arV 
 
 12104 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924031 265071 
 
Cornell University Library 
 
 arV12104 
 
 The game of preference of Swedish Whist 
 
 3 1924 031 265 071 
 olin.anx 
 
THE GAME 
 
 PREFERENCE 
 
 Swedish Whist 
 
 With a Bibliography of English Whist 
 
 KLAS AUGUST LINDERFELT 
 
 MILWAUKEE 
 
 PRIVATELY PRINTED 
 
 18S5 
 
/?*+?: 
 
 Uti ) JcSVw'i"! V j 
 
 
 COPYKIGHT, 1885, 
 
 BY K. A. LINDERFELT. 
 
 Seuenty-jfSve copies printed for private distribution, 
 of which this U No. 
 
CO NTH NTS. 
 
 Preface Page 4 
 
 Preference 
 
 The Players 
 
 TheGame 
 
 Points and Marking " 14 
 
 Dummy " 22 
 
 Laws 
 
 Eules and Suggestions " 2S 
 
 Bibliography " 41 
 
 Index " 49 
 
BY WAY OF PREFACE. 
 
 This little manual has been prepared mainly to 
 serve as a guide to a few whist players who have 
 learnt and appreciate the game of preference. 
 Where or when the game originated I know not; but 
 in Sweden it has entirely superseded the ordinary 
 English whist, which is the reason that I have ven- 
 tured to designate it "Swedish" whist. The laws 
 and practices of the Swedish game, however, have 
 been modified somewhat, so as to bring it into closer 
 harmony with the game of whist, as played in this 
 country. 
 
 The arrangement of the manual being such as to 
 render it incomplete, unless combined with one of 
 the existing works on whist, I have appended a list 
 of all the books and articles in the English language 
 that are known to me. Those marked with an * have 
 been examined for this purpose, while the other 
 titles are culled from various sources, and I can, 
 therefore, not vouch for their bibliographical ac- 
 curacy. L. 
 
PREFERENCE 
 
 Is a variation of the ordinary game of whist, 
 fully as interesting and not nearly so monot- 
 onous, its distinguishing feature being that 
 the highest game is played without trumps, 
 the intrinsic value of the cards alone de- 
 termining the issue. The distinct advantages 
 that preference possesses, as compared with 
 whist, are greater variety in the game, escape 
 from the hardships imposed by a trump de- 
 termined by an inexorable fate without 
 reference to the cards held by the players, 
 using to advantage fortunate combinations 
 of the cards which in whist are destroyed by 
 trumps, and, in consequence, greater oppor- 
 tunity for making individual skill count in 
 the ultimate result. Although, as in whist, 
 two always play in partnership, the partners 
 are constantly changed and each player has 
 
6 
 
 his individual score. It may, therefore, 
 easily happen that, after an evening's play, 
 one of the players will be found to be the 
 sole winner, and all the rest to have lost, or 
 vice versa. 
 
 THE PLAYERS. 
 
 Preference is played by four persons. Five 
 or six persons, however, may participate in 
 the game, as will be explained hereafter. 
 The place is determined by spreading a pack 
 on the table, face down, from which each one 
 draws one card. The two drawing the low- 
 est, and the two drawing the highest cards 
 play together as partners, and the lowest 
 card entitles its owner to select his place 
 first at the table, as well as to the first deal. 
 If two, or more, cards drawn are of the same 
 value, those who hold them must draw again, 
 in order to determine their relation to each 
 other, but not to the other players, whose 
 places are settled by the first draw. In draw- 
 ing, the ace is counted lowest, and the rest 
 of the cards in the usual order. 
 
 A rubber, in preference, is two games won 
 
by the same partners, and may, consequently, 
 consist of these two games only, or three 
 games of which one is won by the opponents. 
 When one rubber has been played, partners 
 are changed in the following manner. The 
 player who has the deal retains his seat, and 
 so does his neighbor to the left, but the other 
 two change places. After the second rubber, 
 he who sits opposite the next dealer changes 
 place with the one among his neighbors who 
 has not before played with the dealer. 
 
 All the players, in this manner, having 
 played one rubber with each other, the places 
 are again determined by drawing, or the play 
 is continued by changing partners as in the 
 first instance. Each series of three rubbers 
 is a finished game. 
 
 If Jive persons take part in the game, they 
 all draw, and whoever has the highest card 
 sits over the first rubber. In the second rub- 
 ber, the one who had the next highest card, 
 goes out of the game, and so forth. Each 
 player entering the game, after having had 
 his turn out, always takes his place opposite 
 the one who had the lowest card. When the 
 
8 THE GAME Ot 
 
 latter has thus played with all of the other 
 four, he goes out, and those who, during the 
 previous rubbers, have not played together 
 now form a partnership, after which the 
 respective places are again drawn for, or the 
 game continued as before. 
 
 With six players, the procedure is similar, 
 two being out each time, in the order of the 
 highest cards. 
 
 A tftree-handed game is explained further 
 on, under the heading " Dummy." 
 
 THE GAME. 
 
 Preference is played with the ordinary 
 whist deck of 52 cards, dealt in the usual 
 way from left to right, one card at a time. 
 The first dealer is he who drew the lowest 
 card in determining the places, and the player 
 on his right cuts in such a manner as not to 
 leave less than four cards in either packet. 
 While the deal is being made, the dealer's 
 partner shuffles the other pack, which it is 
 convenient to use, and places it to his right, 
 so that the next dealer can take it from his 
 left side and offer it, without shuffling anew, 
 
PREFERENCE. 9 
 
 to his neighbor on the right for cutting. 
 That one of the partners who does not make 
 the first trick, collects and arranges all that 
 the firm makes during that deal. 
 
 The cards are valued in the usual order, 
 the ace being highest. Ace, king, queen, 
 knave and ten are honors in trumps, and, 
 when no trump is played, the four aces. 
 
 In preference, as in whist, the object of the 
 play is to win as many points as possible, and 
 the number of points depends not only on the 
 number of tricks above six, but also on the 
 color played. Trump is not turned up, but 
 determined by the players in bidding over 
 each other. The leader has the first privilege, 
 then the second and third hands, and, finally, 
 the dealer, of indicating what color he wishes 
 played, but each one must name a color, that 
 is higher than his predecessor's. If he can- 
 not say anything higher, he passes. 
 
 The colors rank in the following order, begin- 
 ning with the lowest : clubs, spades, diamonds, 
 hearts; but higher than any of these is prefer- 
 ence, in which no trump whatever is employed . 
 As soon, therefore, as any one has said 
 
10 THE GAME OF 
 
 preference or I prefer (namely, to play without 
 trumps), all further bidding is stopped, since 
 there is nothing higher to offer. 
 
 It is now customary, however, never to play 
 clubs and spades as trumps, on account of 
 their lower value, but to use them as invita- 
 tions for one's partner to demand preference, 
 spades being the stronger invitation of the 
 two. If then the leader or, when he has 
 passed, the second hand says spades, it signi- 
 fies, not that he wishes spades as trumps, but 
 that he has tolerably good cards to assist his 
 partner with in preference, if he sees fit to 
 say it. For a call of spades, one should have 
 a couple of aces and commanding strength 
 in some color, in other words be quite sure 
 of four tricks, and generally a good hand in 
 three eolors, but it is by no means necessary 
 that one of these should be spades. In fact, 
 there may not be a single spade on one's 
 hand. Clubs indicate less strength, possibly 
 not more than two certain tricks; but if the 
 partner has such cards that he can enter in 
 any color, he should say preference, or, at 
 least, if his cards are suitable, ask for one 
 
PREFERENCE. 11 
 
 of the red colors as trumps. With the know- 
 ledge of his partner's relative strength, it is 
 easy for him to determine what he can do 
 with his cards. If he can not respond to the 
 invitation, of course, he must pass. 
 
 As a further elucidation of the demand of 
 clubs and spades, in the first hand, it may be 
 stated that, if one really has a strong hand 
 in clubs or spades, but to weak otherwise to 
 invite one's partner to preference, it is neces- 
 sary to pass, in order not to induce him to 
 demand preference with insufficient cards. 
 In the third or fourth hand, there is, of 
 course, no use of asking either clubs or 
 spades, unless the older method is followed 
 of playing these colors as trumps, if nothing 
 higher is asked. In such a case, however, 
 one will incur the danger of inviting to pre- 
 ference by spades and have to play it as 
 trumps, without even a solitary card of that 
 suit to use in playing. 
 
 Spades in the second hand, after clubs in 
 the first, is a very strong invitation and al- 
 most equal to an imperative command to the 
 dealer to say preference, if he has any show 
 
12 THE GAME OF 
 
 whatever of a trick. The reason of the 
 second hand's demanding spades on clubs, 
 instead of saying preference himself, is that 
 his cards are such that it will be an advant- 
 age to him to have the third hand lead up to 
 him, as he will have to do, if the fourth hand 
 says preference. 
 
 Beside trumps and preference, another 
 game is sometimes played, by previous agree- 
 ment, called nullissimo, when all have passed, 
 or invitation in the first or second hand has 
 not been responded to by preference or bid 
 over with other color. When nullissimo is 
 played, it is necessary to avoid taking tricks, 
 and those partners who make over six tricks 
 pay for each one that they get, at the same 
 rate as in preference. In this game the 
 deuces are counted and paid for as honors. 
 
 If the leader has said clubs or, particularly, 
 spades and it, therefore, is probable that 
 preference will be demanded, his neighbor 
 to the left should announce the color which 
 he should like to have for trump, as this will 
 be an important help to his partner during 
 the progress of the play. 
 
PREFERENCE. 13 
 
 If a trump game is the highest demand 
 after passing around to the dealer, the first 
 hand leads, the same as in whist; but in pre- 
 ference, the player to the right of him, who has 
 made the demand of preference, leads. He 
 who makes the trick leads out anew. - 
 
 There is nothing paid for the privilege of 
 making the trumps or playing preference; 
 but, if those who have determined the game 
 fail to win it, a penalty is exacted, as stated 
 below. 
 
 In a play with trumps, three honors held 
 by the two partners are counted as 2, four 
 as 4, and five as 5. In preference, likewise, 
 three aces in the hands of the two partners 
 are counted as 2, four as 4, and, if all four 
 aces were on one hand, as 5. 
 
 As in whist, all tricks above six are count- 
 ed as points. When six tricks have been 
 made by one side, they should be put to- 
 gether in one packet, which is called a booh, 
 and all subsequent tricks be laid out sepa- 
 rately for convenient counting. 
 
 Twelve tricks, i. e. all but one, are called 
 little slam, and thirteen tricks grand slam. 
 
14 THE GAME OF 
 
 If the partners who determine trumps or 
 demand preference, do not get the points, 
 but their opponents instead, the latter mark 
 the points by trick double, as a penalty. 
 For instance, if those who demand hearts 
 and are allowed to play it, make eight tricks, 
 they mark for two tricks twelve points; but 
 if their opponents make them, they not only 
 mark twelve points on the game, but are 
 paid twelve besides by the other players. 
 
 POINTS AND MARKING. 
 
 The game consists of 20 points, and the 
 rubber, as before stated, of two such games 
 by the same firm. For each trick above six 
 the following points are counted: for a game 
 in clubs 3, spades 4, diamonds 5, hearts 6, pre- 
 ference or nidlissimo 8 points. If the total 
 should not reach 20, the amount is marked 
 and another deal made, until the game is 
 won by either side. Honors are counted at 
 the same rates, also depending on the color 
 played; this, however, is never marked, but 
 paid at once, if chips are used, or written 
 apart from the points by trick, if a record 
 
PREFERENCE. 
 
 15 
 
 is kept on paper. Little slam is, in addition, 
 paid with 10, grand slam with 20, first game 
 with 10, and second game (by the same part- 
 ners) with 20 points. 
 
 For a rubber, as before stated, two "games" 
 are required, i. e. one firm must twice make 
 20, or more, points in tricks. The marking 
 is done with four round and one long marker, 
 the former being either imitation coins, 
 made for the purpose, or the ordinary chips 
 used for payments, in the following manner : 
 
 1. 
 
 o 
 
 2. 
 
 o o 
 
 3. 
 
 ooo 
 
 4. 
 
 oooo 
 
 5. 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 6. 
 
 o 
 ooo 
 
 7. 
 
 o o 
 o 
 
 8. 
 
 ooo 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 9. 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 °o° or ■ 
 
 11. 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 oo 
 
 13. 
 
 ooo 
 
 14. 
 
 oooo 
 
 15. 
 
 o 
 oo 
 
 16. 
 
 o 
 ooo 
 
 17. 
 
 oo 
 o 
 
 18. 
 
 ooo 
 o 
 
 19. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 20. Game, 
 
16 THE GAME OF 
 
 The principle of this method of marking 
 is this: round markers side by side designate 
 units, one round marker above designates 3, 
 one below 5, and an oblong marker 10. The 
 marking is done on the right side of the 
 player, while the box containing his chips is 
 kept on the left side. The first game is 
 marked by putting a long chip under the box 
 in such a manner, that one half protrudes on 
 the side of the box. 
 
 The chips generally used in preference are 
 a variety of poker chips, sometimes sold un- 
 der the name of solo chips, and may be ob- 
 tained at almost any bookstore, particularly 
 such as carry importations from Germany, 
 and consist of four sets of different colors; 
 containing each 5 square, 9 round, and 10 ob- 
 long chips. The square ones are counted as 
 100, the round 10, and the oblong 1, making a 
 total for each player to start on of 600 points. 
 The colors of the chips merely serve to facil- 
 itate dividing them in the right proportion 
 to each player at the beginning of the play, 
 and determining each one's gain or loss at 
 the end. At the end of a deal, honors, slams 
 
PREFERENCE. 17 
 
 and penalties are settled for at once, each 
 looser paying to his right-hand neighbor, and 
 the points in tricks marked, if not reaching 
 a total of 20. At the end of each game, a 
 complete settlement is made, which, of 
 course, implies that any points the losing 
 side may have marked toward the game are 
 wiped out, by being deducted from the score 
 of the winning side. 
 
 When the score is kept on paper by one of 
 the players as secretary, the points made by 
 each partnership in tricks are written down 
 in its place and, separately, all points made 
 in honors, penalties, etc. When the points 
 in tricks of either side reach 20 or more twice, 
 all points made by each side are added to- 
 gether, and the smaller sum subtracted from 
 the larger. The remainder is entered in the 
 score of the winners in even tens. If there 
 are 5 points or more, they are counted as 10; 
 if less than 5, they are not counted at all, 
 and, in the same manner, if the total exceeds 
 10, all units less than 5 are deducted, while 
 enough is added, when the last figure is 5 or 
 more, to make up the next higher multiple 
 
18 THE GAME OF 
 
 of ten. If the net gain, thus, should be 
 found to be 17 it is counted as 20, and if 24 it 
 will also appear in the record as 20, while 25 
 would be counted as 30. In entering, for the 
 sake of convenience, the last zero is dropped 
 until the end of the play, when the score of 
 each player, as it appears on the paper, is 
 multiplied by ten. This is not the ease in 
 using chips, when payment is made exactly 
 as called for. 
 
 The following will serve as an illustration 
 of keeping a preference score on paper: 
 
 A, B, C and D sit down to play with these 
 results: 
 
 FIBST BUBBEB. 
 
 A and B, C and D partners. 
 
 1st game: 1. AB, preference, make 2 tricks 
 over book; honors easy. 
 
 2. CD, preference, make 1 trick 
 
 over book; AB 2 honors. 
 
 3. CD, hearts, make 2 tricks over 
 
 book; 2 honors. 
 2d game: CD, preference, make 3 tricks over 
 book; honors easy. 
 
PREFERENCE. 19 
 
 SECOND HUBBUB. 
 A and C, B and D partners. 
 1st game: 1. AC, hearts; BD make two tricks 
 over book; AC 2 honors. 
 2. BD, diamonds, make 6 tricks 
 over book (little slam); 5 
 honors. 
 2d game: AC, preference, make all tricks 
 
 (grand slam); 4 honors. 
 Sd game: 1. BD, hearts, make 1 trick over 
 book; 2 honors. 
 2. AC, preference; BD make 6 tricks 
 over book (little slam); BD 2 
 honors. 
 
 THIBD BVBBEB. 
 
 A and 0, B and partners. 
 
 1st game: BC, preference, make 5 tricks over 
 
 book; 5 honors. 
 Sd game: 1. BC, diamonds, make 2 tricks 
 over book; 4 honors. 
 2. AD, hearts, make 4 tricks over 
 book; 2 honors. 
 Sd game: AD, preference, make 3 tricks over 
 book; honors easy. 
 
20 
 
 THE GAME Ot 
 
 The record and score will then be made in 
 the following manner, (A being the secretary 
 and, therefore, in order to avoid confusion, 
 always writing the winnings of his firm 
 in the right-hand column; tricks also appear- 
 ing on the right side of each column). 
 
 Record. 
 
 (CD) 
 
 
 8 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 i£ 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 118 
 
 (HD) 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 142 
 
 (BO) 
 
 90 
 
 46 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8core. 
 
 5 13 3 
 
 A. — 5 — 18 — 21 
 
 B. — 5+ 8 + 11 
 G. + 6 ■— 8 ^ 5 
 D. + 5 + 18 •+■ IS 
 
 (AB) 
 
 (AC) 
 
 (AD) 
 
PBEFEBENCB. 21 
 
 If the players stop here, B and D will thus 
 have won 110 and 150, A and C lost 210 and 
 50 respectively. It is self-evident that, at 
 any stage of the game, the sum total of all 
 the + must equal the total of all the — . 
 
 It will be noticed in the record above, that, 
 at the end of each game, the calculation is 
 simplified by adding together all the points 
 made of whatsoever nature, and entering 
 them in one sum, which can cause no con- 
 fusion, as long as the end of the game is 
 marked by the horizontal line across the 
 column. The short line under the first 16 in 
 the right-hand column is used to indicate 
 points in tricks nullified, as far as counting 
 toward the game is concerned, by the oppo- 
 nents making the game first. AB would have 
 to make 20 by tricks again, in order to be 
 allowed the first game. 
 
 In order that there may be no misunder- 
 standing, as to the last statement, it might 
 be well to be somewhat more explicit. On a 
 preceding page, it is said that a complete 
 settlement, at the end of each game, implies 
 "that any points the losing side may have 
 
22 THE GAME OF 
 
 marked toward the game are wiped out, by 
 toeing deducted from the score of the win- 
 ning side." The same is true, when a record 
 is kept on paper; but since in this case no 
 settlement is effected and no entry made in 
 the score, except at the end of each rubber, 
 it becomes necessary to indicate the fact, 
 that certain tricks are not allowed to count 
 toward game, by some mark like the one 
 just mentioned. If AB have made 16 by 
 tricks, and CD then make the game, before 
 AB have a chance to make the remaining 4, 
 their 16 points are considered as if they had 
 not been made at all, as far as the first game 
 is concerned, although these points are al- 
 lowed as an offset against CD's gain, when- 
 ever settled. Consequently, if AB should 
 then again make 16, they will still not have 
 their first game, before they have added 
 enough more to make it a full 20 in tricks. 
 
 DUMMY. 
 
 When there are only three players, the 
 fourth hand is represented by a so-called 
 dummy. The manner of playing and the 
 
FKEFERENCE. 23 
 
 rules governing this game are the same as for 
 ordinary preference, with a few exceptions. 
 In drawing for places, the dummy is con- 
 sidered always to have the lowest card, and 
 the other players change places, after each 
 rubber, so that all play with the dummy in 
 the order of the cards drawn; and, when a 
 settlement is made, the dummy's partner 
 scores both for himself and the dummy, 
 whether it be loss or gain. 
 
 No one can look at more than one set of 
 cards before the first lead is made, and if, 
 therefore, it so happens that the dummy's 
 partner, in the regular order of bids, should 
 have to examine the other cards, he changes 
 hands and bids again on the first hand 
 examined. If, for instance, the dummy in 
 the first hand says clubs, and the second hand 
 bids diamonds, the third hand gives his own 
 cards, without looking at them, to the dum- 
 my and bids a second time on what was origin- 
 ally the dummy's cards, but will now remain 
 his own hand for that deal. The same change 
 would have to be made if he had commenced 
 bidding on his own hand, and the biddin g had 
 
24 PREFERENCE. 
 
 continued until it reached the dummy. If the 
 first or second hand, however, had demanded 
 preference, no change would be necessary. 
 
 When it is the dummy's turn to play, but 
 TWt before, the cards of the dummy are all 
 turned and exposed, and the next hand need 
 not play until that is done. 
 
 The object of these restrictions of the rules 
 ordinarily in force in preference is, of course, 
 to secure, as far as possible, an equitable di- 
 vision of the benefits accruing from playing 
 with two hands instead of one, and to pre- 
 vent the dummy and his partner from ob- 
 taining an undue advantage over the other 
 two players. Any inequality that still may 
 exist, however, is perfectly balanced by 
 changing partners, so that each one of the 
 players will have the dummy during one out 
 of every three rubbers. 
 
 ~J»s»0^?<«fe?-«- 
 
LAWS 
 
 OF PREFERENCE. 
 
 1. The deal is lost, if each player does not 
 get thirteen cards, in regular succession, or 
 if more than one card is dealt at a time. If 
 the pack of cards is not new, however, the 
 dealer is entitled to dealing again once. 
 
 2. If the pack is incomplete, if a card is 
 faced in the pack or falls on the floor, the 
 dealer must deal again. 
 
 3. If a card is turned up in dealing, the 
 leader may decide whether a new deal shall 
 be made or not, but without looking at his 
 own cards. 
 
 4. If a card falls separate from the rest, 
 while dealing is going on, without being 
 turned up or exposed, a new deal cannot be 
 demanded. 
 
 5. Each one must count his cards. If any 
 one has less than thirteen cards, without 
 
26 THE GAME OF 
 
 noticing it before a trick has been made, and 
 the others have the right number, the play 
 goes on, unless the opponents demand a new 
 deal. If one of the other players had four- 
 teen cards, the play is void, and the deal 
 passes on to the next hand. 
 
 6. If a player, during the play, indicates 
 to his partner, by word or sign, what card 
 he wishes him to lead or otherwise play, for 
 his own advantage, the opponents may, if 
 they see fit, throw up their cards and de- 
 mand a new deal. 
 
 7. If a player revoke, he must pay a 
 penalty of 20 points to each one of his oppo- 
 nents. 
 
 8. If a player throws two or more cards 
 at once, or expose a card without playing it 
 out of his hand, or fails to play upon a trick, 
 or plays out of turn, a demand may be made 
 upon him for the payment of 10 points to 
 each one of the other players. 
 
 9. After a player has thrown a card out 
 of his hand, it cannot be recalled, unless the 
 card played should cause a revoke, in which 
 case he may exchange it for the correct card), 
 
PREFERENCE. 27 
 
 provided the trick has not been turned; but 
 is subject to the penalty prescribed in the 
 preceding section. 
 
 10. In addition to the trick on the table, a 
 player is entitled to look at the last trick 
 turned down, or, if permission of all the 
 other players be first obtained, at any one 
 of those turned down that be may indicate, 
 provided that no one shall ask to examine 
 more than one turned-down trick during the 
 same deal. (This privilege should, however, 
 be made use of as seldom as possible, as it 
 shows thoughtlessness and inattention). 
 
 11. If diamonds or hearts have been bid, 
 the next player must not say clubs or spades, 
 or suffer the penalty that his partner will not 
 be allowed to demand preference, even if he 
 could do so on his own hand. 
 
 -^^tsSx^^^fe- 
 
GENERAL RULES 
 
 AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 In a game like preference, where such an 
 unlimited number of variations may occur, 
 it would be futile to attempt laying down 
 rules for governing the method of play in all 
 cases likely to arise; but there are certain 
 recognized practices that may be said to be 
 the axioms of a good play, and which must 
 be carefully observed by all who are anxious 
 to acquire proficiency in the game. These 
 will be explained in the following, as far as 
 they relate to the play of preference. When- 
 ever trump is played, the character of the 
 game is so essentially that of ordinary whist, 
 that the rules and maxims in the several 
 excellent treatises on the game of whist 
 apply with equal force here, and it is, there- 
 fore, unnecessary to repeat them. The only 
 
PREFEBENCE. 29 
 
 thing in which a trump game in preference 
 differs from one in whist, is the circumstance 
 that, in the former, it is always known from 
 the beginning, which hand holds the strength 
 in trumps, and the play will be modified 
 somewhat accordingly. The conventional 
 signals in whist may be employed also in a 
 trump game in preference, but are of com- 
 paratively little account in preference proper, 
 and must be considerably modified if em- 
 ployed at all. An enthusiastic lover of con- 
 ventional whist signals, however, would do 
 well to consider, what Mr. Pembridge has to 
 say about them in his " Whist or bumblepup- 
 
 py?» 
 
 The first rule for a good game is: play not 
 with 13, but with 26 cards; that is to say, pay 
 as much attention to your partner's hand as 
 to your own. A very short experience will 
 establish the fact, that this rule is of far 
 greater importance in preference than in 
 regulation whist. Tour partner's lead must 
 always be responded to, if you can, unless you 
 are in a . position to show great strength in 
 
30 THE GAME OT 
 
 another suit, such as ace, king and three, in 
 Which case you lead the king first and then 
 respond to your partner's lead. Occasions 
 may arise, when you are obliged to play your 
 own hand rather than your partner's, as, for 
 instance, if you get in on your partner's lead 
 and have seven or eight cards in another suit, 
 ace included, and no other card to enter on. 
 
 If you have the lead, open your strongest 
 suit, as to number and quality. If you have 
 a high sequence, beginning for instance with 
 the king, lead the highest card. If the trick 
 goes home, lead a small one of the same suit, 
 as it is probable that your partner has the 
 ace; but if your opponents take your king, 
 your suit will be established for use, as soon 
 as you or your partner make a trick. If, 
 when you lead in this manner, your partner 
 has ace and one only, he should take your 
 king with his ace and lead the other card, as 
 he otherwise may be debarred from respond- 
 ing to your lead, and it is evident that ytfu 
 are anxious to have the ace out of the way. 
 
PREFERENCE. 31 
 
 If your sequence is low, or the high cards 
 are not in sequence, lead your lowest card, 
 when your partner is bound to take the 
 trick with his highest card, and, if he makes 
 it, answer with the next highest. 
 
 If trump is played and has been made by 
 your partner, (or if your opponents play pre- 
 ference on his trump demand), it is your 
 duty, at your first opportunity, to lead your 
 highest trump, and, if you make the trick, 
 continue with the next highest. A failure 
 to do so is an indication to your partner that 
 you have no trumps whatever. 
 
 3. 
 
 In the same way as leading a suit indicates 
 strength, and is an invitation to your partner 
 to draw it up again, you signal weakness in 
 a suit by discarding it on another suit led, of 
 which you have none. Leading a suit that 
 your partner has discarded is as grievous an 
 error, as not to lead what he has asked for. 
 
 As before mentioned, if you have a sequence 
 from the ace, you should lead the king and 
 then stop, as that is sufficient to show your 
 
32 THE GAME OF 
 
 partner the strength of your suit, so that he 
 may keep a card for leading it up to you, -when 
 the time comes. Then lead another color in 
 which you are strong; but if you have a 
 major or minor tenace in a short suit, you 
 should await its being led by somebody else, 
 which will always be of advantage to you, 
 particularly if your opponents open it. If 
 you have a long suit, however, of this kind, 
 open it yourself as your strongest suit. 
 
 4. 
 
 The rule of leading the king only, of a se- 
 quence to the ace, does not apply, when pre- 
 ference has been said and you have the first 
 lead. You should then lead the ace and con- 
 tinue with the king, queen, etc., as that will 
 probably give your partner an opportunity to 
 indicate his strength by discarding, and 
 when you have taken all the tricks you can, 
 you will be able to lead his strongest suit, to 
 the great disadvantage of your opponents. 
 
 5. 
 
 Keep your eye on what signals your oppo- 
 nents give, and never lead a suit that your 
 
PEEFBBBNCE. 33 
 
 neighbor to the right has asked for, except in 
 trumps, when your partner has renounced 
 and has trumps that may be used to advan- 
 tage. On the other hand, your right-hand 
 opponent's discards will often help you to 
 decide what to lead in doubtful cases. The 
 only case, in which it is advisable to lead 
 what your left-hand opponent has called for, 
 is when he has led a small card, which his 
 partner has either renounced or taken with 
 another small card. This shows that the 
 third hard has nothing in the suit, and if you 
 make the trick cheaply and lead a tolerably 
 high card of the same suit, it is likely that 
 your left-hand neighbor will either be obliged 
 to let it pass or take it, only to be " eaten 
 up " by your partner. 
 
 6. 
 
 When your partner leads a suit, it is best 
 always to take it with your highest card 
 and avoid finessing. If you have ace and 
 queen, however, in a suit that your partner 
 has led, the temptation is great to take it 
 with your queen, provided you have more 
 
34 THE GAME OF 
 
 than these two, and such a play generally 
 
 succeeds. 
 
 7. 
 
 Never lead a singleton, if it is small, as 
 that will surely cause your partner to commit 
 a dangerous error; but, since you really play 
 with 26 cards, you may, if you havt nothing 
 better to do,— not for your own, but your part- 
 ner's sake— lead a high singleton, except 
 the ace, which never should be led when 
 single. Your queen single will make your 
 partner's king good; but if he should have 
 the ace, and the king on your left takes your 
 queen, he will be " eaten up." If he does 
 not take, so much the better, as then your 
 queen will make a trick. If your partner, 
 however, should only have the knave, sacri- 
 ficing your queen will, in alLprobability, give 
 him the third trick in that suit. 
 
 8. 
 
 If preference is played and you have king 
 and one of a suit, in which your partner leads 
 the ace, and you can depend on his under- 
 standing the game, you should throw your 
 
tREfen-BTSCB. 35 
 
 king «n his ace, as he may be supposed to 
 have queen and some other good cards to fol- 
 low it up. If he has not, it is his business 
 to lead a low card instead of the ace. In the 
 same manner, if he plays ace and king, and 
 you have the queen and two, throw your 
 queen in the second round. Keeping your 
 king or queen, under such circumstances, to 
 get in on, may ruin your partner's chance of 
 ever coming in again, so as to use his long 
 cards. If you have knave and three, and your 
 partner leads ace, king and queen, the fall 
 of cards during the two first rounds Will 
 generally tell you, whether to throw your 
 knave on his queen, or not. 
 
 9. 
 
 If your right-hand opponent leads a suit, 
 in which you have ace and queen only, do 
 not play your ace, as he probably leads from 
 the king; and if you take with your queen, 
 it insures you two tricks, instead of one, that 
 you otherwise get. If you have king and 
 queen, or knave, aud some low cards, yon 
 should play low, as your left-hand neighbor 
 
36 THE GAME OF 
 
 will then take the trick with his highest card 
 and respond with his next, which will give 
 you tricks for both king and queen or knave. 
 But if you have king and one, and a low card 
 is led to your right, play the king without 
 hesitation, as that is the only thing which 
 may give you the trick. When you have 
 yourself said preference, such a play is par- 
 ticularly important, and almost always suc- 
 ceeds. 
 
 lO. 
 
 Playing false cards so-called, should be 
 avoided. If, for instance, you have a se- 
 quence of three to the queen, and the ace is 
 led, you should not throw the queen, in the 
 supposition that you will always make a 
 trick anyway, as you thereby make your part- 
 ner believe that it is a singleton. When, 
 however, you can inform your partner of 
 your hand by such a play, it is not only ad- 
 visable, but to be recommended. If, for in- 
 stance, your partner is making tricks in a 
 suit that you are out of, and you have a long 
 sequence to the ace in another suit, it is a 
 good thing to discard the ace, instead of a 
 
PREFERENCE. 37 
 
 smaller card, as that will show your partner 
 unequivocally that you want that suit led, 
 when he is through with his play. This is 
 one of the few cases, in preference, that 
 justify signaling strength; usually strength 
 is indicated negatively, by discarding the 
 weak suits. 
 
 11. 
 
 The weakest suit should always be dis- 
 carded first, commencing with the lowest 
 card. Circumstances may arise, however, 
 when it is impossible to discard weak suits. 
 If you, for instance, wish to keep a high card 
 that is barely guarded and, have nothing else 
 to discard but a long suit, it becomes neces- 
 sary to signal strength in the latter. 1 his is 
 done by discarding a tolerably high card, fol- 
 lowed immediately by ar low, which then 
 shows your partner that you hold a good 
 hand in that particular suit. This is virtu- 
 ally the same signal, as that used in calling 
 for trumps in whist, employed here for other 
 purposes. It should only be resorted to. 
 however, in cases of extreme necessity, since 
 there is always the danger attending its use 
 
38 THE GAME OF 
 
 that, unless your partner is particularly 
 watchful, your signal will pass unnoticed by 
 him, when he naturally will conclude that 
 you wanted to show weakness in this partic- 
 ular suit and carefully refrain from leading 
 
 it up to you. 
 
 12. 
 
 When you open a suit, in which your part- 
 ner, by discarding other suits, or by signaling, 
 has shown himself to possess commanding 
 strength, always lead your highest cards and 
 keep the low ones to give him a chance to 
 come in, after the suit is established. If you 
 have only one or two low cards in such a 
 suit, be particularly careful not to discard 
 them during the progress of the game, so as 
 not to deprive yourself of the ability to lead 
 them to your partner, when you get in. This 
 is frequently his only chance of bringing in 
 his long cards. 
 
 13. 
 
 Leading from a high sequence is generally 
 the most advantageous opening, but some- 
 times your hand may be such that it is better 
 to open a long suit, even if the cards com- 
 
PREFERENCE. 39 
 
 posing it are not particularly high. You 
 may thus reasonably hope to establish this 
 suit, after the high cards have made their 
 tricks, no matter whether they are in your 
 partner's or your opponents' hands. Such 
 a play is particularly important in preference, 
 where there is no trumps to check your bring- 
 ing in a long suit. If you have, for instance, 
 four small hearts, five small diamonds knave 
 highest, king and two in spades, and the ace 
 of clubs, open at once with a small diamond, 
 unless you have knave, ten and nine, in 
 which case the knave should be led. If then 
 your partner makes the trick and leads it 
 again, your suit will undoubtedly be estab- 
 lished at once, and even if your opponents 
 make that trick, you have other controlling 
 cards left, that will give you an opportunity 
 to come in and play your high diamonds. 
 
 14. 
 
 If you have the same number of cards in 
 two suits, lead the one in which you have the 
 highest cards. Elaborate methods of indi- 
 cating the precise nature of one's suit, by 
 
40 PREFERENCE. 
 
 means of the particular card led, such as re- 
 commended in the principal treatises on 
 whist, may, of course, be followed also in 
 preference; but the game ceases to be inter- 
 esting, when reduced to merely practicing a 
 series of preconcerted signals. 
 
 15. 
 
 With the limitations stated in the preced- 
 ing, the usual aphorism, second hand low, 
 third high, is as safe a rule to go by in playing 
 preference, as in ordinary whist. 
 
 16. 
 
 Finally, observe closely and fix in your 
 memory, not only how many, but what cards 
 have been played in each suit. 
 
 Rules are made for a beginner; the skillful 
 player will find that opportunities for justifi- 
 able exceptions are not of rare occurrence. 
 
 ~Zt&£fr^^*£-* 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 (See Preface, page 4.) 
 
 A*****, Major, pseud. See Coles, C. B. 
 
 *Ames, Fisher. Modern whist; with the laws of the 
 game . (Harper's half-hour series, no. 119). New 
 York, Harper & Bros., 1879. 
 
 Aquabius, vseud. Easy whist. London, Chapman & 
 Hall, 1883. 
 
 —Advanced whist. London, Chapman & Hall, 1884. 
 
 —Hands at whist. London, Chapman & Hail, 1883. 
 
 Baldwin, John Loraine. The laws of short whist, 
 ed. by J. L. Baldwin, adopted by the following 
 clubs: Arlington, Army and Nary [and 10 other, 
 mentioned by name] ; and A treatise on the game 
 by J[ames] C|lay"|. New ed. London, Thos. De 
 La Bue & Co. 
 
 Beviewed in Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine, vol. 97, 
 p. 461, April, 1865. 
 
 * — Same. First American ed., with an introduction. 
 New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1874. 
 
 —Same. See Whist triad. 
 
 B[IjYth], Colonel — . The whist player; laws and prac- 
 tice of short whist, by lieut.-col. B****. 3d ed. 
 London, Chapman & Hall, 1866. 
 
 *Bohn, Henry G., ed. Handbook of games, by vari- 
 ous amateurs and professors; comprising trea- 
 tises on all the principal games of chance, skill 
 and manual dexterity. In all above 40 games, 
 the whist, draughts and billiards being especially 
 comprehensive. (Bonn's Reference library). Lon- 
 don, Geo. Bell & Sons. 
 
42 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Buckland, C. T. Whist for beginners. London, W. 
 H. Allen, 1883. 
 
 Burney, Charles. Treatise on the game of whist. 
 London, Boone, 1816. 
 
 —James, see Watson, P.P. 
 
 C, T. Short whist register, summary and laws. Lon- 
 don, Simpkin, 1878. 
 
 Cam, pseud. See Lewis, W. 
 
 Carlyon, Thomas Tristem Spry, (pseud. Coelebs). 
 The laws and practice of whist by Coelebs. 6th ed. 
 London, Hobert Hardwlcke, 1862. 
 Also ascribed to Edward Augustus Carlyon. The first 
 ed. was published by Saunders, iu 1851. 
 
 *Cateohism, A, of whist. In Blackwood's Edinburgh 
 magazine, vol. 38, p. 63T; Nov. 1835. 
 
 Cavendish, pseud. See Jones, H . 
 
 Clay, James. Laws of short whist by J. C. London, 
 Harrison, 1864. 
 
 —A treatise on short whist. London, 1864. 
 
 *—Same. See Baldwin, J. L., and also Whist triad 
 
 (.'celebs, psettd. See Carlyon, T. 
 
 Coles, Charles Barwell, (pseiwl. Major A*****). Short 
 whist; its rise and progress. London, Longman, 
 1835. 
 
 — Same. To which are prefixed Precepts for tyros 
 [by Mrs. B***** lattlel ; with an essay on the mod- 
 ern scientific game of whist by Professor P[ole]. 
 18th ed. London, Longmans & Co., 1865. 
 
 Crawley, Capt., pseud. See Pardon, G . F . 
 
 Deschapelles, ftf— . Treatise on whist, with laws. 
 
 2 vol. London, Hookham, 1839. 
 
 The author has been dubbed the "king of whist."— Re- 
 viewed in the Foreign quarterly review, vol. 24, p 835, 
 Jan. 1804. 
 
 *Dick, William Brisbane, (pseud. Thumps). The Ameri- 
 can Hoyle, or Gentleman's hand-book of games; 
 containing all the games played in the United 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 43 
 
 States, with rules, descriptions and technicalities, 
 adapted to the American methods of playing, by 
 Trumps. To which is appended A treatise on the 
 doctrine of chances. 13th ed . revised . New York, 
 Dick & Fitzgerald, 1883. 
 
 Includes a treatise on whist, whl h is also published 
 separately under the title ol Dick's Hand-book ot whist. 
 
 *Dbayson, A. W. The art of practical whist; being 
 a series of letters descriptive of every part of the 
 game and the best method of becoming a skillful 
 player, embodying ihe rules adopted by the Ar- 
 lington and Portland Clubs. London and New 
 York, George Eoutledge & Sons, 1880. 
 Lucid and instructive. 
 
 Five of Clubs, pseud. See Proctor, K. A. 
 
 *GuiswoiiD, William MacCrillis, (vseud. Q. P. Index), 
 comp. The game of whist. In The monograph, 
 extra number, Oct. 29, 1881. 
 
 *Haywahd, Abraham. Whist and whisi>players. In 
 his Selected essays, vol. 2. London, Longmans, 
 Green & Co., 1878; New York, Scribner& Welford, 
 1879. 
 
 Appeared originally in Fraser's Magazine, vol. 79, April, 
 1869. and is an excellent review of the modern game. 
 
 [Hovi e, Edmond], A short theatise on the game of 
 whi6t; containing the laws of whist, and also 
 some rules whereby a beginner may, with due at- 
 tention to them, attain to the playing it well; 
 with calculations and cases, by agentleman. Bath 
 printed, and London reprinted, for W. Webster, 
 near St. Paul's, 1743. 
 
 Numerous reissues. The author is the creator of mod- 
 ern whist. 
 
 Humours, The, of whist; a dramatic satire, as acted 
 every day at White's and other coffee-houses and 
 assemblies. London, 1743. 
 
 — The polite gamester, or The humours of whist; a 
 dramatic satire. London, Cooper, 1753. 
 
 *Jones, Henry, (pseud. Cavendish). The laws and 
 principles of whist stated and explained, and its 
 practice illustrated on an original system by 
 means of hands played completely through, by 
 
44 
 
 iilJ41jlUljitAi.-±i I . 
 
 Cavendish. I4th ed. London, Thos. De La Rue & 
 Co. ; New York, Scribner & Welford, 1884. 
 Adopted by clubs generally as the standard authority 
 on the rules a> d practices of the game. The first ed. 
 was published by hancks in 1862, under the title of "The 
 principles of whist, etc ;" a "new ed.,' 1 published hy i>e 
 La Rue & Co. in 1867, was called "The laws and practice 
 of whist, etc."; the uth ed. in 1871 appeared with the 
 present title. 
 
 —Same. See Whist triad . 
 
 — Ni'w and complete treatise on whist, by Cavendish, 
 New York, D. Appleton & Co. 
 Reissued under the title of "Laws and practice of whist," 
 
 —Pocket guide to whist. New ed. London. Thos. 
 De La Hue & Co., 1868. 
 
 —Pocket laws of whist. London, Thos. De La Hue & 
 Co., 1868. 
 
 —Pocket rules for leading at whist, table of leads, 
 etc. London, Thos. De La Rue & Co., 1868. 
 
 *— Card e?says, Clay's decisions, and Card-table talk, 
 by Cavendish . With portrait of the author. Lon- 
 don, Thos. De La Rue & Co., 1879. 
 
 '—Same. American edition, with an index. (Leisure 
 hour series. No . 109) . New York, Henry Holt & 
 Co., 1880. 
 
 *— Whist. In London society, vol. 7, p. 57, Jan. 1865. 
 
 "—Historical notes on our national game. InLondon 
 society, vol. 9, p. 65 and 161, Jan. and Feb. 1866. 
 
 Lamb, Charles. Mrs. Battle's opinions on whist. In 
 his Essays of Elia. 
 
 Lewis, Walter, (pseud. Cam). Whist; what card to 
 lead. 2ded. London, Longmans & Co., 1865. 
 
 Mat[t]hews, Thomas. Advice to the young whisfc 
 player. 18th ed. Bath, 1828. 
 Hrst cd. about 1805. 
 
 —Whist, and Short whist, by T. Mathews and Major 
 Young. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1857. 
 
 Maxims for playing the game of whist. London, 
 Payne, 1773. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 45 
 
 *Modebn whist. In the Quarterly review, vol. 130, 
 p. 43; Jan. 1871. 
 
 —Same. In Littell's living age, vol. 108, p. 707, March 
 38, 1871. 
 
 Morgan, Capl. H. F. The whist-player's guide. 
 London, Marcus, Ward & Co., [1881]. 
 
 *On whist as a business. In London society, vol. 37, 
 p. 43; Jan. 1880. 
 
 Pardon, George Frederick, (pseud. Capt. Crawley). 
 Handbook of whist. London and New York, Geo. 
 Koutledge & Sons. 
 
 —Theory and practice of whist. London, Bickers, 1865. 
 
 —Whist for all players. London, Goodall & Son, 1873. 
 
 —Whist, loo and cribbage; their theory and practice. 
 London, Ward, Lock & Co., 1876. 
 
 *Pam, T., pseud. A hint to whist players. In the 
 London magazine, vol. 14, p. 103, Jan. 1826. 
 
 *Payn, James. Whistplayers. In Ms Some private 
 views, being essays from "The nineteenth cen- 
 tury" review, with some occasional articles from 
 "The Times." London, Chatto & Windus, 1881. 
 Reprinted Leipzig, B. Tauehnitz, 1883. 
 
 Pembridge, pseud. Whist or buinblepupny? ten 
 lectures addressed to children. 2d ed. London, 
 Waters, 1880. 
 
 "—Same. From the 2d London ed . Boston, Eoberts 
 Bros., 1883. 
 Brimful of wit and good sense. 
 
 *— The decline and fall of whist; an old-fashioned 
 view of new-fangled play by the author of "Whist 
 or bumblepuppyf" London, Waters, 1884. 
 
 *P[ettes1, George William. American or standard 
 whist, by G. W. P. Boston, J. H. Osgood & Co., 
 1880. 
 
 An individual attempt at improving the English sys- 
 tem of play, not without merit as such, but rarely fol- 
 lowed even in this country. 
 
46 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 "Pole, William . The theory of the modern scientific 
 game of whist. 11th ed. London, Longmans, 
 Green & Co., 1879. 
 
 Originally published in 1864. as a second part to the 16th 
 ed. of "Short whist, by Major A." 
 
 —Same, and The Laws of whist as revised by the 
 Portland and Arlington clubs. (Lovell's library, 
 no. 406). New York, J. W. Lovell Co., [1884]. 
 
 "—The philosophy of whist; an essay on the scientific 
 and intellectual aspects of the modern game, in 2 
 parts Pt. 1: The philosophy of whist play; Pt. 
 S: The philosophy of whist probabilities. 3ded. 
 London, Thos. He La Rue & Co.; New York, Scrib- 
 ner& Welford, 1884. 
 
 —Same. See Whist triad. 
 
 Dr. Pole's name is a guaranty of the solidity and sugges- 
 tiveness of his books on whist. 
 
 '—Conventions at whist. In the Fortnightly review, 
 New ser., vol. 25, p. 576, April, 1879. 
 
 *Pboctor, Hichard Anthony. How to play whist; 
 with the laws and etiquette of whist, whist- 
 whittlings, and forty fully-annotated games, by 
 "Five of clubs." ("Knowledge" library). London, 
 Longmans & Co., 1885. 
 
 t—Same. (Harper's handy series, No. 7). New York, 
 Harper & Bros., June 5, 1885. 
 
 The latest contribution to the literature of this subject, 
 and, in the main, following Drayson closely. 
 
 Roy, R. Treatise on whist. London, Causton, 1848. 
 
 *Sevmour, S. A oompend of short whist; being a 
 summary of the principles, rules, maxims, analy- 
 sis of play and inferences of the game; with ap- 
 pendix containing glossary of technical terms, 
 the laws governing the game and the current 
 odds at short whist, compiled from the latest 
 authorities. New York News Co., [1878] . 
 
 Short rules for modern whist, extracted from the 
 Quarterly review of January, 1871. London, 
 Truebner&Co.,1878. 
 Printed on a folded card. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 47 
 
 Thistlewood, Arthur, gent, (pseud.?) Whist in 
 rhymes for modern times. Edinburgh, Seton & 
 Mackenzie, 1863. 
 
 [Thomson, Alexander]. Whist; a poem in twelve 
 cantos. London, 1791. 
 
 *Trdmp, A., jr., jweitci. Laws and regulations of short 
 whist, adopted by the Washington club of Paris; 
 compiled from the best modern authorities, and 
 as played in the principal clubs of London and 
 Paris, and in the first saloons of both capitals; 
 with maxims and advice lor beginners. New 
 York, Harper & Bros.; Paris, Galignani &Co.; 
 London, W. S. Adams & Son, 1880. 
 
 Trumps, pseud. See Dick, W. B. 
 
 W., J. R. The ABC of whist. New York, Scribner, 
 Welford & Armstrong. 
 
 •Walker, Capt. Arthur Campbell-. The correct 
 card, or How to play at whist; a whist catechism. 
 London, Longmans, Green & Co. , 1876. New York. 
 D. Appleton & Co., L1S76] . 
 
 — Same. New edition, with additions, 1877. 
 
 •Warm's bijou books: Whist by J. R. W., author 
 and editor of "Besique;" with illustrations. Lou- 
 don, Frederick Warne & Co. ; New York, Scrib- 
 ner, Welford & Co. 
 
 Watson, F. P. Short whist, to which is added Long 
 whist, by Admiral [James] Burney. 4th ed. Lon- 
 don, Boone, 1846. 
 
 —Same. Short whist by Watson, and Long whist by 
 Burney. 5th ed. London, Booue, 1853. 
 
 Westminster papers, The; a monthly journal of 
 chess, whist, games of skill and the drama. Lon- 
 don, W. Kent & Co. No. 1, April, 1868. 
 Discontinued after a number of vols, had been published 
 
 *Whist. In Chambers's journal, vol. 19, p. 133; Feb. 
 28,1863. 
 
 *Whist. In Macmillan's magazine, vol. 7, p. 201, Jan 
 1863. 
 
48 BIBLIOGBAPHY. 
 
 Whist [a monthly journal, pub. in London]. 
 
 No particulars obtainable. 
 Whist, with rules. Loudon, Eoutledge, 1654. 
 
 Whist; its history and practice, with illustrations 
 by Meadows. New ed. London, Bogue, 1844. 
 
 *Whist at our club. In Blackwood's Edinburgh 
 magazine, vol. 121, p. 597; May 1877. 
 
 Whist for beginners, and the famous whist rhymes. 
 New York, G. W. Carleton & Co., 1884. 
 
 *Whist reminiscence. A, by an old hand; [a story]. 
 In Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine, vol. 105, p. 
 345; March 1869. 
 
 Whist score-book ; simple method of keeping tally. 
 New York, C. C. Shelley, [1881]. 
 
 *Whist studies; being hands of whistplayed through 
 according to the system of Cavendish and in illus- 
 tration of the principles laid down in that work, 
 by A. C. and B. D. London, Smith, Elder & Co., 
 1863. 
 
 Whist triad, The; comprising Law and principles of 
 whist, by Cavendish, Laws of short whist edited 
 by J. L. Baldwin, with a Treatise on the game by 
 James Clay, and Philosophy of whist by William 
 Pole. London, Thos. De La Hue & Co., 1884. 
 "What more can one reasonably ask ? 
 
 *Whistology. In All the year round, vol. 2, p. 480, 
 March 17, 1880. 
 
 Young, Major — . See Matthews, T. 
 
 •H^sS^^^^e-.. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ace, rank, in drawing for places 6 
 
 — discarding, signification of 36 
 
 — single, never led 34 
 
 — sequence to, leadinsr from 33 
 
 — and queen, in second hand, how managed 35 
 
 Aces, honors, in preference 9 
 
 Bibliography of whist 41 
 
 Bidding, how done 9 
 
 — lawof 9 
 
 penalty for violating 27 
 
 — no payment for 13 
 
 Book, meaning of term 13 
 
 Cards, rank of 9 
 
 in drawing 6 
 
 — played, remembering 40 
 
 Changing place 7' 
 
 Chips, description of 16 
 
 Clubs, never trump 10 
 
 — used as invitation 10 
 
 — value in points 14 
 
 Colors of cards, rank of 9 
 
 Colors of chips, why used 16 
 
 Conventional signals 29, 39 
 
 Cutting 8 
 
 Sealing 8 
 
 — laws affecting 25 
 
 Diamonds, value in points 14 
 
 Discards, signification 31 
 
 — partner's, to be observed 31 
 
 Drawing for partners 6 
 
 Dummy 22 
 
 Entering, manner of 7 
 
 Exceptions to rules 40 
 
 Exposing a card, during deal 25 
 
 during play 26 
 
 Faced card, law of 25 
 
 False cards, discouraged 36 
 
 Finessing, not recommended 33 
 
50 INDEX. 
 
 Five-handed game 7 
 
 Four-handed game 6 
 
 Gain, how entered in a record 17 
 
 — on one hand 6 
 
 Game, meaning of term 14 
 
 — first, how marked with chips 16 
 
 in a record 21 
 
 points marked for 15 
 
 — second, points marked for 15 
 
 Grand slam, see Slam. 
 
 Hearts, value ia points 14 
 
 Honors, how counted 13 
 
 — how marked 14 
 
 — how paid for 14 
 
 — in nullissimo 12 
 
 — in preference 9 
 
 — in trump 9 
 
 — value of 14 
 
 — when paid for 17 
 
 Incomplete pack, law of 25 
 
 Inspecting tricks 27 
 
 Invitations to preference ]0 
 
 King and one, now managed in partner's lead 34 
 
 in opponent's lead 36 
 
 Knave and three, how managed 35 
 
 Laws of preference 25 
 
 Lead, first, who has 13 
 
 how managed 30 
 
 — partner's, how to play on 33 
 
 responded to 29 
 
 when not responded to 30 
 
 Leading high, when done 30 
 
 — low, when done 31 
 
 — from sequence to the ace 32 
 
 — singleton, when advisable 34 
 
 — second hand's strong suit, when done 33 
 
 — fourth hand's strong suit, when done 33 
 
 — suit called for by partner, manner of 38 
 
 Little slam, see Slam. 
 
 Long suit, opening 38 
 
 Loss, on one hand G 
 
 Markers 15 
 
 — how arranged 15 
 
 Marking 14 
 
 — explanation of 16 
 
 — where done on the table 16 
 
 Nullissimo 12 
 
 — value in points 14 
 
INDEX. 51 
 
 Opening: a suit, manner of 30 
 
 — considerations on 38, 39 
 
 Partner's call for suit, answering 38 
 
 — hand, to be watched 29 
 
 — lead, playing on 31 
 
 responding to 29 
 
 Partners, how chosen 6 
 
 — how changed 7 
 
 Passing, when necessary 9 
 
 Payments, how made 17 
 
 Penalty for failure to "go home" 14 
 
 Penalties for failure to make game 13 
 
 — for mistakes, see Laws 25 
 
 — when paid for 17 
 
 Place, how determined 6 
 
 Players 6 
 
 — four 
 
 — five 7 
 
 — three, see Dummy 23 
 
 — six 8 
 
 Points, meaning of term 13 
 
 — how made 9 
 
 — how counted 14 
 
 — in tricks, when nullified 21 
 
 Preference, compared to whist 5 
 
 — highest bid 9 
 
 — meaning of term 10 
 
 — value in points 14 
 
 Queen and two, how managed 35 
 
 Rank of cards 9 
 
 suits 9 
 
 Record, how kept 17 
 
 illustrated 18 
 
 Responding to partner's lead, how done 30, 31 
 
 Revoke, penalty for 26 
 
 Rubber, meaning of term 6, 14 
 
 — when finished 15 
 
 Rules and suggestions 28 
 
 — intent of 40 
 
 Score, how kept, on record 18 
 
 Second hand plays low 35, 40 
 
 — playing high, when 36 
 
 Secretary for keepingrecord 20 
 
 Sequence, high, how led from 30, 38 
 
 — low, how led from 31 
 
 — to the ace, how led from 32 
 
 Setback in game 21 
 
 Shuffling 8 
 
52 INDEX. 
 
 Signaling condition of suit led 39 
 
 — strength, how done 37 
 
 — unlawful, penalty for 36 
 
 Signals, conventional, of little account 29 
 
 — opponent's, how to take advantage of 32 
 
 Singleton, not to be led as a rule 34 
 
 — exceptions 34 
 
 Six-handed game 8 
 
 Sitting over 7 
 
 Slam, meaning of term 13 
 
 — when paid for 17 
 
 — little, points made by 15 
 
 — grand, points made by 15 
 
 Solo chips 16 
 
 Spades, bid after elubs 11 
 
 — never trump 10 
 
 — used as invitation 10 
 
 — value in points 14 
 
 Strength, Indicated by leading 33 
 
 — signaling 37 
 
 when advisable 36 
 
 danger of 38 
 
 Suit long, opening, instead of strong 39 
 
 — not following, see Kevoke 26 
 
 Suits, rank of 9 
 
 — of equal length, which to open 39 
 
 Tenace ("a combination, in the name hand, of the bent 
 
 mid third bet card of any xuit, called a major t., or 
 the second and fourth best cards, called a minor t."), 
 
 in short suit, how managed 32 
 
 Three-handed game, see Dummy 22 
 
 Third hand plays high 33, 40 
 
 Tricks, points In, when marked 17 
 
 — which can be inspected 27 
 
 — who collects 9 
 
 Trump, how determined 9 
 
 — not turned up 9 
 
 — game, same as whist 28 
 
 Trumps, partner's, led at once 31 
 
 — strength In, known from the start 29 
 
 Weak suit, how indicated 31 
 
 discarded first 37 
 
 when not discarded 37 
 
 Whist compared with preference 5 
 
 — same as trump game in preference 8 
 
 — bibliography 41