done: so it looks plausible it was near Atchison where the Span- iards made preparation for their return home. Fur- SENDS "REGRETS." 323 ther, tie says, the General raised a cross at chis place, at the foot of which he made letters with a chisel, which said that "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, general of that army, had arrived here. ' ' The history of Kansas ^ives the inscription to be: "Thus ip.r catne Francisco de Coronado, general of an ex;joi.li- tion." la the reports to headquarters, Coronado report- ed that he went as far north as the 40th degree, v,'hero he erected a cross: so considering the fact that tlie matter of calculating the distance traversed was by a man or men counting their steps, and taking the mouth of Independence creek as being the location of the erection of the cross, it only lacked tweDty-foar miles of being on the true 40th parallel as now designated, which surely was a remarkably accurate reckoning, all things considered. Again, here is what Jaramillo wrote of Ysopete: "The Indian, 'Isopete,' was left here where the cross waj erected, and we took five or six of the Indians from these villages to lead and guid e us to the fiat-roofed hou ses . " S ince arriving at the City of the Twenty-four, Coronado has learned that it will be out of his way to visit the Little Osage Chief, as promised, so he has hired some Indian mes- senger to transmit to the chief the regrets of the gen- eral at n it keeping his promise, but informed the Little Osage Chief that the party is to visit the Great Osage village, and requests the chief to meet him there, and to temper the disappointment, Coronado sent the chief nice presents. ^ So we must forever leave the noble, true, brave Indian guide, Yaopete, at his home located about 324 G001>BY, YSOPETE. where the city of Doniphan, Atchison county, is now built. To say the least, it is a coincidence that Ysopete has been ^ven his liberty and the stream running past his home should years afterwards be caked In- dependence. We thus consign this Indian's record- ed faithfulness as indicative of the character of the FIRST settlers of the great and glorious state, which win forever and evei bear the name of Kansas. TWENTY-FIRST. Merrily down the stream they glide, Thousands of miles above the tide, Where the river is a mile wide, Escorted by Indians, true and tried. I ^ ,-^ "^nlT WAS mentioned in the last chapter r^mti J that several extra large canoes and- pirogues had been constructed, and' now they are to be put to pra<;ticai use. The chief of the City of the" Twenty-four, bein^ apprised by Yso-- pete at the request of Coronado, has come to under-- stand the wishes of the party to proceed home by the-' nearest route after visiting the Osages, and the chief has arranged to allow six of his best men to accompa- ny the party so as to guide them. These men having had considerable experience, and with the informa- tion which Ysopete was able to give them, they were sure of being ready to conduct them over a route which even in those days was considerably traveled; and to make the journey as comfortable as possible, it was arranged that the baggage, prepared meat, corn, fruit, and especially the dried and ground buf- falo meat, should be transported down the Missouri to the mouth of the Kansas river. By this course it 328 DOWN THE MISSOUKI. would, be a rest for the party, thus giving them an op- portunity to recuperate before making the final dash for home. This plan of river transportation was as- sented to by the Spaniards, after secret consultation by every man of the expedition, for the officers were fearful that when divided some accident or advantage might be taken of them, so it was arranged that each man should carefuUy care' for his arms, and never part with them; and a code of signals was agreed upon in case of any suspicious circumstance, great care be- ing taken to send out an advance guard to report dan- ger ahead, it being agreed that the scouts, under no provocation, were to fire unless they saw people to the number of over twenty ahead, and the boat and land-party were each to keep watch of the other, and both to camp for the night at the same place. The chief had sent messengers to the villages along the Kansas river and to the Osages, so while our party is going down the Missouri, there are num- erous water and land groups making toward the Kaw (Kansas) mouth to take a last look at the wonderful men and their horses. The distance from the City of the Twenty-four to the mouth of the Kansas river is about fifty mUes, and it is arranged that the trip can easily be made in two days. Of course the canoes have to travel nearly twice as far on account of the crookedness of tiie river. But the current of the Missouri is easily four miles an hour, and our canoes are wdl manned by Indians, who dexterously propel the craft with their paddles, so^that it is easy to keep up with the horses and men going aloag the bank. Usoally at noon tiie ISLE Au vache; 327 two parties met for dinner and changed off, those riding in th6 canoes taking the places of those/who have conducted the horses in the forenodii. thus breaking the monotony. . ^ The first day out from the Tillage of the Twenty- four, our party passed the "Isle Au. Vache," so named by the French before 1804, when Lewis and Clark stopped on their trip up the Missouri. This island has quite a history, Its location is directly opposite Oak Mills, ten miles south of Atchison. TTp till the great flood of 1881, it contained more than a thousand acres, but in that year the channel of the ever-changing river took a direction which left the isle high and dry, as it were, on the Missouri side, but is still in Kansas by the judgment of the courts. Various are the legends relative to the origin of the name. The French word "Vache" means cow, andl the popular belief is that in some mysterious way a. solitary cow was found there. One explanation is' that the Indians in early times stole a miLk cow from near St. Charles, Missouri, and in order to hide her from the whites secretly hid her on the isle awaiting developments. Others assert it was a buffalo cow. The latter seems the most reasonable, for a captain of a steamboat in early Missouri river navigation, wrote to a gentleman that when he had command of a steamer plying the Missouri, that his craft was fre- quently held back a few days because the buffaloes crossing the river were so thick he could not run his ' steamer through them, so in aU probability the old cow, while crossing, got hurt, or, being old, concluded to remain in the "Garden of Kansas," where she 32ff OWR PABl'Y TUBKBD HOMEWARD. coald eat of CYerything ejccept the food of knowledgjej which was not ttiere to lead her astray. la 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition noted the isje, and in October, 1818, Captain Martin, with three companies of soldiers camped on the island waiting supplies whidi did not. arrive until the following July, and the ofl5.citir record says the hunters brought into camp during the nine months nearly 3,000 deer besides many bears, turkeys and all kinds of game; in fact, the party lived from off that which was procured by the. chase. In 1819 Major Long came along and fur- nished Captain Martin with necessary supplies to continue, his march. It was here in 1819 that a coun- cil was held between representatives of the United States Government to arrange with the Kansas In- dians the discontinuance of the depredations against the white settlers. Major O'Pallon giving them to un- derstand that if they did not quit such practices the Government would wipe them out. History says the chiefs acknowledged the justice of the complaint and promised that there should be no more raids. There were 161 Kansans and thirteen Osages present at the council. It has taken rather a long time for the expedition to go thirteen miles down the river, but the canoed and land party a,re continuing their journey, never- theless, and can^p for the night a little below the present location of Leavenworth. And this brings to mind the joys of camping out. Did you ever camp out? If you have not, you hav« qaissdd the treat of a life time. I^ere ia( some> Ubiag peculiar iui.4 jai facicin«tiag abput t^dat mode of CAMPING bUT. 829 living. Ko wonder gjpeies continue generation after generation to follow their nomadic lives, and just think how long it has taken to break the Indian of his love of roughing it outdoors! It is said timt frequent-, ly it happens that a young Indian will go through the Oarlisle University, in Pennsylvania, or the Has- kell Institute, at Lawrence, Kansas, and notwith- standing he has acquired considerable learning, and for several years worn boiled shirts, with collars and cuffs, yet upon returning to the place of his nativity, he will develop into a blanket Indian; that is, wUl leave off all surplus clothing and just wear a red blanket which can be dropped off at a moment'is no- tice, thus leaving the balmy summer zephyrs to cool his .body. Those who have never experienced the strange sensation the freedom such a life gives have no|)ossible conception of the satisfaction it causes; eveii the rough food tastes good; and if you are ill or under the weather, thiis outdoor life is the finest tonic that can possibly be procured. Many, yea numerous, are the individuals who will vociferously exdalm, Amen! to this statement. But these we cannot quote, since they are unknown to yon, but when a character like President Roosevelt is appealed to for a snbstan- tiiation of this assertion, then you may know there is some force in the statement, and should these few lines ever be seen by him, he will surely smile and perhaps would be "de-lighted," and at least think, if not audibly exclaim: ''Right you are!" Bveryraie knows how he loves to go into the wilds and commiuie with nature and rough it. And, Mr. President, after you have been harassed to death by a lot of fool pdlit- 330 BOOBBVBIiT AMD KUUOHING IT. icaj stuff and your brain seems as though the wlieels needed oil and there, are hot boxes which appear to burn the cranijiniihow soothing and restful do you not find the tin cup of coSee wiVii some b£ieon and bread 6n a.tin platb, with the beautiful green sward for a table cloth; and better stiU, when you have shot yourself a brace of quaU or even a young rabbit, yet. more a deer, and are able to have some venison! Ab! the stupid epicure knows not what heaven is, and without fear of being successfully refuted, the asser- tion is made that a few weeks of such living vsdll do the average overworked business man more good than all the medicine he can swaUow, And so our party who are camping on the banks of the Missouri are surely roughing it, but are happy and know nothing of business worries. But we ought not to, pass by Leavenworth in pur suing our course without saying hello! For this place is one of our dear old Uncle Sam's proteges, and is worthy of a few moments. Near here are located two prisons, the United States Federal Prison and the Kansas State Penitentiary; also a very large Soldiers' Home and other public institutions. But Port Leav- enworth is the. desired place to notice. In 1827 Cantonment Leavenworth was occupied, the name be-, ing derived from General Henry Leavenworth, but the Frenchified "Cantonment" was dropped and "Fort" was substituted. It would require a book to properly treat of this place, but you may be assured that the Government has expended a vast, sum of money in making it an ideal place for storing military sup:)lies and for quarteiring soldierss The grounds AT MOUTH OP KANSAS RFPER. 331 compTise nine square miles running for over five miles along the banks of the Missouri. Early next morning our party is again on their jbarney, for it is yet twenty-five miles to the moutii of the Kansas river, and it is desired to reach that point eatly in the afternoon. So merrily speed the canoes, and cheerfully travel the stock and their keeperSj as the animals have fine pasture and enough new corn to make them "feel their oata," as horse- men say, ahd the men have reached the apex of the hill and are over the other side going down the Cor- dilleras toward the country from whence they came, and they like the animals have been receiving a good measure of provender, so they feel like kicking up their heels. But the greatest stimulus is that little word ''home," and now our boats are speeding through the "filum" (middle of the stream), where the county of Wyandotte is now carved out. (By the by, this county is the smallest of the 105 in Kansas, yet Kansas City is the largest in the Sunflower State, so no doubt, this is "paradoxicaJness," or going by the contrary.) The mouth of that stream (Kansas), which drains over half of the 82,080 square miles contained in the borders of "Bleeding Kansas," is now reached, the boats are unloaded and all is activity, for Coronado is determined to make for home with all the speed pos- sible. So the Osage warriors and guides are con- sulted and arrangements made to continue the jour- ney early next morning for the Osage village, which was at the date of our story located near the forks of the Osage river in the southeast corner of Bates county, Missouri. 332 MA JOB INMAN'S ROUTE. Dear UeadeFi one of the aims of thii, narraUon of the ezpeditioa attepipteii to describe is to keep trae to. history the names of the characters, dates„-river8, countries and location of placed visited, in order that it wonid not be time and effort uselessly expended. But although everything has been searched, which the humble position of the compiler permitted, vrhich vrere meagre, it must be frankly acknowledged that on reaching the confluence of the Kansas river, there is doubt as to which direction the party took. Major Henry tnman, an authority on the route of Cor- onado, has thirty-six Spaniards take the following course from the City of the Twenty-four: "Following the Missouri south to the mouth of the Kansas; thence westerly along the northern bank of the north fork of the Smoky Hill, where it crossed the Kansas, and continued along the north bank of the Smoky Hill to Big Creek, and thence turned directly south to the Arkansas river." Quite considerable time was de- voted in looking over the various old and new maps of Kansas to endeavor to trace the way taken, but the words "The North Pork of the Smoky Hill," was a kind, of a puzzle, as no map shows the North Fork of the Smoky Hill until after the mouth of Big Creek is passed; but if a continuation of the Smoky Hill is kept up, it reaches Big Creek which empties into the Smoky HiU about eight miles southwest of the city of Russell, in Russell county, Kansas; and nearly due south from there would bring the party to the great bend in the Arkansas river. But C'>cuins back to the mouth of the Kansas from whencM our party are to be conducted to Bates county, Mistiiouri, to the village of the Grand or Great THE LITTLE OSAGES. 3S3 Osages. It is presumptuous to deviate trom the route as iuapped out by Major Inman; but then it is very much of a guess with him, and common sense would seem to bear out the theory that pwing to hav- ing found no mines among the Kansas and Pawnees, the Spaniards would be sufficiently interested to travel seventy-five miles to make personal examina- tion of the locality; and when it is considered how beautiful the country was at this time of the year, it would appear at this late day as though the party had not used the proper energy if it did not explore the country of the Osages. Again, bear in mind that Ysopete was a Kansas Indian, but he spoke the same dialect as the Osages, and was able to impart the necessary information relative to the customs and lo- cations of that tribe; and lastly, if Coronado did not visit the Grand Osages in Bates county, Missouri, it will do no harm for the purpose of this book to men- tion such facts, but may give some light as to the his- tory of that tribe of Indians, who now have the honor to be the wealthiest people on the face of the globe. A good deal of thinking and many doubts were entertained as to which of the Osage villages our party should be taken. The idea was first conceived to continue down the Missouri to the town of Malt^ Bend, Ssiline county, Missouri, for without doubt in very early times the Little Osages were there located. This conclusion is reached from what Lewis and Clark say in 1803, that "On the south side of the Mis- souri, they passed ( near Malta Bend) an old village of the Little Osages, which had been abandoned; it wsCs some distance from the river at the foot of a small 884 BATES COUlirTY, MISGOUja. hill. It was the Sacs who compellecl the Missouris uul Osages to go fn|rther west and tlie Little Qsages ipeire compelled to locate near the Great Osiiges. " In aQote under the last atatepa^iiV recites: ^'Tlie site of these Indian tribes (littleOsages: and Missonris) a^e plainly mar^ced 6n D'Aurillp'sjmap of i752:ahd'aisp on Perrin de Lac's 1805. "nie Ibcation is very nea,r Malta Bend in Saline bolinty,, Missouri." But what im- pelled taking the party to the Grand 0sages,;Tjras the fact that Marquette's map, drawn in 1673, locates the Osages quite a distance from the Missouri rivier, and Du Pratz's map of Louisiana, compned ih: 1757, marks the "Missouris and Osages southwest of the Missouri river," andini719 M. De Bienville visited, the Osage nation at their village near the Osage river at "80 leagues" above its mouth, or in round numbers 220 miles, so by right angle lines starting at the mouth-of the Oaage river, in Osage county, Missouri, would make about 170 mUes to reach the forks of the Ossige, Bates county, Missouri, but as the crow flies it is od- ly 135 miles; and again, taking the river measurement and allowing for the crooks and bends, would make it located in Sates county, Missouri. Because of the trouble had in locating this village of the Osages m Bates count.y, Missouri, it will be well to make sure of this, for the first thought of those interested will naturally place the location at Harmony, Bates county, but that was where the Osag'e mission was established in 1820, and was not at the Great Osage viDage. Another reason for locat- ing the town in. the southwes,t corner of Bates county, is the fact that in 1808 the Osages claim pret^ AT FORT SIBLEY. 335 ty much of the territory south of the Missouri in" the State of Missouri, which, of course; was unreason- able for a few hundred people. So Uncle Sam agreed to gfive the Great Osage Indians cash down $800 and $1,000 every year in goods, not money, and the Little Osage^ received $400 cash and were to be given $500 worth of merchandise annually, and by this treaty the east line of the Osage nation was fixed twenty- four miles east of the west line of Missouri, so they still retained the eight counties, extending from the Missouri river due south to the south line of the State of Missouri and continuing south tiU it struck the Arkansas river. Before signing the treaty relin- quishing the territory south of the Missouri river, the Government had built a fort or block house at the point on the Missouri river where the village of Sib- ley is now located in Jackson county, Missouri. This fort was variously named "Port Osage," "Port Clark," "Fort Sibley," this last being the name of the Govern- ment agent for several years, and in an official report to the United States by Mr. Sibley, he states that the location of the Great Osages was seventy-eight meas- ured miles due south of Fort Osage. So if a map of Missouri is examined, it will be found that it is exact- ly that distance from Sibley to the forks of the Osage river in the southeast corner of Bates county and about ninety miles from the mouth of the Kansas. It has taken three days for our party to make the trip to the Osages. This was accomplished whUe you were being informed of its location, and by rea- son of the Indian escort sient by the chief to help car- ry the now small amount! pf baggage, the journey was »ai3 ARiaViNG /lT OSAGE NATION. madeeasuy in tliriee days, anfl atter going tlirojigix the ui^4 ceremony of (tmokiag the pipe oi pea^, before the Bfr^ger's were a,ilowedtp.^ter the town, thfi^ were triumphantly escorted to their qt^^rt^rs, yl^lBre they are left w:l^e you are made aoi^^a^teil wltii ttijE);people of t)ie Osj^e nation, who, with few ezoeptione, reiceiVed the praises of those who came in coxiptctmiil^ibeiaxia, early times, befcH-e they becaine ocmtaiiiliiated, by association Jwijtih yicious white m(^n, who went amoi^ them and teiight them evil ways. TWENTY-SECOND. The Ohaneers, Little, Greafaivd Grand, Ai-e appellatipiis the Gsages understand'. And now that ybu are in their land. An ip:troductioii is given to the band. Tliey are true and will stick to you; But tlie Sioux outnumbered the few. Driving thte Osages to & cprintiry new, Tyhere they reside and wealthy gjcew. Now comparis the Osajges with the Sioux, T^e former ouf^Kt not to get the blues; To locate the latter would be news, " Here's wishing both their blankets will lose! ILTHOUGH the State of Kansas is named after the Indians of that naine, yet the conclusion is reached after con- considerable research, that of the two original people that claimed the terri- tory, this Osage Indians were the nobler of the two. All through history they have more said about their character and traits than the Kansas. No reason can be assigned for this, as it is conceded they spoke the same Is^uage and were of the same stock originally. NOTi: Tbe Department of thelntei-lor, thsoueh tbe offlc^ of Indiui Affaiiis, In Jam^ary, 1908, kindly furnished the fiarures, showlntr number of Indians belohgiiiiK to the foUowtntr tribes; Kansas (or Kaw) 207, QsWBs 1,9M, Pawnees 6H, Comanclies 1,408. l^e United States Government Besort states that tber^ are tventy-two S^octx divisions, but there is no Biouz res- ervatlop: andalthoueh there are numerous Sioux-speaking trlblBs, if there are any knovn by that name tboy have not been run across. 838 HONBBT INJUN, "j Before^roeeedinglet it be recorded that although at Hiimboldi, a small paxtj'e^'tn- diaas„B;umberm'g eight or teQ) had startled out frdm Big EGU village to the Missip|i, When not far frbin their camp they (iiscQvered the traces of a recently abandoned camp, and at once: took up the tnul, soon oyeriakiag a mountedforoe ofwhitemen^ This paity niimberedtwenty or twenty- two men and had no wa- gons. Riding up to this party the Indiana inquire^, who they were, and received the reply that the party was a dGtachrrient of Union troops,.and were a part of the command stationed at Humboldt. To this the In- dians replied that they knew the troops tJien a,t Hum- boldt, and failed to recognize any familiar faceS in the party. Tlie Indians stated that the GoverniHent held them responsible for what occured in th^ conjitry, and askfed the party to accompany them to Humboldt to be identified by the commander of the post. To this the white men would not consehti The Indians then sought to restrain them, whereupon one of the Indians was shot andkilleid. The Osages be- ing outnumbered,' dropped over on their ponies and were soon out of range, and racing for their villages they aroused the camp with the news of the killing of one of their number. "This village must have numbered over '200 fight- ing men, and the entire force turned out in pursuit; the little party of whites were hemmed in on aU sides by the circle of death. In the running fight of five miles, the Confederates (for so the whites proved to be) had two killed and left where they fell. Being well armed and in the open they were able to keep WITH THE GRAND OSAGES; 343 the Osages at some distance, and killed at lea,st one. Not being acquainted with the country, they fought vaUantly until they reached the timber, but ijrhich was their undoing, and the Indians killed every m,an. " It was afterwards discovered that this twentiy or twenty-two men were all officers of the Gonf ederate army, who had come into the Indian Territory to in- duce the Indians to rise against the settlers of Kan- sas. This was learned from the papers found upon them. It; cannot be stated that our party was now visit- ing the most numerous tribes, for the Pawnees and the Confederates were more numerous, but the lodges of the Osages were more permanent than either of the other two tribes visited, as the early authorities say that some of their lodges were 100 feet long and had an upper stxjry; and the fact of their being so long permanently located at the place where they were first seen, 'Would indicate the stability of the vUla.ge. The Spaniards miss Ysopete, for they are unable to properly converse with these natives, and had it not been for Alonso and Monte, hardly a word could have been understood, but owing to the close friend- ship and many months companionship of the three, both Alonso and Monte had acquired quite a smatter- ing of the dialect, and between the two both sides were able to comprehend the principal desires of each other. As you know, our party is now visiting the Grand or Great Osages, the Little Osages in 1541 being situ- ated along the Missouri river; and so the term or der- 844 OBIOm OF OSAGE TRIBE16' NAMES. ivationof these two opposite namea may be nnder- stood. It is said that Qne came about under the fol- lowing circumstances: When the Spanish and Frencn traders first eaine among these people, they did not understand the litnguage of the Osages, and when the Indians tried to name the different bands it had to be done by signs, and the tribe which lived quite a way npthe Osage river was designated by pointing toward the location and holding up the hand above the head to indicate high up the river, or on hi^;^ ground or "Oampers on the Mountain," whereas on the other hand, those situated along the Missouri river were indicated as located in the lowlands, or "Campers on the Lowland," by the hand being raised a short dis- tance above the ground, and the traders conceived the idea that it meant that the tribe up the Osage were great or tall, and the others low or little in stat- ure. Anothel- version is tiiat the branch on the Osage were more numerous than these along the Missouri, and were called "Great" or "Grand" to express their superiority numerically. WhUe it may not be as intertaining to the reader, yet surely it is more profitable to learn of the man- ners, customs and government of these Indians, than it would be to have a lot of imaginary things told yon. So while our party is encamped with these Indians, our discussion of them will be diversified by omitting the sports, but which, however, is unadulterated flc tion; and, again, since after -the description of the t^ree Buffalo Bill exhibitions, given the Kansas at Maabattan, the F&wnees in Nebraska, tiien the Kant- THB' osAOSs' aoysaxMBNT. 845 sas agaia near Atchison, it is presumea ycu are sur- ;feited with the- a^ow business, and are -vnllins: to per- uke a few pages of solid stiiff. But 0,lth6ti^h the fbl louring is extant history culled from the bcwfca as the "tid-bits" of facts, yefe it is fervently hoped that it will be pleasing to the reader, and better stiU, prof- itable., The authorities for the various assertions will not in all cases be given, nor wiH quotation marks be used,.but you may rest assured the sentimenbs can . be found, in the books. ^rha tribal government of the Osages wag com- posed of one principal chief and several lesser ones; the head chief was the one indeed, as long as he held that position; the lesser chiefs were his advisers, but had very little authority except as leaders of war parties, for they were selected from those who displayed the qualities of leaders. "When a matter in which the tribe was interested came up, a council, of aU the war- riors was held and decided by majority vote. There were no laws, but if an Indian did a. wrong deed there was a code of honor among them, which in many re- gards was more effective than are the courts at the present day. God's natural law prevailed very strongly among them, for a warrior knew absolutely that if he was fearless and brave in battle, he would be rewarded by promotion, and noble acts of gener- osity and self abstin^ice for the benefit of other:^ was lauded and rewarded just as much as they are now. The members of the tribe were sticklers as to classes; in fact, th? line was drawn quite closely; of ooarae not so tnach b» is done in, India, bat along the subeline. Yon will be rewarded for ten minutes' 346 CASTk AMONG OSAGES. time devoted to reading the subject "'Caste" in aiiy encyclopedia, for it demonstrates even as early as 900 B. C. how the ruling classes so manipulated the law, "Servants, obey yottr masters;" for at that early day, a book called the "Laws of Manu" was compiled, ostensibly for the purposte of teaching th6 Brahma religion, but it would seem largely to have been com- piled in the interest of three classes of persons: 1st, the Clergy; 2nd, the Military; 3rd, the Merchants, . and the fourth caste was de^nated the "Servile" class, and had no rights whatever wl ' zh. the three others were bound to respect. To those who are dis- posed to skepticism: Just reason for a moment and compare what Christ said of God's children, and how He championed the cause of the lowly and humble, then ask yourself if His Religion is not a great im- provement over that of Brahma? But beware of per- initting any religious sect to dominate our Gkivern- ment, for just as surely as that happens, history wUl repeat itself and bring about a subtle influence which would squelch that feeling now in the breast of every American, that he is the equal of the President of our country. And why not?. If you have had the exper- ience of brushing up against men who are supposed to be great because of money, or position, you .v?ill in many instances discover that they lack considerable of being great in the true sense of the word. So let there be no caste promulgated in our free country, and whenever you find men or women arrogating to themselves the foolish opinion that they are superior and that others should bow down to them, just ignore such people, and never choose them for places of HUNTING AND WAR THEIB PASnME. 347 honor/ Such a course tvoald teach the lesson practi^ caUy, that it is manhood and womanhood which count. , Amongr our Indians, there were three classes: the warriors, hunters and cooks, and the medicine men or priest^. The doctors combined with their profession religion, so as to. awe the Indian, and were composed of the men who had snap enough to study, which means to work, for knowledge is acquired only by persistent industry. The medicine men of the average tribe were just as keen for wealth as are the professional men of today, and when they treated persons who had any personal property; they were made to pay Well. So these priests or medicine men Were usUaUy the wealthy citizens of the tribe. It can be more truthfully said of the Osage Indi- ans than the average tribe, that war and hunting was their employment and pleasure. The male did no manual labor so long as he was considered a warrior, but the women were the slaves and drudges. To an Indian it was considered the height of heroism to kill an enemy at close quarters with a tomahawk, and al- though in early times the Osages may not have scalped, yet it became their habit and craze, for by it they were able to give an ocular demonstration to a "doubting. Thomas." All the books agree that when an Indian believed himself to have been wronged, it was heaven ux)on earth for him to revenge the act. It may s6em disgraceful (and it is), but to the Indian it was not considered cowardly to kill the women, children and old men during the ab^nce of the war- riors from the village, so no doubt this is the excuse MB VIRTUOUS INDIAN MiTDBMS, for the Kansas and Osages going to a Pawnee vi^^i^ early in 1840 and killing about ninety women Oii^d children and taking a lot of prisoners; and this was done while the men were absent from home. These Indians had many strange customs. For instance, James Adair, who was a trader for forty years, and as early as 1^744, says that for three days before going to war, and while on the warpath, the warriors would not cohabit; and among the Osages and Kansas it was the custom to fast before goiii^ to battle, but to feast to gluttonous success if victorious. The Osages and Kansas both put holes in their ears, and a photograph of a young Osage taken recently shows large ear rings; and a group of Kansans taken many years ago also shows the same. So no doubt it was the custom to pierce the ears from early times, although nothing of this is spoken of by the CJoro- nado party. George Catlin says that it was the cus- tom of the Indians to eat horse flesh when the buffalo was scarce. The diary kept by the Long Expedition recites another custom: "The chastity of the yiO,ung females among the Kansas and Osages is guarded by the mother with the most scrupulous watchfulness, and the violation is of rare occurrence." But our stay with the Great Osages must be drawn to a close, but the story of the chief of this branch of the Osages and the stirring events of his elevation has to be told. When Wasbashas was first seen in 1541, he was in the very prime of hfe, being isibout forty-five years of age; he had been chief for about ten years, and was easily the finest looking specimen of native manhood that the Spaniards had A GKEAT CHIEF. 849 ^ 4^en;tliey had frequently come across larger mejip but for grace of beiaring, intelligence beaming froni his txniai^Baabe, and more than anytbing there was "Wwds to convey the conviction of his nobility; and so- it wis, for from birth it seemed as though there was a spiritof innate inborn knowledge of what Tvas by tihe TOiiarml. laws proper and just, so as the bat»y grew in- to boyhood and a,dvanced to youth, the best men of the ivibe could not help but notice him, and this no- tice was compelled by reason of other children going tWRne^and reciting what young Wasbashas had done. Iliese little incidents of childhood play were invaria- bly of such a character as to stamp the boy with ex- alted conception of right from wrong. life would take the part of the weak boy against the bully. (They had them then as now.) Several times in his young boyhood days, he had demonstrated the activity of his brain, and how resourceful he was, by saving the llYfis of other boys who had ventured on the Osage river before the ic»5 was sufficiently thick to bear their veight, and had it not been for Ms extraordi- nary quickness of thought, several would have been drowned, but just as quickly as he saw what had oc- curred, like a fiash he ran to a cUmbing grape vine, tradiiiig up a tree in the timber, and jerking it loose, quickly had an appliance equal to a rope, by which means he was able to rescue the lads, for which he received their lasting gratitude, as weU as their par- ents'. At one time, when about fifteen years old, he and other boys were out hunting with their bows and arrows; it was in the fall of the yea,r, and they were 850 A PRAnUB PIKE. mainy miles from home; when all at once it was ob- seirTed that the wind had changed. A prairie fire was next observed, which caused the game to come toward them and away from the fire; but in a twink- lix^the wind veered (it does so on the prairie) and blew a hurricane, the speed of the wind being at least fifty miles an hour. The boys were of course in the low-lying land as that is the place where game almost always stay, but the grass was often higher than the boys themselves, and had they been caught by the fire in such a place, it would have burned their n^ed bodies to a crisp turn. But young Wasbashas was equal to the occasion, and was the first to call his companions' attention to their perU, and at his sug- gestion, he running ahead, they made for a high point at least three miles distant, and by reason of his, pluck and staying qualities, he kept admonishing the. boys to hang on to their game, which however made it rather hard to continue the pace, but finding some of the boys not equal to the strain, he ran back and took the most backward by the hand and helped him along, and thus encouraged the stronger of the party to do likewise with other weaker ones. But the fire is gaining on them, and finding they cannot reach t^e point for which he is making, all at once, observing that they are passing over a spot where the grass is shorter, he concludes to stop, which no sooner done, than by example he starts pulling with his hands the long grass. This is enough speech for the taciturn yonng Indians, who are completely fagged, but who desperfttely pull bunches of grass and toss it in the direction indicated by their boy leader. But the AN OSAGE BOY HERO 351 awful flames are leaping with fearful rapidity toward tiiem; although he has not succeeded in pulling as much grass as he would Jike, yet he now, desperately in earnest, takes up the little ten-year old boy and lays him in the cleared space and orders the others to lay as close as ijpssible by, his side until all are in a heap with their feet toward;thfe fire, and, they are ly- ing on their faces three thick; and to cap the climax, this young leader, after all are down, takes the rab- bits, qiiail and prairie chicken which they have killed aiid puts them at the feet of the prostrate forms, and their quiver holders are also used to protect them; but now he is compelled to take care of himself, and like a hero he throws his body at right angles across the legs -of the prostrate heap; and just then, with a inighty leap the fire passes the boys. Our young In- dian's hair was on fire and his body singed, but the other boys soon smothered the fire in his hair ^ and rubbed him all over with rabbit fat to oounter- act the burns. ... This episode of saving about oweiity ^ys caused quite a flurry, and he being the only one injured, which showed the pUght the boys were in. Of course to a plainsman this yarn will be laughed at, and if the boys could have started a fire there would have been no fuss. But the party had no matches , those days and it was not as easy to get a light then , as now. A resident of the prairie knows how easy it is to protect one's self when a prairie fire is coming toward you, which is, to set fire to the grass and let the wind take it from you; then the burnt space can be gotten into so as to keep from b.eing burned by the on-coming flames. . THK CHtBF'S HKTORY. It was wlien WjiiSlbaafaari had passed his;e^j^\ ieeath year that he had th« followingr experience: He ADd three other boys -had constr acted a nice canoe, withth^ idea of gfoi^g^ down the Osage river to its mouth, then up the Missouri to visit the Little Osages then located on that stream. This was not considered much of a journey, and so was easily accomplished. But on their return home, soon after entering the mouth of the Osage river, wlSfe hugging the bank as closely as possible to keep out of the swift current, all at once a flight of arrows came at them; and so sud- den and unexpected is the attack that the boys are taken completely by surprise, and two of thera drop their paddles and sink down in the canoe. Bafc our young brave hero has escaped injury as well as the other young man, who is at least two years older. And again young Wasbashas' quick perceptive facul- ties stand him in hand, for like a flash he instinctively realizes that it is a sneaking party of Padoucas, who are in hiding to kill some of his people, and before th& assailants had time to rush into the water and seize hold of his canoe he called to his companion to kneel down and paddle for dear life. Several missiles again pierced the skin of the frail craft, which has several arrows sticking through and four below the water line, thus causing quite a leak. But the boat is now in the current, and getting out of range; but by intu- ition the Padoucas realize that if they could follow, it would only be a question of time when the caaoo would fill with water; so four Indians strike out to fbUow the craft, which u now fiiirly in the middle of the stream. The sitnation is critical, not on account A FIGHT OX THH .WATEKdi 853 I of the pitrauera, but ^tobark or "skin," (for Instead of being made of birch bark it is covered with buffalo skin, so why not say the "skin'' is takintj water); bat again the mother-wit of our yoiing, Indian serVes him, as hehas bbseryed that three of the punctures where the water, is oozing.through can be stopped by pilaclng theit feet over them, one of the prostrate forms cov- ers the fourth hole, and observing one is conscious, his hand is takeii and placed over a leak, which he comprehends fully, and unnecessarily hard does the wovinded man press the place as if he fully realized the danger, and more than that, for without a word he reaiches for' the bows and quivers, which belong to WasbElshas an^ his friend, and thus keepis them from getting wet, for he, although dazed, in hia plight had confidence that the young men were the most likely to do the proper thing. And w;hilethis was taking placQ, the situation was sized up and the young lead«r made up his mind as to the course to pursue, so he whispered to his fellow paddler to ease up so the svrlmmers couj.d get closer, but not to stop propelling the boat. "mkeiTlihe two foremost pur: auers get pretty close, af a given signal the bows and arrows are taken up, having been handed to them by the wounded youth, our leader telling his companion to aim at the nearer ones and he would the next; so like a flash the arrows sped, to both lodge in the bod- ies of the foremost, then as swift as a breaf^h-ioslding rifle flew a.rrow's at the other two, in f act aU of them, and one or two of the pursuers hardly had i>ower enough to give their death yell, so it was plain to be seen that they were done for. And now there were six 854 INDIAN MBDICAt- TEBATilEXT. Indians running along the bank afraid to shout as it might'JSr^f*; h^lp, but they were in the open; so our little pleaisure party (that was, but now a war party) know what thely have to contend with. One thought was uppermost in young Wasbasha's mind, and that was the necessity of procuring a trophy to display to his people, so he conceives the idea of trying to grab the drowning men as they come up in the last throes of death. This he does, but only succeeds in clutch- ing from one's neck a something, from another he tears a handful of hair, and his partner succeeds in grasping the third man and cutting off an ear; the fourth man is lost forever. By this time it is discovered that one of the par- ty is dead, the other is so badly wounded in the thigh and arm that it is impossible for him to walk; and knowing that the Padoucas sometimes used poisoned arrows, it is now resolved to get to shore on the oppo- site side and care for the wounds of their comrade, and this is soon done; the first thing is to get some clean mud from the river and plaster the wounds and bind them with the clout of the dead man, who is hid in some bushes untU such time as they can return and bury him according to Indian custom. The two young men hurriedly hold a council as to the best thing to do, and without hesitancy they agree that they had better plug up the canoe the best possiMe' way with something and proceed to return to the Little Osage village in order that their wounded companion could have care, and to get a party to run down the six remaining Indians. So the canoe is re- paired, and the wounded young Indian is carefully THE PADOUCAS. ' " ' ,355 la:td afc the bottom of it, and they, again emaar^f alLof Whiph ifl otbserred by the six Padoacas. From the mouth of the Osage river to the village of the Idttle Osages, which was located where Malta Bend, Saline county, Missouri, now stands, was at least 100 miles by land and 150 by river, and owing to. having to go against the stream it would require at least three days to make the journey. But nothing else could be done as there were no settlements where the injured young fellow could, be left, so the' hope of the voyagers was that they might meet a hunting party from the Little Osage viUags. * The Padoucas followed the canoe, they beinn: on the south side of the river, and after the loss of four men by drowning, were not inclined to resort to a like procedure, and in fact, it would be foolish to do so. But while paddling up the stream, young Was- bashas could not help getting into the Indian way of thinking of his exploit in killing an enemy of his tribe, and he now felt that it would be proper to act like a man, so his brain was in a whirl how he could do something to compel his being permitted to rank as a warrior, and he formulated a plan: So coming to the mouth of a creek on the north side of the river, he takes the boat up the creek to get out of sight, and the sick youth is comfortably located, then the plan is divulged to the prostrate Indian, to which he assents; the canoe is then emptied of everything and carried by the two Indians up the stream, but back in the timber so the watchful enemy could not observe, and when around a bend in the river out of sight the canoe is launched and Wasbashas is taken to the south shore 356 WASBASHAS' AMBITION of the Missouri river, and after arranj^ng for t^ re- turn of the caape and signals, in case it is. nec^- Bary, the young brave is left alone, the other re- turning to care for the sick, hiding the canoe in the bnshes. ' The great longing of our young man vras to be able to say he had killed a Padouca; not with an ar- row, but in close combat. That would brand him as a brave in every sense of the Indian meaning. Pre- suming on the fact that the enemy will not have the slightest thought of his coming across the wide river, he hopes to meet one far enough away from the oth- ers so he can make a personal attack and procure a trophy. But he takes no chances in leaving tracks, for he knows how keen are all Indians in finding traces of the enemy by trails lef t,.thus when he got out of the canoe, it was several feet from the shore, so no mark would be left of his feet; and instead of springing ashore as would seem natural, he knelt down and crawled on his knees, being careful to keep his toes from touching the sand and mud of the bank. And now he feels his responsibility, realizing the necessity of resorting to every method he has been schooled in to keep from being seen; he glides stealthily from tree to tree, down the river toward the place where he is sure the party is located, as they naturally think the canoe has entered the creek only to care for the sick Indian. Now he observes that the game appear restless, and the birds act in a manner which he knows means something, but to the uninitiated would be meaningless; then a wolf barks, and an owl hoots, so he is more than sure he is near the enemy, as from INDIAN TACTICS. 357' observation he Imows these animals and birds are more keen of sight or sense of hearing than are hu- man beings. Butnow every ear is strainied to listen to the approach of the enemy and he is sure of their direction by the course the animals are taking; his body is carefully concealed behind the large cotton- woods, elms and sycamores which gi-ew along the river, arid now in the far distance he catches a glimpse of the party, and with the agility of an Indi- an, he hides himself in a fork in the dense foliage, watchiiig the party, but after carefui^ counting he finds there are only five, and the question then is, what has become of the other? But it does riot take him long to figure out the probability of the one being left to watch the movements of the canoe in case it should emerge from the creek, so his heart throbs with excitement, for here perhapsis the oppor" tunity sought. As soon as the party is far enough away he descends and has no difficulty in following the trail left by a passing enemy, but he now realizes'' the danger, therefore he resorts to every conceivable art to guard against giving the one man warning of his approach. All is stUl and the young feUow be- gins to doubt his senses of seeing six along the bank; but he does not become discouraged or less on the alert, but concludes to climb a tree and await devel- opments; soon he hears the bark of a wolf, or what resembles the same, but to the trained ear of the prairie it lacked an inexpUcable something, which set him.^on the qui vive, and soon he was certain of his suspicion for it was answered by the hoot of an owl; and now he resorted to real prairie tactics, for he 358 SOME KBISN HTDIAN TRAITS. noiselessly got to the ground and then aegsn a re- markable exhibition of Indian subtlety, toi it s'eemed that the slightest point was considered before pro- ceeding. But all at once a gentle breeze brought to his sensitive and acute nostrils a slight odor which at once assured him of his being in the locality where ^ihe party had eaten game, for he could discern the smeU of the offal. Eight here it might be well to comment upon Indian traits, especially the faculty they had of observing things whiieh. others would pass unnoticed. -» You have frequently been entertained by writers relative to the astuteness of the Bed Men in tracking by foot-prints, broken twigs, a thread or fluff left on a bush,' but let it here be remarked that on the open prairie this class of work would not answer, for the shoe or foot prints upon the parched prairies would give no clue, so the plains Indians had to cultivate the eyesight which is admitted were much quicker and could discern objects a greater distance than the whites. But their sense of smell was exceedingly acute; the reason assigned is the fact that nature's pure and unadulterated breezes swept over the face of the country without coming in contact with trees of all description which would emit their aroma, de- naturing God's pure wind. But this is how the plains Indian would trail: By reason of their being constantly outdoors, na- ture transmitted to them certain traits unknown to the dwellers in tenements. It has been said the roamers of the plains knew vrithout seeing that a herd of buffalo were in the neighborhood, provided TEE FOOLISH ASS, (nIT). ?59 the location was so the wind .cowld yzajij. .the .odor arising from the herd toward the Indian. Hupters are compelled to first study the direction of the.wind when trying to get within range of most all game, for nature has endowed animals with such sensitive fac- ulties for their protection that a human being wiU be sniffed at quite a distance; and to the person who has had the. thrilling experience in viewing a pointer or setter work on the prairie, it would seem that the dog has more sense than a human being, for whpn the blooded canine stuck his tail out or lifted his front foot, the hunter knew for sure that a covy or flock would surely raise; and to follow the trail, hounds wUi scent a cold track of a wolf twelve or fifteen hours after the animal had gone over the gronnd. It seems marvelous, but this is of frequent occurrence; but more remarkable still is the bloodhound, which when allowed to smell the spot where a person last stood a few hours before; of course, if a garment worn by the person desired to track can be submitted to the dog to smeU, it wiU more surely give the beast the necessary silent information which enables it to follow the person sought. But from observation it is opined that the province of the bloodhound is not as effective in following a white man as it was the negro during slavery times; and the reason is obvious he- cause of the demonstrable difference in the perspiring qualities of the two races. To bear out the proposi- tion hereafter advocated, attention is directed to the supposed foolish ass: those who have watched these animals are cognizant of how they will sniff a brewing storm in the winter long before the "noblest :work of 360 NAT0BAIi PBIO'UME. God" has any thpilBrht thereof; and an old sow will be observed carrymg beddihg, preparing for a change in the weather, long beforeits owner is aware of a com- ing; storm. But begging pardon for putting into print the following veritable fact, it would be omitted otherwise, biit it seems to fit the theme in hand, and because of its rarity, and for its educalidial feature are the reasons for its recital: A man at the age of forty-five With a family had received an injury which necessitated his becoming a eunuch, and after regain- ing his health asserted that he could not remain in the company of males, for the reason that the odor from them smelt so bad. Thus demonstrating the possibilities of the sense of smeU by a white man un- tler certain conditions. Surely the following has come under the obser- vation of the average reader: Have you not followed in the wake of a man smoking a cigair, and when half a block away, plainly perceive the odor of the same? And frequently perfume emitted from the person of some lady, who has gone before but who is unseen and unknown, will be so plainly perceptible that the very brand of the scent could be named? You may not care a cent to be informed farther of the staff called scent, but so few are aware of what lead to its use that if is contemplated allowances will be made for bothering about mentioning it. It was observed by the hunters of the musk-deer, musk-oz, musk-rat and musk-duck many centuries ago that they emitted a pleasant, fragrant smell, and it was discovered that the three first named by nature carried a smelling bottle, filled with a substance which gave the air a KJBEN SENSE OF SMBL.L1. 96} .. pleasant savo^, and because of the fact that only the males haVe tlie atticle attached, to their bodies, the theory is that the same is utilized to fascinate the op- posite $ex. Tlie query arifies: If nature has brought about such a condition of thin(;«, can you blame the type:of humane animals (species Dude) for swobbing themselves with the modern chemicals to attract attention to their august (?) presence? Are you convinced that dogs and other animals are endowed with certain traits that it is not possible for a human being with his supposed superior intelli- gence to cultivate his sense of smell? And the fact is here set forth that the Middle States Indians were capable of discerning objects by the smell emitted therefrom to so fine a degree that conclusion would be reached by circumstantial evidence whicli would invariably result in actual knowledge. For ex-- ample: suppose a party of plains Indians was seeking to discover their enemy; now all men must oat and these people existed exclusively by the chase, and it is proverbial that they were great eaters, and princi paUy meat, so they killed game; the average Indian could smeU decaying flesh several miles, and would know at once tha,t the hand of man had been the cause of the death, so. for several miles around they were able to discover the presence of the hunters; of course they would frequently be on the wrong scent, but they were proficient in the manner of dis- covering the death of an animal by other causes than that of the hand of man. But of aU the things which the plaints Indians were astute at, was their sense of hearing, for they were able to discern sound three WASBASHAS-RBAtilZBS HIS AMBITION. times th6 distiilLee of the average white man. ■ But returning to the story of Wasbashas. He has at last located his man, and now the question is how to take his hfe and not get killed himself. And again, he wishes to size up, as it were, his oppo- nent, who he soon discovers to be a strapping big fal- low, and concludes he must not take chances of get' ting the worst of it.- His mind is now fully decideid how to proceed; he silently creeps to a tree where he resolves to act the moment an opportunity affords, and it is not long before the Indian who has been reclining on the ground gets up. But the in- stant his face is in the proper position, whiz! goes the arrow from behind the tree, passing through both cheeks which was so planned that he could not cry out and alarm the others; then the Osage custom of cutting the jugular vein was quickly accomplished, and in a moment the tattooed rattlesnake on the dying man's breast was taken off with the small flint knife; and away went the young man carrying everything with him found with the enemy, and especially his bow and arrows, which were to be kept as souvenirs. He had thought out beforehand what course he would pursue* so hiding every article except the trophy of trophies, which was the skin with the picture of the coiled rattler tattooed thereon and which he concluded to only part with at death, he runs down the bank of the river and in he plunges with the human skin be- tween his teeth; and after being carried down the stream for over a mile, he succeeded in reaching the other side and was soon with his two friends. Like a sensible man(for he is now entitled to A KIND AND SENSIBLE INDIAN. 363 that appellation by the rules of warfare), he has made his plans while making toward his friends after get- ting to ^he north side of the Missouri river. It takes but a short time to find some dead limbs in the tim- ber from which a bier is constructed, and with grass put on the sameit ipade a comfortable pallet upon which the stricken man (jould' lay while being carried to the point oji the fiver where the boat was hid. This was done to keep the enemy from knowing of their removal so as to have them remain as long as possible in that neighborhood for the reason it was hoped they would not leave till a party could be bi-ought from the LitUeOaa^e village. Soon after starting ^Wasbashas put to his companions the advisability of having eith- er himself or the other young fellow to leave the boat and go overland on foot to the village; the other two acquiesced, and it was magnanimously pro- posed by our young brave that his friend could have the choice of making the journey or staying in the canoe, and he chose the former, so it was agreed that the canoe should leisurely make its way up stream until a party was brought down the river to relieve them. It is ninety miles overland and the young fellow makes a forfeit with his remaining friend that he will have a party in canoes meet them before the evening of the next day, which means he contemplates d^iiig the ninety miles by the morning, thus running by night; but the one thing in his favor is the fact of there being a well defined trail all the way. It was slow work, one man paddling against the stream, but our young Indian concluded to take it 364 OSAGBS IN THEIR GLOItY. mo^eratelj but persistently keeping on all night and by the mornihg was a good many miles up the river. But it seemed a long time because of the suffering of the wounded man, who, like the Greeks of old, con- sidered it cowardly to complain; so with Spartan for- ' titude he suffered with pain and fever, but his face denoted the awful ordeal he was going through, and all that could be done was to keep it cool with muddy Missouri river water, which, notwithstanding its col- or, yet by reason of its constant movement, every particle of animal matter was annihilated, so it con- tained less bacteria than other waters which were clearer; in fact the mud and sand were nature's salve, keeping thcwound from starting blood poisoning. You ought to have witnessed the bustle early next morning when the young man told his story, as all fCur boys had endeared themselves to the people of the village during their recent visit, and to think of the audacity of the Padoucas coming within one hun- dred miles of their home! There were at least 400 warriors ready for the chase. It was a little excite- ment which gave felicitous enjoyment to every son of an Indian mother; so not only were canoe parties got- ten ready, but squads of ten men were directed to take different directions toward the most likely plsices to overtake the five nervy enemies; a half-dozen of the swifted runners are directed to take a short cut across country to avoid the bends and to relieve the solitary paddler and continue up stream until the boats are met; so about noon our canoe man is very much surprised to hear his name called by the run- ners who soon relieved him by putting two of their A HOT PORStJIT. 365 nnmber at the paddles, and a few hours af terTPar^ tile oanoes are met, aad transferring the stick man to a craft, propelled by a dozen paddles, he Sirrives that evemiig at the village of the Tjittle Osages near Malta Bend. Qn and on^ swiftly sped the canoes with our two young men resting in the bottom, and in a few hours the point where the affray was enacted beiug reached, all was verified regarding the enemy. But the ques- tion next arose as to the best direction to take, and after considerable discussion Wasbashas insisted that he would like to go down the river, as a surmise was that the party would take a circuitous route to get, back home; so he and his friends are allowed to make a party of a dozen in a fine large canoe, they first hiding their own so as to have it on their return. It transpired that our young braves had guessed right, for the reckless five had no idea it was possible for a party to reach them in so short a time and had left unmistakable signs; so the craft is moored and hot pursuit is inaugurated,, for the five Padoucas can only be a few hours in the lead; and at last they are overtaken to their horror and surprise, for they had been taMng it quite leisurely, and upon seeing the advancing party the leader ordered every man to take care for himself. So now a race for dear life took place. Wasbashas and his friend conclud- ed to keep together, and happened to select one of the rusners who shot away from the others at a fearful rate, but owing to the great strain of the night before in running ninety miles in abput twelve hours, he soon was left behind; but our young Osage brave has A RACE FOR LIFE. hi* blood up, and he resolves to continue the race until he drops, and settled do\rn to a determined gt^t^ being content so long as he kept the retrieapng foe in view; soon he observes the runner cast oS his quiver of arrows from his back to lighten himselt, so his pursuer determined to do likewise, then the leader casts away his bow, and likewise did his pursuer; now both men have nothing to hamper them, but the hindermost can plainly see it is only a question of time until he will overtake his enemy; so heiiegins to formulate his line of attack, which is to reserve suf- ficient power to rush up to his foe and push him over while running; but as he nears, he finds the runner to be a slim, tall, undeveloped boy, so at once that glor- ious pleasure-giving feeling mounted into his breast, which denotes nobiUty of soul, causing grand thoughts of magnanimity unusual with his race; but he resolves to carry out the program; which succeeds, but when the boy is suddenly pushed over, his face has a smile of bravery which appeals to the Osage, for it plainly says: "You can kill me, but I am no coward," so that he forgoes the a<:t of cutting the vein, and meets smUe with smile. The boy, for such he is, being only sixteen, is so exhausted he could not have resisted whatever was done to him. These young men cannot comprehend each other by words, but by signs the bo.v informs the other that his father was killed while following the boat and that he was one of the chiefs, and also signifying that he wore around his neck the insignia of his chieftainship; then the Osage felt a joyous sensation that he had saved the son of the man he killed or helped to destroy. KINDNESS TOWARD PRISONER. 387 Both of them were very much exhaustefl, and the young Padouca was made to understand he must go to the village qf the Great Osages, and his life would be In the hands of the chief. The two young, men now leisurely returned to ;fche mouth of the Osage to await the coming back of the balance of the party, who upon coming up were much surprised to sec a live enemy, and particularly a hated Padouca, but our young Osage brave assured them that it was his wish and also insisted that the boy must be protected from injury. After gath- ering up the secreted articles, the three young men make their way up the Osage river to the village of the Grand Osages in Bates county, Missouri, and be- cause of the fame he had acquired, the chief and all the warriors unanimously assented that Wiasbashas use his own pleasure regarding the fate of the young Padouca chief; but he had already formulated his plan, which was to get permission of his chief to per- sonally conduct the young man to his home ajad to request the release of some of his own tribe in exchange. The Padoucas were so impressed with the unusual act that they feted their enemy and al- lowed ten prisoners to return home, and loaded Was- bashas with many presents. This act did more for the fame of our young brave than the number of men he slew, for it was passed around and magnified to such an extent that he was selected by all the prairie tribes as their ideal, as were the heroes in Homer's Odyssey by the Greeks. Many pages could fee de- voted to the wonderful rise of the humble boy to chief of the Great or Grand Osagesij but he merited 368 ANXIOUS TO PLEASE YOD. lihe distincuon. For he was as brave yet magnani- mous, as '^i^^s the redoubtable General U. 8. Grants who at Appamatoz treated the surrendered C!oDied- erates with every consideration, and allowed the poor half-stlEirTed troops to take their horses' and tadde back to their dear old Sunny South and go to rauing sweet potatoes and corn for theif babies, which act on the part of the great commander will forever endear his memory, notwithstanding he ^rhipped them fair and 'square. Before closing this chapter, a little tete-a-tete is desired with you. There is a desire to confide to yon the pleasurable sensation experienced while compil- ing this little visionary episode attributed to 'the young Osage; and if yon, my dear reader, only reodve one-half the satisfaction, even that will be gratifying. Ag^in, it was so easy: for there was no data to be sure of, and like the Arabian Nights' story, conld be spun out ''ad libitum," but what is most wished to confess, is the fear that a point is now reached when the words are being counted so as not to spin the story out that it will surfeit you, and last but upper- most in mind, like Banquo's ghost, is the query, wili> YOU BE PLEASED? There is an adage to "make haste slowly," but Coronado has forgotten this, or probably it was not in vogue at this time, for he is on nettles to turn his face homeward; so no time is consumed in prepara- tion, for by experience he knows it to be easy to sus^ tain his army even when cut loose from his baiSe of supply, for he can foratre off the inhabitants of the plains (the buffalo). ,qmELAST. Fou've reached the last. If you are «i}lgbtnied, The die te' cast. Or your life tirigfateiwd, Should you be mao Halleluiah to his name! He will be sad. It might mean/fame. If you are pleased, So bless you and yours; Ecstasy he sees. May: you own all outdoors. "ARIOUS ai*e the routes given by which Cor- onado is conducted home, but the Spaniards themselves have left tMs record: "They (ihe Indian guides) brought us back by the same road as far as where I said; before that we caine to a river called St. Peter and Paul's, and here we left that by which we had come, and taMng the right hand they led us along by watering places and among cows and by a good road, although there were none either one way or the other except those of the cows, as I have said." But it is certain their objective point was Tiguex, now Bernalillo, New Mexico, where the main army was waiting for their return; sothey passed through the present States of Kansas, Okla- homa, Texas and New Mexico Territory, part of which domain being the hunting ground of the Quere- ehos, as the Spaniards named them, but in modem parlance they are known as the Comanche Indians, so by that name you will recognize them. 370 A LITTiai EXPERIENCE LEARNED. The gentlemen of the rnemorable "thirty-six" have made a discovery by their trip to Qairira: thoy have learned by experience how little can be gotten alon^ with when necessity compels; they were life Corporal Cy Klfe^^, who, when a boy joined the Union Army, and his good old mother Outfitted him with several Suits of underclothing, tooth and shoe brushes, extra suit of clothes, a Bible, etc., but poor Cy soon discovered how heavy his knapsack was, and reluctantly the #ery last thing he discarded was the Good Book; thus limiting his wardrobe to that on hia back but not in a knapsack. And so with our cava- Uers: they have given as presents a great number of articles to the Indians, thus relievin]g themselves and tblir horses of a large amount of fool dead we^ht, which makes it possible to travel often forty miles a day, when no other obstructions occur until reaching the Indian country and plains of Texas, when the Comanches began to ^how a disposition to tuarass them, not so much on account of a desire to slay, but they had for several years come in contact with that new animal, which to them appears hke the mythological Pegasus or winged horse; in fact they already had procured a few plugs; and now every Red Skin is crazy to secure one, and racked their brains with all manner of schemes how to obtain a steed. Talk about the mania for bicycles and auto- mobiles when first invented, there was no comparison, for all those who got their heads set on a wheel would part with their all; but the Indian would do thab and risk his life in the bargain. And now the vicissitndes of the party com- A EJSAGBEEABliE MTDATZON. 37 J. mencie; they had picnic up ia QuiTira, but the scene Bhiftsi, typifying that "life is real, life is earnest," for the strain "becaiQe unbearable, with the eternail vigi- glenoe to keep tbe wily Comanches froni stealing their stodc. "Bie country is so open that they cannot accomplish anything during daylight, but just as soon asdarlniess sets in,' then the horse thieves be- gin their work, and owing to the impei^tive neces- sity .of allowing the horses to pasture during the night so as to stand the next day's ride, for there is no grain in sight (except what Monte had secreted), an:d erery day the chargers are losing th^ir flesh, and with it their spirit, for whenever a riding horse be- comes razor-backed, the sad^e begins to rub and chafe until the hidte is worn through, causing a Saddle sore, which knocks, out even a good nag and makes it lose heart and become moppy, dropping its head and flopping its ears instead of arched neck and pricked up ears. Even Monte's mule began to show the wear and tear, and the only one that could be re- lied upon for any speed is Babieca, which is accounted for by the secreted shelled corn, and also the persist: ent industry of Alpnso and Monte, for Alonso makes it a rule in the morning before starting to gather a sheai of blue stem grass and ties it to the back of the mule, and after a few hours' ride takes the bit from the horse's mouth and feeds the grass as they travel. Itds remarkable how knowing a horse is. In the early pioneer days of Kansas a riding pony was used to go five miles to work returning in the evening; fre- quently a biscuit or a piece of corn dodger or fat ba- con would be left from dinner, and while riding home 372 ■ HORSE STEALINGi overthe prairie m theseTseaijig the pony looked for its b^ead' and meat a?s does a youngster for its candy; Lieiitenant Perez was so attached to his sagacioas gelding that it worried him to contemplate its loss, and Realizing the fact of its being the best looking one in the bunch, he knew the natives would do their best to secure it, so he and Monte would try to sleep near their horse and mule, and several times the neighing and restlessness of the Arabian would wake up both Monte and. Alonso, which thwarted the mid- night prowlers. • But one dark night when too late it is discovered that two horses are being led away; the thieves are not yet mounted, so the sentinel, who dis- covered them, fired his harquebus and shouted, think- ing to scare the two men, who he thought would run, but instead, they mu^t have learned how to back a horse, for they mounted and rode away in the dark- ness. Surely the camp was in great commotion; the commander was giving orders, but Alonso had fore- seen that such a thing might happen, therefore he had schooled Monte what to do in case of such an oc- curence; so while Alonso is buckling on his swor^ and getting ready his firearms, Monte is putting the saddle on the only horse which is likely to overtake the marauders, so several minutes before any other of the party are ready, Alonso is off with instructions for the men to follow. The sound of the galloping horses can be plainly heard, and there is no trouble to toUoyr the direction; but our young soldier is tnOj aware that in aU probability there is a large party se- creted in the neighborhood, so he not only listens to the clickety-click of the horses' feet but gives an ear couANCBm TRICKS. 3.73 : - to catch other souads.so as to apprise him of th© presence of Indians. One tiling the pursuer i*.; sure of, which is from the sound that although the ■■ two horses are galloping yet it is a very slow one, for.-; by reason of their condition they cannot be made to | take a fast gait; the sound. becomes more distinctj ~ arid now the two riders are seen, and Alonso resolves to use his gun to bring down one of the men; but for some cause it misses fire, and the distance is so little until he can come up with the two thieves, he resolves .. to give them a little cold steel: so drawing his good Toledo, or Granada or Damascus sSaber, he calls on Babieca, and soon it is over, for as quick as you can count one, two, the horses are riderless, and after going a short distance they permitted Alonso to- lead them back to camp. Alonso did not investigate relative to the would-be thieves, but some of the men told the commander they had discovered two dead men fearfully hacked with a sword. The killing of the two Indians now gave the Co- manches an excuse to not only steal but kiU, and for many days and nights the party is continually har- assed;, but so afraid are the Indians of the bolt of lightning which they think the white man can hurl at them from their guns that they rarely come close enough to reach the party with their, arrows, and the members of the troop are careful to never scatter so as to give the vigilant Indians an opportunity tO' injure them. The party is nearingthe end of their destination, vrheix daring a noon hour, while they are ref reshiog themselves and allowing their horses to browse, and 874 A NEW SCHEMB^ OP THE INDIANS. because of never before having trouble daring day light, the stock vtras some distance from camp on ex- tra good grass, and every man was reclining on the ground eating; the country, now being traversed was Just beginning to change from plains to rolling or mountainous, otherwise the incident about to be re- lated would in all probability never have transpired. The majority of the Indians had ceased to foUow, but a few were determined to endeavor to procure the coveted prize. The location of the camp was very favorable for the contemplated raid; it was the watch- ful old JaramUlo who first observed something un- usual with the stock, and called a,ttention to the fact that four of the horses had their heads turned direct- ly from the camp and were farther away, but not a man could observe the cause, but instinctively all re- alized that something was wrong, and every man's brain was in a whirl, for they were never more sur- prised; but Coronado ordered half the men only to hasten toward the tethered horses and learu the cause of liie strange incident, but kept half his com- mand to be on the alert for a surprise, and it was well as events proved. Alonso was to command the party sent to investigate the strange action of the horses, while his chief cared for the camp. One thing Alon- so was sure of was that his horse was quite a dis- tance from the' spot where he had left him, but still he could only observe that four of the horses were getting to be quite a distance off; then the well-known whistle of his master was heard by Babieca, where- upon was seen the cause of the mysterious action of the horBes, for no sooner did the sound reacli Alon- SPANIARDS ATTACK INMANS 375 sq's well-trained animal than he turned toward tb^a piaice from whence the signal came and started to come toward its master; and now for the first time it is observed that a naked Indian has arisen to his feet, for he can no longer keep up his crawling in the grass, that being how the four horses had been led from the place where they had been picketed^ and Alonso, when realizing the cause of his horse's action, whistled his loudest, which made the animal jerk loose from the thieving Indian, who, seeing that the Spaniards were apprised of the raid, ran to the three other Indians who were still snaking their bodies through the tall grass, and adviser! their mounting and making off. About this time a more thrilling and serious con- dition of affairs was transpiring at the camp, which for the first time was much more important than the loss of a few horses, as from the unearthly yell raised by a party of Indians it sounded as though there were a thousand of them about to make an attack, so in- stead of Alonso following the three horses, he coun- termanded the orders of the generals to pursue the horse thieves and instructed th^ men to faU back to camp so as to aid those already there. The faithful horse was soon by its master's side, and no time was lost in getting back to the position selected by the commander^ and by the time the two i)arties had com- bineid quite a few arrows were dropping about, and for al while there was earnest work «n the part of the Spaniards, for they felt sure there was going to be an attack; but every man was ready for the assault, but none came, so a skirmishing or deploying party was 'ill AJjysm RECK '..issa. ordered to the f roiiltd feel of ttii? eneioir, and.theo for Idle first time it ^ was discovered t^it&ere were onl^ about fifty Ii^diaiis. who were; makiag all the racket; so word was sotm fbrwai;ded back to camp relative to the number o^ the e|i^iQy,.and without furtitier delay the troop were ordered to ;;ehairg;e. Of, course the In- dlaiiis soon observed the onepmizLg cavalry,, and con- cluded to ma^e a run for it, but the fighting blood of the SpaniaMs was up, and woe to the red man who was not able to outrun the ;las|test horses; and for the first time it wil have to be admitted that Alonso felt that awful brutal sensation which impelled him to put more pressure upon the rowels than ever befcfrein his life, and it was so uniisual that poor Babieca nearly went wild, for the sharp things rowling iip his fianks, cutting through the skin, brought the blood and with it a fierceness and recklessness that made the goaded animal spring forward like a tiger, and so there were a pair of them, both the horse and the rider. What made Alonso lose his equilibrium was the attempt to steal his horse, and when he consid- ered how careful the troop had been in its treatment of the natives while ^oing and returning from Qui- vira, it made his Irish-Spanish blood (a bad miMns# boil to murderous heat: so on rushes the second-in- command without judgment or discretion, for his horse was crszy and ran at radrag speed, coming up with the horde of retreating Indians so that Alonso was slashing at Hiem right and left, and he was all alone for the other horses could not make the speed as did Babieca; so our young ,man had become fool- hardy, in fact had lost his usual balance and judg^ AN AIXWiEVT. 877 mcnt; but before the foremost of the party, caaght up, 9 not ilnasaaJ: accident happened! to t^e insane lieutenant, which in aJIprobahilbj^: saved his life^ and brought hiim down a peg or tw6« forajl at once bte was thrown over his horse's head so spddenly that the thud on the ground fractured his arm, and intiie bargain his horse was lame, both of which were caused by Bafoieca stepping into a badger hole on the prairiei None of the other horsemen were able to overtake the now paiiic-stricken Indians, but several of the hindermost were treated with some pellets from the harquebuses, so they left a number scat- tered over the ground. When our party had cooled off they begui to take stock of. matters, and concluded it was impossible to overtake the three horses which had been spirited away, and the worst of all the best horse had gone lame, so it was concluded to remain at this camp for a few days to allow Alonso^s horse to rest and for treatment. It is a trying time for aU parties, for every man is getting tired of the constant travel, and anxious to get back to civilization. Most of the party have not heard from their folks for two years, and those who are situated like Cpronado, constantly are wishing how they would,like to take wings, and Alonso is sure of there being letters from home, and particularly from his loved one, but although these men are so anxious yet they are philbsoplucal, and make the best of their situation. The only thing that deters the troop from moving on is the lameness of Alonso's horse, so you may rest ajsured that it receives the 378 An acoount of the grkat cid. closest attention, and if rubbing the strained, leg would assist in bringing about a cure, surely lliere was no lack of that, for Alonso and Monte were ex- ceedingly painstaking and attentive, but all others had very little to do except to take their turn ,iu^t and day to keep watch; and one Ipiliig that worried the officers was the thought that a large body of In- dians might be brought against them in retaliation for killing the Indian horse thieves, and so orders were given that no man should go out of view of the camp tq, case of a surprise. Wliile loafing around camp, there are naturally various topics conversed upon, but one day Coronado entertained quite a number of the troop with an ac- count of the exploits of Spain's national hero, Cid, or Roderigo Ruy Diaz, his proper name: "Comrades, you are all Spaniards, therefore it would be a travesty on our great Cid to introduce hira to you. We know there never was such anotiiar brave, chivalrous and noble soldier in all the world's history, but gentlemen, his fame and renown as a commander are worthy of emulation, and when we know of his magnanimity to those whom he defeated, it ought and must stamp him everlastingly as one of the noblest of the world's heroes. "Although the Cid had always been faithful to his king, yet because of the great commander being given to noble acts toward the vanquished Moors, the King got angry and confiscated all of his general's property, and ordered him from the kingdom of Cas- tUe, and he was compelled to go, and no person dared to extend the hospitality he deserved for fear of los- ciD ijoyai. to a hosthjs kino 379 lag their eyes and pi-operty, that being the penalty set by the King; but sixty of his faithfnl knights ac- companied him in his bl>ex, where the main army- is encamped according to the orders of the. coinmi,nd' ing ofS.cer. The next thin^ for the general to accomplish is to arrange to hold the new-found country of Cibola, and disband the expedition, so as to curtail the ex- pense, for it has cost the government a lot of money, and many of the expedition are given grants of Imdinlien of cash, thus making them interested in retaining the country for the king; but still there is a large number who must be conducted back to the starting place, ComposteUa, but Alonso procures leave to proceed at once for the capital. Alonso and Monte are not only honored by Gov- ernor Mendoza, but all the people of the city fete the two young men, for has not Monte sung the praises of Alonso to his own people so that they idolize him? and so aSable, cheerful and handsome is our youiig hero that none can help but like him, and the young fellow is walking upon air instead of riding horseback over monotonous plains, for upon reaching the capi- tal he receives a large budget of letters from dear old Spain; but what gives such elasticity to his gait and cheery expression on his countenance is the interest- ing diary of doings and important events She has recorded in his native city of Salmanioa, and above all the lid-lifting words which cause the covering of his heart to burst open with a flood of beautiful sen- sations of pleasure and happiness that causes him to realize the exquisite satisfaction of the stereotyped question often debated in country school houses: "That there is more pleasure in anticipation than in participation," which, if correct, necessarily means that a good Christian person will experience more pleasure in thinking of heaven than being there. It has become axiomatic that everything must mrnis VERSUS infinite. oG3 , hMve an ending, which of course carriea with it thei' nec^sary concdnsioi^ that it had a beginning, but is the Great Unknowable to be included in the axiom? For if He, it, or They ever had a beginning or will have an ^ding, then it could not be the Infinite Almighty power which humans delight to contemplate; bat be- cause of tins incomprehensible "In the Beginning/' being as inexplicable as "World without End," poor finite mortals need not rack their insignificant brains to comprehend the finis of the Universe. But when it'comes to the "longest lane must haveaturntug," then it is meet to exercise the thinking faculties for the purpose of callihg attention to the "ifs" and "huts" of human experiiences;, hence to reassert that every tale must have an ending is worn out; but to say the longest tale is often very stale, or the longest story doesn't bring glory, or a volume's sine may not be despised, or a short tale may have a big sale, or the largest book may merit the darkest nook, or a few pages may go down to future ages, or the public might gobble the latest novel; refrain says, "Amen, so might it be!" but following the amen, you audibly exclaim, "Darn, cease your yarn, and quit whipping him around Eobin's barn!" Very well, just be calm , and you shall have the palm; but the personages of the plot must be disposed of. Upon reaching Tiguex, Father Juan de Padilla procured the consent of Coronado to return to Qui- vira. He was accompanied by a Spanish-Portugese, and a Negro and a half-blood and some Indians, but because the good father wished to leave the tribe where he was located to go and preach the Grospel to the Padoucasj their deadly enemy, and the holy man insisting on carrying the good news, it caused them to kill him. It cannot be truthfully recorded which of the Quivirian tribes took his life, but no doubt the good priest's last prayer was: "Forgive themj 5i84 ALONSO WITH HIS BKIDE. Father, for they know not what they do." General Coronado did not leave the country ol Tiguex and territory tributary thereto, until April, 1542, when he left for New Spain, where he resided the remainder of his life. JaramiUo for' a time was in command of part of the Cibola district, but being a soldier of fortune, hi» final resting place is unknown. If you please, fancy being at the estensive plan- tation of Monte's mother, who has the pleasure of seeing her son now grown into manhood, being de- veloped so much that the lady is pleasantly surprised. And at this place also is our hero, Alonso, where he receives as much attention as if he were of a royal family. Monte and his parent are very desirous of having Lieutenant Perez make his home near them, so with the influence of Monte's family with Governor Mendoza, Alonso procures quite an extensive grant of land from the Spanish Government to compensate him for his services in the expedition of 1540-41. Of course, Alonso is happily located upon his fine tract of land with HER, and although her religion was different from his own, he never regretted his choice; and when he was an honored man in his adopted country and had boys around his own fireside, they were never more happy than when listening to their father recite his experiences while with "Don Coronado Through Kansas." (D fl) ^ 3l rip V tP w'^^B i FAREWELL MY FRIEND, i ■ FOR THIS IS THE END. f ;-$-$-$-$-$-$-|-$-4