IT 19 1 "i Cornell University Library LJ23 .M38 1918 The sorority handbook. olin 3 1924 030 642 114 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030642114 fllongrpas ISaJigf s pm^i3¥ BY IDA SHAW MARTIN A. B. SIXTH EDITION igi8 fr. '/ :-' /l.3:^ioM Copyrighted 1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1914, 1918 By IDA SHAW MARTIN George Banta Publishing Company Menasha, Wisconsin Jprrfarp tn % ^txtlj lEiitinn In general plan the present edition follows that used in the five preceding issues. More emphasis, however, has been laid on the essential difference between the two classes of collegiate sororities, the "literary" and the "professional." In the for- mer group are placed all those that confine their charter grants to institutions of the "cultural" type, while under the second heading are listed such as are found in institutions or university schools that train students for some profession. The "literary" sororities have been further subdivided. The first division, called the Congress Class, includes all sorori- ties on the roll of the National Panhellenic Congress. In the second, or Junior Class, are grouped all other literary sorori- ties previously listed in the Handbook and still in existence. The term "Junior" has been selected in preference to any other, because most of the sororities in this class are expecting to restrict charter grants to Junior Colleges, i. e., to institu- tions doing two years' bona fide college work. The "profes- sional" sororities fall quite naturally into five subdivisions — legal, medical, musical, osteopathic and pedagogical. The two plates of sorority badges are new, and were made possible through the kindly assistance of individuals or the courteous cooperation of the following jewelry firms, — D. L. Auld Co. of Columbus, 0., L. G. Balfour Co. of Attleboro, Mass., Burr, Patterson and Co. of Detroit, Bunde, Upmeyer Company of Milwaukee, A. H. Fetting Co. of Baltimore, Hoover and Smith Co. of Philadelphia, 0. C. Lanphear of Galesburg, 111., Miller Jewelry Co. of Cincinnati, J. F. New- man of New York, Edward Roehm of Detroit, and Wright, Kay and Co. of Detroit. 5 Cobden St., Roxbury, Mass. January 1, 1918. Ida Shaw Maetin. (Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin.) CHAPTER I The Higher Education of Women To the popular mind the higher education of women is synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking the term covers a wider field and includes professional as well as collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite familiar with the four types of institutions at which the alum- nae of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the coeducational college, the independent college, the affiliated college and the coordinate college. Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of col- lege education in the United States. About sixty per cent of the six hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, while there are less than twenty independent colleges of high grade, seven affilialed colleges and about the same number of coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's history. The close of the revolution found the American States independent, but not united. The country was without a head and Congress without power. There was distress and discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortunate circumstance at this critical period was the common interest 2 The Higher Education that seven of the thirteen states had in the great Northwest Territory. The people were buoyed up by the hope that these states would release their claims and by transferring their interests to the national government would furnish Congress with the means to pay off the war debt. This generosity was of far-reaching significance in its influence upon education in the Western States. The thirteen original colonies had copied closely the educational systems of the Old World, particularly those of England. The great Northwest Ter- ritory was sparsely settled and education was at best em- bryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental Congress provided for the government of this vast section and specified that there should be a reservation in every town- ship for the maintenance of public schools. This was later interpreted as providing also for the reservation of lands for university endowment. In this way the future of the state university was assured. At the time this ordinance was passed, however, there was no thought in the minds of the legislators that a strong impulse was given to the higher educa- tion of women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy with baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with the manifold household duties for which no labor-saving devices had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the well-to-do had little time or interest for any education save such superficial knowledge as might be acquired at the fashion- able finishing school. The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy for the establishment of district schools and academies, and for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of The Higher Education 3 girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, is an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and nor- mal schools for girls. The years immediately following wit- nessed the transfer of many industries from the home to the factory and deprived women of their usual occupations, leav- ing them a large measure of leisure. It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look for the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin Col- lege, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institution to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts Legis- lature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did not pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated by the Legislature of Grsorgia and opened in 1839, was the first woman's college to receive a charter from any state, and was one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, 111., is worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioeh College in Ohio was opened under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted 4 The Higher Education men and women on equal tfniis. Blmira College, established in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's col- lege in the north to receive a charter. The state universities of Iowa and Utah, opened respectively in 1847 and 1850, ad- mitted women from the first. A few institutions under re- ligious control in the Middle West, bearing the name of col- lege, but doing work little higher than the best secondary schools of the present time, were induced to admit women as the result of these experiments. Except, however, in the dis- tricts, where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, little marked progress w as made. Women were still the slaves of tradition. Strangely enough it is to the Civil Wfr that we must look for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The continuous fighting during' the four years of the war and the consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers drained this section of its men and led to the employment of women as teachers in the secondary schools. This arrange- ment, at first considered only temporary, proved to be perma- nent, and thinking men soon realized that the much debated question of higher education for women had become a matter of expediency. In this time of immediate need what was more natural than that the people should demand that existing col- leges hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women ? The well-endowed universities made a strong stand against what they considered an intrusion. They claimed that they did this from a sense of duty to the past, to tlie founders and givers of endowments. The state universities, however, could make no such plea. Their endowments came from state or The Higher Education 5 federal government without restriction as to sex, and the people failed to see the need of establishing separate colleges for women when the state universities were already in exist- ence. Before long their doors, willingly or unwillingly, swung open to maid as well as man, — Kansas in 1866, Indi- ana and Wisconsin in 1867, California in 1868, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska in 1869, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio in 1870. The opening of the University of Michigan to women was in direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand from the state legislature and is interesting as show- ing the sentiment of the people. All state universities or- ganized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were very different. There were no state universities and the famous colleges already established refused to admit women. Certain concessions, to be sure, have been made after pro- longed agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 and granting its own degrees, where the instruction is given by members of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas counter- signed by the President of Harvard University as a guarantee that the degrees are equivalent to the corresponding degrees given by the university ; again in the ease of Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate wo- man's college of Columbia University, where the instruction is given entirely by professors appointed by university trustees and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A.B. degree is granted by the university and women who have taken their first degree are admitted to Columbia on the same terms as 6 The Higher Education men, and lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown University, established as a regular department in 1897, though women were admitted informally as early as 1892. These concessions grudgingly given turned many promising young women, who resented this attitude of what they con- sidered selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for women and resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of these institutions in the East. Four of these, Vassar, Wells, Wellesley and Smith, were chartered within a period of ten years, and were soon followed by Bryn Mawr, Goucher and Randolph-Macon Woman's College. Mt. Holyoke, HoUins and Wheaton grew out of famous seminaries. Rockford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a preparatory department, and Mills College in California, opened as a seminary in 186!), chartered as a college in 1885, are the only examples of inde- pendent colleges of A rank for women in the vast section de- voted to coeducation. By their smallness they bear eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and afSUated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as regards its location and faculty, and Florida College for Women, opened in 1905 as an afiBliated college of the state university, which had become coeducational in 1888, are ex- amples of the old-time Southern prejudice. The abandon- ment of coeducation at Western Reserve University in 1888 after a trial of sixteen years and the establishment of a co- ordinate college for women under the university charter re- The Higher Education 7 suited from a decision of the trustees to call the college back to its original purpose, to educate men only, a decision which seemed the wisest solution of the difSculties growing out of an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution modeled after New England ideas. The decision of the trus- tees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of women admitted in any one year to twenty per cent, of the whole number of students enrolled in the preceding year and their later acknowledgment of defeat when they voted to admit no women after the class of 1913, may be taken as another in- stance of the futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation at a New England college. The segregation policy of Chicago University, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men and women during the freshman and sophomore years, was ex- plained by President Harper as due in a large measure to the proximity of the university to a great metropolis and the increasing enrolment of young women students. The de- cision of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr. University to limit the number of women students to five hundred at any time is, according to President Jordan, in harmony with the founder's purpose. Adelphi College, after sixteen years of coeducation, solved its own particular problem in 1912 by becoming a woman's, college. The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in establish- ing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of coeducation and the complete separation of the two in the required work of the first two years is said to be due to a 8 The Higher Education desire to make suitable and adequate i)rovision for the culture and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and to provide for them an independent system of honors and prizes. The College for Women opened at Bucknell University in 1905, though at present only a hall of resiflencf. since very little instruction is given separately, is nevertheless the beginning of a definite plan for separation. The system of coordination in vogue for some years at Colby and tlie more rerent decision to introduce separation in cliape] exercises are the first steps toward the establishment of an affiliated colleiic for women. The opening of Jackson college for women in 1910, after an experience of eighteen years with coeducation at Tufts, came as no surprise to the college world of New England. The coordinate college sppms to be the acceptev-— The -es.taWislimeni,jQi-Kappa,- Kappa Gamma in. this same year at Monmouth College, of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta Gamma at Louis Institute, — a 14 The Evolution op the Soeoeitt System boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State University, in January, 1874, of Gamma Phi Beta at Syracuse University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November of that same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at "Wellesley in 1876, shows how simultaneous and spontaneous was the development of the fraternity idea among college women^m different sections of the country. There is no doubt that numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, for sorority records show a number of instances where such socie- ties applied for charters and became enrolled as chapters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal growth of. tfee^ latter and the rise of the more recent sororities can be readily accounted for by" the rapid increase in matriculation. Of the fourteen Greek-letter societies established prior to 1880 and in existence today, all but three. Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have estab- lished chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma were any- thing more than local organizations at that date. Alpha Phi established its second chapter at Northwestern in 1881, Gamma Phi Beta placed its second at the University of Michigan in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wesleyan Univer- sity in 1893, but this became extinct after an existence of ten years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty years before grant- ing its first charter to petitioners at Boston University in 1904. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu remained locals for more than half a century. The fact that barely twenty chapters established between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken existence is a striking proof of the general disfavor with which The Evolution of the Soroeity System 15 the higher educatwn of women was regarded in its experi- mental stage. The establishment of sixty-three vigorous chap- ters during the next decade shows conclusively that the ex- periment was a success and that the sorority idea was becom- ing firmly entrenched. The granting of sixty charters to col- lege petitioners between 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing popularity of collegiate training for women. The fact that over two hundred college chapters were established within the last decade and that many new sororities have come into prominence within that same period would indicate' thS'^g2l^l?5'l^^~^mfur£jS^ex,tending"tE'e heartiest kind of . welcom e to the sorority as wel l as to th e college girl. One interesting phase in the evolution of the system has been the organization of special sororities by musical and medical students. Though by no means affecting such large numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems that confront the literary sororities, especially along the line of providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- ships. The simple social life that these organizations make a possibility is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut out from active participation in the general college life that centers about the academic departments of the large univer- sities. Extension Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled in the colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. Ex- clusive of professional societies, which have no real bearing on the case in point, the fraternities are twice as numerous as the 16 The Evolution of tup; Sorority System sororities. When, however, it comes to a question of the rela- tive number of chapters, statistics Hho\v that there are three fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, even when local societies at the women's colleges that are unfriendly to the national sorority idea are counlcd in tlie total number. The natural inference would be that the sorority is not so popular with college women as the fraternity is with college men. Any- one, however, who knows Low many local societies have pe- titions before the sororities is aware how very far from true such an inference would be. A ceitain proportion of these petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges which have not reached the standards set by the leading universities of the country and which, therefore, will fail to meet the first re- quirements of the largest and most popular sororities, but, even when these applications are omitted from the list, enough remain so that it would not be a very difficult matter for the sororities to double their chapter rolls by accession from col- leges that have been admitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of a national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from two to ten years for recognition from some well-known sorority. They reason that while they stand alone they have only them- selves to consider, whereas if they were to place chapters of their own organization in other colleges, they would lose the local prestige that comes from having a petition before a famous sorority and would have to meet their rivals as a chap- ter of a weak society. Confident of securing the coveted charter by patience and persistency and of acquiring, thereby, The Evolution of the Soeoeity System 17 the reputation that would come to them as a branch of some famous order, they continue to keep their petition before the sorority of their choice, even after they have been assured repeatedly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have been advised to apply elsev>here. Deference to the wishes of their alumnae and consideration for their own immediate wel- fare in the matter of rushing determine to a large degree their attitude in this matter. There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous inde- pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large enrolment, two things that mean plenty 6f good sorority material, have always proved very attractive to organizations that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter rolls stand for the best in education. Two prominent inde- pendent colleges, Goucher and Randolph-Macon, and several of the affiliated colleges, Barnard, Jackson, Middlebury, and Newcomb admit national sororiries, Ijut up to the present time the big colleges, Bryn Mawr, Jit. Holyoke, Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley, and several smaller ones, as well as one affiliated, Western Reserve, are closed to these organizations, though a number have local secret societies. This condition of affairs is in part due to faculty decision and in part to student in- difference. When local secret societies are fostered, there is a feeling perhaps on the part of the administration that this particular kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by demand- ing allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines and hold- 18 The Evolution op the Soeoeity System ing conventions, may weaken the interest in the alma mater. This is a fallacy. The sororities always do arouse interest in other colleges and in the whole movement for the higher edu- cation of women, in the problems that confront college girls, problems that faculties have not solved and are not solving, that college girls alone can solve, but they do not weaken any student's interest in her own college. When she meets her sisters from other universities, be it at convention or in the alumnae association, in public or in private, she knows she is always looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is more than anxious by conversation and deportment to show her college in a creditable light. From various sources she learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, what new inspirations have come to do better and broader work, and she returns to her own chapter, to her own college, to praise where praise is due and where censure or improvement is needed, to seek through her own chapter and rival chapters to effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one college in the world, that this college is above reproach and incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weaknesses in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means within one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is loyalty. No one is so genuinely or so generously interested in her col- lege as the sorority girl, no one has the opportunities that the sorority girl has to compare her own college with others. There may be a few colleges, having chapters of the national sororities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close in- vestigation will show that this lack is not due to the presence of the fraternities, but to other causes. The Evolution op the Soboeitt System 19 A university located in the heart of a large city finds it very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit that is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college situated in a village. The city university draws its students to a large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty-five miles. The marked improvements recently made in the mat- ter of cheap and quick transit render it possible for many of the students to live at home during their entire college course. The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the hasty exit after recitations in order to catch a train, the absence of dor- mitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in the congested districts of a large metropolis for the few who are forced to find temporary lodgment, the distractions and fascinations of a large city, the general indifference of the greater part of the citizens, are all potent agencies that work constantly against any very strong growth of college spirit. These same elements make it exceedingly difficult for the city university to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help in the development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority Uf e under these conditions is. noljritJuui±_i±s_dra_wbaek-s. Evening chap- ter meetings are entirely out of the question and those in the afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not to interfere with train schedules or the convenience of those members whose recitations are all in the morning. The college or university in the small town, on the other hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, property owners and tradesmen and there. is a marked local pride taken in everything that interests the students. They are people of importance in the village because of their association with 20 The Evolution op the Soboeity System the college, and since everybody thinks there is hut one college in the vphole world, they begin to think so too and develop immediately a very proper and lasting interest in their alma mater. With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity and sorority houses on or near the campus, with boarding places and faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such a college to have a very delightful social life and to foster ^all sorts of student enterprises. Under such cqndjtiojis-iratfirnity , . a u d s e^" orityitfe"comesi_Very. near to being ideal, an interest th at is second only tn that f^^lt for [ l:ie, calleg£.itsel fc - Those who have studied deeply into fraternity conditions understand how very difficult it is to build up strong chapters in colleges that have no dormitory system or that have an enormous enrolment. One lity, Cambridge, the home of Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for both of these points. Eadcliffe, with very little dormitory accommo- dation, draws its students largely from nearby cities and towns, and so much time is consumed in transit between the home and the college there is practically none left for the fostering of the life-long friendships that are such a valuable product of community life. Harvard, on the other hand, with its hundreds of students, its numerous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible supply of boarding houses, has never been found favorable ground for the planting of fraternity chapters. A very few do exist, but they are hampered by many difficulties. In the first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the college itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity finds few opportunities to fill spare moments with interest. Again, with the large entering classes and the elective system The Evolution of the Soeoeity System 21 governing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and very little chance for upperclass people to become well acquainted -wifeh-th-e freshmen. Sirailaf conditions exist at Yale with very similar results. ' It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large col- leges for women would present the same problems as Harvard and Yale. The life of these institutions is already very com- plex. Every minute of a girl's spare time, every cent of her allowance, is spoken for many times over. The freshman class, moreover, by reason of its large enrolment would present in- numerable difficulties in any attempt to become acquainted with the individual members or to study them with a view to discovering their possibilities as good sorority material. Elec- tions would necessarily have to be postponed and as a result the chapter would tend to become a class society as did Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi at Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at Wellesley, Smith and ilt. Holyoke are surely tending. It remains for the future to show whether the great numbers at present unprovided for by these local clubs will establish similar organizations or appeal to the sororities for charters. New local societies, to be sure, would lack the prestige that the older ones have and which the sororities could furnish. The all important question, of course, with the sororities will Jbe_ TShfitJigrJtheTarge clas^ society would be favorS^le to the best, develogmSSt o^ ^^^ sorority idea and ideal. V The sorority idea means close frieuilship* fostered by long assocration-in — common interests. The sorority ideal islhe symmetricallx.de- t \K (5--^ U^StSL^^i^ 'V' ■' ■ , ^jiV •ek. <0 ' 22 The Evolution of the Soroeitt System veloped womaa^ the .xegultjof^ close confidences and lasting friendships.jgith-a-i ew congen ial spirits. ■ ' A generation ago the sororities~would have been glad to enter these colleges and succeeding years would have seen the number of chapters keeping pace with the increase in matriculation. Today any well-known sorority would think twice before entering, even though assured of a hearty wel- come on the part of the administration. Standards The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of "collegiate rank" was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is no organization whose decision could be taken as official and final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal con- trol over the schools of the country, there is no national system of education and no national board of education to determine what particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a col- lege or university. In the Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education groups all universities, colleges and technological schools, without any attempt at classification. There is much interest- ing information to be gleaned from these reports concerning the valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different colleges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little to show that some of the six hundred are doing higher grade work than others. It is left to the student of college data to make his own deductions and the most natural inference The Evolution of the Soroeitt System 23 is that a large endowment, a large corps of professors, a large registration, mean high standards, but conclusions from these premises alone are not necessarily correct. In 1911, to be sure, a sincere effort was made by the United States Bureau of Education to give the public some idea of the relative standing of the various colleges on its list. Four tentative groups were made, following a decision based on equipment, and on the amount, quality and kind of work done. The classification, however, called forth such a storm of opposition from faculties and trustees, whose institutions were rated lower than they deemed fair, that the plan had to be abandoned. The Bureau has since announced that for the present the classification of educational institutions has been suspended. For some time at least it will still devolve, as in the past, upon privately organized associations to set the collegiate standards for the country. One organization that has done much to determine what the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in Novem- ber, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight col- leges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institu- tions for practical educational work. Later by reason of the limitations placed upon admission, it came to be recognized as standing for the maintenance of high standards of educa- tion. No college applying for membership in the body corpo- rate is examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an endowment of $500,000. A preparatory department under the government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the 24 The Evolution op tiib Sorority System corps of instruction, the average aviiilable income and the value of the equipment of the institution for the work it under- takes. Through ri<;id requirements for admission to its honor roll of collei^es and universities the Association of Collegiate Alumnae has done much toward helping to raise and broaden collegiate standards in matters of endowment, equipment, course of study, faculties and salaries. A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., in 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, which was an outgrowth of tlie clubs of Southern girls in Northern colleges. Its object is "to unite college women in the South for the promotion of higher education for women ; to raise the standard of education for women ; to develop preparatory schools and to define the line of demarcation betAveen prepara- tory schools and colleges." The corporate members are all colleges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, the Carnegie Foundation and by the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the Southern States. Another agency that is making for uniform standards is the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta Kappa means that the institution receiving it has met the require- ments as to organization, equipment, financial standing faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by training and experience to decide what the word college should mean. It does not always follow that a college is below grade because it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only recently that this honorary society began to becoiiie really representative The Evolution of the Soroeity System 25 and some well-known colleges have not awakened to the need or meaning of a charter grant. By far the most potent factor in the standardizing move- ment during the later years, and one that is being recognized by the sororities as particularly authoritative when the ques- tion of standards is under discussion, is the Carnegie Founda tion for the Advancement of Teaching. On April 16, 1905, Mr. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000, the income from which is to be applied to the payment of retiring allowances to pro- fessors and officers of universities, colleges and technical schools in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland. The donor's original idea was to limit the benefits to undenomina- tional and non-tax-supported institutions. On March 31, 1906, however, Mr. Carnegie gave an additional $5,000,000, so as to include state and provincial colleges, where the application is approved by the governor and the legislature. The rules of the foundation require that an institution to be entitled to the privileges of the retiring-allowance system must possess a revenue sufficient to guarantee stability, must maintain ade- quately organized collegiate departments and must require for admission enough training to insure real college work in the freshman class, namely fourteen units, a unit being defined as representing a year's study in a secondary school and consti- tuting approximately a quarter of a full year's work. The Foundation declares that no college can maintain fair educa- tional standards on an endowment less than $200,000, and it further believes that a satisfactory year's work can not be. accomplished in any subject in less than one hundred and twenty sixty-minute periods. 26 The Evolution op the Soroeity System Another powerful force in the educational uplift and in the standardizing of all kinds of institutions in the General Education Board, chartered by Congress, January 12, 1903, following the offer of $1,000,000 by Mr. John D. Eoekefeller in 1902, its object being "the promotion of education within the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex or creed." In June, 1905, Mr. Rockefeller gave the sum of $10,000,000 as a permanent endowment for the purposes of the Board, and two years later added $32,000,000' one-third of which went into the permanent endowment fund. One of the principal objects for which the income is expended is the in- creasing of the endowments of universities and colleges, the custom being to offer a certain number of thousands on condi- tion that the institution raise a very much larger sum within a short period of time. The Board employs a force of experts in a systematic study of educational conditions and is thus enabled to use wisely the funds which have been placed at its disposal. The many "whirlwind" campaigns that have fol- lowed offers from the Board have been the inspiration that has raised a number of mediocre colleges to recognized rank and has made possible their presence on the rolls of the oldest and proudest sororities. Another organization that has done much to stimulate in- dependent self-activity through local initiative is the Southern Education Board, which began active work in January, 1902, and whose educational campaign has awakened the people in the vast section in which it operates to the need of adopting sound, constructive educational policies. No one that has watched the change that has come over the face of Southern The BvoiiUTioN of the Soeoritt System 27 education within the last decade could be blind to the splendid work of this Board, which has given a distinct tone to all grades of education, from the lowest to the highest. The Gen- eral Education Board has been of incalculable aid to the Southern Education Board in its efforts at uplift. Together they have worked for a finer spirit of nationalism and the results are a splendid testimony to their success. ■ The rapid growth of the many Southern sororities and the granting of numerous charters by strong Northern orders to institutions in the South give unmistakable proof of the improved collegi- ate standards in a section that has been regarded for many years as the special home of the "finishing school." Government The supreme governing body of the sororities is the Nation- al Convent ion^wEc Fmie^a^^ o^^.?^~ tB4tjmportent_gu£stiQna..xea»i^^ may receive attention during the interim, it is customary for the sor orities jo-place a certain amount of legislative, judicial and execulive4)jower in the hands of a few members who are re- sponsibla-.to-J±ie -succeeding conventions for their acts and who constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the Executive Committee, or the Grand 'Chapter, as the ease may be. The number of members elected for this purpose differs somewhat in the different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in six cases. Alpha Omicron P^, Alpha Phi, Alpha Xi Delta, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Delta and Sigma Kappa, the Editor 28 The Evolution op the Sorority System is not ranked as a member of the executive staff. These five officers are usually sufficient for a small sorority, but where the chapter roll numljers more than twenty, the task of weld- ing so many separate units into an harmonious whole be- comes a serious problem.. Hence it has eome to. pass that the older and larger sororities have found it necessary to create new offices in order that no member of the -cxeeutive staff may have moie work than she can accomplish satis- factorily and in order that every phase_of fraternity. 31: velopment may iecei\'e its due share of attentiori7~'"The sorori- ties are tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods than the usual interim of two years between conven- tions, those officers who show special ability along certain lines. Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, ' historian "and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. The )nethod of Delta Gamma is to elect its executive staff for a term of four j-ears, the election of the president and treasurer alternating with that of the vice-president and secre- tary. Bach convention designates the chapters from which the new officers are to come, and these chapters elect the officers for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently reelected several times. Alpha Phi's plan of choosing officers, first from one section of the country and then from another, has much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid its four founders a great tribute in making them life members of the Grand Council. Kappa Delta has extended a similar compli- ment to its leading founder. The Evolution of the Sorority System 29 Publications ^;Tifi-PillJlieatioiis of the sororities are of two kinds, those that_ma^Jte seen~l5yI3n!0;miiti^^ aiid-'iarqse"jssued for members only. To the first class belong the inagazines, the catalogues or directories, the songbooks, the histories and the calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, convention reports, bulletins and rituals. The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most of their space to reports from chapters and personals about alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor en- deavors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 are noteworthy as marking the period during which a great impulse was given to fraternity journalism by the publication of magazines by many of the men's orders. The sororities were quick to see the advantages that such issues had and the next decade saw five in the field, — The Golden Key of Kappa Kappa Gamma in 1882, The Anchora of Delta Gamma in 1884, The Arrow of Pi Beta Phi, The Kappa Alpha Theta in 1885, and The Alpha Phi Quarterly in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed with The Trident in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with The Lyre in 1894, and Chi Omega with The Eleusis in 1899. Succeeding years have brought out The Crescent of Gamma Phi Beta, The Alpha Xi Delta, Themis of Zeta Tau Alpha, The Angelas of Kappa Delta, The Triangle of Sigma Sigma Sigma, To Dragma of Alpha Omicron Pi, Mu Phi Epsilon Quarterly, The Beta Sigma Omicron, The Tri- angle of Sigma Kappa, The Adelphean of Alpha Delta Pi, The Parchment of Sigma Iota Chi, The Aglaia of Phi Mu, The 30 The Evolution of the Soroeitt System Adamas of Eta Upsilon Gamma, The Lamp of Delta Zeta, The Phoenix of Alpha Sigma Alpha, The Shield of Delta Sigma Epsilon, The Laurel of Pi Kappa Sigma. One of the most significant movements of the last few years has been the or- ganized effort, on the part of fraternities and sororities, to provide for the endowment of the magazine. Catalogues or directories, have always been found very useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them well supplied with valuable historical data, the location and time of founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists of present and past grand officers, chapter officers and sta- tistical reports. The older and larger sororities find it a somewhat difficult task to compile their directories, and as an aid to the work a few have established card catalogues. The cards are sent out periodically with the request that the mem- bers return them to the cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of accurate information, much of which is of permanent value. Songbooks have been published by all the large sororities / and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct literary merit. •■>-.. - -. ,AlL..tbe-sor«rities-of.cprominenee have established archives and the majority- of them have an officer, whose duty it is to, ' collect and arrange iiistorical _da,ta. Whenever historical mat- The Evolution of the Sorority System 31 ter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as the His torical Num lifir — JKappa Kappa Gamma issued a small pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distribu- tion among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, brought out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elabo- rate attempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega published a very attractive manual. Kappa Alpha Theta followed with an interesting brochure in 1911 and Alpha Chi Omega with an exhaustive volume in 1912, which was revised in 1917. Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. It is not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, especially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common problems that confront the different organizations. In_this. way it is possible for those _wbo-are_deeply interested in the advancement of the sorority idea to secure a very fair &owl- edge^of the policies and regulations of the various organiza- tions as laid down in the different constitutions. Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care and on many occasions very important decisions have been made public through discussions in the magazines. From the historical numbers one may glean information concerning the successive steps in all the great movements and changes of policies. Jlt^'^Wer and larger a sorority becomes, the mor.e. likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it actually has'"^done, what it is doing and what it expects to do. 32 The Evolution of the Soeoritt System The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly in Boston in 1891, practised occasionally before that time by broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity in general policies. Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount of routine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is made to secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chap- ters. Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, place matter demanding immediate attention before all the chapters at the same time and create a reference library that is of incalculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority_ magazine. Its Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 and elaborated the idea still further by starting a secret an- nual, called The Trireme, in 1908, supplementing these some- what later with a monthly Triglyph and a weekly Triad. Phi Mu started its annual, now called The Philomathean, in 1907 and began its quarterly. To Sakos, in 1912. Alpha Chi Omega brought out its annual Heraeum in 1911 and two years later its monthly Argolid. Other private issues are Kappa Alpha Theta's Bimonthly, 1911, Alpha Gamma Delta's To Shiouros, 1913, Alpha Xi Delta's QuOl, 1915, Alpha Delta Pi's Adelphean Chronicle, 1915. Pi Beta Phi publishes one issue of its quarterly Arrow for members only. y The Evolution of the Soeokitt System 33 Alumnae Associations The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial backing afforded wiU more than repay any society for the labor ex- A^ pended in looking out for the interests of the ex-collegio mem- ' \ bers. Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not -.reco gnized "by the oldes t sorOTities "very early In their careers. Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer m establishing alumnae asso- ciations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed until 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges of active chapters save that of initiation.. In 1892 the Alumnae Association was organized under a constitution of its own and had the right to hold conventions at the same time and place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in policy was made and the entire work along this line was given over to the Grand Vice-president. Alumnae clubs may send representatives to the convention if they choose and these delegates have a voice but no vote. The Alumnae Association as a whole has one delegate and when possible she is the Alumnae Editor of The Arrow. Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea immedi- ately, probably because conditions were not favorable to its dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, exchanges un- known. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the establish- ment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never per- mitted any association to exist that is not the direct out- 34 The Evolution of the Sorority System growth of an active chapter. Each is given representation in the national convention. Delta Delta Delta v^as the first sorority to provide at its very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terras its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special constitution for them and a special ritual, called The Circle Degree, by taking which graduates become eligible to member- ship in an Alliance. The first was formed in August, 1892. For a number of years only graduates were permitted to take the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modified this policy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasionally for an ex-member to become associated with an Alliance. Provision is made at the national convention for an Alliance session and for representation in the undergraduate section as well. The Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who has charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. The Con- vention of 1910 arranged for the formation of alumnae clubs, these same to be without voting privileges or other benefits of the regular Alliances. Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirability of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the mat- ter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- couragement from the active membership. A group of Chi- cago alumnae, who were in charge of .the sorority's exhibit for the World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for a charter. After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was finally carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of a chapter burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. A few other associations and clubs were organized after this. The Evolution of the Sorority System 35 but it was not until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority as a whole recognized the need or importance of providing for its alumnae. At that time the work was put into the hands of the ofScers' deputies and the growth has been phe- nomenal. At the Convention of 1906 a national organization of the alumnae association was effected under the control of three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations at convention for the transaction of business of special interest to alumnae. Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae in December, 1892, and has always given the associations all the privileges of the active chapters. Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for alumnae associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but in that year it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle, Ind. The associations are named alphabetically in order of founding re- gardless of location, so, except in the case of the first, the names of the associations are different from the active chap- ters with which they are allied, a method that seems a trifle confusing when it is customary to name the groups from the cities in which they are located or from the chapters with which they are affiliated. Delta Gamma granted its first charter to alumnae in 1895 and until 1903 this was the only aluranae chapter. The sorority has made provisions for two kinds of groups, alumnae chapters and alumnae associations, the former possessing a charter, paying dues and having a vote in convention. 36 The Evolution op the Sorority System Chi Omega established its first alumnae chapter in 1900. It gives a vote to every alumna attending convention. Char- ters are granted to alumnae chapters on practically the same conditions as those to college petitioners and examinations are required of them as of the active chapters. Chapter Houses The chapter house movement among sororities is a rather recent one, and has come about quite naturally, because at many colleges the houses of the men's fraternities are a con- spicuous feature of the student life. Many faculties have fos- tered the development of the fraternity house idea because it relieved them of the necessity of providing accommodations for a large number of students, and, to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, but not all Jiave been ready to accord the same privileges to the sorority girls, and dormitory life or residence with relatives is still insisted upon at certain universities. The city university, drawing its material largely from the immediate environs, offers but little or no oppor- tunity for the sorority house, though it is not unusual for chapters at such colleges to have suits of rooms which provide ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or study, passing the night after some college function, or offer- ing informal entertainment to members or friends. Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1886 when it erected a chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were quick to see the advantages of such a course and many now have homes which they own wholly or in part. The Evolution op the Sokoeity System 37 Pan-Hellenism The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time when the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in The Key, was to be that of recommendation only, the re- ports to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. An attempt, however, was to be made, "To secure (1) uni- formity of inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in pur- chasing fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan for the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the fraternity publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and etiquette." A careful reading of the report of that first inter-sorority convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much might have been accomplished had the work continued without interruption. The probable reason for the failure of a movement so auspi- ciously begun may be found in the fact that there was no city at which representatives from all the sororities could meet conveniently. Though the value of the work accomplished appealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertain- ment for the official delegates during such a session probably deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 38 The Evolution op the Sorority System The Congress of Fraternities Beginning in the spring of 1892, representatives appointed by all the sororities and by many of the fraternities held monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing space and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily in favor of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any active interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan of the Pan-Hellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity congress was substituted with one half day given to the fra- ternities, another half day to the Greek Press and a third half day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent value was accomplished, though for some months afterwards the different magazines gave considerable space to the dis- cussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, how- ever, was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. The Inter-Sorority Conferences It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, '95- '97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900- '02, that the inspira- tion came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the problem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with the presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta had been conferring upon this very subject and The Evolution of the Sorority System 39 that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed a petition before the Grand Council asking that the sororities be invited to consider some means of reform in rushing. With such a general sentiment in favor of correcting evils and securing hearty cooperation along various lines of en- deavor, Mrs. "Whitney was encouraged to call the first Inter- sorority Conference, which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the beginning of annual meetings presided over by each sorority in turn in the order of founding. The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of delegates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future operations by sub- mitting a set of motions of which it approved to the different sororities represented in the Conference. Although the meet- ing did not result in any inter-sorority compact, since all the sororities were not unanimously in favor of the recommenda- tions submitted, yet much advance was made in providing for annual conferences. The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic Associations at every college where two or more national sororities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active part in such college organizations as were intended^for. t^je good of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the sorori- tTes,"tw6"were unanimously accepted during the succeeding year and so the first definite gain was made in an agreement not to pledge prior to matriculation. 40 The Evolution of the Sorobitt System The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta, decided upon the order of rotation in office, and voted to admit Sigma Kappa upon her acceptance of conference rulings. It also defined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the sororities to insist that these organizations should not merely promote good feeling and social intercourse, but that they should make earnest efPorts to improve standards and remove evils. The conference also took up the problem of social ser- vice, recommended the establishment of women's leagues, made preparations to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation and raised the question of the advisability of asking that Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational colleges. The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi and defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition to the great advance made by the conference in adopting tentatively a constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provided for the drafting of a model constitution for women 's leagues. The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 1905, which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It showed renewed interest and activity in furthering the social service work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women in the amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in the Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed for distribu- tion and arrangements made to intensify the interest through the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school sororities were condemned and the conference put itself on record as proposing to use all its influence to have them discountenanced. The Evolution of the Sorority System 41 An investigation of the laws of each state concerning the making and wearing of badges by unauthorized persons was instituted. The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along the line of social service and in the work of the local Pan- Hellenics, laid special stress upon the need of securing the co- operation of alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a late pledge day, preferably in the sophomore year. The Conference of 1908 again made an urgent plea for the sophomore pledge day and for definite scholarship attainment as a qualification for sorority membership. It suggested the organization of resident alumnae in the case of every college and changed the Conference name to that of National Pan- HeUenic Conference. By unanimous vote of the sorority grand presidents during the year following, Zeta Tau Alpha and Alpha Gamma Delta were admitted to the Conference. The Conference of 1909 provided for the annual appoint- ment of a committee on extension, to which should be referred all petitions for admission. It also arranged through com- mittees for reports on college facilities for student social af- fairs and on scholarship standards in the Conference so- rorities. The Conference deplored its lack of legislative power and the delay and inconvenience to all concerned caused by the necessity for referring back to the sororities even insignificant details. Upon recommendation of the Extension Committee and by vote of the grand presidents Alpha Delta Phi and Delta Zeta were admitted. During the ensuing summer at the conventions of Alpha Chi Omega and Delta Delta Delta, the desire for greater Conference efficiency was crystallized in the vote to give the Conference delegates legislative power. 42 The Evolution op the Sorority System The Conference of 1910 voted to request the sororities to vest in their delegates such limited legislative power as the Conference may deem necessary to make its action effective. The Committee on extension was given authority to define and enforce the standard for admission. The Conference recommended that every eifort be made to encourage scholar- ship among sorority women, that the sponsor system be in- augurated in all chapters, that chaperons be salaried and that they be given unlimited authority to enforce rules for the common good. The Conference of 1911, following the granting of limited legislative powers by the various sororities represented there- in, adopted a constitution and changed the name of the or- ganization to the National Pan-Hellenic Congress. The pow- ers were defined as five-fold: — (1) to make laws that per- tain to its own government, (2) to admit at its discretion petitioning sororities, (3) to levy annual dues, (4) to make final settlement of local Pan-Hellenic difficulties, (5) to have advisory power over local Pan-Hellenics. The government be- tween sessions was placed in the hands of an executive com- mittee of three, to serve as chairman, secretary and treas- urer. Provision was made for the issue of quarterly bulle- tins. During the year following Phi Mu and Kappa Delta were admitted. The Inter-Sorority Congresses The Congress of 1912 reported an unusually auspicious growth of the Pan-Hellenic movement and provided for still The Evolution op the Sorority System 43 greater extension of the idea by bringing City Pan-Hellenics into close touch with the work and ambitions of the Congress. The number of oiHcers was increased from three to four by the election of an historian to serve for five years. The Con- gress went on record as heartily disapproving high school fraternities. A feature preliminary to the Congress, but fraught with unusual possibilities, was the first Conference of National Sorority Presidents. The Congress of 1913 was essentially a standardizing agency, in that it adopted a uniform scholarship card and uniform house rules for the regulation of chapter house life. The Congress also went on record as favoring the extension of the sorority system. In addition to stressing vocational training and occupations for college women it made a con- tribution to the Chicago Bureau of Occupations. The Congress of 1914 adopted a Code of Ethics, authorized a study of the chapter house system, and arranged for the extension and supervision of city Pan-Hellenics. The Congress of 1915 adopted a Pan-Hellenic Creed, au- thorized a study of cooperative buying and catering, voted for biennial conferences instead of annual, and increased the num- ber of Congress officers by the creation of an editorship. There is practically no limit to the valuable results that may be attained through these annual conferences. The regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the highest importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be done. To understand something of the possibilities of the National Pan-Hellenic Congress, one need only realize that 44 The Evolution of the Sorority System the ex-collegio members of the sororities number 50,000 and that the Congress literature reaches at least one-third of these through the various sorority magazines. The active mem- bership of 10,000 is even more vitally affected and each Fall 4,000 new initiates are brought into touch with every move- ment that receives the sanction of the Congress. Except to a very limited degree, the college woman has been unable to have any marked influence upon the college after graduation. During her student days she has been obliged to follow the lines laid down for her brother, and if life's experience has shown her that coUege courses should be adapted more pecu- liarly to her own needs, she has had little or no opportunity to say so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed except to a very few, have had little weight. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has determined certain important facts relative to the higher education of women, but its work has been hampered by the small, restricted, scattered membership. It lacks, moreover, the vivifying touch that comes only from actual cooperation with the undergraduate body of college girls. The National Pan-Hellenic Congress is the only or- ganization that can bridge the chasm between coUege theories and life's realities. Thus far it has confined most of its efforts to improving social conditions. The larger opportunity of making the college course a more vital force in the lives of coUege women is still before it, The Mission op the Soeoritt 45 CHAPTER III The Mission of the Sorority To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a factor in-eaLl£geJi£e. has been justified, it is necessary lb under- stand what combination of circumstancesealTed it into being, . whatJOiasJp _its credirin"TEe j jngjfcaccoTnptighTnpnt^ . and what it is doing at the prese^Jime to. warrant its continuance. Begun as an experiment at Elmira more than half a century ago, and copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after these institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the in- dependent colleges for women seems to have been established with the fuU sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might serve to unite in a common interest the most prominent mem- bfixs3[jfee^udent1^dy. _ln the days wFen the elective"syStem was unknown, the lines of demarcation between the different classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were not always conducive -to_the development of a proper coUege spuat^-^By forming a nucleus^aroEffird which" "shouM' cluster some of the most precious associations of college life, the ad- minlsh-ation hoped to foster a strong espnt~c[e~cdrps. Except to a very few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. To the majority of women in college thirty years ago, when so much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and Mathematics, the societies, by copying the methods of the 46 The Mission of the Soeority popular lyceum, offered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the masterpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of questions of permanent or passing interest. Since the development of a strong college spirit was the de- sideratum in the formation of the societies, the originators gave little heed to the possibilities that these organizations afforded for the cementing of college friendships. It is rare indeed to find among their members the close bond of sym- pathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in spite of the fact that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy is concerned. In those colleges, however, where the administration had .decided upon coeducation, and where the men students were -■'often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, the ) Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a protective league through which the members endeavored by ^united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital part-of-€allege-liIfi._JV[isunderstood in the classroom, shut out from participation in the literary and debating societies or- ganized by the men, imrecognizgd_ in the social .life that cryiT tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous enough to brave oTHtspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly m need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial sprang the.-impulse...tQ form, a sisterhood that should he_a potent factor during the college course and which, at the same time, should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. The Mission of the Sorority 47 Just how much the sorority did for the first generation of college girls in making their positions secure and in demon- strating their right to educational privileges equal to those enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records, but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter Society rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by ^ encouraging members to complete their college course and by influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years an experiment, nay more, an^xperiHient'Jhat met with slight favor and scanty support froitt-*fe«-geilfral public. That the sorority did cement friendships there is ample evidence to prove, for the earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled with the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the enrichment of their lives through the wealth of sjonpathetie interest such friendships had bestowed. Only those who have been blessed with true friendships can understand how very barren and spiritless life would be without the stimulus and zest they give. To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, makes possible the practically impossible, renders the joy of success more keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. It was not, however, in these two important particulars alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar and efiBcient service. If there was any element of danger in the higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the fact that the pioneers were inclined to take, themselves and their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under the influence of unusual conditions. Prom the peril of such erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by 48 The Mission of the Sorority her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. -^Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially^ feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be sure, but np phenomenon as the general public insisted upon regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first genera- tion of college girls the sorority was primarily a humanizing -. agency. Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the so- rority as a protective league is long since past, its importance as a prominent factor in the college life of today is even great- er than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where once it touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering friendships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly in need of the close companionship of those who will treat her with a^jnixjMrp. nf p.harit ^and fra nk criticism, there are yet other important services that the sorority renders its mem- bers. In these days when it is no unusual thing for the girl to go to college, the young matriculate is in no immediate danger of considering herself a rara avis or of developing eccentricities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it will certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced views. Rather will she be lost in the crowd. Today in the great_ _ throngs attending our popular colleges, amid~the complexity^ of academic life, there can not be the opportunity- for-^Sifi^ The Mission of the Soeoeitt 49 development of individuality, so marked a feature^of— the "-gay l ic r periods w faeHTthe personal relation between faculty and students was noticeably strong. Personality is a tremendous force in the development of personality, but modem exigencies and modern methods have built up barriers between professor and student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily solved, the modem educator is no longer so interested in the annual solution as it applies to individual eases. There is, without doubt, another reason why the college has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make the individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle originality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to a certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary education which trains the masses and prepares primarily for apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to demand subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention to detail, for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's success in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case of the secondary education, however, which trains the classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of indi vidual taste and talent. In the case of the college education, which trains only the elect and which should prepare pre- 50 The Mission op the Sorority eminently for leadership, the dominant thought should be the development of individuality. The college in preparing its student for intellectual and si)iritual leadership must furnish a broad, a liberal education, and must train specifically the intellect, the heart, the will, the taste, the conscience. All this the £QlLege_ di)es^iut jmore^is needed Abstraet-Studies^invalu- able as they are for mental training, lead_Jo_tEeorizing. Theory is not practice. In great a.s in small things man learns by doing. If a man^s to be a greatJeadSEiJie mustjeai first in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, finally in great enterprises. He must serve his apprenticesEip-^ -- In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the great student leagues of our famous universities, there is op- portunity for only a very few to rise above their college mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that the^^Mority is in a position to supplementtEir "wOik uf \lui-^ coUegemits enaeayorato prepare for leadership bv pi^enS^ bpp»rtunaSeslSrl9.p£Eiatlceship such as the college of itself is unaWe to give save -in limited degree. '"To" Trnd emtand rThe peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leader- ship is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime essentials are the same. Most important of all is— selt^ confidence. This fundamental requisite of success in any rmderTSETng must not be confounded with that most undesir- able attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to The Mission of the Soeoritt 51 inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, courage to dare. Self-confidence begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic interest in the thing to be accomplished, with- out the courage resulting from a consciousness of power, with- out an abiding faith in the ability to carry any undertaking to completion, leadership is impossible. Bjc.-taM»gjtsmem- _ieiS out of t.hf» prnwd and Tna>iTi| T each a. d.k±ijtat-j*wJ4-4i^^^^ small^group, tbe snrnritY J!^ able jjO-foster in dividuality. By providing every initiate with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of service and for all kinds of experience,^rs t in t he simple work of the chapter and la ter in the lar^ yer efPmH; nf the national organization, the sorority is particularly well-quali- 'fied lo lay ■a^tr6ng~toun3atIon' for the growth ob self-con- fidenceT"! *^— .- According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only requisite for leadership, but he who would be master over others must first be master over himself. Self-control is like- wise indispensable. Self-control implies perfect insight, the ability to see the end from the beginning. Self-control implies perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may of itself secure leadership but it will be the leadership of the demagogue. "Without the penetration that insures a grasp of the situation, without the disposition to recognize the rights of others, without the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, there can be no useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever before its members a very definite aim, by demanding of each individual a due consideration for the rights of every other, not only of her own chapter but of the entire organization, by / 52 The Mission of the Soboeitt expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the sorority exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues well for the growth of self-control. Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it-briags-Hiftteriai- re wards, they wi ll_b.f^ attpnrl<»rLJijz_flia|ininf»T Leadership that has both self-confidence and self-control as^Bastc-^riBeiples will be l8stiag,_-wfflrTimi rewards, will be produeirve"oT honor. ^ Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular approval. To understand, however, whether such is the high- ' est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the si^ great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the "Way. As ij^ "^ the Son of God, He was conscious of His power. The miracles He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He exercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. Yet this was not aU. His incarnation was not primarily for the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. Christ's message to the world was the beauty of service, the sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. ,§slf— sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice recogmzes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for sympathy. By insisting that every privilege brings with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging always the great importance of patience in dealing with the problems in one's own life or that of any other, by making love the mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teach- The Mission op the Soeokitt 53 ing the beautyjaf self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell of thS^ great powerlnusfnBe magnetic. Self-confidence, then, is creative, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. Leadership that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to bring success with honor and peace. Such is the education that the college is pledged to give, but the college has its limitations. B^mphasizing and developing these requisites for leadership, by providIngTni5umefable~0p- ~portunitre¥"IorTIie" practiearapplieation oi the~saSLe7Th6"^B^- .roritj' is supplementing tie work.of the college and rendering a special service to society. In thus enhancing the value 6f" academic trainisg^the-soi^iity-Hiakes the college a. armiih -ap fg-fitarforce in the life of the student than it could other- wjse^bgi The fine college spirit that is an oufgfowth of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to advocate college resi dence . THil, though in nolMse a~defimte aim that the sorority has placed before itself, means much for the cause of higher education. The benefit that com^Jfi_Jhfi.,Jiallfig£_, from an increased matriculation, from a jtudent_bfi.d3Z--fii^ - Tdffi'the torch of idealifj^ from arpll of^lumnae whose names _aTe iSynonymoBs with honorable accomplishment is, in no ^alT part, a result, of the existence of the^sprority." _^ Although the*, work done in__grepara/tiojL|or;leadersliip is perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or from service in the national organization after the college course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude ii 54 The Mission of the Sorority for business, some, especially those who work their way through, understand the Value of a dollar, but the average col- lege girl, whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose every whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy ideas on the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, will very likely expect to have her income supple- mented by generous checks from home, while, if she should preside over a home of her own, she will expect, from past ex- perience, to find credit unlimited. No' woman who may be thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may not? — should enter upon the third decade of her life without a pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of transacting business. Yet, how very few women ever do acquire this knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, to decide just how it must be appointed for rent and taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for food, heat, light and entertainment, is always valuable experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, to understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums of money such as the national sororities annually receive, is as important a training for a woman as for a man. If jggDge- earner or inheritrix. sha-jKilLiiayejnoney to invest. As wife andTBotEer she will handle funds in trust. Another opportunity that the sorority . opens-to-its-niem- „beK8 because of their iaifiliation with a large organizati(»-i»Hiie'' chanceiLgives ttem-through correspondence, fTatcT-n^ty yahH- ca.tinn.g, and cnnYpntJo ns to ^et a wide outlook over tlie entire field -of^coUegiate educatio n.^ Though one of a groupr-sniSir" enough to admit of the growth of the individual, each is also one of a mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through The Mission of the Sorority 55 concerted action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even in the small college. The inspiration that has come to many a small college to broaden its student life has been the direct result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some large university. The awakening of many a large university to the need of deepening its student life has come through the magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of some small college. T he important part that the s orority, is, pla ying in developing a national type of cul tured womanhood is another phase of the work it is doing for society l,nd"one'"f or ' whMl''ir takes~Iittle" credit to'Tfself: — A-t !ul t ured r'"^oman~t§" always an honor to the land of her birtk, but a cultured woman with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the nation's crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. The badge she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that she has pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that she has set her face to the light, never to turn back. ^ "Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe,'"^^ "the clique, as established by the sorority, is a mosf salutary arrangement for grouping college girls into congeniar eo'tefies. Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies, but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her friendships should be not numerous and shallow, b ut lim ited apd^lJf^P- The harmony resulting from the union of a few with common interests bears rich fruit later when college wo- 56 The Mission op the Soroeitt men in any locality unite for effective work along any line. The sorority trains its members for organized effort, for4Qfty aims, for conservation of force. Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and making her a permanent member of a small group, the sorority is rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her during her college course with family afiSliations and with the essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise supervision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or col- lege boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's an- chorage and drift far from home moorings during four long years. There is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four years' residence in a dormitory wUl tend to destroy right ideals of home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the freedom that comes from community living. It is in recogni- tion of this fact that some of the large colleges for women have adopted as far as possible the cottage system of housing stu- dents. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it we are weaned from home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If there is a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than any other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger generation to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home life. Dangerous as this tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college graduates are to be inoculated with the virus. To them as its most finished product society looks for leadership. Yet an exceedingly large number of students, while in pursuit of the The Mission of the Sororitt 57 very culture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest home, are forced to forego the influences that experience has proved most potent in the right adjustment of social con- ditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for the mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of life and thought, perilous any that would substitute new ideas for old ideals. The sorority through the chaplep- house -empha- sizes- th^_^_adv'aSirage"'of'""K6Bie''life over dormitory residence. Through the ehapter'"6rgahization it keeps ever before its members the imperative need of living together in harmony, of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so ordering one's life that every act shall reflect only honor. The chapter, like the family, is a corporation, which, though closely associated or affiliated with many others, has stiU within itself a very distinct and separate existence. The individual members of both are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely and their position in society depends upon the individual part that each member plays. Both lay many responsibilities upon their members, but every responsibility has its attendant privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after the other that it is not difficult ,lo-«ee-that-tfee-sororil^_ehaElfir-. is an expression of the college girl !s_hfilief_iQ the beauty and power^or theTiQme7~'TheTransition from dormitory residence to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Here- in lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of those who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. It is like patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The 58 The Mission op the Sorority sorority, by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes the break between home and college and later between college and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be substituted for paste in some rare old setting or as an artist may renew the colors in some old masterpieces. Any organiza- tion that fosters,love„QfhoHie should be encouraged, for fronj the home as the central force in civilization~rniast emanate all 4he influencesjthat[ffiaEe~for~progress; ' ~~ Whatever the line of service to which she may consecrate herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot fail, for her assets largely exceed hejjiabilities. She is, to be sure^Tnider heavy obligations to her parents, her college and her sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. They consider their investment safe as long as her name is a synonym for honor. As a college woman she will adjust her- self in time to any position in which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, because in addition to the stores of knowledge acquired through years of study and always available for pleasure or profit, she will have gained through the discipline of the chap- ter both wisdom and understanding. If called to be the pre- siding genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a col- lege woman, to contribute of her wealth of intellect to all those agencies that are working for the betterment of social conditions, but since she is a sorority girl her appreciation of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her judg- ment concerning means and methods to be employed in deal- ing with human problems, saner and sounder. If not needed in the home the college woman will find ample opportunity The Mission of the Sorority 59 out in the world for the exercise of her various talents. Es- pecially wi ll there be an ur gent call fQr.,lif!r t.n a.p.t q,s a. guide, <:;;; ■philosuplier and friend of aspiring jxmth, but wiser will be / h^rguidanceP miore practical her. philosophyj_more_gotent her friendship if she is^ sorority girl, for through associa- tion with the different members of her chapter she has gained a knowledge of human nature such as can come only from being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college girls the sorority is essentially an individualizing and har- monizing agency. With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may look forward to the future with courage, confident that its existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of kind- ly counsel, ever present the upper class woman in need of the humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social life as a safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous distractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of supplementing the college in its preparation for the serious work of life. The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may be gujlty . pccasifl3aally--Q^K^ttte~rndisBfetiDns, Hit lapses ' of this kind will be fewer as the years go on, jf or the Visiting Delegate, bjrdemanding'exeellenee in classroom records, by insisting on 60 The Mission op the Soeoeitt indications of a proper college spirit and a proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine regard for the best social observ- ances, by emphasizing the importance of simplicity, sincerity and sjonpathy on the part of the members in their relation to one another and to other college women, calls the chapter's attention to the high ideals that the order has placed before itself, and incidentally paves the way for the sorority as a whole to be highly respected by student body and faculty. The sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, has given rise to some problems, but such as are at all serious will soon no longer exist, for the Pan-Hellenic Conference has already demonstrated its ability to cope with them. The sorority in the past has been the cause of some needless anxiety on the part of faculties, but there will be little occasion for uneasiness or apprehension in the future, because faculties generally have awakened to a realization of the fact that the organization can be made a most invaluable assistant in all reforms, experiments, or enterprises that the administration may wish to undertake and which may depend for their ulti- mate success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a college or university, because its advent means that a number of stu- dents have banded together and pledged themselves to work unfaltering and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. ^-^The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be con- tent with nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. Literary Sororities 61 LITERARY SORORITIES CONGRESS CLASS Alpha Chi Omega October 15, 1885 National Council President, Mrs. Edward E. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion, Mich. Vice-Presidents, Lillian G. Zimmerman, 359 14th Ave., Mil- waukee, Wis. ; Mrs. Edgar Steiner, 6743 Dorchester Ave., Chicago, 111. Secretary, Mary E. Griffith, "The Lenox," Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Myra Jones, "The Lenox," Washington, D. C. Inspector, Mrs. James H. Qrann, 614 Colorado St., Davenport, Iowa. Deputy Inspector, Mrs. J. Evan Foulds, 1560 LeRoy Ave., Berkeley, Cal. Editor, Florence A; Armstrong, Indianola, la. Chapter Roll Albion, Allegheny, Baker, Brenau, California, Colorado, De Pauw,* Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, MiUikin, Ne- braska, New England Conservatory, Northwestern, Oklahoma, Oregon College, Simpson, Southern California, Syracuse, Washington State, Washington State College, Wisconsin. *Place where founded. 62 Literary Sororities Alpha Chi Omega has 23 college chapters and 35 alunmae associations. The total membership is 3,600, the active mem- bership 500, the average initiation 225. The badge is a Greek lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority let- ters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extending across the twisted strings. The pledge pin is diamond- shaped, of scarlet and olive enamel, and displays a gold lyre. The flag is a rectangle of olive green with a scarlet chevron bearing three olive stars, below which is a scarlet lyre-bird crest, its torse and the stars fimbriated with white. Colors — Scarlet and Olive. Flower — Scarlet Carnation with Smilax. Tree — ^Holly. Jewel — ^None. Open Motto — Together let us seek the Heights. Insignia— Lyre, Three Stars, Sheaf of Wheat, Open Book, Lyre-bird. Patron — Hera. Call— Hi! Hi! Hi! Alpha Chi! Chi-O! Alpha Chi Omega! Magazine — The Lyre — 1894. Secret Annual — The Heraeum — 1911. Secret Monthly— The ArgoUdr— 1913. Next Convention — Undecided, August, 1919. Alpha Delta Pi* May 15, 1851 Executive Council President, Mrs. P. E. Smith, 1513 Scenic Ave., Berkeley, Cal. Vice-President, Alpha Penn, Waxahaehie, Texas. Secretary, Mrs. R. Q. Smith, 3176 Gustine Ave., St. Louis. Treasurer, Ethel Thayer, 463 Blue Hill Ave., Grove HaU, Mass. Inspector, Paula Garrison, 300 "Webster, Houston, Tex. Editor, Anne "Walker, Mansfield, La. "Known as Alpha Delta Phi 1905-13. LiTEKABY SOROMTIES 63 Chapter Roll Boston, Brenau, California, Colby, Colorado, Florida, Han- over, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas Col- lege, Judson, Lawrence, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New- eomb, Ohio, Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, South- western, Texas, Trinity, Washington State, "Washington State College, Wittenberg. Alpha Delta Pi has 27 chapters and 13 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 4,000, the active membership 600, the average initiation 225. The badge is diamond-shaped, enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and the sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white sur- mounted by a diamond of light blue bearing two stars and the sorority letters in white. Colors — Pale Blue and White. Flower — Violet. Jewel — None. Open Motto — ^We live for each other. Insignia — Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron — ^None. Call — Secret. Magazine — The Adelphean — 1907. Next Convention — ^Lynchburg, Va., June, 1919. Alpha Gamma Delta May 30, 1904 Grand Council President, Louise Leonard, 309 Orange St., Syracuse, N. Y. Vice-President, Ethel Berry, 21 Balding St., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 64 LiTERART SOEORITIES Second Vice-President, Marie Bellinghausen, La Salle, 111. Secretary, Gladys Branegan, Denton, Texas. Treasurer, Mrs. H. H. Slocum, Winona, Minn. Historian, Georgia A. Dickover, 18 W. Ross St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Extension Chairman, Mrs. Paul Smith, Amenia, N. D. Editor, Mrs. Chester Armstrong, 1907 W. 49th St., Minne- apolis, Minn. Chapter Roll Allegheny, Boston, Brenau, California, De Pauw, Goucher, Illinois Wesleyan, Kentucky, Minnesota, Northwestern, Ohio, Syracuse, Washington State, Wisconsin. Alpha Gamma Delta has 14 chapters and 17 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 1,500, the active membership 250, the average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram of the three letters. The pledge pin is a small shield enameled in red, buff and green, and displaying the sorority letters. The flag ii green and buff with the letters in red. Colors — Red, Buff and Green. Flower — Red and Buff Roses. Jewel — None. Open Motto — ^None. Insignia — Shield, Helmet. Patron — None. CaU — Secret. Magazine — Alpha Gamma Delta — 1909. Secret Publication — To Skiouros — 1913. Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. Literary SoRORirrEs 65 Alpha Omicron Pi January 2, 1^97 Executive Committee President, Mrs. B. F. Stewart, Jr., Sierra City, Cal. Secretary, Helen N. Heniy, 264 Boylston St., Boston. Treasurer, Lillian MacQuilian,-455 Angell St., Providence. Editor, Mary E. Chase, Bozeman, Mont. Chapter Roll California, Cornell, De Pauw, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, Montana College, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stan- ford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Tufts, Vanderbilt, Washington State, Wisconsin. Alpha Omicron Pi has 21 college chapters and 12 alumnae associations. The total membership is 2,()p0, the active mem- bership 400, the average initiation 200. The badge consists of the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, though the rest of the pin may be jeweled in accordance with individual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold. The flag is a cardinal banner with the Greek letters in white. Color — Cardinal. Flower — Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel — Ruby. Open Motto — ^None. Patron — ^None. Call — ^A Whistle. Magazine — To Dragma — 1905. Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. 66 LiTEKABT Sororities Alpha Phi October 20, 1872 General Board President, Mrs. Alice R. von Brincken, Santa Clara, Cal. Vice-President, Mrs. Dudley Baird, 2434 Prospect St., Ber- keley, Cal. Corresponding Secretary, June Schloss, 2925 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley, Cal. Recording Secretary, Mrs. Howard M. Leggett, 2927 Regent St., Berkeley, Cal. Treasurer, Ruth Crellin, Pleasanton, Cal. Panhellenic Delegate, Amy Comstock, Madison, "Wis. Editor, Frances Perkins, 95 Sheboygan St., Fond du Lac, Wis. Chapter Roll Boston, California, Cornell, De Pauw, Goucher, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oregon, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Washburn, Washington State, Wisconsin. Alpha Phi has 19 college chapters, and 11 alumnae chap- ters. The total membership is 3,200, the active membership 350, the average initiation 200. The badge is a monogram. The pledge pin is an ivy leaf. The sorority has no national flag. Colors — Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers — ^Lilies-of-the- Valley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel — None. Open Motto — Hand in Hand. Insignia — The Constellation of Ursa Major. Patron — None. Call — None. Literary Sororities 67 Magazine — The Alpha Phi Quarterly— 1S88. Next Convention — Indianapolis, June, 1918. Alpha Xi Delta April 17, 1893 Grand Officers President, Lena G. Baldwin, 670 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. Vice-President, Mrs. Harold C. Haskell, 65 Gorham Ave., Brookiine, Mass. Secretary, Bessie Williamson, Galesburg, 111. Treasurer, Ellen Ball, 4714 16tli Ave., N. B., Seattle. Inspector, Mrs. John EJiote, Springfield, Ohio. Editor, Polly Fenton, 179 12th St., Milwaukee. Chapter Roll Albion, Bethany, California, lUinois, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky, Lombard, Minnesota, Mt. Union, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Ohio State, South Dakota, Stetson, Syracuse, Tufts, Vermont, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. Alpha Xi Delta has 24 college chapters and 15 alumnae chapters. The total membership is 2,500, the active member- ship 400, the average initiation 200. The badge is a quill with the society's initials in raised and burnished gold on the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel with the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek letters, Alpha Xi Delta, being in gold on the black background. The recogni- 68 LiTEEABY Sororities tion pin is a triangle of black enamel bearing the society let- ters. The flag is a pennant of three horizontal bars, the top and bottom of dark blue, one bearing ten gold stars and the other a gold quill, the middle bar of light blue with the sorority letters in gold. Colors — Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower — Pink Rose. Jewel None. Open Motto — ^None. Insignia — Quill. Patron — None. Call — Secret. Magazine — Alpha Xi Delta — 1903. Secret Magazine — The QuUl — 1915. Next Convention — Rockport, Mass., 1918. Chi Omega April 5, 1895 Supreme Governing Council President, Mrs. H. M. Collins, Lexington, Ky. Vice-President, Ada Caldwell, 355 Marion St., Denver, Colo. Secretary, Annie Whiteside, Lynchburg, Va. Treasurer, Mrs. C. A. "Watson, 1742 Lamont St., N. W., Wash- ington, D. C. Secret Work, Mary L. Railey, 1630 Josephine St., New Orleans, La. Editor, Martha M. Land, Lexington, Ky. Chapter Roll Arkansas, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, Colorado, Dickinson, Florida, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Kansas College, Kentucky, Michigan, Miami, Missouri, LiTERAET Sororities 69 Nebraska, Newcomb, New Hampshire, Northwestern, Ohio, Oregon, Randolph-Maeon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Tufts, Utah, Wash- ington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Chi Omega has 34 college chapters and 30 alumnae asso- ciations. The total membership in 4,000, the active member- ship 650, the average initiation 250. The badge is a mono- gram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl engraved upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, round- ed at each end, enamelled in black, with the letters Chi Omega in gold. The flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and two of straw color, broadly banded across the top with a bar of cardinal bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with five points. Colors — Cardinal and Straw. Flower — ^White Carnation. Jewels — ^Pearls and Diamonds. Declaration — Hellenic Cul- ture and Christian Ideals. Insignia — Skull, Cross-bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron — Demeter. Call — ^Mellomen Peirasthai HamiUasthai, Mepot' Apothaneisthai, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi! Magazine — Eleusis — 1899. Secret Publication — Mystagogue — 1905. Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 70 Literary Sororities Delta Delta Delta Thanksgiving Eve, 1888 National Council President, R. Louise Pitch, Cambridge, lU. Pan-Hellenic Delegate, Mrs. E. N. Parmelee, Evanston, 111. Vice-President, Mrs. W. M. Hudson, Greencastle, Ind. Secretary, Helen Balsley, Stanford University, Cal. Treasurer, Pearle Bonisteel, 1609 Sherwin, Chicago. Marshal, Mrs. E. L. Hulett, Canton, N. Y. Historian, Mrs. P. E. Priddy, Ypsilanti, Mich. Alliance Officer, Mrs. Herman Rich, 909 20th Ave., S., Nash- ville. Editor, Mrs. S. L. Slover, 530 Pairfax Ave., Norfolk, Va. Chapter Roll Adelphi, Adrian, Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Boston, Brenau, Bucknell, Butler, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, Colorado, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, De Pauw, Drury, Plorida, Pranklin, Goucher, Hollins, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Judson, Kansas College, Knox, Maine, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, Northwestern, Ohio State, Okla- homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, Simpson, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, St. Lawrence, Stanford, Stetson, Syracuse, Texas, Transylvania, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Delta Delta Delta has 59 chapters and 65 alumnae asso- ciations. The total membership is 7,000, the active member- Literary Sororities 71 ship 1,200, the average initiation 600. The badge is a crescent inclosing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pin of the first degree is a silver trident. Graduate members wear an equilateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides three Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surround- ed by six spherical triangles in blue enamel. The pledge pin is a triangle of green enamel bearing three Greek Alphas in silver. The recognition pin is a Roman gold monogram of three Deltas. The flag is rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, the first and third sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in white and the other three stars in white, the middle bar white with a green pine tree upon it. Colors — Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower — ^Pansy. Tree — Pine. Jewel — ^Pearl. Open Motto — ^Let Us Steadfastly Love One Another. Insignia — Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. Patron — Poseidon. Call — -Alala! Alala, Alala! Ta Hiera Poseidonia ! Magazine — Trident — 1891. Secret Quarterly— Tfce Tritori^ldOG. Secret Annual — The Trireme — 1908. Secret Monthly— The Triglyph— 1912. Secret Weekly— The Triad— 1913. Next Convention — ^Undecided, 1918. Delta Gamma January 2, 1874 Grand Council President, Mrs. P. J. Treat, Stanford University, Cal. 72 LiTERAEY SOEOEITIES Vice-President, Frances S. Bragdon, 1909 Chicago Ave., Evanston, 111. Secretary, Mrs. E. W. Hawley, 323 Eleventh Ave. S. E., Min- neapolis, Minn. Treasurer, Pauline Hagaman, 929 Granite Bldg., Rochester, N. Y. Historian, Jeannette Bartelle, Belvedere I, Apt. 5, Toledo, Ohio. Editor, Mrs. E. W. Hawley, 323 Eleventh Ave. S. E., Minne- apolis, Minn. Chapter Roll Adelphi, Albion, Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, Groucher, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Lawrence, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oregon, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Washington, Washington State, Wisconsin. Delta Gamma has 28 college chapters, 9 alumnae chapters and 13 alumnae associations. The total membership is 4,000, the active membership 500, the average initiation 200. The badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of white enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, Delta, and Eta in gold. The pledge pin ,is a shield of white enamel similar to the one on the badge with the Greek letters Pi Alpha in gold. Colors — Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower — Cream-colored Rose. Jewel — ^None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — ^None. Patron — None. Call — ^None. Literary Sobokities 73 Magazine — The Anchora — 1884. Next Convention— Undecided, 1919. Delta Zeta October 24, 1902 Grand Council President, Martha L. Railsback, 1628 N. Illinois St., Indian- apolis. Vice-President, Brma Lindsey, 202 Lefferts PI., Brooklyn, N. Y. Secretary, Rennie S. Smith, Y. W. C. A., Hamilton, 0. Treasurer, Hazel Putnam, Lake City, la. Historian, Mrs. H. L. Stephenson, 412 Marguerite Ave., Portland, Ore. Editor, Arema O'Brien, 78 W. 4th Ave., Columbus, Ohio. Chapter Roll California, Cincinnati, Cornell, Denver, De Pauw, Eureka, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas College, Lombard, Miami, Nebraska, Ohio State, Pittsburgh, "Washington State. Delta Zeta has 15 chapters and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 900, the active membership 300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked with Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic column. The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the bowl of the lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the flame of the lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. 74 Literary Sororities Colors— Old Rose and Nile Green. Flower— Killarney Rose. Jewel — Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Lamp, Bible, Scroll, Distaff, Bodkin. Magazdne — The Lamp — 1909. Next Convention — Ithaca, N. Y., 1918. Gamma Phi Beta November 11, 1874 Executive Board President, Carrie E. Morgan, 777 Harris St., Appleton, "Wis. Vice-President, Eleanor Sheldon, 110 Malcolm Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. Secretary, Adah Georgina Grandy, 206 E. Central Ave., Highland Park, 111. Treasurer, Mary Richardson, 4719 Kenmore Ave., Chicago, 111. Visiting Delegate, Margaret Nachtrieb, 905 6th St., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. Editor, Lindsey Barbee, 1565 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo. Chapter Roll Boston, California, Colorado Agricultural College, Denver, Goucher, HoUins, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Oregon, Stanford, Syra- cuse, Washington, Washington State, Wisconsin. Gamma Phi Beta has 20 college chapters and 16 alumnae associations. The total membership is 3,500, the active mem- bership 400, the average initiation 200. The badge is a mono- gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent Literary Sororities 75 of black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for "Four." The pledge pin is a crescent-shaped stick pin of brown enamel. The sorority has no national flag. Colors — Light and Dark Brown. Flower — Carnation. Jewel — ^None. Open Motto — Founded On a Rock. Insignia — Crescent. Patron — ^None. Call — None. Magazine — The Crescent — 1901. Next Convention — ^^Denver, 1919. Kappa Alpha Theta January 27, 1870 Grand Council President, Mrs. John M. Mecklin, King Edward Apts., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-President, Mrs. E. M. Forde, 1413 Rural St., Emporia, Kan. Treasurer, Mrs. Martha Cline Huffman, Merna, Neb. Secretary and Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. T. Chapter Roll Adelphi, Allegheny, Arizona, Butler, California, Cincin- nati, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, De Pauw, Goucher, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Lawrence, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Neweomb, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon College, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southern California, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, 76 LiTEBABT Sororities Toronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washburn, Washington, Wash- ington State, Washington State College, Wisconsin. Kappa Alpha Theta has 43 college chapters and 35 alumnae associations. The total membership is 8,000, the active mem- bership 900, the average initiation 400. The badge is a kite, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slightly raised, of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are the society's initials in gold. Above are two stars set with diamonds and below in Greek the date of founding. The pledge pin is a small diamond shield used as a stick pin and divided diagonally into two triangles, one of gold, the other of black enamel. The flag is the coat-of-arms on a gold field with bands of black to right and left. Colors — Black and Gold. Flower — Black and Gold Pansy. Jewel — ^None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Stars, Eagle's Head, Three Links, Ermine. Patron — None. Call — C. G. G. E. flat. Magazine — Kappa Alpha Theta — 1885. Secret Publication — The Bimonthly — 1911. Next Convention — St. Louis, 1919. Kappa Delta October 27, 1897 National Council President, Marion MuUins, 1424 Cooper St., Ft. Worth, Tex. Secretary, EfSe Moncure, Shreveport, La. Treasurer, Rebecca Smith, 1710 Kentucky, Paducah, Ky. Registrar, Mrs. D. S. Duncan, 2174 S. Columbine, Denver. Literary Sororities 77 Chapterian, Edith 0. Knox, 804 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. Editor, Elizabeth Corbett, 230 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, Pla. Chapter EoU Alabama, Bueknell, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, Denver, Florida, HoUins, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Judson, Kentucky, Louisiana, Hunter, Millsaps, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Southern California, Southern Methodist, Trinity, Wyoming. Kappa Delta has 23 chapters, and 11 alumnae associations. The total membership is 1,300, the active membership 500, the average initiation 250. The diamond-shaped badge dis- plays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. 0. T. in gold on a background of black enamel. The pledge pin is an open equilateral triangle of gold superimposed upon a dagger, straight lines connecting the center of the base with the center of each side. The flag is a thrice barred and den- tated pennant, the olive bar bearing a white rose, the white a dagger and stars of gold. Colors — Olive Green and Pearl White. Flower — ^White Kaiserin Rose. Jewels — ^Pearl and Emerald. Open Motto — Let Us Pursue the Honorable. Insignia — SkuU, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Dagger, Snake, Ermine, Cross, Lamp, Stars. Patron— None. Call— C. F. F. F. F. F. A. Magazine — Angelas — 1904. Secret Publication— Ta Tafeia— 1911. Next Convention — Undecided, August, 1919. 78 LiTBBARY SOBOBITIES Kappa Kappa Gamma October 13, 1870 Grand Council President, Mrs. Parke R. Kolbe, 250 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. Vice-President, Sarah Harris, 1145 Elmwood Ave., Evanston, 111. Secretary, Estelle Kyle, 1313 University Ave., Boulder, Colo. Treasurer, Martha Willets, 219 Greenwood Ave., Trenton, N.J. Registrar, Mrs. Charles W. Leaphart, 1511 Rosemary Lane, Columbia, Mo. Editor, Mrs. Katherine T. Mullin, 175 W. 94th St., New York, N. Y. Chapter Roll Adelphi, Adrian, Akron, Allegheny, Boston, Butler, Cali- fornia, Cincinnati, Colorado, Cornell, De Pauw, Hillsdale, Idaho, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kan- sas College, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon- tana, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio State, Okla- homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarth- more, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Washington State, West Vir- ginia, Wisconsin. Kappa Kappa Gamma has 40 college chapters and 45 alumnae associations. The total membership is 7,500, the ac- tive membership about 800, the average initiation 350. The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials and the date of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or LiTEEAET Sororities 79 light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. The sorority has no national flag. Colors — ^Light and Dark Blue. Flower — Fleur de Lis. Jewel — Sapphire. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Owl. Patron — ^Athena. Call — Hai Korai Athenes. Magazine — The Key— 1882. Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. Phi Mu January 4, 1852 National Officers President, Nellie S. Hart, 3706 Prytania St., New Orleans. Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph E. Bailey, 6801 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio ; Mrs. I. M. Keller, Gladstone Hotel, Chi- cago. Secretary, Ema M. Ferguson, Albuquerque, N. M. Treasurer, Mrs. Charles G. Eidson, 2218 N. Charles St., Balti- more, Md. Historian, Ruth Harris, Spartanburg, N. C. Registrar, Mrs. Cecil C. McNeil, 436 Crosby St., Akron, Ohio. Editor, Elizabeth McFetridge, 4810 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, La. 80 Literary Sororities Chapter Roll Adelphi, Akron, Baker, Brenau, California, George Wash- ington, Hanover, Hollins, Iowa Wesleyan, Knox, Lawrence, Maine, Millsaps, Missouri, Newcomb, New Mexico, Ohio State, Randolph-Macon, Southern California, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas, Washington State, Whitman. Phi Mu has 25 chapters and 15 alumnae associations. The total membership is 4,000, the active membership 500, the average initiation 200. The badge is an oddly shaped shield of black enamel displaying in the center a hand holding a heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters and below another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of black enamel and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of rose and white bordered with rose, the former field bearing three white stars and the latter the sorority name in rose. Colors — Old Rose and White. Flower — Rose-Carnation. Jewels — Ruby and Pearl. Open Motto — Les Soeurs Fiddes. Insignia — Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions, Stone. Magazine — The Aglaia — 1907. Secret Annual — The Philomathean — 1907. Secret Quarterly — To Sakos — 1912. Next Convention — Columbus, Ohio, 1918. Pi Beta Phi April 28, 1867 Grand Council Grand President, May L. Keller, Westhampton College, Rich- mond, Va. lilTERARY SOBOEITIBS 81 Vice-President, Mrs. Ford Allen, 6417 Lake St., Oak Park, 111. Grand Secretary, Amy B. Onken, Chapin, 111. Grand Treasurer, Anne Stuart, 1906 D St., Lincoln, Neb. Editor, Mrs. F. A. Rugg, 201 Davis Ave., Brookline, Mass. Chapter Roll Arizona, Arkansas, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Drury, Franklin, George Wash- ington, Goucher, Hillsdale, HolUns, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kansas College, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Neweomb, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon College, Randolph- Macon, Simpson, Southern California, Southern Methodist, St. Lawrence, Stanford, Stetson, Swarthmore, Syractise, Texas, Toronto, Vermont, Washington, Washington State, Washing- ton State College, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Pi Beta Phi has 55 college chapters and 80 alumnae as- sociations. The total membership is 10,000, the active mem- bership 1,100, the average initiation 550. The badge is an arrow about an inch in length,- bearing the sorority letters upon the feathers. The pledge pin is an arrow head in Roman gold, bearing a burnished Beta. The recognition pin is a miniature of the badge. The fla^ is an indented pennant of wine red sur- mounted by a triangle of silver blue, the latter field bearing a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded by a halo and a monogram of the letters Pi Beta Phi. Its lowest point is apparently pierced by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral sections of wine red. 82 LiTEBAKY Sororities Colors — Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower — Dark Red Carnation. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Arrow. Patron — Pallas Athena. Call — Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippi Hi ! Ra Ro Arrow ! Pi Beta Phi ! Magazine — The Arrow — 1885. Next Convention — Lake Geneva, Wis., 1918. Sigma Kappa November, 1874 Grand Council President, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 362 14th St., Buffalo, N. Y. Vice-President, Mrs. B. T. Weston, Rumford, Me. Secretary, Mrs. F. C. Battram, 5606 Edgerly St., Oakland, Cal. Treasurer, Mrs. Harry Blunt, 1011 Ashland Ave., St. Paul. Editor, Mrs. Frances M. Wigmore, Orland, Cal. Chapter Roll Boston, California, Colby, Denver, George Washington, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Jackson,* Kansas, Middlebury, Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, Syracuse, Washington State. Sigma Kappa has 15 college chapters and 12 alumnae as- sociations. The total membership is 2,000, the active member- ship 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is an equi- lateral triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel with the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a mono- gram of the letters, arranged in the form of serpent entwined about a K. The sorority has no national flag. *0f. TuftB. Literary Sororities 83 Colors — Maroon and Lavender. Flower — Violet. Jewel — None. Open Motto — One Heart, One Way. Insignia — ^Dove and Serpent. Patron — Secret. Call S-i-g, Sig, m-a, ma; Sigma Kappa, Rah, Eah, Rah. Magazine — Sigma Kappa Triangle — 1907. Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. Zeta Tau Alpha October 25, 1898 Grand Chapter President, Dr. May A. Hopkins, 606 Southwestern Life Bldg., Dallas, Tex. Vice-President, Fannie Hunter, 1023 W. 36th, Los Angeles, Cal. Secretary, Mrs. J. L. Bugg, Farmville, Va. Treasurer, Mary L. Patrick, 1312 East 53 St., Chicago. Historian, Mrs. Maude J. Horner, Rosemary, N. C. Inspector, Julia Coe, 614 Cedar Springs St., Dallas, Tex. Editor, Christine Bertholas, 2241' Durant Ave., Berkeley, Cal. Chapter Roll Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Bethany, Boston, Brenau, Cali- fornia, Drury, Judson, MiUikin, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, Southern California, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Ten- nessee, Texas, Trinity, "Washington State. Zeta Tau Apha has 19 college chapters and 12 alumnae associations. The total membership is 2,000, the active mem- bership 350, the average initiation 200. The badge, an ar- 84 Literary Sororities tistically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre, flanked by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. The pledge pin is a carpenter's square with a turquoise jewel- ing. The sorority flag is a rectangle of turquoise blue bear- ing in Greek lettering the word Themis, which is flanked by triangular fields of steel gray carrying as devices an A and a flaming torch in turquoise blue. Colors — Turquoise and Gray. Flower — ^White Violet. Jewel — None. Open Motto — Seek the Noblest. Insignia — Eye, Crown, Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron — Themis. Call — None. Magazine — Themis — 1903 . Next Convention — ^Asheville, 1918. Beta Sigma Omicron December 12, 1888 Grand Council President, Ema B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. Vice-President, Mrs. Omar F. Elder, 1129 Peaehtree St., Atlanta, Ga. Secretary, Mary L. Dooley, 1618 West Clinch Ave., Knox\dlle, Tenn. Treasurer, Florence Poteet, 3848 Charlotte, Kansas City, Mo. Editor, Florence Fenner, 3948 Wyandotte, Kansas City, Mo. Literary Soboeities 85 Chapter Roll Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Colorado Woman's, Green- ville, Hamilton,* Hardin, HoUins, Lindenwood, Stephens, Synodieal. Beta Sigma Omicron has 11 chapters and 9 alumnae asso- ciations. The total membership is 2,500, the active member- ship 250, the average initiation 125. The badge is a mono- gram of the sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omicron and the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon the Omicron. The pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each corner and a Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed of three horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two out- side pink. The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink bar. On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The of- ficial banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with a pink centre. The sorority letters are in -pink and are placed in the corners. The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the centre of the pink field. Colors — Ruby and Pink. Flower — Red and Pink Carna- tions. Jewel — Ruby. Open Motto — ^We live to do Good. In- signia — Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron — Hestia. Call — ^None. Magazine — The Beta Sigma Omicron — 1905. Secret Publication — The Lamp — 1913. Next Convention — Denver, 1918. *C£. Transylvania. 86 LiTBRABT SOROEITIES Eta Upsilon Gamma November, 1901 Grand OfiBcers President, Isabel C. Rader, Jefferson City, Mo. Vice-President and Editor, Mrs. D. N. McCauley, Laurel, Mont. Secretary, Frances Pales, Jeffersonville, 111. Treasurer, Mrs. C. B. Jackson, Mexico, Mo. Northern Organizer, Mrs. L. C. Cleveland, Brunswick, Mo. Southern Organizer, Sue Holmes, 814 Russell St., NashviUe. Chapter Roll Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Colorado Woman's, Green- ville, Hardin, Lindenwood, Stephens, Synodieal. Eta Upsilon Gamma has 9 chapters, and 2 alumnae asso- ciations. The total membership is 1,500, the active member- ship 170, the average initiation 90. The badge is diamond- shaped, the central portion being of black enamel and bear- ing the sorority's letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross- bones. The pledge pin is clasped hands of gold. The flag is of green with gold lettering and a gold coat of arms. Colors — Olive Green and Gold. Flower — ^YeUow Rose. Jewels — Diamond and Pearl. Open Motto — ^Be Strong in the Truth. Insignia — ^Hands, Skull, Cross-Bbnes, Diamond, Lamp, Triangle, Unicorn. Magazine — The Adamas — 1909. Next Convention — Undecided. Literary Sororities 87 Sigma Iota Chi December, 1903 Grand Chapter President, Evelyn McFarlane, Forrest City, Ark. Vice-President, Marian McNair, Jackson, Miss. Secretary, Adalyn Fans, Jefferson City, Mo. Historian, Mrs. A. P. MuUman, Jackson, Tenn. Custodian, Wilma Scruggs, Harrisonville, Mo. Representative, Phles Stone, Hope, Ark. Chapter Boll Belhaven, Central, Colorado Woman's, GreenviUe, Grenada, Hardin, Lindenwood, Martha Washington, Stephens, St. Katherine's, Union. Sigma Iota Chi has 11 chapters, and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 800, the active membership 200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a gold shield bearing a skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroll dis- playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a shield of purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no ofiScial flag. Colors — Purple and Gold. Flower — ^Violet. Jewel — ^Ame- thyst. Open Motto — Deus, Libertas, Lex. Insignia — Eagle, Arm, Star. Patron — None. CaU — None. Magazine — The Parchment — 1907. Next Convention — Undecided. 88 Legal Sororities LEGAL SORORITIES Although the profession of law has heen open to women for some years, it has not to date been chosen by any great number, so it is not surprising that but two sororities have been founded in that field. The vigor of those now in existence, however, promises well for the future. Kappa Beta Pi December 15, 1908 National OfiScers President, Isabel R. Samuels, 5254 Wayne Ave., Chicago. Secretary, Frances R. CaUaway, 6632 Evans Ave., Chicago. Chancellor, Estella Akin, 1347 Marquette Bldg., Chicago. Chapter Roll California, Chicago, Chicago-Kent, De Pauw, John Mar- shall, Kansas City, Northwestern, Texas, Washington College of Law. The total membership is 200, the average active mem- bership 80, the average annual initiation 50. The badge is a monogram with the Kappa superimposed. The pledge pin is a small shield enameled in turquois and old gold. Colors— Turquoise Blue and Old Gold. Flower- Yellow Tea Rose. Magazine — Kappa Beta Pi Quarterly — 1916. Next Convention — Chicago, October, 1917. ProfeBsianal anb ilttittnr 1SaI>gpB Legal Sororities 89 Phi Delta Delta November, 1911 Chapter Roll Chicago-Kent, Oregon, Southern California. The total membership is 100. The badge is a kite of black enamel displaying the letters of the sorority. Colors — Old Rose and Violet. Flowers — ^Rose and Violet. Jewel — Pearl. 90 Medical Sororities MEDICAL SORORITIES The medical sororities are not numerous, for the number of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still com- paratively small. Opportunities for professional training along this special line are not lacking, as may be seen by a glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this head, but it is the liberal education that seems to appeal to the majority of girls who continue their studies beyond the secondary school. The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota, founded in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at present has only two, Nu Sigma Phi and Zeta Phi. Alpha Epsilon Iota February 26, 1890 Orand Chapter President, Dr. Sarah Morris, Madison, Wis. Secretary, Dr. Caroline Hedger, Minneapolis. Treasurer, Dr. Clara Jacobson, Chicago. Chapter RoU California,* Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Syracuse, Women's Medical College of Pennsyl- vania. *hOB Angelea and Sbo FritnciBco Uedical Departments. Medical Soeokities 91 The total membership is 600, the active membership 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in the three lowest angles. Above is a serpent's head. Colors — ^Black, White and Green. Flower— White Carna- tion. Next Convention — ^Undecided. Nu Sigma Phi March 15, 1898 General Officers President, Dr. Irene Robinson Pratt, Chicago. Secretary, Dr. Victoria Bergstrom, Chicago. Editor, Dr. Anna Hinds, Berwyn, lU. Chapter Roll Chicago, Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, Illi- nois, Indiana, Nebraska, Southern California, Valparaiso. The total membership is 300, the active membership 50, the average initiation 25. The badge is a gold monogram of the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in sequence, the Nu having as the required jeweling three emer- alds on the cross bar and five diamonds on each standard. Colors — Green and White. Flower — ^White Rose. Next Convention— Undecided. 92 Medical, Sororities Zeta Phi May 29, 1900 General Officers President, Dr. Edith Hale Swift, Boston. Secretary, Dr. Alice H. Bigelow, Boston. Treasurer, Dr. Dorothy Child, University of Kansas. Chapter Roll Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania. The total membership is 150, the active membership 25, the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear to left and right of the caduceus. Colors — Black, White and Gold. Flower — Daisy. Next Convention — Undecided. Musical, Soeobities 93 MUSICAL SORORITIES The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at De Pauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organiza- tions that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a sec- ond similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi Omega has always been most progressive and has grown rapidly. In 1903 it made a striking change in its policy, for instead of con- fining itself strictly to schools of music affiliated with univer- sities, it admitted such students from the liberal arts depart- ments as were taking courses in music. The Convention of 1908 went further and ruled that chapters might permit fifty per cent of their membership to be drawn from the liberal arts department with no music. In 1915 further legislation removed all stated requirements as to division of membership between the liberal arts and the fine arts. Alpha Chi Omega now regards itself as a general sorority with musical traditions. Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, establish- ing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its badge was a harp with three strings across which ran a ribbon of black enamel bearing the sorority's initials in gold. Its colors were lavender and white, its flower the white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, founded at the Metropolitan College of Music located at Cincinnati. For some years Mu 94 Musical, Sororities Phi Epsilon denied its members affiliation with any Congress Sorority, but since 1915 the society has regarded itself as both honorary and professional, so some of its chapter rolls carry the names of music students who are active members of Con- gress Sororities on the same campus. The musical sorority always labors under the disadvantage of drawing its material from a department where the average student remains only two years. Its influence, however, is very potent in holding its members to high standards of work along their chosen line. Delta Omicron September 8, 1909 Grand Officers President, Mrs. D. S. Babb, Xenia, Ohio. Secretary, Mrs. J. A. McClure, Jr., Columbus, Ohio. Treasurer, Mabel Metz, Newark, 0. Chapter Roll Cincinnati Conservatory, Denison, Detroit Conservatory, Michigan, Morrey School. Delta Omicron has 5 chapters. The total membership is 150, the active membership 50, and the average initiation 25. The badge is a jeweled lyre with a gold bar bearing the sorority letters in black enamel. The pledge pin is a mono- gram of the two letters. Colors — Old Rose and Silver. Flower — Lily-of-the-Valley. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Ames Tuam Sororem Quam Musical, Sororities 95 Ipsam. Insignia— Wheel, Torch, Serpents, Stars, Javelin, Triangle. Patron — ^None. Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. Mu Phi Epsilon November 13, 1903 Supreme CJouncil President, Mrs. Wm. E. Wright, 662 Park Ave., Meadville, Pa. Vice-President, Mrs. F. J. Compton, 554 Sheridan Sq., Chicago. Secretary, Hattie Elliott, 130 Seward Ave., Detroit. Treasurer, Clara Von Nostitz, 215 Rockingham St., Toledo. Editor, Emma K. Coleman, 2637 Bellevue Ave., Cincinnati. Chapter Roll Brenau, Bucknell, Chicago Conservatory, Chicago Musical College, Cincinnati Conservatory, Comb's Conservatory, De- troit Conservatory, Drake, Ithdca Conservatory, Kansas, Kroeger School of Music, Lawrence, Metropolitan Colleges of Music {Cincinnati and Indianapolis), Michigan, Mt. Union, New England Conservatory, Northwestern, Oregon, Pennsyl- vania College of Music, Simpson, Syracuse, Toledo Conserva- tory, Washington College of Music, Washington State. Mu Phi Epsilon has 25 chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. The total membership is 1,300, the active membership 400, the average initiation 200. The badge consists of a jeweled triangle bearing the Greek Letters and supporting another 96 Musical Sororities of black enamel ornamented with a lyre in gold. The pledge pin is a silver triangle bearing a raised lyre. Colors — Royal Purple and White. Flower — ^Violet. Jewel — Amethyst. Open Motto — Seeketh Not Her Own. Insignia — Lyre and Triangle. Patron — ^None. Magazine — Mu Phi Epsilon Quarterly — 1905. Next Convention — Eugene, Ore., May, 1919. Sigma Alpha Iota June 12, 1903 (rrand Officers President, Mrs. P. A. Mangang, 125 Giles St., Ithaca, N. Y. Vice-President, Rebecca Alter, 3669 Reading Road, Cincinnati. Rec. Sec, Elenore Walker, Rose Ann Bldg., Cincinnati. Cor. Sec, Ina Williams, 2228 Hill Terrace, Ithaca, N. Y. Treasurer, Jeanne Bresler, 1660 Second Ave., Detroit. Inspector, Mrs. E. S. Sherrill, 50 Dexter Blvd., Detroit. Editor, Hazel Sparks, 718 Commonwealth Ave., Boston. Chapter Roll American Conservatory (Chicago), Cincinnati College of Music, Cincinnati Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Indian- apolis College of Musical Art, Ithaca Conservatory, Lawrence, Lincoln University School of Music, Michigan, Millikin, New England Conservatory, North Dakota, Northwestern, Wash- burn. Musical Soroeitees 97 Sigma Alpha Iota has 14 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 600, the active membership 200, the average initiation 150. The badge consists of seven gold Pan pipes surrounded by a jeweled ellipse bearing the sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is the Pan pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. Colors — Crimson and White. Flower — Crimson Rose. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. In- signia — ^Pan Pipes, Ellipse. Patron^ — None. Magazine — Pan Pipes — 1910. Annual— The Tear Book— 1910. Next Convention — Cincinnati, April, 1918. 98 Osteopathic Sororities OSTEOPATHIC SORORITIES The new school of healing, Osteopathy, has called into be- ing new fraternities and sororities. The first one of the latter, Delta Omega, is as yet without a national rival. Delta Omega October 15, 1904 Grand Council President, Dr. Ada A. Achorn, 687 Boylston St., Boston. Vice-President, Dr. Jessie A. Wakeham, 1049 Rush St., Chi- cago. Secretary, Dr. L. Verna Simons, 301 State St., Grand Rapids, Mich. Treasurer, Dr. Kathryn B. Lomas, 1405 Hinman Ave., Evans- ton, 111. Chapter Roll American School of Osteopathy, Los Angeles, Still College. Delta Omega has 3 college chapters, but no alumnae as- sociations. The total membership is 160, the active member- ship 40, the average initiation 15. The badge is a kite of olive green enamel bordered with gold and bearing in gold a skull and cross-bones in the upper part, while below are the sorority letters in gold on a white chevron. The pledge pin is a Delta of green enamel within a gold Omega. Colors — ^Olive Green and Gold. Flower — Chrysanthemum. Jewel — ^Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Kite, Skull, Cross-Bones. Patron — None. Call — None. Magazine — The Alpha, 1912. Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. Pedagogical Soeobities 99 PEDAGOGICAL SORORITIES The normal sorority is the most recent development of the fraternity idea. Local normal societies may be found in many places and in New York State there are several organi- zations with fanciful names, such as Agonian, Arethusa, Clionian, that have been in existence for a number of years and have from time to time chartered locals in neighboring normal schools. There is, however, but slight cohesion be- tween the chapters and no central governing body. It re- mained for Sigma Sigma Sigma to launch the idea of a professional normal sorority and to establish a Greek-letter society that should be to the state normal school what the well- known sororities are to the state university. Sigma Sigma Sigma was founded at the Virginia State Normal School in 1898 and remained a local until 1903, when it secured a state charter and began establishing chapters. Within six years charters were granted to Lewisburg Semi- nary (1903), Randolph-Macon "Woman's College (1904), Pea- body Teachers College, HoUins Institute, Searcy Institute and Southwestern University (1905), Frederick Woman's College (1906), Union University (1909). Owing to anti- sorority regulations the Frederick and Searcy chapters became inactive in 1907 and that at Lewisburg in 1908. Within the next few years the sorority found numerous opportunities to charter petitioning locals in state normal schools, and as this 100 Pedagogical Soeoeities field promised a splendid development the Convention of 1911 voted to make a radical change in policy. The college chapters were in consequence released from their allegiance. Those at Randolph-Macon and Southwestern went into Delta Delta Delta. The chapter at Union will remain with Tri Sigma until suitable arrangements can be made for it. Alpha Sigma Alpha was the second of the "hybrid" sorori- ties to enter the pedagogical field. It was founded at the Virginia State Normal School also, remaining local until 1903, when it started on a career of expansion, granting charters to Lewisburg Seminary (1903), Columbia College for Women (1904), Mary Baldwin Seminary, Fauquier Institute, Pair- mount Seminary and Ward Seminary (1905), Randolph- Macon (1908), Brenau, Mt. Union and St. Mary's (1909), Shorter (1910), Hamilton School (1911). The chapters at Lewisburg, Columbia, Mary Baldwin, Fauquier, Fairmount, St. Mary's and Shorter were killed by anti-sorority rules. By 1914 the only chapters in existence were those at Virginia, Randolph-Macon, Brenau and Mt. Union. The three coUegiate groups being desirous of affiliation with Congress sororities so as to strengthen themselves locally, it became necessary for the Mother Chapter to find a new field for itself. This it did by becoming a professional pedagogical sorority in 1914, when it combined with several other sororities of long standing in nor- mal schools. The Randolph-Macon chapter went into Pi Beta Phi in 1913, those at Brenau and Mt. Union affiliating with Delta Delta Delta in 1914. Pedagogical Soeoeities 101 Alpha Sigma Alpha November 15, 1901 National Council President, Mrs. W. H. Martin, 5 Cobden St., Roxbury, Mass. Vice-President, Ida A. Jewett, KirksviUe, Mo. Secretary, Edith Gamble, Downing, Mo. Treasurer, Ruth Duffey, South Charleston, Ohio. Registrar, Eleanor Lowry, Aspinwall, Pa. Historian, Dorothy Batten, Suffolk, Va. Librarian, Mary A. Paden, Carr, Colo. Ritualist, Minnie Shockley, Alva, Oklahoma. Chapter Roll Alva, Emporia, Greeley, KirksviUe, Miami, Ohio, Penn- Indiana, Virginia. Alpha Sigma Alpha has 8 chapters and 10 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 800, the active membership 200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a concave square of black enamel displaying the sorority letters, a star and a crown. The pledge pin is similarly shaped, but enameled in crimson. The flag is a white oblong displaying a crimson phoenix. Colors — ^Pearl White, Crimson, Pabn Green and Gold. Flowers — ^Aster and Narcissus. Jewels — Pearl and Ruby. Open Motto — Aspire, Seek, Attain. Insignia — Star, Crown, Pabn Tree, Phoenix. Patron — Hermes. Call — Rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, A-S-A, A-S-A, A-S-A, Forever ! Esoteric Weekly— Tfce Phoenix — 1914. Next Conventions-Undecided, 1918. 102 Pedagogical Sororities Delta Sigma Epsilon September 28, 1918 National Council President, Alice Peterson, Greeley, Colo. Secretary, Mrs. Orley See, Sacramento, Cal. Treasurer, Irene Woodmansee, Cherokee, Okla. Organizer, Virginia Stark, Mansfield, Ohio. Editor, Lillian Bevan, McKeesport, Pa. Chapter Eoll Alva, Emporia, Greeley, Miami, Penn-Indiana. Delta Sigma Epsilon has 5 chapters and 5 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 300, the active membership 150, the average initiation 75. The badge is a seven-sided shield of black enamel, bearing the sorority letters, a cornucopia and a circle. The pledge pin is a cornucopia. Colors — Olive Green and Cream. Flower — Cream Tea Rose. Jewel — ^Pearl. Open Motto — ^Nihil Sine Lahore. In- signia — Circle, Cornucopia. Patron — ^None. Magazine— T/ie Shield— 1911. Next Convention, Greeley, Colo., 1918. Pi Kappa Sigma November 17, 1894 National Council President, Alice M. Lowden, Ypsilanti, Mich. Vice-President, Martha G. Ziegler, 2362 Wheeler St., Cin- cinnati. Pedagogical Sororities 103 Secretary, Frederiea Breteh, 2314 California Ave., Pittsburgh. Treasurer, Helen M. Cook, 307 Adams St., Ypsilanti, Mich. Chapter Roll Alva, Cincinnati, Miami, Penn-Indiana, Ypsilanti. Pi Kappa Sigma has 5 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The total membership is 750, the active membership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is a modified triangular shield of black enamel, displaying the sorority letters and a lamp, and carrying a diamond surrounded by thirteen gold rays. The pledge pin is a modified triangle enameled in tur- quoise and carrying the sorority letters. Colors — Turquoise and Gold. Flowers — Forget-me-not and Jonquil. Jewel — None. Open Motto— None. Insignia — Lamp, Star, Phi, Open Book, Laurel Wreath, Scroll. Patron — None. CaU— C. E. E. Flat. E. C. Next Convention — Cincinnati, 1919. Sigma Sigma Sigma April 20, 1898 Grand Chapter President, Mabel L. "Walton, "Woodstock, "Va. Vice-President, Mrs. Bruce Devor, Clarksburg, "W. "Va. Secretary, Hazel Geer, 701 Congress St., Ypsilanti, Mich. Treasurer, Carrie K. Mason, Mattoax, "Va. Inspector, Genevieve Kirkbride, Foster Hall, Chicago. Editor, Mre. J. J. Eaton, 1327 S. 20th St., Birmingham, Ala. 104 Pedagogical Sororities Chapter Roll Alva, Buffalo, Emporia, Greeley, Kirksville, Miami, Ohio, Penn-Indiana, Union, Virginia, Warrensburg, Ypsilanti. Sigma Sigma Sigma has 12 chapters and 9 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 900, the active membership 250, the average initiation 150. The badge is an equilateral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and cross- bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented triangle superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of purple crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the sorority letters in purple, the purple fields displaying a triangle and a circle in white. Colors — Purple and White. Flower — ^Violet. Jewel — None. Open Motto — Faithful unto Death. Insignia — Skull, Cross-Bones, Triangle, Circle. Patron — None. Magazine — The Triangle — 1905. Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. NiECEOLOGT OF CHAPTERS 105 NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS Alpha Chi Omega— Bucknell University, 1898-99. Alpha Delta Ti—Wesleyan College, 1851-1916 ; Salem College, 1905-09; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1906-08; Alabama, 1907-08; Alabama Women's CoUege, 1910-13. Alpha Gamma Delta — ^Wesleyan University, 1906-12. Alpha Kappa Plsi— St. Mary's School, 1904-11; Virginia Female Institute, 1904-09; Wesleyan CoUege,* 1907-13; Stetson University,* 1909-13; Shorter College, 1911-12; Florida,* 1908-16; Synodieal, t 1913-16. Alpha Omicron Fi— Barnard, 1897-1915. Alpha Phi— Barnard, 1903-15. Alpha Sigma Alpha — OlJewisburg Institute, 1904-07 ; Columbia College (S. C), 1904-10; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1905- 08; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06; Fairmont Seminary, 1906-08; "Ward Seminary, 1907-10; Randolph-Macon Woman's CoUege,§ 1908-13; St. Mary's School, 1909-11; Brenau,* 1909-14; Mt. Union,* 1909-14; Shorter College, 1910-12; Hamilton School, 1911-12. Beta Sigma Omicron — Christian, 1888-92 1910-15; Missouri VaUey CoUege, 1892-93 ; Sedalia, Mo. High School, 1898- 1906; Pueblo, Colo., High School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1903-08; Ward-Belmont, 1903-15; Fairmont Seminary, 1904-12; Potter CoUege, 1906-09; Brenau, 1907-14; Liberty CoUege, 1908-13; Crescent CoUege, 1909- 14; Woman's College of Alabama, 1911-13. * Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta. § Affiliated with Pi Beta Phi. |f Affiliated with Eta Upsilon Gamma. 106 Neceoloqy op Chapters Chi Omega — Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-02; Hellmuth Woman's College, 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899- 1903; University of Mississippi, 1899-1912; Union Uni- versity, 1903-11 ; Barnard, 1906-15. Delta Delta Delta— Wesleyan University, 1895-1912; Barnard, 1903-15; Mississippi, 1904-12; Wooster, 1912-14; Wes- leyan College, 1913-16. Delta Gamma — Warren Female Institute* 1874-89; Water Valley Seminary, 1877-80; Fairmont College, 1877-80 Bolivar CoUege, 1878-81; Franklin CoUege, 1878-83 Hanover College, 1881-87; Synodical College, 1882-85 Mt. Union College, 1882-1909; St. Lawrence University, 1884-87 ; Adalbert College, 1883-88 ; University of South- ern California, 1887-97. Eta Upsilon Gamma — Christian, 1901-15; Forest Park Uni- versity, 1903-12; Potter College, 1907-09; Brenau College, 1910-11; Judson, 1910-14; Ward-Belmont, 1912-15. Gamma Phi Beta — Barnard, 1901-15. Kappa Alpha Theta^— Moore's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois Wesleyan University, 1875-95 ; Wooster University, 1875- 1913; Ohio University, 1876-86; Simpson CoUege, 1879- 91; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1881-81; Hanover Col- lege, 1882-99 ; Wesleyan University, 1883-87 ; Albion Col- lege, 1887-1908 ; University of the Pacific, 1889-90 ; Bar- nard, 1898-1915. Kappa Delta— -Firgriww Normal School, 1897-1912; Chatham Episcopal Institute, 1902-04; Sub-rosa, 1902-04; Gunston * Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford Female Institute, and located at Oxford, Miss. Necrology op Chapters 107 Hall, 1903-12; Fairmont Seminary, 1903-12; St. Mary's School, 1904-11; Columbia College, 1905-10; Caldwell CoUege, 1907-08; Woman's CoUege Alabama, 1913-13. Kappa Kappa Gamma — Monmouth College, 1870-84; St. Mary's School (Knoxville, 111.), 1871-74; Smithson Col- lege, 1872-75; Rockford Seminary, 1874-76; Wooster, 1876-1913; Franklin College, 1879-84; Simpson CoUege, 1880-90; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1880-84; Lassell Seminary, 1881-82; Barnard, 1891-1915. Phi Ma— Wesleyan CoUege, 1852-1916; Salem College, 1904- 09; St. Mary's School, 1906-10; Chevy Chase School, 1907-10 ; Hardin College, 1907-11 ; Belmont College, 1907- 11 ; Shorter College, 1911-12. Phi Mu Gamma— Hollins College, 1898-1916 ; The Ely School, 1902-06; Brenau, 1902-14; Judson College, t 1904-13; Louisiana State University, 1908-10; Potter College, 1908-09; New England Conservatory,^ 1908-15; Shorter College, 1910-12; Newcomb,^ 1910-14; "Woman's College of Alabama, 1911-13 ; Christian, 1914-15 ; Ward-Belmont, 1914-15; Middlebury,t 1914-16. Pi Beta Fhi— Monmouth College, 1867-84; Mt. Pleasant Fe- male Seminary, 1869-71 ; De Pauw "University, 1870-77 ; Baptist Young Ladies' Seminary, Indianapolis, 1870-71; Illinois Wesleyan College, 1872- ? ; State Institute, Bloom- ington, Indiana, 1872-85; Pella College, Pella, Iowa, 1881- ? ; Dearborn Seminary, Chicago, 111., 1881-83 ; Jack- t Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta. § Affiliated with Gamma Phi Beta. ' Affiliated with Sigma Alpha Iota. "Affiliated with Kappa Alpha Theta. 108 Necrology of Chaptbes sonville Female Academy, Jacksonville, 111., 1881-84; Iowa State Normal, Bloomfield, Iowa, 1881-85; Carthage Col- lege, 1882-88; Nebraska Methodist College, York, Neb., 1884-92; Coe CoUege, 1884-86; Wesleyan College, Cincin- nati, Ohio, 1885-86 ; Callanan College, 1886-88 ; Hastings CoUege, 1887-90; Barnard, 1904-15; Wooster, 1910-13. Sigma Iota Chi — Alexandria, La.,* 1903-06; Winchester Normal CoUege, 1904-07 ; Cincinnati Conservatory, 1 1904- 15 ; Hannah Moore Academy, 1906-08 ; National Cathedral School, 1907-08; Potter College, 1907-09; Virginia Col- lege, 1907-10; Hagerman CoUege, 1907-10; Gunston Seminary, 1908-10; Crescent CoUege, 1909-11; Brenau CoUege, 1910-13; Shorter CoUege, 1910-12; Ward- Belmont, 1914-15. Sigma Kappa — Brown University, 1908-12. Sigma Sigma Sigma — Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08; Ran- dolph-Macon Woman's College, J 1904-11; Searcy Insti- tute, 1905-07; HoUins, 1905-14; Southwestern Univer- sity, J 1905-11; Frederick Woman's CoUege, 1906-07. Zeta Tau Alpha — Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906 ; Hannah Moore Academy, 1900-04 ; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 06; Richmond CoUege, 1905-08. • Sigma Iota Chi was founded by graduates of two sister schools, located at Alexandria, St. James and St. Xavier. The society had no constitution until 1906, when the Belmont chapter, founded in 1905, became incorporated under the laws of Tennessee. t Affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon. t Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta when Sigma Sigma Sigma became a normal sorority. HoNOEABT Societies 109 HONORARY SOCIETIES Honorary Greek-Letter societies grow more nmnerous with the years, as specialization leads most naturally to differentia- tion in degrees and as university authorities endeavor to find some way of adding distinction to the student who has done work of unusual excellence. At present women are eligible to membership in four, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was originally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like those of the present time, but owing to force of circumstances its secrets became known and the society gradually assumed a new character. The three others, all founded within the last quarter century, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa with such changes as special needs demanded. Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as represented by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scientific studies to a place of honor among the humanities, while Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any department of col- legiate education. Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. Its object is high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly employed. Phi Beta Kappa Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the Col- lege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was "A happy spirit and resolu- 110 Honorary Societies tion of attaining the important ends of society." With this aim in view much attention was given to essays and debates with an anniversary banquet as an outlet for the youthful spirits of the members. The society was essentially secret, had a most binding oath of fidelity and a peculiar token of saluta- tion. The original records give no clue to the source from which came the inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter society, but the philosophical clubs then so common among the students at French and German universities may have led the founders to establish an organization that should stand for good fellowship. Then, too, the stirring times in which they lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patriots, the very Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless suggested the value of a united brotherhood. Early provisions were made for placing branches elsewhere, for the organizers believed it was "Repugnant to the liberal principles of Societies that they should be confined to any particular place. Men or Description of Men, but that they should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree and of whatever country." The records show that the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters were granted, but do not indicate that such branches were organized. The War of the Revolu- tion may have put an end to them as it did to the parent chapter. On January 3, 1781, the British fleet appeared off the coast and three days later the last meeting was held. It is interesting to learn from history that nearly one-third of the fifty members enlisted in the Continental Army, that seventeen served in the state legislature, that eight were mem- bers of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitu- HoNOKARY Societies 111 tion, that two became United States Senators and five Repre- sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in their day. No attempt was made to revive the chapter at William and Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had existed for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the mother chapter is now in a Adgorous condition and likely to remain so for many a year. The suspension of meetings in 1781 would in all probability have rung the death-knell of this most interesting organization had it not been for the fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmele, Harvard, '79, went to Williamsburg for post- graduate work. Such an idea seems strange today, but in colonial times William and Mary was the richest as well as the most thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancel- lors were the Bishops of London, its presidents their repre- sentatives. As the most prosperous college in the colonies it doubtless offered unusual opportunities along some lines. Mr. Parmele was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he asked for permission to establish branches at Harvard and Yale. The charters were called the Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. Bight years later these two chap- ters granted a charter to Dartmouth and for thirty years these colleges constituted the roll. When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arous- ing all New England in 1831, John Quinev Adams, Judge Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to 112 Honorary Societies the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say that, "He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking the oath of secrecy and the society life was thus endangered. There was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed and the missionary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the Harvard boys." The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 1817 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 1825. The newer organizations with their charm of secrecy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little by little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic records and honor men alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa, it tran- spired that the mother of fraternities lost many of its original characteristics and came to stand, as it does today, for a brotherhood of scholars. "For nearly half a century," wrote Edward Everett Hale in 1879, in his Fossil from the Tertiary, "it was the only society in America that could pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy." And it happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the nation some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and poems delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa. Among the famous men whose names have appeared upon the programs of the great public gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phillips, "Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emer- son, Holmes and Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination of a movement that resulted in the formation in April of 1877 of an alumni HoNOKARY Societies 113 association in New York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could be established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in that state being dependent upon the wiU of the Alpha. This most unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the impossibility of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without definite organization, the absence of any system of literary activity, were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt was made to evolve a national organization until the Harvard chapter celebrated its centenary on June 30, 1881. At this time the idea of a governing body was suggested and discussed, but no definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of dele- gates from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a resolution was made to recommend a permanent and a repre- sentative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, Sep- tember 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unanimously adopted a constitution which was ratified in 1883 by all the chapters. The organization was known henceforth as "The United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa." Under the present arrangement aU applications for char- ters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty promi- nent members of national reputation, who hold their office for six years, and each application must be endorsed by five exist- ing chapters. The charter grants depend to a large extent upon the recommendations of these men, but the final decision is made at the Triennial Convention, and no charters are is- 114 HoNOEAEY Societies sued without the consent of delegations representing a major- ity of chapters. Since the new constitution went into effect, the society has given evidence of greatly increased vigor. Many triennial conventions liave been held and numerous char- ter grants have been made. Much has been done also to bring about the unification of the chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such institutions as grant the A.B. degree in regular course are eligible to charters and no chapter is expected to elect to membership more than one-fourth of the graduating class. The recent movement to gather valu- able historical data and to publish periodical literature, cul- minating in a quarterly, called The Phi Beta Kappa Key, is a most important one. The Elisha Parmele Scholarship, for which a fund had been accumulating, became effective in 1911, and is devoted to educating at William and Mary Col- lege a son* of a worthy Phi Beta Kappa member. Women were first admitted to membership about the year 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cor- nell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its organization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, however, was very small up to the year 1890, for until that time few chapters existed at colleges open to them. The de- cision of recent conventions to grant charters to independent eoUeges for women and the election of a woman to the Senate, indicate that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becoming truly representative of the highest scholarship in the United States. * If William and Mary should admit women, daughters will be eligible to the scholarship. Honorary Societies 115 Sigma Xi The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, was founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a few earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to an unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the exact date of organization is not known. The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, Spoudon Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to encourage original investigation in science, pure and applied, and to secure for scientific studies a place of honor among the humani- ties of a liberal culture. Chapters may be established at any institution offering courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- tially equivalent to the usual four years' college course. The active membership is composed of resident professors, instruc- tors, graduate students and seniors. The last may never be more than one-fifth of the class. No distinction on account of sex has ever been made. Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which may be established anywhere upon the application of five members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the right of suffrage at the convention and may elect to member- ship graduates of other institutions of learning at which the society has no chapters. Phi Kappa Phi Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, July 14, 1897. The motto means "The Love of Learning 116 . Honorary Societies Rules the World" and the aim of the incorporators was "to provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy of Education and open to honor graduates of all departments of American Universities and Colleges." All candidates for a baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to sex, are eligible to membership in their senior year, provided their scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of the class. All applications for charters must be made to the Board of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed of the president general, the secretary general and three others. These five men have the power to investigate all ap- plications and to make all charter grants. Active chapters may be established at universities and colleges "of good stand- ing." Alumni chapters have as many votes in the convention as the active chapters, but have never received the right to elect new members to the fraternity. Alpha Omega Alpha Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical School of the University of Illinois, August 25, 1902. Chapters are limited to medical schools of the highest standing, and the membership may at no time exceed one-sixth of the graduating class. The constitution empowered the fraternity from the first to admit women. "To be worthy to serve the suffering" is the motto of the society. Honorary Societies 117 Phi Beta Kappa December 5, 1776 Officers President, Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL.D., Amherst, Mass. Vice-President, Edward A. Birge, LL.D., Madison, "Wis. Secretary, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, D.D., 350 East 146th St., New York, N. Y. Chapter RoUt Allegheny, Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati, Carleton, Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Mar- shall, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell,* Hamilton, Harvard, Haver- ford, Hobart, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Knox, Lafayette, Lawrence, Lehigh, Marietta, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Ne- braska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwest- ern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pomona, Princeton, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- lege, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vander- bilt, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Wash- ington State, Washington and Lee, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Wes- tern Reserve, West Virginia, WiUiam and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek letters of the t Cf. Addenda. * The corporate name is Iowa College. 118 Honorary Socbeties society's name. Early in the Northern history of the order the familiar watch key pattern of the present day came into use. There were many styles and for years much latitude was allowed, but since 1910 there has been a standard badge. On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words Fhilosophia Biou Kubemetes, Philosophy the Guide of Life, and a hand pointing to three stars, symbolic of the society's lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the date of founding, the owner's name, college and class, and the letters S. P., which mean Societas Philosophiea. Original Colors — Green and Pink. Never formally adopted hj the United Chapters. Magazine — The Phi Beta Kappa Key — 1910. Next Convention — Undecided, September, 1919. Sigma Xi November, 1886 Officers President, Julius Stieglitz, University of Chicago. Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph.D., University of Illinois. Treasurer, George B. Pegram, Ph.D., Columbia University. Chapter Roll Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Honorary Societies 119 Texas, Union, Washington, "Washington State, "Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the Sigma and Xi in black enamel. The seal is a laurel wreath sur- rounding ten stars and a lamp of research. Colors — Electric Blue and White. Magazine — Sigma Xi Quarterly — 1913. Next Convention — Undecided, December 28-30, 1918. Phi Kappa Phi July 14, 1897 Officers President, Edwin E. Sparks, Ph.D., State College, Pa. Secretary, L. H. Pammel, M.S., Ames, Iowa. Registrar, James S. Stevens, M.S., LL.D., Orono, Me. Treasurer, C. H. Gordon, M.A., Knoxville, Tenn. Chapter Roll Alabama Polytechnic, Delaware, Florida, Georgia School of Technology, Iowa State College, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Nebraska Wesleyan, Nevada, North Dakota College, Pennsyl- vania College, Rhode Island, Tennessee. The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or medal, is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and below the words, "Founded 1897." The ribbon of the frater- 120 Honorary Societies nity is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on the front edge of the sleeves. Colors — Black and White. Next Convention — Undecided, December, 1918. Alpha Omega Alpha August 25, 1902 Officers President, Winfield S. HaU, M.D., LL.D., Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School, Chicago. Vice-President, Walter B. Cannon, A.M., M.D., Harvard Medi- cal School, Boston. Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, B.S., M.D., Slater, N. Y. Chapter Roll California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbia, Cornell, Har- vard, Illinois, Indiana, Jefferson, Johns Hopkins, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Toronto, Tulane, Washington, Western Reserve. The badge is a watch key bearing the society's letters and the year of founding. Next Convention — ^With American Medical Association. HoNORABY Associations 121 THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE November, 1881 General Officers President, Mrs. Lois Kimball Mathews, University of Wiscon- sin, Madison, Wis. Vice-President, Mrs. John H. Huddleston, 245 West 78th, N. T. C. Executive Secretary, Mrs. Gertrude S. Martin, 934 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y- Treasurer, Mrs. Katharine P. Pomeroy, 938 Glengyle PL, Chi- cago. RoU ,-* Barnard, Beloit, Boston, Brown, Bryn Mawr, California, Carleton, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clark* Colorado College, Colo- rado, Columbia, Cornell, De Pauw, Drake, Barlham, Elmira, Goucher, Grinnell, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lake Forest, Lawrence, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- leyan, Pennsylvania, Pomona, Purdue, Radcliffe, Rochester, Smith, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Trinity, Toronto, Vassar, Washington, Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Yale. Branches Albany, Ann Arbor, Appleton, Beloit, Binghamton, Bloomington, lU., Bloomington, Ind., Boise, Boston, Buffalo, * Only those women are eligible in italicized universities who hold advanced, nonprofessional degrees. 122 Honorary Assocutions Butte, Canon City, Chanute, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbia, Columbus, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, El Paso, Emporia, Eugene, Fall River, Fres- no, Great Palls, Greenwich, Honolulu, Huntington, Indian- apolis, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Lafayette, Lansing, Laramie, Lawrence, Lincoln, Los Angeles, Madison, Manila, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Missoula, New Haven, New York, Northfield, North Yakima, Oberlin, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Ore., Providence, Rochester, Rock Island, San Ber- nardino, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Sioux City, Spo- kane, Springfield, HI., Springfield, Mo., Springfield, Ohio, St. Louis, St. Paul, Superior, Syracuse, Tacoma, Toledo, Urbana, Utiea, Washington. Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 1919. Honorary AssocuTipNS 123 SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN July, 1903 Officers President, Elizabeth A. Colton, Meredith College, Raleigh, N. C. Secretary, Mary Leal Harkness, Newcomb College, New Or- leans, La. Treasurer, Lucy Bartholomew, Westhampton College, Rich- mond, Va. Roll Agnes Scott, Alabama, Allegheny, Barnard, Bates, Baylor, Beloit, Boston, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Bucknell, California, Carleton, Chattanooga, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clark,* Coe, Col- by, Colorado College, Colorado, Columbia, Converse, Cornell College, Cornell, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Doane, Drake, Drury, Earlham, Elmira, Fargo, Franklin, George Washing- ton, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell, Hobart, Hunter, Illinois, Illinois Woman's, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kentucky; Knox, Lake Forest, Lawrence, Louisiana, Louisville, Maine, McGill, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Technology, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Mills, Millsaps, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Park, Parsons, Peabody, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pomona, Purdue, * Cf. p. 121. 124 Honorary Associations Radcliife, Randolph-Macon, Reed, Rice, Richmond, Ripon, Rochester, Rockford, Smith, South Dakota, Southern, South- western, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Stanford, Syracuse, Ten- nessee, Texas, Toronto, Transylvania, Trinity, N. C, Trinity, D. C, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Vermont, Washington, Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, Wesleyan, Western, Western Reserve, Westhampton, West Virginia, Wil- liam Smith, Wisconsin, Wooster, Yale. Branches Asheville, Altanta, Baltimore, Baton Rouge, Birmingham, Charlotte, N. C, Chattahooches, Columbus, Miss., Durham, Port Worth, Georgia, Greensboro, Greenville, Jackson, Knox- ville, Lexington, Macon, Mobile, Montevallo, Montgomery, Murfreesboro, Nashville, Natchitoches, New Orleans, Raleigh, Richmond, Rock Hill, San Antonio, Tampa, Winston-Salem. Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 1919. Honorary Associations 125 THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION March 10, 1906 Officers President, Henry Smith Pritchett. Secretary, Clyde Furst. Treasurer, Robert A. Franks. Headquarters, 576 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Roll Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Bowdoin, Brooklyn Polytechnic, California, Carleton, Case, Central, Cincinnati, Clark, Clark- son, Coe, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dalhousie, Dartmouth, Dickinson, Drake, Drury, Franklin, Grinnell, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Knox, Lawrence, Lehigh, McGill, Marietta, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, New York, Oberlin, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Princeton, Purdue, Radcliffe, Rensselaer, Ripon, Rochester, Rose, Smith, Stanford, Stevens, Swarthmore, Toronto, Trinity, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington and Jefferson, Washington, Wellesley, Wells, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. 126 Statistical Data STATISTICAL DATA There are in the United States 439 colleges open to women. They are of four types, the affiliated, the coeducational, the coordinate, and the independent college for women. The first and third kinds are rare, there being only seven affiliated and four coordinate colleges. They are invariably of high grade, all but one being on the roll of Phi Beta Kappa. Both the coeducational colleges and those for women only are numerous, there being 332 of the former and 96 of the latter. Broadly speaking, the coeducational college is a standard one, but the same thing is not true of the independent college for women, for though some of this type are the equal of the best universities in the country, many are little more than seminaries, or at most do only one or two years of college work. Each year, however, there is marked improvement. The public is demanding uniformity. In the following pages each college is placed under one of the four heads already mentioned. Enrolment on the As- sociation of the Collegiate Alumnae, the Carnegie Foundation and Phi Beta Kappa is indicated by appropriate abbrevia- tions. Such enrolment always stamps an institution as of special excellence, but since a place on the Carnegie Founda- tion is granted to nonsectarian colleges only, the absence of the letter "C" in the case of denominational institutions does not indicate inferiority. Statistical Data 127 Affiliated Colleges The word afBliated is used to designate such colleges for women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the adminis- tration of a college for men. The woman's college may, or may not, have an individual name, but in every case the separation is complete, i. e., the men and women do not meet in the classroom. Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they are, they show many marked differences in the methods employed in furnishing the instruction to the women students. In the ease of Radcliffe, opened in 1879, by a corporation under the name of "The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women," but popularly known as "Harvard Annex" until its incorporation as a college for women in 1894, the instruction is given by members of the Harvard faculty. Though most of its courses are identical with courses in Harvard and all are of the same grade as those given by the university, yfet many listed in the different departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb Col- lege was opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane Univer- sity, but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and has a faculty of its own. The recent Phi Beta Kappa charter grant to Tulane has been interpreted as including Newcomb. At Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated as an under- graduate woman's college of Columbia, the courses are given by professors appointed by the trustees of the University. Barnard graduates receive their degrees from Columbia and may take up postgraduate work at the university under the 128 Statistical Data same conditions as men. Brown University admitted women informally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and estab- lished the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. Western Reserve University became coeducational in 1872, but made a change in policy in 1888. As long as coeducation existed the women were eligible to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1906 at the suggestion of the fraternity 's senate, a special Woman 's Section of the Western Reserve chapter was formed and arrangements made to include past graduates of the Woman's CoUege. Tufts College is the most recent convert, having established Jackson College for Women in 1910 after eighteen years of coeducation. In the case of William Smith College, which was opened in 1908 and which is affiliated with Hobart, a famous college for men dating back to 1822, the compelling cause was a legacy left for the express purpose of educating women. As affiliated colleges are not numerous and as aU are of unusual excellence, statistics are given for the entire seven, even where the sorority idea is not tolerated. Brown had sororities for fifteen years, but abolished them in 1912. There have never been any at Radcliffe, but this is due to local conditions rather than to any definite policy of oppo- sition on the part of the administration. In the case of the Woman's College of Western Reserve the authorities feel that the local societies are best for the women students, though fraternities are countenanced among the men. The trustees of William Smith are at present opposed to the formation of even local societies. Recent action on the part of the Barnard Statistical Data 129 faculty caused sororities there to die a natural death after a quarter century of existence. Newcomb has had sophomore pledging for a number of years under faculty rule. Jackson authorities are favorable to sororities. Barnard College New York, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1889; Valuation $2,869,843; En- dowment $1,290,190; Faculty 72, Men 47, Women 25; Stu- dents 794; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree, A.B. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — Hepomene To Logismo. Colors — Pale Blue and White. Brown University Providence, R. I. Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Women's College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endowment $2,500,000; Faculty 83, Men 81, Women 2; Students 994, Men 814, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., M.S., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — Deo Speramus. Colors — Brown and White. Newcomb College New Orleans, La. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1887 ; Valuation $700,000 ; Endow- ment $3,100,000; Faculty 52, Men 19, Women 33; Students 412; Tuition $250; Expenses $225; Degrees, A.B., B.Mus. # B K. 130 Statistical Data Motto — None. Colors — Light Blue and Brome. Sororities— 1891, Pi Beta Phi ; 1898, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1900, Chi Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Phi Mu; 1907, Alpha Delta Pi ; 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta.* Radcliffe College Cambridge, Mass. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1879 ; Valuation $900,000 ; Endow- ment $900,000; Faculty 136, Men 136, Women 0; Students 584; Tuition $200; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and WMte. Tufts College Tufts College, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Wo- man's CoUeget created 1910; Valuation $2,725,000; Endow- ment $1,600,000; Faculty 254, Men 250, Women 4; Students 1142, Men 1022, Women 120; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., B.D., M.D., D.M.D. C, * B K. Motto — Pax Et Lux. Colors — Brown and Blue. Sororities — 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1910, Chi Omega; 1913, Sigma Kappa; 1909, Zeta Phi (Med.). Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; Wo- men's College created 1888; Valuation $1,672,585; Endow- * Phi Mu Gamma, 1910-14. t Jackson College. Statistical Data 131 ment $2,918,686; Faculty 226, Men 202, Women 24; Students 1404, Men 983, Women 421; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., A.M. A. C. A., C, $ B K. Motto — None. Colors — Gold and White. Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total membership is 86. Its founders intended that only students of Greek should be admitted, but this policy has been changed within the last few years. The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with gold scroll work and bearing the Q-reek letters in gold. The pledge pin is a circle of gold with a bar across the center. On the upper half of the circle are the words Delta Phi TJpsilou, engraved in Greek characters. The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower, the pansy. Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total membership is 78. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides outlined with a row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with four concave sides bears the three Greek letters in gold. The colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, identical in shape and size with the inner portion of the badge. Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership is 90. The badge is a five-pointed star set with pearls along the edges. An inner raised star of black enamel bears the gold letters Phi Kappa Zeta. The colors are black and gold, the flower, the daffodil. I Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership is 78. The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined with pearls and the corners emphasized with emeralds. An inner raised portion of black enamel bears the Greek letters of the society's name, the Sigma being placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters, the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of green enamel. The colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The flag is a pennant with gold letters on a green background. The open motto is ' ' Ever faithful. ' ' 132 Statistical Data William Smith College Geneva, N. Y. Nonsectarian ; Affiliated with Hobart College; Valuation $130,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 24, Men 21, Women 3; Students 60; Tuition $100; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. C, * B K. Motto — Bios Psyche. Color — Green. Coeducational Colleges With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohio Wesleyan University and Colorado College, which admit fra- ternities but frown upon local societies among women, there are practically no prominent -coeducational colleges closed to sororities. The seventy-seven institutions in the following list, to be sure, make up only one-fourth of the entire number of coeducational colleges mentioned by the United States Commissioner of Education, but of the other three-fourths many are so far from attaining the standards set by the best colleges that the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment of women that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. Adrian College Adrian, Mich. Methodist Protestant ; Opened 1859 ; Women admitted 1859; Valuation $250,000;* Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, * Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. Statistical Data 133 Men 15, Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; Tuition $35; Expenses $200 ;t Degrees, B.A., B.S., Ph.B., B.M., M.A., M.S. Motto — Let the truth shine. Colors — Canary and Black Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta Delta. Akron University^ Akron, Ohio Universalist ; Opened 1872 ; Women admitted 1872 ; Valua- tion $300,000; Endowment $210,000; Faculty 20, Men 17, Women 3; Students 175, Men 101, Women 75; Tuition $75; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S. Motto — Let there he light. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold. Sororities — 1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma; 1912, Phi Mu. University of Alabama University, Ala. State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 79; Students 659, Men 594, Women 65; Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D., LL.B. Motto— None. Colors — Crimson and White. Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta; 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1914, Delta Delta Delta. ^ Average annual cost to students in addition to tuition. % Buchtel College, 1872-1913. 134 Statistical Data Albion College Albion, Mich. Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; as col- lege 1861; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000; En- dowment $352,000 ; Faculty 28, Men 19, Women 9 ; Students 512, Men 275, Women 237 ; Tuition $40 ; Expenses $250 ; De- gree, B.A. Motto — Lux Fiat. Colors — Fmk and Green. Sororities — 1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Alpha CM Omega; 1915, Alpha Xi Delta. Allegheny College Meadville, Pa. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1815; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $1,025,000; Faculty 23, Men 20, Women 3 ; Students 406, Men 245, Women 161 ; Tuition $75 ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. $B K. Motto — None. Colors — Navy Blue and Gold. Sororities — 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1891, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1912, Alpha Gamma Delta. University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Ark. State ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted in 1871 ; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 80, Men 72, Wo- men 8; Students 630, Men 375, Women 255; Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., C.E., M.S., M.A., M.E., E.E., B.Mus., Ch.E. Statistical Data 135 Motto— None. Color— Ca/rdvnal. Sororities— 1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1909, Pi Beta Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta. Baker University Baldwin, Kan. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; "Women admitted 1858 ; Valuation $394,958 ; Endowment $264,981 ; Faculty 35, Men 23, Women 12; Students 512, Men 245, Women 267; Tuition $48 ;• Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M. Motto — Let him be first a man. Color — Cadmium. Sororities — 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega; 1912, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1916, Phi Mu. Bethany College Bethany, W. Va. Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Valua- tion $400,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 29, Men 21, Women 8; Students 387, Men 257, Women 130; Tuition $36; Expenses $160; Degrees, A.B., A.M., B.S., B.L. Motto — None. Colors — White and Green. Sororities— 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. Boston University Boston, Mass. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Valuation $1,113,000; Endowment $1,235,000; Faculty 148, Men 140, Women 8 ; Students 1781, Men 1180, Women 601; Tuition $130; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., S.B., S.T.B., 136 Statistical Data S.T.D., LL.B., J.B., LL.M., J.M., J.D., LL.D., M.D., M.B., Ch.B., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and White. Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 189«, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Sigma Kappa; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Alpha Gamma Delta. Butler College Indianapolis, Ind. Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- tion $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 14, Women 3 ; Students 612, Men 292, Women 320 ; Tuition $75 ; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M. Motto— None. Colors — Blue and White. Sororities — 1874, Kappa Alpha Theta;t 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, Delta Delta Delta. University of California Berkeley, Cal. State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation $9,021,673; Endowment $4,353,574; Faculty 487, Men 447, Women 40 ; Students 5083, Men 3081, Women 2002 ; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.L., B.S., M.A., M.S., M.L., Ph.D., M.C.E., M.E., Mech.E., M.D., LL.B., D.D.S., Pharm.B., Ph.C. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — Let there he light. Colors — Blue and Gold. Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma;* 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; * Inactive 1885-97. t Inactive 1886-1906. Statistical Data 137 1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Gamma; 1909, Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1910, Sigma Kappa; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi; 1915, Alpha Gamma Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha, Delta Zeta; 1916, Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). Cincinnati University Cincinnati, Ohio City; Opened 1819; "Women admitted 1874; Valuation $3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, Women 20; Students 1906, Men 1069, Women 837, Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. A. C. A., C, * B K Motto — Alta Petit. Colors — Scarlet and Black. Sororities — 1885, Kappa Kappa Gamma;' 1892, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Kappa Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1916, Delta Zeta. Coe College Cedar Kapids, Iowa Nonsectarian ; Opened 1881 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Valua- tion $750,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 34, Men 20, Women 14; Students 478, Men 175, Women 303; Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S. C. Motto — Veritas Virtusque. Colors — Crimson and Gold. Sororities — 1911, Kappa Delta; 1912, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, Chi Omega; 1917, Alpha Gamma Delta. Colorado Agricultural College Fort Collins, Colo. State; Opened 1876; Women admitted 1876; Valuation $640,000; Faculty 63, Men 49, Women 14; Students 870, Men * Inactive 1885-1914. 138 Statistical Data 426, Women 244; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.S., D. V. M. Motto — Service. Colors — Greeru and Gold. Sororities— 1915, Gamma Phi Beta; 1916, Kappa Delta: 1917, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta. University of Colorado Boulder, Colo. State; Opened 1877; "Women admitted 1877; Valuation $1,300,000; Endowment None; Faculty 200, Men 174, Women 26; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D., LL.B., B.Pharm. $ B K. Motto — Let your light shine. Colors — Silver and Gold. Sororities — 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1910, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi. Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $8,000,000; Endowment $15,000,000; Faculty 700, Men 685 ; Women 15 ; Students 5194, Men 4769, Women 425 ; Tuition $100; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D., D.V.M., C.E., M.E., il.C.E., M.M.E., B.S. in Arch., M.S. in Arch., B.S. in Agr., M.S. in Agr. A. C. A., C, * B K. Statistical Data 139 ^one. . / Colors — Carj(elian and White. rities — 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; Motto — None. Sororit 188^, Delt^ Gamma; ,1889, Xlpha Phi; 1908, A^a Omicron Pi; 1909, Dflta Zeta; 1913, D^lta Delta Delta; 1917, Ks^a Delta. University of Denver University Park, Colo. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 1880; Valuation $450,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 90, Men 80, Women 10; Students 1214, Men 700, Women 514; Tuition $60; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., M.S., Ph.D. Motto — None. Colors — Bed and Yellow. Sororities — 1885, Pi Beta Phi ; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma Kappa; 1914, Kappa Delta. De Pauw University Greencastle, Ind. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1867; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $1,151,518; Faculty 47, Men 31, Women 16 ; Students 860, Men 354, Women 506 ; Tuition $60 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., $ B K. Motto — Decus Lumenque Beipiiblioae Collegmm. Color — Old Gold. Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1967, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1908, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. Dickinson College Carlisle, Pa. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1883; Valuation $850,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 32; Stu- 140 Statistical Data dents 580, Men 483, Women 97 ; Tuition $6.25 ; Expenses $275 ; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., A.M. C, « B K. Motto — Pietate et Doctrvna Tula lAbertas. Colors — Bed and White. Sororities— 1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega. Drury College Springfield, Mo. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Valuation $550,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 27, Men 22, Women 5; Students 471, Men 224, Women 247; Tuition $40; Expenses $150 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., S.M., C. Motto — Christo et Mumamtati. Colors — Scarlet and Gray. Sororities — 1909, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta. Eureka College Eureka, 111. Nonsectarian; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1848; Valuation $250,000 ; Endowment $200,000 ; Faculty 23 ; Men 15, Women 8; Students 286, Men 120, Women 166; Tuition $50 ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S. Motto — None. Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. Sororities — 1917, Delta Zeta. Franklin College Franklin, Ind. Baptist; Opened 1834; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $264,800; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 15, Men 11, Women 4; Students 208, Men 94, Women 114; Tuition $63; Expenses $175; Degrees, A.B.,B.S., M.B., C. Statistical Data 141 Motto— Christianity and Culture. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold. Sororities— 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1912, Delta Delta Delta. George Washington University Washington, D. C. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 185; Students 1508, Men 1258, Women 250; Tuition $150; Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., E.B., M.B., M.D., Pharm.G., LL.B. Motto — Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors — Continental Buff and Blue. Sororities — 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1915, Phi Mu. Hanover College Hanover, Ind. Presbyterian; Opened 1827; Women admitted 1827; Valua- tion $200,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, Women 4; Students 200, Men 100, Women 100; Tuition $40; Expenses $250; Degree, A.B. Motto — Philosophia Pietati Ancillans. Colors — Bed and Blue. Sororities — 1913, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi. Hillsdale College Hillsdale, Mich. Nonsectarian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valuation $175,732; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 24, Men 16, Women 7; Students 476, Men 200, Women 276; Tuition $35; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., B.Pd. 142 Statistical Data Motto — Virtus Tentcmme Gaudet. Colors — JJltramarine Blue. Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation $779,100 ; Endowment $4,290,000 ; Faculty 66, Men 56, "Women 10; Students 568, Men 354, "Women 214; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $200; Degrees, B.A., B.S., LL.B., M.A., M.S. ilotto^ — Esto Ferpetua. Colors — Gold and White. Sororities — 1910, Gamma Phi Beta; 1911, Delta Gamma; 1915, Kappa Kappa Gamma. University of Illinois Urbana, 111. State; Opened 1868; "Women admitted 1870; "Valuation $5,000,000; Endowment $647,000; Faculty 465, Men 417, "Women 48 ; Students 5072, Men 4051, "Women 1021 ; Tuition Free; Expenses $400 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., B.L.S., LL.B., Ph.G., M.S., Ph.D., J.D., M.D., M.E., C.E., E.E., M.'Arch. A. C. A, * B K. Motto — Learning and Labor. Colors — Orange and Blue. Sororities— 1895, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Delta Gamma; 1911, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Gamma Phi Beta; 1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.), Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). Statistical Data 143 Illinois Wesleyan University Bloomington, 111. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1877 ; Valuation $207,500 ; Endowment $800,000 ; Faculty 45, Men 30, •Women 15; Students 616, Men 289, Women 327; Tuition $57; Expenses $275; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., LL.B. Motto — Seientia et Sapientia. Colors — Green and White. Sororities — 1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Gamma Delta. University of Indiana Bloomington, Ind. State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation $1,500,000 ; Endowment $700,000 ; Faculty 90, Men 77, Women 13; Students 2564, Men 1593, Women 971; Tuition Free; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D. C, * B K. Motto — Lux Et Veritas. Colors — Cream and Crimson. Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta; 1916, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1917, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). Iowa State College Ames, Iowa State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation $4,000,000; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 264, Men 204, Women 60; Students 2839, Men 2419, Women 420; Tuition 144 Statistical Data Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.S., C.E., M.E., D.V.M., M.S.A., M.S., M.A.E. Motto — Science with Practice. Colors — Cardinal and Gold. Sororities— 1877, Pi Beta Phi,* 1889, Delta Delta Delta ;t 1908, Kappa Delta; 1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1917, Alpha Qanuna Delta. University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa State; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 191, Men 170, Women 21; Students 2253, Men 1415, Women 838; Tuition $20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., Ph.G., Ph.C. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — None. Color — Old Gold. Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887, Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Delta Zeta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Gamma Phi Beta. Iowa Wesleyan College Mt. Pleasant, Iowa Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 1844 ; Valuation $250,000 ; Endowment $700,000 ; Faculty 28, Men 16, Women 12; Students 400, Men 210, Women 190; Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S., Ph.B., Litt.B. Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. Sororities — 1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. ♦Inactive 1891-1906. t Inactive 1891-1912. Statistical Data 145 Kansas State College Manhattan, Kan. State; Opened 1863; Women admitted 1863; Valuation $2,000,000; Income $1,000,000; Faculty 215, Men 165, Women 50; Students 3340, Men 2018, Women 1322; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $250 ; Degree, A.B., B.S., M.S., D.V.M. Motto — None. Color — Eoyal Purple. Sororities — 1915, Delta Zeta, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Delta Pi, Chi Omega; 1916, Kappa Kappa Gamma. University of Kansas Lawrence, Kan. State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation $2,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 169, Men 136, Women 33; Students 2523, Men 1605, Women 918; Tuition $10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S., M.A., Ph.D., LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E., Ph.C, Mus.B. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Barvard Crimson and Yale Blue. Sororities — 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gkimma; 1902, Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Sigma Kappa; 1914, Alpha Chi Omega; 1915, Gamma Phi Beta, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). University of Kentucky Lexington, Ky. State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1880; Valuation $1,000,000 ; Endowment $300,000 ; Faculty 98, Men 90, Women 146 Statistical Data 8; Students 468, Men 398, Women 70; Tuition Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., M.E., E.E. Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. Sororities — 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Delta; 1914, Chi Omega. Knox College Galesburg, 111. Nonsectarian; Opened 1840; "Women admitted 1845; Valuation4593,101 ; Endowment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 32, Men 21, "Women 11 ; Students 584, Men 189, "Women 395 ; Tuition $60 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S.,- A.M., M.S. A. C. A., C. * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Purple and Old Gold. Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu. Lawrence College Appleton, "Wis. Interdenominational ; Opened as seminary 1847 ; Chartered as a college 1849 ; "Women admitted 1849 ; "Valuation $800,000; Endowment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 40, Men 25, "Women 15, Stu- dents 426, Men 237, "Women 189 ; Tuition $50 ; Expenses $250 ; Degree, A. B. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Yale Blue and White. Sororities — 1908, Alpha Delta Pi; 1915, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1912, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). Statistical Data 147 Lombard College Galesburg, III. Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; Valua- tion $225,000; Endowment $275,000; Faculty 16, Men 10, "Women 6; Students 148, Men 62, Women 86; Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. Motto — Scholarship, Culture, Practical Efficiency. Colors — Gold and Olive. Sororities— 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta; 1915, Delta Zeta. University of Louisiana Baton Rouge, La. State; Opened I860; Women admitted 1903; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 67, Men 59, Women 8; Students 1294, Men 913, Women 381; Tuition Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., E.B., M.B. Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Purple. Sororities — 1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi. University of Maine Orono, Me. State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $810,828; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 107, Men 102, Women 5; Students 1011, Men 929, Women 82; Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., LL.B., Ph.C, M.A., M.S., LL.M., C.E., M.E., E.E. * B K. Motto — None. Color — Light Blue. Sororities — 1908, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1912, Phi Mu; 1917, Delta Delta Delta. 148 Statistical Data Miami University Oxford, Ohio State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation $800,000; Income $270,000; Faculty 45, Men 38, Women 7; Students 568, Men 244, Women 324; Tuition $30; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M. * B K. Motto — Prodesse Quam Conspici. Colon — Bed and White. Sororities — 1902, Delta Zeta;* 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1912, Chi Omega; t 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma (Ped.); 1914, Alpha Sigma Alpha (Ped.) University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich. State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $8,000,000; Income $1,180,000; Faculty 462, Men 442, Women 20; Students 5900, Men 4800, Women 1100; Tuition $39; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., Sc.D., Ph.D. A. C. A., C, « B K. Motto — Artes, Scientia, Veritas. Colors — Maize and Blue. Sororities — 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta;} 1882, Ciamma Phi Beta; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa GJamma; 1892, Alpha Phi; 1894, Delta Delta Delta; J 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1905, Chi Omega; 1890, Alpha EpsUon Iota (Med.) ; 1903 Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.) ; 1904, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.) ; 1910, Delta Omicron (Mus.). In addition to the national sororities there is a local society called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a branch of New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its aims and methods, •Inactive 1905-1908. t Phi Delta Kappa 1909-1912. X Inactive 1886-1893. 9 Inactive 1900-15. Statistical Data 149 however, are very similar to those of its rivals. The total member- ship is 250, the average active membership 20, the average amiual initiation 6. The badge is a monogram of an Old English S and a simple C jeweled. The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing a C linked to the upper part of the S. The colors are yellow and white. Millikin University* Decatur, 111. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1903; Women admitted 1903; Valuation $600,000; Endowment $225,000; Faculty 66, Men 33, Women 33 ; Students 1128, Men 306, Women 822 ; Tuition $75 ; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. Motto — In Bis Flenitudo Vis. Colors — Blue and White. Sororities — 1912, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Alpha Chi Omega. University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minn. State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $9,765,551; Endowment $1,506,136; Faculty 422, Men 391, Women 31, Students 4057, Men 2470, Women 1587 ; Tuition $30; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E., Met.E., M.D., D.S., B.Pharm., D.C.L., LL.B., LL.M. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto— None. Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi;t 1894, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, * The corporate name is James Millikin University, t Inactive 1897-1905. 150 Statistical Data Alpha Gamma Delta; 1912, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1901, Alpha EpsUon Iota (Med.). University of Missouri Columbia, Mo. State ; Opened 1840 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation $4,000,000; Endowment $1,264,839; Faculty 183, Men 168, Women 15; Students 3141, Men 2283, Women 858; Tuition Free ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D., C.B., M.E., E.E. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Black. Sororities — 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1910, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu, Chi Omega ; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Delta Delta Delta. University of Montana Missoula, Mont. State; Opened 1895; Women admitted 1895; Valuation $350,000 ; Endowment $850,000 ; Faculty 25, Men 18, Women 7 ; Students 184, Men 83, Women 101 ; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. 'Motto — None. Colors — None. Sororities — 1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, Delta Gamma. Mt. Union College Alliance, Ohio Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1846; Valuation $600,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 28, Statistical Data 151 Men 20, "Womeii 8; Students 572, Men 260, Women 312; Tuition $54; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S. Motto — Sit Lux. Color — Boyal Purple. Sororities — 1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Delta Delta Delta.* University of Nebraska Lincoln, Neb. State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $4,600,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 218, Men 142 Women 76 ; Students 3992, Men 2236, Women 1756 ; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D., M.F., E.E., M.E., C.E., A.E A. C. A., * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Cream. Sororities — 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1910, Delta Zeta; 1912, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Gamma Phi Beta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). University of Nevada Reno, Nev. State; Opened 1886; Women admitted 1886; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 35, Men 29, Women 6; Students 250, Men 150, Women 100; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. Motto — None. Colors — Silver ami Blue. Sororities — 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, Pi Beta Phi. -Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. 152 Statistical Data New Hampshire College Durham, N. H. State; Opened 1866; "Women admitted 1900; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 61, Men 57, Women 4; Students 666, Men 521, Women 145; Tuition $60; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S. Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. Sororities — 1914, Alpha Xi Delta; 1915, Chi Omega. University of New Mexico Albuquerque, N. M. State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation $200,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 19, Men 12, Women 7 ; Students 89, Men 57, Women 32 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.Ped. Motto — Lux Hommum, Vita. Colors — Cherry and Silver. Sorority— 1911, Phi Mu. New York University New York, N. Y. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1886;* Valuation $5,770,000; Endowment $1,772,000; Faculty 400, Men 393, Women 7 ; Students 5000, Men 4300, Women 700 ; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.C.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., ScD., Pd.M., Pd.D., LL.B., LL.M., J.D., M.D., D.V.S., C.E., M.E., Chem.E. C, * B K. Motto — Festare Et Praestare. Color — Violet. Sorority— 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. * The undergraduate college proper is not open to women. Statistical Data 153 University of North Dakota University, N. D. State; Opened 1884; Women admitted 1884; Valuation $870,000 ; Endowment $2,000,000 ; Faculty 99, Men 82, Women 17; Students 652, Men 400, Women 252; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $250 ; Degrees, B.A., M.A., C.E., E.E., M.B. $ B K. Motto — Imx et Lex. Colors — The Wild Hose (Pink and Green). Sororities — 1911, Alpha Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1917, Delta Gamma. Northwestern University Evanston, 111. Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1873 ; Valuation $10,000,000; Endowment $4,500,000; Faculty 410, Men 362, Women 48 ; Students 4454, Men 2909, Women 1545 ; Tuition $100; Expenses $500 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., Ph.D. A. C. A., $ B K. Motto — Quaeewirniue Sunt Vera. Color — Eoyal Purple. Sororities — 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa, Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, Chi Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1913, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.) ; 1914, Mu Phi Epsilon. Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio State; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Valuation $4,500,000; Endowment $950,338; Faculty 274, Men 236, Women 38; Students 3928, Men 3051, Women 877; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., C. E., M.E., E.M., LL.B., LL.M., D.V.M:. 4- B K. 154 Statistical Data Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Gray. Sororities — 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Delta Zeta, Delta Gamma; 1912, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu; 1916, Alpha Xi Delta. Ohio University Athens, Ohio State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $1,500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 82, Men 46, "Women 36; Students 1921, Men 840, Women 1081; Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S. Motto — Prae Ommfjus Virtus. Colors — Olvve Green and White. Sororities — 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1911, Alpha Xi Delta; 1912, Chi Omega;* 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma (Ped.) ; 1917, Alpha Sigma Alpha (Ped.). University of Oklahoma Norman, OMa. State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $3,670,000; Faculty 112; Men 102, Women 10; Students 759, Men 489, Women 270; Tuition Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.C, B.M., M.D., LL.B. Motto — Cwi et Sepuilioae. Colors — Crimson and Cream. Sororities — 1909, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega. University of Oregon Eugene, Ore. State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 102, Men 99, *Pi Delta Kappa, 1907-12. Statistical, Data 155 Women 7; Students 1220, Men 761, Women 459; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., E.E., M.D., LL.B. Motto — MeTis Agitat Molem. Colors — Lemon Yellow and Green. Sororities — 1908, Gamma Phi Beta ; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Gamma; 1914, Alpha Phi; 1915, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Mu Phi EpsUon (Mus.). University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. Nonseetarian ; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;* Valuation $17,900,000 ; Endowment $6,500,000 ; Faculty 553 ; Students 5323, Men 4378, Women 945; Tuition $150; Ex- penses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.B.C., M.E., LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., V.M.D. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — Literae Sine Moriius Vanae. Colors — Crimson and Navy Blue. Sororities — 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. State; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $2,250,000; Income, $1,000,000; Faculty 219, Men 205, Women 14; Students 2415, Men 2109, Women 306; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $350 ; Degrees, B.S., M.S. A. C. A., C. Motto — -None. Colors — Old Gold and Blaek. Sororities — 1915, Kappa Alpha Theta. * All undergraduate departments are not open to women. 156 Statistical Data Simpson College Indianola, Iowa Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1867 ; Valuation $228,000 ; Endowment $500,000 ; Factdty 31, Men 20, Women 11; Students 429, Men 180, Women 249; Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.Mus. Motto — None. Colora — Bed and Old Gold. Sororities— 1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Mu Phi EpsUon (Mus.). University of South Dakota Vermilion, S. D. State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 50, Men 40, Women 10, Students 425, Men 300, Women 125; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., B.Mus. LL.B. Motto — Veritas. Color — Vermilion. Sororities — 1903, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1912, Kappa Alpha Theta. University of Southern California Los Angeles, Cal. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 1880; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 237, Men 202, Women 35 ; Students 2505, Men 1465, Women 1040; Tuition $86; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.D., LL.B., LL.M., D.D.S., B.D., Ph.G.. C.E., E.E. Motto — Palman Qm Meruit Ferat. Color — Gold. Sororities— 1895, Alpha Chi Omega;* 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1915, Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta. * Inactive 1898-1905. Statistical Data 157 Southwestern University Georgetown, Tex. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women ad- mitted 1893 ; Valuation $300,000 ; Endowment $100,000 ; Fac- ulty 28, Men 19, "Women 9 ; Students 680, Men 384, Women 296 ; Tuition $63 ; Expenses $150 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. Motto — None. Colors — Lemon and Blaoh. Sororities — 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, Alpha Delta Pi; 1908, Phi Mu; 1911, Delta Delta Delta.* St. Lawrence University Canton, N. Y. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation $430,000; Endowment $1,070,000; Faculty 50, Men 42, Women 8; Students 512, Men 352, Women 160; Tuition $60; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.D., LL.B., A.M., M.S. * B K. Motto — Fides Et Veritas. Colors — Scarlet and Brown. Sororities — 1881, Kappa Kappa Gamma ;t 1891, Delta Delta Delta, 1914, Pi Beta Phi. Stanford University^ Palo Alto, Cal. Nonsectarian; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; Valuation $33,000,000 ; Endowment $25,000,000 ; Faculty 199, Men 178, Women 21 ; Students 1792, Men 1227, Women 565 ; * Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1905-1911. t Inactive 1898-1915. t The corporate name is Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 158 Statistical Data Tuition $15; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., J.D., E.E., M.E. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — None. Color — Cardvnal. Sororities — 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta ; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi;* 1897, Delta Gamma; 1897, Alpha Phi; 1905, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Alpha Omicron Pi, 1915, Chi Omega, Sigma Kappa. Stetson Universityt De Land, Fla. Nonseetarian ; Opened 1887; Women admitted 1887; Valuation $900,000; Endowment $1,023,000; Faculty 49, Men 28, Women 21 ; Students 500, Men 300, Women 200 ; Tuition $72; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., Ph.B. Motto — Fro Deo et Veritate. Colors — Green and White. Sororities— 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta ;t 1917, Alpha Xi Delta. Swarthmore College Swarthmore, Pa. Friends ; Opened 1869 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation $2,000,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 47, Men 40, Women 7; Students 409, Men 184, Women 225; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., C.E., M.B., E.E. C, * B K. Motto — Mind the Light. Color — Garnet. Sororities — 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1912, Delta Gumma. * Inactive 1897-1905. tThe corporate name is John B. Stetson University. t Alpha Kappa Psi, 1909-1913. Statistical, Data 159 S3a'acuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1871; Women admitted 1871; Valuation $3,844,475; Endowment $2,081,450; Faculty 244, Men 213, Women 31 ; Students 3368, Men 1644, Women 1724; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., B.Ar., B.Mus., B.L., B.Pd., B.L.S., M.D., LL.B., C.E., E.B., M.E. A. C. A., * B K. Motto— Suas Cultores Seientia Coronat. Color — Orange. Sororities — 1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1911, Chi Omega ; 1914, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1900, Zeta Phi (Med.) ; 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.) ; 1910, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). University of Tennessee KnoxviUe, Tenn. State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 157, Men 152, Women 5 ; Students 888, Men 716, Women 172 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.S.A., A.M., M.S., M.E., B.E., C.E., M.S.A., LL.B., LL.M., M.D., D.D.S. $ B K. Motto — Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. Colors — Orange and White. Sororities — 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1904, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1908, Phi Mu. 160 Statistical Data University of Texas Austin, Tex. State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation $1,900,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 165, Men 135, Women 30; Students 3282, Men 2002, Women 1280; Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., C.B., E.E., M.E., LL.B., LL.M., M.D. * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Orcmge and White. Sororities — 1902, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu. Toronto University Toronto, Can. Government ; Opened 1843 ; Women admitted 1884 ; Valua- tion $4,800,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 385, Men 354, Women 31; Students 4044, Men 3306, Women 738; Tuition $52; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., M.B., M.D., LL.B., LL.M., C.E., E.E., M.B., D.D.S., B.S.A., B.V.S., Pharm.B., B.Paed. A. C. A., C. Motto — Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors — Asuret Argent. Sororities — 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta;* 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Kappa Kappa Gamfna; 1913, Delta Gamma; 1908, Zeta Phi (Med.). Transylvania University Lexington, Ky. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1789; Women admitted 1887; Valuation $1,000,000 ; Endowment $500,000 ; Faculty 30, Men •Inactive 1888-1903. Statistical Data 161 19, Women 11; Students 273, Men 184, Women 89; Tuition $50 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. Motto — In Lumine lUo Tradimus Lumen. Color — Crimson. Sororities — 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, Delta Delta Delta. Trinity College Durham, N. C. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1859; Women ad- mitted 1901; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 40; Students 300, Men 235, Women 65; Tuition $50; Expenses $250 ; Degree, A.B. Motto — None. Colors — None. Sororities — 1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Kappa Delta; 1915, Zeta Tau Alpha. University of Utah Salt Lake City State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1850; Valua- tion $1,000,000; Faculty 130, Men 94, Women 36; Students 3148, Men 1343, Women 1805 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., LL.B. C. Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. Sororities — 1914, Chi Omega. Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tenn. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women ad- mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 162 Statistical Data Faculty 125; Students 984, Men 944, Women 40; Tuition $100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., D.Sc, Ph.D., B.B., C.E., M.E., E.M., E.E. * B K. Motto — None. Colors — Gold and Black. Sororities — 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1917, Alpha Omieron Pi. University of Vermont Burlington, Vt. State; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1871; Valuation $1,400,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 99 Men 96, Wo- men, 3 ; Students 559, Men 454, Women 105 ; Tuition $100 ; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., M.S., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D. C, * B K. Motto — StudUs Et Eebus Sonestis. Colors — Green and Gold. Sororities — 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 1898, Pi Beta Phi; 1915, Alpha Xi Delta. Washburn College Topeka, Kan. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1865; Women admitted 1865; Valuation $650,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 61, Men 47, Women 14; Students 905, Men 368, Women 537; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.M., LL.B. Motto — Non Nobis Solum. Color — Tale Blue. Sororities — 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1916, Alpha Phi; 1917, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.) Statistical Data 163 Washington State College Pullman, Wash. State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation $1,700,000; Endowment $3,700,000; Faculty 127, Men 81, Women 26; Students 375, Men 250, Women 125; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. Motto — None. Colors — None. Sororities — 1912, Pi Beta Phi ; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega. University of Washington Seattle, Wash. State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation $11,000,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 148, Men 136, Women 12; Students 2765, Men 1466, Women 1299; Tuition Free ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., B.S., M.E., C.E., M.E., E.E., Forestry, Pharm. A. C. A., * B K. Motto — Lux Sit. Colors — Purple and Gold. Sororities — 1903, Delta Ganuna, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1908, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta ; 1910, Sigma Kappa, Alpha Chi Omega; 1914, Alpha Phi, Delta Zeta; 1915, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1917, Alpha Delta Pi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1915, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). Washington University St. Louis, Mo. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $12,174,839 ; Endowment $9,728,992 ; Faculty 158 ; Students 1326, Men 738, Women 588 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses 164 Statistical Data $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., M.D., D.D.S., LL.B., C.E., M.B., E.E., Ch.E., B.Arch. A. C. A., C, $ B K. Motto — Per Veritatem Vis. Colors — Hyrtle and Maroon. Sororities — 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, Delta Gamma; 1917, Gamma Phi Beta. University of West Virginia Morgantown, W. Va. State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation, $2,000,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, "Women 12; Students 1525, Men 844, Women 681; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., PI1.D., LL.B., M.E., C.E. * B K. Motto — To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. Colors — Old Gold and Navy Blue. Sororities— 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa Kappa Gamma. Whitman College Walla Walla, Wash. Nonseetarian ; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation $600,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 23, Men 19, Women 4; Students 273, Men 150, Women 125; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. Motto — None. Colors — None. Sororities— 1913, Phi Mu. Statistical Data 165 University of Wisconsin Madison, Wis. State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1860; Valuation $5,159,225; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 482, Men 433, Women 49 ; Students 5970, Men 4245, Women 1725 ; Tuition Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., Ph.B., M.A., M.S., PI1.M., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., Ch.E., LL.B. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — Numen iMmen. Color — Cardinal. Sororities — 1875, Kappa Eappa Oamma; 1881, Delta Gte,mma; 1884, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Alpha Phi; 1898, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1917, Alpha Omioron Pi. Wittenberg College Springfield, Ohio Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valua- tion $150,000; Endowment $513,000; Faculty 32, Men 27, Women 5; Students 818, Men 497, Women 321; Tuition $75; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.D., M.A. Motto — Baving Light They Will Give to Others. Colors — Cardinal and Cream. Sorority— 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi. University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyo. State; Opened 1887; Women admitted 1887; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 43, Men 29, 166 Statistical, Data Women 14 ; Students 350, Men 150, Women 200 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $250; Degrees B.A., B.S., B.Ped., M.A., M.S. Motto — None. Colors — Brown tmd Yellow. Sororities— 1910, Pi Beta Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, Kappa Delta. Coordinate Colleges The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segregation policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 has been copied by a number of colleges especially in the Bast and Middle West. All these institutions were coeduca- tional for a longer or shorter period and made the change for a variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment of women students, another because of the decreasing attend- ance of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a more distinct social life. At present separation in chapel exercises and in the required work of the coUege is as far as most of them have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangely enough the authorities in charge of the women of this large university are opposed to the admission of branches of the national sororities, while the small colleges welcome them heartily. Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pa. Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Women's College created 1905 ; Valuation $400,000 ; Endowment $700,- Statistical Data 167 000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women 1; Students 514, Men 373, Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. Motto— None. Colors—Orange and Blue. Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, Kappa Delta; 1916, Mu Phi Epsilon (Musical). University of Chicago Chicago, 111. Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Women's Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; Students 4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., S.B., A.M., Ph.M., S.M., Ph.D., D.B., Ed.B., LL.D., J.D. A. C. A., $ B K. Motto — None. Color — Maroon. Sororities — 1898, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.) ; 1903, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total member- ship is 85. The badge is a half-inch square of gold, the entire space being covered with the word Esoteric in green and white enamel. The pledge pin is a square of green enamel displaying the letter E in iwhite enamel. The colors are green and white, the flower the white rose. The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. The total membership is 100. The badge is of dark blue enamel and is designed to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. The pledge pin is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a field of blue enamel. 168 Statistical Data The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. The total membership is 95. The badge is a square of black enamel with gold edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q, which is set with ten pearls, the tail of the Q being black enamel. The colors are black and white. The Sigma Club was founded October 5, 1895. The total member- ship is 125. The badge is a gold-edged Sigma of black enamel, the central point supporting a gold star set with a turquoise. The pledge pin is a star, half blue and half black. The colors are turquoise blue and black. The Wyvem was founded in October, 1898. The total member- ship is 60. The badge is a W set with either pearls or diamonds and entwined with a winged dragon or wyvem of gold. The pledged member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. The colors are gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow field. Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The total mem- bership is 60. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of rose gold, through which and around which twines a winged dragon holding a sapphire in its mouth. The letters appear in the angles of the triangle. The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark blue enamel. The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The jewel is the sapphire. Colby College Waterville, Me. Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871; Women's Division created 1890; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 23, Men 20, Women 3; Students 358; Men 215, Women 143; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; Degrees, A.B., B. S. -^BK. Motto — Imx Mentis Scientia. Colors — Gray and Blue. Sororities — 1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, OH Omega; 1908, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi. Statistical, Data 169 Middlebury College Middlebury, Vt. Nonseetarian; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; Women's College created 1902; Valuation $750,000; Endow- ment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 29, Men 27, Women 2 ; Students 330 ; Men 180, Women 150; Tuition $80; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. C, * B K. Motto — Seientia Et Virtus. Colors — Blue cmd White. Sororities— 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Sigma Kappa; 1916, Delta Delta Delta. Independent Colleges for Women Of the 96 independent colleges for women in the United States but few have any considerable endowment and only five are at present on the roll of Phi Beta Kappa, though several others are doing work worthy of such recognition. In the list of sixteen colleges that follow are included all that have chapters of Congress Sororities, or whose combined valuation and endowment aggregate more than $500,000. Adelphi College Brooklyn, N. Y. Nonseetarian; Opened 1896; Valuation $750,000; Endow- ment $113,000; Faculty 30, Men 19, Women 11; Students 467 ; Tuition $180 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, B.A. M.A., B.S. Motto — The truth shall make us free. Colors — Brown and Gold. Sororities — 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1908, Delta Gamma; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu. 170 Statistical Data Brenau College Gainesville, Ga. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1878 ; Valuation $350,000 ; Faculty 42, Men 12, Women 30; Students 454; Tuition $80; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.O., B.M. Motto — None. Colora — None. Sororities — 1910, Alpha Delta Pi, Sigma Iota Chi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega; 1913, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1914, Delta Delta Delta;* 1911, Mu Phi EpsUon (Mus.). Bryn Mawr Bryn Mawr, Pa. Nonsectarian; Opened 1885; Valuation $2,244,293; En- dowment $1,890,000; Faculty 60, Men 30, Women 30; Stu- dents 459; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., A.M., PI1.D. A. C. A. Motto — Veritatem Vilexi. Colors — Yellow and White. Florida State College for Women Tallahassee, Fla. State; Opened 1905; Faculty 26, Men 10, Women 16, Students 402; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. Motto — Vires, Mores, Artes. Colors — Garnet and Gold. Sororities — 1904, Kappa Delta; 1908, Chi Omega; 1909, Alpha. Delta Pi; 1916, Delta Delta Delta.t * Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. t Alpha Kappa Psi. 1908-16. Statistical Data 171 Goucher College Baltimore, Md. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $1,647,854; Endowment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 27, Men 14, Women 13 ; Stu- dents 367 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses $300 ; Degree, A.B. * B K. Motto — I Thess. V. US. Colors — Dark Blue and Old Gold. Sororities — 1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta. In addition to these branches of the national organizations there is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which was organized in 1892, and has a total membership of 150. The society has no desire to affiliate with any sorority and though it has a national charter it does not intend to establish other chapters. The badge is an arch bearing the letters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. The colors are old rose and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. HoUins College HoUins, Va. Nonsectarian; Opened 1842; Valuation $310,000; Faculty 16, Men 9, Women 7; Students 122; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degree, A.B. Motto — Levavi Oculos. Colors— None. Sororities— 1902, Kappa Delta;. 1904, Phi Mu; 1914, Delta Delta Delta;* 1916, Gamma Phi Beta;t 1917, Pi Beta Phi. * Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1905-14. fPhi Mu Gamma, 1898-1916. 172 Statistical Data Judson College Marion, Ala. Baptist; Opened 1839; Valuation $300,000; Faculty 23, Men 4, Women 19; Students 211; Tuition $65; Expenses $300; Degree, A.B. Motto — None. Colors — None. Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1910, Alpha Delta Pi, Eta UpsUon Gamma; 1913, Delta Delta Delta.* Mills College Mills College, Cal. Nonseetarian ; Opened as a seminary 1865; Chartered as a college 1885; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $425,000; Faculty 34, Men 7, Women 27; Students 138; Tuition $150; Expenses $350 ; Degrees, A.B., B.L., B.S. Motto — For Christ and the World. Colors — White and Gold. Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as a society that should include all college students who wished to join, but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total member- ship is 100. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas superimposed upon it. The Sigmas may be jeweUed, but only pearls or diamonds are used, as the society's colors are white and gold. The badge worn by pledge members is a monogram stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon a Sigma. Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the first secret society at Mills. The total membership is 90. The badge is an oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in gold. The colors are green and black. ♦ Phi Mu Gamma, 1904-13. Statistical Data 173 Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, Mass. Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered as a college 1888; Valuation $1,054,763; Endowment $838,751; Faculty 130, Men 11, Women 119; Students 754; Tuition $150; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., A.C.A.; C, * B K. Motto— Psalm CLXIV-XII. Color— Pale Blue. Randolph-Macon Woman's College Lynchburg, Va. Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1893 ; Valuation $631,- 000; Endowment $382,000; Faculty 46, Men 16, Women 30; Students 572; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M. # B K. Motto — None. Colors — Lemon amd Black. Sororities — 1900, CM Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha Omieron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1905, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Pi Beta Phi;* 1916, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1917, Sigma Kappa. Simmons College Boston, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened 1902; Valuation $129,000; Endow- ment $2,000,000; Faculty 96, Men 29, Women 67; Students 944; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degree, B.S. Motto — Art, Science, Industry. Colors — Blue and Gold. * Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1908-13. 174 Statistical Data Smith College Northampton, Mass. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $3,274,707; En- dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 147, Men 37, Women 110; Students 1565; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — Add to Tow Virtue Knowledge. Color — White. For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter society at Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to support two and when it seemed that competition would add strength and inspira- tion to the one already formed, it was decided that five members should go out from the first and organize a second on similar lines. These five were finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a one to put to vote. As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were permitted to retain their original membership, but they were the only students who ever belong to both organizations. Although these two Greek-Letter Societies are not regarded by either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difEerence between them and the local secret societies at other colleges ia very slight. The large membership precludes any very close friendship such as the sororities seek to foster, and for this reason they resemble the class societies in vogue at some of the men's colleges. The letters of the Greek names have a special significance for the initiated and neither meetings nor membership are open. Bushing, however, has been eliminated by a unique custom of allowing each society in turn first choice. One year one society has the privilege of making the first drawing, but the next year it goes to the other. If the society elects three members, the other takes the same number the following week, and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is selected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as to the other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in hopes of receiving an invitation from the other. There are always sixty members in each Statistical Data 175 at the close of the year and this mimber is invariably made up of twenty-five seniors, twenty juniors and fifteen sophomores, though sophomores are not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The basis of membership is high scholarship, special literary power, or marked executive ability. Meetings are held onee in three weeks at the rooms that each society has in the Students' Building. They are usually of a literary character, followed by a social gathering, but quite often a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting when some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. The Alpha Society was founded three years after the eoUege was opened. It aims to provide instruction and entertainment for its members. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of a primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to en- courage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary lines, and to bring into intimate relations those who have congenial interests. The badge consists of three equilateral triangles of white enamel, each bearing one letter of the society's name in gold and all meeting at a common centre under a single pearl. Each one of the three equal spaces between the triangles is filled with a gold fleur de Us. The club color is gold, the flower the daffodil. Trinity College Washington, D. C. Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $1,500,000; Endowment $25,000 ; Faculty 31, Men 8, Women 23 ; Students 165 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. A. C. A. Motto — Vmtas in Trvmtate. Colors — Boyal Pwrple and Gold. Vassar College Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,784,314; En- dowment $1,385,754; Faculty 101, Men 17, Women 84; Stu- 176 Statistical Data dents 1018; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees A.B., A.M. A. C. A., C, *BK. Motto — None. Colors — Base and Gray. Wellesley College Wellesley, Mass. Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875 ; Valuation $3,000,000 ; Endow- ment $1,278,748; Faculty 126, Men 13, Women 113; Students 1424; Tuition $175; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., M.A. A. C. A., C, * B K. Motto — Non Ministrari Sed Mi/nistrare. Color — DarTc Blife. In November 1876, Mr. Henry Fowle Durant, founder of Wellesley College, suggested the formation of societies devoted to social and literary ends. During his lifetime three were established. Phi Sigma, Zeta Alpha and the Shakespeare Society. These were suspended from 1881 to 1889 by the college. Almost immediately after their re- establishment three others were organized for the same general purposes. All these societies claim to be secret in certain matters of detail, though their constitutions were submitted to the faculty for approval and each one has faculty members. All contribute toward the enrichment of life within the college by publishing their formal programs in the college papers and by inviting students outside their own number to lectures, addresses and social entertainment within their houses. In the early history of these societies freshmen were admitted, but as the years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of all to postpone elections to membership. This conservatism culminated in an inter-sorority compact made in June, 1904, not to extend invi- tations before the first day of the Christmas vacation of the sophomore Statistical Data 177 year. It was later decided to admit seniors and juniors only. In 1911 the experiment of a new basis for membership was made. The active membership is limited to fifty in the case of each society. The society houses at Wellesley, unlike the fraternity houses of other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their members during the college course, are merely attractive resorts for studious or leisure hours. Each contains a hall for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen, and cloak rooms; yet each has its own especial features, embodying some underlying thought of dignity and beauty. Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen charter members. Its aim is to give "Additional literary training and social intercourse, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship and to unite the interests of the undergraduates." It is the only Wellesley society that placed a chapter elsewhere, the Beta Chapter having been located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., from 1893 to 1903. The total membership of the Alpha chapter is 434. The badge is a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built in 1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. Each December a Christmas play written by one of the members is presented. Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876. The society always has one open meeting during the year, a masque, to show its guests something representative of its work. The total membership is 500. Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of Western Eeserve University are identical in size and shape, but the pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a facsimile of an old Eoman lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a turquoise and in the lower angles are thie letters Zeta and Alpha in blue enamel. The society's house is a handsome colonial structure, with grounds laid out to represent an old colonial garden. The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim is "The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of development." It was at first an open club and many who belonged to Phi Sigma 178 Statistical Data or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but in 1889 it was put upon the same basis as the other societies. The total membership is about 750. The badge is a gold mask with a silver quiU through the left eye and above the mask the gold letters, W. 8., a facsimile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The society's house, erected in 1898, facing Tree Day Green, is after the style of Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford and is one of the picturesque sights of Wellesley. The annual play, presented out-of-doors in Bhododendron Hollow, is always one of the memorable occasions of the commence- ment season. Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1889 as the "Art Society." The name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, viz., "To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the beautiful and creative art and nature on the one hand, on the other to bring its members into closer fellowship with one another." The total mem- bership is 400. The badge is of gold and represents an ancient chariot wheel with a wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are the initials of the society's name in violet enamel. The society house, containing a haU, fashioned after the old English style with plastered walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fireplace, and balcony, is situated at the base of a wooded hill on the verge of a broad meadow. The members give each year a Studio Beception. The Agora received the charter giving it a right to exist as one of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time it had been a political club founded by a few freshmen in the village who met to discuss political questions. Its aim is "To create in its members an intelligent interest in the political questions of the day." The total membership is 350. The badge represents the hel- met of Athena and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek characters of Wellesley blue enamel. The society's house is beau- tifully situated near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the style of a Greek temple. The Agora gives each year an open meeting in the form of a debate, at which the society shows to about 600 guests what its work is. Statistical Data 179 Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as the "Classical Society," but its name was changed in 1897 when it became a secret society. Its aim is "To further the interest in ancient Greek and Eoman drama, literature, and art and their influence on modem drama literature and art." The total membership is 275. The badge is a scroll of black enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi in gold. The society house, erected recently and not yet finished, is modelled after a private Roman house, the atrium being lighted en- tirely from above. In 1907 a south wing was added, and the society expects shortly to add a wing on the other side. Each June a play, usually in the original Greek, taken from the society's study for the year, is given in the college groves. 180 Statistical Data Colleges on Rolls of Junior Sororities Belhaven College, Jackson, Miss., 1911 — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi. Boscobel College, Nashville, Teim., 1889, — ^Eta Upsilon Gamma. Centenary College, Cleveland, Tenn., 1903, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta Upsilon Gamma. Central College, Lexington, Mo., 1869, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi. Colorado Woman's CoUege, Denver, Colo., 1909, — Eta Upsilon Gamma; Beta Sigma Omicron, Sigma Iota Chi. Greenville College, Greenville, S. C, 1854, — Eta UpsUon Gamma, Beta Sigma Omicron, Sigma Iota Chi. Grenada College, Grenada, Tenn. — Sigma Iota Chi. Hardin College, Mexico, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi. Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Mo., 1831, — Eta Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi, Beta Sigma Omicron. Martha Washington College, Abingdon, Va., 1859, — Sigma Iota Chi. St. Katherine's College, Bolivar, Tenn. — Sigma Iota Chi. Stephens College, Columbia, Mo., 1856, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Sigma Iota Chi, Eta Upsilon Gamma. Synodical CoUege, Fulton, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta Upsilon Gamma. Jfratprititit Mnhnea Men's Literahy Fraternities 181 MEN'S LITERARY FRATERNITIES ALPHA OHI EHO— June 4, 1895— AUegheny, Brooklyn Pol. Inst., Columbia, ComeU, Dickinson, Illinois, Lafayette, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Trimty, Firginia, Wesleyan, Washington and Lee, Yale — 14. *1500- 250-100. Garnet and White. Gramet and White Carnation. The Gm-net and White — 1900. The Labarum — 1907. JALPHA DELTA PHI— 1832 — ^Amherst,, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Chicago, ColuniBia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Eamiltm, Johns Hopkins, Illinois, Kenyon, McGUl, Michigan, iilinnesota, Eoehester, Stanford, Toronto, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale— 25. 1800-600-250. Emerald Green and White. Lily of the Valley. rALPHA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1845 — California, Colorado, Colum- bia, Cornell, Harvard, Illinois, Kentucky, Marietta, Mass. Agri. Col., Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsyl- vania, Washington, Wisconsin, Tale— 18. 2800-400-200. Cardinal and Stone. Bed Rose. The Tomahawlc — 1847. ALPHA TAU OMEGA — September 11, 1865— Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colorado, Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Seh. Tech., Hillsdale, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Muhlenburg, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- leyan, Oregon, Oregon College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Penn- * Total membership, active membership, average initiation. 182 Men's Litbeaey Fraternities sylvauia State, Purdue, Eose Pol. Inst., Simpson, St. Lawrence, Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tufts, Tulane, Union (Tenn.), University of the South, VanderbUt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Washington State College, Wash- ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Worcester Pol. Inst., Wyoming — 67. 20,000-1300-600. Sky Blue and Old Gold. Tea Rose. The Pa?m— 1880. BETA THETA PI— August 8, 1839 — Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Col- gate, Colorado, Colorado College, Colorado Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Denver, De Pauw, Dickinson, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- leyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rutgers, South Dakota, Stanford, Stevens, St. Lavrrence, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Yale — 81. 22,000-1800-650. Pink and Blue. Rose. Beta Theta Pi — 1872 CHI PHI— 1824*— Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, Emory, Franklin and Marshall, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hampden-Sidney, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Ohio Wesley- an, Rensselaer, Rutgers, ShefSeld, Stevens, Texas, Virginia — 21. 6400- 350-200. Scarlet and Blue. None. * Claimed but not proved. Men's Literary Fraternities 183 DHI PSI — 1841 — Amherst, California, Chicago, Cornell, Georgia, Ham- ilton, Illinois, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, EutgerSj Stan- ford, Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 18. 5500-350- 200. Purple and Gold. Amethyst. None. DEIiTA KAPPA EPSILON— June 22, 1844^-Alabama, Amherst, Bow- doin. Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGUl, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, North CaroUna, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Bochester, Rut- gers, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington State, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Tale — 43. 19,000-1000-300. Crimson, Blue and Gold. None. The Delta Kappa Epsilon Quarterly — 1881. DELTA PHI — November 17, 1827 — ^Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Shef- field, Umon, Virginia— 12. 4200-250-100. Blue and White. None. DELTA PSI — January 17, 1847 — Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsyl- vania, Purdue, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams— 8. 3500-200-75. Light Blue. None. DELTA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1899 — California, Chicago, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Franklin and Marshall, Hills- dale, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Rensselaer, Southern Methodist, Texas, Thiele, Trinity (Texas), Tulane, Waynes- burg, Washington and Lee, Wofford— 21. 1500-350-200. Nile Green and White. White Carnation. The Carnation— 1Q07 184 Men's Literabt Fraternities DELTA TAU DELTA — January 5, 1859 — Albion, Allegheny, Armour Inst. Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Emory, George "Washington, Georgia, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Illinois, Indiana, Indianapolis, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tu- laue. Tufts, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 60. 15,000- 1100-550. Purple, Gold and White. Pansy. The Sainiow — 1877. J DELTA UPSILON — November 4, 1834 — Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, De Pauw, Hamil- ton, Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa State College, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Min- nesota, Nebraska, New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union, Washington State, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin — 43. 15,000-1000-400. Old Gold and Sapphire Blue. Oak Tree. None. Delta Upsilon Quarterly — 1882. Jt-KAPPA ALPHA (Northern)— November 26, 1825— Cornell, Hobart, Lehigh, McGill, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Williams, Union — 8. 2000- 150-70. Scarlet. None. KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)— December 21, 1865— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Bethany, California, Centenary, Central, Charleston, Davidson, Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Kentucky Men's Liteeaet Fraternities 185 State, Louisiana, Maryland Agri. Col., Mereer, Millsaps, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Eandolph- Maeon, Richmond, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Stanford, St. John's, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Univer- sity of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington amd Lee, Westminster, West Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wofford,— 49. 10,000-750-400. Crimson and Gold. Magnolia and Red Rose. Kappa Alpha Journal — 1883. The Messenger — 1912. KAPPA SIGMA — December 10, 1869— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Ari- zona, Arkansas, Baker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Colorado College, Colo. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cumber- land, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Harvard, Idaho, Illi- nois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, New York, New Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsyl- vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, South- western, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Sjnracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Vir- ginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Wash- ington State College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Wofford, — 84. 16,000- 1750-700. Scarlet, White and Emerald Green. Lily of the Valley. Caduceus — 1885. Star and Crescent — 1897. LAMBDA CHI ALPHA — November 2, 1909— Ala. Pol. Inst., Boston, Brown, Bucknell, Butler, California, Colgate, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denver, 186 Men's Literary Fraternities De Pauw, Georgia, Harvard, Illinois, Knox, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Northwestern, Oregon College, Pennsyl- vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Ehode Island, Rutgers, South Dakota, Texas, Union, Washington State College, Worcester— 31. 2000-500-350. Purple, Green and Gold. Violet. The Purple, Green and Gold — 1913. PHI DELTA THETA— December 26, 1848— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Allegheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Deni- son, De Pauw, Dickinson, Emory, Franklin, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lom- bard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stan- ford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, Utah, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westminster, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin — 79. 22,000-1500-700. Argent and Azure. White Carnation. The Scroll — 1875. The Palladium— 189i. PHI GAMMA DELTA— May 5, 1848— Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, BuckneU, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado Col- lege, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Hanover, Illi- nois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- leyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsyl- vania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Richmond, Stanford, SjTacuse, Tennes- see, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Wash- Men's Literary Fraternities 187 ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, William Jewell, Williams, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Worcester, Yale — 60. 10,000- 1500-500. Eoyal Purple. Heliotrope. Fhi Gamma Delta — ^1879. X PHI KA.PPA PSI— February 19, 1852— Allegheny, Amherst, Beloit, Brown, BuckneU, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colum- bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Penn- sylvania College, Purdue, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, VanderbUt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 46. 12,000- 900-300. Pink and Lavender. Sweet Pea. The Shield— 1875. Mystic Friend — 1911. >'PHI KAPPA SIGMA— October 19, 1850— Alabama, Armour, Cali- fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. Seh. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Bandolph-Macon, Kiehmond, Stanford, Tnlane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wis- consin— 29. 5000-600-200. Black and Gold. None. Phi Kappa Sigma News Letter — 1901. PHI SIGMA KAPPA— March 15, 1873— Brown, California, C. C. N. T., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Wash- ington, niinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, Pennsylvania, 188 Men's Literary Fraternities Pennsylvania College, Stevens, St. Jolm's, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, tTnion, Virgmia, West Virginia, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale — 30. 3500- 560-300. Silver and Magenta Bed. None. Signet— 1903. PI KAPPA ALPHA— March 1, 1868 — Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Beloit, California, Cincinnati, Cornell, Davidson, Florida, Ga. Sch. Tech., George- town (Ky.), Hampden-Sidney, Howard, Illinois, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Louisiana, Millsaps, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Ohio State, Pennsylvania State, Eichmond, Rutgers, Southern, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Syracuse, Tennessee, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Utah, Virginia, Washington and Lee, Washington State, Western Reserve, William and Mary — 45. 4000-500-300. Garnet and Old Gold. Lily of the Valley. The Shield and Diamond — 1890. The Dagger and Key — 1900. PI KAPPA PHI — December 10, 1904 — Alabama, California, Charleston, Davidson, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Nebraska, North Carolina, Eoanoke, Trinity, Wofford— 16.* 900-250-100. Gold and White. Red Rose. Star and Lamp — 1909. ^ PSI UPSHiON — November 24, 1833 — Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, lUinois, Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Syracuse, Toronto, Trinity, Union, Washington, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale — 26. 14,000-600-250. Garnet and Gold. None. * Four are sub-rosa. Men's Literary Fraternities 189 .i^. SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON— March 9, 1856— Adrian, AWbama, Ala. Pol. Tech. Inst., Allegheny, Arizona, Arksmsas, Beloit, Bethel, Boston, Bueknell, California, Case, CentraJ, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Colo. Agr. Col., Colo. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Emory, Florida, Franklin, George Wash- ington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. tJnion, Nebraska, Nevada, New, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsylvania, Penn- sylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, South Carolina, South Dakota, Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, St. Ste- phen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, Union, University of the South, VanderbUt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, Washington State College, Wisconsin, Worcester, Wyoming — 85.* 20,000-1410-600. Eoyal Purple and Old Gold. Minerva. Violet. The JJecord— 1880. FM Al'pha—ISQ'Z. , SIGMA CHI — ^June 20, 1855 — ^Alabama, Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Brown, Bueknell, Butler, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, George Washington, Georgia, Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Okla- homa, Oregon, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Southern California, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, * Two are sub-rosa. 190 Men's Literary Fraternities Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 70. 15,000-1000-600. Blue and Gold. White Kose. The Sigma Chi Quarterly — 1881. The Sigma Chi Bulletin — 1887. SIGMA NU — January 1, 1869 — Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Arkansas, Bethany, Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Colo- rado Agr. Col., Colo. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Dela- ware, De Pauw, Emory, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Howard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Maine, Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst., Stanford, Stetson, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, VanderbUt, Vermont, Vir- ginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wisconsin— 72. 11,000-1500-700. Black, White and Gold. White Rose. Delta of Sigma Nu — 1883. SIGMA PHI— March 4, 1827 — California, Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, I-ehigh, Michigan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 10. 3000- 200-75. Light Blue and White. None. SIGMA PHI EPSILON— November 1, 1901— Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Baker, Brown, California, Colorado, Cornell, Dartmouth, Delaware, Denver, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Illinois, Illinois (Med. Col.), Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Lawrence, Lehigh, Mass. Agr. Col., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, N. C. A. & M. C, Norwich, Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Bichmond, Syracuse, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), Virginia, Va. Mil. Inst., Mi;n's Literary Fraternities 191 Washington State College, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, William and Mary— 40. 3000-800-300. Purple and Eed. American Beauty and Violet. Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal — -1904. SIGMA PI— 1897 — California, Cornell, Illinois, Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Temple — 10. ', 500-150-50. ' Lavender and White. Orchid. -, The Emerald— ISU. SIGMA UPSHiON — January, 1906 — Emory, Georgia, Millsaps, Missis- sippi, North Carolina, Eandolph-Maeon, South Carolina, Texas, Tran- sylvania, Trinity (N. C), University of the South, Vanderbilt — 12. 600-125-75. Dark green and Old Gold. Jonqml TAU KAPPA EPSILON— January 10, 1899— Beloit, Chicago, Eureka Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Knox, MiUikin, Minne- sota— 9. 500-200-100. Cherry and Gray. Pearl. Bed Carnation. The TeTce— 1908. •-1 THETA CHI— April 10, 1856— California, Colgate, Cornell, Dickinson, Florida, Hampden-Sidney, Illinois, Maine, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., New Hampshire, N. D. Agr. Oo\.,. Norwich, Oregon College, Penn- sylvania, Rensselaer, Rhode Island, Richmond, Virginia, Worcester — 20. 2,000-400-200. Bed and White. Ruby. None. The Battle— 1911. i THETA DELTA CHI — June 5, 1848 — ^Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- fornia, C. C. N. T., Columbia, Cornell,- Dartmouth, George Washington, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGiU, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Stan- 192 Men's Literary Fraternities ford, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Wil- liam and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin— 30. 6000-550-250. Black, White and Blue. Buby. Minerva. Bed Carnation, , The SMeld— 1884:. THETA XI— April 29, 1864 — California, Carnegie, Columbia, ©(rnell, Iowa, Iowa State College, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., PennsylTiiiia, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Eensselaer, Rose, Stevens, Texas, Wash- ington, Wisconsin, Yale— 17. 1500-250-100. None. Nonei; Theta Xi Quarterly — 1894. ZETA PSI— 1847 — Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, Columbia, Cornell, Illinois, Lafayette, McGUl, Michigan, Minnesota, New XorTc, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Eutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Wisconsin, WUUams, Yale— 24. 8000-500-200. White. White Carnation. The Cwole — 1910. ) li Monthly Study Topics 193 . October. ■«; Novemier. December. January. Februa/ry. March. April. MONTHLY STUDY TOPICS Xnception of the Sorority Idea. Phi Beta Kappa and its successors; types; educational opportunities for women; rise of sorority; causes; centers of activity; types. Extension. 1870-1885; 1885-1900; 1900-1910; open and closed fields; voting privileges in different sororities; ad- vantages and disadvantages of long, short, compact, scat- tered, sectional rolls; conservatism vs. expansion; univer- sity vs. college. Standards. Governmental; A. C. A.; S. A. C. W.; Phi Beta Kappa; Phi Kappa Phi; Carnegie Foundation; other agen- cies at work; pressing need for a definite and fair crite- rion. Government. Supreme governing body; usual council; variations in numbers and elections; advantages and dis- advantages in long term and tenure; present tendencies; salaried ofiicers; central office. Publications. Usual; special; contemporaneous fraternity and sorority magazines; finance; life subscriptions. The Alunmae Movement. History; duty owed by sorority; advantages; -national prestige; financial security; conven- tion representation; obligations and privileges of alumnae associations. The Chapter House Movement. Advantages and disad- vantages locally and elsewhere; finance; methods used by other fraternities and sororities; ownership; house rules; chaperons. Pan-Hellenism. History; growth; ideals; National Pan- Hellenic; city Pan-Hellenics; college Pan-Hellenics; local rules; rules elsewhere; sophomore pledging; compulsory, voluntary; net gains to date; men's movement. 194 Addenda ADDENDA Data Not Beceived Arizona University, Tucson, Ariz. 1917, Kappa Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi. Drake University, Des Moines, la. 1917, Mu Phi EpsUon. Millsaps College, Jackson, Miss. 1914, Kappa Delta, Phi Mu. Montana College,- Bozeman, Mont. 1917, Alpha Omicron PL Oregon College, CorvalMs, Ore. 1915, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Kapp'' Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi. , Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915, Delta Zeta, Zeta Tau Alpha, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Delta Delta. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 1915, Alpha Omieron Pi, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1916, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Chi Omega. NEW CHAETEE GEANT8 A r A— Coe, Iowa State College. A * — Oklahoma. X n — Cornell. Page The Higher Education of "Women 1 The Evolution op the Sorority System 9 Extension 15 Standards 22 Government 27 Publications 29 Alumnae Associations 33 Chapter Houses 36 Pan-Hellenism 37 The Congress of Fraternities 38 The Inter-Sorority Conferences 38 The Inter-Sorority Congresses 42 The Mission op the Sorority 45 Literabt Sororities. Congress Class 61 Alpha Chi Omega 61 Alpha Delta Pi 62 Alpha Gamma JDelta 63 Alpha Omicron Pi 65 Alpha Phi 66 Alpha Xi Delta 67 CM Omega . . . ". 68 Delta Delta Delta 70 Delta Gamma 71 Delta Zeta 73 Gamma Phi Beta 74 Kappa Alpha Theta 75 Kappa Delta 76 Kap^ja Kappa Gamma 78 Phi Mu 79 Pi Beta Phi 80 ■ Sigma Kappa 82 Zeta Tau Alpha 83 Literary Sororities. Junior Class 84 Beta Sigma Omicron 84 Eta TJpsilon Gamma . . . .' 86 Sigma Iota Chi 87 Legal Sororities 88 Kappa Beta Pi 88 m Page Phi Delta Delta 89 Medical Soeomties 90 Alpha Epsilon Iota 90 Nu Sigma Phi 91 Zeta Plii 92 Musical Sororities 93 Delta Omicron 94 Mu Phi Epsilon 95 Sigma Alpha Iota 96 Osteopathic Sororities 98 Delta Omega 98 Pedagogical Sororities 99 Alpha Sigma Alpha 101 Delta Sigma Epsilon 102 Pi Kappa Sigma 102 Sigma Sigma Sigma 103 Necrology op Chapters 105 Honorary Societies Admitting Women 109 Phi Beta Kappa 109, 117 Sigma Xi 115, 118 Phi Kappa Phi 115, 119 Alpha Omega Alpha 116, 120 The Association op Collegiate Alumnae 121 Southern Association of College Women 123 The Carnegie Foundation 125 Statistical Data 126 Affiliated CoUeges 127 Coeducational Colleges 132 Coordinate Colleges 166 Independent Colleges for Women 169 Colleges on EoUs of Junior Sororities 180 Men 's Literary Fraternities 181 Monthly Study Topics 193 Addenda •. . . . 194