*1 VILER BROS. T. 
 
 E 1066 
 
 /* if~» /■■■> ^ * 
 
 ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 of 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 at 
 
 Cornell University 
 
 EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS 
 
 BEEKEEPING LIBRARY 
 
 

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 Library's !*3*f erJ. TAis 
 
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 -K S. 
 
? v is little book was rttten by Roel Mussel. This is probably the only sm 
 copy in existence. Please place nc marks in the book but put the nee? ssary 
 numerals on the special outer coyer. 
 
 P« Phillips 
 
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 Edin, 19 Sept. 1829 
 
 J Given me by the ingenious young 
 man who executed every part of 
 it as detailed in his letter of 
 this date, with libris to pre¬ 
 sent it to my respected friend 
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 added to his invaluable Collec¬ 
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 This may be considered Unique 
 as it is the original and most 
 perfect copy he struck off. 
 
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This srasrll volume is truly literary 
 curiosity. The small Treatise was 
 translated by a youth only 15 years 
 of age, and for which small work the 
 same youth cut the type , composed 
 himself the forms of letter, and then 
 worked off the sheets. * He afterwards 
 to complete the process bound up the * 
 small volume as here. It may be con¬ 
 sidered as unique and only a suitable 
 volume for the library of a curious 
 • collector, as it may be ranked among 
 the literary curiosities to show what: 
 unaided genius can effect in the wilds 
 of Scotland. 
 
 It was presented by the eminent 
 Bookseller Y/illiam Blackwood to Sir 
 Francis Free ling as an enrichment and 
 suitable companion to his rich collec¬ 
 tion of very rare and curious books. 
 
 I think this the most rare and 
 curioits article I have ever had the 
 pleasure of forwarding for Mr. F* s in¬ 
 spection. 
 
 P bought it from the party who 
 
 arranged Sir Fse.®ling*s sale. 
 
 v i 
 

EXTRACTS 
 
 On the 
 
 NAT UK AL HISTORY 
 
 FROM F, RUBBER, 
 
 ELGIN: 
 
 i. . • • 
 
 FEINTED FOR AND b\ EoEL 
 
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 ■■■■ - 
 
EXTRACTS FROM HUBER 
 
 ON BEE?; 
 
 -i 
 
 i A'AF Hives used by the author. 
 
 These are ve-y favourable fcr 
 inipeeting Che bees. 
 
 h opposition to the different 
 opinions o: Swammerdam, Reau¬ 
 mur, Debraw Hattorf See. he found 
 by many experiments that the 
 Queen bee leaves the Live to be 
 fecundated by the drones. 
 
 Experiment. T,vo hives were ta¬ 
 ken; from the 1st. all the drones 
 were carefully excluded, and in the 
 
 y 
 
 2d all the crones were confined. 
 
^ FECUNDATION CF 
 
 The queers of both were, yonrg. 
 The 'workers bad perfect liberty. 
 The que.is of both remained hirrert. 
 Which experiment proved that the 
 queen coold r.c-t be fecundated in 
 the interior of the hive. 
 
 Exp. O' the 29 thof Jure, 178C, 
 the author [laced Liirself before 
 a rivv r.hcsa queen was 5 days old. 
 The queen appeared at the en¬ 
 trance and took flight. In halt an 
 hour, s’ e re-entered the hive wit 
 evident marks of fecundation: In 
 two days she began to lay eggs 
 in the workers cells. 
 
 Exp. On 2d jdy, set at liberty 
 an ur impregnated young queen, 11 
 days oil: s e soon took flight ard 
 
 returned 
 
*a i 
 
 THE GUEtN EEE 
 
 gjf : 
 
 3 
 
 ; • ; ' ; ’ y J V ”7 n -' "J 5 
 
 ritarn-d ia half an hcnr. See. as 
 
 •' • * -• ; >•*•' i- •, -* i'v. • . 
 
 the .other. 
 
 Saaie expeiiiiGrt made on qiicms 
 SP? £5 and 30 d?ys old; and all 
 became fertile after a single i&t 
 r^gr.ahon: Eat those imp regret^- 
 ?fter the twenty-seccrd day, lay 
 rrly the eggs cfdr^a;'-;.-while these 
 impregnated during the first 15 
 d ..~ys ci fc-.eir fives', ]'y the eggs of 
 both wer.horo and^drexesr 
 A single i m i r eg tut is a is ; g u£Q. c i e nt 
 the qeeiiS eps^ for two whole 
 
 ye rs. f 3 ? : 
 
 Ctirnnomy, H I.uea, there are 
 PetWeen fa teen yiirurcd me! t^o 
 ti oassnd' drc^cs. 
 
 ; r •;;*•' / \ ' - 
 
 A^ggs are fined almost vertically 
 hy ere eni near the bottom cf the 
 
4 
 
 IMTiECiKAUON OF 
 
 cel 1 / " ' 
 
 The queen I-vs from Apnl to 
 
 Sr.pten.be c. 
 
 T:;p. Or: the 4t'd cf Oct. a yocrg 
 qtiJer, after many exits, met with 
 ? e drones: .Let, instead cf hying 
 r forty six hears, trrle eggs, ei.e 
 ^e] vyed i.tying them, on account cf 
 winter, till March next Sprhg. 
 When b*cs observe cn egg ] - id 
 toe near- the mouth of the cell, 
 
 * i - r ~9 &^tsnd the cell beyond the 
 
 Soria of the comb. 
 
 * ; > 
 
 * - Qvens will rot 1 ay worhrs tto; 
 
 in large cello:(viz 
 
 * 3 ... 
 
 * rones (e Hsvj 
 
 iioes eat the eggs crept ly the 
 
 c; ueC-j, 
 
 Ci tVays i c,y 7.0.1:ere eggfc 
 .nc drones* mUu’ge ceMs. 
 
E at when th e i :?> : i r sr\ f t\ - : i: \ s r j? „ 
 farcied, they l.^y c rone,. efgs in 
 large and small tills, which, pro¬ 
 duce large and small drones: .they 
 also lay drone eggs in royal ceks. 
 
 Vvhe-n queens begin their greet 
 laying of male eggs, the workers 
 
 construct royal cells. 
 
 According to Schirrach, Bee? f 
 when they have lost their queer, 
 can convert common worms, three 
 or four days old into queens. 
 They first make it thus :(>•;;,)and 
 then after 3 days they make i 
 
 thus:[{)] attached Ly its 
 
 the comb. 
 
 side to 
 
 Combats of Queens. 
 
 Exp. In a hive were 5 royd cells. 
 
 fT 
 
6 
 
 
 COMBATS 
 
 When the eldest left her cell, 
 she ran to the other royal cells, 
 attacked the nearest, tore it up, 
 and sturg the young queen within, 
 to death. The same she did to 
 the other ro^al cells. The bees 
 extract the nymph or worm when 
 dead. 
 
 Exp. In a hive, two queens left 
 their cells at the same moment. 
 They rushed together and seized 
 cne another, but when they found 
 that they were about to sting one 
 another reciprocally atthe same 
 moment, they both retired precipi¬ 
 tately. .. ‘ . v 
 
 They attacked one another agai^ 
 gnd at last one got"above The 
 
7 
 
 OF QUEERS 
 
 otV"? a a] %T7? her a mortal sting;. 1 
 Nature -fes ordained that when both 
 f >;.il th 'mselreo about to be st urg, 
 they tied From ore another, that 
 t ,sv ~i l .!rht rot both perish. The 
 workers shop* the queens when Ay¬ 
 r's:. :ro:n one an:tiler, seized their 
 iihhs and detained then', prisoners, 
 f‘il they again attacked one ano¬ 
 ther. This was a combat of Vir¬ 
 gin Queers. 
 
 < 
 
 E:-;o. Three rcyrl cells were in- 
 tr. ln ed Tto a hive whose queen 
 «ns fertile. When she observed 
 thsrn, she sprang forward, and stung 
 them t&' the Lobes. 
 
 Ksp. Irtcthe sanre live, ws in- 
 Another fertile^ queens 
 
8 
 
 \ 
 
 co.MB.irs ' 
 
 r ili3 WSrkefs immediately formed 
 eireloS around both queens, and re- 
 •sttsined all their motions, except 
 when a: J v?ncirg toward each other. 
 The queen of the hive at last gave 
 1 hi^ stranger queen a mortal stirr. 
 I hii was a Combat of Fertile 
 'Queers. 
 
 Er:p. A fertile queen was introdu¬ 
 ced into -a Hive which had a V ir¬ 
 gin Queen. 
 
 Vv -eft in sight they rushed toge¬ 
 ther, and aimed several stings at 
 each other. At last the virgin 
 queen gave her rival a mortal sting, 
 hi e bees formed circles around 
 and confined them, ns in the- icr- 
 Kzr experiment. 
 
OF QUEENS 
 
 9 
 
 This was a Combat of an ole and 
 young Queen, or cf a fertile and 
 udmpreg :atfd. 
 
 No C ueen can enter a hive at 
 its mouth, 131’, as the bees or guard, 
 examine and touch with I heir an¬ 
 tennae every individual that enters 
 their hive, they immediately sur¬ 
 round a stranger queer, and keep 
 her prisoner, till she dies witaLu: - 
 ger or want cf air. Eut if they 
 have bat their o wn queen, 2 nd 24 
 Lours have slapsedeir.ee th t time, 
 th: y joyfully receive the str r.ger; 
 and if they have begun Royal Cells, 
 they jmmeiiatjly disccnkue them. 
 
 The common Bees sometimes 
 enter the cells and remain 15or 2.0 
 
10 METAMORPHOSIS 
 
 minutes motionless: This is to 
 repose themselves. 
 
 The Drones do not enter the 
 cells to repose, hut cluster toge¬ 
 ther on the ccmts. 
 
 In Hi/es, there is first the egg; 
 then the Dry**, worm, or cater¬ 
 pillar; then the chrysalis or nymph ; 
 and lastly the pet feet bee. The 
 eggs of workers are three days eegr, 
 five clays worms, then their cTh 
 are ebsed with a wax covering, 
 uni the worms spin their cocoons/ 
 in doing which they spend 38hours: 
 m 3 days 3 feetjimorphcjse* into 
 4 oyirphy and passes six ii: fc is 
 
 *A sort of siifeeu web; 
 
OF THE EGGS 
 
 11 
 
 fVJ 
 
 torn; a 
 
 :d on 
 
 the twentieth 
 
 day of.. 
 
 . their. 
 
 . -Q .O V - C; 
 
 ,A ;V, V 
 
 tone 
 
 e 
 
 % 3D- 
 
 rTr the 
 
 V • • 
 
 w i::ged 
 
 5. | j 
 
 ^ f- f p 
 
 O ^vaC.i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. oe e 
 
 3P 
 
 c 
 
 r 
 
 k hi C. 
 
 ess ore 
 
 three -> 
 
 c:. a ?o ii 
 
 th' 
 
 £ 
 
 state* 
 
 , and five dovs 
 
 
 wor; 
 
 
 , then 
 
 tleii c 
 
 oils are ... 
 
 i . 1 V «fi 
 
 C 
 
 dosed andlt&ey si in their cccoor s 
 gi? day; for the 2 and S-Srds of 
 next day it reposes; then a ryjrph 
 it ‘ co:.tii.u:s 4 and l-Sri d?y>.:ofc 
 the end cf which time (viz. 16 
 d^y3 it becomes a perfect queen. 
 
 The Drone is three days *?(-gc« 
 6 and a half a worm, and becomes 
 rfeet oi the 24th after the egg 
 
 iJ - v«. 
 
 < o v > f 1 
 
 The worms of both Workers 
 and Drones make complete cocoons, 
 
12 
 
 FORMATION 
 
 tui. of Queens spi -i iir. perfect 
 cocoons, open behind: wlyF That 
 they ir.ay be more easily stung ly 
 the:r thvsIs ! 
 
 ±he size rf the Bees is not af : * 
 feet?d by the size cf the. crib; 
 
 fclit ll £ P Cpl] * cyy»-«*<7] j 
 
 c ~ me s:zs 
 
 ci the bee is crqnpcd. ' 
 
 •borination oi Swarms. 
 
 -^he old Queen always Leads t ; :@ 
 firet swana, but first deposits egg.-? 
 in the royaj cells, 
 
 Exp. On the loth cf May t o 
 Workers cf a hive began 22 Rt.y J 
 Ceils in whkh tha qqoen jaia." 
 
 On the 19 they s^aimed with era 
 cin queen at tr.eif head, Nr.:<t 
 tpri^ # vhiy ^a-riucd 
 
OP SWARMS 13 
 
 with the same old quec& at their 
 head. 
 
 If a hive be thin, no rcyal cells 
 ate Constructed, because they co 
 rcfc require them for z warning. 
 
 When a hive is at out to svv*:mc, 
 the Queen becomes agitated, aui 
 dso cd umucicates' her agitation to 
 the workers, auu they dl lush out 
 precipitately at tae mouth of die 
 hive. 
 
 When a hiv e wishes to STui’-fn, 
 and it has no oi l Queen, hut young 
 queens in their cells, they detain 
 the young queens m their cello t4l 
 till they con fly; and when the el¬ 
 dest ban left its ceil and-, : endea¬ 
 vours to destroy &e other royal cells,. 
 
14 
 
 pQ&yiAft: it 
 
 >nr 3 
 
 ,c l f &~A ifirtti -by the 
 vrcfkerg, and thth ft is faced to 
 swarip* 
 
 a-- Spi-J f*, n f&ttile Qu£*e.o J a vs 
 2 r/.n.y egrs rf Drorfs, and at that 
 time Rcyij Celia sre formed. 
 
 A queen Li tried ir. Bpriig will 
 not lay above so eggs of Dro_ 
 damgthe whole ensuing summer. 
 
 Tae Queen Beesometimes emits 
 a sound which strikes the bees 
 nii tiodesa. 
 
 Yeung bees cannot fiy f cr # dry 
 or two after leaving their ce h 
 
 ia? y ire t,iea of a er.yish colour, 
 Kabs are weak. 
 
 -iLo- young qneens conducting 
 swarns sroai their native hive are 
 
OF SWARMS^ 15 
 
 still in a virgin state. The day 
 rfter being Fettled in their new 
 hive, tiny generally depart in quest 
 ei the drones; and this is usually 
 fke ; fifth of their existence as 
 qneers ;• far 2 or 3 pass in capti¬ 
 vity, o:;e in their native hive, and 
 i tilth in their r/ew hive. 
 
 If the weather be bad, the old 
 queen destroys t l e royal cells, and 
 there is no swarm. f 
 
 The heat of the hive probably 
 rakes them swarm. 
 
 When the four wings of Queens 
 were.amputated, they did net cease 
 ] yisg, and the same respect was 
 paid them by the tees. The same 
 wa$th$.ca$e ^ben oe€ of the aaten- 
 
26 
 
 FOrtMATi'JN 
 
 Bae was cat Off. But n-tet bcfh 
 were cut _cff, their fnrti.rc t was 
 quite impaired. They dropped th, j • 
 eggu, ran quietly abed; the hive, 
 rushed out and fell down on the 
 ground: the bees did rot acccmpg- 
 uy tiem. Two Queens amputated 
 cf their antennae did ret fight to- 
 g ether. 
 
 The Antennae are the organs of 
 tcu-h, or smell,,or of both. 
 
 The interval! between the combs 
 °f a Hive j s generally four lines 
 which is equal to half an inch. 
 
 . lhe di8 -‘acce to which "lees fly 
 15 not a ^ve half a league. 
 
 Ia a populous Hive, in Winter, 
 t^e thermometer itar.ds at. g Q cr 
 
. OF SWARMS 17 
 
 S3 deg. wien in the open air it 
 X3 below freezing. In summer, it 
 is between 95 and 97 degrees. 
 
 jfiNiS 
 
 Hinted by K. tl 0 in. 
 
ftjf . - 
 
 18 : ^ SWAHMIN3 ■ K 
 
 on the edge c£ the hitfe, in clusters 
 beside each other, and set a hive 
 raised at cne edge, above them 
 both, and let them ascend, and per¬ 
 haps one, of the Queens will be hil¬ 
 led. If two second swarms were to 
 come off on the same day from dif¬ 
 ferent hives, you might unite them 
 in the same manner. If two swarms 
 would corns off at the same time 
 and go together, they will make 
 an excellent hiye ^-except they fight, 
 and then they may be separated 
 by throwing earth or water on them, 
 Cut off, or gently singe with 
 straw the rough snags cr s 1 raws in 
 hives before ypv pit hoes in 
 
SWARMING 
 
 them. Rub the hive with honey or 
 sugared ale to make the bees as¬ 
 cend the faster. If the swarm 
 inclined to fly away, make a tink¬ 
 ling noise with a pan, on the side 
 contrary to that most fit for their 
 Settling: bat da not begin till the 
 most of the swarm has come off* 
 When a swarm rises in a windy 
 day, they are very irritable and 
 apt to sting. Hives fixed near the 
 places where bees cemmOnly settle 
 and rubbed with sugared ale, or 
 old hives (with old combs in them) 
 may sometimes allure your own 
 swams to settle in them: But 
 
16 SWARMING • 
 
 this is unlawful if yea hsv£ ary 
 neighbours who also keep bees. 
 
 If a swarm chances to rise with¬ 
 out a Queen, they will return back 
 again to the mother hive. Eees 
 when swarming, are generally ve¬ 
 ry peaceable. Swanns should he 
 hived as soon as settled. You snouid 
 use a large, middling, or small 
 •hive, according to the size of your 
 s^arm, and the season oi the year. 
 
 A swarm should he attended to 
 the day that it rises (and even 
 some days after, till you see the 
 bees begin to carry in farina)lest 
 they, should rise again. If a amm 
 
8WARM1-N&> |fi 
 
 Iliac has risen attempt to settle 
 on another stock hive, stop the doc,.? 
 0rd. throw a- cloth upon the stock,- 
 place an empty hive a little raised 
 above the stock, and they will C,u/'* 
 ter therein. Or, stop the door' of 
 the stock hive ard remove it to 
 co :n e d i s t a r. c a: immediate ly pi a c e 
 an empty hive in its place, and the 
 swarm wilL .extern it*, U a, swarm 
 takes upon a Jow shrub, or on Che 
 'ground, place the, iaper edge of the 
 hive ekse to the cluster, and have 
 the o her .edge raised a, little from 
 thogvouad. Always spread ayAoth 
 , a swarm, to ward efi the 
 
 over 
 
ii&af; of the san, and prevent the in 
 fioia rising again. Td prevent a 
 S!»varm from taking on an in convex 
 Kient place, threw a handkerchief 
 on the place; they will perhaps 
 hake on it: then place them on the 
 ground and set a hive over them* 
 If your s;varm By oir to a distance 
 perhaps to another apiary, or to 
 some dead hive> observe’ the Ik# 
 tcey take, fer they fly in & direct 
 line: ran elcfeg tlrh thm as he 
 £3 ye ii can; bet whdfi they have cut* 
 stripped yot?, still coStinue in the 
 straight line, and perhaps it will 
 lead you to some apiary where they 
 
SW A EM IK 0 , 
 
 have settled, or you will perhaps 
 discover them in some tree, bush. 
 See* If-a swaim settle in a hollow 
 tree, taka them out by handfuls; 
 or- rap them out. If a swarm be 
 likely to come off, which the mo¬ 
 ther Live canrot afford to vyart, 
 placing an. eek below the -stock; 
 will porhaps prevent its swarming. 
 
 Before 2nd and 3rd swarms, the 
 bees do not lie out in clusters, but 
 come off in a tody, even In unfa¬ 
 vourable weather. But you may be 
 ■always certain if you shall have a 
 second or third swarm, by listening 
 at night to hear if there is peep¬ 
 ing in the hive: by listening 8, 
 
24 
 
 &W A iAiv'i l f-J 
 
 10, or 12 days after a first swarm 
 has risen you will hear the young 
 Qusens crying peep, peep. JBat 3rd 
 swarms are of more disadvantage 
 than u ,s, for they impoverish the 
 stoek, and being so late, and so 
 few, they cannot subsist through the 
 winter: therefore ycu should eek 
 your stocks alter a second swarm. 
 The earlier a hive swarms, the 
 better; but that they will not do 
 uatill they are ready. If your bees 
 settle on an inconvenient place, tie 
 twigs or nettles to the end of a- 
 loug pole, and disturb the cluster 
 with it till they rise again and 
 
imkRuum 
 
 perhaps t ike in a tetter place. 
 
 The way some people hive their 
 swarms is this: They held the emp¬ 
 ty hive below the cluster; thee 
 give a few smart blows to the branch 
 the cluster is upon, when the great¬ 
 er part of it falls into the hive - 
 they then take them nimbly to the 
 ground, and tu-n the hive on one 
 edge, and the other raised; then 
 the bees begin to aseend; but as 
 some will remain on the bough, it 
 is shaken continually by a long 
 pcle till they rejoin the rest. 
 
 Generally before a hive swarms 
 the firsttime, drones appear, but 
 
26 SWARMING 
 
 lA- r '' “ 
 
 ..sometimes they will swam with? 
 out any appearing before that,' fcfco 
 no doubt there are numbers ia the 
 warmer parts of the hive.' 
 
 When bees cluster out for some 
 time, ifc is a sign that they wish 
 to swarm, but the young queens are 
 not yet ready. 
 
 After shifting the situation of a 
 hive, y;i 2 should be cautious to de¬ 
 tain your lees within the Live, if 
 it be"tad weather, till a good day 
 comes * because' many of the bees 
 will fly back to their former place, 
 and alight on the ground and die. 
 This case dees rot bold, if the 
 
gW&HMIN# 
 
 hm bo removed several miles: hit 
 even then they should not be let cut 
 till a good day comes; as they will 
 find the place strange, and may a- 
 light on the ground, and termsb 
 themselves. 
 
 UNITING HIVES 
 
 <f To unite 55 is tg join two or 
 more swarms cr hives into cce; 
 “To reinforce” is to take some 
 bees from a strong hive and unite 
 then with * weak one;, and, “To 
 drive 5 is to cause the bees ascend 
 out oi the if own hive turned upside 
 
 down, into an empty, or into any o- 
 ther hive. 
 
28 '• < 
 
 T-c- tjfcifce two swarinS. (for in- 
 stance) turn one upside clown, set 
 the other exactly on it, stop the 
 edaes between the two hives, but 
 allow them a little air; rap on the 
 undermost hive, till you think the 
 bees have ascended which yon will 
 know by hearing their buzz in the 
 upper hive; if they do not abcend 
 soon, let them remain 2 or 3 days 
 till they have ascended. If they 
 fight* torn up the upper hive, and 
 sprinkle them with water: or stu- 
 pify them a little with smoke. 
 
 You might reinforce a weak hive 
 in summer, thus: place ycur weak 
 
REINFORCING 
 
 sg 
 
 hive on the spot whore a; strong 
 hive stands, and remove ycur strong 
 hivs 30 or 40 yards distance j ail 
 the bees 0? the strong hive that 
 were out working, will enter into 
 the weak hive and reimorce it: 
 But if they should fight, you must 
 replace both in their former situ¬ 
 ations: If they unite kindly remove 
 your Weak hive a mile or more from 
 where it stood, and replace the ■ 
 strong hive in its former situation. 
 If you did not remove ycdr weak 
 hive to a distance, all the bees or 
 the strong one would return tk their 
 own live again. 
 
ISi'e#? mite or re-inforce lot i& 
 fenier. In managing bees, yod 
 should be gentle and bold* When 
 rapping on a hive full of corhbs, 
 strike against the edges of the 
 combs not on theii* sides: for that 
 would loosen the combs and kill 
 the bees. 
 
 Another niethod cf re-infcrcing i 
 Bring your weak hive into a rocial 
 where there is one window; rap on 
 it turned upside clown; thebeeswill 
 
 fly to the windbw, and dash them- 
 
 ... 
 
 selves against the glass. Bring 
 
 your strong hive and rap a suffici- 
 number out dr it, and then replace 
 it in the apiary. Let the bees cf , 
 
,$f 
 
 both hives dash themselves half an 
 hour till they are a little cooled* 
 then present the weak hive to them 
 and they will unite kindly and ea-* 
 tpr into it; then remove it a mile* 
 Two small swarms, if they havy, 
 both risen in one day, may be u? 
 rited thus: Fpread a sheet on the: 
 ground; strike the edge of one .of 
 the hives on the sheet, and the 
 bees will fall out in a lump; take 
 the other and serve it in the same 
 manner close by or upon the first** 
 Set an empty hive above them, the 
 inner edge close to the clast or, 
 and the other edge raised and 
 
REINFORCING 
 
 $2 
 
 a little up by any thing: cover them 
 v?it!s a cloth and they will ascend. 
 
 Another method of re-infotcing: 
 Fill some empty combs with so 
 gated ale, place ihem on a bivs 
 "floor, beneath an empty hive; (f u * 
 some hay or herbs on the combs, 
 
 to prevent the bees damaging them¬ 
 selves), place this in the midst of 
 your apiary in the morning: a greet 
 number of lees .will go in to feast 
 on it; stop the door npon them 1 . 11 
 night, and the hees will ascend to 
 the top of the hive; then take 
 and place them inverted under 
 ycur weak hive which you wish 
 
XlElSF^fcOi-KG 
 
 to re- inforce, rap them up, and 
 they will unite, then remove your 
 hive a mile from its former situ¬ 
 ation. 
 
 Bonner advises to unite the bees 
 of any hive whose honey you intend 
 to make use of in autumn to any 
 other stock which is to be kept: 
 Key says it is not of the least ad¬ 
 vantage to save those bees of which 
 you take the honey in autumn, be¬ 
 cause every hive is very much 
 
 jT 1 " * 
 
 reduced by dtsoase and death in 
 
 winter.* , / i( , 
 
 *Th«t‘s not to the point, 1 pmuuue. — pR. 
 
S3) MAHAStMEMt ©£ HIVES 
 
 (in Oct. Nov. Dec. Jam Feo.j 
 
 Be sore to keep your hives warm 
 in winter: either keep them in & 
 ^cnden, mud or stone house and 
 aav& them thatched with straw* 
 or if they must stand cut, let them 
 be well limed and thatched with 
 straw. Some people have a kind 
 of earthen covets in the shape ot 
 hives, which fits and goes on a- 
 bove their hives, and the interval^ 
 between the hive and cover is fill¬ 
 ed up with pob or tow. There is a 
 part left opposite the door, and 
 there is 0- kind of circular edging 
 
t IN WINTER 85 
 
 turned up with a spout to waVd t£f 
 the rain. For the doospofycur hive 
 you should have a stick with two 
 small holes cut in it a qr. of an 
 inch high and wide: tut on any 
 fine day, when the bees are issu¬ 
 ing in great cumbers you may fake 
 if away till night. Yonr hives 
 should be well plastered about the 
 bottom with lime. It is a very good 
 cover for cat-standing hives to pot 
 a quantity of pob or tow on their 
 tops and then to plaster it down 
 with lime; because this both keeps 
 them warm and the lime car. be 
 easily taken off,' then pat a straw 
 
LIANA G&&MT OV HIVES 
 
 thatch over all* When there in a? 
 vere frost, c-r snow lying on the 
 ground, you should quite shut up 
 the entries of your hives with fob, 
 tow or tog; in frosty weather, to 
 keep them warm, and, when snow 
 is lying'on the ground, to prevert 
 ,hB bees coming oat when the son 
 is shining, alighting on it and pe¬ 
 rishing, as they ate allured by tee 
 
 &Vare of the siow. 
 
 ’ A Hive 'Should never te changed 
 
 from one place to another in bad 
 weather, for the bees always u.y 
 back to their former situation and 
 
IN WiK iXi* 
 
 m 
 
 perhaps aligflHlfJ 
 
 die: but IMfWWBSSMl^JI food, 
 
 fp 
 
 Bees h winter should be as little? 
 disturbed as possible. Vvhen b* e$ 
 have been lorg corf iced L y fro* t 
 or snowy weather, they become 'cl: - 
 sensed for ward of exercising and 
 emptying themselves; there fore, 
 when a mild day ensues after r.u h 
 bid weather, be sure to allow your 
 bees liberty to exorcise and emp¬ 
 ty themselves. 
 
 
Qfl Xivn #*>■» Av* OMf A HI VF.S 
 
 Ccld, foggy, damp weather in 
 winter, is very often fatal to bees* 
 becanse having no exercise they 
 become subject to a purging, by 
 which they are re ..used very weak, 
 and as they cluster together, they 
 soil and coi.ta.iiirate each other: 
 Take them into a warm room, brush 
 away the fouless from the edges 
 of the combs, set the hive a mo* 
 %% distance from the fire, give 
 jhern e - cry now and then a trough 
 
IN WINTBE . 89 
 
 of sugared ale and keep them in 
 the room for some days. 
 
 A certain degree of cold will 
 throw a weak hive into an useful 
 lethargy* while it has not the same 
 effect on a strong cne : on this prin¬ 
 ciple the weak hive may perhaps 
 survive, while the strong one will 
 perhaps die. The milder a winter 
 or Spring is, the sooner their ho¬ 
 ney is exhausted, bat the sooner al¬ 
 so they begin to breed, therefore 
 they must be fed (vid. feeding.) 
 
 The doors of your hives shodi 
 always remain open, except in fros¬ 
 ty or n.owy weather, as they know 
 
40 MA#rA0»'M#-NT OF HIVES 
 
 b ;stthemselves what weather they 
 eaa bear. The doors should be 
 Virgo or small always in proportu 
 01 to the goodness ct Ls0lcs« 3 of 
 ■the weather. 
 
 When bees are long confined* 
 tli4y become swoln perhaps to tie 
 size of a queen tee. Bees when 
 allowed to go out occasionally on 
 fine winter day;, get so much bc- 
 i.|fit by emptying and exercising 
 themselves, that they are able to 
 barn out their dead bees, and they 
 conclude the night with a song (4 
 great noise and humming) a sign 
 they are healthy ana nappy. Mere 
 
?M WINTER 
 
 41 
 
 hives die in severe than in mild 
 winders. In .January, every hiv© 
 must be gently lifted off the floor, 
 and the Boer must be carefully 
 cieaased of.dead bees and filth and 
 then it must be plastered about the 
 eiges again, and covered as be¬ 
 fore. 
 
 When a Queen-bee ties in win¬ 
 ter., and the bees have no eggs to 
 raise a young Queen from, (accr¬ 
 uing to Schirach’s method), they 
 desert their own hive and go into 
 other hives. When a hive dies In 
 winter or spring, it should be care¬ 
 fully kept to put swarms into. 
 
42 MANAGEMENT OP HIVES 
 
 » 
 
 (in March, April Ss 1st part May,) 
 
 The more bees a hive contains, 
 the greater their vianrth, whic.ti 
 causes them scorer to breed ia 
 spring, but the*sooner their honey 
 will be spent; and ttis is the rea¬ 
 son why so many hives die in spring, 
 because they then consume more 
 even than in witter, therefoie tlcy 
 should be doily fed. 
 
 The warmer hives are kept, the 
 better; therefore, in cold sprirge, 
 the doors should be closed afc night 
 &nd opened in the mcrcirg. In 
 march, when the bees begin to 
 
1 - m SPRING 43 
 
 work, £very hive should he again 
 lifted and cleansed from dead bees 
 find filth, and again plastered about 
 the skirts, 33 was before done in 
 January. 
 
 Sometimes, in Spring, hives at® 
 found without a single bee in them 
 (or, perhaps there may be a do 
 fees ot twa)> and the owner is at 
 a loss to account for the cause: 
 The reasons will be found to bo 
 
 6ns of these two :~— 
 
 1st. Perhaps after being shine- 
 time confined by bad weather, they 
 contract deseases and many of them 
 die, and then when good weather 
 
MASAtfBMJEWT OF HIVE® 
 
 mm$, the rest (except perhaps 
 tha Queen and a few tees) all go 
 tiad join themselves to other hives 
 that are in a healthy state. Or, 
 2nd. Perhaps the Queen has tied 
 ii winter or spring, -when the bees 
 had no common eggs from which to 
 
 raise another young queen [accor¬ 
 ding to Schirach’s method], and 
 therefore they would join them* 
 
 selves to other hives* 
 
 V\^hen 3 hive dies insptmg, aJ 
 the other hives near it will com¬ 
 mence robbing it, till the* leave 
 
 not a 
 
IN SPRING 
 
 64 
 
 Also, when other Lives perceive 
 that any 'one 3 has few bees end 
 plenty of honey, they will imme¬ 
 diately attack, rob and ruin it: 
 therefore you should never keep any 
 but good sfcoc* hives in autumn. ; 
 
 Observe that bees e.re fond of 
 chiek*nwort in spring before c~ 
 ther flowers b’ow. They are also 
 very fond of willows, from the blos¬ 
 soms of which they get a great 
 cleol of farina, and it blooms ear¬ 
 ly too. 
 
 FEEDING 
 
 Feeding of bees, in any season, 
 but especially in spnrg, is of great 
 
JTSEIHV & 
 
 46 
 
 advantage to them, as it or-hvcfcs* 
 fitricsithens and causes item to 
 breed earlier. It will be of advan¬ 
 tage to them even though they be 
 v/ 11 provided witn honey. 
 
 Nothing is better foe feeding bees 
 than -soft brown raw sugar] lib to 
 bait a pint (a gill scotch) cf mild 
 ole dissolved over the lire. This 
 composition of sugar [or honey ii 
 svero convenient j and ale dissolved 
 together, should be as thick as a 
 syrup, and should he given ctee e- 
 very day in little troughs. 1 he.se 
 troughs are made oi pieces of el¬ 
 der, angelica 0 ? otoer K.exes» suU 
 
munuQ-. 4f 
 
 down in the middhe, the pith zr$ 
 tnrk being taken away, and reclti- 
 cad to such a size as easily to go 
 in-at the door cf your hives. Their 
 length should be 7 or 8 inches, they 
 should he flatted a little on the 
 bottom, to make them sit steady, 
 -od tneir end should he closed up 
 with putty op cement. Tness 
 troughs, by passing -fat into the 
 hive, enable the tees to coir a 
 down to feed without charge? of 
 cold: they ate -also too narrow to 
 smother tkemsekes iu. li tne combs 
 will net Ut it in, cut a passag? 
 tor it with a long thin rrnii-r* 
 
FSXB1N3 
 
 Xh© trough s should hold itlosi? ! ?ii 
 an ounce which is enough for any 
 hive for a day and right. This 
 small quantity also prevents them 
 from feeding to excess, as they are 
 too apt to do, ana thereby iojunig 
 
 themselves. 
 
 Bees should be fed especially in 
 Spring, viz. March, April and 
 May, till you see them carrying m 
 
 loj/is i.i cousidetaoie numbers. 
 
 U spring, if you have several 
 
 hives, and ii have co neigh¬ 
 bours who keep Lees, (as every 
 hive will be better of feeding ac 
 this season} ; you may take an tmp- 
 
RC3BIKQ 
 
 49 
 
 tj oH comb sad pour ore aide of 
 it full of sugarf-d rjr?, flee ftee-e 
 It in the midst of ycur apiary? 
 where, cn a fire day, the bees 
 of all the hives will assemble 5 to 
 feed. An empty hire should be pla¬ 
 ced over the comb. Rut if yet i? 
 neighbour also keeps tees, they will 
 partake with your own. 
 
 This can be only cone in fine 
 leather: perhaps the bees may 
 fjtrh rrell and box a little, but they 
 will not kill each other. 
 
 ROBBING 
 
 The seasons of robblcgare March 
 and April in Sptirg, and August atcl 
 
50 
 
 bob miw 
 
 ' September in Auturrr. Tht W 
 fepri.g is seldom r.rd trilling, tut 
 m Autumn (when the Bowers have 
 ■'given over yielding honey) very fre¬ 
 quent and formidable. Wnen strong 
 swarms have acam dated little 
 store, they resolve, rather then 
 starve, to pluncer their weaker 
 neighbours, who Lave plenty oi to- 
 hey. When you see Lees c; caging 
 about the door of a hue and the 
 bees cf the hive enrie ourirg to 
 seize them a» they slight; and 
 when you see them struggling and 
 battling before the door of a hive; 
 you may be sure t a? robber a are 
 
there : contract yen? dcorS tame- 
 diaf ely to two small holes a qua?- 
 tar of m inch long and wide the. 
 same as in winter, for a few Lees 
 can defend a narrow pass against 
 a multitude. If yea think it is ycur 
 neighbours bees, close the doors c£ 
 all your Litres late at nighty neat 
 day (if it is your neighbours bees 
 that are the robbers,) they will 
 b' Backing thick about .the doer c 
 the attacked hive; take a thin 
 piece of wood and knock them all 
 down as long as any appear. 
 
 If, when robbers attack a hive, 
 they can kill the Queer.* thfetnaj* 
 
 r"f> 
 
t 
 
 lately the bees of the hiv€ 
 victors and help to carry ole 
 
 their o%H honey. 
 
 "When hives do co f attack rob- 
 borSj it is* a very tuspinions sig-ft 
 
 UT their weakness ana poverty, or 
 that their Que'ea is killed. Gccd - 
 hives will keep a• guard always at 
 their' 1 do'ors in the s£a®wQ» >• 
 
 ■ * ■ ,• < j^memips ;■• - 
 
 Bees have many enemies. £waU- : 
 lo'-.vo, woodpeckers, heas, robins snd ■ 
 sparrows U* wy pPeJudic W tn‘ 
 
 v y 11-» soene ot the in catch they 
 tift? others 'oir (hr ground/ 
 
suraMiu# T> £3.. 
 
 .Mice, in winter, get into hives 
 sft the too large doors; they are 
 tngry pernicious, as they devour Jio- 
 ney, combs, bees and all. Eut iS 
 the doors be small enough, there 
 is so fear of them; sometimes, in¬ 
 deed, they will gnaw, their way 
 ihrs.igji the straw, hut in this they 
 may be' detected by often respect¬ 
 ing them. 
 
 Wasps are destructive to hive?. 
 One wasp is- a natch for three 
 bees. .When you see. clem begin 
 (n> attack, contract your doors, and ^ 
 treat them as the robber Si 
 
 Xhs waxWloth is a very dange-. 
 
mis enemy. She tcdesruus H get 
 in at eorae hole, cr at the cco? of 
 the hive. When s’ e has got in, she 
 hays he? eggs, aid her young spa 
 p. web about their selves, aro pro¬ 
 gressively consume the whole hive. 
 They are most often found in cid 
 sti'aiv hives. Frequent cleaning the 
 {•oors wi‘.l best gi.au against this 
 enemy, as also against earwigs, 
 wood lice, &c. 
 
 Snails wifcnout shells sometimes 
 creep into hives io wet weather; 
 tiey do CO injury to honey or tees, 
 but are only at cbstiupticn sn the 
 
STegK H’itfJS’ 
 
 £0 
 
 Spider’s webs are yejy~<!ea«.! no 
 tive to bees, as they are eBfan¬ 
 gled in them when flyirg afccufy 
 and are immediately seized ty 
 spider: therefore you should always 
 clear away their web$> whea ne>fc 
 your apiary. 
 
 -• -r\ 
 
 Directions for knowing good 
 swarms, proper to keep for stock 
 hives. 
 
 
 
 First, If a ■good swarm, the hive 
 which contains’ it should fee 12 in¬ 
 ches high and 1$ fide : €t. should 
 hold 2 acd-tr half or even 3 pecks- 
 Also (if a real good one) it should 
 
STOCK HIVES 
 
 66 
 
 fi'avfe in it 30 thousand tees. 
 
 Weight of Bees. 
 
 4,640 bees weigh - - — 1 Lb. 
 
 It therefore, before you hive a 
 swarm, you weigh the empty hive 
 . hito which it is to be put, you can 
 at nigat weigh hive, bees aod all 
 together: then deduct the weight 
 of the hive, and you will then know 
 the exact weight and cumber of 
 your b>es. If the bees weigh 3 and 
 a half lbs. (about 16 thousand bees) 
 they are a middling swarm: u 
 they weigh four ib. 5 oz. [twen¬ 
 ty thousand lees] they are a very 
 
STOCK JNVES 
 
 t? 
 
 good swarm: if they weigh 5 lb. 
 7 02. (treaty five thousand bees) 
 they are a real good swarm; JEut 
 if they weigh 6 lb. 8 and a half cz. 
 [30 thousand bees] they are an ex¬ 
 traordinary swarm. If they weigh 
 any intermediate weight between 
 the above mertiooed, you can ea¬ 
 sily know the goodness of yctir 
 s firm, by multiplying the eight 
 of your bees in lbs, by 4640 bees. 
 But if yon do not know the num¬ 
 ber or weight of your bees, yet a 
 hive is a good 0Le if it be well 
 :filled with honey'and bees, and 
 
itocs Hivai 
 
 weigh (In autumn) 30 lb. ot mote, 
 Vide,' looey, bees and altogether. 
 A yotmg hive should always be 
 
 preferred to an old one* 
 
 The door o£ a hive, is summer, 
 
 shcoli fee 2 and a half inches wide, 
 and half an inch high; or 3 inches 
 wide, and three eights of an inch 
 high: but if the hive be small it 
 should akofce smaller in proportion. 
 
 The floors of hives are best 
 made of yellow deal, 1 in. tbic?, 
 and exactly plain and level. 
 
 There should ba four sticks pla¬ 
 ced across each ether at proper 
 distances: [it seems there is i.^ 
 
stock, ssiw 
 
 &9 
 
 need for a crown stick,] 
 
 Bees ara very fond of gooseber¬ 
 ry blossoms, from which they only 
 get honey, according to my test ob¬ 
 servations. . . 
 
 The above Extracts were co¬ 
 pied, some from Key, some fiom 
 
 hornier 2* 
 
 t 
 
 
 -M» 
 
 4C- |J 
 
INDEX. 
 
 t;: 
 
 
 ■ti, 
 
 C*> '■ 
 
 <Queen be® 
 DVons s 
 
 hi 
 
 erg 
 
 ^penments 
 6. 
 
 StiogS 
 Bee dress 
 d: 
 
 
 • Y 
 
 *>. * 
 
 * 
 
 Bee ’Itowers 
 gtory method - 
 Breeding oZ bee* 
 Swar rning 
 Uniting hives 
 &eiaforcic 
 
 ■ > 
 
 «W> 
 
 P« 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 »/ 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 c/7 
 
 5-8 
 
 *vk c? to 
 
2ttX>ftX 
 
 Cl 
 
 Management of hives in winie? 84 
 Management of hives in spring 42 
 
 Feeding - - * : 
 
 G 45 
 
 Kobbing * 
 
 49 
 
 •Ensraies 
 
 52 
 
 Good Stock Hives - 
 
 55 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Printed by B. Busselj El^in. 
 

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