CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM HC107.N7°A65""'™"'""-"'"^ ^""RillillimlllllllSiiiiltefH^^ """ wealth oljn 3 1924 030 042 737 Overs -^1 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030042737 ■^H.Co.HliYofili. THE EMPIRE STATE ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. ALSO AN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN Oneida, Herkimer, Fulton, IVIontgomery, Otsego, Nladlson, Schotiarle, Chenango, Oswego, Sctienectady, Jefferson and St. La^^rence Counties. ILLUSTRATED. PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING CO., I02 Chambers Street, NEW YORK. GENERAL INDEX. PAGE Abeung, W. J., Tobacco, etc., Canajoharie 131 Ackerknecht, E.,Manfr. Kid Leather, etc., Johnstown, 140 Ackler, J. H., Groceries, Ilion 106 Ackley, D. B., & Co., Stationers, etc.. Little Falls 123 Adams, A.M., Kid and Yellow Leather, Johnstown. . . 145 Adams, V., Manfr. Paper Boxes, Little Falls 122 Agricultural Insurance Co., Watertown 269 Aldridge, D., Manfr. Cigars, Rome 193 Alger, M. D., Hardware, etc., Rome 190 AUman House, Theodore AUman, Propr., Herkimer., ill Amdursky , H. , Clothing, Fulton 266 Anchor Knitting Mill, R. Ablett, Propr., Little Falls.. 125 Andrews, Geo. F., Manfr. Carriages, etc.. Little Falls 125 Andrews, E. M., & Co., Groceries, Oswego.- 250 Argersinger, P. P.,& Co., Manfrs. Gloves, Johnstown. 145 Arkell & Smith, Manfrs. Paper Flour Sacks, etc., Canajoharie 129 Arlington Hotel, Rome 195 Aucock, R., Photo Supplies, etc., Utica 89 " Aunt Ruth's " Quaker Remedy, Fulton 261 Austen, E. W., Druggist, Oswego 237 Avery, A. H., & Son, Crockery, etc., Gloversville. . . . 156 Backus, H. C, Veterinary Surgeon, Herkimer 112 Bacon & Pillmore, Dry Goods, etc. , Rome ig2 Baker, T. B., Agt. for the Ball and Socket Fastener Co., Johnstown 146 Baker, T. J., Bottler, Oneonta 216 Balch, W. F., Printer, Utica 89 Ballard House, Otsego Lake 220 Ballston Spa House, Geo. D. Story, Propr., Ballston. . 1S4 Ballston Spa National Bank, Ballston 185 Banner Shoe Store, The, Oswego 253 Barbour, W. J., Music, Ogdensburg 278 Bard & Griffith, Boots, Shoes, etc., Oneonta 216 Barker's, Jno., Vienna Bakery, Fulton 260 Barkhuff, J. A., Ph.D.. Druggist, Amsterdam 170 Barney, H. S., & Co., Dry Goods, etc., Schenectady.. 181 Bauder, F., Real Estate, etc., Schenectady 181 Baxter, E. G., Broker, etc., Oswego 249 Beattie House, Wm. McWenie, Propr., Little Falls... 124 Bechard, L., Watches, Clocks, etc., Oswego 241 Becker, S. D., Livery Stable, Oswego 257 Bell Bros., Watches, Diamonds, etc., Ogdensburg. .. . 277 Bell, H. H., & Sons, Manfrs. Knit Goods, Gloversville 159 Bennett, L., Tailor, Little Falls I2i PAGE Bennett, R. G., Agt. Carriages, etc., Oswego 247 Benton, O. A., Fruit, Confectionery, etc., Oneonta... 216 Benze, H. C, Tailor, Canajoharie 129 BeviUard, E. P., Watchmaker, etc., Rome 193 Bissell, J. G., & Co., Drugs, etc., Rome 192 Blend & Epps, Architects, Oneonta 213 Blount, G., Leather and Findings, Utica 100 Boardman, F. W., Manfr. Harness, Oneonta 212 Booth & Co., Salted Sheepskins, Gloversville 157 Bornstein, S., Crockery, etc. , Cobleskill 226 Borst, A. B., Furniture, etc., Cobleskill 225 Bostwick, J. N., Steam Granite and Marble Works, Amsterdam 170 Bower, Solomon, Manfr. Cigars, Little Falls 123 Bradford & Dickinson, Drugs, etc., Amsterdam 175 Bradt, J. C, Groceries, Oswego 255 Brady's, Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods, etc., Utica 87 Bragger, J. J., & Son, Plumbers, etc., Watertown... 271 Brandenstein, J., Manfr. Monuments, etc., Cobleskill 225 Breslauer, B., Glove Works and Millinery, Utica 97 Briggs, J. E., Mineral Waters, etc., Ogdensburg 278 Briggs, T. R. , Meat Market, Johnstown 139 Briggs, R. D., & Son, Machine Works, Oneonta 214 Britton, W. D., Gen'l Hardware, Ogdensburg 277 Broderick, T. J., Tailor, Rome 194 Brodock, C, Manfr. Soap, Rome 193 Brown, B. C, Undertaker, etc., Fulton 263 Brown, D. N,, Watches, etc., Johnstown 141 Brown, L. W., Livery Stable, Oswego 255 Brown, O. H., Insurance, Oswego 245 Buckley Bros., Manfrs. Shirts, Oneonta 217 Bulger, P. F., Real Estate, Utica 103 Bundy & Ford, Insurance, etc., Oneonta 212 Burch , C. B, , & Son, Dry Goods, etc. , Ilion 106 Burch, C. R. , Jeweler, Cooperstown 222 Burden & Marsden, Dry Goods, etc., Oswego. 240 Burdick, O. H., Cigars, etc., Watertown 270 Bussing, J. W., Hatter and Furrier, Amsterdam 169 Butman,J. J., Photographer, Little Falls 124 Butler, C. la Verne, Drawing Studio, Utica loi Butler, C. H., Druggist, Oswego 246 Butterworth, H., Manfr. Furs, Watertown 271 CallaghAN, A., Carriages, etc., Ogdensburg 279 Cameron, J., Fruits, Confectionery, etc.. Little Falls.. 125 Carlstrom, Jno. A., & Co., Tailors, Johnstown 140 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE Carpenter, W. N. , Provisions, Amsterdam 174 Carter, Thee, Groceries, etc., Oneida igg Case Bros., Tubular Fabric Drying Machine, etc., Am- sterdam 172 Case House, J. W. Case, Propr., Norwich 206 Casler, O. A., Groceries, Oswego 255 Cassidy, F. A., Undertalcer, Utica 98 Central Hotel, Spencer Hyney, Propr., Oneonta 212 Centre Street Music Store, Schenectady 179 Ceperley & Gardner, Steam Laundry, Oneonta 215 Chaffee's Phonographic Institute, W. G. Chaffee, Propr., Oswego 238 Chapin, S., & Son, Jewelers, Oneida 203 Chapman's, B. E,, Stationery etc.. Little Falls 124 Chappell, Chase, Maxwell & Co., Funeral Furniture, 200 Cheney, F. B., Clothing, etc., Oneida. 203 Cheney Hammer Co., The Henry, Little Falls 120 Cheney, J., Boots, Shoes, etc., Utica 97 Childs & Jones, Dairy Apparatus and Supplies, etc., . . . 85 Childs, L. C. , & Son, Printers, etc. , Utica 86 Churchill, A. C, & Co., Manfrs. Gloves, Gloversville 161 Churchill, J. H., Livery Stable, Little Falls 125 Citizens National Bank, The, Fulton 265 City Fouring Mills, Watertown 271 Clark, H., Furniture, etc., Norwich 208 Clark Opera House, Norwich 206 Clark, R. A., Carpets, Shades, etc., Oswego 257 Cole & Mack, Granite, etc., Oneida 200 Cole, G. H., Veterinary Surgeon, Oswego 248 Cole, J. M., Troy Steam Laundry, Gloversville 162 Colnon, A., Painter, Oswego 254 Colnon, J. W., Flour, etc., Ogdensburg 276 Collie, W. , Dry Goods, etc. , Gloversville 1 60 Collins the Grocer, Gloversville i6i Collins, D., Groceries, Little Falls 126 Collins, E. M., Frames, etc., Oswego 246 Collins, J., Livery Stable, Oswego 251 Commercial Hotel, Henry Whitbeck, Propr., Cobleskill 226 Commercial Travelers Mutual Accident Assn., Utica. . 85 Comstock, A., Lumber, Ballston 185 Conde, S., Manfr. Knit Goods, Oswego 258 Condit, A., Groceries, etc., Oneonta 213 Conley & Doran, Groceries, etc., Johnstown 139 Connell & Patterson, Dry Goods, etc, Fulton 261 Cook, C. D., Cabinet Ware, etc, Cooperstown 221 Cook, J. E., Plumber, Utica 99 Cooley, D. B., Dentist, Utica 87 Cooper, H. H., & Co., Manfrs. Clothing, Utica 100 Cornell Bros., Dry Goods, etc., Oneonta 216 Courter, S., Lumber, etc., Cobleskill 226 Cramer & Phillips, Leather Findings, etc., Oneida 202 Crane, F. M. , Studio, Ogdensburg 278 Cree & Harris, Furnaces, etc., Oneida 203 Cropsey, A., Lumber, Oswego 240 Cross, C. O., The Cross Creamery and Cold Storage, Johnstown 145 Culeton, M., Groceries, Oswego 251 Cullinan, P. J., Undertaker, Oswego 248 Cummings & Burr, Glove Leather, Gloversville 159 Curtis, D., Livery Stable, Ballston 184 PAGE Curtis, G., Manfr. Plows, Ogdensburg 276 Dain, John F., Funeral Director, etc., Oswego 252 Dart, F. W., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 160 Dater, H. C, Insurance, Ballston 184 Davidson, J. E., Clothing, etc., Schenectady 183 Davis, B. H., Confectionery, Herkimer 112 Davis, L. S., Hardware, etc., Canajoharie 130 Davis Sewing Machine Co., The, Watertown 270 Davis, W., Tailor, Schenectady 182 Dawes & Sutliff, Groceries, Johnstown 139 Decker, J. H., Son & Co., Manfrs. Gloves, Johnstown. 141 Decker, C. L., Fancy Goods, etc.. Little Falls 124 De Garmo, John, Groceries, etc., Johnstown 139 Dent, Wm., & Son, Machinists' Tools, etc., Utica 103 Dewey, M. J., Pianos, Organs, etc., Oneida 20i Dexter, W., Meat Market, Fulton 264 Diehl, P., Machinist and Engineer, Gloversville 159 Donnan, W. A., Groceries, Amsterdam 169 Donnelly, J., Tailor, Ogdensburg 278 Donnelly, J. B., Coal, Oswego 236 Doolittle, B., Propr, Deep Rock Spring, Oswego 242 Doolittle House, Scammon & Sawin, Proprs., Oswego. 256 Douglass & Downing, Wholesale Grocers, etc., Oneida. 201 Dovey, C. H., Manfr. Gloves, Johnstown 145 " Dow's " Studios, Ogdensburg 277 Doyle & Smith, Manfrs. Cigars, Oneonta 214 Drake, J. H., Paper Boxes, etc., Gloversville 159 Draper, D. C, Watches, Clocks, etc., Fulton , 261 Drumm's Sons, P. Z., Manfrs. Gloves, etc., Johnstown. 139 Dunlop, J.. Photo Artist, Gloversville 155 Dwyer, J. F. , & Son, Plumbers, Amsterdam 173 Dygert, D., Groceries, Ilion 106 Dygert, S., Photographer, Canajoharie 130 Eaton, F. H., & Co., Music, Gloversville 153 Ebblie & Cooper, Novelty Store Supplies, Oswego. . . . 257 Eggleston, C. S., Books, Stationery, etc., Fulton 265 Ellsworth, P., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 159 Ely, Jno. D., & Co., Stoves, Ranges, etc., Rome 191 Emdin, J., Optician, Utica 102 Emens, Dr. G. V., Master of Dental Surgery, Fulton. . 265 Empire Steam Laundry, J. Lennox, Propr., Oswego.. 248 Equitable Gas and Electric Co. of Utica 102 Erwin, C. W., Livery and Sales Stables, Ogdensburg. 277 Ethridge, A., &. Co., Wholesale Grocers, Rome igo Evans, R. J. & R., Manfr. Gloves, Johnstown 143 Evans, T. T., Jeweler, Utica gy Everts, Wm. A., Coal and Wood, Utica g6 Ezard, Geo., Watchmaker and Jeweler, Utica 87 Failing, A. H., Grain Commission Merchant, Oswego. 237 Fair, The, House Furnishing Goods, J. Gartner, Propr. , Amsterdam 168 Falkner, W. H., Hats, Caps, etc., Utica 92 Farmer, Mrs. H. E., Millinery, etc., Oneonta 215 Faulknor, J. S., Agt. Groceries, Amsterdam 172 Feeney, J., Hats, etc., Oswego 248 Fenimore, The, Jesse B. Brown, Propr., Cooperstown. 220 Ferres, J. G., Cutlery, etc., Johnstown 146 Field, A. C, Manfr. Harness, Johnstown 146 Filmer Bros., Manfrs. Shoe Kid, Gloversville 153 Filmer, J. W. & M., Oil Leather Dressers, Gloversville. 158 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE Finehout, J., & Son, Groceries, Canajoharie 130 Finley, P. A., Undertaker, etc., Ballston 184 First National Bank, Ballston 1S4 First National Bank, CobleskiU 225 First National Bank, Cooperstown 223 First National Bank, Fulton 263 First National Bank, Herkimer iii Fisk, N. S., Broker in Stocks, etc., Utica 95 Fitch Gear Co., Manfrs. Wagon Gears, Rome 192 Fonda, A. V., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 161 Fonda, G. B., Base Ball Supplies, etc., Johnstown.... 142 Foot & Wadleigh, Marble and Granite, Oswego 249 Ford, C. E., Jeweler, Oneonta 216 Ford, E. E., Druggist, Oneonta 213 Ford, E. R., Druggist, Oneonta 2U Ford & Rowe, Flour, Feed, etc., Oneonta 212 Fox, E. T., Tailor, Utica 94 Fraser, R., Dry Goods, etc., Utica 99 Frosher, J. , Grocer, Gloversville 157 French, C. M., Potraits, Oneonta . 211 Fulton, G. E. , Jeweller, Johnstown 143 Furbeck & Van Auken, Drugs, etc., Gloversville 160 Furbeck, J. A., Manfg. Confectioner, Gloversville.... i5i Gage, J. E., Flour. Feed, etc.. Little Falls 123 Gallagher, S. P., Grocer, Ogdensburg 279 Gamt, W. E., Manfr. Shirts, etc., Oneida 203 Gaylord, Downey & Co., Grain Commission Merchants, Oswego 244 Getman & Turner Bros., Manfrs. Carriage Wrenches, etc., Ilion 107 Giesler, H. C, Druggist, Fulton 260 Gilbert & Derochie, Coal, Ogdensburg 275 Gilberts Nichols, Proprs. Fulton Mills, Fulton 266 Gilliland's Sons, F., Manfrs. Dye Poles, Cisterns, etc., Amsterdam 1 68 Glennan, Bradish & O'Connor, Cigars, Ogdensburg... 275 Globe Woolen Co , Utica 98 Gloversville Knitting Works, The, F. W. Belden, Propr 154 Goodrich, E. A., Groceries, Norwich 207 Graham, J. H., Manfr. Harness, etc., Ogdensburg.... 278 Grant Block Works, The, Oswego 243 Great Yokohama Tea Company, Oneida 198 Gross, S. S., Wines and Liquors, Gloversville 153 Grupp Bros., Fresh and Cured Meats, Utica 98 Guy, Dr. S. S., Dentist, Herkimer iro Hackett, p.. Hardware, etc., Ogdensburg 279 Hackett House, W. Finn, Manr., Ballston 184 Hager, H. D., Groceries, etc., Rome 194 Haight & Co. , Tanners and Curriers, Ballston 185 Hall, Geo., & Co., Coal, Ogdensburg 279 Hall, M. M., Sod Oil, etc., Johnstown 143 Hall, W. E., Jeweler, Johnstown 142 Hall & Nash, Insurance, Norwich 205 Hall & Rourke, Painters, Oswego 248 Hallenbeck, A. & C, Manfrs. Carriages, CobleskiU. . . . 227 Hamilton, H. M., Insurance, Oswego 237 Hanna, A., & Co.. Tailors, etc., Fulton 265 Hannahs, H., Mili'nery, etc., Rome 191 Hand, J. J., & Co., Dry Goods, etc., Amsterdam 171 Hanford, G. R., & Co., Pianos and Organs, Water- town 271 Hansen's, Chr., Laboratory, Little Falls 122 Hanson, J. J., Stoves, Ranges, etc., Gloversville 157 Harder, M., Manfr. Threshing Machines, CobleskiU.. 225 Harkness, R., & Son, Crockery, etc., Norwich 206 Harmon, O. J., Real Estate, etc., Oswego 249 Hart, J. J. , Groceries, Schenectady 182 Harten, Chas., Insurance, Ilion 105 Harris, J., Tailor. Johnstown 142 Harris, W. A., Sewing Machines, Oswego 250 Harrison, A., Dry Goods, etc., Johnstown 144 Hatch, C. A., Insurance, Oneida 201 Hathaway House, Wra. Bronk, Propr., Oneonta 213 Havens, D. W., Iron Pipe, etc., Ogdensburg 276 Hayden, C. G., Crockery, etc., Oswego 253 Heacock, S. G., Pharmacist, Ilion 106 Heagerty, W., Fruits, etc., Oswego 252 Heagle, C, Tailor, Johnstown 138 Hecox, D. L., Contractor and Builder, Oneonta 213 Hegeman, John, Special Machinery, Amsterdam 170 Henry, Stuart, Stationery, etc., Johnstown 141 Herkimer Democrat, Herkimer 112 Hess, J., Manfr. Carriages, etc., Johnstown 140 Hess's Photographic Hall, CobleskiU 227 Hieber, J. C, & Co., Wholesale Dry Goods, Utica. ... 91 Hill, S. F., Boots, Shoes, etc., Fulton 266 Hill, S. M., & Co., Lumber, etc., Oneida 202 Hill & Simmons, Livery Stable, Canajoharie 130 Hitchcock, T. S., M.D.S., Dentist, Oswego 251 Hoff, R. N., Miller, Fulton 265 Hogan, R., Druggist, etc., CobleskiU 226 Hogle, C, Jr., Harness, etc., Gloversville 156 Holdredge, J. E., Tailor, Oneonta 216 Hollenbeck, S. & F., Boots, Shoes, etc., Johnstown... 139 Holtzman, Chas., Clothing, Schenectady 182 Hook, Pepper & Co., Manfrs. Fishing Rods, etc., Rome. 193 Hopkins, M. , & Co., Dry Goods, etc., Utica 86 Horn, H. V. D., & Son, Real Estate, etc., Utica 95 Horning's Paint Store, Paints, Oils, etc., Johnstown. . 147 Hose & Kieff , Architects, Waterto wn 270 Hotchkiss, A. E., Portrait Artist, Norwich 206 Houck & Patrick, Druggists, Gloversville 157 House, H. A., Furniture, etc., Ilion 108 Howell, W. B., Furniture, etc., Herkimer in Hoyt c& Butler, General Insurance, Utica loi Hubbard, M. H., Architect, Utica gi Hubbard & Rowland, House Furnishing Goods, Glov- ersville 160 Hughes & Jones, Wood Mantels, etc., Utica 91 Hull, J., Manfr. Leather, Gloversville 160 Humphrey & Edwards, Commission Merchants, Johns- town 138 Hurlbut, E. A., Grain, Ogdensburg 276 Hutchins, F. F., Propr. of the Bijou, Oswego 256 Hutchins, J. H., Insurance, Ilion 106 Hutchinson, J. C, Manfr. Gloves, Johnstown 141 Huyck & Diemel, Coal and Sewer Pipe, Herkimer. . . . 112 Ilion' National Bank, Ilion 108 Imlay's Cash Hat and Cap Store, Oswego 257 VUl GENERAL INDEX. PAGE India & China Tea Company, The, Utica 99 Ingersoll, B. E., Fish, Oswego - 250 Ingham, Wm. A., Propr. Valley Mills, Little Falls. . . . 122 Ireland Bros., Manfrs. Gloves, Johnstown 143 Jackson, C. H., Plumber, etc., Rome 194 Jeffers, S., Manfrs. Gloves, Gloversville 159 Jenkins, I. G., Timber Dealer, Oswego 241 Jennings & Bixby, Plumbing, etc., Oneonta 217 Jibson & Madigan, Boots & Shoes, etc., Oswego 249 Jones, C. P., Hats, etc., Oswego 246 Johnson, J. T., Tailor, Amsterdam 175 Johnston, Geo., Hardware, Stoves, etc., Fulton 263 Joslin, C. B., Boots and Shoes, Amsterdam 172 Judson, G. H., D.D.S., Dental Rooms, Oswego 248 Juno, J. S., Dry Goods, etc., Schenectady 183 Kehoe, T. & Son, Meats, etc., Oswego 236 Keith, H. C, Boots, Shoes, etc., Ilion 108 Kelley, E. E., Millinery, Utica 87 Kemp Bros., " Domestic" Sewing Machines, Utica 88 Kendrick Ensilage & Fodder Cutter, G. J. Emeny, Manfr., Fulton 264 Kent, P. E. Printing, Utica 97 Kenific, J. , Groceries, Oswego 242 Kennedy's Gallery, Amsterdam 169 Keystone Hotel, Gloversville 158 Kimball, Capt. J., Tobacco, etc., Oswego 251 Kingsford, T., & Son, Oswego Starch; Factory, Oswego 241 Kingsley's Great Wardrobe, Utica 96 Kirwan, M. J., Groceries, Oswego 257 Kittle, N. H., Druggist, Schenectady 178 Klages, Dr. F. W., Insurance, Utica 96 Klein, A., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 156 Kline & Hubbs, Pioneer Knitting Mills, Amsterdam.. 171 Knauer, E., Notary Public, etc., Schenectady 179 Knox, O. M., & Co., Hop Growers, etc., Oneida 198 Krueger, F. C, & Co., Teas, Coffees, etc., Schenectady 180 Kuolt, J., Woolen Cloth, Tailors' Trimmings, etc., Utica 92 Lake Shore Hotel, E. E. Root, Propr., Oswego.... 245 Landt, Mesick & Co., Wholesale Purchasing Agents, etc. , Little Falls 120 Lang, J. C, Furniture, Fulton 266 Lange, C. H., Boots and Shoes, Utica 89 Lasher, W. J., Sewing Machines, Rome 194 Lathrop, F. B., Insurance, Oswego 253 Lathrop,. Austin & Pank, Flour, Feed, etc.. Coopers- town 222 Lauren, C. K., & Co., Groceries, Oneonta 216 LeHait & Gabler, Stoves, etc., Schenectady 178 Lennox, W. B. , Grocer, Rome 193 Leonard & Clark, Livery Stable, Fulton 260 Lewi, E. J., Shoes, Amsterdam 175 Lewis House, M. Holkins, Propr., Fulton 260 Lindsley, C. E., Stoves, Ranges, etc., Oneida 203 Little Falls Brewery, M. A. Grace, Agt., Little Falls. . 121 Long, W. J., Manfg. Confectioner, Oswego 255 Longstaff, Dr. H. H., Dentist, Herkimer in Lord, A. H., Furniture, Ogdensburg 276 Louis, J., Cutlery, Utica 93 Luther, H. L., Furniture, Oneonta , 217 page: Lutton & Turner, Undertakers, etc., Amsterdam 169, Lyman, Geo. W., Manfr. Cigars, Oswego 255 Lynch, T. , Grocer, Cana joharie 129 Lynes, W., Plumber, Johnstown 144 Lyons, D., & Co., Grocers, etc., Oswego ; 240- MacKinnon,- R., Manfr. Childrens' Knit Underwear, Little Falls 123 Madison House, J. V. Richardson, Propr., Oneida. . . . 199 Mahony, D.,'& Co., Druggists, Oswego 253 Maine, A., Druggist, Utica lOl , Mallinson, J. H., Star Engine Works, Utica 95 Malone, J. , Planing Mill, Oswego 240 Manning, R. B., Tailor, Rome 194 Mansion House, A. Farr, Propr., Rome 193 Mansion House, Joe M. Wagner, Propr., Herkimer... T12 Marcellus, A., Lumber, etc., Oneida 202 Markham, F. H., Pharmacist, Ogdensburg 278 Marsh The Druggist, Oneonta 217 Martin, J. S., Flour, Feed, and Grain, Ogdensburg. . . . 277 Mason, W., Boots, Shoes, etc., Norwich 207 Massey, F. K., & Co., Dry Goods, etc., Oswego 254 Mattoon, R. L., Printer, Oswego 246 Maxwell Company, The (Limited), Manfrs. Saddlery Specialties, etc. , Rome 195 Maycock's Bakery, Gloversville 156 Maydole, D., & Co., Manfrs. Cast Steel Hammers, Norwich 208 Mayne, J., Manfr. Plows, etc., Oneonta 214 McCaffrey & McCann, Furniture, etc., Oswego 245 McCall & Co., Clothing, Utica. 87 McCarthy, P., Groceries, Oswego 254 McClumpha, Jno., Flour, Pork, etc., Amsterdam 168 McClyman, Thos., Cotton Seed Meal, etc., Schenectady. 181 McCrum & Sons, Furniture, etc. , Oneonta 212 McCuUy, R. L., Manfr. Harness, etc., Fulton 262 McDonald, J., Manfr. Harness, etc., Oswego 252 McEwen, C, Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 162 McLoughlin & Murphy, Groceries, Little Falls 125 McLaughlin, S. J., Boots, Shoes, etc., Canajoharie. ... 131 McMinn & Edmunds, Groceries, Oneonta 213 McMuUen Bros., Monuments, Schenectady 170 McNaughton's, Stationery, etc., Amsterdam 173 McRostie, D. O., Groceries, Ogdensburg 278 Mead, D. M., Druggist, etc., Oswego 256 Merchants' Hotel, R. M. F. Juno, Propr., Schenectady. 178 Metropolitan Tea Company, Little Falls 124 Metropolitan Hotel, Jos. Mullen, Propr., Little Falls . 121 Miller, T. D., Drugs, etc., Norwich 207 Miller, Chas., Agency of the Easy Glove Fastener, Johnstown [^5 Miller, Argersinger& Co., Manfrs. Leather, Johnstown 142 Miller, F., Hardware, etc., Johnstown 137 Mitchell, F. E., Pharmacy, Ballston 185 Mitchell, W., Watchmaker, Amsterdam 174 Mohawk Valley Knitting Mills, The (Limited), Mohawk. 114 Moir, R. T., Books, etc., Schenectady 179 MoUison & Dowdie, Insurance, Oswego 244 Mond, W., Tailor, Oswego. 24S Montgomery, A., Tailor, Watertown 271 Moore, Geo. E. , Pharmacist, Oneonta 215 GENERAL INDEX. IX PAGE More, D, C. , & Co. , Clothiers, Fulton 266 Morgan, A. A., Coal, Flour, Feed, etc., Ilion 105 Morgan, C. E., Boots, Shoes, etc., Mohawk 115 Morphy Bros., Amsterdam Agricultural Warehouse, 172 Morris, P., Groceries, Utica 93 Mosher, E. C, Manfr. Carriages, etc., Canajoharie. ... 128 Mower, E., Groceries, Gloversville l6l Muldoon, W., Coal, Oswego 240 MuUin, D. F., Wholesale Wines, etc., Amsterdam.... 174 Munroe & Weigelt, Steam Bakery, etc., Oswego 244 Munson & Birch, Insurance, Amsterdam 171 Murdock, B. F. , & Sons, Dry Goods, etc., Cooperstown. 222 Musgrave, B., Steam Dyeing and Scouring Establish- ment, Ogdensburg 277 Nash, E. L. , Book Store, Norwich 206 National State Bank of Oneida 200 National Bank of Norwich 207 National Bank, The, of Ogdensbiirg 275 National Spraker Bank, Canajoharie 128 Neil, L. A.,,& Co., Manfrs. Leather, Johnstown 143 Nellis House, John Vosburgh, Propr., Canajoharie 129 Nelson & Michaelson, Meats, Amsterdam 172 Nettleton, A. E., Boots, Shoes, etc., Fulton 262 Nesbitt, W. R., Photograph Parlors, Oswego 257 New Central Hotel, Cooperstown 221 Newell, E. A., Publisher, etc., Ogdensburg 277 Newell, S., & Son, Flour, Feed, etc.. Little Falls 121 Newton, E. C, Wall Paper, etc., Johnstown 140 New York Locomotive Works, Rome igo New York Clothing Co., Gloversville 158 New York Clothing Co., Little Falls 123 Nichols, C. R., Jeweler, etc., Fulton 267 Norris, J., & Son, Meats, etc., Oswego 239 Northrup Glove Manfg. Co., The, Johnstown 138 Norton, A. D., Jeweler, Gloversville 154 Norton, G. H., Photographer, Amsterdam 173 Norton, T. E., Beef, Veal, etc., Utica 86 Norwich Steam Bakery, M. B. Ames & Son, Proprs., 207 Ogdensburg Bank, Ogdensburg. 275 Oliphant, R. J., Printer, etc., Oswego 250 Olmstead, R. M. , Grocer, Schenectady 182 Oneida Brewing Company, Utica 102 Oneida County Bank, Utica 100 Oneida Manufacturing Company, Manfrs. Wagon Gears, 200 Oneida National Bank of Utica 96 O'Neill, J. J., Stationer, etc., Schenectady 178 O'Neill, John, Meats, Johnstown 143 Oppel, G. A., Watches, Clocks, etc.. Little Falls 125 O'Reilly, P. J. , Purneral Furnisher & Embalmer, Utica. 94 Osborne, W. P., Watchmaker, etc., Fulton 267 Oswego Foundry, Alexander Carter, Propr., Oswego. . 250 Oswego Indurated Fibre Co., Manfrs. Indurated Ware, 247 Oswego River Mills, The True, Flour, etc., Fulton.... 263 Oswego Steam Dye Works, Henry Karpinski, Propr., Oswego 252 Otsego Bottling Works, Cooperstown 221 Otsego County Farmers' Co-operative Fire Insurance Company, Cooperstown 223 Owen Bros., Clothing, Utica 88 PAGE Paddock, S. W., Wall Paper, etc., Ballston 185 Palmer, C. W., & Co., General Store, Herkimer 112 Pare, E. J., Boots, Shoes, etc., Oswego 246 Pauley, F., & Son, Manfrs. Gloves, Gloversville 158. Peck, T., & Co., Brooms and Brushes, Amsterdam. . . . 172; Peck's Son, J. W., Stoves, Ranges, etc., Gloversville.. 160 Peckham, J. S. & M., Soves, Hollow Ware, etc., Utica. 89 Pegnim & McLaughlin, Groceries, Canajoharie 131 Pelton, G., Boots, Shoes, etc., Oneonta 217 Penfield & Son, Insurance, Oswego 242 Penfield & Coyer, Lumber, etc., Oswego 244 People's Coal & Lumber Yard, Amsterdam 174 Percy, S. W., Jeweler, Ogdensburg 279 Petrie, J. A., Wolf Robes, etc., Gloversville 162 Pettit, H. H., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville 155 Phelps & Fitch, Dry Goods, etc., Norwich 205 Phillips, H. A., Gloves and Mittens, Gloversville 158 Phillips, John, Tailor, Oswego 254 Phillips, R. E. , Druggist, Fulton 267 Phinney & Leonard, Insurance, Cooperstown 222 Photo Eng. Co., Engravers, New York City ... 280 Pilling, H., Insurance, Schenectady 180 Piper, H. E., Groceries, Little Falls 124 Pixley, H. D., & Son, Manfrs. Clothing, Utica 90 Potter, E. A., Marble and Granite Works, Cooperstown. 221 Potter, P. H., Real Estate, etc, Cooperstown 222 Powell & Gilbert, Druggists, Amsterdam 169 Powell & Goldstein, Manfrs. Cigars, Oneida 201 Prince, M. C, Jeweler, Herkimer in Proctor, H. I., Lumber, etc., Ogdensburg 276 Prudential Insurance Company of America, Utica 103 Putnam, K. S., Insurance, etc., Rome 192 QuiLHOT, S., Hay, Straw, etc., Amsterdam 174 Rand, L. 0., Watches, Diamonds, etc., Oswego 254 Randall, F., Plumber, etc., Johnstown 137 Rathbun & Sawyer, Oneida Roller Mills, Oneida 199 Raymond, F. J,, & Son, Manfr. Gloves, Johnstown.. .. 147 Reagles, L. R., Ladies' Furnishing, etc., Schenectady.. 182 Reese & Davis, Groceries, Schenectady 181 Reeves, T. J., Fulton Market, Oswego 249 Reilly, G., Painter and Grainer, Amsterdam 170 Reynolds, E. E., & Co., Pianos, Organs, etc., Utica... 90 Reynolds, E. E. , Dentist, Amsterdam 1 74 Reynolds, N. T., Dentist, Amsterdam,. .. , 169 Rice, I., Fruits, etc., Oswego 243 Richardson, J. G., Agricultural Implements, etc., Mo- hawk 114 Richardson & Steele, Grocers, Gloversville 156 Richardson, W. T., Photographer, Oneida 201 Richheimer & Bro., Dry Goods, etc., Johnstown 141 Ricketts & Rogers, Manfrs. Gloves, Johnstown 144 Riddell, J. A., Tailor, Mohawk 115 Robinson & Co , R. T. & G. W., Pictures, Frames, etc., Ogdensburg 279 Robinson & Gardner, Groceries, etc., Oneida 215 Robinson, G. W., Boots, Shoes, e'c, Ilion 107 Rockton Knitting Mills, Little Falls ,. 121 Rockwell, H. L., Agt. Insurance, Oneida 202 Rodee & Bill, Roller Flouring Mills, etc., Ogdensburg. 275 Rogers, F., Watchmaker, etc., Gloversville 157 GENERAL INDEX, Rome Spring Wagon Company, Rome 189 Rome Steam Knitiing Mills, Williams Bros., Proprs. .. 192 Rosenbloom, H. & A., Tailors, etc., Fulton 264 Ross, D. G., Dry Goods, etc., Ilion 107 Rowles, C. W., Glove Manfr., Johnstown 137 Rudd, N. P., Hatter, Rome 191 Rudd, O. B., Watches and Diamonds, Ilion 108 Rupert, W. H., Flour, Feed, etc., GloversviUe 158 Russ, G. P., & Sons, Plumbers, etc., Rome 194 Russell, A. N., & Sons, Lumber, Ilion 108 Russell, John M., Bookseller and Stationer, Johnstown. 147 Ryan, J., Boots and Shoes, Oswego 251 Sage, O. W., Doors, Sash, etc., Oneida 200 Salmon Shoe Store, Boots and Shoes, Fulton 267 Sandford, A., & Co., Mortgage Brokers, etc., Rome.. . 195 Schermer, Jos., Boots, Shoes, etc.. Little Falls 124 Schilling, A. H., Jeweler, Oswego 237 Schneider, J. F., Wood Turner, etc., Utica 92 Schrader, C. G., Manfr. Harness, etc., Canajoharie 130 Schuler, N. J., Tailor, Oswego 243 Scofield, C. H., Art Gallery and Photographer, Utica. . 88 Searles, J. H., Real Estate, etc., Rome 191 Second National Bank, Cooperstown 220 Second National Bank, The Oswego 245 Second National Bank, Utica 85 Seidmore, D. , Photographer, GloversviUe 162 Selcer, J., Tailor, Little Falls 126 Selden, G. v., & Co., Lumber, Rome ■ 190 Senior, J. S., Slate and Tin Roofer, etc.. Little Falls... 125 Shaffer, F. W., & Son, Groceries, GloversviUe 160 Shaper, A. E. & C. H., Stone Quarry, Canajoharie.. . 128 Shaul, J. O., Pianos, Organs, etc., Amsterdam 171 Shaver, C. C, Manfg. Silversmith, etc., Utica 96 Shaver, C. H . , Hardware, etc. , Cobleskill 226 Sheehan, J. H., & Co., Wholesale Druggist, Utica loi Shepard & Co., Novelties in Wood and Metal, Fulton 262 Shepard, O. E., Insurance, Oswego 245 Shotwell, S. H., Leather, GloversviUe 157 Shoudy, J. H., Flour, Feed, etc., Schenectady 180 Shuler, J. L., Boots and Shoes, Amsterdam 173 Simmons, F. P., & Co., GloversviUe i6i Skiff, C. J., Manfr. Gloves, GloversviUe 153 Smith, W. W., Photographer, Oswego 251 Smith & Schneider, Stoves, Hardware, etc., Oswego. . . 253 Smith, T. S., Monuments, etc., Cobleskill 227 Smith & Hughes, Flour, Feed, etc., Rome 1S9 Smith, F. W., Pianos and Organs, Utica 86 Smith, H. F., Clothing, Schenectady 180 Smith & Talbott, Photographers, Schenectady 181 Smith, E. S., Crockery, etc., Amsterdam. 173 Smith, Geo. R., Manfr. Gloves, etc., Johnstown 142 Smith, J. H., Bakery, Johnstown 145 Snow, A. J., Hardware, etc., Fulton 267 Spicer & Weber, Clothing, etc., Herkimer no Stacy, E. H., Wines, Liquors, etc., Herkimer 112 Standard Merchant Tailoring Establishment, Utica. ... 99 Stanford & Grilles, Bankers and Brokers, Schenectady. 181 Stanton, H. M., Hides, Tallow, etc., Schenectady 179 Stark, E. C, & Co., Bankers, Oneida 202 Steam Cloth Sponging and Refinishing Works, Utica .. 98 PAGE Steele, I. W. & C. C, Druggists and Grocers, Mohawk 115 Steingraves, O., Butter, Lard, etc., Canajoharie 130 Stephenson, Levi, Lumber, Johnstown 137 Stevens & Hills, Hardware, Oneonta 215 Stewart, C, Insurance, etc., GloversviUe 155 Stewart & Co., Manfrs., Agts., GloversviUe 155 Stewart & Barton, Maltsters, etc. , Oneida 199 Stinson, E. I., Drugs, Groceries, etc.. Little Falls 124 Stocker, M. R., Hops, Cooperstown 220 Streeter, G. A.,& Bro., Flour, Feed, etc., Johnstown. . 144 Streeter, C. W., Real Estate, etc., Fulton 266 Striker, C. W,, Druggist, Amsterdam 171 Stroebel, G. M., Manfr. Boots and Shoes, Utica 88 Stuart, H., Stationery, Johnstown 141 Stuber, J. E., & Son, Manfrs. Harness., Utica 102 Sullivan, J. C, Plumber, etc., Oswego 243 Susquehanna House, S. M. Ballard, Propr., Oneonta. . 215 Sweet, J. H. , Baked Goods, Confectionery, etc., Glovers- viUe 160 Sylvester, I.E., Insurance, Cooperstown 223 Syracuse Drugstore, Hedden & Nash, Proprs., Fulton 266 Tanner, P. G., Watches, Clocks, etc., Cooperstown . . 222 Taylor, W. S., & Son, Jewelry, etc., Utica 94 Taylor Bros. & Co., Machine Knives, etc., Fulton..,. 262 Teale, B. S., Boots, Shoes, etc., Oneida 203 Thayer, T. W. Hops, Cooperstown 222 ' The Fair," House Furnishing Goods, Amsterdam. . . 168 Thing, S. B., & Co., Boots and Shoes, Amsterdam. . . . 168 Thomson, M. H. & M, G., Insurance, Utica 94 Tifft & Son, Furnaces, Stoves, etc., Oswego 255 Timerman, W. F., Agt. Singer Manfg. Co 145 Timerman, B. A., Manr. Provident, Homestead Co., Johnstown j^g Timmerman, L., & Son, Coal, Little Falls 124 Titus Sheard Company, Manfrs. Shirts and Drawers, Little Falls 126 Tozer & Herlehy, Furniture, Little FaUs 123 Trumbull, S. E., Manfr, Gloves, etc., Johnston 144 Tuck, S. M., & Co., Druggists, GloversviUe 154 Tufts, O. B., Boots, Shoes, etc., Ilion 106 Tuttle, Chas., Pianos, Rome jgi Tuttle, Geo. H., Drugs and Medicines, Mohawk 115 Tylers & Dawson, City Draymen, Watertown. 271 Tyley, G., Dry Goods, Groceries, etc., Cooperstown... 221 Uhlinger & Son, Furniture, etc., Johnstown 144 Union Carriage & Gear Company, Watertown 271 Union Hall Drug Store, Geo. E. Duryee, Propr., Schenectady jgj Upson & Holden, Manfrs. Carriages, etc., Oneida 202 Utica Furniture Company, (Limited), Utica 86 Utica City National Bank, The, Utica go Utica Steam Cotton Mills, Sheetings and Shirtings go Utica Skirt & Bustle Company, Utica gj Utica Carriage & Harness Repository 04 Utica Business College, McCreary & Shields, Proprs. 100 Utica Real Estate Agency, The, Utica gg Utica Ornamental Iron Works, WiUis H. Jones, Propr, 98 Valley Hotel, J. M. Ausman, Propr., Mohawk 115 Van Antwerp, H., Manfr. Paper Boxes, Glovesville. . . 156 Van Antwerp, L. H., Flour, Feed, etc., Johnstown 140 GENERAL INDEX. XI PAGE Van Buren & Little, Cigars, etc., Johnstown 147 Van Court, D. P. , Druggist, etc., Mohawk ii4 Van Gorden, C. M., Books and Stationery, etc., Gloversville 154 Van Heusen, D. H., Druggist, Johnstown 141 Van Ness, L. R., & Co., Dry Goods, etc., Gloversville. 158 Van Vorst, W. S., Agt., Lumber, Schenectady 180 Vanzandt & Shaffer, Druggists, Shenectady 182 Victoria Paper Mills Co. , Fulton 261 Vosburgh, B. Furniture, etc. , Johnstown 137 Vosburgh, E. M., Hops, etc., Oneonta 217 Wagner House, Wm. Wagner, Propr., Oswego 249 Waite, E., Steel Engravings, etc., Oswego 253 Walker's Art Store, Utica 102 Wallace, H. W. , & Son, Groceries, Oswego 236 Walrath, E. M., & Co., Groceries, Little Falls 121 Walrath, E., Butter, Cheese, etc., Gloversville 157 Walrath, S. E. , Manfr. Gloves, Johnstown 139 Walsb, Ed., Jr., Laundry, Little Falls 125 Warner, The, M. D. Lewis, Propr., Amsterdam 171 Warrior Mower Company, The, Little Falls 122 Warsop, Geo. W., Hardware, etc., Oswego 241 Watertown Boat & Canoe Company 270 Weldon & Bennett, Mohawk Dye Works, Amsterdam. 175 Wells, C. J., Diamonds, etc., Oneida 199 West & Sessions, Millinery, Utica ... 93 West, H. L., Watchmaker, etc., Amsterdam 168 Westcott Chuck Co., Oneida 198 Wheaton Bros., Grocers, Gloversville 159 Wheelhouse, G. E., Manfg. Jeweler, Utica 93 White, N. A., & Son, Manfr. Stoneware, Fire Brick, etc., Utica 92 White, L. H., Groceries, Oswego 251 Whitney, H. G., Livery Stable, Ilion 107 Wilber, D. F. Hops, Oneonta 214 Wilber National Bank, Oneonta 212-. Williams & Kellar, Photographers, Utica Q3- Williams, M. M., Druggist, Fulton 263, Wilson Portrait Studio, Utica lOr Wilson, W. J., Ladies' Furnishing Goods, Glovers- ville 156 Windheim, Geo., Wholesale Saddlery Hardware, Utica. 91 Wood & Small, Confectionery, Herkimer iii Woodard, Geo. A., Groceries, etc., Ilion 107 Woodin, W. H., Builder, etc., Oneonta 214 Woodruff, C. H., Carpenter & Builder, Oswego 256 Wooley , J. S. , Photographer, Ballston 185 Worts & Co., Bakers and Confectioners, Oswego 252 Wright & Monen, Lumber, Oswego 245 Wright & Boyle, Manfrs. Doors, Sash, etc., Oswego... 243 Wright, J. J., Hardware, Stoves, etc., Fulton 263 Wright, J. W., Manfr. Gloves, Gloversville i6i Yates, C. N., Furniture, etc., Schenectady. 180 Youker, E. B. , Groceries, Little Falls 126 Young, G. S., Groceries, Amsterdam 174 Young, L. A., Pianos and Organs, Schenectady 180 Young, P. R. Photographer, Oneonta 217 Younglove, J. L , Lumber, Johnstown 142 Zimmer, a. J., & Co., Manfrs. Gloves, Gloversville... 154 ZoUer, J., Pork-packer, etc., Little Falls. 123 Ex.-; j2^ rEMUTH. To TELL the story of the discovery, settlement, and upbuilding of America'a most populous and richest State (properly termed the Empire State), is to relate the history of the early days of the groat republic, for through the portals of the world-renowned metropolis of the Western Hemisphere the first colonists of the " new land " came from the too-much-goverued countries of Euroj)e, spread themselves over the Red Men's domain from ocean to ocean, and founded a nation the like of which never before existed and which to-day is the envy and admiration of both Christendom and Heathendom. The growth of the New AVorld and its Empire State have been marvelous, and in the whole realm of history, ancient and modern, no parallel record is to be found. The pioneer settlers were fugitives from despotic rule hunters for freedom and peaceful homes, and men ready to face dangers by flood and field to win habitations and liberty for themselves and families. The country of which they laid the foundations has become one of the most extensive and populous on the globe, and while it has been devel- oping its resources, materializing its entombed wealth, perfecting its free institutions, and teaching the rest of the world the lesson of self-government, the dynasties of the Old World have been losing their grip upon the people, tottering to their fall, and, in some instances, losing their very identity by absorption. Ele\-en years before the Puritans stepped from the Mayflower on to the historic rock of Plymouth, an Englishman, Ilenrv Hudson, a navigator in the service of the Dutch, had found his way to Xcw York Bay, and there discovered what is now the western terminus of the principal ocean-ferries of two vast Christian conti- nents, and, jjrospectively, the leading city in the world. This was in 1G09. Tradition, however, has it that ZJ i 34 THE EMPIRE STATE. seventy years before this epoch, a Florentine, named Verrazano, in the employ of the French Government, was in New York Bay with .a ship. If truth is in the tradition, neither Verrazano nor his employers deemed it worth while to take advantage of the discovery of wliat has proved to be the gateway to one of the greatest nations of the earth. Hudson and his employers, however, were of a different mould. He sailed up the beautiful river which has since borne his name, and proceeded as far as the present site of Albany. The country thus discovered was inhabited by the Mohawks, a formidable and war-like tribe of Indians ; and the Manhattans, who inhabited the island on which New York City is built, were also a fierce and war-like v on. THE BOUNDARIES OF NEW YORK. Before entering into details of the early history of the New Netherlands, as the now flourishing and populous State of New York was called by the first Dutch settlers, it should be observed that the State, as now constituted, is, exclusive of Long Island, about 408 miles long, but, inclusive of Long Island, is about 480 miles long ; while in breadth, from north to south, it is about 310 miles, the whole including a superficial area of 46,085 square miles. It is situated between 89° 45' and 50° latitude north and between 70° 56' and 79° 55' longitude west from Greenwich, or 5° 06' east, and 2° 53' west from AVasliington. It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, the river St. Lawrence and Lower Canada ; on the east by Lake Cliamplain, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut ; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; and on the west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and the Niagara River. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers naturally divide the State into three geographical sections of unequal size. The first, or eastern section, comprises Long Island and that portion of the State lying east of the Hudson River and Lake George. The second, or northern section, embraces all the country lying north of the Mohawk and Oswego Rivers ; and the third, or southern section, the vast and fertile tracts lying south and west of those rivers. THE MOUNTAIN RANGES. New York State forms a portion of the elevated table land of the United States, broken in some places by mountain ranges, and containing some remarkable depressions which form the basins of lakes and channels o( rivers. The loftiest part of this table land occurs in the western section of the State, where Lake Chautauque is from 1800 to 2000 feet above the level of the sea; and although it is but nine miles from Lake Erie it dis- charges its waters by the Alleghany and Ohio into the Mississippi, and thus affords boat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. Franklinville and Angelica to the east, although situated in valleys, are respectively 1580 and 1430 feet above the sea. In the eastern section the Taghkanac or Taconic Mountains lie on. the borders of the State from Lake Champlain, southward to Putnam county, at which point their course, diverging to the south- west, crosses the Hudson at West Point, and is continued thence into New Jersey and Pennsylvania under the name of Kittating Mountain. This range forms a dividing line between the waters flowing into the Hudson River and those which flow into the Housatanic. The northern section has six several ranges of mountains. The Palmerstown range, in some parts called the Black and Tongue Mountains, rises in the southern part of Saratoga county, runs north-east through the tongue of land which separates Lake George from Lake Cham- plain, and terminates in bold and precipitous cliffs at the shore of the latter, south of Ticonderoga. The Kaya- ■derosserus, or Lucerne Mountains are about six miles wide and seventy long, running from Monto-omery county through Saratoga counties, along the western side of Lake George to Ticonderoga. The Hudson River breaks through this range on the line of Saratoga and Warren counties. The Clinton rano-e extends from Montgomery county north-east through Fulton, Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren and Essex counties to Point Trembleau on Lake Champlain. It is the largest range north of the Mohawk River and at its most elevated portion there are numerous distant peaks, forming a remarkable group known as the Adirondack group. The Mohawk forces a passage through its south-western extremity, and the range itself is the dividing shed between the tributaries of the St. Lawrence and those of the Mohawk. Ausable, or Peru range com- mences in Montgomery county, and, running parallel with the Clinton range, terminates in the southern part of Clinton county. It is 160 miles long, and has a greater general elevation than the preceding rano-es. The Chateauguay range is the longest and highest chain of mountains in the State. It commences on the line of the Kaatsbergs, in Herkimer county, has a general height of 2000 feet through the counties of Hamilton, Fi'anklin and ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 85 Clinton, and crossing the Canada line, it terminates on the Canada plains. The St. Lawrence range, commencing ten or twelve miles north of the Chateauguay range, and trending along the slope of the St. Lawrence Valley, has been less explored and is of less extent than the last named. The St. Regis, Grasse and other rivers, descend- ing into the St. Lawrence, divide it into several distinct portions. This section of the State has also two minor ranges worthy of notice— the Highlands of Black river, extending from the sources of Black Creek, west and north-west about sixty miles, cover much of the country between Black River on one side and the plains of Oneida Lake on the other. The altitude is from 1200 to 1600 feet, and in some parts their summits have a rolling surface several miles in width. The Hassencleaver Mountains, the second of these minor ranges, extend from Herkimer into Oneida county, and occupy the space between the Highlands and the Mohawk river. They are about twenty miles long and nine miles broad at their base, with an altitude varying from 800 to 900 feet, with a rollina; surface. NEW YORK STATE CAPITAL. The southern section may be divided into two portions — the Eastern and the Western. In the Eastern division there are three distinct ranges, viz : — the Highlands of Orange and Putnam counties ; the Shawangunk Mountains, skirting the valley of the Roudout ; and the Kaatsbergs, or Catskill Mountains, the direction of which is through the counties of Ulster, Albany and Schoharie, to the valley of the Mohawk, the portions in Albany and Schoharie being also called the Helderbergs. The western division of this section rises gradually to suc- cessive terraces from the shores of Lake Ontario till it attains its greatest elevation in the southern tier of coun- ties. The first of the terraces composing this ascent extends from the Genesee, at Rochester, to the Falls of Niagara and Lewistown, a distance of 80 miles, and is from six to ten miles in width. It is called tlie Rido-e Road, and is supposed to have formed at one period the shore of Lake Ontario. The second terrace extends from this ridge to the Falls of the Genesee at Nunda and Portageville, where there is another abrupt acclivity of 36 THE EMPIRE STATE. nearly 300 feet. This surmounted, the ascent is gradual to the summit level, at the height of from 1500 to 2000 feet in the southern portion of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Alleghany and Steuben counties. These terraces, though all quite fertile, are each characterized by a difference of soil and of forest trees. The principal culmina. tions of the several ranges and the heights of each in feet, above the sea level, are thus given : — Group. County. Feet. Gkoup. County. Feet. Mt. Marcy . , Adirondack . . . Essex . . . . . 54C7 New Beacon . Highlands . . . Duchess . . . . .1685 " MTntyre u •' . . . . , . . 5183 Button Hill (4 Orange 1520 " M'Martin tc a , . . 5022 Old Beacon U Duchess 1471 Dial Mountain a " . , . . . . 4907 Breakneck " AVestchester 1187 Whiteface . . . Ausable " . . . . , . . 4855 Anthony's Nose " a 1128 Ml. Seward . . Adirondack . . Franklin . , , . . 3988 Mt. Defiance Essex 753 Round Top . . Kaatsberg. . . Greene . . . . 3804 Palisades Rocliland 550 High Peak a (( 8718 Fort Putnam u 500 Pine Orchard ■I it 3027 Harbor Hill Long Island 319 Shawangunk a Orange 1866 Richmond Hill Staten Island 307 THE COUNTY DIVISIONS. The State of New York is divided into fifty-nine counties, the names of which are given below, together with the names of their capitals, the capitals appearing in parenthesis, thus — ( ) : — Northern New York : Albany (Albany), Alleghany (Angelica), Broome (Binghampton), Cattaraugus (ElUcottsville), Cayuga (Au- burn), Cliatauque (Mayville), Chemung (Elmira), Chenango (Norwich), Clinton (Plattsburg), Cortland (Cortland Village), Delaware (Delhi), Erie (Buffalo), Essex (Elizabethtown), Franklin (Malone), Fulton (Johnstown), Genessee (Batavia), Hamilton (Morehouseville), Herkimer (Herkimer), Jefferson (Watertown), Lewis (Martinsburg), Livingston (Genesseo), Madison (Morrisville) Monroe (Rochester), Montgomery (Fonda), Niagara (Lockport), Oneida (Rome), Onondaga (Syracuse), Ontario (Canandaigna), Orleans (Albion), Oswego (Oswego), Otsego (Cooperstown), Reinsselaer (Ti-oy), Saratoga (Ballston), Schenectady (Schen- ectady), Schoharie (Schoharie), Seneca (Waterloo), St. Lawrence (Canton), Steuben (Bath), Tioga (Owego), Tompkins (Ithaca), Warren (Caldwell), Washington (Sandy Hill), Wayne (Lyons), Wyoming (Warsaw), Yates (Pen Yan). Southern New York : Columbia (Hudson), Duchess (Poughkeepsie), Greene (Catskill), Kings (Brooklyn), New York (New York City), Orange (Goshen), Putnam (Cornell), Queen (North Hemp. sted), Richmond (Richmond), Rockland (Clarkstown), Suffolk (Suffolk), Sullivan (Monticello), Ulster (Kings- ton) , Westchester (Bedford). Soon after the French power in America was extinguished by the English in 1760 a dispute arose between New Hampshire and New York respecting the respective limits of their bound- aries, and il terminated only with the admission of Vermont into the Union after the revolution. When the present constitution for New York State was adopted in 1777, there were then only fourteen counties in the State, namely, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester, Duchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland and Gloucester. The last two, together with Albany and Charlotte counties, were within the limits of the present State of Vermont. In 1790 the difficulty which for so long a time had existed between New York and Vermont were amicably adjusted, and New York in its present limits, entered upon her career of greatness, untrammelled by fraternal animosities. THE LAKES. The most distinguishing feature of New York is, perhaps, its vast system of waterways, which bound and intersect it in almost every direction. Its lakes are the common highways of an extended commerce. Num- bers of these lie wholly within the State, but the great lakes, properly so-called, lie on its borders Ontario and Erie on the north and west, and Champlain on the east. Of these great exterior lakes, the Erie is the most extensive. It is 268 miles in length and from thirty to fifty -four miles in breadth, with an area of 8,030 square miles. The elevation of its surface above tide water is 565 feet, and above Lake Ontario, with which it com- ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 37 municates by the Niagara River, 334 feet, having a maximum depth of 270 feet, but in general the depth is not more than 120 feet. Only sixty miles of its coast lies within this State, but the amount of business carried on from thence is immense, and constantly increasing with the development of the State lying west. This develop- ment received its greatest impetus by the cutting of the Erie Canal from the waters of the Hudson at Albany to the lake at Buffalo, a distance of 364 miles. Ontario is the second lake in size, and the whole southern coast east of Niagara River is wholly within New York. Its form is elliptical, and it is 190 miles in length and fifty-six in extreme breadth, with a circumfer- ence of 488 miles, and an area of 5,400 square miles. In some places its depth is 600 feet, but the average NIAGARA FALLS. depth is only 490 feet, and everywhere deep enough for the largest ships. The surface is 231 feet higher than tide water. The ports of this lake are usually open earlier in the spring than those of Lake Erie, and this vast sheet of water is not so subject to those desolating storms which frequently sweep over that lake. Lake Champlain is a long, narrow sheet of water of exceeding beauty, and contains a large number of islands. Of these Balcour and Schuyler, with several others, belong to this State. In extreme length it is 134 miles, its breadth varying from half a mile to ten miles, and its depth is from 50 to 280 feet. Its outlet is the Sorelle or Richelieu River, which is navigable, and forms a connecting link between the lake and the St. Law- rence River. The Indian name was Caniad-eri-quarinte, or "lake that is the gate of the country." All these lakes abound with salmon, trout, sturgeon, pickerel and other fish. S8 THE EMPIRE STATE. Lake George, or Horicon, is wholly within the State. " Horicon," which signifies " Silvery Waters," is an Indian name, and often given to this beautiful lake. The Indians themselves spoke of it as Can-i-a^den-oit, meanin- the tail of the lake. The French made then- way from Canada to here m 1609 and named it St. Sacrement. The English subsequently came along and named it Lake George, in honor of their King, George First, and ever since this name has been retained, notwithstanding that to most Americans the more uphon- ious and significant Indian title of Horicon is more satisfactory. The whole region of the lake is pregnant with historic interest, for the islands, waters, glens and mountains have witnessed many scenes of clash of arms and sanguinary struggles between contending races for dominion. The lake is the "greatest and most easterly of the Adirondack lakes. It is located thirty-two miles distant from Saratoga, seventy-one miles from Albany and 210 miles from New York City. It is situated at an HUDSON RIVER AT ALBANY. altitude of 346 feet above sea level, and 247 feet higher tlian Lake Champlain into which it discharges itself by a descent of 150 feet. From north to south its length is thirty-five miles, and in width it varies from two to four miles. It is the recipient of numerous mountain streams and springs, which form its sole supply. The lake is of great depth and its waters remarkably clear. It contains upwards of 300 picturesque islands. The shores, for boldness and beauty of outline, are unrivaled. They are surrounded by towering high moun- tains which, in many instances, rise abruptly from the lake to a height of more than two thousand feet, and the breasts of these towering liills are clad in a mantle of umbrageous boughs, studded with picturesquely situated villas, and enlivened, in the sultry season by tents of camping parties. It is a favorite resort of not only American citizens from ocean to ocean, but to foreigners who come to our shores in search of the ideal in natural scenery. Poets, travellers, and historians have sung the glories of Lake George in prose and verse, and the spot merits by its rich sylvan beauty all the praises that have been lavished upon it. The lake is almost surrounded by steep and rusged hills and a sail up or down the lake secures to the voyager ever chaug- ing vie^xs of beauty. ]Many of the numerous islands are inhabited, especially during the summer, and are partially cultivated. The northern sections of the State has many small lakes within it, numbering not less than 200. Those ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 39 among the Adirondack hills are greatly elevated. Avalanch lake in Essex county is 2,900 feet; Golden Lake, in the same county, 2,750 feet; and Racket Lake, in Hamilton county, 1,781 feet above sea level. Most of these form sources of rivers emptying into the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson river and. Lake Ontario. The western section of the State contains numerous lakes of considerable size, many of which possess high commercial importance owing to the heavy shipping trade done upon their waters. These lakes extend through the counties of Oneida, Oswego, Ondago, Cayuga, Seneca, Yates, Ontario and Livingston, and in scenic beauty and attraction are scarcely surpassed anywhere. The principal of these waters are the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Crooked and Canandaigua lakes. The other lakes belonging to this chain of waters are Onondaga, Cross, Otisco, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Owasco, Hemlock, Canadice and Sconesus. Otsego and Canaderoga in Otsego county, and Chatauque lake in the county of the same name, are also important waters. Extensive salt springs exist along the shores of Onondaga, the waters of which, notwithstanding, are as fresh and pure as those of any others of these lakes. THE RIVERS. As in lakes, so in rivers, New York State is rich, and these streams afford an immense stretch of inland navigation, which, coupled with railroad transportation facilities, has been the means of developing the Empire State far in excess of all the other States in the Union. The Hudson is one of the largest and most noted rivers of North America. It is 320 miles long and has its sources in the Adirondack group of mountains. It flows in a generally southward direction to the Atlantic ocean, which it meets at the Narrows, below New York City. It is navigable for the largest class of river steamers for the greater part of the year to Troy, 160 miles from its estuary, and the largest ocean-going vessels may safely pass up as far as Hudson City. But of details of this beautiful and ever busy stream more anon. The Mohawk, with its confluence on the west, and the Hoosic, with its estuary on the east bank, are the principal tributaries of the Hudson. The Mohawk has its sources in Lewis and Oneida counties, and at first pursues a southerly direction, then sweeping away to the east and southeast, forms the Valley of the Mohawk; and, after passing over the Little Falls and the falls at Cohoes, joins the Hudson by several mouths between Troy and Waterford. The Little Falls are magnificent and attractive in their wild beauty, though less impres- sive than the falls of Niagara of the wonders of nature. The length of the river is about 135 miles, and in its windings passes through Rome, Utica and Schenectady. The Hoosic takes its rise in the Old Bay State, and though it is far from being so wide a stream as the Mohawk it is invaluable for local purposes. The Croton, another tributary, is famous as a source of a great supply of water it furnishes to the City of New York. The other feeders of "the Hudson are from the east, Schroon Branch, the outlet of Schroon Lake, Battenkill and Kinderhook ; and from the west, Wallkill, Roudout, Esopus, and Kaaterskill and Sacandaga, besides several smaller streams. The St. Lawrence river constitutes, in part, the northern boundary of the State, and forms the channel of outflow for the great northern lakes. It supphes to the ocean a larger volume of water than any other river in the world, except the Amazon. From Lake Ontario to Ogdensburg, a distance of sixty miles, it is navigable for sloops, but below Ogdensburg, owing to numerous rapids, the navigation is both difficult and dangerous. An expansion of the St. Lawrence is known as the Lake of the Thousand Islands. The islands, however, are about 1500 in number, and some of these are -n-ithin the limits of New York State. The Oswego is another important river, and is about 120 miles in length. It has its source in Ontario county under the name of Mud Creek, which flows eastwardly and receives through the Canandaigua outlet the waters of the lake of the same name. Continuing its course eastwardly it then takes the name of Clyde, and, after receiving the waters of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, through their common outlet, it assumes the title of Seneca. After a still further expansion by the waters of Onondaga Lake, it acquires the name of Oswego River, and, suddenly changing its course to the nortliwest, it becomes the recipient from the Oneida river of the waters of Oneida Lake. The stream, after assuming its name of Oswego river, has a fall of about one hundred feet, and it furnishes abun- dant water power to the numerous manufactories located on its banks. The river is the great drainage channel for some seven thousand square miles of territory, and, by means of the Oswego canal and locks, is navigable through its whole length. 40 THE EMPIRE STATE. The Alleghany river has its source in Alleghany county, and this clear and limpid stream has its conflu ence with the Ohio. It is navigable by small craft to Olean. The beautiful Susquehanna and the historic Delaware have both their sources in Kew York State, and in their first courses afford an iinmense water power. The Niagara river connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario. It is thirty-six miles in length, and its gen- eral course is north-northwest. Commencing at Buffalo it is there tliree-quarters of a mile wide, from forty to sixty feet deep,, and flows with a current of four miles per hour. Three miles below Buffalo, at Black Rock, it furnishes water to the Erie Canal by the pier built in the channel by the State at a cost of $300,000. This pier is fifty feet wide at its base and thirty feet wide at its top. The Genesee river is an afHuent of Lake Ontario. It rises in Potter county, Pennsylvania, and, passing into the State of New York, pursues a northerly course to the lake. Its length is 145 miles, of which 125 miles are in New York. Its banks are studded with numerous extensive manufactories. At Eocliester, within a distance of three mUes, the river descends by several falls and rapids 226 feet, affording an immense water HUDSON EIVEE AT COHOES. power. It is navigable four miles to Carthage, and above the falls is beatable for twenty miles or more. The Genesee Valley Canal follows the course of this river, and is fed by it for a great distance. In the town of Portage, Livmgston county, are three falls, one of sixty, one of ninety, and one of one hundred and ten feet, within a space of two miles, and along the river for three miles, are perpendicular walls of stone, 400 feethin-h' to which depth it has worn a channel in the solid rock. Tha Valley of the Genesee is one of the finest v heat sections ni the country, and is now thickly settled and in a high state of cultivation. Black river is the third in size of the rivers lying wholly in the State. It rises in Herkimer county and empties itself into Black River Bay, at the foot of Lake Ontario. It has a course of 108 miles. At Leyden It falls sixty-three feet, whence to Carthage, forty miles, the river is navigable for boats, but below to its mouth navigation is obstructed by rapids. From the falls at Leyden the Black River Canal'extends south to the Erie Canal at Rome. ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 41 The Chenango river is an important tributary of the Susquehanna river, which it joins at Binghamton, in Broome County. Its course is from Madison and Oneida Counties, through Chenango and Broome Counties for about 75 miles, and upon its banlcs are many flourishing villages. This stream is navigable for boats and rafts fifty miles above its mouth, and is used to a CDnsiderable extent to feed the Chenango Canal, vphich runs nearly parallel with it through its whole course. The Chemung river is also a tributary of the Susquehanna, which it joins at Athens, Pa. It is formed by the junction of the Coschocton and Tioga rivers, in Steuben county, whence it flows in a south-easterly direction through Chemung County. Its whole length is about forty miles, and in high flood its volume is sufli- cient to float down timber and produce to market. It is also used as the main feeder of the Chemung Canal. The Oswegatchie river, which rises in Herkimer County is 125 miles in length, is the principal tributary of the St. Lawrence. Other streams flowing into the St. Lawrence are Indian, Grasse, Racket, St. Eegis, Salmon, etc. The Chazy and Saranac are the principal streams that swell the waters of Lake Champlain. The deep channels cut in the rocks by many of the rivers are subjects of geological interest. The Hudson, the St. Lawrence, Oswego, etc., either have banks sloping to the water's edge, or, if they occasionally pass through narrow and precipitous defiles, have not worn themselves a passage by the action of their waters on the rocky barrier which opposed them, but have availed themselves of a route opened by some convulsion of nature. Such is not the case with the Mohawk, the Chenango, the Genesee, and the Niagara. Descending from elevated table-lands, they have, by their ceaseless flow, hewn out a channel through the shales, slates, and nearly sand and limestones, in some instances 400 or 500 feet below the level of the surrounding country. The constant action of the waters upon these decomposing rocks has also caused the Falls of Niagara to recede, as some geologists suppose, a distance of five or six miles, and this recession is still in progress. PISCATORIAL, ETC. The fishes indigenous to the waters of the state are very numerous. Bony fishes are comprised in six orders ; among the pectini branch the best known are the perch, bass, bull-head, sheep-head, porgee, pilot-fish, mullet, black fish, mackerel, etc.; of the abdominals, the shad, herring, salmon, trout, cat-fish, carp, pike, pick- erel, minnow, etc.; of the jugulares, the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, turbot, sole, etc.; of the apodales, the eel and the conger ; of the lophobranchi, the pipe-fish and the Hudson River sea-horse ; and of the electro- gnathi, the balloon fish, the puffer, the globe-fish, etc. The cartilagurous family comprises three orders, viz. : the cleutheropomi, of which the sturgeon is the only example ; the plagiostomi, which embraces the shark and the ray ; and the cyclostomi, of which the lamprey, or lamper eel, is the representative. Twenty-five or thirty species of fishes have been found in a fossil state, and of these several species belong to families now extinct. The crustaceac are embraced in ten orders. There are but twenty-seven species of the order decapoda, of which lobsters, crabs, shrimps, etc., are the best known Species ; of the stemapoda there are but three species, among which are the opossum-shrimp and squill; of the amphipoda four species exist, as the sand-flea, etc. ; of the loemipoda, the whale-louse and sea-measuring worm are the only specimens; of the isopoda there are fourteen species, seven of which are parasitical — barnacles are an example of this order ; of the poecilipoda, five species, as the horse-shoe, etc. ; of the phyllopoda, lophryopoda, branchipoda, and ostrapoda, but few specimens are found, and those few are known only to the curious zoologist. Molluscous animals are very numerous. Among the cephalopoda are the cuttle-fish, spirula, etc. The clio is a representative of the pteropoda. The gasteropoda include a vast variety of snails and animals inhabiting turbinated shells. Oysters, clams, etc., which are arrayed under eight sub-divisions, consist each of several species. Members of the orders cirrhopoda and tunicata are not very numerous. Geologists have discovered many specimens of fossil mollusca imbedded in the limestone and sandstone formations. The most remark- able of these are various species of the trilobite, the encrinite, the pentamerus, etc. AGRICULTURE, ETC. Notwithstanding the mountainous and broken character of much of its surface, the greater part of the soil of New York is arable, and some of it very fertile. Most of the mountainous districts are fine grazing lands. 42 THE EMPIRE STATE. and yield the best milk, butter, and cheese. The plains and valleys are adapted to the culture of cereals, and the north and north-west counties to root-crops. The forest trees of the state present a great variety, and a few years ago nearly one-half its area was covered with forests, but the great demand for timber, lumber, and hemlock and oak bark, for building ships, houses, railroads, and for tanning purposes, has much reduced the forest area. New York occupies a foremost place in agriculture. Its principal products for the census year 1880 were 7,792,062 bushels of barley, 4,461,200 of buckwheat, 25,875,480 of corn, 37,575,506 of oats, 2,634,- 690 of rye, 11,587,766 of wheat, 32,571,900 of potatoes, 6,572,800 lbs. of tobacco, 700,550 tons of hay, and 11,206,780 lbs. of wool. There were on farms 610,358 horses (besides about 350,000 not in farms), 5,072 mules, 39,633 working oxen, 1,437,855 milch cows, 862,233 other cattle, 1,715,180 sheep, and 751,907 hogs. MINERAL SPRINGS. Mineral springs, the waters of which are of gTcat value, exists in various parts. The chalybeate springs of Saratoga, the sulphur springs of Avon, Eochester, and Chittenango, the brine springs of Genesee, Erie, and Orleans Counties, the petrifying springs of Madison and Saratoga Counties, etc., are well known and appreciated. The oil springs found in Cattaraugus and Alleghany Counties, the nitrogen springs of New Lebanon and Hoosic, and the carburetted hydrogen springs in the neighborhood of Lake Erie and the Niagara River, are also well worthy of notice. The village of Fredonia, and the light-house at Barcelona, are illuminated by the latter. Springs of the same character are also found in Duchess, Oneida, and Monroe Counties. MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. According to the census of 1880, almost one-fifth of the capital invested in manufactures in the United States was employed in New York State, and about a quarter of the entire products of the country was the result of New York , industry. The State had in the census year 42,739 manufacturing establishments, employ- ing 364,549 men, 137,455 females above 15 years, and 29,529 children and youth; capital invested, $514,246,- 575; wages paid during the year, $198,634,029; value of materials, $679,612,545; value of products, $1,080,- 696,596. The leading industries are agricultural implements, book-binding, boots and shoes, carriages, clothing, cotton goods, flouring, furniture, iron works of every description, leather, liquors (malt), lumber, molasses, and sugar (refined), printing and publishing, tobacco and cigars, and woolen goods. New York is divided, for commercial purposes, into ten customs districts, viz. : Buffalo Creek, Cape Vincent, Champlain (port of entry Plattsburg), Dunkirk, Genesee (Rochester) New York, Niagara (Suspension Bridge), Owegatchie (Ogdensburg), Oswego and Sag Harbor. The total number of merchant vessels belonging to the State was 4,273 of 962,220. RAILROADS. In 1881 the total numj)er of miles of railroads in the state of New York was 9,186, of which 477 miles were horse railways. This includes the elevated railroads in the city of New York. The steam surface-roads have cost $695,525,828 ; the horse-railways, $40,686,946 ; and the elevated roads, $33,038,332 ; a total of $770,251,- 107.24. The steam surface-roads carried 47,197,385 passengers during the year, the horse-roads 244,900,717, and the elevated roads 60,831,757. The steam surface-roads also carried 57,356,128 tons of freight. Their aggregate earnings were $108,965,556.04 ; operating expenses $64,996,989.54, leaving, as net earnings, $43,968,- 566.50, or six and one-quarter per cent on the cost. The earnings of horse-railroads amounted to $13,449,121 ; cost of operating, $9,157,457 ; net earnings, $4,291,664, or ten and a half per cent of cost. Earnings of elevated roads, $4,612,975; expense of operating, $2,644,525; surplus, $1,968,650, or about six per cent on the cost. The aggregate of stock and debts was $905,507,218 for steam, and $42,990,204 for horse-roads, but of the former only $662,871,488 represents roads within the limits of the state. FALLS AND CASCADES. Dame Nature has been lavish in the bestowal of her charms upon New York State. Her cloud-kissing and tempest-riven hills, her expansive and picturesque lakes and broad, deep valleys, and her pellucid and meandering streams and wide, swift running rivers, bearing on their bosoms the yachts of pleasure and the crafts of commerce, form but a few of the attractions that have won for the Empire State world-wide fame. ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. i3 meandering streams and wide, swift running rivers, bearing on their bosoms the yachts of pleasure and the crafts of commerce, form but a few of the attractions that have won for the Empire State world-wide fame. Other attractions of this great and prosperous Commonwealth, whose wonders and marvels have been told and retold in scliool and story books in every tongue and in every clime, are to be found in her majestic waterfalls and cascades. These, great and small, are numerous, and have been fruitful themes for artists, poets and topographers, and objects for admiration of millions of others who find food for reflec- tion in grand and awe-inspiring upheavals and contortions of nature. Among the most noted waterfalls in the State are those of the Genesee river at Rochester, before referred to. Here, witliin a distance of three miles the river descends by several falls and rapids, 226 feet. The different cataracts evidently formed at one time a single cascade, but the varying degrees of hardness of the several rocks have caused an unequal retro- ENTEANCE TO CENTRAL PAKK, FIFTH AVNUE AND FIFTY-NINTH STREET. gade movement of tlie falls until they have reached their present shape. A little to the north of the New York Central Railway Bridge are the Upper Falls, where the water descends ninety-six feet over the perpendicular face of the Niagara limestone, underlaid by shale. Here, too, the noted Sam Patch made his last and fatal leap. From this spot the river flows for about one and tliree-quarter miles between walls almost perpendicular and then reaches the INIiddle Falls, where the water tumbles a depth of twenty-five feet. A hundred rods farther on, at Lower Falls, the water rolls over a ledge of IMedina sandstone to a further depth of eiglity-four feet and to the level of Lake Ontario. The water power produced by these falls is immense, and it is utilized in connection with the various and important manufectories carried on along the banks of the river. The picturesque falls of the valuable and romantic stream, Fall Creek, descend in the space of one mile. 44 THE EMPIRE STATE. in the township of Itliaca 438 feet. Tlie falls consist of several cataracts, at one of which the whole sheet of water is poured over a rock 116 feet high, and the banks above have an elevation of lOO feet. At Cohoes the waters of the Mohawk river are precipitated over a broken rock 02 feet high, where the banks of the river form precipitous walls 140 feet above the stream; and at Little Falls, some miles above, the river passes through a fissure in the rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet above the surface of the stream. Trenton Falls, on AVest Canada Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, comprise a succession of rapids and cataracts for several miles, and the bed of the river is frequently narrowed by rocky precipices and overhung with trees, whilst its banks in many places rise perpendicularly to a height of 140 feet. The river, throughout its course, is noted for its v\-ild and picturesque scenery. Eighteen miles from Saratoga, the Hudson, at Glenn's Falls, rolls over a ledge of rocks into a deep basin seventy feet below. Numerous minor falls exist in various rivers, especially in the northern part of the State, and furnish in many instances motive power of immense importance to the manufacturing interests of the State. In the mountain ranges the weird gorges and the flowery dells have their waters tumbling from dizzy heights and leaping from crag to crag in their haste to reach the level of some neidiboring stream. All these are objects „ -, . • 1 1 r .1 i • * -1 " '^M^^^ /f^*^"'> CENTRAL PAEK-THE DEER-SLAYER, of admiration and wonder tor the tourist ana / 'Qf///li'^s, M pleasure seeker. But the greatest and most '^^^W "- V|iiV attractive — the world's wonder — o/ \vaterfalls are THE FALLS OF NIAGARA, which have made New York State known throughout every part of the habitable globe, for these falls have not their counterpart in either Christendom or Heatliendom. These falls, as we have already intimated, are located in the Buifalo river, whioli is the connecting link between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The river is 36 miles long, and the total fall is 334 feet. Commencing at Buffalo the river is there three-fourths of a mile wide and from 40 to 60 f^'ct deep, and flows with a current of four miles per hour. Three miles below Buftalo the river feeds the Erie Canal, and six miles below it widens in its descent towards Grand Island, which belongs to New York, and is twelve miles long and six miles wide. Here the main channel of the river passes on the west side. Below Grand Island and in tlie main cliannel, near the Canadian side, and belonging to Canada, is Navy Island, containing 304 acres. Having passed these islands, three miles above the falls, the divided branches of the river re-unite, flowing with rapid current, two miles broad, but narrowing as it approaches the three falls into which the the waters divide themselves. The rapids are so strong two miles above the falls as to entirely prevent navigation. There are three distinct cataracts — Horse-shoe, American and Central Falls. About half a mile above the falls commence the Great Kapids, which, before reaching the falls, have a descent of 52 feet, presenting a grand appearance. At the falls the river is three-quarters of a 5 -, ,yf\\^~ CENTRAL PARK-THE FALCONER. CENTRAL PARK BEETHOVEN. ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH, 45 mile wide, but is divided by Goat Island, which is nearly midway between the American and Canadian shores. This island in the boiling waters is half a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide, contains 71 acres, and extends to the brow of the precipice, where it presents a mass of rocks, nearly perpendicular, extending from the brink to the bottom of the fall. Owing to the declivity of the bed of the river, before reaching the fall, being greater upon the Canadian side than on the American, to a bend in the river, and to Goat Island being nearer to the American than the Canadian side, by far the greater body of water falls on the Canadian side of Goat Island, or, as it is generally called. Horse-shoe Falls. This is so-called because of its crescent shape. It is by far the largest of the falls, and is 2000 feet wide and 154 feet high. The American Fall is 660 feet wide and the Central Fall 243 feet, each having a fall of 163 feet. The aggregate width of all the falls is 2,900 feet, and CENTRAL PARK— THE TERRACE AND GRAND PTATRWAY. the flow of water is unceasing and nearly uniform in amount thoughout the year. The weight of water descending over the falls in a single hour is computed to be 100,000,000 tons. At the Horse-shoe Fall the concussion of the descending waters with those in the depths below occasions a spray that veils the cataract two thirds up its height. Above this everlasting and impenetrable foam there rises to the height of fifty feet above the fall a cloud of lighter spray, which, when the rays of the sun are directed upon it, displays solar rainbow? n-rand in their magnificence. The depth of the river above the falls, as near as can be computed, is about 200 feet. In the rapids above the American Falls, about midway between the shore and Goaf Island, is Bath Island, twenty-four rods in length, and containing about two acres. From the shore to this island is a bridge, twenty-eight rods long, crossing tlie rapids sixty-four rods above the falls. Fj-om Bath Island, another bridge. 46 THE EMPIRE STATE, sixteen rods long, extends to Goat Island. It is recorded that the first white person who ventured to cross the Eapids at Goat Island was Israel Putnam, in 1755. On Goat Island fine views are obtained of tlie fails. At the south-west angle of this island, on some rocks near the verge of the precipice, and which are reached by a footway called Terrapin Bridge, extending from rock to rock, stands a stone tower, forty-five feet high, and upon its top is an open wooden gallery, whence is afforded a direct view of the seething abyss below. From the front of Goat Island there is a descent of 185 feet to the bottom of the falls by a covered staircase, which was erected by the late Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia. From the foot of this staircase there are paths for some distance behind the falls. Behind the Central Fall is the Cave of the Winds, a cavern formed by the decay of the softer substratum rock, while the hard, superincumbent limestone still forms tlie roof. This chamber is 153 feet long, (ifty feet wide and 100 feet high. In front of it the water descending from above is 240 feet in width, and compresses the air to such a degree that a fearful noise continually prevails within this watery cavern, and this is height- ened by the foaming spray which rushes along the rocky floor, sweeps up the darkened walls, spreads over the roof and thence falls in drenching showers. The best and most comprehensive view of tlie entire falls is obtained on the Canada side at Table Rock. On the American side a descent is afforded by cars on an inclined plane to the shore below, whence a steam ferryboat plies over these foaming and ever restless depths near the falls to the Canadian side, where a winding carriage road is constructed to the heights above. The width of the river here is a quarter of a mile, and its depth 250 feet. The banks of the river below the falls have a gradual ascent for six miles, from which, and other facts, many suppose that the falls have, in the course of ages, receded from below to their present posi- tion. This deep chasm is spanned by two suspension bridges, one just below the falls, for passengers and carriages, from which they can be seen to great advantage, and two miles below by the great International Railway Suspension Bridge Three miles below the falls is the Whirlpool which is caused by the projection of a rocky promontory on the Canada side, and against which the waters rush with such violence as to occasion a severe reaction and rotary motion, and in it logs and trees are frequently whirled around for weeks in succession. One mile below this wliirlpool is an excavation from the side of the bank, about two acres in extent and 150 feet deep. It is known as the Devil's Hole. The river in its descent to Lewiston, seven miles distant, falls 104 feet, and flows with great velocity. Near Lewiston the bank is 310 feet high, but below it diminishes to twenty-five or thirty feet, and holds tliis height to Lake Ontario. The river falls two feet in its descent from Lewiston to the lake, a distance of seven miles, thus making a total descent of 834 in its course from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. At its mouth it is defended on the American side by Fort Niagara, fiimous in history, and garrisoned by United States artillery, and on the Canadian side by Fort George. COASTING, LAKE AND INTERNAL TRADE. America has no State possessing such facilities for external and internal commerce as that of New York. Nature has been profuse in her gifts in tliis direction, and has given the State an excellent seaward outlet, immense lakes that bound it outwardly, and noble rivers that penetrate to its very centre. The Hudson river, the chain of great lakes, and the Mississippi with its huge branches, lack by nature but two short links, almost ready-made, of one commercial watercourse, sweeping around from south to north, and from west to east, through the whole latitude and two-thirds of the longitude of the United States, draining the larger and richer part of its area with a navigable course of five or six thousand miles, and finding its main outlet at the harbor of New York. The eastern Hnk lacking to this stupendous natural circuit was completed in 1826 by the Erie Canal, and the metropolis of the State and of the country is tlie commercial delta it has created. The canals of New York State are important features in its economy wliich distinguishes it from other States. They unite the lakes, rivers and ocean and branch out in every direction, and are invaluable for commercial traffic and manufacturing purposes. Lake Ontario has several important harbors, the most noted of which is Sackett's Harbor, toward the east end of the lake. It is deep and safe, and was an important station during the war of 1812. The harbors of Buffalo and Dunkirk on Lake Erie are also important commercial stations, being the terminus of the two great lines of railroad between the Hudson and the lakes. The harbors of lake Champlain are much used by Canadian traders, and those of Burlington and Plattsburg are fast rising into importance. ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH, 47 The sea coast of New York is nearly all comprised in the shores of Long Island, the largest apiiendage to the State. These shores contain a fcAv harbors or inlets, but none that are much frequented by shipping. The bay and harbor of New York constitute the great depot of the commerce of the State and much of that of the entire country. Easily accessible, perfectly safe, capacious enough for the navies of the world, and never wholly obstructed by ice, New York has advantages possessed by no other port. This is the MAGNIFICENT MARINE GATEWAY of the glorious New World, tlirough which the surplus population of Europe chiefly enters into the " Promised CENTRAL PARK— THE I.IENAGEKIE. Land." M. Ampere has put on record his opinion that the three grandest commercial scenes in the world are the Thames between London and Greenwich, the docks of Liverpool, and tlie two river-banks of New York, where one may walk for hours between a range of buildings and a range of shijis. Tlie harbor has been pronounced by travellers who have visited all parts of the habitable globe to one of the most beautiful in the world, and to have but one successful rival on the Atlantic ocean-^the harbor of Eio de Janeiro. The harbor of New York consists of two bays, known as the Lower New York Bay and New York Bay. The lower bay opens directly into the ocean, and is formed by Sandy Hook and its bar. It is eighteen miles from the city, and may be crossed hy two deep ship-canals from 21 to 32 feet deep at ebb tide, and from 27 to 39 48 THE EMPIRE STATE. feet at the tiood, thus admitting ships of the greatest di-auglit. From this bay the harbor proper — New York Bay — is entered by the magnificent gateway of the Narrows, formed by the approach of the opposite shores ot Staten Island and Long Island to witliin a mile of each other. Nature in one of her bountiful moods formed here a gateway through which no hostile fleet can pass that is not impregnable to shot and shell. On the Long Island side are Fort Lafayette, on a reef of rocks 200 yards from the shore, and the far-reaching outworks of Fort Hamilton with its hundred gnns, many of wliich are capable of throwing shot weighing a thousand pounds against the side of a ship. On the western, or Staten Island, shore are Forts Wadsworth (formerly called Richmond) and Tompkins, the latter located on the heights, and the former on the water's edge. Wadsworth is the second strongest fort in the Union, and it can sweep the whole strait with its guns. To pass up through the bays to New York City from the ocean a hostile fleet would find it no pleasurable picnic. The cannonade of the lunette and redoubts on Sandy Hook would be first encountered, next the missiles of 400 pieces of heavy artillery at the Narrows, and after these the pounding of 300 guns on the forts of tlie inner harbor, to say nothing of the firing of the American fleet and the explosion of torpedoes that would line the narrow channel. New York Bay is from 1^ to 5^ miles broad, — averaging 3 miles, — 8 miles long, and about 25 miles in periphery, formin"- a basin of capacity sufficient to receive the navies of the world. This bay communicates -n-ith Newark Bay through the river Kill-vou-Kull on the west, separating Staten Island and Bergen Point. From the inner harbor also stretch the Hudson and East Elvers. The inner defences of the harbor consist of batteries on Bedloe's and Ellis' Islands, on the west side of the bay ; and on Governor's Island, 8,200 feet from the city, are Fort Columbus, in the form of a star, commanding the south side of the channel ; on the south- west point. Castle William, a round tower 600 feet in circuit and CO feet high; and on t!ic south-west side. South Battery, commanding the entrance tlirough Buttermilk Channel. The entrance fVom the sound to the East Eiver is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Tiirogg's Neck. Besides the defences mentioned, the whole of the surrounding heights of the bay could, in the case of war, he readily fortified, and Castle Garden and the Battery Esplanade would furnish ready-made sites for an extensive armament. No port in the world could be more easily placed in a condition of defence. The width of the North, or Hudson River is one mile to Jersey City at the ferry and one and a half miles to Hoboken. The width of the East River is from one-third to half a mile. At the South Ferry it is 1300 yards, at Fulton Ferry 731 yards, and at Catherine Ferry 736 yards. Both the inner and outer harbors present enchanting views. The one is bounded with charmino- effect by the higli wood-clad hills of Neversink, the popular beacdi resorts of the north New Jersey coast and the summer cities on Coney Island. The inner harljor is ri.di in varied scenery, and, besides all the natural beauty of the location, there cannot be a finer spectacle tlian is presented in the great city spread before it with its piers crowded with a dense forest of masts bearing the flags of all nations, the shippino- at anchor in mid- stream, and the countless steamboats and vessels flitting al:)out hither and thither with the greatest activity. Tiie North (or Hudson) and East Rivers are lined by substantial wharves, with notable exceptions, how- ever, and supporting in some instances dingy looking slieds, etc. Yet alongside these weather-beaten and uninviting-looking wooden docks tlie largest commerce in the world is moored, and the harbor and rivers are open to traffic at all seasons, even when the bays and rivers much farther soutli are frozen up. That the bay and rivers here are kept open for navigation is due to strong currents and to the constant an-itation of the water by the fides and numerous vessels that are moving to and fro continuously. The rise of the tide in the harbor is nearly seven feet and at Albany two and one-half feet. Going northward the rise of the tide increases, and in the Bay of Fundy is ninety feet, the maximmn of the coast. Soutliv.'ardly it decreases, and in the Gulf of Mexico is but eighteen inches. The Hudson and East Rivers are connected at the upper end of New York 'l^\ - ITS INDUSTRIES' AND WEALTH. 49 City by the Harlem River. These rivers, and notably the Hudson River, appropriately called the American Rhine, possess great natural beauty apart from the irregular and unattractive wharves supported on piles and in various conditions of preservation or dilapidation at New York City. On tl>e North River are eighty piers, 9,nd on the East River seventy, and the total available water-frontage of New York, not reckoning the New Jersey and Long Island shores, which are fully used for the accommodation of the shipping interest of the city, is 24| miles. The attractions to the stranger, as he approaches New York City from the harbor, are THE STATUE OF LIBERTY AND THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE. The Statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" stands on Bedloe's Island. It is the creation of M. Bartholdi, and is the gift of the French people to America. The cost was $250,000, and the gift was received on Bedloe's Island in June, 1885. Through the efforts of the New York World over $100,000 were raised by subscription to provide the pedestal and to erect the statue thereon. The following are the dimensions of the great work : Ft. In. Ft. III. Height from base to torch 1.31 1 Tablet, width 13 7 Foundation of pedestal to toich 305 6 Tablet, thickness 2 Heel to top of head Ill 6 Length of hand 16 5 dijibnsioxs of the pedestal. Index-finger 8 •Circumference at second joint 7 6 Height of pedestal 89 Size of finger-nail 13x10 m. Square sides at base, each 62 Head from chin to cranium 17 3 Square sides at top, each 40 Head thickness from ear to ear 10 Grecian columns above base 72 8 Distance across the eye 2 6 Length of nose 4 6 dimensions op the foundations. Right arm, length..... , 42 Right arm, greatest thickness 12 Height of foundation 65 Thickness of waist 35 Square sides at bottom 91 Width of mouth 3 Square sides at top 66 7 Tablet, length 23 7 The statue weighs 450,000 pounds or 225 tons. The bronze alone weighs 200,000 pounds. Forty per- sons can stand comfortably in the head, and the torch will hold twelve people. The total number of steps in the winding stairway which leads from the base of the foundation to the top of the torch is 403. From the ground to the top of the pedestal there are 195 steps. The number of steps in the statue, from the pedestal to the head, is 154, and the ladder leaning up through the extended right arm to the torch has 54 rounds. The electric light in the inside of the torch-lamp aggregates 50,000 candle power, and at the base of the statue 30,. 000 candle power, being 80,000 candle power in all. The entire electrical plant is the gift of President Goff, of the American System. The entire cost of the work from beginning to end is estimated at $700,000. The Statue of Liberty is the tallest statue in the world. Brooklyn Bridge is the greatest woi'k in bridge-building the world has ever seen. The construction bewan in 1871, and the bridge was opened May 24, 1883, the total cost of the erection having been $15,000,000. The work was conceived by John A. Roebling, and it was built from his plans. In the progress of the work he had his foot crushed, lockjaw supervened and he died. He was succeeded by his son, Colonel Washington A. ■Roebling, who, in the caissons, contracted a mysterious disease that had proved fatal to several workmen, and he was rendered a hopeless invalid. The bridge unites the cities of New York and Brooklyn. Its length is 5,989 feet and its width 89 feet. It is suspended from two massive piers, 287 feet high, by four steel-wire cables, each sixteen inclies in diameter. In the centre of the bridge is an elevated promenade, on each side of which is a railroad-track for passenger-cars, pro;ielled by a stationary engine. Outside of the railroad-track, on 50 THE EMPlUE STATE. each side, are the road-ways for vehicles. From the under side of the bridge, in the centre, to tlie water, is 135 feet. The piers rest on caissons of yellow pine, iron, and concrete, sunk in the bed of the river. There is wire enough used in the cables to stretch nearly two-thirds of the way around the world. Foot-passengers are charged -one cent and railroad-passengers three cents each. Last year the bridge was crossed by 27,436,707 persons,' of whom 2,965,400 walked. The receipts were $755,690, the railroad taking in $673,580, the car- riage-way $64,518, and the promenade $17,592. Four "cranks" seeking notoriety, have jumped from the top of the bridge, and one lost his life. Last year a young painter, working on the under side of the bridge, fell into the river, and was picked up little the worse for his "ducking." THE SHIPPING AND COMMERCE OF THE METROPOLIS. As a stranger approaches the water-front of the great metropolis he is soon made acquainted with scenes and incidents that have no common fascination. Among the dilapidated-looking old piers, and out on the rivers, are vessels of all kinds and descriptions. Perhaps no part of the water-front is more attractive than those quays CENTEAL PAEK-THE LAKE. ~ on tne North River where lie moored the immense ocean steamers that bring us thousands of tourists and immi grants and the most valuable freight from all parts of the Old Worid. By the sides of these, and extending as far as the eye can carry along the northern and eastern piers, are the neat, trim steamships engaged in carrying commerce between the great metropolis and the Southern ports-Richmond, Charieston, Savannah New Orieans, Galveston, Bermuda, and IMexico; and also Havana, Hayti, Jamaica, Trinidad, the Bahamas and the ports on the Spanish llain. Here, too, are hundreds of ferry-boats and excursion-vessels, coasting-steamers oyster-barges, market-boats from up the Hudson and Long Island Sound, canal-boats from AYestern New York' colliers from the historic Delaware, fishing-smacks and passenger-boats from the Old Bay State and gallant craft from Canadian shores. At the southern end of the East River water-front the canal-boats which receive ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH 51 their freight from the Erie Canal " do most congregate," carrying a large floating population of boatmen's fam- ilies, and weiglited with the ricli products of the West. By day and night the New York waters present a most animated and attractive sight, and particularly on a briglit moonlight night, when the water has the appearance of rippling silver, and lights of many colors flash far and near from every description of moving craft, including the ever-busy squat ferry-boats, skipping swiftly like so many enormous turtles on the surface of the "briny" from shore to shore. All this never-ceasing activity betokens business — business of a solid and substantial cliaracter, the receipt, storage, iiandling, and despatching of the ^ commerce of every clime and of every kind. On and behind the crazy old jetties and worm- ^^ eaten wooden docks, picturesque in their very dilapidation, and in the massive towering M buildings locked together on the sloping sides of the city, and that stand as a background P. to the attractive display of masts, rigging and flags, are concentrated the products of every | \1/ ^''""^ ^^'^ sea; and here is a commercial showing the like of wliich no other port or /£ t^^=- nation in the world can boast. WHITE MEN HUNTING If Verrazano, the Florentine, in the Bay in 1554 it was to little effijct, for the cal purposes, a blank until Henry Hudson, sailed up the Hudson as fixr as Albany, in " north-west passage " in the interests of trade, that the Dutch came, saw, and remained ; came, conquered, and kept up dominion until mercial freedom that the "sovereign people" bondage, and founded the greatest and most beheld. The metropolis of the Empire State, eminence as the chief commercial port in was graded as holding only third or fourth the now quiet, staid, fashionable Newport Philadelphia took precedence of New transactions. In 1678, the then gover- wrote of the colony : "Our merchants planters about 2000 able to bear arms, except in and near Now Yorke,of Dutch few servants, much wanted, and but vi-ry provisions of all exported yearly jt* pease, beefe, pork, etc." Nearly a in 1774, Governor the annual amount Britain was £130,- produce thus ex- '' wheat, I n d i a n Ijarley and buek- ber and lumber, STATUE OF LIBERTY. FOR TRADE AND HOMES. service of France, did discover New York history of New York State was, to all practi- the Englishman, in the service of the Dutch, 1609, in search of the yet undiscovered It was, therefore, in the interests of commerce it was in the same interests that the British ejected ; and it was in the interests of eom- arose in their majesty, threw oflT the yoke of prosperous Eepublic the world has ever however, has not always held its present the country. There was a time when it rank. Boston was in the forefront ; and came second in importance ; and even Y'ork in the extent of its commercial Eor of New Y'ork, the notorious Andros, are not many, but with inhabitants and old inhabitants of the place or of England, extraction, and some few of all nations, but few slaves;" and "Our produce is land sorts, as of wheate, about 60,000 bushells, and some fish, tobacco, hundred years later, -Tryon reported that of the exports to Great 000 ($650,000), the ported consisting of corn, oats, rye, peas, wheat, live stock, tim- flour pork, beef, etc." Hudson found the island of Manhattan, now New York City, covered with forest and populated by a flerce and warlike tribe of Indians called Manhattans, and the banks of the stream which has ever since borne his name, in the possession of the Mohawks, a formidable and warlike tribe. In 1610, the year following the visit of Hudson, a ship was sent from Amsterdam to trade with these Indians, and other voyages were made during the succeeding years. In 1613 small trading posts were erected on the river, and several houses were 52 THE EMPIRE STATE. built on ManTiattan Island. On the 29th of March, 1614, their High Mightinesses the States General of the United Netherlands passed an ordinance granting to all original discoverers of land in North America the exclusive privilege of making four voyages to each, for the purposes of trade. Under tliis ordinance five ships were despatched the same year by a company of merchants. They explored extensively the coast of New York. The country extending between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers received the name of New Neth- erlands, and the exclusive right to trade there for fliree years, from October 11, 1614, was granted to the dis- coverers, who, upon the passage of tliis grant, formed themselves into a company, called the United Nether- lands Company. This company built, among other forts, one on tlie southern point of Manhattan island and one at Albany. The grant expiring in 1618, the company petitioned for its renewal in vain. Private traders, however, continued to visit the country for the purposes of traffic. In June, 1621, an armed mercantile asso- HIGH BRIDGE OVER HARLEM RIVER. ciation was chartered as the Dutch West India Company, and this corporation, on the 20th of June, 1623, sent out a ship called the New Netherlands to their newly acquired possessions. In 1624, Peter Minuit, havino- been appointed director of these possessions, came from Amsterdam with several families of Walloons' inhabr tants of tlie frontiers of Belgium and France. These settled on a bay of Long Island, and it was called from them Wahlebocht, or bay of foreigners, a name since corrupted into Wallabout. The government was vested in the director and a council of five. The important officer of the colony was the Schont Fiscal who filled both the offices of sheriff and attorney-general. Under the superintendence of these authorities the trade of the colony prospered. In 1626 Staten Island was purchased of the Indians, and in the same year Manhattan ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 58 Island was purchased with goods valued at twenty-four dollars. The fort upon the island received the title of Fort Amsterdam, and the colony that of New Amsterdam. Though the island remained a mere trading post for a few years, it had now entered upon that career which has culminated in a city ranking third in the world in extent and population, and the first in commerce. In 1632 Minuit was recalled, and the government of Wouter Van Twiller installed; and after a lapse of five years of mal-administration, Van Twiller was succeeded by William Zieft. During the administration of Van Twiller, difficulties arose between the English settlers on the Connecticut River and the Dutch authori- ties, the English claiming, and the Dutch denying, the region watered by the Connecticut. In 1638 the restrictions which had previously been placed upon trade by the Dutch "West India Company were taken ofi' and free ti-affic encouraged. This step gave a new impulse to emigration. Persecution, too, drove many colo- nists from New England and Virginia to settle among the more tolerant Dutch, and in the meantime the aggressive disposition of the English continued. The Dutch colonists had also discontented Indians to deal with. The latter saw with daily increasing envy and dislike the heritage of their fathers thus falling from them. War was the consequence, and for five years it desolated the colony. In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant, whose name is inseparably associated with the early history of New York, became tlie governor, and only terminated his administration by the capture of his colony by the English on the 6th of September, 1664. It was then that the present busy island of Manhattan and the whole colony took THE NAME OF NEW YORK, out of compliment to the Duke of York, to whom the conquered colony was granted by his brother, the King of England. Colonel Nichols was appointed governor, and he, on June 12, 1G66, granted a charter to the city of New York. The Dutch, however, recaptured the colony on August 7, 1G73, and they at once changed the name of New York City to New Orleans, and that of Albany to Williamstadt, with Captain Anthony Colve as governor. The colony, however, was not destined to be Dutch, for by the treaty of February 9, 1 674, it was restored to the English, and in the following autumn, as the representative of the Duke of York, Colonel Nichols again assumed position as governor and restored to the place the name New York. In 1685 the duke ascended the English throne as James II., but the Eevolution of 1688 cut short his reign and he was suc- ceeded by William III. and Mary as heritors of the throne. In the year succeeding this event an insurrection was raised by Jacob Leister, who overthrew the unpopular administration of Nichols, and strengthened the fort jn New York City by a battery of six guns outside its walls. This was tlie origin of the " Battery," of which more anon. Leister, however, was in 1691 seized and executed for treason and murder. From this time on no important event transpired until 1741, when an alleged discovery was made of a plot on the part of slaves — for New York was early engaged in the slave tfade — to burn the city and murder the white colonists. Twenty negroes were hanged, a lesser number were burned at the stake, and seventy-five were transported. Three years later war was declared between England and France, and the colonists of New York and New England attacked the French fortress at Louisburg. In retaliation the Indians in the pay of the French harassed the New York colonists so seriously in 1746 that it was determined to att&,ck Crown Point and Niagara, and to capture Quebec. To this end New York raised $200,000. The enterprise proved successful, and led to peace, having been secured by treaty between the French and English iu 1748, the colony prospered for a few years, and it had barely recovered from the wars when, in 1754, the French resumed hostilities, and they were not quieted until their power was crippled and they were compelled to surrender their possessions east of the Missis- sippi on September 8, 1759. THE REVOLUTION. Five years had barely elapsed before the colonists, who had been spending their treasure and blood for British conquest, were eager to take up arms, and they subsequently did successfully, against English dominion in the colonies. The imposition of the Stamp Act in 1764 and the other atrocities of the British Government which followed it led to that famous struggle for independence with which every school-boy is so familiar that it need not be enlarged upon here. The colonists of New York ^^'ere amongst the first to resist the oppression- In 1765 the " Sons of Liberty" were organized to oppose the Stamp Act, and in October of the same year a 64 THE EMPIRE STATE. congress composed of delegates from the colonies of tlie New England and Middle States met in New York City to take into consideration their grievances. South Carolina had also delegates here. This congress made declaration of the privileges and rights of the colonists. Liberty-poles had at this period Ijeen frequently erected in New York City, and as often been destroyed by the British soldiery. In 1770 a meeting of three thousand citizens resolved not to submit to British oppression ; and in 1773 a Vigilance Committee was formed to resist the landing of taxed tea ; and in the following year the committee sent back to England a tea-laden vessel, and from another ship they threw eighteen chests of tea overboard. In April, 1775, a provincial convention met at New Y'ork City, and elected delegates to the second congress. The colonists of Massachusetts, however, had struck the match of the Revolution, and the news of the battle of Lexington caused great excitement in the city. The arms of the city were ordered to Boston, but before they could be shipped they were seized by the authori- ties. The war had now commenced, and the fortunes of the Continental army from this time to the acknowl- edgment by England of the will of the "sovereign people" were various. In the State of New York were fought many ot the famous battles of the period — those of Brooklj'n Heiglits, Harlem Heights, Bemis Heights, Stony Point, Ticonderoga, Fort Schuyler, Stillwater and Saratoga, at the last oi which General Burgoyne sur- VIEW OF NEW YOllK HAEBOB. rendered to the Americans. On the 18th of September, 1770, as a result of the disastrous defeat of the Ameri- can troops, under General Washington, on Long Island, New York City fell into the hands of the British troops, wlio held it until the 2Gth of November, 1783, when they evacuated it—an event still annually cele- brate.l under the name of " Evacuation Day." New York City then became the capital of the State and seat of the government of the United States. As the State capital it held the distinction from 1784 to 1797, and as the capital of the nation from 1795 to 1798. In the latter year the adoption of the National Constitution in the previous year at Philadelphia was celebrated in grand style in New York ; and on April 30, 1789 Wash- ingtoa was inaugurated at the old City Hall, which stood on the site of the present Treasurv Buildin<^ as the first President of the United States. Prior to this_on March 12, 1777-a constitution fo/the State^of New York was reported by a committee of the provincial congress, and on the 20th of April followino- was adopted as the basis ot government. Under this new constitution George Clinton was elected governor" As already stated the seat ot the State government .ras iu New York City until 1797, when it was transferred to Albany. When the English soldiers had lieen ousted, the citizens turned their attention to internal improvements and "to the development of their commercial facilities by improving the navigation of the Hudson and Molnwk rivers and opening canals to Lake Champlain and Ontario. But many of the projected improvements were interf.n-ed ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 55 with and delayed by the renewal of hostihties with England in 1812, and which lasted until 1815. In this itruggle the State of New York contributed of her best blood and treasure. THE REBELLION. When the tocsin of rebellion against the Union was sounded in the South in 1861, the patriotic citizens of the Empire State were prompt and decisive in meeting the foe. Barraclss were speedily erected on the public squares of the metropolis ; immense fleets left the port with vast armies of men for the southern coasts, and 116,382 stalwart sons of New York went into the field to do battle for the preservation of the Union. In 1863, however, when the Confederate armies were sweepmg victoriously into the Northern States, the militia regiments which had been retained in the city in the interests of order were despatched to give relief to the tard-pressed Federal forces. Then the thieves and cutthroats in the city came from their haunts and estab- lished for a time a reign of terror. Wherever a soldier or a negro was found he was killed, and mansions and «tores were plundered and robbed on every hand. For several days the marauders held high carnival, indeed, "rock stretches for a length of fifteen miles along the eastern bank of the river. These rocks vary in hci-ht from 300 to 500 feet above the water, and are crowned by a heavy growth of timber. On the opposite shore are Washington Heights, with Fort Washington at the sum mit, a scene of memorable military activity in the days of the Eevolution. The fort here commands the river above and below as, well as the neighboring country. It formed the end and citadel of an irregular line of works extending along tlie northern part of the island of Manhattan. These works with their garrison of 7,200 men were captured by tlie British after a sharp resistance on Nov. 15, 1776. This was the second defeat that tlie Americans had sustained in New York, audit bad a dampen- ing effect on the friends of the Republic in this section. Both banks of the river at this spot liossess interesting features besides those already mentioned. The commerce of New York City i^^ iias by degrees driven the residential section of the affluent from tlie Battery up to Fifth Avenue CENTRAL PAKK— THE BELVEDERE. and now trade has penetrated that locality and is "^s; driving the aristocracy more northward. At Washington Heights, some five square miles between the Hudson and the Harlem, at an ele- vation of from fifty to one hundred feet aljove Plebeian street, grades have been laid out, as it were, by nature, for a select residential quarter, and here are to be the future homes of New York's wealthy residents. It is a ridge about a mile wide, with aljrupt sides and a broad to[) overlooking at once, on either hand, the magnifi- cence of the Hudson beneath the Palisades, and the romantic nooks of the Harlem and Spuyten Duyvil, with the glittering reaches of Long Island Sound; swept by the purest airs from land and sea; almost self-drained, and drained again of drainage at its base ; inaccessible, in short, to the order of the common world, to the heavy wheels of commerce and to tlie enterprise of speculative builders. The time is, perhaps, not far distant when a suspension bridge will be anchored in the rocks of Washington Heights and in the blufts of the Palisades, oppo- site. Such a bridge has already been chartered, and whenever this shall be completed it will connect the magnificent boulevards on each side of the opposite heights in a continuous drive of fifteen miles, which, for eminence of prospect, luxurious convenience and picturesque variety, cannot be matched within easy reach of a iiig city anywhere on the globe. On the top of the precipitous walls of the Palisades is a broad table land, where thousands upon thousands of people have made their homes, and the population here is being constantly increased by the railway fixcilities now afforded for reaching the heights. The Palisades at its southern end is being laid out for a park and gardens, and buildings are increasing in number rapidly. This spot, like an ITS INDUSTRIES AND WEALTH. 65 island in the atmosphere, hung in all its sylvan wildness over the roofs, and ways of men presents an outlook which for beauty of scenery is simply amazing. Not that it is vaster in extent than may be seen from other summits, but that it groups features of grandeur so diverse and opposite, such a range of the boldest contrasts, from the largest scale of man and civilization back to the monstrous chaos, all right under an eye poised in mid- air. The topmost mast of the largest ship is far, far below you. Out in the distance, on one hand, is the ocean, and out, on tlie other hand, stretching vi'estward to the Ramapo mountains, is a measureless magnificence of scenery, while between are the great rivers, the Hudson, Hackensack and Passaic, converging into the wonder- ful harbor of New York, with their countless fleets and shining sails and bustling flotilla — all down, almost plumb down, it seems, beneath your eyrie crag. And still about you in this weird altitude, is a world above a world of gretn groves, lawns and homes of happy people. The upper end of the Palisades is still nearly all i'orest. Two miles beyond, on the east bank, is Spuy ten Duyvil Creek, or Harlem River, meets the waters of the Hudson, whence the pump tower at that great engineering structure, the High Bridge, crossing the Harlem, is visible over the hills. The houses which cluster on the upper side of the creek is known as Spuyten Duyvil, but the name was originally applied to the creek itself, which connects the Harlem with the Hudson, thereby forming Manhattan Island. Through its estuary, tide-^vater flows, the currents meeting at or near Kingsbridge, about a mile from the Hudson. Spuyten Duyvil is a name ascribed by Dietrich Knickerbocker (Washingtcn Irving,) to Anthony Van Corlear, tlie redoubtable Dutch trumpeter, vsdio, being bound on an important mission to the land, and finding himself unable to procure a boat, swore that " en spuyt den duyvil " he would swim the creek. He plunged into the stream, and when halfway across was seen to struggle violently until no longei' able to resist the Duyvil, who was doubtless tugging at his legs. He raised his trumpet to his lips, sounded a blast and disappeared. The creek constituted the southern boundary of the famous neutral ground of Revclu- tionary times, where American and British soldiers were continually making raids. At Kingsbridge redoubts were thrown up on both sides of the creek, and here a fight took place with no decisive result between the Americans and the British and Hessians. Here, in 1776, a few American soldiers conquered a party of Hes- sians. Henry Hudson anchored the Half Moon, in Oct., 1609, at the mouth of the creek, and had a long sus- tained fight with the Manhattan Indians, who tried to board the ship from their canoes, but were beaten off. On the opposite side of the creek is one of the highest points of the Palisades, known as the Lydecker Peak. Here stood the Palisades Mountain House, commanding charming scenery and possessing beautiful drives rounn about it. It was destroyed by fire June 3, 1884. At the foot of the Palisades at this point is a dock, connected with which is a carriage road leading over the heights to Englewood, N. J. On the right — on the east bank — are Westchester Heights, the site of old Fort Independence, and a little further on, 14 miles from New York City, is Riverdale, a country residence for New York merchants. About a mile and a half beyond this is Mt. St. Vincent, an educational institution under the control of the Sisters of Charity, who bought the property known as Font Hill from the celebrated actor of a bygone day, Edwin Forrest. The castellated structure of dark stone was built by Forrest as a private residence. On the opposite shore is Indian Head, the highest point of the Palisades, the altitude at this point being five hundred and fifty feet above the river. Near here is Tappan Bay or Tappan Zee, which is an extension of the Hudson, var3-ing from 3^ to 4 miles wide, and 11 miles long, terminating at Piermont, where the Palisade formation ends, and where is the boundary between New York and New Jersey. Passing the old residence of Forrest, the trav- eller reaches, on the east bank, Yonkers, the flourishing city of over 20,000 inhabitants, located at the moutli of the Neperah, or Saw Mill River. Neperah is the name given by tlie Indians, signifying " rapid water village," which fitly describes the series of falls and rapids with which the stream joins the Hudson. Yonkers is derived from the Dutch "Yonk — beer," signifying the heir of a family. Hudson anchored his vessel here- abouts, and traded v^^th the Indians. The Philipse Manor, probably the finest specimen of an old-fashioned mansion in the country, was built in 1682. In this house was born Mary Philipse, the belle of her day and said to have been the sweetheart of AVashington, though she became the wife of Roger Morris. Passing from Yonkers, Spring Hill Grove and Dudley's Grove are reached, and beyond tliese, 21 miles from New York, is Hastings, containing many beautiful country seats. Garabaldi, the Liberator of Italy, when he kept a soap and candle factory on Staten Island, is said to have been extremely fond of this suburban retreat. Lord Cornwallis with the British army crossed the river at tliis place in 1776, joined another force in capturing 66 THE EMPIRE STATE. Fort Lee, and then pursued the Americans to the Delaware River. A mile farther on, on the same bank of the river, is Dobbs' Ferry, with its many handsome villas and cottages, the residences of many New York merchants. In the olden times a Swede, named Dobbs, kept a ferry here, hence its name. The Tappan Zee Bay here widens to four miles in extent. When the British had won their dearly bouglit victory at White Plains, five miles to the east, in October, 1776, tliey concentrated their forces at this place; several months in the following year a division of the American ai-my, under General Lincoln, was located liere. Dobbs' Ferry was the first jilace appointed for meeting between Andre and the traitor Arnold, but tlie plan was not success- fully carried out. From this place a commission was sent by Sir Henry Clinton to General Greene, the repre- sentative of Washington, to intercede for the life of the unfortunate Major Andre. Greene was the president of the court which sentenced Andre to death, and the sentence, as previously recorded, was carried out. Two miles beyond Dobbs' Ferry is the beautiful village of Irvington, built on the sloping hills on the east side of the river, overlooking the tranquil bay of Tappan. Tliis is a modern village, named in honor of Washington Jrving, and noted as one of the most aristocratic suburbs of the great metropolis. A little to the north of the village is Sunnyside, the home of Irving, and which may be seen from the deck of the steamer. Here he -.vrote several of his immortal books, here he died November 28, 1859, and his remains lie in that very •' Sleepy Hollow " near Tarrytown made famous by his facile pen. Opposite to Irvington, on the west bank, is Piermont, before referred to, where the Palisades recede from the shore and lose their precipitous char- acter. The ridge, however, continues in a series of hills, obtaining a height in some places of nearly 700 feet, but nowhere resuming the peculiar Palisade formation. A long pier here projects into tlie river and is a terminus of a branch of the Erie railway connecting with the main line at Suifern, 18 miles west. Ta[)pan, where Andre was tried, condemned and executed in 1780, is two miles to the rear of Piermont. The bank of the river at this point is frecj^uently heavily mantled with the common white cedars, which form an attractive feature of tlie land- scape. On the right, overlooking the river and the Pali- sades to the southward, and commanding a distant view of the Raraapo Mountains and the Hudson Ili'jflilands to the west and north, Tarrytown is nleas- 1 f^^ r '^ ^- - ''- '■-<^i"^^^^^^^ai)tly located on the hillside. It is a busy, flourish. a rr:2