CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Gift in memory of MARY STEPHENS SHERMAN, '13 from JOHN H. SHERMAN, '11 Cornell University Library ', HF2044 .059 itninquirY,into,,tt|ecqrn,,.ffi.ind,,a"' ;^ olin '3 1924 032 519 559 Overs Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032519559 A N INQUIRY INTO THE CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN. '■'■'A* ■■'>■■< INQUIRY INTO THE ^CORN LA^S AND CORN TRADE O F GREAT BRITAIN, AND THEIR INFLUENCE O N T H E , PROSPERITY OF THE KINGDOM. WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CORN LAWS. Br THE LATE ALEXANDER DIROM, Esq^. OF MUIRESK, IN THE COUNTY OF ABERDEEN. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A SUPPLEMENT, By Mr WILLIAM MACKIE of Ormiston in East Lothian, Bringing down the Consideration of the Subject to the Present Time ; Investigating the Cause of the prefent Scarcity ; and fuggefting Measures for promoting the Cultivation of the Waste Lands ; and for rendering the Produce equal to the increasing consumption of the Kingdom. EDINBURGH: Printed for WILLIAM CREECH ; And G, NicoLL, Pali Mail; and J. Sewell, Cornhill ; London. 1796. THE l^EW YORK I PUBLIC LIBRARY *8TCm, LEMO,< i^HL) ' TILDEN FOUNOAnONS. 1898. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENRY D U N D A S, ONE OF HIS MAJESTY'S PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF STATE, y Of the caufes and effeEls of the feveral Corn Laws of Great Britain^ prior to the Revolution in the year 1688. FOR feveral centuries after the Conquefl, in order to main- cHAP. II. tain the laws of England, in force, it was thought necef- fary to renew, or to confirm them, upon the accefGon of every new fovereign. The laws themfelves too, though generally made with great care and attention, receiving but little fup- port from the executive power, fell often into difufe. This accounts for the numerous confirmations of the Great Charter, and the frequent re-enadtions of the fame laws on this and other fubjedls, without any frelh meaning, to be found upon the ftatute-book. In thofe times, the rents of lands, pofTefled by tenants or -farmers, were chiefly payable in corn or cattle, or other pro- D 3 2& A-N INQUIRY INTO CHAP. II. du6lions of the foil. The rules by which the rents were re- ceived, were very irregular ; the meafures of grain varied,, they were taken heaped, and 9 bufhels were generally takeir for the quarter. By the Great Charters of King John and Henry III, often confirmed by fucceeding kings and parliaments, one weight and one meafure had been appointed to be ufed over all Eng- land, but with very little efFedl. Of this we have fufficient. 3 360. evidence from, an aifl of the 25. Ed. III. by which the weights and meafiires were again attempted to be regulated ; and by which 8 bufhels ftricken, and no more, were appointed to be' received for the quarter of grain, ' But faming the rents and '• Jarms^ and all manner of franchifes, of the lords.'' With fuch r-efervations it is not to be expe For many years aftfer the ConqUeft,' the greateft part of the trade or bufinefs of England, was carried on in markets and fairs ; and a very confiderable part of the revenue of the crown arofe from the duties payable to the king upon the goods brought to them for fale *. The barons had alfo tolls at the fairs within their refpedlive jurifdidrions. Whenxhe farmers and merchants were bringing their corn, and other neceflaries, to be fold at the markets and fairs, people met them by the way, and purchafed their provifions, in order to retail them at a higher price. By thefe mfeans the king and the lord of the manor loll the feveral duties payable to them, and the price wis raifed upon the inhabi- tants, by leffening the quantity of provifions brought to mar- ket. Such were the original foreftallers, and thus both pu- blic and private intereft were united againft them, and fevere- penalties were laid upon the practice f . * Hunae, vol. i. p. 414. f Ord. for Bakers incert. temp. c. 10. 25 Ed. 3. ft. 4. c. 3 ; 27 E * manner wafle, and yielding little, which might thereby be- *' improved to confiderable profit and adva,ntage (jf fufEcient- * encouragement were given for the laying out of coll and * labour on the fame), and thereby much, more corn p.iw-~ * Vide Appendix, No. i. H 5^ . AN INQUIRY INTO C:iAP. II. ' duced, greater numbers of people, cattle, and horfea em- * ployed, and other lands rendered alfo more valuable *,' It was therefore enadled as follows : * Be it enadled by the King's moft excellent majefty, with * the advice and confent of the Lords fpiritual and temporal, * and the Commons in this prefent parliament aflembled ; and * by the authority thereof, be it ena«5led. That from and after * the firfl: day of September 1 66;^^ and from thence-forward, * when the prices of corn and gr^in, Winchefter meafure, do * not exceed the rates hereafter following, at the havens and * places where the fame fliall be fhipped and laden, viz. The * quarter of wheat, 48s. (equal to L. 2 : 17 : 7 of prefent '* money) ; the quarter of buck wheat, barley, or malt, 28 s. * (equal to L. x : 1 3 : 7) ; the quarter of oats, 1 3s. 4d. (equal * to 1 6s.) ; the quarter of rye, peafe and beans, 32s. (equal to * L. I : 18 : 5) current Englifh money ; that then it fliall be * lawful for all and every perfon and perfons, to fhip, load, ' carry, and tranfport, any of the faid corns or grains, from * the havens and places where they fhall be of fuch prices, * unto any parts beyond the feas, as merchandife, any law, * ftatute, or ufage, to the contrary notwithftanding ; paying ' fuch rates ifir the fame, and none other, as are to be paid * when the fame might have been tranfported by one adl pafTed * this prefent parliament, entitled, ' A fubfidy granted to the *' King of tonnage and poundage." * And it is hereby further enaded, by the authority afore- t * 15 Cha. II. c. 7. § I. 3. 3. 4. 4 THE CORN LAWS. 59 *■ faid, that when the prices of the aforefaid corns and grains CHAP: ii; * do not exceed the rates above-mentioned, reipeiSlively, Win- * chefter meafore, at the havens and places, into which any of * them fhall be imported, from any parts beyond the feas, * there fliall be paid for the cuftom and poundage of every * quarter of wheat, 5s. 4d. (equal to 6s. ^d. of prefent money) ; ' and for every quarter of rye, 4s. (equal to 4s. lod.) ; and * for every quarter of barley or malt, 2s. 8d. (equal to ^s. 2d.); * for every quarter of buck wheat, 2s. (equal to 2s. ^A.) ; for * every quarter of oats, is. 4d. (equal to is. 6d.) ; and for * every quarter of peafe and beans, 4s. (equal to 4s. rod.) of * prefent money. * And it is hereby further enabled, by the authority forefaid, *- that when the prices of corn or grain, Winchefler meafure, * do not exceed the rates following, at the markets, havens^' * or places where the fame fhall be bought, viz. The quarter of ♦- wheat, 48 s. y the quarter of rye, 32 s. ; the quarter of barley * and malt, 28s. ; the quarter of buck wheat, 28s. ; the quar- *■ ter of oats, 13s. 4d. ; the quarter of peafe or beans, 32s.;. * that then it fhall be lawful for all and every perfbn and per- *" fons (not foreflalling and felling the fame in t-he fame mar- ' ket, within three months after buying thereof) to buy in * open market,, to lay up and keep in his or their granaries or * houfes, and to fell again, fiich corn or grain, of the kinds * forefaid, as without fraud or covin (hall have been bought *^ at or under the prices before exprefTed, without incurring * any penalty ; any law, flatute, or ufage to the contrary not^ •- withftanding.' H 2 6o AN INQUIRY INTO CHAR II. ^e haxt every reafon to think, from the preamble to this law, that the encouragement of trade in general, and agricul- ture in particular, was its chief obje(El ; and there can be no doubt but thefe were the intentions of the legiflature ; and yet, by the infertion of a fingle monafyllable, probably done infidioufly in the ingroffing, and afterwards pafling unob- ferved, the whole law was reduced to a mere folecifm in terms. By this law the exportation prices were extended beyond the former bounds ; but the exported grain was ftill loaded with near 50 per cent, of duties, which was equal to a pro- hibition. Upon the other hand, the high importation duties were taken oflF; and when the prices of grain did not exceed the fame rates limited for exportation (or, in other words, when grain was at the loweft price), importation was allowed, upon payment of about 9 per cent, of duties ad valorem; being much lower than the low duties fixed by the a6l of tonnage and poundage. The word not, in the importation claufe of the law, per- verts the meaning of the whole. It never could have been the intention of the legiflature to permit importation at low du- ties, until grain had rifen above the exportation prices ; for until that rife, the prohibition to ingrofs was taken off, and the fame reafons operated in both cafes. THE CORN LAWS. 6i We can hardly place tills to inattention; and we are the CHAP. iiv more inclined to this opinion, that by a law of the fame year paffed in Scotland, where the policy of England was very much attended to, and often followed, although importation of grain had been, by the laws of that kingdom, before this period, permitted without limitation or duties, they now per- mitted the exportation of grain, when it did hot exceed certain prices ; but they laid a duty of about 40 per cent, ad valorem^ upon all grain to be imported, when the prices were under thofe ftipulated by the af the kingdom, that an eflFec- ' tual encouragement be granted for exportation of corns and * victual forth thereof : Therefore his Majefly, out of his royal ' bounty, with confent of the eftates of parliament, ftatutes ' and ordains. That all forts of grain, exported out of the * kingdom, after Martinmas 1696, fhall be free of any dues * formerly payable upon exportation : And that for encoura- * ging export, after the faid term, there fhall be given out of ' the cuftoms, to the exporter, upon his oath, of verity of the ' numbers of the bolls exported, fubfcribed with his hand, ' and attefted by the colledlor of the next adjacent cuftom- * houfe, eight merks for ilk chalder of grain that fhall be ex- * ported, by fea or land, when they (hall not exceed the prices * following, viz. When wheat is at or under twelve pound the ' boll, (equal to L. i : 4s. of prefent money) ; bear, barley, * and malt, at or under eight pound, (equal to 16s.) per boll ; ' peafe, oats, and riieal, at or under fix paund, (equal to i2s») ' per boll J all the faid grains being of Linlithgow meafure : * With this provilion always, that the faid exportation fhall he ' by Scotfrnen, or in Scots fhips, and that the mafler and * three-fourth parts of the feamen of the faid fhips fhall be ' Scotfmen : As alfo with this provifion, that when the grains *■ exceed the fore&id rates, the Lords of his majefly 's fecret 78 AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. in. -< council may difcharge the exportation of vidlual of all forts, * ay and till the grains fall to the prices forefaid*.' - But the fubfidies and duties, payable upon corn exported from England, not having been given up by the former a(5l, 1700. thefe were now finally removed by the following law : ' And, -* for the greater encouragement of tillage, be it further en- ' a(Eled, by the authority aforefaid. That from and after the * 30th day of March 1700, the fubfidy, and all other duties ' whatfoever, payable for, or upon the exportation of wheat, * rye, barley, malt, beans, peafe, and other forts of corn and * grain whatfoever, ground and unground ; and for, and upon * the exportation of bread, bifcuit, and meal, or any of them, * out of, or from the kingdom of England, dominion of * Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, as to fo nauch of * the faid commodities, or any of them, as fhall be fo exported, ' after the faid 30th day of March, jQiall ceafe, determine, ' and be no longer due or payable to his Majefty, his heirs, * or fucceffors ; any law, ftatute-, ufage, or prefcription to the ' contrary notwithlianding f .' • Thus the great, and new fyftem of corn laws was finally eftablifhed, both in England and Scotland ; and thefe king- 1706. doms having foon after been thoroughly incorporated, their xorn laws were in like manner united by the following fedliion of the 6th article of the ad of Union : ' That all the parts of -* the united kingdom for ever, from and after the Union, fhaH » William, pari. i. c. 32. f «i & 12 Will. 3. c. 20. § 4. THE CORN LAWS. 79 have the fame allowances, encouragements, and drawbacks, CHAP, inl- and be under the fame prohibitions, reftridtions, and regu- lations of trade, and liable to the fame cuftoms and duties on import and export; and that the allowances, encourage- ments, and drawbacks, prohibitions, reflridlions, and regu- lations of trade,, and the cuftoms and duties on import and export, fettled in England, when the Union commences, fliall, from and after the Union, take place throughout the whole united kingdom ; excepting- and referving the duties upon export and invport of fuch particular commodities^ from which any perfons, the fubjedts of either kingdom, are fpecially liberated and exempted by their private rights j which after the Union areta remain fafe and entire to them,, in all refpedVs, as before the fame : And that from and after the Union, no Scots cattle, carried into England, fhall be liable to any other duties, either on the public or private ac- counts, than- thofe duties to which the cattleof England are, or fhall be liable, within the faid kingdom. And feeing, by the laws of England, there are rewards granted upon the ex- portation of certain kinds of grain, wherein oats, grinded or ungrinded, are not expreflfed. That from and after the Union, . when oats, (hall be fold at 15 s. Sterling (equal to iSs. of pre— fent money) per quarter, or under, there fliall be paid 2S.. 6d. Sterling (equal to 3s.) for every quarter of the oatmeal" exported in terms of the law; ; whereby, and fo long as re- wards are granted for exportation of other grains, and that the beer of Scotland have the fame rewards as barley. And in refpedl the intiportation of vidlual into Scotland, from any place beyond the fea, would prove a difcouragement to tU*- 8o AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. III. « lage ; therefore, that the prohibition, now in force, by the * law of Scotland, againft importation of vidtual from Ire- * land, or any other place beyond the fea, into Scotland, do, * after the Union, remain in the fame force as now it is, until ' more proper and efFedlual ways be provided by the parlia- * ment of Great Britain, for difcouraging the importation of * the faid vidlual from beyond the fea *.' And, by another law of xhe fame year, it was enaiSed as follows : ' And whereas, by the forefaid articles of Union, it is ' provided, that from and after the Union there Ihall be certain * allowances for all oatmeal, and grain called beer, exported * from Scotland : Be it enafSled, by the authority aforefaid, ' that for all oatmeal, and grain called beer, alias bigg, which, ' from and after the faid firft day of May 1707, fhall be ex- ' ported from any port of this kingdom, of England ^ dominion ' of Wales, and town of Berwick upon Tweed,, to parts be- ' yond the feas, by any merchant, or oth^r perfbn or perfons ' whatfoever, there fhall be, the like premium given upon the * exportation thereof, as is to be given upon exportation of ' oatmeal and beer from Scotland ; fuch merchant, or other ' perfon, firft bringing a certificate, in writing, under his or ' their hands, containing the quantity of fuch oatmeal, or ' beer, alias bigg, fo iliipped, to the colle by * 24 Geo. z. c. 56. f 1, THE CORN LAWS. 93 which the debentures for thefe bounties were to carry intereft CHAP. III. at the rate of 3 per cent, per annum^ to commence fix months following the day when they ihould, or might have been pro- duced to the commiffioners of the cuftoms at London, accords ing to the directions of the adl of the 12 th and 13 th of King William *. The crop of this year having been weak, and of courfe the ^75^ prices of grain having rifen, the common people, long ac- cuftomed to plenty and cheapnefs, did not attribute the rife in the prices, to the Ihortnefs of the crop, but to the arts of the farmers, dealers, millers, &c» and got into m.obs, com- mitted many outrages in different parts of the kingdom, and deftroyed mills with the grain in them, as if they had been the chief accelFories to the dearth* The advanced prices of corn, however, brought forward "^IS:"!* laws, by which all forts of corn, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, or ftarch, were prohibited to be exported before the 25 th December 1 757 ; only malt, made for exportation, and declared to be fo before the 4th December 1756, was allowed to be exported ; and velfels cleared out, before the 25th Decem- ber 1756, were allowed to proceed on their voyages : But it was provided, that in cafe his Majefty Ihould, at any time, before the faid 25th December 1757, j^dge it to be moft for the benefit and advantage of the kingdom, to permit the ex- portation of the corn, and the other commodities aforefaid, or * a6 Geo. 2. c. 15, 94 AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. III. any of them, that then it Ihould be lawful for his Majefty, by- proclamation, to be iffued by and with the advice of his privy council, or by his Majefty's order in council, to be publiAed in the London Gazette, from time to time, to permit and fuf- fer all and every perfon and perfone, natives and foreigners, (buC not any particular perfon or perfons) at any time or times, before the faid 25th day of December 1757, to export or carry out all or any of the commodities aforefaid *. All cuftoms, fubfidies, and duties, rates, or impofitions whacfoever, upon corn or flour imported, or upon com, grain, meal, bread, bifcuit, and flour, taken from the enemy, and ferought into the kingdom, were difcontinued tmtil the 24th Auguft 1757 J and the fame might be alfo carried coailways, without duty f. Importation of corn, duty free, was allowed in fliips of other nations, in amity with Great Britain, from any port or place whatfoever X- And from and after the nth March 1757, no low wines or ipirits ^whatever were to be extradled or diftilled within the kingdom, from any wheat, barley, malt, or any other fort of grain, or from any meal or flour, for and during the ipace ot two calendar months [j. * 30 Geo. 2. c. I. •[■ Ibid. c. 7. % Ibid. c. 9. § 14. II Ibid. c. 10. THE CORN LAWS. ^^ And tMs praMbition was afterwards continued to the nth CHAP. HI. December 1757; but witk power to his Majefty, by procla- '-•"V**' mation, to be iflued with the advice of his privy council, or by an order in council, to be publifhed in the London Ga^ zette, to fufpend this a^, and to albw the dkftillers to pro- ceed *. Thefe laws elfedlually checked the exportation, of corn j a- bout 80,000 quarters had been exported, before the prohibi- tion took place, and about 150,000 quarters of foreign cora were brought in. The Exportation trade, however, was reftored and recover- ed in the year 1759, and weat on as formerly, with little or no impoiftation of foreign grain j but the crop 1 76? having failed a little, the importers found, that upon a very fmall ftart in the prices, they could afford to pay the low duties, to come in competition with the market at home ; and, con- fequently, a very eonfiderable importation took place for that, and the three following years. Indeed, in the laft of thefe years, fome panic had feized upon the kingdom, 1765, and an embargo was laid, the 26th September, upon all fhips laded with corn for exportation, which, having been done againft law, an adl of indemnity was made for it the following year -f. There does not, at prefent, appear to have been any good * 30 Geo. 2. c. ij. •}• 7 Geo. 3. c. 7. 9^ AN INQUIRY INTO "l!^^^!^? '^^^°^ ^°^ ^^°^^ meafures ; for, in the year mentioned, there were above 300,000 quarters of grain exported, and lefs than 250,000 imported. 1767. Laws were now made, prohibiting, for a limited time, the ex- portation of corn, grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch ; and alfo the extradlion of low wines and fpirits from wheat, and wheat flour. And allowing, for a limited time, the importation of wheat and wheat flour, oats, and oat-meal, rye, and rye-meal, free of duty *. 1768. Thefe laws were renewed this year, with fome additions ; and it was enadled, that they fliould continue until twenty days after the commencement of the next- feflion of parlia- ment. The exportation of corn, grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch; and alfo the extradlion of low wines and fpirits, from wheat and wheat flour, was prohibi- 1ted (except to fome Britrfh dependencies). An importation, not only of wheat, wheat flour, barley, barley-meal, pulfe, oats, oat-meal, rye and rye-meal, from any part of Europe ; but Indian corn, or maize, and rice, from North America ; and wheat and wheat flour from Africa, were permitted, duty- free f. iy6g^ This year the exportation of corn, grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch ; and alfo the extraiflion of * 7 Geo. 3. c. 3. 4. 5. 8. +8 Geo. 3. c. i. 2. 3. THE CORN LAWS. 91 low wines and fpirits, from wheat and wheat flour, was pro- CHA-P. ill. hibited, until twenty days after the commencement of the next feflion of parliament ; and the free importation of rice from North America was permitted. This year the former law of lafl year, prohibiting the ex- x^'jo, portation of corn, grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuic, and ftarch ; and alfo the extraction of low wines and fpirits from wheat, and wheat flour, was continued in force, until twenty days after the commencement of the next feflion of par- liament; providing that the faid continuation might be abridg- ed or fliortened, and this adl, or any part thereof, might be altered or varied, by any other adl or adls to be made in the prefent feflion of parliament *, And accordingly, by another law of this feflion, fo much of the former adls as prohibited the exportation of malt, was removed and repealed f . This year alfo an a6l was made for regiftering the prices at which corn is fold in the feveral counties of Great Britain, and the quantity exported and imported %. Laws were now made prohibiting the exportation of corn, 1771. grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch ; and alfo * 10 Geo. 3. c. I. t Ibid. c. 10. X Ibid, c, 39, N 98 AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. III. the extradion of low wines and fpirits from wheat, and wheat flour (except for vidualling fhips, and to Britifh dependen- cies), until the twentieth day after the commencement of the next feffion of parliament *. 1772* Upon the commencement of the feffion of parliament, this year, a law was made, prohibiting the exportation of corn, grain, meal, malt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch ; and alfo the extradlion of low wines from wheat, and wheat flour, was prohibited, until the twentieth day after the commencement of the next feffion of parliament. And afterwards an a6l was made, allowing the importation of wheat, wheat flour, rye, rye-meal, and Indian com, free of duty, until the firfl day of Decem- ber 1772 f. All this would appear to ha\e been done without any folid reafon j for the price of grain was not very high, and the quantity of grain exported, from the year 1760, to the year 1 770, confiderably exceeded the quantity imported. 1 77 J. Immediately vipon the meeting of the parliament, this year, laws were made allowing the free importation, before the ift day of January 1774, of any wheat, wheat flour, rye, rye- meal, barley, barley-meal, oats, oat-meal, peafe, beans, tares,, calivancies, and all other forts of pulfe, from any part of Europe, or Africa, without the payment of any fubfidy, caf- * 1 1 Geo. 3. c. r. t 12 Geo. 3. c. I. 33. THE CORN LAWS, 99 torn, duty, or impofition whatfoever ; and permitting the CHAP. iii. fame to be carried coaftways, under fuch regulations as the wheat, wheat flour, &c. of the growth of this kingdom, were allowed to be carried coaftways, provided that due entry fliould be made, as was pradiifed before the making of this adl ; and the importation of wheat, wheat flour, Indian corn, Indian meal, bifcuit, peafe, beans, tares, calivancies, and all other forts of pulfe, from North America, was alfo permitted for the fame time, duty free, tipon making entry as aforefaid. By another law, pafled at the fame time, the exportation of corn, grain, peafe, beans, meal, aialt, flour, bread, bifcuit, and ftarch ; and alfo the extraction of low wines and fpirits from wheat, and wheat flour, (except for vidlualling fliips, or to Britifli dependencies), was prohibited until the faid ifi; day of January 1 774 *. Thele laws, however, although deftrudlive of our own agri- culture, were only temporary, and their confequences might have been recovered, as they did not trench vipon the general fyftem. . But we now come to a law of this year, by which the vene- 1 773, rable old codcy fo beneficial to manufadlures and induftry, and fo falutary to the kingdom in general ; that code, which had raifed the agriculture of Great Britain, from the loweft ftate * 13 Geo. 3. c. I. 2. 3. N2 -mmusM^ loo AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. III. of depreffion, to the higheft degree of profperity ; which had produced plenty, at reafonable prices, for fo great a number of years, at home ; and had brought fuch innmenfe fumsof money for the excrefcent flock of corn, from abroad, was now torn up by the roots, and fcattered in the winds *. This falubrious code . had not been the work of a day ; it came to be reared by flow degrees, and was the refult of the experience of many generations ; although the multiplicity of its component parts had rendered the diflindl knowledge of it a matter of confiderable labour. The introdu<3:ion of this new law, fo Jimilar in terms^ and fo adverfe in principle^ to the former laws, involved the corn laws in greater perplexity than ever ; and it need not be matter of furprife, that perfons of the beft underftanding flaould be unwilling to enter upoH a fludy fo dark,, and fo intricate. The neareft road to convidlion, in fUch cafes, is to place the objedls to be compared parallel before the eye ; to ex>- hibit them in. their firft principles ; to ftudy their opera- tions ; and. to determine according to their confequences and effe and it was ena^ed, that the prices of corn, grain, and oat- meal, exported, fliould be regulated and governed by the average prices, at which fuch corn, grain, and oatmeal, fhould be refpetStively fold in the public market, at or neareft to the port of fhipping, on the laft market day preceding^ fuch fhipping. We have,now recapitulated the principal or leading features of the feveral com laws that have ever been enaded in Eng- land and Scotland, or in Great Britain, fince the acceffion of William L of England, and Malcolm III. of Scotland ; and upon the whole it would appear, that the chief outlines, or foundation of them, was laid down by the Englifh laws of 1393, and 1463, and the four intervening adls. Thefe in- deed laid fubfidies and duties upon grain exported, which in. thofe days, when eommerGe*was in its infancy, were indif- eriminately laid upon every article, whether exported or im- ported ; and fuch is the power of habit, that the duties were continued to a very late period. The experience of 300 years at length not only deteded this error^ but pointed out to a dif- I20 AN INQUIRY INTO ^^^^^T' tinguifliing adminiftration, the beneficial confequences that would follow the oppofite condu(5l of giving bounties upon corn exported. From which it appears, that the Viodlrine in- culcated by experience, is unqueflionably orthodox, although flow in its operation ; for the duties and fubfidies, payable upon the exportation of the manufa6:ures of Great Britain, were only removed in the year 1721 *. No records have been preferved, refpe from thence exported, and the bounty paid for it, as if fuch corn had been of Britiih growth; and, from fome late publications, it would appear that this pradlice has not yet fallen into difufe. ■ The beneficial confequences to the kingdom, which thefe wife laws brotight about, have already appeared ; and it is dif- ficult, even for the imagination, to fancy any reafon for rever- fing them, except the mifreprefentations of interefted and de- figning men. * Vide Appendix, No 7. -134- AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. IV. The melancholy reverfe, occafioiled by the adl 1773, has however taken place, and we have feen the miferable confe- quences of it ; a flriking evidence that people may be wearied of the befl fituations, and even cloyed with happinefs. It is impoffible to imagine that the legiflature had any in- tention to injure the bell interefls of the kingdom by this a6l ; and, perhaps, there is not a worthier charadler in it, than the very man to whofe lot it fell to frame this \3iw—fed humanum ejl errare * The law, however, has had its eflfedl ; exportation has been reflrained, and agriculture of courfe reprefled ; importation has been facilitated, and the trade laid open to fraud, by per- mitting the re-exporting, and carrying coaftways, from one port to another, grain imported. For fifty-five years after the Union, our exportation of grain counted as i to 21 of our produce ; and the yearly average of the importation of grain, during that period, amounted only to a 475th part of our produce f; and a great part of that im- portation was clandeftinely brought in upon ua, without necef- lity, and contrary to law. The ten years, from 1741 to 1750 inclufive, were the mofl profperous. During that period our * The perfon here alluded to is probably Governor Pownall, who, in 1773, laid a Memoir before the Lords Commiflloners of the Treafury, relative to the Corn Laws, and may have been employed to frame this aft. Mr Arthur Young gives a copy of that Memoir, and fome able Striftures on the aft of 1773, in his Political Arithmetic, publlfhed in 1774. Edit. f Vide Appendix, No 8. Art. 5. THE CORN laws; 135 yearly average exportation amounted to 8485660 quarters, and CHAP. i\"; the yearly importation only to 15,943 quarters ; fo that our exportation was as i to 14, and the importation only as i to 742 of our produce *. But thefe were our halcyon days, and we have feen the me- lancholy reverfe. During the twelve years from 1773 to 1784 inclufive, there were imported of foreign grain, upon an average yearly, 578,358 quarters, and our exportation amounted only to 267,182 quarters; fo that the importation has encreafed to the proportion of i to 18, while ou.r exportation is reduced to that of I to 40 of the produce ; and the balance of importa- tion againft us amounts yearly to 311,176 quarters f. In the year 1775, there were imported no lefs than 1,163,407 quarters of foreign grain, and. only 191,007 quar- ters of our own grain exported, which brought the importa- tion, that year, as high as i to 8 of the produce, and the ex,- portation fell as low as i to 53 $. It is a hazardous fituationj, to be dependent upon the pro- dudlion of the lands of other nations for our bread, one day in every week ; and it is a drain, which even the power and. riches of Great Britain cannot long fupply. * Vide A-ppendix, No 4. ; and No 8. Art. j. t Ibid. t Vide Appendix, No 2. ; aad No 8. Art. 5-. i3<5 AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. IV. Importation of foreign grain, adls like a mole under ground ; we know nothing of its operations, but by the heaps which it raifes ; and when thefe heaps come to cover an 8th, an i8th, or even a 475th part of our own foil, it is high time to turn them down. In whatever point of view. we confider this adl, it has e very- appearance of having been furreptitioufly obtained, or having been what is commonly called a job ; and certainly great muft have been the addrefs, on the part of the fuitors, and no lefs the fupinenefs on the part of adminiftration, when fuch a mea- fure was carried into eflfed:. In all cafes of commerce, and more particularly in thofe where the beft interefts of the kingdom are concerned, the trade ought to be put upon a footing as folid and permanent as pofTible. The former laWs appointed the exportation and importation of grain, tipon which bounties or duties were payable, to be regulated according to the prices, at the refpedHve places *f exportation or importation ; and, in England, it had been com- mitted to the juflices of peace at their quarter feffions j and, in Scotland, to the Courts of Seffion, Jufticiary, and Exche- quer, to afcertain the prices. By the adl 1773, the prices of grain, in England, were left to be fixed by the former rules ; but, in Scotland, thefe powers were taken from the fuperior courts, and vefted in the flierifFs THE CORN LAWS. 137 of the feveral counties, and their fubftitutes, who were ap- CHAP. iv. pointed to take proof of the price of "grain within their feve- ral jurifdidions, four times in theyear, which was to be the rule both for exportation and , importation from, and to, -the harbours within the feveral counties. But there was no compulfory clavife in this adl to oblige either the juftices of the peace in England, or the fheriffs in Scotland, to execute this part of their duty ; and an incongruity occurred, from which, indeed, the former laws were not free, that many of the counties, upon the fea coaft, bqth in Eng- land and Scotland, were divided by the ftrearn of a river fall- ing into the fea, the motith of which formed a harbour for both counties ; fo that if the prices of grain in fuch adjoining counties differed, exportation might be going on upon the one fide of the river, and importation upon the other. Still, however, the jobbers were not fatisfied ; for the job was not yet completed. Exportation, as well as importation, was ftill limited from three months to three months, by which their hands were fo far tied up. Another law. was therefore procured, in 1774, by which the exportation of grain was appointed to- be regulated, and the bounties to be paid according to the prices at the neareft mar- ket-place to the port of exportation, on the laft market-day preceding the time of fhipping ; fo that, in the very time of importation, a trader, who had a parcel of grain, upon hand, which he could fell to more profit abroad than at home, coxild S 138 AN IN QUIRT INTQ CHAP. IV, eafily contrive a fale at the neareft market-place to eotitle him to export his grain, and to receive the bounty ; and, confe- quently, exportation and importation may be going on at the fame time, and from, the very fame fpot or creek. The im- propriety, and inconfifteney of thefe rules, need no comment. Tliere is doubtlels fome plaulibility in that part of the adl ■ of 1773, by which it would appear to mean, that if a trader imports corn to fqpply the neceffiries of the country, it would bie hard not to allow him to re-export it, if he could not find a fale for it in the country-; and it! would be ftill a greater hard- £hip upon him, after having fuppUed the place of importation ; and alio unjufl: to the poor of other places, where, the prices' were high, not to allow the remalodier to be traafported, in Ihipping, coaflways, to the places where it was fo much wanted. But this illufory pretence is totally exploded, by the fpirit and flxong fenfe of the former laws, which tell the trader : You are at liberty to fupply the wants of any part of the kingdom, where ; fcarcity may happen to be, and which will be known from the prices of grain, while fuch fcarcity continues, upon payment of a certain duty, which will be lowered if the prices rife at home ; but you are not to hoard up quantities of imported grain, to be a check upon the fale of the next crop of our own laads ; nor will you be allowed to re-export fuch grain, if you cannot" find your own price in the country ; becaufe that would be making a free port of the whole kingdom for grain, to the utter deflrudtion of our own agriculture ; ■ neither will you be permitted to fend your imported grain coaftways, from one place to another ; for befides, that fuch a meafure would be THE CORN LAWS. 139 hurtful to the fale of our own grain, it would lay the trade CHAP. iv. open to fraud, which fliould, at all times, be avoided ; and', if you have no fuch- temptation, you will conform yourfelf to the true fpirit of the laws, and will import no more than will fupply the neceffitiesN of the place to which your importation is diredled : Nor will you be allowed to import the' flour or meal of any grain ; for although we may fometimes (land in need of corn, we can at no time fland in need of mills. Thefe appear clearly to have been the fentiments of our for- mer kgiflators, with refpedl to the importation of foreign grain ; for whatever ipecious arguments may be ufed in favour of importation, for lowering the price of grain, in times of fcarcity, the true principle to proceed upon, is, to prevent fcafcity, by giving every poflible protedion and encourage- ment to our own agriculture, ^vhich we have feen, from the experience of more than half a century, is a certain way of procuring plenty, at reafonable prices. It has been already clearly evinced, that the importation of foreign grain, has invariably raifed the prices at home ; nor is it to be imagined, that an importer will let them down, if he can keep them up ; *for he has nothing in view but his own profit. In an unfruitful feafon, when deficient crops oblige our far- mers to raife the prices, and thereby, in fome meafure, to put the confumer upon Ihort allowance, an importer purchafes corn in a neighbouring country, where the ieafon has been S 2 ^4o AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. IV. more favourable, or where corn is raifed at lefs expence than in Great Britain ; or where perhaps the country gives a bounty upon corn exported*, and by bringing it over, dutyfree, he is^ enabled both to drive our farmers out of the market, and ftill to keep up the prices. / To confirm this aflertian, we need only have recoUrfe to the evidence already before us, founded upon the experience of near a century ; and we Ihall fee, from the Table of the yearly general exportation and importation, and the yearly price of wheat, from 1697-to 1784, that the price-canie down gradually, as our exportation advanced, and rofe again as it declined, and as the importation of foreign grain took place *. It cannot therefore be doubted, but that found policy fhould direct us, to lay fuch a duty upon foreign corn, imported, a.& will balance the advantages which the foreign farmers have over our own ; that, if there muft be a competition, both par- ties may ftart equally at market ; and, .if there muft be high prices given, it is more for the intereft of the kingdom,* in general, that they be paid for; the produce of our own lands,, than for that of other nations. There may be, no doubt, fuch barren feafons, as may ren- der a fupply of foreign corn abfolutely neceffary, to prevent . famine ; and in fuch events, powers ought to be vefted in the King in council, to leiTen, or to fufpend altogether, the dur ties upon corn to be imported j but, in all other cafes-, reipe<^ ' Vide Appendyt, No -4. THE, CORN LAWS, ' 141 ing importation, perhaps we cannot recur to a better rule than CHAP. iv. the adl 1670. But to do this with propriety, will require great circurnfpedlion and care. We are near the brink of a precipice, at the fame time that our retreat to a place of fafety, is not without hazard. Upon the fuppofition that there are eight millions of people in Great Britain, whereof two millions and a Tialf are farmers- and cottagers, or people entirely ernployed in the bufinefs of manufacturing grain, and that the other five millions and a half fill up the other departments of the community ; and, - reckoning that two quarters of the different kinds of grain, overhead, are neceffary for the fupport of each perfon, the amovmt of the annual confumption, exclufive of the mainte- nance of the people employed in . agriculture, is eleven mil- Jlions of quarters *. - If we fliall fuppofe a year, in which Great Britain, can juft' maintain herfelf and fow the ground, without receiving or' fending out any grain, the eleven millions of quarters would be the amount both of the confumption and of th« produce,, being thie exadl quantity raifed, after fuppporting the people and cattle employed in the maniifadlure ; . and the exadl quan-. tity neceffary for the other branches of the community. But, in years when we exportmore than we import, our pro- duce muft be greater than our confumption ; and in years ' when we import more than we export, it mull be propor-' - tionally lefs. * Vide Chap.. I. Page 21. and Appendix, No 8. Art. 4.. ^GHAP. IV. •r42 -AN INQUIRY INTO For the ten years from 1741 to 1750 inclufive, our exportation, at an average *, amounted yearly to 848,660 And dedudling our yearly average importation of 1 5,943 There remained of clear yearly exportation - 832,717 To which being added our yearly confumption of 11,006,000 Thefe together made up Our produce, amounting to 1 1,832,7 17 S^uarters. In the Other point of view we muft firft flate our yearly confumption of _ _ _ 11,000,000 And our average yearly exportation from 1773 to 1784 inclufive - - _ . _ 267,182 Amounting together to - - ,. 11,267,182 And from thence dedudling our average yearly importation - _ _ . 578,358 Our produce is reduced to - - 10,688,824 ; . . . ' garters. N6w, flawing again our produce, in the times of the profperity of agriculture, amounting to 11,832,717 And our prefent produce of - - 10,688,824 The difference is 1,143,893 quarters of grain lefs, raifed in Great Britain now, than for- merly, which is about i to 9 of our prefent produce. * The amount of the exports and imports, in this ftatement, will be feen in the Appendix, No 4. ^ THE CORN LAWS. 143 This amazing difference, allowing twelve people for raifing CHAP, iv., every hundred quarters of grain, cuts off from Oreat Britain, the employment of 137,256 perfons, old and young, who would have been employed in raifing this corn, and transfers the occupation and profit of the manufadlure to the lands and people of other nations. Had Great Britain kept this branch of bufinefs ta herfelf, if we compute five quarters of the different kinds of grain over-head, to make a ton weight, the exportation of the grain - would have afforded employment to 228,778 tons of fhipping for one voyage *. . And, for the fame voyage, allowing five mariners, young and old, for the navigation of every hundred tons, it would . have given employment to 11,435 failors, befides labourers and boatmen, in loading, piloting, &c» And, if we fliall fuppofe this voyage to take up only one eighth part of the year, this navigation would have been equal . to the conftant fuppprt of above 1400 feamen, or to the man- ning, of two jDbips of the line ; all which, with many other beneficial confequences, which would attend fuch an exten- five branch of commerce, have been totally loft to Great Bri-.- tain. « It appears, by an extra(St from the Cora Regifter, that, for - * vide Note, p. 1 22. 144 AN INQUIRY INTO CHAP. ly, the fourteen years from 1771 to 1784 inclufive, the average prices of the quarter of the different kinds of grain, were as follows, viz. L. s. d. The quarter of wheat ' - 280 barley - 138 oats ■ . - -^^ o iff o rye - - i 10 3 beans - 184 v?liich makes the average price of the quarter of thefe differ- ent kinds of grain, over-head, to be - L. i 9 3. If Great Britain had continued, as formerly, to raife and export at the rate of 832,717 quarters of grain, Ihe would have received, befides the advantages already dated, for the price of the grain yearly - L. 1,217,848 12 8 But inftead of that receipt fhe has yearly to pay for 311,176 quarters of foreign ' grain imported, over the amount of all her exportation, which comes to - 455,094 18 o Which makes a yearly balance againft Great Britain of ' - - L. 1,672,943 10 8 Thefe fadls merit the moff ferious confideration *. * In the fuppljes for the year 1 796, no lefs than a million Sterling is voted, to pay- bounties o'n the importation of foreign grain. This fum, at the rate of feventeen THE CORN LAWS. 145 Having feen our average yearly produce brought to nearly CHAP, iv twelve millions of quarters, when Great Britain enjoyed the ex- port trade ; and again reduced to little more than ten millions and a half, when that trade was loft ; there can be nothing more clear than that the quantity of corn fown, will, at all times, be proportioned to the demand ; and that, as our agriculture fhall be extended, the number of our people will be increafed. It is, however, to be confidered, that we have now, for a confiderable period, been accuftomed to receive a' yearly im- portation of near 600,000 quarters of grain, or about an eighteenth part of our own provifion, from foreign countries ; and if we fhdl cut off or lofe that fupply, before our agricul- t\ire fliall be fo far extended, as to be "fufficient to fupport the kingdom, at reafonable prices, without it, the fhock might be ruinous. The great increafe of population in Great Britain, during the prefent century, would appear to have taken place chiefly from the year 1708 to 1763, when agriculture flouriflied, and when the great trade, of railing and exporting corn, felt the fliillings per quarter, being the average of the different rates of bounty for wheat, may produce an importation of 1,177,064 quarters ; which, if reckoned to fell at L. 4 per quarter, would, together with the million for bounties, amount to L. 5,708,256; and although it may not be poffible to procure even half that quantity of wheat, yet, from the vigorous meafures taken to prevent dearth, the reft of the fum may be applied to the purchafe of other grain. Allowing that the odd feven hundred thoufand pounds may remain with our own merchants, as their profit ; the drain of money, from Great Britain, for foreign grain may, and probably will, amount to Jive millions Sterling in cne year ! Edit. T 146 AN^INQtriRY INTO CHTAP. IV. fame protedlion and enjoyed a like fuccefs with onr other ma- nufa<5lures. For, fince that time to the year 1784, emigra- tion, colonization, and war, have drawn fo largely from the number of our inhabitants, that the alarming increafe of im- portation, in fo fhort: a period as thefe twenty years, cannot be afcribed to an additional confumption, from advancing po- pulation ; nor does it appear, that it can be entirely accounted for in a fatisfadlory manner, by any other caufe, than the difcouragement occafioned by the change of fyftem in the Corn Laws, which has turned the induftry of the people, from the railing of corn, to objedls of lefs importance to the profperity of the kingdom. From the refult of experience, during a period of feven hun- dred years, we have found, that the principles of the Corn Laws ought to be calcvilated to encourage the people to improve their lands, and to raife as much corn as the foil and climate will admit : An objedl which can only be at- tained, by feeoiring a certain and fteady market to the farmer for his produce ; not only by preventing importation, but al- fo, whenever it fhall appear, from the moderate price of grain at home, that a. greater quantity has been raifed, than is re- quired for the annual fupply of the inhabitants^ by giving fuch a bounty on exportation, as Ihall enfure a ready vent for our excrefcent flock in foreign countries.- It is not enough: that a nation raifes, in general, a fufBeiency of corn for the confumption of its inhabitants: It muft be aecuftomed to raife confiderably more, in order to affbrd plenty in bad feafons ; and its. annals ought.be diftinguilhed by a greater or THE CORN LAWS. 147 lefTer exportation ; but, on no occafibn, ought it be reduced CH \P. IV. to the neceffity of importation, and having recourfe to foreign countries, for an expensive and precarious relief. In the courfe of this Inquiry, it has appeared, that thofe happy efFe<5ls have been beft promoted by the laws of 1 670, 1688, 1706, and 1732 ; and, in order that the principles of thofe laws may be clearly underftood, we fhall exhibit a Table, fhewing the prices, bounties, and duties, by which the Corn Trade was regulated, under the old fyftem *. * To enable the reader to compare thele with the prices, bounties, and duties, by which the Corn Trade is wo'a' regulated, under '.the law of 179 1, a fimilar Table of thein is given along with that referred to by the Author. Edit. T2 oo e( i^ u-i c< 0\ ,, -- a K o " ON 0\<3 OS ^ 0\ CO \0 H .s^p^S . 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H i>oo H vs 1^ ^0 10 WVOVOCO r-t^ "^OM-^ 1^ i^ VO 00 i^o^Oc^crieM^O inoo Ti -" rj\\o 00 00 CO H r- M C) 0\ro'*r^« roONH t<5 -^ '-' m OOt^O^Ml^OOCI r< c^ 5; O'TOOO.t^Ht;;^'^'^' tl ■^ Co" M t?j 0\ 1^00 00 PI c7 o\ c7 « r- r-- M H M moo « vo ' ^ =; M^i^^'5j-t-r--ot^ CO ' CO vo 10 w • '03 l> 55 ■y •<** rt J3 eign ported is 1 5 S Phi- c r ftoT o H ^ CO S 1^ :■/■ f: u, vo t^oo OS G M c ^ CO OOOOpOOOOsOSOVOS Si o> i-» t^t^r~-l~i:--t--r^r^ ^ „. hmhhhi-wh. o O T3 (U a- ^ s ^ o ^ ih o a 00 O HI 1 s P^ o s ^ ^ s-.- !=! e u S )-■ I — I a (U ,^: « -o u r>^ ai ^ aj >-. >-->,>-.>» cq eg M_eg m c QJ i— •* ,;; w 5 S ^"3:; o >^<3 «^ .;2m-i:.S,"' o >.s^ (L» ON O r^ ON "^ CO o o\vo vo O O 00 D On vo ■*vc vo to r-» ONOO o "-o O , O H vo OtT CO ^ •* On M c>vo r^vo c< coco .^ m ^ >^ O rt 3 bO CO cU C/ to « -"S-NO W O t^.H c^ d «0 to to w On to CO C?VO cT CO to to luoVO VO to H C^ CO o CN ON CO CO O CO Oh On S t^ n pq m o rp t/^ w _ be O _u ■T3 ,(U : pq P£i Ph O 0000 HHHH G a 202 LETTER ^ I. LETT. I. ' I have noticed before, that the greateft miftake which govern- ; ment appears to have committed, in paffing the adl 1773, was in : attempting, by lowering the import rates of foreign grain, to fink unduly low the money price of corn, which had only ad- vanced with the price of labour, and with the growing wealth and profperity of the country ; and which cannot be reduced by any adl of the legiflature, without fliackling the induftry of the hufbandman, and diminifhing the annual produce of the foil. Your Father has juflly cenfured this policy, as a deviation* from the wifdom of our anceflors j and he- recommends the returning to the ancient rates eftablifhed in 1 670 and 1688, for regulating exportation and importation, as the means of encouraging agriculture, fecuring abundance in the home market, and recovering to the country the advantage of a fa- vourable balance, on the export and import of corn. Agree- ably to this idea, indeed, the legiflature, in 1791, has fome- what heightened the importation rates, and fo far difcouraged the bringing in of foreign corn. This flatute, however, is flill far from being perfedl: A material error had found its way into the formation of the Corn Laws, at their inftitution in 1 670, which has never yet been re<5lified : It is obvious, that the rates, which regulate the exportation and. importa- tioii of the different forts of grain, ought to have been rela- tively fixed, in proportion to their real values, the labour and expence they cofl the farmer in rearing and bringing them to market ; and that in particular, if the import rate of any of the grains was fixed under the prime coft, or its relative value, the Britifh farmer would be obliged to abandon, in a great meafure, the cultivation of that grain ; for the corn merchant would, in confequence of the low import rate, obtain an al- ON THE CORN LAWS. 203 mbi^ complete "fcommand of the home market, as he could fup- LETT. i. ply it cheaper from foreign countries, than the article could bci-raifed 'for in Britain; our farmers would, of courfe, turn their fkill and attention to the raifing crops of the other grains, which, being higher rated in the table of importa- tion, would thereby give them a better chance of profit. That this is now the cafe in England, with refpe<5l to Gats, I fhall endeavour to prove from the following ftate- ment. It muft be allowed, that the great accumulation of wealth, and the immenfe quantity of money in circulation in this country, when compared with what was the cafe in any former period, have raifed the price of labour, and augmented, in an aftonifhing manner, the rents of land, and the expences of cultivation in Britain, whilft, at the fame time, thefe have not mtich advanced in the countries that fupply us with corn. It is therefore obvious, that the Englifli farmer, muft now in a particular manner be underfold, when he attempts to raife and bring to market, any kind of grain, to the culture of which, the foil and climate of the northern countries in Europe are peculiarly adapted ; and he will at lafl: be obliged to abandon the cultivation of that grain, if the im- ^ portation-rate continue fo low as not to allow the price in the home market to get up, fo as to indemnify him for the expence of raifing it, and leave a fufficient profit on the capital employ-, ed ; or even if it does not afford him an equal profit with the other grain of the moft general confumption. That this is the cafe at prefent, wi^ the cultivation of oats in England, is obvious from the- following ftate of fadls: By the ancient . law, eftablifhedin 1670, for regulating the import and export of cor% foreign wheat could not be imported at the low duty^ C c 2 . 204 LETTER I. LETT. I, till the price got up to L. 4 per quarter ; and even then, a iluty^ of 5s. 4d. per quarter was impofed on importation. Mr King who wrote ^about the fame period, and who is cekbrate||(,by Dayenant as a good political arithmetician, whofe calculations, he fays, cannot be controverted, computes the average price of Englifh wheat at 28s.>and oats at 12s. per quarter. By a me- dium of the average prices of grain upon record, in the county of Edinburgh, for 84 years, from 1628 to 171 2, the price, of wheat, reducing the meafure to the Englifh quarter, amounts to 28s. 8d. and of oats to 12s. ^d, which correfponds with furprifing exa6lnefs with Mr King's calculations. If the im- port rate of oats had therefore been originally regulated, in proportion to their current values, in 1670 and 1688, when the prefent fyftem of corn laws was firft enadled, it ought to have been fixed by law in the following proportion : As 28s. the average price of wheat is to 85s. 4d. the import rate of wheat, including the duty, fo is 12 s. the average price of oats to ,36s. 6d. being the relative import rate, at 'which oats ought to have been imported, including, the 'duty : whereas this law allowed foreign oats to be imported at 1 7s. 4d. in- cluding the duty. Upon turning up Mr Young's Annals of Agriculture, vol. i page 431, wherein he gives an account of the agriculture of a diftrid; in Eflex, we find he mentions that the courfe of crops there is, turnips, oats, clover, wheat; and that the wheat produces 2 i- quarters, and the oats 4^- quarters per acre. Upon putting the following queftion to an intclligipt-f^rnier in this parilh; If from fields, which after bein,g fummer, fallowed, manured, and fown with wheat, 10 bolls per acre* is produced, what quantity of oats might have been expedled, if they had been ON THE CORN LAWS. 205 ^fown with that grain ? his anfwer was, 1 2 bolls per acre. LETT. i. This produce, allowing for the difFerence of the meafure, is nearly in the fame proportion to the quantities mentioned by- Mr Young, viz. as 5 is to 9, I fliall however admit, that in -any fituation, where wheat is fown, double the quantity of oats would be produced. The real value of oats therefore, being the labour and expence incurred by the farmer in railing and bringing them to market, may at the loweft be eftimated at one half of the value of wheat. The rate at which foreign wheat eould be imported at the low duty by the adl of 1773 was 48 s. per quarter : and the equivalent rate to infure the farmer an equal chance of pro- fit, when he fows oats, fliould of courfe have been 24s. per quarter ; whereas the law allqwed the importation of foreign oats ' when the price in the home market got up to 1 6s. per quarter, a price at which the Englifti farmer is at prefent by no means indemnified for the expence of cukiv^on : It is therefore obvious, that the prefent. fyftem of Corrf laws, from their original eftablifhraent in 1 670, has always been defec- tive, in allowing the importation of oats at too lov(r a rate, when compared with that of the other grains ; and that the legifla- *• ture, when it palTed the adl 1791^ in place of amending the error, made matters worfe, by increafing the import rates of the other grains, more ^ than they have done that of oats, and thereby finking the relative value and money price of that grain. ^ Its price was, in fa(5l, much too low before the law was altered, and had occafioi^ed the Englilh farmer fo far to abandon the culture of that grain, as to require a large annual importa- tion of foreign oats, to fupply the great number of horfes now 2o6 LETTER I. LETT. r. ^{gd in luxury, and in tranfporting the extended manufa7S3>9^° II. 84 acres wheat, at 30 bufliels per acre, at 58 lbs. per „ jlt ; • bufhel, deducing 3 lbs. per bufliel rough bran, pro- du£t 252obu{hels of meal, at 55 lbs.* per bufliel 138,600 III. 84 acres peafe and beans, at 24 bufliels, 3016 bufliels, one \ half eaten by the horfes on the farm ; one half 1008 bufliels, at 40 lbs. meal per bufhel - - 40)32o IV. 84 acres barley, at 36 bufliels, 3024, at 46 lbs. meal per bufliel . - - - - r39,io/t ■ Us. Bread. -Pounds meal 318,024 or 397,530 V. 84 acres clover confumed by cattle. VI. 84 acres oats, at 60 bufliels, 5-040 bufliels, 13,440 pecks of oat meal, at 8 lbs. per peck. 504 acres 1-1,753,920 lbs. potatoes, at i|lbs. per meal to Meals. : I each individual - - 1,313,940 5^<5 ground. 530 acres. 3^55 days, at 3 meals per day, 1095)2,165,540(1977 In this manner, 504 acres of fertile land, the garden ground not included, will maintain, when well cultivated, 1977 people old and yovmg ; and if the population of Great Britain amounts' to nine millions, it would require only 2,412^746 fertile acres, ■well cultivated to maintain them when living on the fame por- tions of vegetable food as the common people do in Scotland. * This is the quality of the flour, of Virhich the bread prefently ufed in my own family is made. Upon comparing it with Sir George Young's experiments, vide page 259, I find it to correfpond pretty accurately, only coarfer, principally from being made oT wheat of an inferior quality. H h 2 LETT. II. 244 -LE'TTER II. LETT. II. I fhall next proceed to inquire into" the number of people which the fame farm of 504 acres in paflure would maintain when living entirely on animal food. This branch of rural oeconomy, of determining the quantity - of animal food which land will produce, although of cbnfider- able importance, has never been properly attended to. Mr Young, indeed, has begun the inveftigation ; but as yet it has been confined to afcertain the fattening quality of diiFerent animals and vegetables. Upon confulting feveral intelligent farmers, it feemed to be their opinion, that an acre of good grafs might, in the feafon, increafe the weight of the animals fed upon it twelve ftone, at 14 lbs to the ftone ; which at 5s. per ftone, would afford a good rent, and. leave a handfome allow- ance for management and profit on the capital employed. Fixing therefore upon i 2 ftone as the quantum of animal food, which an acre of our farm will produce ; upon this data^ the 504 acres will give 6048 ftones, or 84,672 lbs. I have not been able to learn what proportion of weight the bones in the carcafe of an ox bears to the fleih ; but allowing three quarters of a lb. of bones and flefh on an average to a meal for each individual, at 3 meals per day, 84,672 lbs. will fupport an individual ^7,632 days ; or, in other words, the produce of the farm will fupport a population ot 103 individuals throughout the year; dividing thefe into 20 families, and allowing one fourth of an acre of garden ground to each family, it amounts in all to 509 acres. Upon calculating from thefe data, it will be found that it would require 44,475,728 fertile acres, to maintain the po- pulation of Great Britain, each individual, upon an average, ON THE CORN. LAWS. ' 245 confuming 2^ lbs. of butcKer meat per day ; but the fame num- LETT. 11. ber of ^cres would fupport a population of 165,921,725 indi- viduals of all ages, if the inhabitants lived on the fame por- tions of vegetable food, which at prefent fubfift the common labourers in Scotland. I have calculated thefe two extremes of the produ^ce of land under the plough, or in pafture merely for fattening cattle, without including a dairy in either cafe, in order to place this obje(5l in a ftrong point of veiw, and to fhow the different effedls which living on vegetable or animal food will have, in fupporting an increafed population, or in rendering fuflen- ance plentiful or fcarce in a country. Hence it may be inferred, that it was to encourage or preferve the immenfe population of the eaftern nations, the original lawgivers of India difcharged the eating of animal food, and ingrafted this political maxim upon the ancient flock of fuperftition in the coiintry. The ab- ftaining from animal food, however, feems befl fuited to thefe countries, fituated under a burning fun, where water alone renders the foil perpetually fertile, in producing vegetable food for fupporting the inhabitants. In inore temperate climates, the foil cannot be kept in a conflant ftate of pi-oducing bread for man, without materially injuring its fertility. The beafls of the field are alfo the children of nature ; fhe wills to fupport them, and the land muft be allowed to afford grafs for their fuflenance, which reflores, at the fame time, its fertility for raifing corn ; and man being formed to live on a mixture of animal and vegetable food, avails himfelf of this ceconorny of nature, to add to his enjpyment. 246 LETTER 11. V LETT. II. From this caufe agriculture, in temperate climates, will be car- ried to the greateft pcrfedtion in thofe countries where the inha- bitants add a certain portion of animal to their vegetable food. But there is a certain proportion from which, if, in th6 pro- grefs of luxury, they deviate, by increasing the quantity of their animal food, they will certainly feel the want of bread corn, which appears to be one of the principal caufes that, of late years, there is an evident deficiency in the growth of corn in Britain, or rather in England, to fupply the inhabi- tants ; and that we are every year becoming more and more dependent on foreign nations for our daily fupport, in place of being able, as formerly, to fpare a large furplus quantity annually for exportation. In order flill farther to elucidate this important obje(5l, and to fhow, in the cleareft manner, the efFedl of an increafed con- fumption of animal food, in diminifhing the quantity of corn raifed in Britain, I fliall fketch out a fchemp of cultivation fuited more nearly to the average canfumption and population of the country. ON THE CORN LAWS. 247 LETT. II. Produce of a Farm of 504 acres, very fertile land, and in a high fate of cultivation^ Nos. I. 73 acres pafture, to be ploughed up in rotation, reckoned to produce la ftones beef or mutton per acre. Pounds. Meals. Being in all 13,096 at ^Ib. per meal i6,ia8 4 c Potatoes, 250 bufliels per acre, polb. per buftiel - 90,000 at i-f-lb. 67,500 Turnip, at 24 ftones beef or mutton per acre - 22,848 at ^Ib. ^o,/\6a, , III. 73 acres barley, confumed in-ale and fpirits. IV.' 72 acres clover and hay, confumed by the horfes. "■ ^n V. 72 acres wheat, at 3a bufhels, at 6olb. --' bread' per buftiel - 148,240 at |lb. — — I97j^53 VI. 72 acres peafe and beans, confumed by horfes. VII. 72 r acres oatf, at 60 bufti*ls, 4,320 ! of which one half confumed J by horfes - - 3,160 ) one third in ppttage - i)44o 3.840 pecks oat-meal j at 24 meals 92,160 Lone fixth in bread -. 720 bufliels, or 19,200 lbs. bread at i. per meal 25,600 * Garden 5^4^ ground, al- |of"fn\cre 514 acres. Meals in the year 1.095)429,505(392^ .0 each fa- mily. ^ ' . , In this manner, a farm of 504 acres of very fertile land, in a high ftate of cultivation, could maintain 392 people, old and young, living on a mixture of animal and vegetable foods , 248 LETTER II. LETT. II. of which the above quantities would afford to each individual for daily confumption Of animal food - - - - * 4 oz. ' Bread Wheaten i lb, ^ oz. ") Ditto Oaten 2^ I- IK < Oat-meal in Pottage 3-^- I ' 4 * .Potatoes 10 J Of vegetable food< And to maintain the inhabitants of Great Britain, comput- ing the number at nine millions, and each individual tg con- fume daily, on an average, tlie quantity of animal and vegetable food mentioned above, there would be occafion for 11,793,799 acres of very fertile land, in a high ftate of cultivation ; of which it would require 3j2I2,3i8 acres for fattening animal fbod, producinig nearly 18 flones per acre. 91,780 — for potatoes. 1,652,050 — for barley. 1,652,050 — for clover hay. 1,652,050 — for wheat. 1,652,050 — for peafe and beans. 1,652,050 — for oats. 229,451 — for garden ground. 11,793,799 total acres. From the above (latement it appears, that it would require 3,212,318 fertile acres, to afford four ounces of animal food * The daily confumption of each individual in Paris, is pretty accurately afcertain- ed from the tax on cattle paid at the Barriers, to be about 5I oz. ; in London it is probably mure than double. ON THE CORN LAWS. 249 per day, to every individual in Britain. But if, at any time, LETT. IT. from the increafe of luxury in the nation, ev^ry inhabitant was to confume one ounce more per day ; in that cafe it would re- quire an additional 803,079 acres of fertile land, one half in rich pafture, and nearly the other half in turnip, to fatten and pro- duce the neceiTary quantity^ four-fevenths of ^hich,or 458,900 acres, were annually carrying luxuriant crops of corn. But even, computing thefe crops at the low average of two quarters per acre, it would occafion an annual failure of 917,800 quarters, which will account for the difference between the moft flou- rifliing period of the Corn Trade, and the deficiency of latter times. Whoever, therefore, confiders with attention the in- <:reafed confumption of animal food in Britain, within thefe fifty years laft pafl, and, particularly fince the peace of 1763, will fee good caufe for the growing fcarcity of corn. J Before I leave this part of my Inquiry, I muft mention an- other effedl of luxury, in adding to the fcarcity both of ani- mal and vegetable food, viz. the great degree of fatnefs to which the people in England now require to have their beef and mutton fed, till, as Milton defcribes the cattle in Para- 4ife, . On the grafs, Couch'd, and now fill'd with pafture, gazing fat, they can hardly Hand on their legs, or travel a few miles to be flaughtered. There is reafon to believe, that half the quan- tity of land would feed cattle moderately fat, that is required to put them in condition for flaughtering in England j and it I i 250 LETTER II. LETT. II. is more than probable, that the great noife that has been made, of late years, about increafing the fize of live flock, is a fpecies of quackery which is a real lofs to the nation. Srn^ll animals certainly take on more fat, in proportion to their food, than large ones, for two obvious reafons : i/?, The furface of fmall animals is much greater, in propprtion to their weight, than large ones ; and as the fat is moftly laid on the furface, they have confequently a larger fpace to lay it on. 2dly^ The mus- cular fibre? of fmall animals are lefs tenfe than thofe of large ones, and admit more eafily that portion of the fat which is infinuated, in the procefs of fattening, into the. interior veficles of the mufcular flelh. I knew an experiment that was tried on the fattening of large and fmall oxen with turnips and hay : The large oxen ate double the quantity of the fmaH ones while fatten- ing ; they were all fold at the fame time, each large ox brought L. 1 2 Sterling, but two fmall ones, which confumed no more food, were fold for L. 1 6. Thus, it is probable, that a con- fiderable wafte is occafioned in the nation, from increafing the fize of the domefticated animals, and certainly not a little alfo from rendering them extremely fat before they are ilaughT tered. Nor is the increafed confumption of animal food the only caufe of the fcarcity of corn ; the immenfe number of horfes now trained for war, or luxury, or kept for the more necef- fary purpofe of carrying on the largely extended internal commerce of this country ; in tranfporting the rude materials to the fite of manufadures, and returning the manufadured articles to the different markets and ports in the kingdom, in ON THE CORN LAWS. 251 carrying the flone, brick, wood, and iron, necelTary for LETT. ii. ereding the numerous buildings throughout the nation. All thefe branches of induftry muft demand a great number pf horfes, that will not only require a very confiderable quantity of corn, but alfo a large portion of land muft be withdrawn from cultivation for , fupplying them with hay and grafs, either to enable thena to endure hard labour, or to put on the pampered fleek appearance neceflary for fhow and luxury. In order to form an idea of this confumption, I fubmit the fol- lowing calculation. From the ftatement already given, it appears, that it would require near 12 millions oi fertile acres, in a high ftate of cultivation, to fupport the population of Great Britain. But it is more than probable that it adlually requires 24 millions of acres, of the average quality of arable land ; and allowing 5 horfes to every 100 acres in cultivation, that gives of Horfes ufed in agriculture - - 1,200,000 Do kept for pleafure, which pay tax - 214,000 Do fuppofed not entered _ _ _ 50,000 Do Cavalry, including levies of all defcriptions - 30,000 Do pofting horfes, mail, and hadkney coaches, colts and fillies, not taxed - - - 250,000 Do employed in the carriage of rude materials and manufadured commodities - - 256,000 V Total, 2,000,000 Suppofing each horfe, on an average, to be fed 200 days in the ftable, at 20 pounds hay and \ pecks Scotch per day, equal lis 252 .i LETTER II. r LETT. II. ^Q 4000 lbs. of hay, and 56^ Wlnchefter bufhels in 200 days, but, witH extra feeding, fuppofe 60 bufhels, the produce of - i fertile acre 4000 pounds of hay, or 35icwt. the produce of i fertile acre At pafture, 165 days, when he eats thegrafs of i fertile acre A horfe therefore confumes the produce of 3 fertile acres j and 2 millions of horfes will require 6 millions of fertile acres to maintain them. Upon this calculation. Great Bri- tain will Gonfiime on horfes annually, 1=5 millions of quar- ters of grain, of which, about one million is now imported from foreign nations ; befides, the produce of 4 millions of" acres of fertile land in hay and pafture. In the period from 1730, to 1750, when Great Britain was exporting the greateft quantity of furplus corn, after fupplying. the inhabitants, the tunnage of her fhipping amounted, upon an average of that period only to 475,940 tuns, whereas it now amounts to near three times as much, being in the year 1792, 1,396,003 tuns*. The revenue arilingfrom" thepoft-office in the year 1754 amounted to only L. 210,663: it was in 1793, L. 607,2 68 t; from which it may be fafely inferred, that the in- ternal commerce of Great Britain has been tripled fince the period that the largeft quantity of furplus grain was exported ; the increafe of wealth and luxury has alfo been very great, and if we allow that the number of horfes kept for pleafure have increafed in the fame proportion, the additional numbers now "employed may be eftimated thvis. * Vide Chalmers' Eftimate of Great Bsitain. .f Ibid. ON THE CORN LAWS. 253 Horfes kept at prefent for pleafure - 264,000 LETT. 11. For the carriage of goods, &c. - 250,000 Forpofting, and for mail and hackney coaches 86,000 600,000 Dedu(S one-third in the former period - 200,000 Increafed number of horfes highly fed - 400,000 Allowing three acres of fertile land for the maintenance of each horfe, this addition to the number of horfes will withdraw r, 200,000 acres of fertile land, from affording fuftenance to th« inhabitants of Great Britain. Here alfo is fufficient caufe for a great deficiency in the produ(^ion of corn ; and when we al- fo take into the account the amazing efFed: of an increafe in the confumption of animal food, we need not be furprifed at the prefent fcarcity of bread corn, nor at the annual deficiency of one million of quarters of grain, when comparing the quantity now brought into the kingdom, with the quantity formerly exported, even although the population of the country had con- tinued the fame, or had even declined ; notwithftanding the induftry and the capital of the cultivators of the foil have been greatly increafed fince the period when the large furplus quan- tity of corn was annually exported. The great increafe of grafs land rapidly extending over the kingdom is obferved by many of the agricultural reporters. I fhall, however, confine my felf to one fentence, taken from the improved report of the agriculture of the county of Lancalhire * at this period (1795) il^^ diminution of arable land is likely to 254 LETTER II. LETT. II. I hecome , a :ferious calamity to the nation at large.* It is not by giving an immenfe bounty on the importation of fo- reign vcorn, that the legiflature of Great Britain will make up for the amiual deficiency in the produce of grain ; for what is this but reforting to the weekly diftribution of ancient Rome, under another form, to relieve the wants of the inhabi- tants. But it muft be by removing every obfl:ru6lion to the extention of cultivation over the wafle lands, and every bar to the raifing crops of corn, by the moft produ(5live modes of hufbandry on the fields already improved. As alfo by adopt- ing every judicious regulation which will reduce the price of bread, and encourage the confumption of vegetable food. To efFedl thefe defirableobjedls, I humbly fubmit the following re- gulations to the confideration of the legiflature, as the prin- ciples on which laws may be founded ; for encouraging agri- culture ; for promoting the interefl of proprietors, cultivators, and manufadlurers ; and finally for adding to the wealth, capi- tal, and refources of the ftate. Regulations for promoting the improvement of the Wafle Lands, for encouraging Agriculture^ and for rendering the lands more pro- du&ive, which are already in a Jit fate for cultivation. ly?, A general law for dividing commons in England, a meafure now under the confideration of Parliament. 2dJy^ By heightening the import rate of foreign oats, the crop which can be firft raifed to the greateft advantage on Wafle Lands, in order to fecure to the cultivators, a fufficient return ON THE CORN LAWS. 255 for the labour and capital employed. — Note. This regulation LETT. IL would operate as a tax on horfes, in favoxir of agriculture, by raifing a little the price of oats, without materially increafing the price of the food of the inhabitants. As the fame advancce in luxury, which increafes the confumption of oats in tile feeding of horfes, leffens the confumption of oatmeal as the food of man, by the gradual introducflion of wheat as bread corn. The expence of cultivating Wafte Land, from the prefent high price of labour and every article of confumption, muft now be very great ;^ and on the Wafle Lands in Scotland, and a great part of thofe in England, it is by cultivating oats, .^ that a.great-fhare of the expence may be indemnified. ^dly^ By a law for fettling on the clergy a fixed revenue in corn, (as grain wilLalways rife in price with the increafing de- .mand for labour, in countries advancing in wealth and pro- fperity under well regulated governments, and when flationary, , it becomes the exadl. meafure of the real value of every com- modity,) and freeing the cukiva tors from every fpecies of tythe. Note. Whilfl.tythes are. drawn,, cultivation can never be carried on with fpirit,, or approach towards perfedlion ; and as the country advances in wealth, the paying of tythes will occafion more land .being withdrawn from raifing corn, and will pre- vent, old paftvires-from.bfeirig ploughed up for cropping, as it ; now requires greater capitals and exertions- of fkill in the cul- tivators, to replaiee the rent,- expence of cultivation,' and profit on ftock, than formerly. Therefore, tythes now fall' more heavy on the induflry of the hufbandman, and prove a greater check. . to his afSivity. 256 LETTER 11. LETT. 11. 4//6/)', By a ftatute to amend the poor laws* in England, which prevent labourers, mechanics, and manufa<5lurers, who can- not find employment in one parifh, from removing to another, where they can get work, and burden the farmers with a variable arbitrary tax for their fupport, to the number fre- quently in country pariflies, of one half of the whole inhabitants, and to the amount perhaps of one half, or three fourths of their rent. Where i« this evil to flop ? farmers mud difcourage population, and turn their farms into grafs, out of fear of being ruined by poors rates? The rent of land ought to be precifely afcertained, for tythcs and poors rates operate, like the taille under the former government of France, and mofl; materially difcourage cultivation. Sthty^ A tax on ail lands held by farmers without a leafe, or any regulation that will encourage landlords to grant leafes to their tenants ; otherwife, no fpirited exertions in agriculture * S 1= rt rt .r:3 << o « o ^ la o> jo M i« Ti- -it O CO 00 6\oo i>vo u^O iococncococi(ytwwc4>-''-i>-' - 03 c B o . rt Intereft or value of money per , annum. 1° ■^-lo tJ-\0 «Xo m\o ocooo t>-I>|-HOO'^OOt^wO M W \o ■<*- - fv 00 ■\s 1-1 o^ w t^ c^ 4 o \oo t^VQ '^'O v>^t^cococr>t^ c< c^i c^ c^ MM M |o~ ' °|o 000000 00 0000 ^[-03M-tM«^« V0V3 •st--.-IC^'-'i-ii-|I-II-iOOm»-'I-IMMIi-1 (2 o . CO CO Co CO 1 -> 1^ 1-^ ^Arf ^AJ w^ VW '^ T ~*^ '^ ^ **^ ' ' ' 0000000 fr, M M^0"<^OV3000c(«00000000 11 w 11 ^>ovr)tot>t-*o O O O O O sj r^ CI 0000006000QOO O c» too r^ o i>.tnooooco Ncvi00ci-1I-1I-1 l-ll-ll-ll-li-|i_i SOOO OOOOOMVOOO'OOnOOO OOO g■ 0^ M _C+• "^ r|- "vh wo tovo O e^ ^o « o") u-j to '-o ^ to 10 to^o VO VO r^' Value of the ancient Money, in proportfoo both to tale and yearly intereft of money. Value of one Penny. ■>!■ ON o »^ N. CO ^ *0 Tj- ro w fl n ci o o o o o o "o o CO o o O o CO \o rj- ON CO cq o o O „|o, ]'< - Ov "h o o o Jo . 1- ^ M vonocoo-^vo coo^j-- o V ^ f-^ - - W U-) ^ ro CO CO cq O O O O O O o \o M hH M o o o H O o C/3 (U O . ^§ > -^ Th o O'O o oooo' oo ciTJ- \o 03WC0SO OO'^ t^cq o ono ^i>-=t<^o ^cq 00 i^ ti- lo cq M r^oo -^oo HH 00 ^ >-< ^ HH HH t^vo 'Ou^cocq'-hHH-oOO O O O CO « -T ^ "t O "^ t^ C^ cq cq 0\ l^ vo «^ vo -+ o o o o o o ct O hH 00 cq HH HH o o o Intereft or value of money per annum. VO vo VO'OVO'OVOVOVOO -^rt-cq cq cq O O.. O O O O OO NO "O vo h— 1 ^° 5 = Hi- 's §■§ > OJ u kT §^ ■S-5 > I'o ^ 1- C3 - '^[■i.^K'^m^^hco ^ cqoqhHhHOOOOOOO iv 0\ & t(- ro ro O O O Mt„ _ 'i >^ O o o o o o o o o o 12; o o 1 r^ r/1 n CO ^0■ K - f^T ro CO CO «-o HH HH r^ hH t — u^vo <-o CO cq HH HH c^cqhHH-oOQOOO. O cq O cA m cs i*N - i^ -T fM « "O l/^ i^ ct m (V) „- o o o o o o O O o o o o ■ ° § > s o o hH (Nl OK OO iviCO00O'ri«viin»^ri O ciw coiA ^oorc^"^c^r^^ol^co■ -co I— I HH l-H 1— 1 (NcqhHhHOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OO CO HH 11 o o K O OO 00 CO M HH HH o o o o w No of Shillings coined from one- pound of Silver. D -; cq o hH- '^O'^I-OnoOOOOOOO VO '^ ON M r^ -^^O "5j- O O cq o cq cs cq CO coo ON ^ ^ -^ Ono hH hH -H l-l r1 O o NO «-o o o o o o o '^ '^ o o o o CO CO •'^i-CO CO O CO CO 'd- '^ rJ-NO o o o o C^ M Q O HH }-t o o o O 't- '^ i> r^ r-v < 8 O o hH o ooooooccoocoocoooo o O OOOOOOOOOhHi- o 1— 1 o o o o o o CO -^ — HH HH HH O CO OO HH HH H- O O PQ < Li ^ . HI )-H cq HH hH Mcqcqcqcqcqcqcqcqoo o h-I h-I' o o o o o o ON 00 t-^ tM >M tm4 HH- hH- — , _( o o O cq cq HH >1 h-4 HH HH HH c -cqHHtN|hHhHHHrq NO.vd NO VO NO -NC" Vd w CO' CO CO « CO « CO s a a s a s s_g . c^ 03 _ c^ ci ci c^ cti ^ li-jHH co^OHH HH ir^-cr HH 1- -H- CM CO' c-": a •O ]P CO h-t < o CO )-H NO t^cocQ -^O vo•^lOC^NO NO >0- On CO U-) Lo r^oc o c^i '^ CO Cf, OO -r T^ -^ -+ 'd- "-O U"; U^ h- hHt--C^hH I>. f^„ COhH ON':*- r-t^4>oooo 0"0 cou-jioHH ■j- I/-) •^, u-j ir-. VONO NO VO VO I>« h---- hH>— — ,t— (^_p-(hHHH 4 APPENDIX, No I. THE following Table contains an account of the price of Wheat, in England, with the value in the money of the times, and in the prefent money, calculated on the principles that, have been ftated, as far back as it can be obtained upon proper authority, that is from 1223, down to the year 1784. Prior to the year 1646, the prices have been taken from the colle<5lion of Bifliop Fleetwood, from the ftatute books, and other authentic documents. From that period to the prefent time, we have certain and dif- tincSl accounts of the price of Wheat ; which, from 1646 to 1706, Jiave been alfo taken from Bifhop Fleetwood's colle<5lion ; and the Bifliop has informed us, that they were colledled from the audit books of Eton College *. From 1 706 to 1 770 inolufive, the prices have been likewife ex- tradled from the audit books of the fame College ; and the account is certified by Dr Roberts, the prefent Provoft of the College. Thefe prices fliew the rates at the market of Windfor, which de- termine the fum, or converfion in money, to be paid for Wheat to Eton College ; they are made up twice in the year, at Lady-day and Michaelmas, and being joined, the medium is taken. The Wheat payable to Eton College is of the befl kind, and nine bufhels are payable for the quarter ; fo that thefe prices muft be higher than the general run of the markets of England. From 177 1 to 1784 inclufive, the prices of Wheat are taken from the Corn regifter eftabliflied by law ; and the account of them is at- tefted by Mr Catherwood. * Chron. prset. p. loi. TABLE of the Price of a Quarter of Wheat, in the money, of the time, and in the prefent money, from the year 1223 to 1784. Changes in the value of money. Anno Dom. Change in the tale of money in 1347 Change of the tale in 1354 ©haiige of the tale in 1422 1223 1237 1243 1244 1246 1247 1257 1258 1270 1286 1287 288 1289 1290 1294 1302 1309 1316 1317 1336 1338 1339 1346 1349 351 1359 1363 1369 1379 1387 1390 1401 1407 1416 1423 1425 1434 1435 1436 1439 1440 1444 1445 1447 1448 ■i449 Anno Regis. 8 Hen, 22 Hen. 28 Hen. 29 Hen. 31 Hen. 32 Hen. 42 Hen. 43 Hen. 55 Hen. 14 Edw, 15 Edw. 16 Edw. 17 Edw. 18 Edw. 22 Edw. 30 Edw. 3 Edw. 9 Edw. 10 Edw. 11 Edw, 10 Edw. 12 Edw. 13 Edw. 20 Edw. 23 Edw. 25 Edw. 33 Edw. 37 Edw. 43 Edw. Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto — Price of ditto. — - — Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto . Price of ditto Price of ditto ■ Price of ditto Account of the price of the Quarter of Wheat in England at different periods. Money of the time. 2 Hen. 4 Hen. 13 Hen. 14 Hen. 15 Hen. 18 Hen. 19 Hen. 23 Hen. 24 Hen. 26 Hen. 27 Hen. 28 Hen. Price of ditto in the end of the fame year Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto . . - Price of ditto — — Price of ditto — a great famine began this year Price of ditto — famine Price of ditto before harveft — famine — ^ after harveft Price of ditto ■ Price of ditto i Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto — — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto • — Price of ditto Price of ditto . • Price of ditto — • — Price of ditto ■ — ■ — Price of ditto la 3 2 o 2 o 16 13 1 o o 1-6 4 16 o 3 o 1.6 o '3 o I o 6 o 16 o 16 o 4 7 1 o X 12 2 4 Exportation, when the price of wheat did not Price of ditto ■ Price of ditto . Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto - Price of ditto sceed Pi-efcnt Money. 3 8 6 2 6 6 4 4 2 o .14 o 16 o 3 o 16 o 8 4 6 5 6 3 4 4 4 8 6 ; 6 8 19 13 19 19 18 12 18 18 5 I o o 7 6 9 7 47 12 I 13 7 I o 2 7 7 I 3 9 15 17 21 16 3 o I 4 la 13 14 ly lO 18 19 II 18 6 19 13 4 6 o 2 10 II 5 18 17 18 10 II 15 II 6 6 6 12 6 8 16 15 4 14 18 8 9 12 4 13 o I 10 10 9 3 5 9 4 I 9 I II 6 9 9 8 I 5 5 6 2 10 o 4 2 8 10 6 II 4 9 10 o II 9 II lot 5 3 3 I 3 8 8 9 lOi z I APPENDIX, No I, changes in the value of money. Anno Dom Change of the tale t^is year. 1451 1453 1455 M57 1459 146c 1463 Anno Regis. 30 32 34 36 38 39 3 CI rincrcoflntereft and t.:lc in 1509 Change in the tale in i,?43 Changcoflntereft in 1547 Change in 15x2 of the tale Hen. Hen, Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Edw. Price of the Qnartcr of Wheat in England. 1464 i486 1491 1494 I49J 1497 499 1504 5^' '553 •554 '555 Change of Inter.:fl this year (.Iioiii-'c of tale in 1601 Change oflntereft in 1625 Edw. Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Hen. Edw. Mary 1&2P.&M. 2&3P.&M 4 3 8 I 2 14 6 20 13 5 I Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto — — — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — — , (mportation, when the price of wheat came to Price of the quarter of wheat at London — in Norfolk — Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto _ 15563&4P.&M I5J74&JP.&M. 1558 '559 1560 JS6 1562 '574 i5«7 593 29 -._35 159537 '596 '597 1604 1623 1627 1646 1647 1648 1649 i6jo 38 39 2 21 3 22 Eliz. Eliz. Eliz. Eliz. Eliz. , Eliz. Eliz. Eliz. Eliz, Eliz, Eliz, Eliz. James James Chas, Chas. /•'>V. Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto 7 Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto, in the fpring — Price the fame year, before harvell The fame year, in London, after harveft and in the country Price of the quarter of wheat — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto in the great dearth at London the fame year, after harveft Price of ditto — — Exportation, when the quarter of wheat did not Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price "of ditto — — Price of ditto iMoney of the time. £. '. , d. Prefent Money- o o o o o o o o o o I o o I o I o o » o Q O 8 5 I. 7 5 8 6 2 I 6 4 14 4 3 o 4 5 o 8 exceed the fame year, after harveft — I Exportation, whcnW quarter of wheat did not 1 F.xportation, when the quarter of wheat did not Exportation, when the quarter of wheat did not Price of the quarter of wheat — Price of ditto Price of ditto — — — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto - . Average of thefe 5. laft years — exceed exceed exceed 2 13 5 4 8 8 8 8 8 16 4 4 o 16 '3 o 4 o 6 12 12 8 13 5 o 16 12 o c o o o o o 4 o o c o c o o o o o o o 4 o o o 8 o o o 2 12 ro-t I '5 3 7 8i 14 o '3 -Of 12 lOf 15 2i 10 8 15 6 '7 I 17 5 I 9 17 4 o 19 10 O 19 ID o 7 9i -8t 5 ' li 7 7 li II o 9^ o o 6 12 19 10 19 10 19 10 3 o 12 J o 911 o 19 J.0 O 19 IQ i6 16 16 15 II 9 8 6 4 15 II 10 5 12 I 8 5 10 15 8 5 2 3 2 3 5 12 4 II 16 17 16 8 6 6 6 2 ■; 16 7 7 4 O' 2 9 9 o o 6 2 APPENDIX, No I. changes in the value of money. Anno Doni., Change of Intereft this year. Anno Regis. Price of the Quarter of Wheat in England. Money o- the time. C s. d. 1651 1652 1654 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 660 1661 1661 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 i668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 168 168 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 Price of the quarter of wheat — 3 Price of ditto — — a Price of ditto — — — I Price'of ditto — i Price of ditto i Price of ditto a Price of ditto — • 2 Price of ditto 3 Price of ditto • / 3 12 Chas. 2 Price of ditto 2 Average of the laft 10 years 2 Exportation, when the quarter of wheat did not exceed 2 Importation, when the quarter of wheat did exceed 2 Price of the quarter of wheat — — 3 Price of ditto ' 3 Price of ditto — — 2 Exportation, when the quarter of wheat did not exceed Importation, when the quarter of wheat did not exceed Price of the quarter of wheat . Price of ditto Prtlent Monej . £. s. . J. Price of ditto Price of ditto ■ . Price of ditto Price of ditto • ' Price of ditto — — Average of the laft 10 years — Importation, when the quarter of wheat did exceed Price of the quarter of wheat — '- — — Price of ditto — -= — Price of ditto ■ — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto — — , — Price of ditto , — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto I James 2 I W. & M Average 6f thefe 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto _^^^_ Price of ditto * 13 9 15 6 13 3 6 5 6 16 9 o 4 10 14 17 8 8 o 9 16 16 o 4 I 8 '3 2 I 6 8 4 18 2 19 o ' 5 10 6 4 o 4 6 14 5 6 Exportation, wheu the quarter of wheat did not exceed 2 . 8 Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Average of the laft 10 years 10 14 19 4 o o 4 8 10 4 o o 19 2 II o n 16 18 19 7 19 8 12 4 8 8 17 17 8 19 3 3 8 13 ID 18 4 10 '9 16 2 17 5 10 10 12 14 o 16 12 8 12 16 o 10 ij 17 16 I 6 o 4 7 2 o 7 o o 2 9 5 o o o 10 5 7 7 7 3 2 2 o 3 o 8 o 5 2 o J 7 7 5 10 o o 10 o 10 o 10 o 10 2 2 7 o II 8 APPENDIX, Nor. Changes in the value of money. Chaifgs this year of-intexeft & tale. Anno Dom Anno Regis. 169 1692 1693 1694 '695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 T701 1702 703 1704 '705 1706 707 1708 1709 710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 •I 716 .i7'7 1718 1719 ■,1720 1721 1722 :724 '725 1726 'i7'-7 1728 4729 "730 1731 £732 733 1734 ^735 4 W. & M, I Anne 1 G o. I I Geo-.-2 Price of the Quarter of Wheat in England. Money of the time, £. s. i. Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto , Price of ditto Price of ditto Average of thefe 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — — Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditta Average of thefe 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Pri^ce of ditto — — . Price of ditto Price of ditto Priee ef ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Average of the laft 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat' Price of ditto Priee of ditto Price of ditto Price e-f ditto Price of ditto — — » Price of dittt) Price of ditto Price of ditto — — . Price of ditto Average of thefe 10 years 'rice of the quartet of wheat Price of ditto — — Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto — — . 14 6 7 4 '3 II o 8 4 o 16 17 9 16 6 10 6 8 I 18 18 2 3' 2 14 2 6 o 8 8 o o o 4 o o 10 8 6 o 6 o o 6 6 6 o 2 o 4 Prefent Money. 2 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 I 2 2 I T I 2 4 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 I I I 2 I I I I 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 1 I I a 10- 16 o 1 3 16 10 3 7 5 12 1 18 10 8 o 8 3 2 5 2 5 15 3 15 10 16 o 1 ■2- 10 2 7 II 10 4 10 II 14 9 14 13 15 7 I 2 to 4. 3 o 8 o 5 «5 18 10 14 17 4 17 16 14 17 8 6 2 14 7 16 2 13 6 8 17 3 9- o 10-' 6" o 9 o 6 o a 6 6 6 a o 9 4 9 o APPENDIX, No I. Chanjes in the value of money. 1736 10 Geo. 2 737 1738 1739 1740 741 743 1743 744 745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 I7J2 1753 1754 175J 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1763 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 177P 1771 1773 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 I Geo, 3 Price of the Quarter of Wheat in England. Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price of ditto . Price of ditto — Price of ditto Average of the'fe 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto Price of ditto ■ — : — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto -^' Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Average of the laft 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto ' Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto — — Price of ditto ■ Price of ditto Price of ditto Average of thefe 10 years Price of the quarter of wheat Price of ditto — — ■ Price of ditto Price of ditto =• Price of ditto Price of ditto — Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Price of ditto Average of thefe 10 years — Price of the quarter of wheat — — Price of ditto Price of ditto Exportation, when the quarter of wheat was under Importation, when the quarter 6f wheat is at or above Price of the quarter of wheat — — Price of ditto _— — Price of ditto — — Price of ditto Price of ditto Sleilii f? JVIoney. £. - 7i° I 230,167 I 106,615 194,815 5.8,43S 5=* 2 360,028 52 * The Author mentions, in the memorandum which he left along with his Manufcripts, that the accounts of Export and Import were made up from other documents, before he got the neceflary vouchers from the Cudo'm-houfes of London and Edinburgh ; and, although the difference be not material, he meant to have reformed them, according to the Cuftom-houfe vouchers, if he had kept his health. Edit. 12 APPENDIX, No II. Years. ENGLAND ALONE. Exported Quarters. ' Irapofted Quarters. 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1708 1709 r Wheat and Flour — — Y Barley and Malt — — ) Oats and Oatmeal — — (.Rye _ r Wheat and Flour — — J Barley and Malt — — } Oats and Oatmeal — (.Rye r Wheat and Flour _ _ 3 Barley and Malt — — J Oats and Oatmeal — — (.Rye _ - r Wheat and Flour ^ — 3 Barley and Malt ' — ' _ j Oats and Oatmeal — (.Rye _ _ ENGT.AND AND SCOTLAND. r Wheat and Flour — — T7«„i,v,j 3 Barley and Malt — _ ^"g^"""^—) Oats and Oatmeal _ _ (.Rye _ _ r Wheat and Flour — - Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland — -^ Oatmeal — — Rye _ _ L Hulled Barley — _ , r Wheat and Flour _ _ (.Rye Carried forward 9°.3i4 133.603 220 29,285 2 253,^22 3 96,185 158,783 100 24,060 — 279,128 — 188,332 151,306 62 49,892 77 579 ,389.592 656 74.155 115,924 104 34.032 12 224,215 la 83,406 127,727 68 4,720 563 16,263 6,099 12 86 70 30 238,85-8 186 169,680 180,447 38 166,513 1.552 606 I 516,678 ».i59 APPENDIX, No II. , , Exported Imported Yeati. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. Brought forward -r- — — 516,678 2.159 r Wheat and Flour ■— — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 1.938 15,200 — 1709 Scotland— s Oats and Oatmeal — ' — Rye — _ L Hulled Barley _ — rWheat and Flour — — 2.785 — 6 — — 73 536.607 2,232 13.924 400 1710 Tj , J 1 Barley and Malt — — ^"g'^"'^—i Oats and Oatmeal — ' - 85.275 ■ 125 576 253 LKye — — 12,216 — " Wheat and Flour — r — Beer, Barley, Barley Mea4, and Malt Scotland — -^ Oats and Oatmeal — — ■3,683 7.569 — 1710 689 — Rye — ■ — L Hulled Barley — — rWheat and Flour — — 21 — . — 31 122,502 1,260 76,949 _^ - ir 1 J 3 Barley and Malt — — ^"g'^^'^—i Oats and Oatmeal — — 148,389 — 17IX 3" LRye — — 37.957 — f Wheat' and Flour — — 3.992 — Bear, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 26,990 — 171I Scotland -^ Oats and Oatmeal ■ — ' -^m 8.595 — Rye _ — — ^- L Hulled Barley -r- — rWheat and Flour — — 6 — — 19 303.199 •9 145,191 „ , , 3 Barley and Malt — — 211,463 — 171a England— ^ q^^^ ^^^ Oatmeal — 304 — (.Rye _ _ _ 17.735 — rWheat and Flour — — 3>348 — „ , , 3 Beer, Beer Meal, Barley, and Malt 36.875 I 171a Scotland— -j Q^jg ^^^ Oatmeal — — 6,083 — LRye — — 85 — 421,08; I 14 APPENDIX, No II. t '/ Exported Imported Yer.rs. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. 1 ' Wheat and Flour — — 176,327 — 1713 England — - Barley and Malt — — Oats and Oatmeal — — 270.518 1,376 ,,_ 1 -Rye _ _ _ 38,626 — -Wheat and Flo]ur — — 3'/42 — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 37,867 — 1713 Scotland — S2S Rye- ' — — 802 — - iPeafe and Beafls — rWheat and Flour — — 50 — 563.688 445 178,880 ___ 1722 w-^-joSLroiL - 404.257 324 — , LRye — — 42,579 — -Wheat and Flour — 35 __ Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 22,258 1722 Scotland — <| Oats and Oatmeal — 5,905 — IRye - _ LPeafe and Beans — rWheat and Flour — 233 — I 654.471 I 157,720 - 1723 ^"s"»^-]g:JL"j,r.i -- - 350,853 542 112 LRye — _ 12,738 -Wheat and Flour- — 362 _^^ Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 3.425 __ 1723 Scotland — 'i Oats and Oatmeal — 626 _^ Rye — _ I __ .Peafe and Beans — rWheat and Flour — — 150 Sz6,z6^ 2^2 245,865 148 1724 EnglaTld-4^^'■^^y^;J,^^•^ - ° 1 Oats and Oatmeal — 252,194 516 61,630 LRye — — 23,441 C Wheat and Flour 1.297 1 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 2,004 10 1724 Scotland-— i Oats and Oatmeal . 621 ~ Rye' _ _ 9 - / LPeafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat 10 525.947 61,798 APPENDIX, No II. 17 Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. rWheat and Flour — 204,413 12 '725 England — \ Barley and Malt — — ) Oats and Oatmeal — 307,808 1;447 2,152 iRye - - 20,540 — ' Wheat and Flour — 6,762 — Beer, Barley; Barley Meal, and Malt 27-943 — 1725 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal — 8,986 — Rye _ ■ _ 332 — .Peafe and Beans — rWheat and Flour — I 23 578.232 2,187 142,1.83 1726 England — J Barley and Malt — ) Oats and Oatmeal — 355 943 1.413 20 LRye — — 18,835 rWheat and Flour — 1.443 1726 Scotland — J Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt ) Oats and Oatmeal — 3°.795 3,722 __ (.Rye - - rWheat and Flour — 1.335 — 555,669 20 3°.3i5 J Barley and Malt — 250,117 100 1727 England — J Oats and Oatmeal — 2,2C5 16 (.Rye - - 9.169 — -Wheat and Flour — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 7^5 — 50,052 — 1727 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal — 7,042 I Rye — — 435 — .Peafe, Beans, and Peafe Meal -Wheat and Flour — 33 — 350.083 117 3.817 74.574 England — Barley and Malt — — ^95'S39 ".745 1728 Oats and Oatmeal — I3383 70,070 .Rye — — 14 42,206 -Wheat and Flour — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 118 — 16,547 — 1728 Scotland— i Oats and Oatmeal — i>37i — Rye — — 270 — .Peafe and Beans — '5 — 219,064 ^9^>S95 i8 APPENDIX, No ir. Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters. Importe<} Quarters. 1729 1729 1730 1730 1731 173^^ 1732 1732 rWheat and Flour — •r. 1 J 1 Barley and Malt — — .- England- J q^^^ ^^„ ^ q^^^^^j _ LRye - — {Wheat and Flour Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt bats and Oatmeal — ■^— Rye - _ England* rWheat and Flour ,^_J| Barley and Malt ' ) Oats and Oatmeal .^- Lllye ^ ^ r Wheat and Flour — (Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ _ Peafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat rWheat and Flour Eneland J Parley and Malt — — ° ) Oats and Oatmeal LRye _ __ f Wheat and Flour — j Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland — i Oats arid Oatmeal — Rye _ _ LPeafe and Beans England- rWheat and Flour \ Barley and Malt _ ") Oats and Oatmeal LRye - _ {Wheat and Flour Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ _ 18,993 135394 2,541 1,460 9-177 6,868 17 174,450 93 'V? I 194,429 4.479 12,394 559 , 23,882 1.9;^ 3 ^65 331,812 130,025 191,262 1,808 21,090 625 19-753 2,005 308 202 367,078 202,058 174,950 '.275 i5'536 554 15633 691 40 410^737 40>3i5 17.202 184,092 132,046 373 655 76 386 95,149 95 612; 4 3-503 15893 19,400 12,044 12,044 APPENDIX, No II. ^9 Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. . - r Wheat and Flour — — 427.199 7 1733 T^ , J I Barley and Malt — — England-jo^^/^^jO^^^^^l _ 340.713 1,487 9 LRye — — 38,155 rWheat and Flour — 206 — c ,, J I Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt S'=«'l^"'^-i Oats and Oatmeal - 18,349 — 1733 2,631 J LRye — — ■ j-Wheat and Flour — — 377 — 719,117 16 408,197 7 1734 _ , J 1 Barley and Malt — — England— J ^^^^^ '^^^ Oatmeal _ 303.349 3.039 I 9 (.Rye _ - ' I0.73S — • Wheat and Flour — >— Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 550 — 27,862 — 1734 Scotland — — i Peafe and Beans — — — 359.89^ i 286 C 2 '20 APPENDIX, No II. Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters. Imported Quarters. {Wheat and Flour — — Barley and Malt — — Oats and Oatmeal - _ Rye _ _ _ 'Wheat and Flour, — — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 1737 Scotland — ■? Oats and Oatmeal — — Rye — _ .Peafe and Buck Wheat — rWheat and Flour — — .,38 i="8>»^-]S;L'd"?)l=.. -_ -- (.Rye _ — _ 'Wheat and Flour — — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 1738 Scotland- — J Oats and Oatmeal • — — Rye — _ .Buckwheat — — f Wheat and Flour — , Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal _ _ Rye _ _ f Wheat ar)d Flour — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Oats and Oatmeal — Rye _ _ _ Peafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat {Wheat and Flour S's'LdSalt, -_ -_ Rye _ _ _ {Wheat and Flour Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ _ Peafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat 461,602 137.388 1,922 7>849 4,469 18,160 2,729 40 624,159 580,597 259,298 1.777 36,159 7,687 32.327 5.448 166 923.459 279.543 246,324 1,116 29,791 5.949 24,685 7.927 503 595.838 54.391 169,565 2.572 8,980 7.423 831 243.762, 32 7 42 3 1 21 — 23 32 24 80 5.469 I 1,333 1,090 120 513 27 8.553 APPENDIX, No II. 21 Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. V r Wheat and Flour — — 45'4I7 7.54P 1741 Tj , J 1 Barley and Malt — — England— j Oats and Oatmeal — 129,972 1,107 15.132 84,822 LRye _ — 7,622 11,012 ' Wheat and Flour — — — — Beer, Barley, Bailey Meal, and Malt 23 374 1741 Scotland — i Oats and Oatmeal — Rye , — — ^55 35.722 — - — .Peafe, Beans, and Indian Gam "Wheat and Flour — — — 3.835 184,396 158,437 293,260 1 „ , , Barley and Malt — — England—^ Oats and Oatmeal — 201,008 .._ 1742 1,380 25 .Rye — — 63,272 — ' Wheat and Flour — — 2;438 — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 31.337 1 1742- Scotland' — ■ Oats and Oatmeal — 7,2-38 — - Rye — — 354 36 .Peafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat 10 > ' 13.. ■- r Wheat and Flour — — 600,297 76. 371.431 „ , , \ Barley and Malt — — 254,213 — 1743 England-^ Oats and Oatmeal - 1,882 13 LRye — — 88,273 — r Wheat and Flour — — Beer, Barley, Baijey Meal, and Malt Scotland — 95: — 1744 England— -j q^^^ ^^j Oatmeal — — 1,658 ! 68 LRye — — 74.16c ) — f Wheat and Flour — — 2,28c ) — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt . Scotland \ Oats and Oatmeal — — Rye - — — L Peafe and- Buck Wheat — 38,085 ) — 1744 7.53' 39 > ,, 5 596,07 5 75 22 APPENDIX, No II. Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. rWheat and Flour — — 324.840 6 1745 V„.rUr.A J Barley and Malt — — England- < ^^^^ ^^ j q^j^^^i _ 315.234 9.770 5 LRye - - 83,966 -Wheat and Flour — — Beer, Barley, and Malt^ — 509 — 1 21,840 — 1745 Scotland — -\ Oats and Oatmeal — 3°>737 — Rye — — 160 — .Buck Wheat and Flour — rWheat and Flour — — — 1.3 787,056 24 130,646 ,, 1746 ,, , , J Barley and Malt — England—K ^j^^,^ '^^^ q^^^^^j __ 440.744 20,203 — CRye - -_ 45.782 ~— rWheat and Flour — 459 ^^^ Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 1,001 1746 Scotland — ■{ Oats and Oatmeal — — Rye — — — .Peafe and Buck Wheat — 'Wheat and Flour — — 4 638,835 4 266,907 ^_ 1747 ' T- 1 J J Barley and Malt — — England-^ q^^^ '^^^ q^^^^^j _ 464,430 2,122 — LRye — _ 92.718 ^_ ■Wheat and Flour — 3.584 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 24,591 ..._ 1747 Scotland — i Oats and Oatmeal — 5,020 14 « Rye _ _ 4,010 L Peafe and Buck Wheat ^ rWheat and Flour — — 13 863,382 27 543.388 6 1748 England— ^^^';'^y^"J,M=''^ - - ° 1 Oats and Oatmeal 423,220 3.769 LRye — __ 103,892 ^^_ fWhe^t and Flour • 1,852 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 39,151 1748 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal 8.377 Rye _ _ 251 > .Buck Wheat, Peafe, and Beans S3 14 1.123,953 20 APPENDIX, No II. 23 Years. ■ GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters- Imported Quarters. 1749 1749 1750 I7SC r Wheat and Flour — u , J J Oats and Oatmeal — — ^"g'^"'^—1 Barley and Malt _ LRye — — r Wheat and Flour — — I Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland's Oats and Oatmeal — — Rye _ _ ^Peafe and Biw:k Wheat — 629 049 1,281 408,091 106,312 1,958 79,669 235833 '13 1,250,306 175^ 175' rWheat ami Flour — — „ , , \ Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt ^"g^*"<^-iOats and Oatmeal _ - Lliye — — r Wheat and Flour — — { Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland^ ■^ 0;its and Oatmeal — — j Rye _ - ^Peafe and Buck Wheat — {Wheat and Flour — — Barley and Malt — — Oats and Oatmeal _ - Rye — — f Wheat and Flour — — Bear, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland — -^ Oats and Oatmeal — — 947,602 555''-55 4,. 83 99, H9 2,881 50,264 8,2C3 241 1,667,778 6')i,4i6 289,245 2,476 71,048 1-541 18.^33 4.365 1752 1752 j Rye _ _ '-Peafe and Buck Wheat f Wheat and Flour — — „ , , J Barley and Malt — — England—^ q^^^ ^^^ Oatrtieal — LRye _ _ _ fWheat and Flour — — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt Scotland—^ Oats and Oatmeal ' — — \ Rye, Peafe, Buck Wheat, and Hulled L Barley ' — — 1,048 324 4-29,279 393.91° 1,590 57>847 838 3.128 I.2C 886,712 382 40 43- 280 20 3'9 3 2,291 14 2 308 260 ■ 56 14,090 223 14,629 24 APPENDIX, No 11. Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. ( " Wheat and Flour — — 299,609 ...^ 1753 England — < ( Barley and Malt — _ ( Oats and Oatmeal — — 341.474 7,012 ~ 36 1 LRye - - 24,836 f- Wheat and Flour — — Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt i>i4J 5,066 1753 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal — — Peafe, Beans, BuckWheat, and Hulled 4.102 7.013 i . Barley — _ ' Wheat and Flour — — ' — 17 683,244 7,c66 .356,270 301 1754 England ! 1 Barley and Malt — — 1 Oats and Oatmeal — — 369.77^ 2.330 52,433 i -Rye — — 42-915 ( - Wheat and Flour — — ,' 511 1754 Sf ntl^inH-^— — 1 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 15.134 U^WLltillU ^ ) Oats and Oatmeal — 8,706 4,409 1 ( _ Peafe, BuckWheat, and Hulled Barley "■ Wheat and Flour .^ 15 795.697 57.047 237.459 _' 175s " England — < i 1 Barley and Malt ) Oats and Oatmeal LRye _ _ 374.404 1,113 - ., 43.442 "3,883 - Wheat and Flour 7 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 7.255 , 175s Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal 3,056 3 Rye 4 ( .BuckWheat _ _ " Wheat and Flour — 13 665.739 2,899 101,936 263,865 2,310 5 5 46,670 -1756 England — ■< i 1 Barley and Malt — 1 Oats and Oatmeal — .Rye — _ ~ Wheat and Flour i 1 39,969 816 1.695 1756 Scotland — .; 1 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 1 Oats and Oatmeal — 6,085 3.189 8,068 18 i Buck Wheat and Flour _ 408,170 56,461 APPENDIX, No II. 21 Exported I'fr.ported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Qiiarters. Quarters. r Wheat arid Flour _ 11,226 I3°>343 ^757 n , J Barley and Malt — England- j Oats and Oatmeal - - 63.3 J9 4,418 5>78i 7-759 -Rye — — 907 7,862 Wheat and Flour — — 319 11,219 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt .'^9S 162 1757 Scotland — ■ Oats and Oatmeal — — Beans and Peafe — 275 ij6oi 1,617 Buck Wheat and Indian Cern — _^ 957 Rye — — 57 rWheat and Flour — — , 80,656 167,301 9r234 19,040 1758 Tj . J J Barley and Malt — — England— -j q^^^ ^^^ Oatmeal — — 11,419 1,831 9.752: 13,840 -Rye — — _^ ^,_ Wheat and Flour — , — -_ 1.313 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt _ 163 1758 Scotland — • Oats and Oatmeal — — Rye — — 19,782 365 Peafe, Beans, and Buck Wheat - ^^ 168 Indian Com and Hulled Barley ' — 1 138 rWheat and Flour — — 22,484 64,561 226,426 82 _ . , 3 Barley and Malt — — 188,942 42 1759 ^"g'''"'^"-iOats and Oatmeal — — 3.135 335 LRye — — 41,480 — rWheat and Flour — — 1,215 80 Bear, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 19.855 — 1759 Scotland S Oats and Oatmeal — — 3,802 1,125 Peafe and Buck Wheat — 32 24 LRyC _ _ - - 1 rWheat and Flour — — 29 — 484,916 1,688 390,710 ^ , . J Barley and Malt — — 258,787 — , 17^° England— -j q^^^ ^^^ Oatmeal — *.338 4 . LRye _ _ — 52.77^ — Wheat and Flour — — 2,-904 [ 3 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 32.36; 1760 Scotland — • Oats and Oatmeal — — 12,155 1 — Buck Wheat and Hulled Barley — J ' ■ .Rye, Peafe, and Beans — 395 ! — rl 752j43^ ^ 12 2(r APPENDIX, No II. Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. , Quarters. rWheat and Flour — 440,746 ^__ 1761 T?„™i, J J Barley and Malt — ,— ^"g^'"'^-iOats and Oatmeal - 376,949 2,840 - 21 (.Rye - „ - 57.571 — (-Wheat and Flour ' y — 1,210 __ Beer, Barley, Barley JVIeal, aud Malt Scotland — \ Oats and Oatmeal — - ' ' — 36.942 — 1761 8,450 37 1 Buck "Wheat and Flour — LRye _ . _ rWheat an^ Flour 15 411 9?5>i^9 73 294,500 56 1762 T7„r,r,„j ' J Barley and Malt — — ^°Sla"''-j Oats and Oatmeal _ 3^S>3°3 1,369 942 17,400 (.Rye — _ 28,410 —_ r Wheat and Flour — 885 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 37*761 1762 Scotland — i Oats and Oatmeal 14,623 .. 1, Rye _ _ 219 _ LB^ck Wheat — _ rWheat and Flour — 34 763,070 18,432 427,074 8 1763 ng an -j q^^^ ^^^ Oatmeal- — 203,884 1,664 3.228 218,474 LRye — _ 12,934 _ ^ Wheat and Flour — 2,464 64 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 11,797 ^*T 1763 Scotland — - Oats and Oatmeal — Rye ■ _ __ 1.378 17 16,425 .Buck Wheat _ _ r\\^heat and Flour _ ~ 49 661,212 238,248 396,538 1 •1764 ° / Oats and Oatmeal (.Rye — __ 232,439 1,101 27,600 5,110 134,370 Wheat and Flour 3^9 56 — 1764 Scotland \ ^"' Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt ] Peafe-and Beans 14,45- 2,851 — Oats and Oatmeal Peafe, ]Buck Wheat, and HuUedBarley 40.; 48 1 675)45^1 139.931 APPENDIX, No II. 27 Exported Imported Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Quarters. Quarters. r Wheat and Flour ,_ — 167,036 101,0-9 1765 England- H^^^y ^"J,^^^' , '" " " Oats and Oatmeal — 227,867 ".653 3.597 82,747 -Rye, Beans, and Peafe — 36,269 5 Wheat and Flour — — 90 3.538 Beer, Barley, Barley Meal, and Malt 24,060 1,014 n^s Scotland Oats and Oatmeal — Rye _ _ 729 26 25,830 Buck Wheat -^ _ ^^ 41 Peafe and Beans — — 250 457.730 218,031 'wheat and Flour ^- — 163,908 9>23o Barley and Malt — — 95,061 2,621 "176$ England — ■ Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — — 10,937 6,045 210,129 140 Peafe and Beans — — 25,048 363 , Indian Corn — — ^95 '■ Wheat and Flour — — IJO31 1.790 J Barley and Malt — — 54 1,125 1766 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal — 696 20,510 Peafe and Beans — — 14 J.352 L Buck Wheat and Indian Corn 63 302,794 247,518 Wheat and Flour — ^ — 5.071 481.734 Barley and Malt — — 18,654 64,895 1767 England — < Oats and Qatmeal — Rye — — 10.593 53 209,403 65,498 Peafe and Beans — 16,052 , 16,469 Indian Corn — — 16 ■Wheat and Flour — — .16,171 , Barley and Malt — — 46 9,469 1767 Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal — — 12 39,760 Rye — — — 259 L Peafe and Beans — • — 3.746 50,481 907,420 d2 s8 APPENDIX, No II. Years. 1768 1768 1769 1769 GREAT BRITAIN. f Wheat and Flour I Barley and Malt England- jg^'J""*^^^"' 1 Beans and Peafe Indian Corn — Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt - Scotland — < Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ -Peafe and Beans England- Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt - Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ Peafe and Beans Indian Corn — [-Wheat and Flour (Barley and Malt Oat§ and Oatmeal Rye and Buck Wheat Peafe and Beans 1770 1770 England — ' Scotland- f Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt, Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ .Beans and Peafe C Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt Oats and Oatmeal Peafe and Beans .Buckwheat — Exported Imported Quarters. Quarters. 7.433 333.J76 6,508 11.483 13,096 125,014 150 57>c73 13,982 J.287 — 13.993 — 15,692 79 , . 8,998 8 69,725 — 806 — 7.J29 40,256 649,176 49,892 ■4.171 37>449 220 13,264 75.376 21 22 16,160 43 — 50 — 207 2.376 i ^28 34,090 -~- 49 — 44 11:9,190 114,273 75.401 34 166,561 28 19.737 109,203 642 — 19,508 9 48 3.848 I 9.HJ 6 14,941 9 294,866 124,225 APPENDIX, No II. 29 Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters. Imported Quarters. 1771 England and Scotland — Wheat and Floiir Barley and Malt _ Oats and Oatmeal Rye _ .Peafe and Beans 1772 i rWheat and Flour Barley and Malt England and Scotland — i Oats and Oatmeal ^ Rye - IPeafe and Beans 1773 England-and Scotland — ■ Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt Oats and Oatmeal Rye — .Feafe and Beans 1774 1775 .1776 f Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt ^ Oats and Oatmeal Rye — I Peafe and Beans Wheat and Flour Barley and Malt England and Scotland—- -j Oats and Oatmeal Rye — I Peafe and Beans r Wheat and Flour I Barley and Malt England and Scotland— \ Oats and Oatmeal ^ • Rye L Peafe and Beans 10,089 34.198 35.233 17.053 96.573 ,6.959 i4>o3i ^3>599 £7,096 61,685 7.<537 2>475 18,777 15,1.81 44,07c 15,928 2,911 i<5,433 2,a6o 13.567 51,099 91.037 51.414 26,485 2,722 -19^349 191,007 210,664 136,114 54.987 10,999 5^037 448,801 2)5 'o 228 212,327 2,179 131 217.375} 25.474 3,068 106,820 4.799 490 140,651 56.857 63,916 3'^9A5A 9>2S5 61,116 520,598 289,149 171,508 399.499 41.427 24,591 926,174 560,988 139.451 384.942 ' 33'574 44.452' 1.163,407 20,578 > 8,499 378,566 3.415 38>843 449,901 30 APPENDIX, No II. Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters. Imported Quarters; 1777 ^778 1779 1780 1781 ,' 1782 1 England and Scotland — England and Scotland — ■ England and Scotland — < England and Scotland — < England and Scotland — England and Scotland — • Wheat and Flour — Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — — Peafe and Beans — -Wheat'and Flour _ Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — _ .Peafe and Beans — 'Wheat and Flour — Barley and Malt , — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — _, .Peafe and Beans ,— -Wheat and Flour — Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — — .Peafe and Beans — ■Wheat and Flour — Barley and Male ■ — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye _ _ .Peafe and Beans — (-Wheat and Flour — Barley and Malt — i Oats and Oatmeal — Rye _ _ .Peafe and Beans — 87,686 142.725 36,614 946 47.156 233.323 7,^81 366,446 18,454 63,829 315.127 690.033 141,070 103,930 56.543 1,706 37.675 106,394 42,714 301,1-70 9.327 57.933 340,924 417.538 222,261 85.777 22,286 3.199 44.593 5.039 7,085 348,511 1.693 43.745 378,116 406,073 224,059 >9'.563 27,023 6.305 22,941 3.915 352 195,224 25.125 471,891 224,616 103,021 150,468 V,. 41,717 2,701 19.344 159,866 56 109,446 10,743 .17.753 317.251 297,864 I45.'i2 127,744 23.317 4,005 26,I2i 80,695 i3';92 38,562 8,558 326,34'^ \ 141,407 APPENDIX, Noll. 31 Years. GREAT BRITAIN. Exported Quarters. Imported Quarters. 1783 1784 England and Scotland — 'Wheat and Flour — Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — — .Peafe and Beaiis — 51.943 54.065 11,826 3.365 12,960 584,183 144,926 228,942 81,295 31,614 • 134.159 1,070,960 England and Scotland— < (-Wheat and Flour _ Barley and Malt — Oats and Oatmeal — Rye — — .Peafe and Beans — 89,288 66,889 13.5" 6,731 10,976 216,947 77,i8a 266,998 24,779 45,8r6 t87,39S 63,1,722 32 APPENDIX, No III. GENERAL ACCOUNT of the Quantities of the different forts of Grain, Exported feverallj' from England and Scotland, from the Union to the year 1763, when the Great Importation of Foreign Grain commenced. - • SCOTLAND. ENGLAND. Oats Slid Barley and Rye, P'eafe, Wheat and Wheat anc Rye, Peafe,rBarley anc Oats and Meal • Malt and Btans, , Flour Years Flour and Beans, Malt Meal Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters- Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters^ 0.099 ' , 16,263 - 12 563 1708 83.406 4,72c 127.727 68 :■ 2.785 15,200 6 1.938 1709 169,68c 166,513 180,44^ 38 689 7.569 21 2,683 1710 13.924 12,216 85.275 »25 8.595 26,990 6 3.992 1711 76,949 37.957 148.33s 321 6,083 36.875 83 3.348 1712 145,19) 17.735 211,463 304 8,058 37.867 266 3.7+2 '713 176,227 38,626 270,51b 1.376 7,140 34.254 23 5.844 1714 174,821 20,455 . ■ 238,855 129 7.423 28,851 9S 6.747 1715 1 66,490 31,161 108,445 304 46,872 203,869 512 28,857 1,006,688 329.383 1,371,069 2,665 ' 11,714 33.388 1,570 950 1716 74,926 40,123 241,474 720 8,850 38,019 456 2,683 1717 22,954 23,032 269,519 404 14,010 54,126 306 2,581 1718 7,1,800 49.417 374.273 869. ii,7t53 49,970 187 2,771 1719 127,762 45,502 367,148 219 16,788 43.838 353 1.259 1720 83,084 49,241 258,016 3.471 109,997 423,210 3.384 39.1 = 1 1,387,214 536.698 2,881,499 8,348 13.535 45.726 852 1,116 1721 81,632 69,698 350.551 578 5.9^5 22,258 233 35 1722 - 178,880 42,579 •404,257 324 626 3.425 I 36. 1723 157.720 12,738 350.853 542 62 r 2,004 9 1,297 1724 245.865 23.44' 252,194 516 8,986 27.943 333 6,762 .725 204,413 20,540 307,808 1.447 139,670 524.566 4,812 48.673 2.255.724 705,694 4.547.162 11.755 3,722 30.795 1.335 1.443 1726 142,183- 18,835 355.943 '.413 7,042 50.052 468 715 1727 30.315 9.169 250,117 2,205 1.371 16,547 275 118 1728 3.817 '4 195.539 1.383 6,868 9.177 i' — 1729 18,993 1,460 135.394 2,541 1.933 23,882 165 559 1730 93.971 12.394 '94.429 4.479 160,606 655,019 7,072 51,508 2,545,003 747.56615,678,584 23.776 2,005 19.753 510 621, '731 130,025 21,090 191,262 1,808 691 15.633 40 554 1732 202,058 15.536 174,950 1.275 2,631 - 18.349 377 206 '733 427,199 28,155 240.713 1,487 5.570 27,862 253 550 •734 408,197 10,735 303.349 3.039 27.S41 26,991 203 1.936 '735 153.344 '.330 277,302 1,921 >99'344 ■ 765.607! 8.453 55.379 3,865,826 8?4,4i2J 6,866, 1.60J 33.306 APPENDIX, No III. S3 . SCOTLAND. ENGLAND. Oats and Barley and Rye, Peafe.l'' Wheat and Wheat and Rye, Peafc,| Jarley and Oats and Oatmeal Malt and Beans, Flour Sfears flour and Beans, Malt Oatmeal Quarters. Quarters- Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarter*. , 199.344 763,607 8.455 55-379 1735 3,865,826 824,412 6,866,160 33,306 i6,6i8 23,091 90 47 1736 118,171 1,221 199,463 ' ','97 2,729 18,160 40 4.469 1737 461,402 7.849 127,388 1,922 5.448 32.327 166 7,687 1738 580,597 36,159 259,298 1,777 ■7.927 24,685 503 5.949 '739 279.543 - 29,791 246,324 1,116 83' 7.423 — 1740 54,39' 8,980 169,565 2,572 232,897 869,293 9.254 73.531 5^359.930 908,412 7,868,J98 41,890 255 23 — — 1 741 45.417 7,622 129,972 1,107 7,248 31.337 354 2,43'8 1742 293,260 63,272 201,008 1,380 13,988 39.778 411 4.548 1743 371.431 88,273 254,213 1,882 7.534 38,089 398 2,289 '744 231,985 74,169 239,953 1,658 30.737 21,840 160 509 '745 324,840 83,966 315,234 . 9.770 292,659 1,000,360 10,577 83.315 6,626,863 1,225,714 9,008,578 57.687 — 1,001 — 459 1746 1 30,646 45,782 440,744 20,203 jr,o2o 24,591 4,010 3.584 1747 ■ 266,907 92,718 464,430 2,122 «.377 39.151 251 1,852 ,748 543.388 103,892 423,220 3.769 -3.833 79,669 113 1,958 1749 629,P49 106,312 408,091 1,261 8,203 50,264 241 2,881 1750 947,602 99,049 SSS'^SS 4.283 338,092 1,195,036 15,192 94,049 9.144.455 1,673,467 11,300,318 89,345 4.365 18,233 — 1.54' 1751 661,416 71,048 289,245 2,476 3,128 123 838 1752 429,279 57.847 393.910 i".59o 4,T02 5,066 — 1. 145 '753 , 299,-609 24,836 341.474 7,012 8,766 ij.'34 -^ 511 1754 356,270 ■42,915 369.771 2,330 2,056 7.255 4 7 '755 237.459 43,442 374.404 1,112 357.38* 1,243,852 15.319 98,091 11,128,488 '.913,555 [3,069,122 103,865 3.1*^9 6,085 — 816 1756 ,101,936 29,960 263,865 2,310 275 195 57 319 '757 11,226 907 63,259 4,418 — 1758 9.234 — . ii,4'9 1.831 3,802 19.85J 29 1,215 1759 226,426 41,480 188,942 3..13J 12,158 32,363 398 2,904 1760 390,710 52,766 258,787 2.338 8,450 36,942 411 1,21c 1761 440,746 57.571 376,949 2,840 14,623 37.761 2ig 885 1762 394,500 28,41c 385.303 1,369 399,878 1,377.053 16,433 105,440 12,603,266 2,124,658 14,617,646 122,106 34 APPENDIX, No IV. TABLE of the Yearly Prices and Averages of Wheat, and of the General Im- portation and Exportation of Grain, to and from Great Britain, from, the year 1697 to the year 1784 inchifive. IMPORTATION. Yearly Prices of Average Prices of EXPORTATION. Sum of Im- Averagelm- Yearly Im- the Quarter nf Wheat Years 'of^heat"Ye-ly-^HAverageE.- Sum of Ex- portation. portation. portation. KJk VV XICcLL* *J1 »¥ ItS^aLm portation. | portation. portation. Quarters. Qiiarters. Quarters. £. .. d. £. s. d. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 612 300 1697 102,255 5,981 3 8 4 1698 85.976 2,116 340 1699 2,850 4 Years 8,948 2,337 239 21 I 52 2 656 12 186 2,232 200 I 17 8 196 I 16 3 6 6 I 10 160 I 8 6 216 3 18 6 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 2 18 I 140,147 214.927 230,167 360,028 253,432 279,128 389.592 224,215 238,858 536,607 82,807 331,228 4 Years isYears 4,4-22 442 1,260 19 1 37 3 18 2 14 264 2 II 2 10 4 230 280 1710 1711 1712 1 713 1714 1715 1716 232 122,502 303,199 421,082 536,752 481,521 349.516 404,865 284,945 2,849,446 loYears^ 62 256 1 71 7 366,244 * ' 21 320 I 18 JO I 14 9i 1718 1719 567,382 605,322 loYears -714 71 254 445 I 262 61,798 2,187 20 117 198.595 373.655 I 17 I 17 6 I 16 I 14 9 1 17 286 260 220 2 14 6 276 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 2 4 loi 456,050 563.688 654,471 526,267 525.947 578,233 350'083 219,064 174.450 449.193 4,491,933 10 Years loYears 732,692 73,269 95,612 19,400 12,044 16 6,440 286 42 80 I 16 6 I 13 169 f 8 4 f 17 9' 230 204 I 17 9 I 15 6 I 17 6 1730 173' 1732 1733 ■1734 1735 ^736 1737 1738 '739 2 2 331.812 367,078 410,737 7i9'"7 759.555 490,868 359.898 624,159 923.459 595.«38 447,968 4,479,683 loYears loYears 4^,909 4,690 8;553 2 15 1740 I 17 6 243>76a 549>447 5,494,471 loYears APPENDIX, No IV. 35 Sum of Im- portatioo. Quarters. IMPORTATION. Averagelm- portation. Quarters. Yearly Im- portation. Quarters. Yearly Prices of the Quarter Y_.„ of meat. ^^^'^ £. Average Prices of the Quarter of Wheat. Yearly Ex-lAverageEx- £. d. EXPORTATION. portation. Quarters. portation. Quarters. Sum of Ex- portation. Quartei'S. ■loYears 159.437 loYears 373.972 37.397 i2Years,3,oi 5,353 158.4372 I I I I I I I I I I a 2 I I 2 3' 2 I I I I 2 2 2 2 iaYears,6,94o,293l 76 24 75 24 4 27 20 431 15.943 319 2,308 14,629 7,066 57.047 2,899 56,461 167,301 64,561 1,688 12 73 18,432 238,248 139.931 218,031 247,518 907,4203 649,1763 114,3732 124,2252 217,3752 251,279 140,6512 520,5982 926,1742 1,163,4072 449,901 1 690,033 2 417,5382 406,0731 234»6l6l 297,8642 141,4072 1,070,9602 578,3581 631,7222 7 o 12 li 5 o 4 II 7 6 19 o 14 10 17 o 17 12 18 I 10 4 5 14 13 5 o 10 19 10 16 6 10 3 19 9 6 9 14 8 6 4 6 6 3 I 9 7 2 lO 8 II 12 8 8 4 18 2 5 6 2 13 8 I? 8 4 8 7 10 12 8 8 10 1741 1742 1743 1744 745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 17,73 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 e 2 I 13 8 7 10 184,396 600,297 774,524 596.075 787,056 638,835 863,382 1,123,953 1,250,306 1,667,778 1,048,324 886,712 683,244 -795.697 665,739 408,170 80,656 22,484 484,916 752.434 925,119 763,070 661,212 675.459 457.730 302,794 50,481 • 40,256 119,190 294,866 96,573 61,685 44,076 51,099 191,007 448,801 315.127 340,924 378,116 471,891 317.251 326,344 134.159 1S7.395 848,660 8,486,602 582,837 loYeajs 5,828,376 loYeaft 370,703 4.448,435 267,182 1 2 Years 3,206,184 izYeart 56 APPENDIX, No V. TABLE of the Quantities of the different forts of Grain Exported fronr Great Britain, and of the Price of Wheat, from the Union to the year 1763, when the Great Importation of Foreign Grain commenced. ;i'early Average Price of the Price of th< Wheat and Rye, Peafe, Barley and Oats and Quai+er of Quarter of Years. Flour and Beans, Malt Oatmeal Wheat. Wheat; Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. £: J. d £. .. d 216 1708 83,969 4.732 143.990 6,167 3 18 6 1709 171,618 166,519 195.647 2,823 3 18; 171a 16,607 12,237 92,844 814 2 14 1711 80,941 37.963 175.329 8,916 264 1712 148.539 17,818 248,338 6,387 2 II 1713 179,969 38,892 308,385 9.434 2 10 4 1714 180,665 20,478 273,109 7.269 230 2 15- 4 1715 173.237 31.256 137,296 7.727 i»o35.54i5 329.895 1.574.938 49.537 280 1716 75,876 41.693 274,862 12,434 2 5 8 1717 253637 23,488 307.J38 9.254 I 18 10 171S 74.381 . 49.723 428,399 14,879 I 15 1 7 19 ^3°y533 45,689 417,118 11,982 I 17 2 II 1720 84.343 49.594 301,854 20,259 1.426,315 540,082 3,304,709 118,345 I 17 6 1721 82,748 70.55° 396.277 14,113 116 1722 .178.915 42,812 426,515 6,229 I 14 8 ' 1723 158,08a 12,739 354.278 1,168 I 17 1714 247,162 23.450 254,198 1.137 286 I iS 9 1725 211,175 20,873 335.751 10,433 2.304.397 710,506 5,071,728 151,425 260 1726 143,626 20,170 386,738 5>^3S 220 1727 31.030 9.637 300,169 9.247 2 14 6 1728 3.935 289 212,086 2.754 a 6 10 - 1729 18,993 1.477 144.57^ 9.409 I 16 6 2 5 2 ■■ 1730 94.530 12,559 218,311 6,412 2,596,511 754.638 6.333.603 184,382 I I2i 10 ' 1731 130,650 21,600 211,015 3.813 I 6 8 1732 ao2,6i2 15.576 190.583 1,966 184 1733 427.405 28,532 259,062 4,118 I 18 10 1734 408,747 10,988 331.211 8,609 230 I 14 c 173s 155,280 1.533 304.293 29,76a 3,921,205 832.867 7.629,767 232,65c ' APPENDIX, No V. ?>1 Yearly Average 1 Price of the Price of the] Wheat and Rye, Peafe, Barley and Oats and Quarter of Qjiarter of Years. Flour and Beans, Malt Oatmeal Wheat. Wheat. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. £. s. d.L. s. *d. Brought forward 1735 3,921,205 832,867 7,629,767 232,650 204 1736 118,218 1.3" 222,554 17,815 I 18 1737 465,871 ■ 7.889 145.548 4,651 115 6 1738 588,284 36.325 291,625 7,225 I 18 6 1739 285,492 30,294 271,009 9.043 2 10 8 207 1740 54.391 , 8,980 176,988 3,403 5.433'46i 917,666 8.737.491 274,787 268 if4i. 45-417 7,622 129,995 1.362 I 14 1742 295,698 63,626 232,345 8,628 I 4 10 1 7 43-' 375.979 88,684 293,991 15,870 I 4 10 1744 234,274 74,5.67 278,042 9,192 I 7 6 I II 7 1745 325.349 84,126 337,074 40,507- 6,710,178 1,236,291 10,008,938 350.346 I 19 1746 131.105 45.782 441,745 . 20,203 I 14 10 1747 270,491 96,728 489 C2I 7,142 I 17 1748 545.240 104,143 462,371 12,146 I 17 1749 631,007 106,425 487,760 25,114 I L2 6 I 16 I 175P 950.483 99,290 605,519 12,486 9,238,504 1,688,659 12,495,354 427.437 I 18 6 175^ 662,957 71,048 307.578 6,841 2 I 10 1752 430,117 57.967 397.038 1,590 248 1753" 3P0.754 24.836 346,540 11,114 I 14 8 . 1754 356,781 42,915 384.905 11,096 I 13 10 I 18 8 1755 237,466 43.449 381.659 3,168 11,226,579 1,928,874 14.312.974 461,246 253 1756 102,752 29,96c 269,95c > 5,499 30c 1757 11.545 964 63.454 4,693 2- 10 C 1 1758 9.234 — 11,41c 1.83 1 I 19 ic ) ' '759 227,641 41,50s 208,797 6,937 I 16 e ) 1760 393.614 53.164 291,150 1.4,496 I. 10 2 1761 441,95^ 57.985 413^891 11,290 I 19 c 3 2- 2 11 1762 295^38^ 28,62s 423,064 iS'99^ i.2,7o8,7o( ) 2,141,091 15,994.69s 52i'.984 38 APPENDIX No VI. TABLE of the Prices and Duties, for the Exportation of Wheat from ENGLAND, prior to the Revolution, anno 1688. Exportation Prices per Quarter. Prefent Money. Money of the Time. Anno Dom. Exportation Duties per Quarter. Anno Regis. Money of Prefent the Time. Money. Permitted ■ — Without limitationof priceso s. d. O O o 00 O GO 4 GO 16 60 G 80 O GO OG 1 41 13 4 4 o II 21 G 17 7 O GG J. d. o 0136034 Edw. 3, G 01393 17 Rich. 2. - - - - - 4 Hen. 6. 15 Hen. 6. 2P. &.M. ' Eliz. G GI, 393 ^425 6 81436 £. o o o 6 81 ^5541 10 01562 o o O G O O 1570 13 Eliz. 10 O G ti o 0159335 Eliz. ^i 6 81604 2 Ja. I. 3 1 12 G162321 Ja. I. 12 o 1627 3 Chas '-' G i66g I G 8 o G G O G O O I.O I.G I Chas 166315 Chas 2. 167022 Chas 2. o o o o o o I 2 2 2 3 2 G O O d.i GC GC OC GC OC OC GO O O G O 'O G 2 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 by llatute by licenfe SCOTLAND. Prices per Boll. Anno Dom. Anno Regis. 1 Duties per Boll. Prefent Money. Money of the Time. Money of the Time. Prefent Money. Prohibited — — Permitted when under £. 1. d. 00 1 40 I 40 £. .. d. GOO 12 G 12 G G 1587 1663 1669 20 Jas. 6. 15 Chas. 2. 21 Chas. 2. £. s. d. 0-0 050 G 10 £. .. d. 000 006 1 APPENDIX, NoVr.. 39 TABLE of the Prices and Duties, for the Importation of Wheat into ENGLAND, prior to the Revolution, .anno 1688. Invited - - o Invited - - o Invited - - o Invited - - o Invited - - o Invited - - o Permitted - - i When not above - 2- When above that price o When not above - 2. When not above - 3 From that price to - ' 4 And when above that price Importation Prices. per Quarterr. Prefent Money. O O O o o o 15 12 O 17 4 16 o d. o o o o o o 2 10 P 7 o o o Money of. the Time. O O O O- o o 6 4 o 8 13 o o Anno Dom, 1202 1215 1266 1297 1328 1358 1463 1660 1663 1670 Anno Regis; 3 Jolin 16 John 9 Hen. 25 Edw. 2 Edw. 25 Edw. 3 Edw. 12 Chas. 15 Chas. 22 Chas. Importation Duties. per Quarter. Money of the Time. Prefent Money. s. O O O o o o o o- 6 5 16 8 5 d. o o o o o o o O' 8 4 o o 4 o o o o o o o 6 19 9 8 SCOTLAND.. Permitted Prohibited Prohibited Prices per Boll. Prefent Money. £. .. o o o o o o Money of the Time. d.£,. J. d. o;o" o o o'o o o op o o Anno Dora. 1663 1672 1686 Anno Regis. 15 Chas. 2, 25 Chas. 2 2 Jas. 7 Duties per Boll. Money of the Time. s. d. O O 000 000 Prefent Money. 6 o o 40 APPEN.DIX, No VIL ABBREVIATION of the Corn Laws, reviewed in this Work, fhewing the Prices, .Bounties, and Duties, by which the Exportation and Importation of Grain have been regulated in England, and in Scotland, and in Great Britain, down to the year 1773. Ann.o Dom, Anno Regis. ABBREVIATION OF THE ENG-LISH EXPORTATION LAWS. 1360 1393 1425 1436 1442 1444 ^S5^ 34 Edw. 3, 17 Richd. 2, 4 Hen^ 6, 15 Hen. 6, 20 Hen. 6, 23 Hen. 6. 5 &6Ed. 6 15541&2P.&M 1562 1570 IJ93 1604 5 EHz. 1^ Eliz. 35 Eliz. 2 James i 162321 James i 1627 1660 1663 1670 1688 1699 170P 3 Chas. I 1 2 Chas. 2 15 Chas. 2 22 Chas. 2 . I W. & M >io Wm. 3 II Wm. 3 ii&i2"W.3 Exportation prohibited. Allowed, upon payment of the ordinary fubfidies and duties. The laft law confirmed, but referving power to the King and Council to re ftrain it. Allowed, when Wheat did not exceed 6s. 8d. and Barley 3s. per quarter. The laft adl confirmed for 10 years. And that acl now made perpetual. Prohibited until the prices were at or under 6s. 8d. for Wheat, 3S> 4d. for Barley and Malt, 2S. for Oats, 4s. for Peafe and Beans, and 5s. for Rye per quarter. Prohibited, when the prices did not exceed 6s. 8d. for Wheat, 4s. for Rye, and 3s. for Barley, per quarter. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed los. for Wheat, 8s. for Rye, Feafe, and Beans, and 6s. Sd. for Barley and Malt, per quarter. Allowed, under the direftion of Prefidents,, &c. upon payment of duties. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed 20s. for Wheat, 13s. 46. for Rye, Peafei and Beans,, 12s. for Barley and Malt ; upon payment of a duty of 2S. for every quarter of Wheat, and i6d. for every quarter of other grain. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed 26s. 8d. for Wheat, 15s. for Rye, Peafe, and Beans, and 14s. for Barley and Malt, per quarter ; and upon payment of the fame duties. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed 32s. for Wheat, 20s. for Rye, ids for Peafe, Beans, Barley, and Malt, per quarter ; and upon payment of the fame duties. Allowed upon the fame terms with the laft aft. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed 40s. for Wheat, 24s. for Rye, Peafe, and Beans, 20s. for Barley and Malt, and i6s. for Oats ; upon payment of high duties. Allowed, when the prices did not exceed 48s. for Wheat, 32s. for Rye, Peafe, and Beans, 28s. for Barley and Malt, and 13s. 4d. for Oats, per quarter ; upon payment of the fame high, duties. Allowed, without limitation of prices, upon payment of the fame high duties. Not only allowed, when Wheat was not a'bove 48s. Rye 32s. and Barley and Malt 24s. per quarter, but bounties granted. Prohibited for one year, from the 10th February 1699. Bounty fufpeqded, from 9th February 1699 to 29th beptember 1700. The fubfidy, and all duties, payable upon Corn and Grain, ground and un- ground, Bread, Bifcuit, and ,^eal, given up and totally temoved. APPENDIX, No VII. 41 Anno Doin. 1706 1709 1729 173a 1741 1 75 1 1753 175:7 1757 1766 Anno Regis. 5 Anne. 8 Anne. 2 George a. 5 George a. 14 George 2. a4 George a, 26 George 2 30 George 2 3 1 George a 6 George 3 ABBREVIATION OF THE BRITISH EXPORTATION LAWS. 1767 17^8 1769 1770 1771 177a 1773 7 George 3. 8 George 3 9 George 3 1 6 George 3 n George 3. 1 2 George: 3. 1 3 George 3 i774i4,George3, Union fettled — EngUQi bounties adopted over all the kingdom, and extended to Oatmeal, Bigg, and Malt of Wheat. Expcjrtatioa prohibited, until the 29th September 1710. Rules laid down for meafuring Corn to be exported, and for afcertaining the prices, &c. Grand Juries, at Seffions, to prefent the price of Corn ; and Corn imported, not to be again exported, nor carried coaftways. Prohibited, until the 25th December 1741. Bounties upon Corn exported in Meal, to be paid according to the weight, at the rate of 448 pounds for the quarter. Money, due upon Debentures for Corn exported, to bear intereft ?t 3 per cent, per annum, if not paid in 6 months after prefenting the certificate. Prohibited, until the 25th December 1*757 ' ^^^ 'viilln. power to the- King and Council to take off the prohibition. Cofn Market eftabliflied at WeCtminfler j — and, the fame year, an Affize made for Breads Exportation prohibited for a limited time ; — and, fame year, an Embargo laid upon fliips loaded with Corn, for exportation ; — and, feme year, the Mayor and Aldermen of London iimpowered to, determine the prices of Corn in January and July, asi well as in April and Oftober. Expoitation of Grain, and diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited frohi the afith September to the 14th November 1767." ExpoBtatioB of Corn, and diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited until 20 days aftei the copimencenknt of the next Seffion of Parliament. 5QOQ quartern of Bigg allowed to be exported from the Iflands of Orkney, yearly 5 and., fame year, exportation of Grain, and diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited for a limited time. Corn Regifter eftabliflied ; and Weekly Retarns, from market towns irt the fe- veral counties, to be made of the prices of "Virheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, and Beans, in England ; and of Bear or Bigg, in Scotland. Same year the ex- portation of Corn, and the diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited till 20 days- after the commencement of the next Seffion of Parliament, Exportation of Corn prohibited, and alfo the diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, until ao days after the commencement of the next Seffion of Par- liament. Exportation of Corn, and diftilling from Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited until 2b day^ after the commencement of the next Spffion of Parliaments Exportation of Grain* and diftilling from. Wheat or Wheat Flour, prohibited : until the ift day of January 1774. Same year the former bounties and: du- ties repealed, and. a total alteration made in the Corn Laws. Alteration oi the- method of afcertaining the prices of Corn to be ftiipped for exportation. 42 APPENDIX, No VII. Money of Prefent Anno Anno Regis. Abbreviation of the ENGLISH Exportation Prices. the time. Money. . Dom. £. .. d.\^£. 0. d.^ 143615 Henry 6. Exportation permitted, when the price of Grain, at home, did not exceed, per Quarter, for Wheat — — 6 8 240 Barley — — — 3' 19 10 15541 P. & M. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat _ — 6 8 16 6 Rye — _ 4 9 11 Barley — — — 3 7 5i [562 5 Eliz. ' Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat ^ — 10 108 Rye, Peafe, and Beans — 8 16 6 Barley and Malt — — 6 8 13 10 ^593 35 Eliz. Permittfed, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat — — I 214 Rye, Peafe, and Beans — 13 4 177 Barley and Malt — — la I 4 10 1604 2 James i. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat _ _ I 6 8 2 13 4- Rye, Peafe, and Beans — ij I 10 Barley and Malt — — 14 I 8 1623 21 James i. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat — _ I 12 340 Rye — _ I 200 Barley, Malt, Peafe, and Beans 16 I 12 1627 3 Charles I. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat — _ X 12 2 II 2 Rye — _ £ I 12 Barley, Malt, Peafe, and Beans 16 157 1660 1 2 Charles 2. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for J 1 Wheat _ _ 2 280 Rye, Peafe, and Beans I 4 189. Barley and Malt — I I 4 - Oats — _ 16 19 2 1663 ijCharles 2. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for Wheat ^ —' — 2 8 2 17 7 1 18 4 ' '3 7 Rye, Peafe, and Beans — 1 12 Barley and Malt — I 8 0- Oats — 13 4 16 1688 I W. & M. Permitted, when the price did not exceed, for 1 Wheat _ — 2 8 2 17 7 Rye — , __ I 12 I 18 4 , Barley and Malt — • 4 1 S 9 N. B. Prior to the year 1346, the Exportatbn of all ' kinds of Grain, from England, was totally - prohibited. APPENDIX, No VII. 4J Anno Dom, Anno Regis. Abbreviation of the BRITISH Exportation Prices. Money of the tinve. £,. 1. d. Prcfcnt Money. £. 0. d. 1706 1773 5 Anne. 13 George 3. Exportation of Grain permitted, when the price of the quarter did not exceed, For Wheat, ground 01^ unground, or Malt of Wheat Rye, ground or unground — — Barley, Beer or Bigg, or Malt, ground or un- ground — — Oats — — — Exportation permitted, when the prices were under For Wheat — — — Rye ^ — — Barley, Beer or Bigg, or Malt thereof — Oats _ .>_ _ 280 I 12 140 IJ 000 00© 000 000 2 17 7 I 18 5 189 18 24 1 8 120 14 Anno Dom, 1570 1593 1604 1623 1627 1660 1663 1670 Anno Regis. Eliz. Eliz. James James Chas. Chas. Abbreviation of the ENGLISH Exportation Duties, Price of the Quarter of Grain. Money of the time. \£. J. d. 15 Chas. 2 Z2 Chas. 2 For Wheat, when not prohibited — Other Grain ^ — — — Wheat, exported by licence — Other Grain, by ditto — — For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Other Grain, as per exportation prices For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Other Grain, as /^r exportation prices For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Other Grain, as per exportation prices For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Other Grain, as per exportation prices For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Rye, Peafe, Beans, Barley, Malt, Buck Wheat — - — — Oats, when not above — — ' For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Rye, Peafe, Beans, JBarley, Malt, Buck Wheat — — Oats — — For Wheat, without limitation of price Rye, Peafe, Beans. Barley, Malt, Buck Wheat — — Oats — — - Prefent Money. £.. .. d. o o o o o o 6 o 12 o 12 O o o o o 16 2 8 o o o 13 Money of the time. £. s. d. o o o o I o 13 o 4 o 1 1 o 8 o o 0.00 O 19 2 2 17 7 O ■ o o o 16 O 000 Duties fer Quarter. Prefent Money. £. .. d I 2 I 2 I 2 I 2 I 2 I O o 10 o 068 100 10 o 000 1 o o o 10 o 068 2 [ 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 12 O 12 o 1 4 O 12 o 8 2i o o 8 o 4 o 44 APPENDIX, No VII. Price of the Quarter of Grain Anno Dom, Anno Regis. ENGLISH AND BRITISH BOUNTIES ON EXPORTATION. Money of the time. £. d.£: Prefent Money. d. Money of the time £. i. d. Bounties per Quarter. Prefent Money. £. s. d. 1688 1706 I W. & M. 5 Anne. '773 1 3 George 3. For Wheat, when the price did not exceed Rye, ground or unground, when not above — — — Barley and Malt, ground and unground, when not above — — For Wheat, or Malt made of Wheat, ground or unground, when not above Rye, ground or -unground, when not above — — Barley, Beer or Bigg, Malt, ground or unground, when not above — Quarter of Oatmeal,'when Oats not above For Wheat, and Malt of Wheat, when the price is under — — Rye, when under — — Barley, Beer or Bigg, when under Oats, when under — — A,nd, for every quarter of Oatmeal, confift ing of 276 pounds, avoirdupois 280 I 12 o I 4 o 280 I 12 o I 4 o o 15 o 000 000 o o' o o o o 000 2 17 7 I 18 5 I 8 9 2 ir I 18 J 8 9 l( 18 240 1 8 o 120 o 14 o 6 o 4 2i 3 o o 2il o o o o 6 o """" I Money of Prefent ABBREVIATION of the ENGLISH IMPORTATION PRICES, the time. Money. £. s. d.£. J. d. Anno Dom. Anno Regis. 1463 1660 1663 1670 1773 3 Edw, 4. Importation of foreign Grain permitted, when the prices, at home, per quarter, did exceed For Wheat Rye Barley 12 Chas. 2. Importation permitted, when the prices did exceed For Wheat — _. _ Rye __ — .^ Beans, Barley, and Malt -^ ^~. Importation permitted, when the prices did net exceed * For Wheat _ — _ Rye, Peaf^, or Beans — — Barley, Malt, or Buck Wheat . — Oats- — — — Importation permitted, when the prices did exceed For Wheat — — Rye, Pe'afe, or Beans — Barley, Malt, or Buck Wheat Oats — , — Importation permitted, when the prices were at or above For Wheat — Rye, Peafe, or Beans Barley or Malt — Oats — — 15 Chas. -2. 22 Chas. 2. 13 Geo. ,3 6 4 3 4 16 6 8 12 8 13 «3 12 16 o o o o 15 I 2 I IJ 10 12 9 3- 2 12 17 7 18 s »3 1 16 4 8 18 5 19 2 * This is the aft, in which, the infertion of the word not, in the importation claufe, entirely altered tian of the. law. Sec chap. 2. page 57. £dit. 8 o 12 o 4 o 16 o the inten- APPENDIX, No VII. 4ir Anno Dom. I3&3 1215 ia66 t297 1328 1350 1360 1463 1660 1663 1670 i68j 1729 1732 I7S7 1766 1767 1768 1769 1772 1773 Anno Regis. John, John. Hen. 3, £dw. I, Edw, 3 Edw. 3, Edw. 3 Edw. 4 12 Chas. 2 15 Chas. 2 22 Chas. 2 1 James 2 2 George ;i 5 George 2 30 George 2 6 George 3 7 George 3 8 George 3 9 George 3 12 George 3 13 George 3 Importation of foreign grain invited. Invited. Invited. Invited. Invited. Invited. Invited. Prohibited, until the price exceeded 6s. 8d. for "Wheat, 48. for Rye, and 3s for Barley^ per quarter. Allowed, uppn payment of different duties, according to the prices. Allowed, upon -payment of lower duties. Allowed, upon payment of different duties, according to the prices. Regulations -to prevent fraudulent importation. Regulations for afcertaining the price of Corn, at the time of importation, and for receiving the duties, further regulations anent the prices, and prohibiting Corn imported, to be again exported, or carried coaftways. Duties, upon the importation of Com, fufpended until the 24th Auguft 1757 ; and importation allowed, duty free, in fliips of foreign nations in amity with Great Britain. Importation of Foreign Grain permitted, for a limitted time, duty free. Importation permitted, for a limited time, duty free. Importation permitted, for a littiited tithe, duty free. Iftipdirtation of Rice permitted, for a limited time, duty free. Importation permitted, duty free, to the ift December 1772. Permitted, duty free, to ift January 1774. — Same year the Old Corn Laws totally altered ; and importation of Foreign Grain and Flour permitted, at all times and places, when the price of the quarter was at or above 48s. for Wheat ; 32s. for Rye, Peafe, and Beans ; 245. for Barley ; and i6s. for Oats ; and importation of Oatmeal, into Scotland, permitted, duty free, when the price there, ihall exceed i6s. per boll, weighing 8 ftone troy. 46 APPENDIX, No VII. Anno Dom. 1660 12 Chas. 2. 1663 1670 I c Chas. 2 22 Chas. 2 1773 .13 Geo, 3. For Wheat, when the price did not exceed when it exceeded that price — Rye, when the price did not exceed — when it exceeded that price — ^ Beans, Barley, and Malt, when not above when above that price — For Wheat, ^vhen the price did not exceed Rye, Peafe, and Beans, when not above Barley and Malt, when not above -^ Buck Wheat, /When not above — — Oats, when not above — — For Wheat, when the price did not exceed when above that price, and not exceeding when above that price — . — Rye, Peafe, and Beans, when not above when above that price — — Barley, Malt, and Buck Wheat, not above when above that price — , — Oats, when not above — — when above that price — — BRITISH Importation Duties. When the price of Wheat is at er above — , Rye, Peafe, or Beans, at or above — Barley, Bear, or Bigg, at or above — Oats, at or above — — — And for every 100 weight of Wheat- flour iTice or Criam per Quarter. Duties^/ifr Quarter. ] Money rfl Prefent Money of Prefent the time. | Money. the time. Money. £. s. 4.£. .. d. £. 0. d. £.. ,. d. 2 4 1 2 12 9 200 280 _. 068 080 I 16 232 I 6 8 I 12 ... 050 060. I 6 8 I 12 I 6 8 I 12 — _ 050 060 2 8 2 17 7 054 065 I 12 I, 18 5 040 049 1 8 I 13 7 028 03a I 8 I 13 7 020 2 5 13 4 16 I 4 I 7 2 13 4 340 16 19 2 4 4 16 080 097 . — — 054 065 2 280 16 19 2 — — 040 049 I 12 I 18 5 16 19 2 — — _ 028 032! 16 19 2 054 014 065 I 7 ' 28.0 006 — I 12 — 003 — 140 — 2 — 16 002 _ __ ... a Anno Dom. 1454 1493 1663 1672 1687 170-3 1741 Anno Regis. 17 James 5 James 15 Chas. 24 Chas. 3 James 2 Anne. (4 Geo. -2 ABBREVIATION OF THE SCOtCH IMPORTATION LAWS. Importation of Foreign Grain invited to be made either by Foreigners or Denizens. Invited. Allowed from Ireland, upon payment of a duty of L. 3 per boll, when Meal and Barley did not exceed the price of L. 8 per boll at home. Importation of Viflual from Ireland prohibited under fevere penalties. Prohibition to import ViftuaL from Ireland renewed, and vi£lual, fo imported, ordered to be deftroyed. Importation of Viftual prohibited from foreign parts, until the price of the Boll of Grain exceeds L. 1 2 for Wheat ; L. 8 for Bear, Meal, and Malt ; and L. 6 for Oats and Peafe ; but with power to the Lords of the Privy Council to fufpend this prohi tion when neceflary. Importation permitted, when the prices of Grain in the county of Edinburgh exceeded 40s. for Wheat ; 20S. for Peafe and Beans; i8s. for Bear and Barley; and 13s. 4d. for Oats, per Quarter ; and L. 8 Scots, per Boll,, for Oatmeal, upon payment of the duties fixed by the Englifti aft of the 2 ad Charles 2. APPENDIX, No VII. 47 A.nno Dom. Anno Regis. ABBREVIATION OF THE SCOTCH EXPORTATION LAWS. 'S55 1587 1663 1(569 13 Mary. lExportation of Grain prohibited under fevere penalties. 20 James 6. Prohibited. 15 Chas. 2. Exportation of Grain permitted, when the price of Viftual at home was under L. 12 for Wheat ; L. 8 for Bear and Barley ; and 8 merks for Peafe and Oats, per boll ; upon payment of the ufual duty. 21 Chas. 2. All duties payable upon Grain exported removed, except one merk per chalder upon every kind of Vi£tual. Anno Dom. 1663 1703 1741 1663 1669 1695 Anno Regis. ij Chas. 2 2 Anne. ^ 14 Geo. 2. Duties payable upon the boll of all kinds of Grain imported, when the boll of Barley and Meal did not exceed, at home, . — A duty of 40s. per boll, befides the former duties, upon each boll of grain from Eng- land for iced — — — The fame duties to be paid in Scotlandi as is payable in England, upon Grain imported by the Englifti Aft of the 22d Charles 3. 15 Chas. 2. 21 Chas. 2 7 William. Price of Grain per Boll SCOTCH IMPORTATION DUTIES. Money of the time £. d.£. Prefent Money. SCOTCH EXPORTATION DUTIES. For Wheat, when the price of the boll, is under — — — — Bear or Barley, when the boll is under Oats and Peafe, when the boll is under 8 Duty upon each chalder of Grain, exported, when under the above prices at home — Duties upon Exportation ceafed, and bounties commenced. SCOTCH EXPORTATION BOUNTIES. i6qc 7 William. For every chalder of Grain, when the price of ^^ ' ihe'boll of Wheat is at, or under, — Bear, Barley, and Malt, at or under — Peafe, Oats, and Meal, at or under — 1706' 5 Anne. The fame bounties with England. 12 S 12 8 6 : — 8 o 16 00 4 x6 6 80 la 8 o o o o o o I 4 oT 16 o > O 12 oJ Duties per Boll. Money of the time. £. .. > Prefent Money. £. .. d. 300 20 o ,0 5 o 13 4 o 6 040 6 8 o 6 006 00 6 O I I j o 10 8 48 APPENDIX, No VIII. TABLE Explanatory of Sundry Articles in the preceding Work. . . , _ _ Quarters Article L — England. ^Grain overhead. From the year 1700, when the old fyftem of the Corn Laws was complet- ed, until the year 1763, that the great importation of Foreign Grain commenced, the Corn Trade was entirely in the hands of Britain, and importation of Foreign Grain was little known *. For 55 years after the Union, that is, from the year 1708 to the year 1763 inclufive, there v/ere exported of Grain from England, Of Wheat and Flour — 1 2,603,266 Rye, Feafe, and Beans 2,124,658 Barley and Malt — 14,617,646 Oats and Oatmeal — 122,106 Total Exportation from England, in thefe 55 years — — ' 291467,676 By the above proportion of Grain exported^ it would appear, that the ge- neral crop of England confifts of about eight-twentieth parts of Wheat, and twelve-twentieths of inferior grain. Yearly average Exportation during thefe 55 years — — S2S>71^ Article II. — Scotland. During the above 55 years, there were exported from Scotland, Of Wheat and Flour — 105,440 Rye, Peafe, and Beans, 16,433 Barley and Malt — *>377jOS3 Oats and Oatmeal — 399>878 Total Exportation from Scotland, in thefe ^S years — — 1,898,804 Yearly average Exportation during thefe years — — — 34>Sa4 By the above proportion it would appear, that the general crop of Scot- land confifts of one-eighteenth of Wheat, and feventeen-eighteenths of inferior Grain. Article III.^-Great Britain. The JExportation from Great BtUain, during jhe above j5 years confided Of Wheat and Flour — 12,708,706 Rye, Peafe, and Beans, 2,141,091 Barky and Malt — iS>994»699 Oats and Oatmeal — 521,984 Total Exportation from Great Britain, in thefe 55 years — 31,366,480 Yearly average Exportation, during thefe years — — 570,300 * Vide Particular and General Account of Exportation and Importation, Appendix No 2, APPENDIX, No Vlir. 49 TABLE Explanatory — continued. Article III. Brought forward. During the ^^ years mentioned, there were,exported from Great Britain, of the feveral kinds of Grain overhead And there were only imported, during all that fpace, — Balance in favour of exportation — For the 22 years from 1763 to 1784 inclufive, there have been imported, of foreign Grain, into Great Britain, — — And, in that fpace, there have been only exported — — Balance in favour of importation — Quarters OTGrain overhead. 31,366,480 i'335>907 30.030.573 9.937.MI 5>966'43=> 3,970,711 Article IV. — Consumption. If eight millions of people make up the population of Great Britain, and if thefe require 16 millions of quarters of the feveral forts of Grain overhead, yearly, for their fubfiftence, at the rate of two quarters for each perfon ; and if, of that number of people, two millions and a half of them are employed in hufbandry, the true confumption of the kingdom, is the quantity neceflary for the fupport of the other five millions and a half, after maintaining the people and cattle employed in raifing the Grain, amounting to .— — 11,000,000 Article V. — ^Production. In years when Great Britain fupports herfelf, without receiving or fend- ing out any Grain, or when the quantities exported and imported are equal, the produ£l:ion and the confumption will alfo be equal, each amounting to — — But in years when Great Britain exports more than fhe imports, her pro. duce muft have an iricreafe ; and in years when fhe imports more than fhe exports, her produce muft have fuffered a proportional decreafe. During the 55 years already enumerated, the average ex- Quarters, portatidn having been yearly — ^- 570,300 And deducing from thence the average yearly importation 24,289 — 11,000,000 We have remaining a clear yearly exportation of — — Which makes the average yearly produce of thefe 55 years to be So that our exportation yearly then, was as i to ail r , , And the importation as — — i to 475 J ° ' 546,011 11,546,011 g io APPENDIX, No VIII. TABLE Explanatory — continued. Article V. Brought forward. In another point of view we fliall again ftate the confumption For the lo years from 1741 to 1750 inclufive, there were Quarters, exported yearly, upon an average, — Fropi which, deducing the yearly importation of — 848,660 JJ.943 We have remaining a clear yearly exportation of — Which extends the yearly average prodijce of thefe 10 years to And our exportation reached as far as i to 14") r, , The importation amounted only to i to 743 J ° '"^ P'OQUce. We {hall again ftate the confumption being — During the 13 years from 1773 to 1784 inclufive, there were imported, of foreign Grain, at an average yearly, no lefs than — — And our average yearly exportation, during thefe 12 years, only amounted to — — Quarters. 578,358 267,182 This leaves a balance of yearly importation againft us — Which reduces our yearly average produce, thefe 12 years, to And now the average importation, yearly, is as i to 1 8 7 ,1 j While our exportation comes only to 1 to 403 ^ uce. S uarters Grain overhead. IIjpOOjOOO — 832,717 — 11,832,717 — II, 000, ceo 10,688,824 In the year 1775, there were ihiported, of foreign Grain, no lefs than 1,163,407 quarters, while there were only exported, that year, 191,007 quarters, which re- duced our produce to 10,027,600 quarters. This brought the importation nearly as I to 81 r , , While our exportation was ohly as i to 53 i ° ''^^ Produce. Article VI — Of the Proportional Value of the feveral kinds of Grain. From the experience of paft times, the following appears to be as near the proportions ' as can be defcribed, without entering into fradions, which in the prefent cafe is not neceflary. Wheat, as the fuperior Grain, muft be the ftandard. Rye, Peafe, and Beans, two-thirds t r Barley one-half [■ of the value of Wheat. Oats one«third j APPENDIX, No VIII. 51 TABLE Explanatory — continued. Article VI. Brought forward. According to which computation, Wheat is double in value to the inferior Grain over- liead : For example- Price or value of a quarter of Wheat fuppofed L. 2 2 o Two-thlris thereof for the quarter of Rye, Teafe, and Beans L. i 8 One-half thereof for the quarter of Barley , 11 One-third thereof for the quarter of Oats 014 o o o Amount of all L. 3 31 Which, divided by 3, makes the quarter of inferior Grain overhead Article VII. — Maintenance of each Perfon. According to the prices in the Corn Regifter, from 1771 to 1784 in- clufive, the average prices of the quarter of the feveral kinds of Grain, are — ^ For Wheat __ L.2 8' Barley — I 3 8 Oats — 16 Rye — — I 10 ^ Beans — I 8 4 And the average price of thefe feveral kinds of Grain, overhead, per quarter, is — — — i 9 3 So that the price of two quarters, for the maintainance of each perfon, now amounts to — — — L. 2 18 6 And the price of the quarter of Wheat is nearly double the average price of the inferior Grain overhead. Thefe are all high prices, and clearly occafioned by foreign importation taking place of our own cultivation ; for when our agriculture was in full profperity, the average price' of the quarter of Wheat, for the 10 years from 1741 tp 1750 inclufive, was only — — L. i 13 8 And computing the other Grain, according to the price of Wheat, and in proportion to the above prices, they amount, per quarter, — For Barley 016 7 > Oats — o II 2t Rye — I 1 2i Beans — o 19 10 The average price of all thefe feveral kinds of Grain, overhead, being L. I : o : 6 ; the price of two quarters for the maintainance of each perfon, in thefe years. Only amounted to — — . So that the yearly fupport of each perfon, for bread, beer, fpirits, &c. at prefent, exceeds the former expcnce in no lefs than — L. o 17 6 g 2 52 APPENDIX, No Vlir. TABLE Explanatory—- fo«ft««(?i. Article VIII. Brought forward. And if we confider that the prices of "Wheat, prior to the eftablifhment of the Corn Regifter, in 177 1, are taken from the audite books of Eton, where the Wheat is of the very bed quality, and the meafure nine gallons to the bufhel, the diiFerence muft be confiderably higher. Article VIII. — Comparative State of the. Quantity and Value of the Crops of Grain of England and Scotland. Trom the (late of the exportation of Grain, from England and Scotland, (Art. i. of this Table) for 55 years after. the Union, it appears that the average yearly exportation, from England, was 5351776 quarters ; and that the average exportation, from Scotland, was only 34,524, which is not quite a fifteenth part of the other. If we are to judge of the produftion from this ftate of the exportation, we muft conclude that England generally produces fifteen times as much Corn as Scotland. From the fame ftate it appears, that the crop of England generally confifts of eight- twentieths of Wheat, and twelve-twentieths of the inferior Grain overhead ; and that the crop of Scotland generally- confifts of one-eighteenth of Wheat, and feventeen- eighteenths of inferior Grain. By the ftate of the antient revenue of the Scots Clergy it would appear, that the crop of that kingdom confifted of about one-thirteenth of Wheat, and twelve-thir- teenths of inferior Grain. If we confider that the rents of the clergy were, in general, of better Grain than the ordinary payments of the other rents of the country, and that the exportation was chiefly of inferior grain ; if we take the medium of the proportions of the Grain paid to the Clergy, and of that exported, we may conclude with fome degree of certainty, that the crop of Scotland confifts generally of one-fifteenth of Wheat, and fourteen- fifteenths of inferior Grain. Computing the quarter of Wheat at 40s. and that of inferior Grain overhead, at aos, we ftiall find that, in England, they have Eight-twentieth parts of. Wheat, at 40s. — — L. o 16 D And twelve-twentieths of inferior Grain, at aos. — o 12 o Making L. i 8 o And, in Scotland, they have only One-fifteenth part of Wheat, at 40s. — — L. o a 8 And fourteen-fifteenths of inferior Grain, at 20s. — — o 18 8 Making L. i 14 Thus the quality being about one-fourth better in England than in Scotland, and the quantity being about fifteen times as much, the general value of the crop of Englan4» will be about nineteen tim^s as much as that of Scotland. APPENDIX, No VIII. S3 TABLE Explanatory— r(5«//««f^. Quarters Article IX. — Of the Increafe of Pop^jlation from the Extenfion of overhead. Agriculture. From the year 1741 to the year 1750 inclufive, the average yearly ex- portation of Grain amounted to 848,660 For the 12 years from 1773 to 1784 inclufive, the average yearly ex- portation of Grain has only been — — 267,18a The difference is 581,478 quarters of furplus Grain annually raifed in Great Britain during that period. And reckoning twelve people to the raifing of every hundred quarters, v^e muft have had 69,768 people then employed in hufbandry, more than were neceflary to furnifti fubfiftence for the kingdom. Printed by Alex. Chapman and Co.. ERRATA. Page 10. Line 3. for are read •were. — 34. — 12. for a read an. — 36. Note \ for No 6. read No 8, — n5. Line 15. inftead- of ciM.r read ivenr. — 12,3. — 9. inftead of ;?fl read into. — 123. — 13. inftead of 15,193 read 15,943. — Do. — 15. reference wanted, Appendix, No 4. — 196. — 34. read mercantile. — 23^. — 6. inftead of raisd read raised.