HBBi '=■-;, ■;i*w^C(:'j •■'"■.>$<'' ^-Ife-v ^^. /•■'A i'- } ,.- "^ -N^ .■'^■■' 'if^^^^-r: ' y-„ ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University Cornell University Library Z 209.C5N8 Survey of the book and job printing indu 3 1924 014 558 377 •SURVEY of tne BOCK fUD JOB PRINTING INDUSTRY, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Report prepared for THE FRAi>IKLIN-TYPOTHETAE OF CHICAGO by THE BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH. NORTmVESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, Horace Secrist, Director - June 15, 1920> Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014558377 - 1 SUMMARY OF TOFICS DISCUSSED ;^D TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page I. Introduction 3 - 4 II* Analysis of Results 5 - 66 1. The Growth of the Industry 5 - 11 A» The Development of the Book and Job Printing and Pub- lishing Industry, 1899 - 1914 5- 7 B. The GroTrth in Chicago, October, 1918 to September ,1919 8-11 2. Monthly Variations in Printing Activities 12 - 16 A. Fluctuations in the Number of Employees in the Print- ing Industry as a Vi/hola and in the Book and Job Branches in Chicago »...» 12 - 14 B. Fluctuations in Man- and Machine-hours and in Overtime- hours in Book and Job Printing, Chicago, October, 1918 to September, 1919 14 - 16 3. Causes of Separations from, and Source of Additions to, the Employed Force 17 ^ 18 A. Separations from the Employed Force 17 B. Additions to the Employed Force 17 - 18 C. Separations and Additions .,. . . ^ 18 4. Period of Employment of Wage Earners and Labor Turnover--. 19 - 25 A. Period of Employment , 19 - 23 B. Yearly Rate of Labor Turnover 24 - 25 5- Man- and Machine-hours 26 - 28 6. Wage Rates 29 - 32 A» Wage Rates in Union Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago 29 - 32 B.of B.R. P.S. - 2 - Page 7. Weekly Earnings of Employees in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago, .1918-1919 32 - 48 A. Weekly Earnings for Male and Female Employees in All Occu- pations, and in Specified Occupational Groups 35 B. Weekly Earnings for Male Bindery V/orkers, Hand Compositors, Cylinder Feeders, Cylinder Pressmen, and Linotype Operators, for different conditions of work, in All Shops and in Ty- . pothetae Shops .....*..,>.». -35 - 40 C. V/aekly Earnings by Occupa.tions for Day and Night Shifts in All Shops 41 - 42 D. Weekly Earnings for All Occupations for Male and Female Workers, by Day and Night Shifts, in Classified Typothetae Shops .-, 43 - 44 E- Weekly Earnings for All Occupations for Male and Female Employees in Union, Non-union and Open Shops ...........>. 45 F. Weakly Earnings of Hand Compositors 45 - 48 8. Finances and Financial Control in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago - 49 - 58 A. Introductory and Precautionary Statement 49 - 50 B. Relations (Ratios) of Specified Items of Cost to Net Sales 50 - 58 a- Ratios of Total Cost of Sales to Net Sales ,1914-1919 . . 50 - 52 b. Ratios of Direct Labor Costs to Net Sales, 1914-1919.. 53 - 54 c. Ratios of Costs of Raw Materials to Net Sales, 1914-1919 55- 56 d- Other Comparisons of Cost Items to Net Sales, 1914-1919 57- 58 9. Jobbers' Prices of Paper in Chicago, 1913 to March, 1920 59- 64 10. Apprenticeship in the Book and Job Printing Industry, Chicago 65 11. Purchasing and Selling Policies in Use in Book and Job Printing Shops, Chicago ♦ 65-66 B.of B.R.P^S. _ 3 - I. INTRODUCTION. The data upon *hich this report is based were secured pri- mai'ily, but not solel^', from the membership of the Franklin-Typothetae by means of scheduias or questionnaires. The Bureau of Business Re- search offered its service to the Franklin-Typothetae, on conditions mutually agreeable, for the study of certain phases of its industria], personn.31, account inc and financial problems, and to this end, there was appointed by the Exacut ivo Committee of the Franklin-Typothetae a Consulting Committee of its membership, the function of which was to advise .vith the Director of the Bureau upon the plans, policies and methods .vhich should govern the survey. The Bureau, after repeated conferences with the Consulting Committee, and after having fully canvassed the needs of the Book and Job Printing Industry, and the willingness of the members to supply correct and full data, .vhich would serve as a basis for scientific study, prepared a schedule upon which facts were to be reported. Ac- cordingly, schedules vvere sent to the entire msmbership of the Franklin- Typothetae, aswiell as to non-members of the Book and Job Printing Industry in Chicago, the names and addresses being supplied by the Secretary of the Franklin organization. The Bureau of Business Research, from the very beginning of its association with the Franklin-Typothetae, had hoped for the great- est degree of cooperation in making the survey a complete success, and had been assured that such coi'peration would be given. The Director, in submitting plans for the survey had in writing, and otherwise, raade it perfectly clear that the Bureau and the University were interested B.of B.R. P.S. • 4 - in undertaking the survey solely as a piece of scientific research, and that its success absolutely depended upon co Operation and mutual aid. The Bureau was in possession of a scientific organization which could study and help in the solution of business problems. The mem- bership of the Franklin-Typothetae possessed facts and records which needed analysis and study, and business policies which needed to be compared, ranked and subjected to critical business tests. It was hoped that the needs fOx" the Bureau's service would be appreciated and utilized. In securing the full cooperation of the membership of the Typothetae, the Burjau has failed. Both organizations, therefore, have suffered; thd Bureau in utilizing its time, money and specialized skill in attempting to secure information when it should have been interpreting it; and the Typothetae, in failing to secure an ancij-yais based upon thd broad experience which complete reports from its mem- bership would have made possible- The Bureau regrets exceedingly the results of *hat beened, in its initial stage, to promise so much for the benefit oT the industry. The Bureau feels that the relative failure of this joint enterprise in business exploration cannot be attributed to a remiss- ness of duties on its ovm part- In spite of the meagreness of the data, supplied by the industry, however^ the Bureau has been able to prepare a report, which though incomplete in many respects, absolutely barren in others, and in some instances based upon a treacherously scanty sampling (all called attention to in The Analysis of Results ) still possesses some merit for the business man or organization which will read it carefully and be guided by its results. B.of B.R. P.S. II- ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 1. The Growth of the Industry. A. The Development of the Book and Job Printing and Publishing Industry, 1899 - 1914. The groA'th of the Book and Job Printing and Publishing Industry is suromarized in the following two tables. Table 1 gives for certain cities the number of wage earners employed and shov/s re- latively what the gro -''th has been when both 1899 and Chicago are taken as bases of comparison. Table 2 gives similar daifca and corn- par i.sons for the value of the product of this industry. Graphically, both sets .:!f relations for the t vo indexes of growth are shown in Graph A. This graph and the data show, in summary. First . tha . , ^.n per cent, of grof/th since 1899, Chicago is exceeaed only by Cleveland; and Seco?'id . that, in terms of Chicago's standing, all cities except New York are inferior, and that with the development since 1899, all cities except Cleveland have been losing in comparison with Chicago. Tables 1 and 2 and Graph A are v;orthy of study. The positions which these respective cities now hold, it is impossible, in the absence of data, to show, but if the past may be used as a basis for an estimate, Chicago's commanding position is definitely assured . B.of B.R. P.S. Table 1. Number of V/age Earners in Book and Job Printing, , and Publishing Establishments, by Cities, 1899-1914. Cities ,(2) i _— 1899^"^^ { 1904 Num- foChi- | Num. (2) ^- a8e?S= i b- Chicago Per Cent. 1899=100 New York City Per Cent .1899=100 Philadelphia Per Cent. 1899-100 Boston Per Cent. 189 9=1 00 Cleveland Per Cent. 1899=100 9,552 14,368 5,373 100.0 ! 11,516 100. Oj 150-4 ! 18,977 100. o; 56.2 ; 6,046 100. Ol 4,428! 46.3 ; 4,843 ; 100. Oj 981! 10.3 , 1,273 j 100.0; 7oChi- cago= 106. 100.0 120.6 164.7 132.1 52.5 112.6 42.0 109.4 11.1 129.8 1909 (2) Num- ber ,7oChi- bago= 100.0 15.8571 100.0 166.0 23,26J| 146.7 161.9 6,40e 5,719 1,836 40.4 119.2 36.1 129.2 11.6 187.1 1914 Num- ber foChai- cago= L6,96t3 1 Jl,013 6,187 3,23] 2,135 100 JD 177-6 123-9 146-2 36.5 115.2 19.0 73.0 12-6 217.6 Table 2. Value of Product in Book and Job Printing and Publishing Establishments by Cities, 1899-1914. (1) 1899^2^ ' 1904^2) 1909(2 -' 1914 Cities Amount (30,000) foChi- cago= 100.0 : Amount (iD0,00C foChi- 1 cago= 100.0 Amount (00,000; ^IChi- cago? 100.0 Amount (00,000 foChi- cago= 100.0 1 Chicago $18.6 Per Cent. 1899=100 100.0 100.0 ^26.2 100.0 141-2 $37.4 100.0 201.3 C'50.8 100.0 273.5 New York City i 28.4 Per Cent. 1899=100 153.2 100.0 47.3 180.0 165.0 64.0 171.2 225.0 68.3 134.3 239,7 Philadelphia 10.2 Per Cent. 1899=100 54.6 100-0 14.0 53.5 138.3 15.6 41.8 154.1 17.4 34.1 171.0 Boston j 10.0 Per Cent. 1899=100 1 54.1 100.0 9.8 37.2 97.0 13.9 37.3 138.7 12.0 23.8 120.1 Cleveland 1 1.8 Per Cent. 1899= 100 9.6 100.0 2.4 9.0 132.5 4.1 10.9 229.0 5.9 11.5 327.5 (1) Data from the United States Census of Manufactures. (2) Metropolitan Districts. B.of B-R. P.S. - 7 - B. The Growth in Chicago, October, 1918 to September, 1918. On the basis of returns from 29 shops, with an average force per establishment of 35 people, October, 1918 sho*ed the smallest and September, 1919 the largest number of day workers. The increase of the employed force during this time represented 14.6 per cent. The in- crease for all workers during the same period was 21-7 per cent, in union and 11.5 per cent, in open shops. These and other facts are set out in Tables 3 and 4, and in Graphs B and C- Table 3. Months of Maximujn and Minimum Number of Male Employees in All Occupations and in Specified Occupations ^and Per Cent, of Increase from Minimum to Maximum Number. Occupations and Working Conditions- Month with Maximum Number Month with Minimum Num- Per Cent. Increase Numb er of Average ^Jo.of Em- Employed ber Employed from Min. Shops ployees to Max. No per Shop All Occup-^tions. Day V>'orkers Sept. 19 19 Oct. 19 18 14.6 29 34.9 Union Shop Sept. 19 19 Oct. 19 18 21.7 19 24.7 Open Shop Sept. 19 19 Oct. 19 18 11.5 9 54.0 Specified Occupations . Bindery Day V/orkers Aug. 1919 Nov. 19 18 92.6 14 5.5 Union Shop Sept. 1919 .^S;^-)1918 114.2 8 4.2 Open Shop Sept .1919 Nov. 1918 75.1 5 5.5 Hand Compositors /^K Day Workers Sept. 19 19 Oct. 19 18 23.8 26 9-2 Union Shop Sept. 1919 Oct. 1918 Jan-flniQ June/ -^^ 31.7 17 7.7 Open Shop Aug. 1919 27.1 8 8,6 Cylinder Feeders Day V/orkers Sept. 19 19 Apr- 1919 13.7 22 8.2 Union Shop i:ar. 1919 Oct. 1918 20.9 14 7.5 Open Shop Aug. 1919 rb:)i9m 21.6 7 11.1 Cylinder Pressmen Day f«'orkers Mar- 1919 Oct. 1918 22.1 24 4.9 Union Shop Mar. 1919 Oct. 1918 18.3 15 3.3 Open Shop Feb. 1919 Oct. 1918 31.1 8 7,8 B.of B.R. P.S. Table 4. The Per Cent, of Maximum Number of Employees, in All Shops, by Months, in Relaticn to the Average for the Year, October, 1918 to September 1919, by Occupations, for Male Day Workers. Per Cent, of ] feximum Numt er-Male Day Workers . Months Total All Bindery Hand Cylinder Cylinder Occupations Compositors Feeders Pressmen Average 93.4 76.6 87,8 94.6 90.7 October, 1918 87.3 54.0 80.8 91.1 81.9 Novembsr 91.2 51.9 83.4 98.4 91-2 December 91.2 70.0 84.9 91.0 PI. 2 January, 1919 90. V 81.0 82.4 93.1 97.4 February 94,2 74.0 92.3 92.0 98.2 March 94.2 79.9 85.7 96.8 100,0 April 89.9 70.9 87.5 87.9 86.9 May 95,5 82.8 89.4 99.5 89-4 June 92.8 81.0 82.4 93.6 93.5 July 96.8 85.9 90.5 96.3 85.6 August 97.3 100.0 95.2 95.7 84.1 September 100.0 90.3 100.0 100.0 88.8 Number of Shops 29 14 26 22 24 B.of B.R. P.S. ^sawBMWBiia ■Si '^^MB^ffll^^^ ^ffl r'^-iia- )':: Hli ::i[ !::: ,i; i,\\ '■ i \ ( . . i ' : . . . ' , Hilnlli "tj-i! 1 1 ; ; ; 1 ' ; : ' ; '-'': ^WiWimm -_^..- -..Q^-UJ .iklf - ika- -jjliiiUi l^OiL .j._ . Ii^jHf^nue ' Dflf . ' IfJl^f tih ^'H^rAlAii in±i i;4r-3 =-^^.i1 L ... .':": h^^-^Hin^-h^rv n-iff>;1 ^T^.^ 1 ^ flOB:.Y.<'«?ja ^ .-'^*t r • *■' : ; I \ \ 1 : i.:: 1 ^'i><; ■ ,T6.tt. !?■«*.! n(9il'. .'1^'".; "I>v .TMJn^i.H m m ■-lif. o«|!.fe. _, . 1,2 W ■ • 1 ■ 1 1 1 ^ ■■ : 1 1 i ' "'■ r - 1 — . — — _ ; i ' 1 ' 1 ! __ __ UimB J ( I . I t ■ I ■ ,1 ■ . _ • ■ _ : i •■ " '■' ■, 1 T-T ," 1 ': , ; :;:- ' i , ! ■ GrRph C. £j^: IHHHHVHHSII inMaiii&rKS«»^ ^SHnHHS^ BIHHHHf&iHHHflnHlBS wHHHHHBHBBi 8g - X-£, - 2. Monthly Variations in Printing Activities. A. Fluctuations in the Number of Employees in the Printing Industry as a H'/hole and in the Book and Job Branches in Chicago- The percentages of fluctuations of the number of employees from month to month when based ,on the maximum number employed are shovm in Table 5. Table 5. Per Cent, which the Number of Employees each Month is of the Llaximum Month for the Year- Month . Percentage which Employees is of Maximum Force Printing and Publishing United States 1914(1) Illinois 1914(2) New York 1914(2) Ohio 1914(2) Book and Job Printing Chicago October, 1918 to September, 1919 - Av.erage 98.3 98.0 96.6 98.6 93.4 January February March April May June July August September October Novjmbar December 99-2 99,3 99.0 98.6 96-0 96.7 96 .-i 97.5 98«2 98.1 98.5 97.6 98.1 100.0 97.5 96.9 98.3 98.3 98 99. 97. 96. 97, 98-5 99.1 100.0 98.3 97.1 96.2 93.9 94.0 95.0 94.9 95.8 96.3 100.0 99.5 99.6 99.2 98.7 98.2 98.0 97.4 97.5 98.5 98-2 98.6 90 7 94 .2 94 2 94 .2 89 .9 95 .5 92 .8 96 .8 97 .3 100 .0 87 .3 91 .2 2 .8 6 .6 .6 Ave. Difference from Average -S Maximum Differenctj 1.9 Minimum Difference .1 .7 2.0 .1 1.7 3.4 .3 .7 1.4 .0 The fluctuations :-. r :xale day workers and male night workers for certain •^pf^cified occup'iit:. ■.n'? in Chicagc -:.r- -rh*. .vn m Graphs B and C, above. In Graph D, immediately following, the average monthly differences of the force from the average for the year are contrasted by length of line. (1) U.S. Census of Manufactures;,. 1914, Vol. II, Table 15. p. 632. (2) U.S. Census of Manufactures, 1914, Vt)l. II, Table 16, p. 632. B.of B.R. P.S. - IS - L Clrii) ih D r'Wifn.»fl'iTiY' tha[ijfar!erii;«! Mhn: Ifl^HBIHBiMiHHHKMBAdll — ii^AiiwflMiiMSiiiBiiuiiHnHii 7 --TTTT ,r •' '■-;■■ ■'■r^ -Ji3L.ulEaE -i-Ell»- r4^ - an* :; .;: :: : K, h J;::' . •r - :-: : g;?:.;p— HMBi SUSSBSS ^J^ l'± The evidence submitted on the variation in the size of the employed force is conclusive that f6r number of employees, the Printing and Publishing Industry as a whole, and the Book and Job branches are essentially non-seasonal in character. Even for individual occupations, where data are sufficient as a basis for measurement, the fluctuations are relatively small. B. Fluctuation in Man- and Machine-hours and in Overtime-hours in Book and Job Printing, Chicago, October, 1918 to September, 1919. Nine shops, vjith an average force of 481 employees reported to the Bureau, both nan- and machine-hours and overtime-hours during the year October, 1918 to September, 1919. The number of hour'" ->{ both types, as well as the monthly variations in terms of the maximum, and the relation of the overtime-hours to the man- ana machine-hours are givon in Table 6 and in Graph E. Based on man- and machine-hours, the average monthly differ- ence from the yearly average was 4.8 par cent- Measured on the basis of the overtime-hours, the average montb.ly fluctuation from the yearly average v/as 15-1 per cent, or approximately four times* as great as for man- and machine-hours. B.of B.R. P.S-. - 15 Table 6. Relation of Man- and Machine-hours and Total Overt iTie-hours in Nine Shops in Chicago, October, 1918 to September, 1919. (Average Force 481) Total Man- and Total Over- Ratio (Per Cent.) Months Mach me-hours- time- hours. Overtime-hours to Nu:a- ber Per Cent . of Max imum Num- ber Per Cent of Maximum Man- and Machine- hours. Average 84,780 92.9 3281 68.5 3.8 October, 1918 87,544 95.9 2984 62.3 3.4 November 68,906 75.5 1830 38.2 2.6 December 77,888 85.3 2040 42.6 2.6 January , 19 19 39 , 2?,9 97.7 3128 65.3 3.5 February 87,391 95.7 4015 83.8 4.6 March 84,124 92.1 2843 59.4 3.4 April 81,911 89.7 2786 58.2 3.4 May 87,472 95.8 4791 100.0 5.5 June 85,182 93.3 3724 77.7 4.4 July 91,010 99.7 4300 89.8 4.7 August 91,260 100.0 3933 82.1 4.3 September 85,678 93.8 2994 62.5 3.5 B.of B.R. P.S, Grikph iiHfeui4."-_!ija. H UMinillMBIwBI HWlWBI WMjjg mHBW BBBtHWBB^HBBW BB ^Hmm MB Ww WW tBm l m -■aie^fism- ■WW MB" iHiiiPw tan ma i ■Hill BBiilli! BSiaiE - 17 - 3. Causos of Separations from, and Source of Additions to, the Employed Force. A. Separations from the Employed Force. Detailed figures as to causes of separations were submitted for 521 male employees. The data are too few to be used as a basis for studying separations for the different occupaitional groups, and unsatis- factory as a basis lor conclusions as to the occasion for separation. They are submitted here only as totals, ana for what value they may have to the interested reader - Table 7. Number and Per Cent, of Separations During the Year Octobsr :., 1918 to September 30, 1919 by Causes. Occasion for Male Female Separatio::s . Number Per Cent. Number Per Cent. Total 521 100.0 141 100.0 Dis ohaT'C'^id .-.k......« 36 82 171 1 3 225 3 6.9 15.7 32.8 .2 .6 43.2 ,6 8 26 64 1 2 40 .7 Laid Off 18.4 Resigned Dipd ■ . . . 45.4 .7 Other Reasons 1.4 28.4 Transfers ....>-. B. Additions to the Employed Force- Detailed figures as to the source of additions were submitted to the Bureau for 589 male employees. The data are too meagre for satis- factorily measuring the methods by which labor in the Book and Job Print- ing Industry is recruited, but are summarized here primarily for purposes of record. The distinguishing thing about the table below is the large proportion failing under the heading "No Records." It should be noted, that this is not a "Source" but a confession that information is lacking. B.of E.R. P.S. - IB - Table 8- Number and Per Cent, of Additions During the Year October 1, 1918 to September 30, 1919 by Sources. Sources of Additions. Male Female Number Per Cent. Number Per Cent. Total 589 100.0 161 100.0 Typothetae Employroent Bureau Advertising Off the Street Apprentice School Returning from V/ar . . 3 173 67 4 35 103 204 .5 29.4 11.4 .7 5.9 17.5 34.6 1 64 34 1 33 28 .6 39.8 21.1 .6 20.5 17.4 C. Separations and Additions. The follov/ing Table, based upon records in identical shops, shows the number of employees added to, and separated from, establish- ments during the year- The net addition for all shops for males was 8-3 per cent., and for females 14.0 per cent. Table 9. Number of Additions and Separations and Per Cent, of Increase in Employed Force, for Identical Shops, by Types, for the Year October 1, 1918 to September 30, 1919. Shops Class^if ied. Male Female Per Cent. Increase Addi- tions Separa- tions Per Cent . Increase Addi- tions Separa- tions All Shops (Total) 8.3 538 497 14.0 155 136 TTn 1 c)Y\ ....••»■>«• 11.8 .6 380 158 340 157 10.9 16.7 71 84 64 72 Typothetae Shops (Total) 10.5 496 449 20.2 125 104 Size "4" Size "5" Size "6" 3.4 57.3 17,2 61 203 232 59 192 198 7.7 31.7 18 28 79 18 25 60 - 19 .. 4. Period of Employment of V/age Earners and Labor Turnover- A- Period of Employment. The period of employment of employees v/as reported to the Bur- eau in two forms: Fi rst . the period which the employed force on September 15, 1919 had been on the payroll, and Second . the period which the em- ployees who separated from the force during the year October 1, 1918 to September 30, 1919 had been on the payroll at the time they separated. In the discussion below, the two groups are spoken of as the "Employed Force'' and the "Separated Force-" Distinction is made between male and female; between union and open shops; between Typothetae and all shops, and between the occupations upon which aata were sufficient to war- rant separate treatments The results of the comparison of the employed and separated forces for different types of shops and for the sexes are given in Table 10, and for different occupations in Table 11. In Graph F, male and female employees in all occupations are contrasted, while in Graph G union and open shops are compared. The results of the study of length of employment clearly in- dicate: First , that the length of employment of those who separated from the shop was distinctly less than the length of the employment of those who remained; Second , that the conditions for male and female employees, for the seperated force, is not distinctly different; Third , that for the employed force, the males are more stable; Fourth , that for the separated force, the length of employment is distinctly shorter in the union shops; Fifth . that for the employed force the length of employment does not differ materially for the union and open shops. B.of B.R. P.S. ?0 Tables 10 and 11 and Graphe F and G should be carefully- studied in connection with the number of cases involved and the length of service for each group. Table 10. Number and Period of Employment of the Employed Force, September 15, 1919^ and of those who Separated During the Year October 1, 1918 to September 30, 1919, by Sex and by Type of Shop. Number oJ Employees Period of Employment Shops Employed Force Separated Force Per Cent. Under and Sex One Month Six Months Employed Force Separat. ai Force Employed Separat- Force ed Force All Shops Males 495 495 11.5 57.0 23.2 87.5 Females 152 139 17.8 51.1 33.6 84.9 Typothetae Shops Males 440 447 11-6 59.1 23.9 89.3 Females 124 107 19.4 62.6 34.7 90.7 Union Shops Males 342 338 11.7 64.2 22.2 92.6 Females 79 67 17.7 64.2 25.3 92.5 Open Shops i Males 153 157 lia 41.4 25.5 76.4 Females 73 72 17.8 38.9 42.5 77.8 B.of B.R- P.S. - Zl Table 11- Number and Period of Employment of the Employed Force, September 15, 1919, and of those who Separated During the Year, October, 1, 1918 to September 30, 1919, by Sex, Occupation and Type of Shop. Number o : Employees Period of Employment Employed Force Separated Force Per Cent. Under Occupations . One Month Six Months Em- ployed Force Separ- ated Force Em- ployed Force Separ- ated Force Bindery - Hale Union Shops Open Shops 18 15 36 21 11.1 Data too few 66.7 42.9 27.8 Data toe few 88.9 80.9 Bindery - Female Union Shops Open Shops 55 43 46 39 21.8 18.6 60.9 38.5 25.5 46.5 93.5 79.5 Hand Compos itors-I.iale Union Shops Open Shops 77 44 80 29 6.5 6.8 68.7 13.8 15.6 15.9 97.5 48.3 Feeders-Cylinder-Male Union Shops Open Shops 62 18 101 15 4.8 11.1 66.3 73.7 12.9 22.2 .95.0 89.5 B.of B.R. P.S. < ?4 B. Yearly Rate of Labor Turnover- If the labor turnover is measured by the duration of service. Tables 10 and 11 and Graphs F.^nd G are eloquent testimonies of the rate at which both men and vvomen leave the inaustry. When it is remembered that for the men as a whole 92.6 per cent, of those who left union shops had been with the firms less than six months, and 64.2 per cent- less than one month, and chat the relative per cent, for open shops, though somewhat smaller, is still alarmingly large, some notion of the rapidity of movement may be secured. It is unfortunate that data are not avail- able for a detailed study of the rapidity of change for all occupations, and for an accurate assignment of causes, and an estimate of costs. For four occupational groups and for a limited number of shops, labor turnover rates may be presented. The data here are too few for conclusive results but are presented for what they are worth. The method of calculating the rate of turnover is to divide the number of separations from all causes during the year by the average labor lorce during this period, and to multiply the result by 100. Graph H, presents the turnover rates for four occupations, as well as the data upon which the rates are based. B.of B.R. P.S. - 25 - APPKOVKn KOH DSB IN PUKDUK UXIVERSITY '/.r, - 5. Man- and Machine-hours and Overtime-hours. The schedule submitted to the printers called for the number of man- and machine-hours during the year October, 1918 to September, 1919 bj' departments and occupations, by months. It also called for the total overtime-hours by months, and by occupations. The returns were unsatisfactory for both tjrpes of data, as the bases for a constructive analysis. In some respects, however, the data are worth consideration. As was shown in Table 6 and in Graph E, the increase in the total man- and machine-hours dui'ing the year under study was 32-4 per cent, or some-< what more than t'vice as large relatively as the growth in the number of employees. The former figure is based on only 9 shops, which is ad- mittedly too narrov/ a basis, and little significance can be attached to it. The monthly variation in the man- and machine-hours follows the same general trend as the fluctuations in the employed force, although it is somewhat largar- This is to be expected in view of the narrow basis upon which the comparison rests. Table 6 also gives the ratio which overtime-hours for 9 shops bears to the total man- and machine-hours for all occupations and machines. This is admittedly a rough comparison, but it seems to have some significance as a general figure. This ratio is surprisingly stable throughout the year- The excesses over the average for the year, are found as one would expect, in those parts of the year when employ- ment, as measured both by number of employees ana by man- and machine- hours, is greatest. This fact is shown in Graph E. Table 12 and Graph I show by months and by the yearly average, for all shops reporting overtime-hours, the percentage whic% was found in certain specified occupations. The seasonal nature of overtime-hours B.of B.R. P.S, - Zl ■■ is not marked, nor do the variations for the different occupations coincide. The overtime-hours for hand compositors and cylinder feeders not only constitutes the major portion of the total, but also is more regular from month to month than are the amounts for other occupations. Unfortunately, the data on overtime for union, as distinct from open shops, are too meagre to be used for comparative purposes. Similarly, no comparison is possible for small and large Typothetae shops . Table 12. Per Cent-, by Months, which Overtime-hours for Specified Occupations is of the Total Over time -hours in All Occupations, October, 1918 to September, 1919. Per Cent- Dist ribution of Overtime-hour^ Months All Occu- Hand Com- Cylinder Linotype Cylinder pations . positors- Feeders. Operators . Pressmen, Average 100-0 28.1 16-4 8-9 11.0 Octob_r, 1918 100-0 38-9 13.3 7.5 7.7 November 100.0 24.7 13.3 16.3 9.2 December 100.0 25.7 10.5 15.3 7.4 January, 1919 100.0 31.8 16.2 8.4 14.6 February 100.0 28.4 13.4 7.6 9.9 March 100.0 14.0 22.8 2.6 15.7 Acril 100.0 26.7 11.6 2.0 11.1 May 100.0 34.2 11.2 10.5 9.1 June 100.0 28.6 17-4 11.6 11.6 July 100.0 34-3 15-1 14.6 8.2 August 100.0 28.8 24-2 8.2 10.9 September 100.0 21.6 24.6 6.8 14.0 B-of B.R. P.S- - 28 - * tiii^liLLli. ^W...._.L sa '•'■; 1 — _ .■' -U :.'■..■ - ■ . -■■ ■ -'I :...;: 1 ! iiHttiiiiiiiigiallnniliiiii SSSS^BSu^Bnfl^H^nESinl n!iiili!nMnii!ii!m§iffiS9Bi __ ISa BiiB E aflHni!lfi!llilHH~ ■HHB|BBHiliimiHHHBHWlH9| -HHlBEsiiiEEHBiisiiaaBa L^^-K^^ if. 20 - 6. Fagp R-tes. A. Wage Rates in Unicn Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago. Data on union wage rates in the Book and Job Printing Industry in Chicago are currently compiled in the office of the Frank- lin-Typothet&e. Similar rates for the important cities of the United States are compiled by the Bureau of Inaustriai Relations of the United Typothetas. Accordingly, information on prevailing wage rates during the year, October, 1918 to September, 1919 covered by the Bureau, was not asked for, except for open shops. So few shops reported their scales, ho9,ev3r, that a comparison of wage rates between open and union shops is impossible. Earnings for these different shops were secured, and are presented in some detail in a later section of this repc .. In view of the relative ease of securing wage rate data, little more than the briefest summary statements for Chicago and other cities ai'e given in this report. Table 13 below shows, for Chicago union shops, the weekly wage rates and per cent, of increase for certain specified occupations. B.of B.R. P.S. 3C Table 13. V/pekly Y.'age Rates for Specified Occupations in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago and Per Cent. Increase, October, 1918 to May, 1920. Weekly Wage Rates Per Cent. October, 1918=100.0 Per Cent Occupations . Oct. Sept. May Oct. Sept. May 1918 1919 1920 1918 1919 1920 Compos iters Hand C-32.50 C 4 1.00 $46.00 100.0 126 142 Compositors Mach.Opars. 33.90 42.40 47.40 100.0 125 140 Proofreaders 32.50 41.00 46.00 100.0 126 142 Platen Pressmen 26.00 35.00 40.00 100.0 135 154 Cylinder Pressmen 33.50 42.00 47.00 100.0 125 140 Platen Feeders 17.90 21-50 24.50 100.0 120 137 Cylinder Feeders 24.50 34.00 39.00 100.0 139 159 Bindery 11 -n 28.00 36.50 41.50 100.0 150^'^-' 148 Bind'jry V/omen 12.-14. 18.00 20.50 100.0 171 Cutters j 26.00 36.00 41.00 100.0 138 156 Rulers 31.50 35.00 46.00 100.0 130 140 Table 14 shov/s the weekly wage rates in Chicago for specified occupations for the period December, 1914 to May, 1920. Graph J shows these rates reiativily, using December, 1914 as a base of 100 per cent., and comparing them with the price of 22 food products, as shown for the count^-y as a ;.'hole by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.^ ' Table 14. V/age Rates for Specified Occupations in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago, December, 1914 to May. 1920.^^^ Occupations Dec, 1914 Dec. 1915 Dec. 1916 Dec. 1917 Dec. 1918 July 1919 Dec. 1919 May 1920 Cylinder Pressmen Machine Compositors Cylinder Feeders Platen Feeders Edition Book Bind rs f25.00 24.00 17.50 13 . 00 21.00 125.00 24.00 17.50 13.00 21.00 §26.00 25.00 18.50 14.00 22.00 C28.50 27.50 21.00 15.50 24.50 §33.50 32.50 24.50 17.90 28.00 U7.00 36.00 28.50 20.00 31.50 ii2.00 41.00 34.00 21.50 36.50 ii,47.00 46.00 39.00 24.50 41.50 (1) Data based on records fror.i the Franklin-Typothetae, Chicago. (2) Based on the minimum of 4 12.00 (3) Monthly Labor Review, April, 1920, pp. 72-74. (4) Data based on records from the Franklin-Typothetae, Chicago. B.of B.R. P.S. ^tai! fori Biat m +^^ u :~-m)^-- i|«f ^--mf ; i m^-~rim ' j-ti)-^; :ji^ -B^-~ - 3^ - In view of the fact thct comparative v/age rate scales for citios and for certain occupations in Book and Job printing shops are available for 1913 to 1919 in the Monthly Labor Review j-^^ and in the publications of the Bureau of Industrial Relations, the United Ty- pothetae of America, no atterapt is here made to contrast the rates for cities or for periods. 7- Weekly Earnings of Employees in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago, October, 1916 to September, 1919. That part of the questionnaire which seemed most likely to secure significant information for the printing inaustry, and for other interested parties, and to occasion the least expense and trouble in answering, was the pages devoted to earnings. Printers were w'^^d to report, according to a classified scale, the v,feekly earnings, including bonuses, etc., of their employees, auring the week of the year in which the largest number was employed. The earnings groujs provided were of a uniform width of §5-00, ex.cept the end groups, and ran from below ^15.00 to 1^65.00 and over. Twenty-six occupations were distinguished, and it was hoped that sufficient data would be secured to serve as a satisfactory test of the amount of money v/hich employees, in different occupations, could reasonably expect to earn per week under the most advantageous circumstances. That is, the week of greatest number em- ployed, would normally be expected to represent a period of greatest overtime and the most complete employment in all departments and the fewest short hours- Such a condition, of course, is not normal, yet it is (l) November, 1919, pp. 176-177, 182. B.of B.R. P. 5, surprisingly close to normal in this industry, as shown by data given above on employment, man- and machine-hours and overtime-hours by months for Chicago and other areas. The Book and Job Industry as a whole is not seasonal, although it undoubtedly is for some shops and for certain occupations . The reports on earnings for individual occupations are too few, in most cases, to serve as a basis for broad generalizations- In- deed in some instances, the data seem to indicate that the occupational name is not fully standardized, and that occupations, which are in fact essentially identical, were treated differently, and that those which in fact differed were given the same name. These errors, how- ever, it is believed, do not seriously detract from the value of the data, especially those which were reported in sufficient deta** a.3 to warrant separate treatment- Moreover, comparison of earnings, in shops according to si^es and union relationships, must be made with care, as must also comparisons between earnings of male and female employees. The injunction that "only like can be compared with like" has particular application in this case. The data in tabular and graphic form are presented for the value which they may have to the reader- Care has been observed at every point definitely to call attention to the number of individuals or shops, as the case may be, involved, and in no important particulars it is hoped, is the reader left in ignorance of the main facts which are necessary for an intelli- gent interpretation of the data. The tables should be studied in connection with the graphs. It is sometimes impossible to indicate on a graph all of the limitations B.of B.R. P.S. iDCtl - 34 - of data which can and should be put in tabular form- Of course, graphs are never superior to the data which they represent and this fact should constantly be kept in mind. In presenc ing the earnings of employees, distinction is made betv,'een all of the shops and those which belong to the Frank lin-Typothe- tae; between occupations and sexes; between day and night shifts; be- tween Franklin-Typothetae shops by size; and between union, non-union and open shops. In many respects the data are unsatisfactory because of the failure of shops to report- This is particularly true for a number of the occupations and for non-union shops. Moreover, the data for the night forcd are meagre and little if any significance can be attached to them, except for a limited number of occupations. In the analysis, reliance is not placed in general figures- Average earnings or wage rates are indefinite in their meaning and are unsatisfactory as evidence of earnings received. Accordingly, other means of expressing the earnings for different categories are adopted. In addition to the average (arithmetic mean) wage, there is also supplied the number of people receiving classified wages, and the proportion of the total of each class which received, during the week of maximum em- ployment, more than certain specified amounts- By presenting the data in this manner, not only is it possible to determine the range of earn- ings but also the tendency for a certain typical wage to obtain for a particular occupational or other group. All comparisons which are made are thought to be significant and are presented in such a manner that the salient points of similarity and difference may be readily seen. The data upon which the comparisons B.of B.R. P.S. .1" - are based, therefore, are included in the follo*fing treatment, or are on file at the office of the Bureau of Business Rfisenrch, and mny be consulted by those who are interested. Care has been used not to dis- close the identity of a single shop and yet to present the information furnished in a lucid manner. A. Weakly Earnings for Male and Female Employees in All Occupations and in Specified Occupational Groups . The weekly earnings of 1336 employees were reported to the Bureau of Business Research. The average weekly earnings for this number were C^30.62, but 28.4 per cent, earned more than Ho.OO. Of the 1336 employees, 1025 were in 9 occupations, and received average weekly earnings of 431.56. Of this group, 29.4 per cent, earned more than f40.00 and 7«.6 per cent, more than $50.00 in the week of maximum employed force. These general results and certain other detail are shown in Table 15 and in Graph K, belov/. B. V/eekly Earnings for Male Bindery V/orkers, Hand Compositors, Cylinder Feeders, Cylinder Prassmen, and Linotype Operators, for different conditions of work in All Shops and in Typothetae Shops. Table 16 and Graph L, following Graph K, show in condensed form, , the weekly earnings of certain occupations concerning which the data are reasonably complete. Union and open shops, day and night workers and Typothetae shops by size are contrasted. Both the table ana graph con- tain the data required for an appreciation of the summaries. Table 17, following, shows the number and proportion of the total, '.vhich specified occupations constitute, which receive the different group-earn ings . B.of^B.R. P.S. - 36 - In summary this table is interesting. Of those who earned less than *15-00, bindery males and cylinder feeders, together constituted 75 por cent, while of those who received more than CSO-OO bindery males made up 3.2 per cent, and cylinder feeders 22.2 per cent. Of those who earned more than C'50. per week, the hand compositors made up 38.7 per cent- and linotype operators, 26.7 per cent, or together 65.4 per cent- Table 15. Number and Per Cent- of Employees in All Occupations and All Shops and in Specified Occupations Typothetae Shops Receiving Classified Weekly Earnings, together with the Average V/eekly Earnings and Per Cent. Receiving More Than Specified Amounts. Total All Occupations- ^Specified Occupations- ?/eekly All Shops Typothetae Shops Earnings- Total ilale Female Total riale Female Groups. Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per ber Cent. ber Cent. ber Zent. ber Cent- ber Cent ber Cent- Total 1336 100-0 1024 100.0 312 100. 1025 100.0 758 100- C <,o7 100.0 Under $15. 200 15.0 115 11.2 85 27.2 129 12.6 60 7-9 69 25-9 $15.-020. 182 13-6 65 6.4 117 37-5 139 13.6 36 4.8 103 38.6 ^20. -$25. 146 10.9 91 8.9 55 17.6 111 10.8 61 8.1 50 18.7 $25. -$30. 120 9.0 102 9.9 18 5.8 90 8.8 73 9.6 17 6.4 $30. -$35. 149 11.. 1 139 13.6 10 3.2 114 11.1 107 14,1 7 2,6 e35.-e^o. 160 12.0 152 14.8 8 2.6 131 12.8 123 16.2 8 3.0 $40. -$45. 204 15-3 195 19-0 9 2.9 160 15-6 154 20.3 6 2.2 $45. -$50. 92 6.9 85 8.3 n 1 2.2 73 7.1 69 9-1 4 1-5 $50. -$55. 41 3.1 38 3.7 3 1.0 40 3.9 37 .4.9 3 1.1 $55. -$60. 14 1-0 14 1.4 - - 14 1.4 14 1.8 - - $60.-C65. 18 1.3 18 1.8 - - 15 1.5 15 2.0 - - $6 5.& Over 10 .8 10 1.0 — — 9 .8! 9 ! 1.2 - — Earnings- Average $30. 62 $33 .76 t20 .32 $31 56 $35.57 % Earned more than C30. 51.5 63.8 11.9 53.3 69.6 ■/u Earned more than $40. 28.4 35.3 6.1 29.4 39.3 % Earned more than $50. 6.2 7.8 1.0 7.6 9.9 $20.18 10.5 4,9 1-1 *Bindery, Hand Compositors, Cutters, Cylinder Feeders, Platen Feeders, Linotype Operators, Cylinder Pressmen, Platen Pressmen, Proofreaders. B.of B.R. P.S. -4— ^h- : ■ ■ J> \u-ijpet — p ss Table J6. Number of Male Employees in Specified Occupational Groups and the Per Cent. Receiving More Than Certain V/eekly Earnings. Condition of Employment Occupations , Per Cents. , and Earn incs . All Shops Typothetae Shops Day V/orkers Day Night Union Open "0" "4.5.6" O V/orkers Workers Shops Shops Shops Shops Bindery -Mala Number of Employees 69 - 46 19 26 35 % Earned more than ^|30. 36.2 .. 28.4 63.1 11.5 40-0 % Earned more than ^40. 11.6 - 13.0 10.5 11-5 8.5 % Earned more than $50. 2.9 _ 4.3 7-6 - Average V/eekly Earnings ^25,25 :1^23.80 i31-40 $20.00 $26.21 Hand Compositors- Male Number of Employees 235 22 170 61 90 119 % Earned more than ^30. 83.0 90.9 90.0 67.2 88.9 80.7 % Earned more than $40. 57.0 54.5 65.9 36.1 61.1 52.9 % Earned more than ^SO. 11.1 13.6 15.3 - 24.5 33.6 Average Weekly Earnings $39.67 $42.95 ^'41.95 !|34.38 $43.28 $37.45 Cylinder Feeders - I^'ale Number cf Employees 118 82 100 18 46 66 % Earned more than ^30. 53.4 69.5 53.0 55.6 26.1 72.7 fo Earned more than 140- 6.8 26.8 8.0 - - 12.1 % Earned more than ^50. - 7.3 - - - - Average Weekly Earnings ^■29-53 $32.86 $29.35 ;^30.55 i 25.22 $32.65 Cylinder Pressmen - Male Number of Employees 70 2i 44 21 19 48 f= Earned more than C'30. 80.0 90.5 81.8 85.7 78.9 79.2 % Earned more than t40. 54.3 61.9 54.5 65.6 36.6 58.3 % Earned more than CSO- 5.7 38,1 2.3 14.5 5.2 6.3 Average V/eekly Earnings $38.57 $46.80 C^38.18 ^42.26 !if35.66 $39.27 Linotype Operators - Male Number of Employees 52 34 51 Data 29 23 % Earned more than §30. 88.5 82.4 88.2 too 89.7 87.0 % Earned more than ^40. 67.3 82.4 68-6 few 65.5 69.6 % Earned more than i-SO. 21.2 26.5 21.5 31.0 8.7 ^varage Y/eekly Earnings 141.92 $42.80 $42.00 $43.02 140.55 lir •' >Si. 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(-• cr> (?> CO to CO 4^ to to to -q H^ CT> CX) tn CT> M OTI & • • « • « • • > • • • * • • « < CD CD CD 05 o M (7^ to to CO tn to O VD ^ tD to en ~3 CT> 3 -1 3 -J 1— 1 CO . 3 ■-d 'T) t- C» -0 1 ' ' f-j to cn oi to CO to to h- t/1 crc CD laten r ess- men H lO CO to to to rfi EO vP to tn t-- CO 0-0 a Cu CO -0 !\3 -q uD to ID CXI (-> tJJ cj> cy> CO • 2 >^ T) h- CO to 1 ( ' t-' 1 to 1 1 1 1 i 1 to crc CD B roof eade h-" H' tv I-' * • * 1 1 1 • • O'T) ^ 1 CO o CT- -3 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 ►f^ CD ro CO c B cr CD 1 p J3 ti "0 CD ►1 a (Si 3 C+- • M P »-l5 r/j cn e M- p •-b M *-" CD CD P- W P ^ •S CD H" CD rr «< M CD «< 10 ca W p ►»> ►1 3 •-1 *" 3 05 (K) 13 cn CD « t-t- >-tJ !-<• CD a. a c »rt P C+- (-" 3 CD 50 CD CD w- )S- CD - tl - C. Weekly Earnings by Occupations for Day and Night Shifts in All Shops- The earnings of 1024 male workers and of 312 female workers were reported to the Bureau. Of the 1024 male workers, 834 were day workers and 190 were night workers; of the 312 female workers, 296 were day workers and 16 were night workers. The details are given in Table 18 and Graph M, following. Table 18. Classified V/eekly Earnings for Male and Female Employees in All Shops by Day and Night Shifts. ALL OCCUPATIONS. Male Female V/eekly Earnings - Groups Total Day Night Total Day Night Total 1024 834 190 312 296 16 Under $15. 115 87 28 85 83 2 $15. - $20. 65 60 5 117 113 4 $20. - $25. 91 78 13 55 53 2 $25. - $30. 102 95 7 18 16 2 $30. - $35. 139 114 25 10 9 1 $35. - $40. 152 122 30 8 6 2 $40. - $45- 195 171 24 9 8 1 $45. - $50. 85 53 32 7 6 1 $50. - $55. 38 26 12 3 2 1 $55. - $60. 14 6 8 - - - $60. - $65. 18 16 2 - - - $65. & Over 10 6 4 - - - Earnings - Av©raga ^33.76 $33.20 $36.23 $20.32 $19.91 $27.87 Earnings - Extremes 10-65 h Over 10-65 & Over 10-65 & Over 10-55 10-5S 10-55 Per Per Per Per Per Per Cent. Cent . Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Per cent. earned more than $30 . 63.8 61.7 72.1 11.9 10.5 37.5 Per cent. earned more than $40 > 35.3 33.4 43.2 6.1 5.4 1.9 Per cent. earned more than $50 7.8 6.5 1.4 1.0 -7 .6 B.of B.R. P.S. Grarh - 43 - D. Weekly Earnings for All Occupations for Male and Female Workers by Day and Night Shifts in Classified Typothetae Shops. In shops vv'ith membership in the Franklin-Typothstae, 770 male day employees and 189 male night workers, together with 269 female day em- ployees and 15 female night workers were reported to the Bureau^ The classi- fied weekly earnings of these employees by occupations and by sizes of shops are shovTi in Table 19. The shops classified by the Typothetae as "4,5,6" sire treated as a total; the "zero" shops are treated separately- There were no shops of sizes "1", "2" and "3", in the notation of the Franklin- Typothetae, which reported to the Bureau. The classified weekly earnings of the workers in Typothetae shops for all occupations are given in Table 19 and certain relations are compared in Graph N. Table 19.- Classified Vi/eekly Earnings for Male and Female Employees by Day and Night Shifts for Classified Shops with Membership in the Franklin-Typothetae . ALL OCCUPATIONS. sekly Earnings - Groups Male Day "4,5,6' Night •0" "4,5,6" Female Day "4,5,6" Night "4,5,6" Total 276. 494 136 53 78 191 14 Under $15- $15. - $20. |20. - $25. $25. - S30. $30. ^. ,*35. $35. - $40- $40. - $45. $45. - $50. $50. - $55. $55..- $60. $60. - $65. $65. & Over 47 19 14 27 29 45 45 11 16 6 12 5 37 36 56 59 78 68 106 39 10 4 1 27 4 10 3 23 14 16 13 12 8 2 4 1 1 7 2 15 8 19 29 15 11 7 6 5 1 2 2 47 87 39 8 1 ; 4 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 Earnings - Average Earnings - Extremes ^33.75 ^55 Over earned more than earned more than earned more than 30 $4C $5Q m' pPer Cent. 61. 34.4 14.1 ,32.90 oPer Cent . 61.9 32.4 3.0 j?35.07 ^0.-65 $39.48 10-50 i.21.67 10-55 1-19.05 10-50 127.14 10-55 Data too few pPer Cent. 67.6 40.4 19.1 Cent. 83.0 50.9 Cent. 20.5 6.4 2.5 Cent. 5.2 4.1 Cent. 35.7 14.3 7.1 B.Gf B.R.P.S. Graph N, 45 E. V/eekly Earnings for All Occupations for Male and Female Employees in Union, Non-Union and Open Shops. In Table 20 below, the weekly earnings of male and female em- ployees for all occupations for union, non-union and open shops are given in classified groups and in summary form. The number of employees reported in non-union shops is too small to serve as a basis of generalization- Graph shows the relationship between the earnings for male employees in union and open shops. Table 20. Classified V7oekly Earnings of Male and Female Employees in Union, Non-Union and Open Shops- ALL OCCUPATIONS. Male Female Weekly Earnings - Groups Union Non- Union Open Union Non- Union Open Total 709 77 238 169 11 132 Under §15. 69 29 17 42 6 37 §15. - §20. 41 2 22 59 1 57 §20. - §25. 52 7 32 27 3 25 §25. - §30. 45 18 39 11 1 6 §30. - §35. 85 18 36 7 - 3 §35. - §40. 109 3 40 7 - 1 §40. - §45. 160 - 35 6 , - 3 §45. - §50. 75 - 10 7 - - §50. - §55. 35 - 3 3 - - §55. - §60. 14 - - - - - §60. - §65. 15 - 3 - - - §65. & Over 9 — 1 — — — Earnings - Average ft35.80 §26.70 §31.20 §23.01 §17.04 §18-50 Earnings - Extremes 10-65 10-40 10-65 10-55 10-30 10-45 & Over & Over Per Per Per Per Per Per Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent . Cent. Per cent. earned more than §30. 70.8 27.3 53.7 17.8 - 5.3 Per cent. earned more than §40. 43.4 - 21.9 9.5 - 2.3 Per cent. earned more than (50. 10.2 ■ 2.9 1.8 ' ■ F. Weekly Earnings of Hand Compositors. In Table 21 and Graph P, following the weekly earnings of male hand compositors are reported in detail and in summary form. The earnings B.o^ |.R. - 47 r of employees in this occupation were reported in sufficient detail to serve as a basis for genuine comparisons. Accordingly, all major conditions of work are separately stated in the Table- Unfortunately, similar data even for the remaining eight major occupations, the earnings of which were most conmonly given, were not supplied in sufficient numbers for a conclusive com- parison to be made of weekly earnings by conditions of work. For these occu- pations, however, there is on file with the Bureau, a series of tables which contain the data supplied and may be consultad by those who are interested. Table 21. Classified Weekly Earnings of Male Hand Compositors by Shifts, Union Relations of Shops and Membership of Shops in the Frank lin-Typothetae. Weekly All Shops Typothetae Shops Earnings- Shift Un ion Relations Day V/orkers Night Workers Groups Day Night Union Non- Union Open "0" "4,5,6' "0" "4,5,6" Total 235 22 191 4 62 90 119 14 8 Under $15. 4 _ 2 2 _ 2 2 _ $15. - $20. 2 _ 2 - - 2 - - "■ $20. - $25. 14 1 6 - 9 2 10 1 - $25. - $30. 20 1 9 1 11 4 11 1 - $30. - $35. 21 - 8 - 13 3 17 - - $35. - $40. 40 8 41 1 6 22 16 8 - $40. - $45. 94 2 75 - 21 24 55 1 1 $45. - $50. 14 7 19 - 2 9 4 - 7 $50. - $55. 10 1 11 - - 7 3 1 - $55. - $60. 4 1 5 - - 4 - 1 - $60. - $65. 7 - 7 ^ - 6 1 - - $65. & Over 5 6 — — 5 - 1 - Earnings- Ave. $39.67 $42.95 $42.10 $22.50 $34.50 $43.28 $37.45 Ho. 71 Data too Earnings-Ex- 10-65 20-65 10-65 10-40 20-50 10-65 10-65 20-65 few tremes & Over & Over & Over & Over & Over % earned more Cent. "nPer" Cent. Cent. «Per Cent . Cent . ^Per Cent. CenL Cent - ^Per Cent. than $30. 83.0 90.9 90.1 25.0 67.7 88.9 80.7 85.7 - % earned more than $40. 57.0 54.5 64.4 - 37.1 61.1 52.9 28.6 - % earned more than $50. 11.1 13.6 15.2 — — 24.5 33.6 21.5 — B.of B.R. P.S. [■■ .;.;■■ ■ ( I j _J r^ H :;: r :' — 1 .■■1 — - — 1 tm 1 ii ^uslifia i?,Tfr.i le.i . ' ' -1 1 . ^ n S,V<-lftJ ■^ tj i _"\ j i V4 -;-: 1 ': \ 1^ " _ ; :-1 --1 _,_-• [ ;::: ^sanm ill - 1 - - t ?Sf? 1 :- .* ] 7 W ' :■ ! ; ■ :- i 1 — '. 1 - I t ■a : fBBUvsA ; Mi ■ 44s. 4#- . .i^:r t r63i .a:— 4t^ i . ... : 1 .: 1 . . - . ! 1 . . ^ 1 ■!■■-- 1 : . : 1 .. : - '.. 1 . ...;:.:■ :']- '.'. '.' ' ' ' .' . ' ' '.' \ i ■ i BMCSiiBSBBBmBIIH''''''""'' i r- -M 1 1 S) R9CH - ! ; !- ■- ^ -j ■ '•■ . , i::: : : ■ s — - 1 i ■(iyR.*^!- Alh 1 : Ff ^s.k^r ■HHHHI ■ :■ .: i::. j":ii-!o try ' K^r;n;}«B i . : . 1 : ! ( P^- .■ . 1 . - : •.;■■.■■: 1 . i [ , 1 ,! i ! ' ■ 1 . ! : ; r "■ ■"■■ "-■■- ; • ■ ■ ■ .■:: i 1 ■ ■ ■ j 1:1 ; ; 1 - 49 8. Finances and Finwcial Control in Book and Job Printing Shops in Chicago- A. Introductory and Procautionary St&ter.ent • The schedule upon which it was hoped to secure data on the finances and financial development and control in the Book and Job shops in Chicago called for, among other things, details on accounts and accounting methods; comparative balance sheets; comparative statements of profit and loss; property accounts; other assets and balance sheet accounts; working capital requirements, etc It is little short of a trageay that the indus- try did not respond cordially to the request for the information, inasmuch as probably on no other aspect of the printing industry is light so much needed by the industry itself as on accounting methods and control. All sound business rests upon a true and scientific accounting. In spite of the activity of the Bureau in sending its agents, so far as it was finan- cially able to do, and so far as its services were welcomed, to the records in the shops, this phase of the Bureau's work is little better than a total failure. It is an indisputable fact that accounting records in the Book and Job shops generally are shockingly inadequate and inexcusably meagre and unscientific. There are exceptions, of course, and these are not con- fined to the larger houses. The common practice, however, extending through- out all types of shops, is to find slip-shod, antiquated methods, and a failure to appreciate the function, meaning and use of accounting methods as a basis for financial and production contnol- That frame of mind which views business methods as secret, and which shudders at a disclosure of facts, even where the individual benefits arising from coUperation and the development of standaras and norms are certain, too largely grips this industry. This point of view obtains in part at least because it is B.of B.R. F-S. - 50 predominately a small sot.ls and highly 'ccmpet it ive business. But being so, the reasons for soeing things differently is all the more necessary. On one topic only, do the accounting facts secured by the Bureau ssum to offer a basis for generalization. Even here the facts are linajJ-e and the results must be interpreted in the light of the number and size of the shops reporting. The possibilities of the comparisons made are of great significance to the individual shop on the basis of adequate instances, but in terms of the cases at the disposition of the Bureau, conclusions drawn from them must be carefully made. The data are submitted with the hope that they will be of some value, at least, to those shops which re- ported the facts. From them, some idea, albeit that it is somewhat vague, may be secured concerning the standards which obtain. B. Relations (Ratios) of Specified Items of Cost to Net Sales, a. Ratio of Total Cost of Sales to Net Sales, 1914-1919. Tabl-3 22 and Graph Q following show for individual shops by size (using the grades established by the Franklin-Typothetae) for 1914 to 1919, the ratio of total cost of sales to net sales. In this Table, as in the others which show th^ relations of cost items to net sales, each shop, for the years which it reported, is assigned a code letter, so that its history can be traced from year to year- The ratios extend from a maximum of 91.7 per cent, to a minimum of 63.4 per cent. The average ratio is 74-9 per cent.; the ratio which i? half-way between the extremes is 72.7 per cent., and 30 per cent. of all of the shop- years falls between 71.0 and 73.9 per cent. The manner in which the ratios are grouped is illustrated on Graph Q. B.of B.R. P.S. ■t) o CO - 00 50 CTi -Q oa 50 or to o p • • rt- m ro CO ♦-*• o t-" OS 1 O (ji U1 O P p- (W o CD CTi •o ^a ?0 f" • o P ^5 Ul 00 o I-' CO o U1 U1 N CD ID C^ P (2- OQ o a. 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