L"T a..„/ DARLIN STRAND C0l«SFAN'T' d^artteU Mttioctattg ffiihrarg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Library QD 65.D22 Inorganic chemical synonyms and other us 3 1924 004 106 385 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004106385 INORGANIC CHEMICAL SYNONYMS AND OTHER USEFUL CHEMICAL DATA ;WAEK TECHNICAL 8CHOOI., NEWAKK, N. J. NEW YORK M NOSTRAND COMPj 25 Park Place 1919 Copyright, 1919 By D. Van Nostrand Company PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER^ PA. TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER WILLIAM A. DARLING THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED PREFACE This book is the outcome of a series of articles dealing with the subject which appeared in The Chemical Engineer in the early part of 1918. The work being the result of the writer's experi- ence in the laboratory and his dealings with young chemists from the universities. It has been prepared with hope that it will fill a need which has repeatedly manifested itself in the struggles of the student to grasp quickly the laboratory significance of many terms often met with in persual of the average popular "trade" treatise describing this or that process. Altho the work is intended primarily for the student, it is believed that the various terms em- ployed to designate inorganic chemicals used in the industries will prove a convenience to the ex- perienced chemist. As it is almost impossible to cover the field, owing to the constant employing of new terms, the work cannot be called complete. Any cor- rections or suggestions will be greatly appre- ciated. I here wish to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Laurance T. Clark, formerly editor of The Chem- ical Engineer, for his valuable assistance. E. E. D. 34 N. 21sT Street, East Okange, N. J., July 8, 1919. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 The Elements 3 Specific Gravity and Temperature Compari- son 13 Standards of Weights and Measures 25 Chemical Sjnionyms: Aluminum 31 Antimony 34 Arsenic 37 Barium 40 Bismuth 42 Cadmium 44 Calcium 46 Chromium 49 Cobalt 51 Copper 52 Iron 54 Lead (Plumbum) 57 Magnesium 59 Manganese 61 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) 63 Nickel 67 Potassium 68 Silver 71 Sodium 72 Zinc 75 Miscellaneous Synonyms 77 Hydrogen Compounds 81 Cross Index of Chemical Terms 83 ix INTRODITCTION " Chemical Colloquialisms " It is a matter of common knowledge that some of the chemicals used in commercial work are known by as many as twenty varying terms or synonyms. It is also true that a single chemical may be known by terms which differ slightly or greatly according to the geographical location in which it chances to be- in use. In short, collo- quialisms spring up in the language of chemistry quite as readily as they do in any language, and such variations in nomenclature are often con- fusing to student and chemist alike. This is par- ticularly true when the unhappy individual sud- denly finds himself obliged to " read up " — in a hurry, perhaps — on some subject with which he is not thoroughly familiar. Even in technical works devoted to the chem- ical industries, two writers will frequently employ different terms to designate the same chemical compound. The result is sometimes guesswork and ultimiate abandonment of the treatise for another; at the very least it means annoying delay, accompanied by the fervent wish that one had a ready means of ascertaining whether "Alum Flour," "Potash Alum," and "Octahe- dral Alum Salt" all mean our laboratory friend 1 2 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, or three entirely different comjpounds of aluminum. The writer himself has frequently felt this need and knows it to exist. It is, indeed, surprising what a large percentage of students are familiar only with the true chemical terms and quite in the dark as to their synonyms. It would seem fitting that the latter part of the courses in inor- ganic chemistry should devote some time to this subject. In the absence of this, the following list of some of the more common chemicals and their synonyms has been prepared. The writer claims no originality for the synonyms, but only the bibliographical research of the material at hand. While this work is intended primarily for the student, it is believed tharf; the practical chemist will profit by it. Fundamentals For the reason that no work of reference would be quite complete without the inclusion of such fund'amential matter as tables of the elements, atomic weights, specific gravity, ete., together with comparisons of the various systems of weight, capacity, volume and temperature meas- urement, the preface to the present, compilation will be further expanded by the presence of these facts and figures. THE ELEMENTS All of the elements at ordinary temperature are not in the solid state. Two are liquids and ten are gases. The liquid elements are bromine and mercury. The gaseous elements are oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, nitrogen, argon, helium, krypton, neon, and xenon. The solid or metallic elements have at varying temperatures been liquefied with the exception of carbon. This element can only be softened when subjected to the highest known temperature. The table of atomic weights was compiled by the International Committee on Atomic Weights consisting of F. W. Clarke, W. Ostwald, T. E. Thorpe, and G. Urbain. Their Symbols and Atomic Weights Aluminum Al 27.1 Antimony Sb 120.2 Argon A 39.88 Arsenic As 74.96 Barium Ba 137.37 Bismuth Bi 208.0 Boron B 11.0 Bromine Br 79.92 Cadmium Cd 112.40 Caesium Cs 132.81 Calcium Ca 40.07 3 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Carbon C 12.00 Cerium Ce 140.25 Chlorine CI 35.46 Chromium Cr 52. Cobalt Co 58.97 Columbium Cb 93.5 Copper Cu 63.57 Dysprosium Dy 162.5 Erbium Er 167.7 Europium Eu 152.0 Fluorine F 19.0 Gadolinium Gd 157.3 Gallium Ga 69.9 Germanium Ge 72.5 Glucinum Gl 9.1 Gold Au 197.2 Helium , He 3.99 Holmium Ho 163.5 Hydrogen H 1.008 Indium In 114.8 Iodine I 126.92 Iridium Ir 193.1 Iron Fe 55.84 Krypton Kr 82.92 Lanthanum La 139. Lead Pb 207.10 Lithium Li 6.94 Lutecium Lu 174.0 Magnesium Mg 24.42 Manganese Mn 54.93 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Mercury Hg 200.6 Molybdenum Mo 96.0 Neodymium Nd 144.3 Neon Ne 20.2 Nickel Ni 68.68 Niton Nt 222.4 Nitrogen N 14.01 Osmium Os 190.9 Oxygen O 16.00 Palladium Pd 106.7 Phosforus P 31.04 Platinum Pt 195.2 Potassium K 39.10 Praseodymium Pr 140.6 Eadium Ea 226.4 Ehodium Eh 102.9 Eubidium Eb 85.45 Euthenium Eu 101.7 Samarium Sa 150.4 Scandium Sc 44.1 Selenium Se 79.2 Silicon Si 28.3 Silver Ag 107.88 Sodium Na 23.0 Strontium Sr 87.63 Sulfur S 32.07 Tantalum Ta 181.5 Tellurium Te 127.5 Terbium Tb 159.2 Thallium Tl 204.0 6 CHEMICiLL SYNONYMS Thorium Th 232.4 Thulium Tm 168.5 Tin Sn 119. Titanium Ti 48.1 Tungsten W 184. Uranium U 238.5 Vanadium V 51. Xenon Xe 130.2 Ytterbium or Neoytterbium. Yb 172.0 Yttrium '. Yt 89. Zinc Zn 65.37 Zirconium Zr 90.6 Their Discoveries and Dates of Discovery In the following list helium will be found twice; the first date, 1868, refers to its discovery in the sun by Lockyer. It was again discovered in 1895 by Eamsay, who found it among the ele- ments of the earth. Although uranium was discovered in the early part of 1780 its radio-active properties were not known until 1896. Mercury Known to the ancients Gold Known to the ancients Silver Known to the ancients Iron Known to the ancients Copper Known to the ancients Lead Known to the ancients Carbon Known to the ancients CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 7 1450 Antimony Valentine (Ger. Alchemist) 1450 Bismuth Valentine (Ger. Alchemist) 1520 Zinc Paracelsus ( Swiss Chemist) 1694 Arsenic Schroder (German) 1733 Cobalt Brandt (German) 1738 Phosforus Brandt (German) 1741 Platinum Wood (English) 1751 Nickel Cronstadt (Russian) 1766 Hydrogen Cavendish (English) 1772 Nitrogen Rutherford (English) 1774 Manganese Gahn (Swedish) 1774 Oxygen Priestley (English) 1780 Uranium Klaproth (German) 1781 Tungsten d'Elhujar (Spanish) 1782 Molybdenum . .Hjilm (Swedish) 1782 Tellurium . . . . Reichinstun (German) 1795 Titanium Klaproth (German) 1797 Chromium . . . . Vauguelin (French) 1801 Tantalum Hatchett (English) 1801 Cerium Berzelius and Hizinger (Swedish) 1801 Vanadium Del Rio (Spanish) 1803 Osmium Tennant (English) 1803 Palladium . . . .WoUaston (English) 1804 Iridium Tennant (English) 1804 Rhodium Davy (English) 1807 Potassium Davy (English) 1807 Sodium Davy (English) 1808 Barium Davy (English) and Berzelius (Swedish) 8 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 1808 Strontium Davy (English) 1808 Boron Davy (English) and Gay-Lussac (French) 1808 Magnesium ...Davy (English) 1808 Calcium Davy (English) and Berzelius (Swedish) 1810 Chlorine Davy (English) 1810 Fluorine Ampere (French) 1811 Iodine Courtois (French) 1817 Selenium Berzelius (Swedish) 1817 Lithium Arfvedson (Swedish) 1817 Cadmium Herman and Strohmeyer (German) 1823 Silicon Berzelius (Swedish) 1824 Zirconium ....Berzelius (Swedish) 1826 Bromine Balard (French) 1827 Beryllium "Wohler (German) 1827 Alunainum . . ..Wohler (German) 1828 Thorium Berzelius (Swedish) 1828 Yttrium Wohler (German) 1841 Lanthanum ...Mosander (Swedish) 1843 Terbium Mosander (Swedish) 1843 Erbium Mosander (Swedish) 1844 Ruthinium . . . Claus (German) 1846 Columbium . . . Rose (English) 1860 Caesium Bunsen and Kirchloff (German) 1862 Thallium Crooks (English) 1863 Indium Reich and Richer (Ger.) 1868 Helium Lockyer (English) CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 9 1868 Rubidium .... Bunsen (German) 1875 Gallium Boisbaudran (French) 1878 Ytterbium Marignac (French) 1879 Thulium Cleve (Swedish) 1879 Scandium Nilson (Swedish) 1879 Samarium .... Boisbaudran (French) 1885 Praseodymium. Welsbach (German) 1885 Neodymium ...Welsbach (German) 1886 Gadolinium . . .Marignac (French) 1886 Germanium . ..Winkler (German) 1894 Argon Rayleigh and Ramsay (English) 1895 Helium Ramsay (English) 1897 Krypton Ramsay and Travers (English) 1898 Xenon Ramsay (English) 1898 Neon Ramsay and Travers (English) 1898 Radium Curie (French) Occurrence of the Metals in Nature Aluminum as the silicate. Antimony as the sulfide. Arsenic as the sulfide. Barium as a sulfate. Bismuth as the oxide, sulfide. Also metallic. Cadmium as the oxide, carbonate, and sulfide. Calcium as the carbonate, sulfate and silicate. Chromium as the oxide. Cobalt as the sulfide. 10 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Copper as the sulfide, oxide and carbonate. Iron as the oxide, sulfide and carbonate. Lead as the sulfide. Magnesium as the carbonate, sulfate and silicate. Manganese as the oxide. Mercury as the metal or sulfide. Nickel as the sulfide. Silver as the metal or sulfide. Sodium as the chloride and silicate. Strontium as the carbonate, sulfate, and silicate. Tin as the oxide. Zinc as the oxide, carbonate, and sulfide. Classification of tlie Elements. Class I. — Typical Elements. Class 2. — Elements whose oxides unite with water to form acids, never to form bases. Which do not form oxysalts. Class 3. — Elements whose oxides unite with water, some to form bases, others to form acids. Which form oxysalts. Class 4. — Elements whose oxides unite with water to form bases, never to form acids. Which form oxysalts. Class 1. Typical Elements Group 1. — Hydrogen. Group 2. — Oxygen. Class 2. Acidulous Elements Group 1. — Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. Group 2. — Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium. Group 3. — Nitrogen, Phosforus, Arsenic, Anti- mony. Group 4. — Boron. Group 5. — Carbon, Silicon. Group 6. — Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalium. Group 7. — Molybdenum, Tungsten, Osium. Class 3. Amfhoteric Elements Group 1. — Gold. Group 2. — Chromium, Manganese, Iron. 11 12 CHEMICAI, SYNONYMS Group 3. — Uranium. Group 4. — Lead. Group 5. — Bismuth. Group 6. — Titanium, Germanium, Zirconium, Tin. Group 7. — Palladium, Platinum. Group 8. — Khodium, Ruthenium, Iridium. Class 4. Basylous Elements Group 1. — ^Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Eu- bidium, Cesium, Silver. Group 2. — Thallium. Group 3. — Calcium, Strontium, Barium. Group 4. — Magnesium, Zinc, Cadmium. Group 5. — Beryllium, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium. Group 6. — Nickel, Cobalt. Group 7. — Copper, Mercury. Group 8. — Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodym- ium, Erbium. Group 9. — Yttrium, Lanthanum, Samarium, Ytterbium. Group 10. — Thorium. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND TEMPERA- TURE COMPARISONS Fahrenheit — Centigrade— Reaumur Fahrenheit Centigrade Eeaumur +212 +100 +80. 210.2 99 79.2 208.4 98 78.4 206.6 97 77.6 204.8 96 76.8 203 95 76. 201.2 94 75.2 199.4 93 74.4 197.6 92 73.6 195.8 91 72.8 194 90 72. 192.2 89 71.2 190.4 88 70.4 188.6 87 69.6 186.8 86 68.8 185 85 66. 183.2 84 67.2 181.4 83. 66.4 175.6 82 65.6 177.8 81 64.8 176 80 64. 174.2 79 63.2 712.4 78 62.4 170.6 77 61.6 13 14 CHEMICAL, SYNONYMS Fahrenheit 168.8 Centigrade 76 Reaumur 60.8 167 75 60. 165.2 74 59.2 163.4 73 58.4 161.6 72 57.6 159.8 71 56.8 158 70 56. 156.2 69 55.2 154.4 68 54.4 152.6 67 53.6 150.8 66 52.8 149 65 52. 147.2 64 51.2 145.4 63 50.4 143.6 62 49.6 141.8 .. . . 61 48.8 140 60 48. 138.2 59 47.2 136.4 58 46.4 134.6 57 45.6 132.8 56 44.8 131 55 44. 129.2 54 43.2 127.4 53 42.4 125.6 52 41.6 123.8 51 40.8 122 50 40. 120.2 49 39.2 118.4 48 38.4 CHEMICAL. SYNONYMS 15 Fahrenheit 116.6 Centigrade 47 . . Reaumur 37 6 114.8 46 36 8 113 45 36 111.2 44 35 2 109.4 43 34.4 10T.6 105.8 42 41 33.6 32.8 104 40. 32. 102.2 39 31.2 100.4 38 30.4 98.6 37 29.6 96.8 95 36 35 28.8 28. 93.2 34 27.2 91.4 33 26.4 89.6 32 25.6 87.8 31 24.8 86 30 24. 84.2 . . . 29 23.2 82.4 28 22.4 80.6 27 21.6 78 8 . ... 26 20.8 77 25 20. 75.2 24 19.2 73.4 . . . 23 18.4 71.6 22 17.6 69 8 21 16.8 68 20 16. 66.2 19 15.2 Fahrenheit Centigrade Eeamr 64.4 18 14. 62.6 17 13. 60.8 16 12. 59 15 12. 57.2 14 11. 55.4 13 10. 53.6 12 9. 51.8 11 8. 50 10 8. 48.2 9... 7. 46.4 8 6. 44.6 7 5. 42.8 6 4. 41 5 4. 39.2 4 3. 37.4 3 2. 35.6 2 1. 33.8 1 0. 32 0. Conversion Factors for Fahrenheit, Centi- grade, and Bieaumur Scale. _, Fahrenheit — 32 Degrees — ^ = degrees Centigrade. T^ Eeaumur X 5 , /-< . • j Degrees -r = degrees Centigrade. Degrees Centigrade X 1-8 + 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. T^ Reaumur X 9 Degrees r -|- 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. ^ . (Fahrenheit — 32)4 Degrees -^^ ^ — — — = degrees Reaumur. Degrees Centigrade X 4 = degrees Reaumur. 17 Comparison of Specific Gravity with De- grees, Twaddle and Beaume Sp. Gr. at 15° C. 1.000 Degrees Be. 0.0. Degrees Tw. 1.005 0.7. . 1 1.010 1.4... . 2 1.015 21 3 1.020 2.7 4, 1.025 3.4 5 1.030 4.1 6 1.035 4.7 7 1.040 5.4 8 1.045 6.0. 9 1.050 6.7. . . . 10 1.055 7.4 11 1.060 .... 8.0 12 1.065 8.7 . 13 1.070 9.4 14 1.075 10.0 15 1.080 10.6 16 1.085 . . . 11.2 17 1.090 11.9 18 1.095 12.4... 19 1.100 13 20 1.105 13.6 21 1.110 14.2 22 1.115 14.9 23 18 CHEMICAL 8TN0NYMS 19 Sp. Gr. at 15° C. 1.120 Degrees Bg. 15.4 Degrees Tw. 24 1.125 16. 25 1.130 ... . 16.5 26 1.135 ... . 17.1 27 1.140 17.7. . . 28 1.145 18.3.. 29 1.150 18.8. 30 1.155 19.3 31 1.160 ... . 19.8 32 1.165 20.3 33 1.170 20.9. . 34 1.175 21.4. 35 1.180 22 36 1.185 22.5 37 1.190 23 . . . 38 1.195 23.5 39 1.200 24 40 1.205 24.5 41 1.210 . . . 25 42 1.215 25.5 43 1.220 26 44 1.225 26.4 45 1.230 26.9 46 1.235 27.4 47 1.240 27.9 48 1.245 28.4 49 1.250 28.8 50 1.255 29.3 51 20 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Sp. Gr. Degrees Degrees at 15° C. 1.260 Be. 29.7 Tw. 52 1.265 30.2 . . 53 1.270 30.6.. 54 1.275 31.1. . . 55 1.280 31.5 56 1.285 32 . . 57 1.290 32.4 58 1.295 32.8 59 1.300 33.3 60 1.305 33.7 61 1.310 34.2. 62 1.315 34.6. . . 63 1.320 35. . . . 64 1.325 35.4 65 1.330 35.8 66 1.335 36.2 67 1.340 . 36.6 68 1.345 37 69 1.350 37.4. . 70 1.355 37.8 . 71 1.360 38.2. . . 72 1.365 38.6 73 1.370 39 74 1.375 . . . 39.4 75 1.380 39.8 76 1.385 40.1 77 1.390 40.5 78 1.395 40.8 . , . , 79 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 21 Sp. Gr. at 15° C. 1.400 Degrees Be. 412 Degrees Tw. 80 1.405 41.6 81 1.410 42. 82 1.415 42.3 83 1.420 42.7 84 1.425 43.1... 85 1.430 43.4. 86 1.435 43.8 87 1.440 44.1 88 1.445 44.4 89 1.450 44.8 90 1.455 45.1 91 1.460 45.4.. . 92 1.465 . . . 45.8 93 1.470 46.1 94 1.475 46.4 95 1.480 46.8 96 1.485 47.1 97 1.490 47.4 98 1.495 47.8 99 1.500 48.1 100 1.505 48.4 101 1.510 48.7 102 1.515 49 103 1.520 . .... 49.4 104 1.525 49.7 105 1,530 50 106 Comparison of Specific Gravity and De- grees, Beaume For Liquids Heavier than 'Water Degrees Spec. Gravity Degrees Spec. Gravity Be. at 12° C. Be. at 12° C. 1.40 23 1.1896 1 1.0069 24 1.1994 2 1.0140 25 1.2095 3 1.0212 26 1.2198 4 1.0285 27 1.2301 5 1.0358 28 1.2407 6 1.0434 29 1.2515 7 1.0509 30 1.2624 8 1.0587 31 1.2736 9 1.0665 32 1.2849 10 1.0745 33 1.2965 11 1.0825 34 1.3082 12 1.0907 35 1.3202 13 1.0990 36 1.3324 14 1.1074 37 1.3447 15 1.1160 38 1.3574 16 1.1247 39 1.3703 17 1.1335 40 1.3834 18 1.1425 41 1.3968 19 1.1516 42 1.4105 20 1.1608 43 1.4244 21 1.1702 44 1.4386 22 1.1798 45 1.4531 22 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 23 Degrees Spec. Gravity Degrees Spec. Gravity Be. at 12° C. Be. at 13° C. 46 1.4678 60 1.7116 47 1.4828 61 1.7322 48 1.4984 62 1.7532 49 1.5141 63 1.7748 50 1.5301 64 1.7960 51 1,5466 65 1.8195 52 1.5633 66 1.8428 53 1.5804 67 1.8590 54 1.5987 68 1.8640 55 1.6158 69 1.8850 56 1.6342 70 1.9090 57 1,6529 71 1.9350 58 1.6720 72 1.9600 59 1.6916 For Liquids Lighter than 'Water Degrees Spec. Gravity Degrees Spec. Gravity Be. at 13° C. Be. at 13° C. 10 1.0000 21 0.9300 11 0.9932 22 0.9241 12 0.9865 23 0.9183 13 0.9799 24 0.9125 14 0.9733 25 0.9068 15 0.9669 26 0.9012 16 0.9605 27 0.8957 17 0.9542 28 0.8902 18 0.9480 29 0.8848 19 0.9420 30 0.8795 20 0.9359 31 0.8742 3 24 CHEMICAL, SYNONYMS Degrees Spec. Gravity Degrees Spec. Gravity Be. atl2°C. Bg. at 12° C. 32 0.8690 47 0.7978 33 0.8639 48 0.7935 34 0.8588 49 0.7892 35 0.8538 50 0.7849 36 0.8488 51 0.7807 37 0.8439 52 0.7766 38 0.8391 53 0.7725 39 0.8343 54 0.7684 40 0.8295 55 0.7644 41 0.8249 56 0.7604 42 0.8202 57 0.7565 43 0.8156 58 0.7526 44 0.8111 59 0.7487 45 0.8066 60 0.7449 46 0.8022 STANDARDS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES By a mutual action taken by the governments of the world the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was established near Paris on the 20th of May, 1875. The standards were made of platinum-iridium in a ratio of nine parts of the former to one part of the latter. The origi- nals are kept in the archives of the Bureau of Standards in Paris. Duplicate standards have been sent to the vari- ous governments who are members of the bureau. The standard of length is the meter and is a duplicate of the International Standard Meter. It was originally defined as the forty-millionth part of the quadrant of the meridan at Paris, and is the distance between two points at 0° C. on the original standard platinum-iridium bar. The kilogram is the weight of a cylinder of the same alloy at 0° C. made in vacuo. The litre is equal to a cubic decimeter. This is determined by measuring this quantity of dis- tilled water at 4° C, which is the temperature of its greatest density. All weighings are made in vacuo. As the metric system is the standard used by the chemist, such tables will be given. But for the student, comparisons with the other systems 25 26 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS will be given, as the metric system is not being universally taught as yet. Weight Metric System Milligram = .001 Gram Centigram = .01 Gram Decigram = 0.1 Gram Gram =1000. Grams Dekagram = 10. Grams Hectogram = 100. Grams Kilogram = 1000. Grams Myriangram = 10. Kilograms Quintal = 100. Kilograms MiUier = 1000. Kilograms or 1 Ton Metric to Avoirdupois Milligram = 0.01543 Grains Centigram = 0.1543 Grains Decigram = 1.543 Grains Gram ^15.43 Grains Dekagram = 5.6438 Drams Hectogram = 3,527 Ounces Kilogram = 2.2046 Pounds Myriangram =22.046 Pounds Quintal = 1.9684 CWT. MiUier = 1.1023 ShortTon CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 27 Avoirdupois to Metric Grain = 0.0648 Gram Dram = 1.772 Gram Ounce = 28.35 Grams Pound = .4536 Kilograms Hundredweight = 45.36 Kilograms Ton = .9071 Millier Metric to Troy Milligram . . ..= .00487 Carats Centigram . . .= .0487 Carats Decigram . . ..=4.87 Carats or 1.5432 Grains Gram . .=4.87 Carats or 1.5432 Grains Dekagram .. ..=6.43 Pennyweight Hectogram . .. = 3.215 Ounces Kilogram . . . .. = 2.679 Pounds Troy to Metric Grain = .0648 Gram Pennyweight = 1.5552 Grams Ounce = 31.103 Grams Pound = .3732 Kilogram Milligram Centigram Metric to Afothecary =: .0154 Grains = .154 Grains Grains Scruple Drams Decigram =; 1.54 Gram = .7716 Dekagram = 2.572 28 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Hectogram =3.215 Ounces Kilogram =2.679 Pounds Apothecary to Metric Grain = .0648 Grams Scruple = 1.3 Grams Dram = 3.888 Grams Ounce =31.103 Grams Pound = .3732 Kilogram Capacity Metric System Milliliter =i 16.2 Minims Centiliter = .238 Fluid Ounces Decileter = .845 Gill Liter = 1.0567 Quarts Decaliter = 2.6417 Gallons Hectoliter =264.17 Gallons Kiloliter =264.17 Gallons TJ. E. Equivalent to Metric Gill =118.29 C. C. Pint = 0.4732 Liter Quart = 0.9464 Liter Gallon = 3.7854 Liter Apothecaries' Liquid Capacity to Metric Minim = .0616 C. C. Fluid Gram = 3.7 C. C. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 29 Fluid Ounce =^29.57 C. C. Pint =z .4732 Liter Quart =' 0.9464 Liters Gallon = .7854 Liters Volume Metric System Milliliter = .06102 Cu. In. Centiliter = .6102 Cu. In. Deciliter = 6.102 Cu. In. Liter = 61.02 Cu. In. Decaliter = 610.2 Cu. In. Hectoliter =: 3.5314 Cu. Ft. Kiloliter = 1.308 Cu.Yd. V. S. Equivalent to Metric Cubic Inch = 16.387 C. C. Cubic Foot = 28.32 Liters Cubic Yard ==764.5 Liters Conversion Factors Cu. Cm. Cu. Cm. Cu. Cm. Cu. Meters Cu. Meters Cu. Meters Centimeters Centimeters 16.387 =Cu. In. = F1. Drs. == Fl. Ounce 35.314 =Cu. Ft. = Cu. Yds. = Gallons .393 = Inches 2.54 = Inches 3.69 29.57 X X 1.308 X 264.2 X 30 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Grammes X 15.432 = Grains Grammes -f- 29.57 ==F1. Ounce Grammes -f- 29.35 = Ounce. Av. Hectoliters X 3.53 = Cu. Ft. Hectoliters X 2.84 = Bu. Hectoliters X 1.31 = Cu. Yds. Hectars X 2.47 =: Acres Kilometers -^ 1.0693 1 = Miles Kilometers X 6.21 = Miles Kilometers X 3280.7 = Feet Liters X 61.023 = Cu. In. Liters X 33.84 = F1. Oz. Liters X 26.42 = Gallons Liters -^ 3.78 = Gallons Liters -^- 28.317 = Cu. Ft. Kilograms X 2.2046 = Pounds Kilograms X 35.3 = Ozs. Av. Kilograms H- 1102.3 = Tons. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Aluminum Al. Wt. 27.5 Specific gravity 2.7, fuses at 450° C; melting point 657° C. ; boiling point above 2200° C. It is trivalent but is also looked upon (when ex- pressed as the double atoms) as a single sexivalent atom. The name aluminum is derived from the Latin word alumen. Alumen was a term used by the Eomans in reference to bodies possessing an as- tringent taste. The first mention made to alum was that of Pott in 1746 stated that the basis of it was clayey material. In 1754 Marggraf confirmed Pott's views, but added that there was a difference be- tween alumina and lime. Davy in 1807 and Oersted in 1824 tried to purify the metal, but were unsuccessful. In 182T Wohler repeated the work of Oersted, and not having success, turned to the decomposition of the chloride with potassium and thus was the first to obtain the metal in its pure state. Aluminum Acetate 204.17 Alummi Acetas Aluminic Acetate Mordant Salts 31 32 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS W aterfroo-fing Salts Printer's Acetate Red Liquor Oil Pulf Fluid Gelatine Aluminum Chloride 266.96 Aluniini Ghloridum Aluminic Chloride Ghlorahim Muriate of Alumina Sesquiohloride of Aluminum Aluminum Hydrate 120.22 Alumdni Hydroxidimi Aluminic Hydrate Aluminum Hydroxide Hydrated Ahimina Hydrargillite {native) Gibhsite (native) Diaspori {native) Aluminum Oxide 102.2 Alumini Oxidum Aluminic Oxide Alumina Corundum Roch Alum Bauxite {native) Aluminum Sulfate 342.41 Alumini Sulfas Aluminic Sulfate Concentrated Alum CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 33 Cahe Alum Patent Alum Neutral Sulfate of Aluminum Sesquisulfate of Aluminum Vitrolate of Alum,inum Aluminum Potassium Sulfate 949.06 Potassio Aluminic Sulfas Alumen Alum Alum, Meal Alum Flour Cube Alum, Common Alum, Potash Alum, Potassium Alum Sulfate of Aluminum and Potassium Octahedral Alum Salt Aluminite {native) Dried Potassium Aluminum Sulfate 517.06 Alumini Exsiccatum Alumini ZJstum Burnt Alum, Dried Alum Exsiccated Alum Double sulfate of Aluminum, and Potas- sium Roman Alum Antimony At. Wt. 120.2 Specific gravity 6.62, fuses at 450° C, melting point 630° C, boiling point 1440° C. It is triva- lent in the antimonious condition and pentava- lent in the antimonic. Its name is derived from the Greek word anti, meaning against, and monine, the French word for monk. The reason for this was that a num- ber of monks were poisoned by antimony com- pounds. No doubt our knowledge of antimony would be much clearer had not the Alexandrian library been destroyed by the Romans. The true dis- covery of the metal cannot honestly be attributed to any one man. Antimony is spoken of in the Bible in the book of Hebrews, and again in the second book of Kings. Dioscorides speaks of it as used by the women of his time as a,n eye-expander. The alchemist Geber was familiar with it. There is little or no doubt that the metal was known long before Valentine's time. Basil Valentine was, however, the first man to give any treatise on the subject. It is believed that his works were the result of a study made of the material scat- tered throughout the literature of that time. He 34 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 35 does, however, credit himself with the discovery of the metal. Antimony Chloride 226.58 Antimonii Ghloridum Antimonious Chloride Antimony Trichloride Terchloride of Antimony Chloride of Antimony Caustic Antvmony Muriate of Antimony Susquichloride of Antvmony Butter of Antimony Mineral Butter Antimony Trioxide 288.4 Antimonii Oxidum Antimony Oxide Antinoonious Oxide Anhydride of Antimony Flowers of Antimony Oxide of Antimony Ter oxide of Antimony Trioxide of Antimony Protoxide of Antimony Hypantimonious Acid White oxide of Antimony Antimony Bloom Valentinite (native) Antimony Sulfide 336.61 Antimonii Sulfidum Antimonious Sulfide 36 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Antimony Trisulfde Tersulfde of Antimony Sulfide of Antimony Sulfuret of Antimony Sesquisulfide of Antimony Antimony Glance Antimony Black Gray Antimony Crude Antimony Stibnite Antimonite Stibnite Sulfantimonious Anhydride Antimony Vermillion Glass of Antvmony Liver of Antimony Crocus of Antimony Antimony Pentasulfide 400.75 Antimonii Pentasulfldwin Antimonis Sulfide Golden Sulfuret of Antimony Sulfur Auratum Sulfantimonic Anhydride Antimony Red Sulfur Gold Antimony Potassium Tartrate 332.33 Antimonti et Potassii Tartras Tartared Antimony Tartarized Antimony Tartaric Emetic Emetic Tartar Mordant Salts Arsenic At. Wt. 75. Specific gravity 5.9. Melting point 850° C, but sublimes at 554° C. without fusing. It is trivalent in the arsenious condition and pentava- lent in the arsenic. Orpimint and realgar were both known to the ancients, Aristotle and Theophrastus both wrote of these products, but made no distinction be- tween them. The Greek alchemist Olymipiodonis made men- tion of the white oxide in his writings. Albertus Magnus knew of the properties of arsenic and wrote of its being volatile. He was the first to give any reliable information concerning the element. Arsenic Oxide 229.92 Arsenic Pentaoxide Arsenic Acid Anhydride Anhydrous Arsenic Acid Arsenic Anhydride Arsenic Disulfide 214.06 Arsenic Disulfid/am Arsenic Bisulfide Diarsenious Disulfide Realgar Red Sulfide of Arsenic Red Sulfuret of Arsenic 37 38 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Arsenic Trisulfide 246.13 Arsenious Sulfide Yellow Sulfide of Arsenic Orpimint Sesquisulfide of Arsenic Tersulfuret of Arsenic Ter sulfide of Arsenic King^s Gold Arsenic Yellow Sulfo-arsenious Anhydride King^s Yellow Arsenic Orange Auripigment Arsenious Oxide 187.92 Arsenici Oxidum Arsenious Anhydride Arsenic Trioxide Acidum Arsenosum Arsenious Acid Arsenicum Album White Arsenic Arsenic Poison Flour Flowers of Arsenic Anhydrous Arsenious Acid Anhydrous Arsenicosum Metallum Album Arseni Trioxidum Arsenic Blanc Arsenolite {native) CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 39 Arsenic Chloride 181.34 Arseni Chloridum Trichloride of Arsenic Chloride of Arsenic Terchloride of Arsenic Sesquichloride of Arsenic Muriate of Arsenic Butter of Arsenic Fuming Liquid of Arsenic Barium At. Wt. 137.37 Specific gravity, 3.78; fuses below red heat, melting at 850° C. and boiling at 950° C. It is divalent. Barium first became known through one of its compounds, heavy spar. A Bolognese shoemaker, V. Cascionolus, in 1602, noticed that when this product was heated with carbonaceous matter it became phosforesent. To this was given the name lopis solis, Bolognian phosforous, and Bo- ronian phosforous. Marggraf in 1750 supplied the knowledge that it contained sulfuric acid. In 1774 Scheele, during some researches on the black oxide of manganese, found it to contain a new earth. This product with sulfuric acid formed a compound which was insoluble in water. He did not carry out any further work on it. Gahn in 1776 showed that it was the same com- pound found in heavy spar. Guyton de Moroeau in 1779 gave it the name of barote, which was changed to baryta by Lavoisier. The metal was first isolated by Davy. Barium Carbonate 197.37 Barii Garbonas Carbonate of Baryta Baric Carbonate Witherite {native) 40 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 41 Barium Hydroxide 315.51 Barii Hydroxidum Bar cum Hydrate Milk of Barium Hydrate of Baryta Caustic Baryta Barium Oxide 153.37 Barii Oxidum Barium Monoxide Baryta Barytes Oxide of Barium Caustic Baryta Baric Oxide Barium Sulfate 233.44 Barii Sulfas Blanc Fixe Constant White Terra Ponderosa Sulfate of Barium Vitriolate of Barium Baric Sulfate Permanent White Heavy Spar (native) Heavy White (native ) Barite (native) Barium Chromate 253.47 Barii Chromas Lemon Chrome Ultramarine Yellow Bismuth At. Wt. 208. In the writing of the alchemists of the thir- teenth century mention is made of the word Mar- casite, which at that time referred to bismuth. As early as the time of Paracelsus an attempt was made to classify it. He placed it with the semi-metals. Agricola stated that it was a true metal but required the presences of tin. Libavius associated it with antimony, Lemery with zinc and Basil Valentine between tin and lead. But our true knowledge of the properties and reactions of bismuth was given to us in 1739 by Pott and Bergman. It has a specific gravity of 9.75, fuses at 264° C; melting point, 270° C, and has a boiling point of 1420° C. In the bismuthous state it is trivalent, and in the bismuthic state it is penta- valent. Basic Bismuth Carbonate 526.02 Bisnmthi Subcarbonas Bisnmithi Oxycarbonate Bismuth Suboarbonute Subcarbonate of Bismuth Bismuth Carbonate Bisrrmthyl Carbonate Pearl White Bisrrmtite {native) 42 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 43 Basic Bismuth Chloride 259.46 Bismuthi Oxychloridum BisTnuthi Oxychloridum Bismuthyl Chloride Oxyohloride of Bismuth Bismuthous Chloride Cosmetic Bismuth Basic Bismuth Nitrate 304.03 Bismuthi Oxynitras Bism/uthi Subnitras Bismuthum Album Calx Bismuthi Oxynitrate of Bismuth Bismuthyl Nitrate Basic Nitrate of Bismuth Pearl White Flake White Cadmium At. Wt. 112.4 It has a specific gravity of 8.6, a fusing point of 228° C, melts at 321° C, boils at 778° C. and has a valency of two. Cadmium was discovered at about the same time in 1817 by two independent workers under varied conditions. Strohmeyer, one of the two to whom the credit for its discovery was given, while engaged in some work on a sample of zinc carbonate, obtained from the zinc mines at Salz- gitter, noticed that the oxide contained a yellow color, yet was free from iron. In 1818 he pub- lished a full account of his work and also named the element. Hermann, at the same time, made an examina- tion of a sample of zinc oxide which was used for pharmaceutical purposes and which had been re- jected because, upon treatment with acid, it gave a yellow solution. He announced a new metal. Shortly after Strohmeyer and Hermann made known their work on the new element, Meissner and Karster confirmed their report. Cadmium Chloride 219.35 Chloride of Cadmium , Muriate of Cadmium Cadmic Chloride Butter of Cadmium 44 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 45 Cadmium Oxide 128.4 Cadmii Oxidxim Gadmic Oxide Protoxide of Cadmium Cadmium Sulfate 280.53 GadmAi Sulfas Sulfate of Gadm,ium Vif violate of Gadm^ium Gadmic Sulfate Cadmium Sulfide 144.47 Gadmii Sidfldum Gadmic Sulfic Cadmium, Yellow Jaune Brillant Greenochite {native) Calcium At. Wt. 40.07 Although metallic calcium was not prepared until 1808 by Davy, its compounds were used by the ancients. The use of lime in the preparation of mortar for building belongs to the pages of unknown history. Dioscorides and Pliny, in their writ- ings, give a very complete description of the process for lime-burning and slaking. This metal has a specific gravity of 1.545, melt- ing point 800° C. and sublimes a little above this point. It has a valence of two. Calcium Acetate 176.13 Calcii Acetas Diacetate of Lime Pyrolignite of Lime Vinegar Salts Brown Acetate Vinegar Salts Brown Acetate Grey Acetate Calcium Carbonate 100.07 Calcii Garhonas Precipitatus Precipitated Chalk Spanish White Carbonate of Lime Spanish Whiting 46 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 47 Whiting Paris White English White Limestone {native) Marble {native) Galeite {native) Aragonite {native) Calcium Chloride 110.99 Calcii Chloridum Chloride of CalciuTn Muriate of Lime Muriate of GaloiuTn Calcium Fluoride 78.07 Calcii FJMoridum Fluor Spar Calcium Hydroxide 74.09 Calx Extincta Agua Oalcis Calcium Hydrate Slack Lime Calcic Hydrate Lime Water Solution of Lime Caustic Lime Calcium Hypochlorite 215.05 Calx Chlorinata Calx Chlorata Chlorinated Lime Bleaching Powder Chloride of Lime {improperly called) 48 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Calcium Oxide 56.07 Galx Calx Viva Caustic Li/me Quick LiTTie Lime Calcic Oxide Burned Lime TJnslached Lime Calcium Sulfate 172.17 Calcii Sulfas Pearl Hardener Gypsum {native) Silenite (native) Alabaster (native) Dried Calcium Sulfate 136.14 Calcii Sulfas Exsiccatus Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate Plaster of Paris Dried Gyfsum Calcined Gypsum Bihydrate of Lime Calcined Plaster Vitriolate of Lime Vitriolate of Calcium Calcium Phosfate 310.29 Calcii Phosfas Phosfate of Lime Bone Ash (crude) Bone Earth (crude) Tricalcic Phosfate Chromium At. Wt. 52. It has a specific gravity of 6.92, melting point 1050° C. and boiling point 2200° C. A peculiar feature of chromium is its atomic- ity, which is diatomic, tetratomic, and hexatomic. It has also shown octatomicity. Our first notice regarding chromium was con- tained in a private communication of Lehmann in 1762. For the benefit of a friend he described a new mineral which came from Siberia. Noth- ing definite was done regarding its composition until twenty-seven years later, when Vauquelin and Macquart investigated the mineral. Their results were not satisfactory, but they concluded that it contained a large quantity of lead and oxygen. In 1797 Macquart, not feeling satisfied with the results he had previously obtained, carried out a new investigation. He foimd that the lead was combined with the oxide of a new metal. To this was given the name Chromium. The mineral from which the study was made is now called Crocoisite. Chromium Dichloride 122.92 Chromii Dichloridum Chromous Chloride Muriate of Chrome 49 50 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS ProtocMoride of Chrome Butter of Chrome Chromous Oxide 84 Protoxide of Chromiv/m Dioxide of Chromium Green Oxide of Chrome Chrome Green Chromium Oxide 100 Chromii Oxidum Chromic Oxide Chromium Sesguioxide Chromium Trioxide 152 Chromii Trioxidum Acidum Chromicum Chromic Acid Chromic Anhydride Anhydrous Chromic Add Chromium Sulfate 482.29 Chromii Sulfas Vitrolate of Chromium Wool Mordant Cobalt At. Wt. 58.97 Cobalt has a specific gravity of 8.72 and melt- ing point 1490° C. The valency in the cobaltous compounds is two, and four in the cobaltic. The name cobalt carries us back to the days of Paracelsus and " Basil Valentine." In those days it was not used to denote the element, but meant instead " false ore," In 1733 Brandt came to the conclusion that the blue color of glass was caused by a peculiar metal in the mineral used in its manufacture. He gave it the name of "kobalt." Cobalt Chloride 129.89 CoboHtwm Chloridwni Muriate of CdhcHt Hydrochloride of Gohdlt Bichloride of Cobalt Cdhaltous Chloride Butter of Cohalt Cobalt Oxide 74.97 Cohaltum Oxidum Cobalt Protoxide Oxide of Cobalt ■ Cobalt Black Gray Oxide of Cobalt Black Oxide of Cobalt Cobalt Monoxide Cobaltous Oxide Asbolite {Native) 51 Copper At. Wt. 36.57 It has a specific gravity of 8.9, melts at 1065° C. and boils at 2310° C. It is diatomic in valency. Copper was probably the first metal to be used by mankind. The reason for this was that it occurred in the native condition, and did not re- quire any further treatment. Copper Chloride 170.52 Cupri GhloriduTn, Gwpric Chloride Subchloride of Copper Muriate of Copper Cupric Oxide 79.57 Gupri Oxidum Black Oxide of Copper Copper Monoxide Protoxide of Copper Melaconite {Native) Copper Oxide 143.14 Cuprous Oxide Red Oxide of Copper Dinoxide of Copper Copper Sulfate 249.72 Gupri Sulfas Sulfate of Copper 52 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 63 Goffer Deutosulfate Blue Oofferas Blue Stone Blue Vitriol Roman Vitriol Salzburg Vitriol Iron At. Wt. 55.84 It is also known as Ferrum. Iron has a specific gravity of 7.8, melts at 1505° C, and boils at 2450° C. It has a valency of two when the salts are ferrous, and four when ferric. Iron is another of those few elements, the his- tory of which began with the history of mankind. Ferrous Carbonate 133.86. Ferri Garbonas Ferri Suhcarhonas Carbonate of Iron Protocarbonate of Iron Ferric Chloride 270.32 Ferri Chloridum Ferri PercMoridum Ferri Sesquichloridum Iron Chloride Sesquichloride of Iron Perchloride of Iron Trichloride of Iron Muriate of Iron Ferric Oxide 159.68 Ferri Oxidum Ferri Sesquioxidum Ferri Rubigo Rubigo 54 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 55 Fern Peroxidum Ferri Oxidum Rubrum Peroxide of Iron Bed Oxide of Iron Iron Rust Sesquioxide of Iron Crocus Ferri Crocus Martis Ferrugo Polishing Crocus Jeweler''s Rouge Venetian Red Stone Red Purple Oxide Scarlet Red Ferrous Oxide 71.84 Ferri Oxidum Monoxide of -Iron Iron Monoxide Suboxide of Iron Iron Suboxide Ferrous Sulfate 278.02 Ferri Sulfas Ferrum Vitriolatum Protosulfate of Iron Sulfate of Iron Copperas Green Vitriol Sal Chalybis Salts of Steel 56 CHEMICAL STN0NYM8 Vitriolate of Iron Iron Vitrol Ferric Sulfate 562.03 Ferri Tersulfas Persulfate of Iron Sesquisulfate of Iron Tersulfate of Iron Lead (Plumbum) At. Wt. 207.1 Lead melts at 327° C. and boils at 1525° C. It has a valency of two and four. This metal was known to the ancients. It was supposed to have been one of the seven metals known to the ancients and to have been connected with the seven heavenly bodies. Thus lead was apportioned to Saturn. Lead Acetate 379.20 PlumM Acetas Plumiic Acetate Sugar of Lead Goulard Powder Lead Carbonate 267.10 PlumM Carhonas Plumbic Carbonate Flake Lead White Lead Ceruse Lead Spar Cerussite {native) Lead Chromate 323.10 Plumbi Chromas Plumbic Chromate Chrome Yellow Paris Yellow 57 58 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Leipzic Yellow Grocosite {native) Lead Chloride 277.02 Phimhi Ghloridum Plumbic Chloride Muriate of Lead Horn Lead (native) Lead Oxide 223.10 Plumii Oxidum, Plumbic Oxide Lead Monoxide Lead Protoxide Massicot Brown Lead Oxide Litharge [native) Lead Dioxide 239.10 Plumii Dioxidum Plumbic Peroxide Binoxide of Lead Lead Peroxide Black Lead Puce Lead Sulfate 303.17 Plumbi Sulfas Plumbic Sulfate Vitriolate of Lead Anglisite {native) Magnesium At. Wt. 24.32 This metal has a specific gravity of 1.74, melts at 650° C. and boils at 1120° C. It has a valence of two. Although magnesium was obtained as a metal in 1808, our knowledge of its history goes back to 1695. At that time a London physician pub- lished an account of a new salt found in the springs at Epsom. Shortly after this publica- tion the medical value of the salt became known, being termed epsom salts. By 1700 several springs in England were found to contain it. Soon another medical salt, Magnesia Alba, was discovered by a Roman. Several methods were soon put forward for its preparation. In 1755 Black made an attempt to study the composition of these salts. Bergman made a more complete study in the same year, but it was Davy who, in 1808, proved that this compound was the oxide of anew metal and called it "magnium," which name soon gave place to " magnesium." Magnesium Carbonate 485.70 MagnesU Carbonas Basic Carbonate of Magnesium Magnssium Alba Magnesium Chloride 203.34 Magnesii Chlondum Muriate of Magnesium, 59 60 CHEMICAL SYNONTMS Magnesium Oxide 40.32 Magnesii Oxidum Magnesia Calcined Magnesia Magnesia Ponderosa Light Magnesia Calcined Light Magnesium Oxide Light Magnesia Heavy Magnesia Heavy Magnesium Oxide Periclasite (native) Magnesium Sulfate 246.50 Magnesii Sulfas Sal Catharticum Amar Magnesia Viriolata Efsom Salts Salts Bitter Salt Hair Bitter Kieserite {native) Manganese At. Wt. 54.93 It has a specific gravity of 7.42 and its melting point is 1225° C. It boils at 1900° C. and its valency is two, three and four. The black oxide of Manganese has been known from the earliest times and was associated with magnetic iron ore. In fact, many of the alchem- ists believed it to be an ore of iron. Much men- tion was given to it in literature on glass making and long Latin manuscripts are found setting forth its uses. In 1740 the first study of the oxide was made. At that time Pott proved that the product was free from iron. The year 1774 saw the renowned investigation of Scheele, who made such an ex- haustive study of mineral manganese and its ac- tion towards oxygen. Using Schteele's experi- ments as a basis Bergman came to the conclusion that it was the calx of a new metal. Gahn was, however, the first to isolate this metal. Manganese Chloride 197.1 Mangani Chloridum, Muriate of Manganese Protochloride of Manganese Manganese Dioxide 86.93 Mangani Dioxidum 61 62 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Mangani Oxidum Nigrum Manganesii Peroxidum Manganic Dioxide Binoxide of Manganese Black Oxide of Manganese Peroxide of Manganese PsUomelane Pyroliisite (native) Manganese Sulfate 223.06 Mangani Sulfas Manganese Vitriolate Mercury (Hydrargyrum) At. Wt. 200.6 It has specific gravity of 13.6. The melting point is 38.85° below zero; its boiling point is 357.33° C. The atomicity is two in the mercuric compounds and pseudo-monatomic in the mer- curous. Although mercury is one of the oldest of metals, no mention of it is to be found in old Greek writings. Theophrastus called it "liquid silver" and Dioscorides called it "silver water"; both gave a method for preparing it from cin- nabar. Pliny was the first to give it the name of Hydrargyrum, and used the name only for the pure metal. The first mention of the properties of mercury was made in 1610 by Isidorus. The first dicpute as to which class mercury be- longed in was raised by Agricola and Libavius. The former classed it with the metals and the latter with the semi-metals. It is not until 1759 when Braune, of St. Petersburg, succeeded in freezing it, that the question was settled. Ammonium Mercuric Chloride 253.09 Hydrargyri ATnmoniatum Hydrargyn Ammonio-CMoride Hydrargyri Praecipitatum Album Mercuric Ammonium Chloride 63 C4 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Mercurius Precipitatus Alius Chloride of Mercuric Ammonium Mercuro Ammonium Chloride Calx Hydrargyri Alba Ammonio-Chloride of Mercury AmAdo Chloride of Mercury Ammoniated Mercury Infusible White Precipitate White Precipitate Ammonium Mercurous Chloride 453.69 Nigri Precipitatus Black Precipitate Blach Mercury Haheman's Mercury Mercuric Chloride, 271.52 Hydrargyri Corrosivum Sublimatas Hydrargyri Muriaticum Corrosivum Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum Hydrargyri Perchloridum Hydrargyri Permurias Hydrargyri Supermurias Bichloride of Mercury Perchloride of Mercury Corrosive Chloride of Mercury Corrosive Sublimate Dimuriate of Mercury Mercurous Chloride 236.06 Hydrargyri Chloridum Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite Hydrargyri Murias CHEMICAL SYNONTMS 65 Hydrargyri Submurias Mercurius Dulcis Preci-pitatum Mercurius Dulcis Suhlimatis Galomelas Calomel Panacea of Mercury Mild Merourous Chloride Sub-chloride of Mercury Protochloride of Mercury Muriate of Mercury Mercury Chloride Mercuric Iodide 454.44 Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum Hydrargyri Pro-Iodiret Hydrargyri lodidum Viridi Yellow Iodide of Mercury Yellow Merourous Iodide SuModide of Mercury Proto-Iodide of Mercary Protiodide of Mercury. Brilliant Scarlet Mercuric Iodide 327.52 Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum Hydrargyri Biniodide Deuto-joduretum Hydrargyri Biniodide of Mercwry Red Iodide of Mercury Red Mercuric Iodide Mercury Sulfide 232.67 Hydrargyri Sulfidum 66 CHEJnCAL SYNONYMS Ethiop's Mineral Cinndbar {native) Factitious Cimndbar Mercuric Oxide 216.60 Hydrargyri Oxiduw, Flavium Hydrargyri Oxidum Ruhrwm Mercurius Gorrosivus Ruir Bed Oxide of Mercury Red Mercuric Oxide Red Precipitate Yellow Oxide of Mercury Yellow Mercuric Oxide Calcined Mercury Monoxide of Mercury Mercurous Oxide 417.20 Hydrargyri Syboxidum Black Oxide of Mercury Gray Oxide of Mercury Suboxide of Mercury Proto-Oxide of Mercury Dioxide of Mercury Nickel At. Wt. 58.68 It has a specific gravity of 8.7 It has a melt- ing point of 1,450° C. It has a valency of two in the nickelous condition, and four in the nickelic condition. Our first knowledge of nickel is found in the writing of Hiami, who in 1694 speaks of it as "false copper." It was so called because al- though, possessing the color of copper ore, the metal could not, however, be separated from it. In 1751 Cronstedt published an investigation on an ore from the Helsingland mines. He ob- tained a salt which gave a green vitriol and a hard brittle metal. In 1754 he wrote of it as a semi-metal and called it nickel. His views were not accepted until 1774, when Bergman's researches confirmed his work. Nickel Oxide 74.68 Nickelous Oxide Protoxide of Nickel Nickel Black Nickel Sulfate 262.85 Electrolytic Salts Blue Salts Nickel Sulfide 90.75 Black Sulfide of Nickel Capillary Pyrites 67 Potassium At. Wt. 39.10 Melts at 62.5° C. and boils at 757.5° C. It has a specific gravity of .875 and a valency of one. The discovery of potassium was made by Davy in 1807. It was obtained from potash by elec- trolysis. Potassium Bicarbonate 100.11 Potassii Bicarbonas Acid Carbonate of Potash Sesqui-carbonate of Potash Potassium Carbonate 174.23 Potassii Carbonas Kali Praefaratum Fixed Nitre Pearl Ash Pearl Ashes Salt of Tartar Salt of Wormwood Potassium chlorate 122.56 Potassii Moras Omyrrvuriate of Potash Potassium Chloride 74.56 Bitter Salts Febrifuge Salt Digestive Salt of Sylvius Potassium Ferricyanide 329.20 68 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 69 Red Prussiate of Potash Potassae Pvussias Rubra Potassium Ferrocyanide 422.35 Potassii Ferrocyanidum Potassae Prussias Flava Yellow Prussiate of Potash Potassium Hydroxide 56.11 Potassa Potassae Hydras Hydrate of Potash Caustic Potash Potassium Acetate 98.12 Potassii Acetas Diuretic Salts Sal Diureticus Potassium Bisulfate 136.18 Potassae Swpersulfas Sufer sulfate of Potash Acid Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate 101.11 Potassii Nitras Saltpetre Nitre Sal Prunella Potassium Sulfide 110.27 Potassa Sulfurata Potassii Sulfurafurii Hepar Sulfur Liver of Sulfur 70 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Potassium Bitartrate 188.14 Potassii Bitartras Potassae Sufertartras Potassae Sufertartus Add Potassium Tartrate Tartar Cream of Tartar Cremor Hartari Supertartrate of Potash Potassium and Sodium Tartrate 280.18 Potassii et Sodii Tartras Tartrated Soda Rochelle Salt Sal Seignette Silver At. Wt. 107.88 Silver has a melting point of 955° C, boiling point 1,955° C. Its valency is one. Silver is another of those elements whose his- tory must remain a romance. The alchemists spoke of it as " Luna " or " Diana " and repre- sented it by the symbol of the crescent moon. Silver Chloride 143.34 Argenti Ghloridum Butter of Silver Horn Silver Muriate of Silver Silver Nitrate 169.89 Argenti Nitras Lapis Caustic Luna Caustic Silver Sulfide 247.83 Argenti Sulfidum Silver Glace 71 Sodium At. Wt. 23. It has a specific gravity of 0.97.35. It melts at 97.3° C. and boils at 877.5° C. The valency is one. It is to the Old Testament that we turn for our history of the sodium compounds. There reference is made to sodium carbonate, although it was then called "Nether." In Egypt it was calledy "Flos Satis." Down through the ages the salts of sodium were common, and much use was made of them. It was not, however, until 1807 that Davy prepared the metallic Sodium. Sodium Bicarbonate 84.01 Sodii Bicarbonas Acid Carbonate of Soda Hydrosodic Carbonate Sesquicarbonate of Soda Vichy Salts Sodium Carbonate 106.00 Sodii Carbonas Crystal Carbonate Fixed Mineral Alkali Natron Natrum Scotch Soda Soda Crystals 72 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Trona Washing Soda )diuin Chloride 58.46 74 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Sodium Sulfate 268.18 Sodii Sulfas Natron Vitrolate Glauber's Salt Sal Glauberi Salt Cake Sodium Silicate 303.20 Sodium Tetrasilicate Silicate of Soda Soluble Glass Water Glass Sodium Thiosulfate 248.22 Sodii Thiosulfas Antichlor Hypo Hyposulftte of Soda Zinc At. Wt. 65.37 Zin<3 melts at 419° C. and boils at 918° C. It has a valency of two. An alloy of zinc and copper was known to the ancients, who believed it to be a peculiar form of copper. It was not until the year 4 B. C. that Aristotle discovered that this metal could be pre- pared from copper and a peculiar earth found on the shores of the Black Sea. To this product Dioscorides and Pliny gave the name " Cadmia." In the writings of Paracelsus (1520) we find zinc spoken of as a metal and it is to him we give the credit of its discovery as such. Zinc Chloride 136.29 Zinci Ghloridum Butter of Zinc Muriate of Zinc Zinc Oxide 81.37 Zinci Oxidum Flowers of Zinc Nil Alba Nil Album Oxide of Zinc Zinc Powder Zinc White 75 T6 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Zinc Sulfate 354.80 Zind Sulfas Salt of Vitriol White Copperas White Vitriol Miscellaneous Synonyms Aerugo — Basic Carbonate of Copper. Alkaline Pink Mordant — Sodmm Aluminate. Alkaline Eed Mordant — Chloride and Sulfate of Zinc. American Vermillion — Basic Lead Chromate. Anardonis Green — Hydrated Chromium Sesqui- oxide. Basic Chloride — Antimony Oxychloride. Bay Salt — Sodium Chloride. Black Salt — Impure Sodium Carbonate. Blanguette — Crude Soda. Blue Sympathetic Ink — Solution of Cobaltous Chloride. Blue Verditer — Hydrated Cupric Oxide. Bone Earth — Crude Calcium Phosfate. Bremen Blue — A mixture of Copper Hydrate, Carbonate, and Oxychloride. Bronze Liquor — Solution of Magnesium Chloride. Burnett's Fluid — Solution of Zinc Chloride. Chemic — Solution of Bleaching Powder. Chinese Eed — Basic Lead Chromate. Chromate Red — Basic Lead Chromate. Cobalt Blue — A mixture of fused Cobalt Phos- fate. Donovan's Solution — A solution of Arsenious and Mercuric Iodides. Dung Salt — Sodium Arsenate. 77 78 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS English Powder — Antimony Oxychloride. Emerald Green — Aceto-Arsenite of Cofper. Freezing Salts — Calcium Chloride. Fumerole — Crude Boric Acid. Fusible Salt — Ammonium Phosfate. Goulard Water — A solution of Suhacetate of Lead. Hard Lead — Mixture of Lead and Antimony. Hepar Sulfuris — A mixture of Difotassium Tri- sulfjde and Potassium Sulfate. Homberg's Pyrophosforus — Carionized mixture of Alum and Sugar. Lanarkite — A mixture of Lead Sulfate and Lead Carbonate. Laughing Gas — Nitrous Oxide. Lithopone — A mixture of Barium Sulfate and Zinc Sulfide. Liver of Sulfur — A mixture of Dipotassium Tri- sulfide and Potassium Sulfate. Magnetic Oxide — Ferrous-Ferric Oxide. Massicot — Lead Monoxide. Mendipite — Lead Oxychloride. Mineral Orange — Lead Tetroxide. Meerschaum — Magnesium Silicate. Metallic Oil — Chloride of Antimony. Metallic Oil — Chloride of Arsenic. Paris Green — Aceto-Arsenite of Copper. Patterson's White Lead — Lead Oxychloride. Persalts of Iron — The Ferric Salts. Pickling Liquor — Impure solution of Ferrous Sulfate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 79 Pink Crystals — Manganese Chloride. Prosalts of Iron — The Ferroua Salts. Powder of Algaroth — Antimony Oxychloride. Eed Liquor — Impure Caustic Soda. Red Prussiate — Potassium Ferricyanide. Ehodanate — Alumina Sulfocyanide. Euducite — Sodium Hydrosuljlte. Sal Gem — Sodium Chloride. Sal Mixte' — Mixture of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride. Salts of Alembroth — A mixture of Mercuric Chloride and Sal Ammoniac. Salt Perlate — Sodium Acid Phosfate. Salt Sedative — Boric Acid. Salts of Sorrel — Oxalic Acid. Salts of Tin — Stannic Chloride. Schlippe's Salt — Sodium Sulfantimoniate. Schleele's Green — Copper Arsenite. Smalls — Native Iron Sulfide. ^ajohr— Ground Potash Cobalt Glass. Soda Chem — Solution of Sodium Hypochlorite. Terra Verda — Earth Pigment containing Fer- rous Silicate. Tincal — Sodium Borate. Tinkal — Crude Borax. Tin Oil — Stannous Chloride and Oleic Acid. Tin Stone — Stannic Oxide. Turner's Yellow — Lead Oxychloride. Verdigric — Basic Copper Acetate. Weldon Mud — Acid Calcium Manganite. 80 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS White Paste — Coffer Sulfooyanide. White Precipitate — Mercuro- Ammonia Chloride. Yellow Liquor — Polysulfdes of Calcium and Sodium^. Yellow Prussiate — Potassium Ferrocyanide. Yellow Wash — A mixture of Mercuric Chloride and Lime Water. Hydrogen Compounds Hydrogen Dioxide 18.01 Hydrogenii Dioxidum Hydrogen Peroxide Peroxide Bleach Liquor Hydrogen Chloride 36.47 Hydrogenii Chloridum Hydrochloridum Acidum Chlorhydric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Muriatic Acid Spirits of Salt Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid Acidum Nitro-hydrochloricum Nitro-Muriatic Acid Ague Regia Hydrogen Borate 62.02 Acidum Boricum Boric Acid Boracic Acid Disulfuric Acid, 170 Disulfurum Acidum Nordhausen Sulfuric Acid Nordhousen Sulfuric Acid Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol Pyrosulftiric Acid 81 82 CHEMICAL SYNONTMS Hydrogen Nitrate 63.02 Hydrogenii Nitras AciduTTh Nittricum Nitric Acid Aqua Fortis Hydrogen Sulfate 98.09 Hydrogenii Sulfas Acidum 8ulfurum Sulfuric Acid Oil of Vitriol Hydrogen Phosfate 98.14 Acidum Phosforicum Common Phosforic Acid Phosforic Acid Orthophosforic Acid Triiasic Phosforic Acid CKOSS INDEX OF CHEMICAL TERMS This cross-index was prepared as an aid in finding true chemical names and other synonyms associated with them. Only those chemical com- pounds whose name does not indicate their true chmeical terms are listed. Some general titles are : " Butter " of a metal refers to the Chloride. " Calcined " of a metal refers to the Oxide. " Caustic " of a metal refers to the Hydroxide. " Flowers " of a metal refers to the Oxide. " Muriate " of a metal refers to the Chloride. " Vitroliate " of a metal refers to the Sulfate. Acid Carbonate of Potash — Potassium Bicar- bonate. Acid Carbonate of Soda — Sodium Bicarbonate. Acid Potassium Sulfate — Potassium Bisulfate. Acid Potassium Tartrate — Potassium Bitartrate. Alabaster — Calcium Sulfate. Alum — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Alumen — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Alum Flour — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Alum Meal — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Alumina — Aluminum Oxide. Aluminite — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Alumini Ustum — Dried Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. 83 84 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Amido Chloride of Mercury — Ammonium Mer- curic Chloride. Ammoniated Mercury — Ammonium Mercuric Chloride. Ammonio-Chloride of Mercury — Ammonium Mercuric Chloride. Anglisite — ^Lead Sulfate. Anhydride of Antimony — Antimony Tioxide. Anhydrous Arsenic Acid — Arsenic Oxide. Anhydrous Arsenious Acid — Arsenious Oxide. Anhydrous Arsenicosm — Arenious Oxide. Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate — ^Dried Calcium Sul- fate. Anhydrous Chromic Acid — Chromic Trioxide. Antimony Black — Antimony Sulfide. Antimony Bloom — ^Antimony Trioxide. Antimony Grance — ^Antimony Trisulfide. Antimony Red — Antimony Pentasulfide. Antimony Vermilion — Antimony Trisulfide. Antichlor — Sodium Thiosulfate. Aqua Calcis — Calcium Hydroxide. Aragonite — Calcium Carbonate. Arsenic — ^Arsenious Oxide. Arsenic Anhydride — ^Arsenic Oxide. Arsenic Blanc — Arsenious Oxide. Arsenic Orange — Arsenic Trisulfide. Arsenic Yellow — Arsenic Trisulfide. Arsenious Acid — Arsenous Oxide. Arsenious Anhydride — Arsenious Oxide. Asbolite — Cobalt Oxide. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 85 Barite — ^Bariiim Sulfate. Baryta — Barium Oxide. Barytes — Barium Oxide. Badic Carbonate of Magnesium — Magnesium Carbonate. Bichloride of Mercury — Mercuric Chloride. Bihydrate of Lime — Dried Calcium Sulfate. Biniodide of Mercury — Mercuric Iodide. Binoxide of Lead^ — Lead Dioxide. Binoxide of Manganese — Manganese Dioxide. Bismuth Yellow — Bismuth Trioxide. Bismuth White — Basic Bismuth Nitrate. Bismutite — Basic Bismuth Catbonate. Bitter Salts — Potassium Chloride, also Magnes- ium Sulfate. Blanc Fixe — Barium Sulfate. Black Lead— Lead Dioxide. Black Oxide of Cobalt — Cobalt Oxide. Black Oxide of Copper — Curpic Oxide. Bleaching Powder — Calcium Hypochlorite. Black Mercury — Ammonium Mercurous Chlo- ride. Black Precipitate — Ammontium Mercurous Chlo- ride. Black Oxide of Mercury — ^Mercuric Oxide. Blue Coppras — Copper Sulfate. Blue Salts — Nickel Sulfate. Blue Stone — Copper Sulfate. Blue Vitriol — Copper Sulfate. Bone Ash — Calcium Phosfate. 86 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Bone Earth — Calcium Phosfate. Brilliant Scarlet — ^Mercuric Iodide. Brown Acetate — Calcium Acetate. Brown Lead Oxide — ^Lead Oxide. Butter of Antimony — ^Antimony Chloride. Butter of Arsenic — Arsenic Chloride. Butter of Cadmium — Cadmium Chloride. Butter of Chrome — Chromium Chloride. Butter of Cobalt — Cobalt Chloride. Butter of Silver — Silver Chloride. Butter of Zinc — ^Zinc Chloride. Burnt Alum — Dried Potassium Aluminum Sul- fate. Burnt Lime — Calcium Oxide. Cadmium Yellow — Cadmium Sulfide. Cake Alum — ^Aluminum Sulfate. Calcite — Calcium Carbonate. Calcined Gypsum — ^Dried Calcium Sulfate. Calcined Magnesium — Magnesium Oxide. Calcined Mercury — ^Mercuric Oxide. Calcined Plaster — ^Dried Calcium Sulfate. Calomel — Mercurous Chloride. Calomelas — Mercurous Chloride. Calx Chloride — Calcium Hypochlorite. Calx Chlorinata — Calcium Hypochlorite. Calx Chlorate — Calcium Hypochlorite. Calx Extincta — Calcium Hydroxide. Calx-Vismuthi — Basic Bismuth Nitrate. Cake Alum — Aluminum Sulfate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 87 Capillary Pyrites — Nickel Sulfide. Caustic — Sodium Hydroxide. Caustic Antimony — Antimony Chloride. Caustic Baryta — Barium Hydroxide, also Barium Oxide. Caustic Potash — Potassium Hydroxide. Caustic Soda — Sodium Hydroxide. Ceruse — Lead Carbonate. Cerussite — Lead Carbonate. Chili Saltpetre — Sodium Nitrate. Chloralum — Aluminum Chloride. Chlorinated Lime — Calcium Hypochlorite. Chloride of Lime — Calcium Hypochlorite. Chrome Green — Chromium Trioxide. Chrome Yellow — ^Lead Chromate. Chromic Acid — Chromium Trioxide. Chromic Anhydride — Chromium Triovide. Cinnabar — Cobalt Oxide. Common Alum — Aluminum Sulfate. Common Salt — Sodium Chloride. Concentrated Alum — Aluminum Sulfate. Constant White — Barium Sulfate. Coppras — See Ferrous Sulfate. Crocosite — ^Lead Chromate. Corundum — Aluminum Oxide. Corrosive Sublimate — Mercuric Chloride. Cosmetic Bismuth — Basic Bismuth Chloride. Cream of Tartar — Potassium Bitartrate. Cremor Tartar! — Potassium Bitartrate. Crocus of Antimony — ^Antimony Sulfide. 88 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Crocus Ferri — Ferric Oxide. Crocus Martis — Ferric Oxide. Crude Antimony — ^Antimony Sulfide. Crystal Carbonate — Sodium Carbonate. Cube Alum — ^Aluminum Potassium Sulfate. Cubic Nitre — Sodium Nitrate. Diacetate of Lime — Calcium Acetate. Diarsenious Disulfide — Arsenic Disulfide. Diaspori — ^Aluminum Hydrate. Diasotizing Salts — Sodium Nitrate. Diuretic Salts — Potassium Acetate. Deuto-joduretum Hydrargyri — ^Mercuric Iodide. Dried Alum — ^Dried Potassium Aluminum Sul- fate. Electrolytic Salts — Nickel Sulfate. Emetic Tartar — Antimony Potassium Tartrate. English White — Calcium Carbonate. Epsom Salts — Magnesium Sulfate. Ethiop's Salts — Mercury Sulfide. Exsiccated Alum — Dried Potassium Sulfate. Factitious Cinnabar — ^Mercuric Sulfide. Febrigufe Salt — Potassium Chloride. Ferris Rubigo — Ferric Oxide. Ferrugo — Ferric Oxide. Fixed Mineral Alkali — Sodium Carbonate. Flake Lead — Lead Carbonate. Flake White— Basic Bismuth Nitrate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 89 Flowers of Antimony — Antimony Trioxide. Flowers of Arsenic— Arsenious Oxide. Flowers of Zinc — Zinc Oxide. Fluid — Gelatine — Aluminum Acetate. Fluor Spar — Calcium Fluoride. Fuming Liquor of Arsenic — Arsenic Chloride. Gibbsite — Aluminum Hydrate. Glass of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Glauber's Salt — Sodium Sulfate. Golden Sulferet of Antimony — Antimony Pen- tasulfide. Goulard's Powder — ^Lead Acetate. Gray Antimony — ^Antimony Sulfide. Gray Oxide of Cobalt — Cobalt Oxide. Greenockite — Cadmium Sulfide. Green Vitrol — Ferrous Sulfate. Gypsum — Calcium Sulfate. Haheman's Mercury — Ammonium Mercurous Chloride. Heavy Magnesia — Magnesium Oxide. Heavy Spar — Barium Sulfate. Heavy White — Barium Sulfate. Hepar Sulfar — ^Potassium Sulfide. Horn Lead — ^Lead Chloride. Horn Silver-^Silver Chloride. Hydrate of Baryta — Barium Hydrate. Hydrargyri Praecipitatus Alum — Ammonium Mercuric Chloride. 90 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Hydrargyri Supermurias — ^Mercuric Chloride. Hydrargyri Permurias — Mercuric Chloride. Hydrargillite — Aluminum Hydrate. Hydrosodic Carbonate — Sodium Bicarbonate. Hypantimonious Acid — Antimony Trioxide. Hypo — Sodium Thiosulfate. Hyposulfite of Soda — Sodium Thiosulfate. Indian Red — Ferric Oxide. Infusible White Precipitate — Ammonium Mer- curic Chloride. Iron Chloride — Ferric Chloride. Iron Rust — Ferric Oxide. Iron Suboxide — Ferrous Oxide. Iron Vitrol — Ferrous Sulfate. Jaune Brillant — Cadmium Sulfide. Jeweler's Eouge — ^Ferric Oxide. Kali Preparatum — Potassium Carbinate. Kieserite — ^Magnesium Sulfate. King's Gold — Arsenic Trisulfide. King's Yellow — Arsenic Trisulfide. Lapis Caustic — Silver Nitrate. Lead Spar — ^Lead Carbonate. Light Magnesium Calcined — ^Magnesium Oxide. Lemon Chrome— Barium Chromate. Leipzic Yellow — ^Lead Chromate. Lime — Calcium Oxide. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 91 Limestone — Calcium Carbonate. Lime Water — Calcium Hydroxide. Liver of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Liver of Sulfur — Potassium Sulfide. Luna Casutic — Silver Nitrate. Magnesia — Magnesium Oxide. Magnesia Ponderosa — Magnesium Oxide. Magnesium Alba — Magnesium Carbonate. Manganese Vitriolata — Manganese Sulfate. Massicot — Lead Oxide. Marble — Calcium Carbonate. Melaconite — Cupric Oxide. Metallum Album — Arsenious Oxide. Milk of Barium — Barium Hydroxide. Mineral Butter — Antimony Chloride. Mordant Salts— Potassium Antimony Tartrate. Muriate of Aluminum — Aluminimi Chloride. Muriate of Antimony — See Antimony Chloride. Muriate of Arsenic — ^Arsenic Chloride. Muriate of Cadmium — Cadmium Chloride. Muriate of Calcium — Calcium Chloride. Muriate of Cobalt— Cobalt Chloride. Muriate of Copper — Copper Chloride. Muriate of Iron — Iron Chloride. Muriate of Lead — Lead Chloride. Muriate of Lime— Calcium Chloride. Muriate of Manganese— Manganese Chloride. Muriate of Mercury— Mercuric Chloride. Muriate of Silver — Silver Chloride. 92 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Muriate of Soda — Sodium Chloride. Muriate of Zinc — ^Zinc Chloride. Natron — Sodium Carbonate. Natron Vitrolate — Sodium Sulfate. Natrun — Sodium Carbonate. Neutral Sulfate of Alum— Aluminum Sulfate. Nickel Black — Nickel Oxide. Nigri Precipitatus — Ammonium Mercurous Chlo- ride. Nil Alba — Zinc Oxide. Nil Album — ^Zinc Oxide. Nitre — Potassium Nitrate. Octahedral Alum Salt — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Oil Pulp — ^Aluminum Acetate. Orpimint — Arsenic Trisulfide. Oxychloride of Bismuth— Basic Bismuth Chlo- ride. Oxynitrate of Bismuth— Basic Bismuth Nitrate. Oxymuriate of Potash — ^Potassium Chlorate. Panacea of Mercury — Mercurous Chloride. Paris Yellow — ^Lead Chromate. Paris White — Calcium Carbonate. Patent Alum — Aluminum Sulfate. Pearl Hardener — Calcium Sulfate. Pearl White — Basic Bismuth Nitrate. Perchloride of Iron — Ferric Chloride. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 93 Percliloride of Mercury — Mercuric Chloride. Periclasite — Magnesium Oxide. Peroxide of Iron — Ferric Oxide. Peroxide of Manganese — Manganese Dioxide. Persulfate of Iron — Ferric Sulfate. Phosfate of Lime — Calcium Sulfate. Plaster of Paris — ^Dried Calcium Sulfate. Plumbi Acetas — Lead Acetate. Plumbic Acetate — Lead Acetate. Plumbi Carbonas — ^Lead Carbonate. Plumbi Carbonate — Lead Carbonate. Plumbic Chromas — Lead Cliromate. Plumbi Chloridum — Lead Chloride. Plumbic Chloride — Lead Chloride. Plumbi Dioxidum — Lead Dioxide. Plumbic Peroxide — Lead Dioxide. Plumbi Sulfas — Lead Sulfate. Plumbic Sulfate — Lead Sulfate. Poison Flour — Arsenious Oxide. Polishing Crocus — Ferric Oxide. Potash Alum — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Potassae Prussias Flava — Potassium Ferro- cyanide. Potassium Alum — Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. Potassae Prussias Euba — Potassium Ferricya- nide. Precipitated Chalk — Calcium Carbonate. Printer's Acetate — Aluminum Acetate. Proto-carbonate of Iron — Ferrous Carbonate. Proto-chloride of Manganese — Manganese Chlo- ride. 94 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Proto-chloride of Mercury — ^Mercurous Chloride. Proto-iodide of Mercury — ^Mercuric Iodide. Protoxide of Antimony — ^Antimony Trioxide. Protoxide of Copper — Cupric Oxide. Proto-oxide of Iron — Ferric Oxide. Proto-oxide of Mercury — Mercurous Oxide. Psilomelane — ^Manganese Dioxide. Puce — ^Lead Dioxide. Purple Oxide — Ferric Oxide. Pyrolignite of Lime — Calcium Acetate. Pyrolusite — Manganese Dioxide. Realgar — ^Arsenic Disulfide. Red Liquor — Aluminum Acteate. Red Iodide of Mercury — Mercuric Iodide. Red Mercuric Iodide— Mercuric Iodide. Red Mercuric Oxide — Mercuric Oxide. Red Oxide of Copper — Copper Oxide. Red Oxide of Iron — Ferric Oxide. Red Oxide of Mercury — ^Mercuric Oxide. Red Precipitate — ^Mercuric Oxide. Red Prussiate of Potash — ^Potassium Ferri- cyanide. Red Sulfide of Arsenic — Arsenic Disulfide. Red Sulfuret of Arsenic — Arsenic Disulfide. Rochelle Salts — Potassium and Sodium Tartrate. Rock Alum — Aluminum Oxide. Roman Alum — Dried Potassium Aluminum Sul- fate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 95 Eoman Vitriol — Copper Sulfate. Rubigo — Ferric Oxide. Sal Catharticum Amar — Magnesium Sulfate. Sal Chalybis — Ferrous Sulfate. Sal Culinaris — Sodium Chloride. Sal Communis — Sodium Chloride. Sal Diureticus — Potassium Carbonate. Sal Glauberi — Sodium Sulfate. Sal Prunella — Potassium Nitrate. Sal Seignette — Potassium and Sodium Tartrate. Salt — Sodium Chloride. Salts — Magnesium Sulfate. Salt Cake — Sodium Sulfate. Saltpetre — Potassium Nitrate. Salts of Steel — Ferrous Sulfate. Salts of Tartar — Potassium Carbonate. Salts of Wormwood — Potassium Carbonate. Salts of Vitriol— Zinc Sulfate. Salzburg Vitriol — Copper Sulfate. Scarlet Eed — Ferric Oxide. Scotch Soda — Sodium Carbonate. Sesquicarbonate of Potash — Potassium Bicar- bonate. Sesquichloride of Aluminum — Aluminum Chlo- ride. Sesquicarbonate of Soda— Sodium Bicarbonate. Sesquichloride of Antimony— Antimony Chlo- ride. (Sesquichloride of Arsenic— Arsenic Chloride. 96 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Sesquichloride of Iron — Ferric Chloride. Sesquioxide of Iron — Ferric Oxide. Sesquisulf ate of Alumina — Aluminum Sulfate. Sesquisulfide of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Sesquisulfide of Arsenic — Arsenic Sulfide. Sesquisulf ate of Iron — Ferric Sulfate. Silenite (native) — Calcium Sulfate. Silver Glance — Silver Sulfide. Slack Lime — Calcium Hydroxide. Silicate of Soda — Sodium Silicate. Soda — Sodium Hydroxide. Soda — Sodium Carbonate. Soda Crystals — Sodium Carbonate. Sodii Bicarbonas — Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodii Carbonas — Sodium Carbonate. Sodii Chloridum — Sodium Chloride. Sodii Hydras — Sodium Hydrate. Sodii Nitras — Sodium Nitrate. Sodii Nitris — Sodium Nitrite. Sodii Phosfas — Sodium Phosf ate. Sodii Sulfas — Sodium Sulfate. Sodii Thiosulfas — Sodium Thiosulfate. Sodium Hydrate — Sodium Hydroxide. Sodium Orthophosfate — Sodium Phosfate. Sodium Tetrasilicate — Sodium Silicate. Soluble Glass — Sodium Silicate. Solution of Lime — Calcium Hydroxide. Spanish White — Calcium Carbonate. Spanish White — Basic Bismuth Nitrate. Spanish Whiting — Calcium Carbonate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 97 Spirits of Salt — Hydrogen Chloride. Stibnite Antimonite — Antimony Sulfide. Stibnite — Antimony Sulfide. Stone Eed — Ferric Oxide. Subcarbonate of Bismuth — Basic Bismuth Car- bonate. Subchloride of Copper— Copper Chloride. Subchloride of Mercury — ^Mercurous Chloride. Subiodide of Mercury — Mercurous Iodide. Suboxide of Iron — Ferrous Oxide. Suboxide of Mercury — ^Mercurous Oxide. Sulfate of Aluminum and Potassium — Aluminum Potassium Sulfate. Sulfate of Barium — Barium Sulfate. Sulfate of Cadmium — Cadmium Sulfate. Sulfate of Copper— Copper Sulfate. Sulfate of Iron — Ferrous Sulfate. Sulfantimonious Anhydride — Antimony Sulfide. Sulfantimonic Anhydride — Antimony Pentasul- fide. Sulfide of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Sulfo-arsenious Anhydride — Arsenic Sulfide. Sulfur Auratum — Antimony Pentasulfide. Sulfuret of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Sulfuric Acid— Hydrogen Sulfate. Supersulfate of Potash — Potassium Bisulfate. Supertartrate of Potash — Potassium Bitartrate. Table Salt— Sodium Chloride. Tartar Emetic — Potassium Antimony Tartrate. 98 CHEMICAL STNONTMS Tartared Antimony — ^Potassium Antimony Tar- trate. Tartarized Antimony — Potassium Antimony Tar- trate. Tartrated Soda — Potassium and Sodium Tar- trate. Tasteless Salts — Sodium Phosfate. Tasteless Purging Salt — Sodium Phosfate. Terchloride of Antimony — Antimony Chloride. Tercholride of Arsenic — Arsenic Chloride. Teroxide of Antimony— Antimony Oxide. Teroxide of Arsenic — ^Arsenic Oxide. Teroxide of Bismuth— Bismuth Oxide. Tersulfide of Antimony — Antimony Sulfide. Tersulfide of Arsenic — Arsenic Sulfide. Tersulfuret of Arsenic — Arsenic Sulfide. Tersulfate of Iron — Ferric Sulfate. Terra Ponderoso — Barium Sulfate. Tricalcic Phosfate — Calcium Phosfate. Tribasic Phosforic Acid — Hydrogen Phosfate. Trona — Sodium Carbonate. Ultramarine Yellow — Barium Chromate. Unslaked Lime — Calcium Oxide. Valentinite (Native) — Antimony Trioxide. Venetian Eed — Ferric Oxide. Vichy Salts — Sodium Bicarbonate. Vinegar Salts — Calcium Acetate. Vitrolate of Aluminum — Aluminum Sulfate. CHEMICAL SYNONYMS 99 Vitrolate of Barium — Barium Sulfate. Vitrolate of Cadmium — Cadmium Sulfate. Vitrolate of Calcium — Calcium Sulfate. Vitrolate of Chromium — Chromium Sulfate. Vitrolate of Iron — Ferrous Sulfate. Vitrolate of Lead — ^Lead Sulfate. Vitrolate of Lime — ^Dried Calcium Sulfate. Water Glass — Sodium Silicate. "Washing Soda — Sodium Carbonate. Waterproofing Salts — Aluminum Acetate. Whiting — Calcium Carbonate. White Oxide of Antimony — Antimony Trioxide. White Arsenic — Arsenious Oxide. White Copperas — ^Zinc Sulfate. White Lead — Lead Carbonate. White Precipitate — ^Ammonium Mercuric Chlo- ride. White Vitriol— Zinc Sulfate. Witherite (Native) — Barium Carbonate. Wool Mordant — Chromium Sulfate. Yellow Iodide of Mercury — ^Mercuric Iodide. Yellow Mercuric Oxide — Mercuric Oxide. Yellow Mercurous Iodide — Mercuric Iodide. Yellow Oxide of Mercury — Mercuric Oxide. Yellow Prussiate of Potash — Potassium Ferro- cyanide. Yellow Sulfide of Arsenic — Arsenic Trisulfide. 100 CHEMICAL SYNONYMS Zinci Chloridum — Ziae Chloride. Zinci Oxidum — Zinc Oxide. Zinc Powder — Zinc Oxide. Zinci Sulfas — ^Zinc Sulfate. Zinc White — ^Zinc Oxide. LITERATURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES On our shelves is the most complete stock of tech- nical, industrial, engineering and scientific books in the United States. The technical literature of every trade is well represented, as is also the literature relating to the various sciences, both the books useful for reference as well as those fitted for students' use as textbooks. 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