"v.; ,W, V ■ President Whjte Library, CORNELL UNlVERSiTY. Cornell University Library BR325 .R36 1883 Life of Martin Luther. By Dr. William Re olln 3 1924 029 252 165 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029252165 OI*a„i Nov. 5, 1883. Price, 26 CentSi No. 101. ]VOTr I>TJ3i:. Tlte second half of the Subscription Price for the STAlSlDAltD LIB llAKy, 1883 Series, rv as due July '^, On thiit date J\fo. 13 was issued. Subscribers tvill please remit at once. A POPHLAB LIFE OF MARTIN LDTHEB. (BASED UPON KOSTLIN'S LIFE OF LUTHER.) As prepared by Prof. W. Kein, Seminary Director of Eisenbach. Germany, and trantilated and enlarged for this publication by Hev. G. P. Behringer, Brooklyn. The memorial celebration of the 400th anniversary of Luther's birth makes a popular work of this kind particularly desirable. 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No. 100, Standard Xjebaby CNo. 31, 1883 Series). Price, 25 cents. THE LIFE MAETIN LUTHER. DR. WILLIAM EEII^, eBHINABT DIBECTOB AT EISENACH IN OEBHAITT. TBANSLATBD rBOU THE SSBM AH AITD EDITkb BT Bkv. €r. F. BEHRINGEB, '" BBOOKLTN, H. T. NEW YORK: PUN"K & WAGNALLS, Publishbbs, 10 AND 12 DBT StKEET. Bntered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1883, by F0NK & WAGNALLS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Waahington, D. C. PBEFACE. The history of mankind presents us with many great names, but with few great men. And even among those that are called great men, few there are whose records will bear a close scrutiny. In most cases the character of the private man is distinct from the influence of his pubhc career. Among the immortal names that have honored their kind and glorified their God, stands pre-eminently the name of Martin Luther. Yet not in name alone does his greatness shine forth in splendor after the lapse of four centuries, but in word and deed, in character and influence. /n.is private life and public career are a unit, for both were the manifestations of a sincere soul, a generous heart, a true man. ) The enlightened, civilized world celebrates the four hundredth anniversary of this great man's birth. He belongs to the world, to Church and State, for both have felt the influence of his teachings. In the truest estimate of his God-given work he belongs to no sect or party, me is a man of and for the peopla In what better way can the memorial of his birth/be observed than by a study of his life, his character, and his works ; and above all, by a practical appreciation of the influences which have proceeded from him and blessed mankind ? To that end this volume has been prepared : to present an attractive life-picture of this representative of the IV PREFACE. people and servant of God. It is founded upon fact, illustrated from experience, and written for popular comprehension. In the work of translation and preparation the editor freely consulted and, where necessary, gratefully used, the volumes of Kostlin, Meurer, Krauth, and others, in additions and improvements to the original of Dr. Rein. But, in the words of Herder, " Of what use to learn of past ages, to praise or to blame ? Let us remember Luther's method of thought, his plain hints and his strong truths, and let us apply them to our own times !" In this spirit this book is sent out on its mission. Q. F. B. Beookltn, October 31, 1883. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGB Against Indulgences. 7 CHAPTER n. Luther's Touth 17 CHAPTER in. Luther in the Monastery at Erfurt 27 CHAPTER IV. Luther as Professor in Wittenberg 36 CHAPTER V. Luther and the Papal Ambassadors 51 CHAPTER Yt. The Disputation at Lelpsio 62 CHAPTER Vn. Concerning the Ban of Excommunication 67 CHAPTER Vni. Luther Burns the Papal Bull of Excommunication 76 CHAPTER IX. Luther before the Emperor at Worms 82 CHAPTER X. Luther on the Wartburg 93 CHAPTER XI. The Troubles at Wittenberg 101 CHAPTER Xn. Luther's Return to Wittenberg 105 Tl CONTENTS. CHAPTER Xin: PAOB Progress of the Keformation 1^7 CHAPTER XIV. Dark Clouds 124 CHAPTER XV. Luther's Marriage 132 CHAPTER XVI. Luther's Reformatory Activity 136 CHAPTER XVn. The Conference at Marburg - 151 CHAPTER xvrn. The Diet at Spire 158 CHAPTER XIX. Luther inCoburg Castle 162 CHAPTER XX. - The Diet of Augsburg 168 CHAPTER XXL Until the Death of John the Constant 172 CHAPTER XXn. Preparations for a Council and Attempts at Union 175 CHAPTER XXin. Luther in Smaloald 182 CHAPTER XXIV. The Closing Tears of Luther's Life 186 CHAPTER XXV. The Death of Martin Luther 192 Opinions upon Ltjtheb 201 Chbonolooioai, Table 213 luDBi 215 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHER. CHAPTER I. AGAINST INDULGENCES. It was the 31st of October, 1517. The evening mists had already settled down upon the city of Wittenberg and upon the river Elbe, flowing close by. The city itself was yet alive with activity ; for to-morrow, the first of J!f ovember, being All Saints' day, would be cele- brated as the anniversary of the consecration of the Castle Church. A multitude of people, clergymen and laymen, had congregated in the place. In dense groups they stood along the street leading from the market-place to the castle and awaited the beginning of evening ser- vice. But before the bells announced the same, there pressed through the scattered crowds, with rapid strides, an Augustinian monk, pursuing his course directly to the chief entrance of the Castle Church. Here he paused, and drawing from his dai-k cloak a closely written docu- ment, he nailed it to the church door. Then he disap- peared within the entrance leading to the sacristy. His act did not excite any particular attention, for it was customary at that time, on the occasion of great festivals, to publish the oflBcial announcement of special acts, as well as of university disputations, and to use the church doors for that purpose. 8 THE LIPE OF MAKTIK LUTHEK. After the monk had disappeared, those standing near by hastened to the portals of the church. One of the foremost read the superscription and translated it into German — for it was written in Latin : " A Disputation to set forth the Yirtue of Indulgences. Actuated by love and by a desire to bring the truth to light, a disputa- tion will be held at "Wittenberg, concerning the follow- ing theses, under the direction of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of the Liberal Arts and of Sacred Theology, and authorized Teacher of the same. There- fore it is requested, that all who cannot be present in person to discuss these theses may do so in writing. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen." Scarcely had the theses, thus published, been read by those nearest the door, when the evening services began and the mul- titude poured into the church. Not long thereafter, the same Augustinian monk that had nailed the Latin theses to the church door stood in the pulpit and preached upon the festival text, Luke 19 : 1, etc., which records the history of Zacchseus. Reverently did the congregation listen to the simple, calm, and heartfelt sermon of the Augustinian monk. " Christ must become everything to us," he said ; " and unto those to whom Christ is something, all else will be nothing. He must be sought with a heart which, with a feeling of its unworthiness, does not dare to invite Him, but which, for that very reason, most urgently implores His presence. Such a request, coming from the heart,. God will grant. Thus He would have our hearts. And thus every feast of dedication should not be merely an outward consecration of a church, but rather a consecration of the heart unto God." Then the monk spoke concerning the display of the traffic with indulgences which was approaching the gates of AGAINST IKDULGENCES. 9 Wittenberg. He said but little, however, about this matter, and that without vehemence. " The fault of man," he continued, " to seek his own instead of Christ, and to seek his own even in Christ, is universal ; but especially at this time, when seductive preachers of in- dulgences endeavor to encourage this error.' ' Then he explained to the congregation the difference between spiritual repentance and sacramental repentance, includ- ing private confession and church penances. He in- structed his hearers that indulgences could refer only to the performance of penance. At the close, he warned them against the error of an imaginary repentance, in feeling sorrow over an imposed penance instead of over the committed sin itself ; and that they should not allow themselves to be deceived by the venders of indulgences, so as to be deprived of the salutary effects of punishment in the performance of penance. This warning against the preachers of indulgences was •justiiied by good reasons. For in the neighborhood of Wittenberg, at the town of Jiiterbock, Tetzel, a Domini- can monk, carried on his traffic. There were hvely times at that place, as at an annual fair and market. The people danced and caroused, rejoicing that they were rid of their sins. And large multitudes flocked from Wittenberg to patronize Tetzel. The following circumstances led to the traffic in in- dulgences. The Eoman Cathohc Church maintained that the saints, during their life on earth, had accumu- lated a treasury of merit because of their good works ; that they had done more good than they were obliged to do. This surplus might be used for the benefit of sinful men who had accomplished less good than was needed for their salvation. The Pope claimed that he had re- ceived authority from God to draw from this reservoir 10 THE LIFE OF MAEXIN LUTHEE. of merit, and to apply it to those who had shown them- selves worthy by their sorrow and repentance. But soon sorrow and repentance were dispensed with, and matters were satisfactorily arranged by the use of money. Thus arose the so-called traffic in indulgences, which proved to be a source of great revenue to the popes. This was the case under Leo X., who at this time occu- pied the papal chair. He was a descendant of the fa- mous family of the Medici of Florence. He loved science and art, learning and poetry, as well as splendor and gayety. As for religion, he was not much concerned about it ; for otherwise how could he have used it merely as a source of revenue ? After the example of his predecessor, Julius II.,* Pope Leo X.f turned the faith of Christian believers in the virtue of indulgences to profitable account by offer- ing this new means of grace for sale, especially in Ger- many. Resistance to Turkish dominion, which under the powerful influence of the then reigning sultan threat- ened the overthrow of Christianized Europe, afforded a good pretext. And yet, as touching a war with Turkey, it was a vain pretence. For none of the popes ever seriously entertained this idea, but used it as a cloak to conceal their project of despoiling German lands of their money by means of indulgences. The completion of St. Peter's Church at Rome seems to have been a more serious matter to Pope Leo. In order to acquire the necessary means for this grandest of all buildings in * Julius n. was bom in 1441, and died in 1S18. He was chosen Pope in 1503. He laid the corner-stone of St. Peter's Church. t Leo X. was born in 1475, and died in 1521. He was elected to succeed Julius II. on the 11th of March, 1513. He was ordained a priest March 15th, consecrated a bishop on the 17th, and crowned as Pope on the 19th of March, 1513. AGAINST INDULGENCES. 11 Cnriatendonij lie ordered tHe traffic in indulgences to be carried on with pomp and display. He appointed as the chief business manager of the enterprise Archduke and Archbishop Albert of Mayence, by descent a Prince of Brandenburg, in taste and hfe a counterpart of the Pope. As a mere you1;li he was clothed with the high dignity of a triple office as Archbishop of Mayence and Magde- burg, and Bishop of Halberstadt. But this threefold promotion involved a large expenditure of money which had to be paid in Rome. And the maintenance of the splendor^ of his court called for a hberal outlay, so that he was obliged to resort to extraordinary measures to replenish his coffers. He welcomed Pope Leo's plan of the disposal of indulgences, and gladly became his ser- vant in its management ; for a division of the profits be- tween Leo and Albert was a condition attached to the business agi'eemenfc. The first thing to be attended to now was to secui-e such subordinate officials as would understand how to carry on the traffic with indulgences in the most effective manner. And such were soon found. But the most zealous and vigorous among them all was without doubt the Dominican monk John Tetzel, born at Pirna in Sax- ony. His father was John Dietz, a goldsmith. As a child the son was called Dietzel, i.e., little Dietz, from which arose the name Tetzel. He attended the Univer- sity of Leipsic, and obtained the first degree in philoso- phy. Then he became a preaching friar. He had already served as preacher of indulgences, and had done a good business with the so-called papal " milk-and-butter letters." These were certificates granting permission, during the Lenten season, to partake of victuals prepared in part of butter and milk, though to do so was contrary to the laws of the Church. This former effective service 12 THE IIFE OF MAETIN LUTHEK. secured for him not only a new position as preacher and seller of indulgences, but an appointment more honor- able also, as Inquisitor, i.e., as judge over all such as presumed to deviate from the faith of the Chiirch. And he seems to have been well fitted by nature for his call- ing. He presented an imposing appearance and pos- sessed a loud, strong voice. Exceedingly well did he understand how to talk in a common way to the common people. His ignorance he concealed by his audacity, which never left him in the lurch. Nor did he refrain from falsehood and exaggeration. And what he declared concerning the effects of indulgences surpassed every- thing that had hitherto been said in their favor. In his addresses to the people he maintained in plain speech : " Christ has laid down His authority over all Christen- dom, until the day of judgment, and has intrusted the Pope with plenary power in His stead. The Pope there- fore can forgive each and every sin, whether already committed or yet to be committed, and that without sor- row and repentance. The greatest guilt can be effacgd _. by purchaBing_j^_papl,' certificate jalllorg^^^ No '/ criine7Howiver horrible and. inconceivable in reality, is excluded from this forgiveness. The indulgence cross of the pope is not inferior in sacredness to the cross of Christ, ajid hence the former must be honored as highly as the latter." Even nature must be subject to the power of these indulgences, said Tetzel. At Annaberg, in Saxony, he declared that the hills surrounding the city would be changed into solid silver if the people would freely buy his indulgences. And whoever should pre- sume to doubt the papal power to forgive sins, was threatened with death at the stake, excommunication, and eternal damnation. The impressicm which his eloquence was calculated to AGAINST INDULGENCES. 13 produce was further strengthened by the glorious dis- play and the splendid festivities prepared to greet the advent of this preacher of indulgences. The region round about Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Zerbst, and Halle was traversed by Tetzel as if he were a distinguished prelate of the Church. He rode in a magnificent wagon surrounded by a mounted body-guard. He was met at the gates of every city he entered by the monks and other clergy, the municipal councillors, teachers and students, men and women, old and young, amid the ringing of bells, the singing of church choirs, and the burning of torches. At the head of the proce^ion was carried the papal bull upon a velvet cushion and taken into the church. Here was erected a red cross, on which was fastened the papal banner. Then Tetzel mounted the pulpit and importuned the people with his ad- monitions and recommendations of indulgences : " Now, now is the day of grace come to your very doors ! Ye women, sell your veils and purchase indulgences with the proceeds !" He classified sins and misdemeanors, and fixed a definite tax for each and all. Thus, sacrilege or church robbery and perjury were rated at nine ducats ; * a murder already committed, at eight ducats ; adultery, at six ducats, etc. It is said that upon his treasure chest was inscribed the motto : " Soon as the coin in the box doth ring, The soul can into heaven spring." It was the Augustinian monk of Wittenberg, who com- manded this sinful traffic of the indulgence preacher to cease. Yet little did he dream how great a tempest he was conjuring up ! For the Pope himself, he entertained * The silver ducat is about equal in value to the American dol- lar, and the gold ducat to about twice that amount. 14 THE LIFE OF MAETIir LUTHEK. the greatest reverence, and believed that he was at fault y] in but one thing, and that was this traffic in indulgences. In fact he persuaded himself to believe that the Pope knew nothing of the scandalous proceedings of Tetzel, and that, as soon as he should be informed of it, his right- eous wi-atli would condemn the infataous traffic. Could he have known how greatly he was deceiving himself in this matter ? Dr. Martin Luther, Master of the Liberal Arts and of Sacred Theology — thus he called himself in the super- scription of his ninety-iive theses. In these, however, for the first time, he publicly attacked the papal power, so far as it, according to his convictions, intrenched upon that domain which the Lord of Heaven and the Judge of earth had reserved unto himself. " "When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ says : ' Re- pent,' etc., He wills that the believer's entire life shall be one of repentance." Thus begins the first thesis. And farther on he shows that God alone can forgive sins, since they are violations of His divine laws. The Pope has simply the right to pronounce and to declare the forgiveness which God grants. Every tme Chris- tian can partake, through God's grace, of all the gifts of Christ and His Church without any certificate of indul- gence. Almsgiving and domestic economy are more meritorious than a lavish expenditure for indulgences. If the Pope knew how the Christians were being plun- dered by these indulgence preachers, he would rather see St. Peter's Church reduced to ashes than to have it erected with the flesh and blood of his sheep. The real treasure of the Church is the gospel of grace and of the glory of God. But, on the other hand, Dr. Luther would not suffer indulgence, as such, to be attacked. "He deserves punishment who resists the right of the Pope to AGAINST INDULQENCKS. 15 declare the forgiveness of God and to remit ecclesiastical penances. And he that withstands the impudent audac- ity of the preachers of indulgences should be rewarded." " Blessed be he," says Luther, " who does this ;" "ac- cursed be he who speaks against the truth of apostolic indulgences." And at the close he says : " Then away with all those prophets who cry to Christ's people, Peace, peace, when there is no peace ! A blessing upon those prophets who say to Christ's flock, The cross, the cross, though there be no cross ! Christians must be admon- ished to follow their Master, Christ, through pains, death, and hell ; and that they comfort themselves with the truth, that through much tribulation, rather than through assurance of peace, they must enter the king- dom of heaven !" In a short time — in little more than two weeks — the theses of Dr. Martin Luther were read all over Germany. Numerous strangers who attended the anniversary festi- val of consecration at Wittenberg, in order that they might adore the many relics and other sacred treasures of the church, carried the news with them to their homes. Up to this time no one had been willing to bell the cat ! Great as was the discontent dt the. shameless proceedings of the traders in indulgences, equally great was the fear of opposing the Pope and the Churqh. But Luther said : " Whoever will begin anything good, let him see to it that he begin and venture it in reliance upon the favor of God, and never upon human comfort or assistance ; let him not fear any man, no, not the whole world !" Everywhere Luther's theses found pre- pared ground. Everywhere they were spoken of, and with anxious concern was he regarded who had ventured upon so bold a step ! Thus the name of the fearless Angastinian monk passed rapidly from nation to nation, 16 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHEE. and many an inquiry was heard about the antecedents and the experiences of the man, who had presumed to take issue with the Pope and his adherents. Let us also review the days of his youth and follow the course of his life, until he is called to teach in the tiniversity of the Elector of Saxony, and there arises to protest against the traffic in indulgences. CHAPTER II. LUTHER' S TO0TH. " I AM a peasant's son ; my father, grandfather, and great-grandfather were real peasants." Thus did Dr. Martin Luther express himself in a conversation with his friend Melanchthon. Whereupon the latter jokingly re- marked, that Luther, had he remained in the home of his ancestors, might have been chosen chief magistrate of the village, or else have become head-servant over the rest ! The old paternal home was Mohra, also called More or More in the ancient chronicles. The village is located in the very centre of Germany. Proceeding southward about ten miles on the highway leading from Eisenach to Salzungen, Mohra is found, at some distance to the right of the main road, situated at the foot of a hill, one of the many mountain spurs which the Thuringian Forest projects into the valley of the river Werra. The ruler of that district is the Duke of Meiningen ; in former days it was the Elector of Saxony. The village is a small and quiet place, cut off from the great highways of commerce, its most prominent building being the church, close to which is located the old Luther family mansion. The inhabitants of Mohra are a strong and sturdy people who derive a comfortable income from tilling the. soil and raising cattle.* * Three families by the name of Luther are still living in Mohra, engaged in the pursuit of farming. 18 THE LIFE OP MARTIN LUTHER. And there it was that the father of Dr. Martin Luther, Hans Luder or Ludher, as the name was then written, resided with his wife, wh(?se family name was Ziegler. But little is known concerning his ancestors. His grandfather was called Heine, which is the same as Henry. His grandmother died in the year 1521. Long before this Martin Luther's parents had removed from Mohra to Eisleben. Father Hans Luther, being a miner, was led to make the change by reason of his occupation. Copper ore had always been mined among the slate rock at Mohra, and to this day heaps of slate and slag are foimd by the roadside. But as mining may not have been very profitable there, Father Luther removed to Eisleben, a town that was then growing very rapidly. It is likely that the paternal inheritance did not afford a sufficient income for all the members of the family. Of two brothers information is at hand. One of them, Heinz Luther, was the owner of the farm and homestead. An evil-minded, malicious report has of late years again been circulated, that Hans Luther was obliged to leave Mohra because he killed a peasant who had pastured his horses without pemiission on the meadows of the Luther farm. But there is no foundation whatever for such a story — even if the meadow is pointed out where the homicide is said to have occurred. The old inhabitants of Mohra knew nothing of this legend. Besides, it is difficult to see how Hans Luther could have saved him- self from legal prosecution by his removal ; for Eisleben was within easy reach — about seventy-five miles distant — and under the same princely jurisdiction. At Eisleben Martin Luther was bom. His mother knew the exact hour of his birth— between 11 and 12 o'clock at night— and the day also, the 10th of Novem- lxjthek's youth. 19 ber ; yet she was not certain of tlie year. But the testi- mony of Jacob Luther, a bx-other of Martin, as well as the declaration of the latter, removes this uncertainty. For, according to both, Mai-tin Luther was born in the year 1483. The house with the room in which he lirsE" saw the light of this world is still shown. It is located in the lower part of the city, near the church of St. Peter and St. Paul, in which Luther was baptized on the 11th of November, 1483, receiving the name of Martin be- cause of the saint whose fame the day commemorated. In the year 1689 Eisleben was visited by a fearful con- flagration, by which the Luther house was destroyed, save the lowest story, containing the room in which Mai-tin was born. After a short sojourn in Eisleben his parents removed to Mansfeld, but a few miles distant, also an important mining centre. The Earldom of Mansfeld embraced at one time a large extent of tenitory and was a land blessed from on high, so that an ancient chronicler says : " Whoever has a residence in this earldom is ac- counted happy." The little city is surrounded by hills, projecting spurs of the Hartz Mountains, and dominated by the battlements of the old castle of Mansfeld. The noble family has long since passed away ; the castle like- wise has fallen into decay. Creeping ivy has woven a green net over its walls, and a luxurious growth of grass covers the courtyard. The propliecy of Dr. Martin Luther, when on a visit to the Counts of Mansfeld the wine flowed in streams, has been fulfilled : " My lords ai-e fertilizing well ; grass will grow abundantly there- after." There, in yonder city, at the foot of the castle hill, Hans Luther established his home. And a hard straggle indeed it was for him, in the beginning, to provide for 20 THE LIFE 01? JIAiiTIK LUTHUK. liis family. " My father, " tlms narrates Dr. Martin Luther, " was a poor miner. My mother gathered wood and carried it home on !iier back, in order that her chil- dren might be educated. Both toiled slavishly for our sakes. In these days people would not do so." But after a little while they reached more comfortable cir- cumstances. Hans Luther succeeded in purchasing , a house on the main street of the city, whose oval portals surmounted by the Luther coat-of-arins, a rose and a crossbow, and the number 1530, bear testimony to this day. His numerous family — we read of six children besides Martin — may have continued to be a source of anxiety to Hans Luther. Tet, not only did he acquire a comfortable competency in liis occupation (becoming the proprietor of two smelting furnaces), but he also gained the confidence of his fellow-citizens, who elected him a member of the town comicil. TliP. pfiifPTi+a rPOTpfl their son Martin in the fear^ f God ^d in the love of afo od works. hJut their discipline was strict and severe, as they themselves endured hard toil in gaining a liveHhood. "My, father," relates Luther, " on one occasion flogged me so severely that I ran away, and was embittered against him until he gradually regained my affections. On another occasion my mother, because of a mere nut, whipped me so hard that the blood flowed. Her severe and earnest treatment of me led me to enter a cloister and become a monk. But in their hearts they meant it well with me, and made but one mistake, in that they did not discern the different dispositions according to which all punishments should be administered. For we ought to punish so that the apple go hand in hand with the rod." Thus was Martin Luther reared, so that he grew up to be bashful and humble-minded. And yet love was by no LUTHER'S YOUTH. 21 means wanting in his training. Often did he speak, in later years, of the sweet intercourse with his father, and. with touching words did he refer to the benevolent love he enjoyed, even if his parents now and then went too far in their strict discipline. Indeed, the seve rity of the parental training sharpened his own conscience, so tha t^" he deeply felt his guilt before God, and ne ver could he lightly passov^r any^an^or^f ailing^ in Mansfeld he received his first instruction, being sent to school at a very early age. It is said that a good friend of the family many a time carried young Martin to and from the school, which was located in the upper part of the city. There he was instructed not only in reading and writing, but also in the rudiments of Latin. The discipline was so severe that Luther never forgot it. He tells of severe tortures with declensions and con- jugations. "The schoolmasters in my days," says he, " were tyrants and executioners ; the schools were jails and hells ! And in spite of fear and misery, floggings and tremblings, nothing was learned. The young people were treated altogether too severely, so that they might well have been called martyrs. Time was wasted over many useless things, and thus many an able mind was ruined." He himself was innocently lashed fifteen times in the course of a single morning because he did not know what had not been taught him. On the other hand, he commends the use and preservation, thanks to God's might and providence, even under the Pope, of Common Prayer, the Psalter, the Lord's Prayer, the Creed and the Ten Commandments, also of many good hymns, both Latin and German. And although every- thing was in about the same disgraceful condition as in the days of Elijah, he nevertheless calls the Pope's church or house his " father-house," which he can never 2'^ THE LIFE OF MABTIN LUTHER. forget, because in it he was baptized and had learned the Catechism and the Holy Scriptures. He also praised the beautiful hymns which were sung in the papal church, but lamented that there were no preachers that could explain what they meant. Bitterly did he complain that, from childhood on, he had been so trained that he paled and trembled at the mere mention of the name of Christ, whom he had been taught to regard as a severe and angry judge. His playmate and companion was' Hans Eeinecke, who afterward continued to reside, as citizen and overseer of the furnaces, in Mansfeld. Luther and Keinecke re- mained life-long friends. Together, at the age of four- teen, they went to Magdeburg, where there was" a far- famed school. Thither Hans Luther sent his son Martin, because he wished him to become distinguished. Luther attended the instruction of the ' ' Null-brothers. ' ' These " JSTull-brothers," or "Noll-brothers," were a pious brotherhood, banded together in a common life, to labor for the moral and religious welfare of the people, by means of sermons, instruction, and pastoral care. Luther remained but one year in Magdeburg. Why he left so soon is not known. But as his father could furnish little or nothing toward his support, he sent him to Eisenach, because in that city and neighborhood Luther had numer- ous relatives living who could assist him. In the year 1498, a mere boy of the age of fifteen, he entered the city of Eisenach, where he was to remain four years. Here, at tirst, he had a very hard struggle to undergo. His relatives, one of whom was sexton of the church of St. Nicholas, were probably not in the position to assist him for any great length of time. Hg was therefore obliged, as a charity scholar, to appeal to the common sympathy of all men, as he had already done LUTHER'S YOUTH. 23 in Magdeburg. In later years he himself says : " Do not despise the boys that go from house to house asking bread for the sake of God and singing the ' bread- chorus.' 1 also was one of those 'bread-colts,' and begged bread at the doors, especially in Eisenach, that dear city." At another time he relates the following incident : "It was at Christmas, and we were going through the villages, from house to house, singing the customary hymns about the Christ-child born at Bethle- hem. It happened as we were singing before a farm- house, at one end of the village, that the farmer appeared, and, speaking in coarse, harsh language, in- quired, ' Where are you boys ? ' At the same time he carried with him several sausages, which he wished to give us. But we were so badly frightened at his words that we scattered and ran away, although we had no good cause for so doing, especially since the farmer was graciously inclined to present to us the sausages, and that of his own good-will. But our hearts had grown timid and fearful under the daily threatenings and tyrannizings to which poor students were subjected by their teachers, and hence our sudden fright, jyieanwhile the farmer hailed us again ; we dismissed our fears, returned, and received the proffered gifts." Thus Martin Luther was obliged to help himself since his parents could not provide a complete support. But good-fortune awaited him. For, because of his singing * and heartfelt praying, he won the favor of Ursula Cotta, who invited him to a seat at her table. She was of the family of Schalbe, and the wife of Conrad Cotta, one of the foremost citizens of the town. He was of noble Italian descent, of a family that had grown wealthy * Luther is said to have had a rich tenor voice. 24 THE LIFE OF MAKTISr LUTHEE. tlirongli commerce. The Cotta family mansion was located in George Street, on the ground now occupied by the residence of Mr. Julius von Eichel. In the Schalbean College, an institution under the control of the Franciscans, and which had been richly endowed by the family of Schalbe, Martin Luther re- ceived beneficiary aid, so that he could devote himself entirely to his studies during his four years' sojourn at Eisenach. The names of two of his teachers have been handed down to us : Wiegand, subsequently a pastor, who remained for many years in friendly correspondence with Luther ; and John Trebonius, spoken of as a hand- some and learned man and a poet. It is related of him, that whenever he entered the school-room he would take off his scholastic cap because, as he said, God had selected from among the students present many a magistrate, or chancellor, or learned doctor. Luther, by reason of his superior perceptive faculties and of his natural eloquence, soon surpassed his fellow- students, and excelled them in linguistic exercises, as well in prose as in poetry. At the close of the«fifteenth century there existed in Eisenach three schools connected with the church of St. Nicholas, St. Mary's, and St. George's. The first- named was the oldest. The church of St. Nicholas, a Komanesque basilica, had received from Count Hermann, in the year 1208, a charter conferring the sole right and privilege of maintaining a school within the walls of the city. But this exclusive right does not seem to have been exercised for any great length of time. For besides St. Mary's, St. George's Church in the market-place established a school which surpassed the rest. Into this school Martin Luther was introduced in the year 1498. In the year 154i this same institution was removed to LUXH Eli's YOUTH. 25 the Dominican cloister, where it has been continued as the Latin School until this day. After Martin Luther had diligently pursued his studies at Eisenach for four yeai-s, his parents sent him, at the age of eighteen, to the University of Erfurt, in the year 1501. This institution had acquired so great a name and reputation that all others, by way of contrast, were regarded as primary schools. With joyful assurance he passed out of the ancient gate of his beloved city, Eisenach, on the way to Erfurt, little dreaming that the castle (the Wartburg) which dismissed him with its fare^ well greeting would one day afford, him a long-contin- ued shelter. In the meanwhile his parents had gained the means with which to furnish him a liberal support. "My dear father," relates Martin Luther, " in love and with fidelity, supported me- at the University of Erfurt, and through his arduous labors I was enabled to go there." But Luther applied himself with equal toil and ardo r to "M s task. Inspired ^by-an-fiag er desire for knowlfed gfi..-he rlftvntRd_TnmBo1f with zpial a,nfl fi nergy to his Stud ies. Ilis burning thirst for scholarly learning he could queneli at the source of all the sciences. His most prominent teacher was Jodokus Trutvetter of Eisenachj a man of universal information and the chief support of the scholastic philosophy at Erfurt. At the same time Erfurt was a principal seat and centre of that tendency in the scholastic world which sought to awaken the study of the ancient Greek and Latin classics. Luther likewise deeply interested him- self in the same, especially in Ovid, Virgil, and Cicero. His object in reading them was to gain a variety of in- formation, maxims of human wisdom, and a mirror of life. He diligently cultivated the acquaintance of his 26 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHER. teachers and the circle of yomig riien pursuing similar studies -with himself. Among these he ranked as a learned philosopher and as an able musician. Especially did he cultivate music, learning how to sing and to play on the lute. On St. Michael's day, in the yeai* 1502, he received the deigree of Bachelor of Philosophy, which was the lowest or first degree in philosophical honors. In two years he exchanged the modest dignity of a Bachelor for the higher eminence of a Macterof Philosoph y.* The talent of young Luther was admired by the entire uni- versity. It was now the wish of his father that he should become a jurist. With this object in view he began to attend lectures in the department of law. But suddenly the course of his life was turned into another direction. * Equivalent to oar modem degree of Doctor of Philosophy. OHAPTEE III. liTJTHEB EST THE MOXASTEET AT EEFUET. On the 16th of July, 1505, Martin Luther invited his nearest friends to a farewell meeting. He did not in- tend to leave Erfurt, but rather to enter the Augustin- ian monastery located in that city. " To-day you see me, but no more hereafter," said he to his friends. These vainly endeavored to deter liim from taking such a step. On the following day he knocked at the portals of the Augustinian cloister. His friends accompanied him, and weeping, bade him farewell. In a little while the gates of the monastery shut him off from the world. He became an Angnstinian monk. But since his parents had decided that he should be- come an advocate of the law, what led Luther to take a step that was not in accordance with their wishes ? His father moreover was strenuously opposed to the entire system of monasticism. And why did Luther join the Augustinians ? His decision was suddenly made, and yet it had been long considered. His very disposition naturally im- pelled him to take this step. He treated the matter of an inner sanctification in a very serious manner, and could not content himself with outward services and cer- emonies. Tho gpy t^r ft dJRffl'plinft i ^ f h ftm f t rainingHmd sharp^ fld b'S f^r^'^manaa, Again and again was he filled with the thoughts of becoming pious, and of ful- filling all the severe laws of God, in order that he migh t 28 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LDTHER. jatone for the sins of his life, and reeoneile-G^d, the aDgry.4lLdgR, t^ himsfilf;,. He indulged in subtle in- quiries upon religious questions of trifling import, was much concerned about his soul's salvation, and involved in numerous doubts. Thesie occateioned him many a temptation. And yet he could not accuse himself of being guilty of any gross sins. Although he had been a jovial young fellow, he began his studies in the morning with a heartfelt prayer and by attending a church ser- vice. He also spent considerable of his time in the li- brary of the university. Here, on one occasion, he found a Latin Bible, a book that he had never seen until his twentieth year. Greatly astonished, he noticed that there were many more texts, epistles and gospels, than he had read in the perieopes of the church or hetlrd ex- plained in the pulpit. And as he turned over the pages of the Old Testament his attention was arrested by the ■fetory of Samuel and Hannah, which hte hurriedly read with great joy. About, thifi-time h e Tras j^reatly aiSicted with b odily ajl ments . A long and serious illness confined him to his bed. Thoughts of death troubled him. But one 6f his student friends comforted him, saying, " My friend, be of good cheer ; you will not die of this sickness. God will yet make a great man of you, Who will com- fort many people. " Not long after this a dangerous accident befell hini. He was on his way home to visit his parents at Easter- tide. But a few miles distant from Erfurt, the swOrd which he carried, student-fashioii, accidentally wounded him in the leg, injuring an artery. Wliile his com- panion hastened to procure a surgeon, . Luther, lying upon his back, quenched the flow of blood. But the leg began to swell, and overeome by the fear of death, lUTHEE Iir THE MOlfASTBEY AT ERFUBT. 39 he cried out, " Help me, O Yirgin Mary !" And when, at night the wound again began to flow and he grew faint, he prayed once more to the Virgin Mary. Had he died it would have been in the hope of St. Mary. A short time after this experience hp was again greatly disturbed by the death of a friend, who was either murdered or otherwise suddenly removed frpn^ this earth. Luther mightily felt, as never before, the pangs of conscience that had often troubled him. A deep melancholy overcame him. Mournfully the youth? ful scholar wandered about. In addition to all this, another circumstance happened which hastened his decision to seek his soul's salvatioiv in the monastic holinps^ recommended by the church. He had been on a visit tp his parents. On his return to the university he had reached the village of Stotternheim, near Erfurt, when a furious thunderstorm burst over him, and he fell frightened to the earth, crying out, *' Dehver me, St. Ann^* and I will become a monk .' ' Though hp regretted having made this vow, he felt himself bound to keep it. Kx\A this impelliBd him to, mojnkhood, for, as he said himself, he nqver could flnd- comfort i n his Christian baptism, and was always much cimcerned to obtain the favor .^]^dj£m^Ol£!flwn I^d thus, in the yea/l505/he entered the monastery of the Augnstinians,f an order which in Erfurt and elae- ''' St. Ana was the patron saint of the miners, and hence Terered by all in that section of country. f The Augustinians, or Hermits of St. Atigustine, trace the^ir origin to Augustine, the Bishop of Hippo, who lived 354-430 A.D. In England they are called Black Friars from the color of their habit. In Philadelphia they have a convent with church, and at Villanoya, about fifteen miles from the city, a college with monastery. 30 THE LIFE OF MAETIN LUTHER. where was highly respected. Its monks were free from the corruptions of monastic life, from idleness, hypoc- risy, and other evils. They were, on the other hand, very active in preaching and in exercising pastoral care, and zealously cultivated the study of theology. For two days Luther's friends besieged the gates of the monastery in hope that he would return to them again. But he came not. He wrote to his parents informing them of his entrance into the Augustinian cloister, and asking for their approval of his action. This the father would not give. Luther informs us of the impression which the letter made upon his parents : " My father well- nigh went mad over it, was badly displeased and would not give his consent. He wrote to me in a very plain and direct manner — whereas before this he had always ad- dressed me very courteously — and withheld from me his favor." f^-- ir-v^.*-..L- About that time Father Luther lost two of his sons by the plague. His friends entreated him to sacrifice unto God his dearest treasure by permitting his remaining son to enter into the divinely sanctified order of the ministry. At last the father waS persuaded to give his consent, saying, j " Let it be done ; God grant that the project may suc- leeed." But he consented with an unwilling mind, a ' sorrowful will, and an unhappy heart, because he would rather have seen his son become a jurist, an advocate of ' the law. In the monastery every one was proud to see the youth- ful and learned scholar in the garb of the order, the black cowl with the scapulary. Yet the new arrival could not be exempted from any of the most menial services which it was customary to impose upon the novices in order to break their self-will and to overcome their pride. Thus Luther was obliged to assist in the cleaning of the cells. LUTHEK IN THE MONASTERY AT ERFUKT. 31 He was also sent out with the beggar's sack, through the streets of the city, to solicit food and money. And although he himseK did not feel humiliated in the performance of these menial duties — for he was inspired with a burning desire faithfully to fulfil his vows of poverty and obedience — yet the professors of the univer- sity interposed their objections. Since he had been a member of the' university, they petitioned the prior of the cloister that Luther might be excused f roni performing such unclean and humiliating labors. The vicar of the order, John von Staupitz,* also interposed on his behalf, and requested that he be more gently treated, and that he have time for study. And when an order was issued enjoining upon all Augustinian monks diligent reading, reverent hearing, and zealous learning of the Holy Script- tires as a sacred duty, Luther entered upon their study with extraordinary zeal. He reaithe Bible completely so many times that he could turn immediately to any de- sired passage, to the great astonishment of his noble patron, John von Staupitz, At the expiration of a year, his novitiate being ended, he was solemnly received into the order, and in 1507 he was ordained a priest. At this latter service he again met his father, whom he had not seen since his entrance into the monastery. Father Luther had accepted the in- vitation of his son Martin, and was present at the festivities * Jofaann von Staupitz was bom at Meissen, and died in Salz- burg, December 38th, 1524. He was instrumental in establishing the University of Wittenberg, and became the first Dean of its theological faculty. He was the intimate friend and supporter of Luther until the latter finally broke with the papacy, when Stau- pitz retired to Salzburg in the year 1519; Here he changed his order and became Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Sji, Peter, in which position he died in 1524. 33 THE LIFE OF MAKXIIT LUIHES, with a stately airay of frieiids and relatives. Whilst at table, the yoirng priest turned the conversation npQij. his entranpe into the monastery, and thup addressed his father : " My dear Father, why w;ere you so angry at and so bitterly opposed to my becoming a monk, and per- haps even now are not pleasjed with it ? Is it not a very peaceful and divine occiipation ?" Father Luther then arose, and, not having changeid his. opinion upon the ap^ of his son, addressed himself to the Learned doctors, masters, and all others present, saying : " Te learned gentlemen, have ye not read in the Holy Scripture the command. Honor your father and your mother" ? And when Martin answered, supported by others, that he had been called from heaven amidst fearful manifestations, Father Luther replied : " Would to God that it bg not a deception and a spook of the devil !" Frpm this it ap- pears that he had given his consent, but very unwillingly,. And then he added : " I am indeed obliged to be here, both to eat and to drink, but I had rather be elsewhere,'' The new oflSce brought to the young priest new careq and new anxieties. For very seriously did he regard his vow to dedicate himself and his life unto Grod. " True it is," says he, " that I was a pious monk, and so strictly did I keep the vows of my order that I may say if ever a monk has entered heaven through monkery, then I also could ha,ve entered. All my fellow-monks who knew me will confirm this statement. And if I had cojitl^iued mucji longer, I would have tortured myself to death with vigil? and prayers, reading, and other work. If ever there was a man whp, before the gospel was made known unto him, highly esteemed the teachings of the Fathers and the decrees of the PopeSj and with great earnestness contended for the same, then- it was 1 who did so in a peculiar manner. And with a. LUXHER IN- TUB MONASTERY AT ERFURT. 33 hearty zeal did I inaintam and detcnd them, as if they had been so much of pure holiness, and espeici^ly neees- =sary for the soul's salvation. And I exei+.ed myself to the utmost to obey euch precepts, and to ounish and castigate my body with fasts and vigils, prayers and other exercises, more than all those who are my bitterest enemies and persecutors. Hence^ I now teach that such fool-works can never justify iany one in the sight of God. And so diligently did I practise such buffoonery that I fell into superstition, and imposed more upon my body than it could bear without injury to health. I -heartily and earnestly adored the Pope, not for the sake of rich benefices, church endowments, and eminent pre- ferments ; but what I did that I did in truth, but of a pure and simple heart, and with a right earnest zeal, because I thought it was doing good^ and that it would redound to the honor of God. " And yet, no matter how much he studied and prayed, no matter how severely he castigated himself with fast- ing and watching, he found no peace to his soul. Even when he imagined thathe^iad'liiisfiedTEeTlw^ he often despaired of getting rid of his sins and of securing the grace of God. In the hymn, " Now rejoice ye Chris- tian people," * we learn the condition of his heart. Often did he engage in violent soul-conflicts. But the quiet Seclusion of the cloister iand his zealous study of the Holy Scriptures combined to further his spiritual development so rapidly, that the turning-point of his Soul-conflicts was reached before he left the monastery. More than by any onie else ^as he assisted in this by the iioble Vicar-General of the Augnstinian Cloisters, John * In German: "Nun freut euch, Ueben Christen gemein." This hymn is said to have been the means of converting hundreds to the cause of the Reformation, 34 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHEB. von Staupitz, who had also made a special study of the Scriptures to ^e guidance of liis inner life. To him Luther opened his heart, and unto him he revealed his doubts and anxieties about religious matters. On one occasion, when they were conversing about repentance, Staupitz said, " There is_ no true repentance other than that-j^ich flows from the lovB^of Go^Tand ,H.is right- ^ousness^^ This word penetrated Luther's soul as the sharpened arrow of the warrior. He searched in the Scriptures and found to his sweet joy that all the words of the Bible agreed with the above statement ; so that, whereas formerly there was no word in Scripture more bitter to him than repentance, there was now no other word that was sweeter and that sounded more agreeable. An old brother monk also made a deep impression upon Luther with his words. When Luther bewailed his temptations, the old monk referred him to the pas- sage in the Apostles' Creed which says, " I believe in the forgiveness of sins." And furthermore, to a declaration of St. Bernard the preacher : " But also believe that through Christ thy sins are forgiven thee. That is the testimony of the Holy Spirit in thy heart when he says, ' Thy sins are forgiven thee. ' For_it. Js-the-apostlB's teachiii gJ hat-jxianJJicQa gh grace is ius^ £ad-byiai.tb. ' ' Day and night, says Luther, the sense and the con- nection of this apostolic word occupied his mind. Fi- nally an all-merciful God granted him to see that Paul and the Gospel proclaim a righteousness which is bestowed upon us through God's grace. JlorJaOid-^ei'gives the ains of those who b eli eve in His word of grace, justifi es them, and presents tKem with eternal life. With this the ^tes of para3igerwerenpeutJdT;'5^Biraian3 thenceforth the whole import of the divine word of salvation was clearly revealed. LUTHER IN THE MONASTEBT AT ERFCKT. 35 This knowledge was the glorious fruit of his sojourn in the monastery at Erfurt. Besides a valuable fund of information which he there acquired, he was led to inde- pendent research and personal investigation. And thus it came to pass that John von Staupitz recommended Martin Luther, at the age of twenty-five, to a professor- ship in the newly founded Umversity of Wittenberg. CHAPTEK IV. LTJTHEE AS PEOFE8SOE IS WmENBEBG. The Umversity of Wittenberg was founded in the year 1502 by the Elector of Saxony, Dnke Frederick the "Wise.* A faithful care of his subjects, sincere love of science, and a deep piety combined to ripen in him the resolve to establish a university for his people. And first of all he was concerned to procure eminent teachers for his new institution. In this he made use of the counsel of John von Staupitz. The latter immediately remembered the distinguished Augustinian monk in the cloister of Erfurt, and recommended him to the Elector as a young man of excellent disposition and of comprehensive attainments. The Elector approved of the choice, and called Martin Luther to Wittenberg in 1508. His departure from Erfurt was taken so suddenly that his neai'est friends were scarcely informed of it. The city of Wittenberg, in contrast with Erfurt, made a poor impression upon him. It numbered but 3000 inhabitants, * Frederick III., sumamed the Wise, ■was bom ia Torgau, Janu- ary 17th, 1463 ; died at Lochau, May 6th, 1525. After the death of the Emperor Maximilian I. he declined the crown of Germany, which, by his advice, was conferred upon Charles V. For this act he has been variously judged by historical writers. On his death-bed he received the Lord's Supper with both bread and wine, and thus sealed his adherence to the cause of the Reforma- tion. LUT9EE AS PKOFESSOE IN WITTENBERG. 87 was badly built, and not in a flourishing condition. At the university Luther bes;an by teaching thft pjiilnenp ln'ogl scienRes. This was not altop;p,1;,her agrfiPia^fi tr, Kim He would gladly have exchanged philosophy for theology, especially for that theology which penetrates to the ker- nel of the nut, the flower of the wheat, and the marrow of the bones. He at once, made the necessary prepara- tions for obtaining the several theological degrees, in order that he might soon -obtain his aim. The first degree, bachelor of Theology, he received in 1509. He now began to contend against the fundamental principle of casuistry, and to search for the true and certain ground of our salvation. The writings of the prophets and apostles, which have proceeded from the month of God, he re* garded as higher, surer, and profounder than all sophis- try and scholastic theology — at which well-informed men were surprised! Thus one of them often remarked : f This monk is leading all the learned doctors astray ; he is bringing forth new doctrines, and is going to reform the whole Eoman Church. " , But scarcely had he begun to teach in his new position when he was called back to Erfurt, for what reason is not known. When after a short absence he had returned to Wittenberg, he received instructions from his order to proceed to Eome. ■ His mission was to secure the settle- ment of a dispute that had arisen within the Augustinian order. This was an evidence of the confidence reposed in the youthful monk. And so Luther proceeded to the Eternal City, the seat of the head of the Church. As a reverent pilgrim he ar- rived at Kome, after a six weeks' journey. Seeing the city from afar he fell upon the earth and cried out, " Hail ! thou sacred Eome !" And yet he found many thi^^gs different from what he had expected. His expe- 38 THE LIFE 6F MARTlir LUtHEK. rience there ttikde a lasting impression upon him. "I would not haVe taken one hundred thousand florins not to have seeti Eome. Among other coarse talk, I heard one reading mass, and when he came t6 the wdrds of conse- cration, he said^ ' Thou art bread and shalt remain bread, thoti art wine and shalt remain wine.' What was I to think of this ? And, mdreovfel*, I was disgilsted at the mariner in which they could * rattle off ' a mass as if it ^ had been a piece of jugglery, for long before I reached the Gospel lesson, my neighbor had fiidshed his mass and eried out to me, ' Enough ! enough 1 hurry up and 6ome a:way,' etc. !" Filled with awe and reverence, he had conie to Eome, arid had hoped to find peace for his sOul. " I was one of those fraritic Saints in Rome ; I rari about all the chufches and crypts, and believed all theii* shameless, impudent lieS. I also read mass, perhaps teri times, and I very mUch regretted that my fatther arid riiother were Btill alive, for I should have been delighted to deliver them from purgatory with my masSes, arid with other precioTis works and many prayers." Ori Ms kriees he crept up Pilate's staircase, the Scdlit Stmcttt, or. holy' stairway, which was said to have been brought from the judgment hall to Eome and placed in the chapel of St. John's Church of the Lateran. Luther did this in order to receive indulgence. Arid yet he felt, iri doing such a Vork, as if 8; voice in thtiflder tones were crying out to him : " The just shall live by faith" (Eom. 1 : 17). And yet, in spite of all the repulsive things Luther saw in Eome, he did not lose his faith in the Papacy. Later in life he used his experience in that city as a sharp sword. The shameful cruelties and the immoral life of the last Pope, Alexander, were still held in lively remembrance. Ooriceliiirig Julius II. he heard and saw LUTHEK AS PROFESSOK IN WITTENBERG. 39 nothing but what was worldly. He writes as follows: " Eome is now making a grand display. The Pope is riding about in triumph, drawn by stallions, and the Sacra- ment {i.e. the host or consecrated wafer) is carried around with him upon a beautiful white stallion !" Julius II. had already begun the erection of St. Peter's Church. Luther little thought at the time, that in a few years that very building should lead to the outward provocation for protesting against the abuses of the Papacy. His national pride was often wounded in Rome by hearing his fellow-countrymen contemptuously spoken of as the ' ' stupid Germans, " or as the ' ' German beasts. ' ' After a month's residence in the cloister of " S. Maria del Popo- lo," on the " Piazza del Popolo," Luther set out on his return home. He had not tarried longer than was neces- sary ; for, said he, " "Whoever goes to Eome for the first time is looking for a rogue ; whoever goes again will find him ; and whoever goes the third time will return with him."* After Luther had returned to "Wittenberg he applied himself most zealously to the study of the Holy Scrip- tures. At the urgent recommendation of Dr. Staupitz he applied for and received the degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology. "I was called and compelled to take the doctorate, without thanks and out of pure obedience. I was obliged to assume the honor, and to vow and promise to teach the most precious Holy Scriptures sincerely and honestly" — thus writes Martin Luther. Inasmuch as the scholastic theology then current neg- lected the study of the Bible, Luther directed his whole attention to the latter. He began with lectures upon * During his short stay in Rome, Luther, always eager to learn, took lessons in Hebrew from a noted rabbi, Ellas Levita. 40 THE LIFE OF MARTIX LUTHEK. the Psalms, and he explained them in such a way that, in the opinion of Melanchthon, a hew light of doctrine arose after a long dark night. In Luther's explanations he showed the difiEerence between Law and Gospel. He confronted the error that men could merit the forgiveness of their sins through their own works, or that they could be justiiied before God through outward observances, as the Pharisees had taught. To substantiate this he ap- pealed to his own researches in the Scriptures, to the epistles of the Apostle Paul, and to the writings of St. Augustine, the great master of his Order. His interpre- tation of the Psalms was followed by lectures upon the Epistles to the Romans and Galatians. And while at work upon these sacred books, that fundamental truth, which he subseC[tiently defined as the article of a standing or a falling church, became firmly rooted in his heart and mind. But he did not anticipate thslt the question how sinful man can prevail before God and secure salvation would ever lead to a controversy between him and the OKurch. More and more this jriith developed into a certainty, that a gracious God jutftifled t he believers ^BTT rin c ing thorn in their rightful felations to Sim, aiid "by inwaf-dly' jta-ans- f orming thfjjL-, It is fa ith in Jjih^hpaW: of man which carries with itadeeiave-sigai-fieaiiCfi.foiF'cpiiiinimriOn with Godi Fait h is th e cen tral point , the marrow, the direct path oh which the grace o| God through our Saviour Jesus C hrist can be secnfe d. Wiffi this faitKTaiid he- mnse"ofttiis Saviout, \Ve prevail before God, we possess the certainty of Ssonfehip and salvation. Luther views the law as the substance of God's holy demands with ref eri ence to man's will and works, which demands the sinner cannot fulfill. He regards the Gofipel as the joyful mes- sage and presentation of that forgiving grace of God LUTHER AS PBOFESSOR IN WITTEJIBEKG. 41 whioh must be received by a simple faith. By the law, pays Luther, sinijpr^ are judged, cpndpmned, and executed. He too had to perspire and agonize under its poorer as in the hand of a taskmaster and hangman, The (a^p^pel Hfts up those that are bowed dpwn, and maizes themanfp flirou^ faith, begptten irilhe~heaft by the jpyfut "mesr sage. .Gpd wprks in botlTi in the f ormer,Tiiie law', wljich is really foreign to him as a God pf love ; and in thp latter,, the gospel, his pwn peculiar wprk of Ipve, for which, hpwevqr, he miist first prepare the sinner throijgh the law. But the more profoundly he Studie4 tbe- Scriptures, the more positively did hi^ turn away from Aristotle, whose philosophy for a long time had prevailed in the Church. In this he ran counter to the controlling teach- ings of the scholastic theologians as yfeO. as of Ms former ingtructors. Hence the TJniversity pf Wittenberg was subjected to many a condemnatory criticism. But this did not discpuj cert Luther ; on the contrary, his views were strength-? ened by reading the sermons of the pipus theologiaii Tauler.* Over against a formal ecclesiasticism he fpuncj in the writings of the latter the profpundest religious convictions of a Christian mind. The strivings of Lu- ther's soul for intimate communion with God awakened a loud echo in the writings of this pious man. Such depth and inwardness of soul were peculiar tp Luther, His first publicatipn was a tract, entitled " Geripan Thepli ogy," which he issued in 1516 and again in 1518. Hi^ * John Tauler, a German ipysstic, was born in Strast)urg iii 1890, and died there in 1361. He was one of the so-called " friends of God,'' an unorganized fraternity of mystie thinkers among the elergy and laity. In his teachings he insisted upon heart and 80ul worship, ^ad freely dengunce^.^ccl^giikstical ^htuses^ 43 THE LIFE OF MARTIlf LUXHEB. first ori^nal work was a translation of and commentary upon the seven penitential Psalms (6tli, 31st, 50tli, 101st, 129tli, 142d), which appeared in 1517. The influence of Tauler upon Luther appears also in the sermons of the latter. He zealously contended against those who prided themselves upon their merito- rious works and their self-conceived holiness ; he. warned against the presumption of self -righteousness as against a most dangerous siiare, and pointed out the way upon •which the soul, by simple faith in the proffered word of grace, would be led to its God and Saviour. At the same time he declaimed against the practical abuses and errors of the ecclesiastical religious life, and expressed himself boldly against the lives of monks and priests, and against the absurdity of saints' legends. But the divine origin and the divine right of the hierarchical offices of the Papacy, the episcopacy, and of the priesthood, and the infallibility of the Church thus governed, remained to him inviolable. In his sermons, at this time, he still prayed to the Virgin Mary, He regarded the Bohe- mians, who had separated from the Church, as sinful heretics. f-^ And yet thft Jiir^ing-jKdiiJL-iii.Jua-jcarfiec.Jhad come. 'The scandalous proceedings of the traffic in indulgences forced him into the arena of battle. And the first step once having been taken, he could not retreat. For then he must defend and maintain that which he had ex- perienced in severe conflicts of the soul and proclaimed in public sermons. He now advanced beyond the narrow circle. "With the rapidity of the lightning's flash his name was carried through all Germany, and the hearts of those who were in earnest about their soul's salvation, about their faith and their inner purification, of those to whom the indul- LUTHER AS PROFESSOR IK WITTENBERG. 4:3 gences and other abuses of the Church were a scandal and a shame, beat in unison with his own. The Church accepted the challenge and entered into conflict. At first it was beHeved that the Monk of Witten- berg would soon be crushed, as others had been before him. Yet he proved himself to be a match for the Pope and the Church. Luther's own opinion upon his first step we have in his own words : " I have permitted my ' dispositions and propositions,' which I set up in the beginning of my conflict against indulgences, to see the light of day, especially because the importance and the successful progress of the cause, which in the providence of God may follow, shall not exalt me or render me proud. For through these same theses I publicly proclaimed my shame — ^that is, the great weakness and ignorance which overcame me in the beginning with great fear and trembling. Heedless and alone I entered upon this conflict, and because I could not retreat, I not only con- ceded much to the Pope in many and important articles, but I also willingly and earnestly revered him. For I was a miserable, despised brother, who at that time resembled a corpse more than a human being. In this condition did I confront the majesty of the Pope, in whose very presence the kings of this world, yea the whole earth, stood abashed, and in accordance with whose wiU all was done. "What my heart endured and suffered during the first two years, and by what genuine humility, I might almost say despair, I was possessed — of this experience little is known by those certain spirits who afterward attacked the majesty of the Pope with great pride and boldness. But I, who stood alone in the conflict, was not so happy, confident, and sure of the result. For I was in ignorance then of much that I now know, thanks be to God ! I disputed, and was eager to be taught. And since 44 THE IIFB OF MAKTIN LUTHEB. the dead siud the diimb masters — that is, the books of the theologians and jtirists — could not satisfactorily inform me, I demanded coimsel of the living and desired to hear the Church of God. There I found many pious men that were pleased with my theses and highly esteemed them. But it was impossible for me to regard and acknowledge them as living members of the Church, endowed vrith lie Holy Spirit, but simply as Pope, cardinals, bishops, theologians, jurists, monks, and priests. Hence I awaited the Spirit's coming, for I had eagerly accepted their teaching, so that I was benumbed and did not know whether I was awake or asleep. iLnd when I had overcome, by the Scriptures, all the arguments that were in the way, it was with great fear, trouble, an(i labor that I, by the grace of Christ, finally overcame this last argument, viz., that one ought to hear the Church. For with much greater earnestness, with genuine reverence, and vrith my whole heart, did I regard the Pope's church as the true Church far more than do these shameful and blasphemous perverters who now so highly exalt the Pope's church." Soon after this he sent his theses, and a further eX" planation of the same, to the Bishop of Brandenburg, and through Staupitz to the Pope. To Staupitz he wrote : "Moreover, to my enemies I have but this to say, in the words of Eeuchlin : * ' Whoever is poor fears nothing, for he can lose nothing.' Po^ssions I have none ; fame and honor, if I have ever enjoyed them, are only lost by him who has long since begun to lose them. But one * John Beuchlin was born in Pforzheim in 1455, and died in Stuttgart in 1532. He was one of the foremost advocates of the study of classical literature, and especially of Greek and Hel/aw. He is said to have published the first Hebrew -work prinirjd in Germany. He secretly favored Protestantism, but never publicly tenounced his connection with the Roman Catholic Church. LUTHEtt AS PROFESSOR IN WITTEKliEKG. 45 tiling remains : my frail body weakened by constant troubles. If witb craft or force they deprive me of that, thinking that they are doing God a service, they may per- haps make me poorer by an hour or two of my life. But I am content in having my dear Kedeemer and Media- tor, my Lord Jesus Christ. I will sing unto Him as long as I live. Concerning his theses Luther said, some he would prove ; the rest he would discuss, and desire further in- formation. Powerfully and emphatically he continued to teach the evangelical doctrine of repentance linSriailfi; Me denied to the samt^ the'pogSSgglon of aHyBtfpfePfltious merit which might be of benefit to us idle and indolent sinners. But, on the other hand, he clung to a belief in purgatory, and cared not what heretics might babble against it. He had a good opinion of the reigning Pope, and hoped that he would become his patron in the con- flict against the bold-faced traders in indulgences. But Eome itself he declared to be the true Babylon. For the sake of God's order and appointment, it was necessary to yield in all things with reference to the authority of the Pope, even to respect his unrighteous judgments, yet without approving them, but simply becauee of the general command against self-help. But to the contrary he speaks in another passage : " I do not care whether the Pope is pleased or displeased : he is but a man hke other .men. I hear aiid obey the Pope as pope — ^that is, when he speaks in harmony with the laws of the Church, and when he governs himself ac- cordingly, or when he proclaimis the decisions of a Church council--but never when he simply utters his own indi- vidual opinions. The Pope alone can create no new arti- cles of faith, but can merely give his opinion in accord- ance with those that have been established, and also 46 THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHEE. decide questions at issue concerning the faitL." But in no event did Luther wish to remain at variance with the Church and the Pope. " Accept or reject, grant life or death, as it pleaseth thee" — thus did he subject himseM to the authority of the Pope. Deeply he bewailed the sad condition of the Church. ' ' The Church, " said he, " needs a reformation ; but this should not be the work of one man, like the Pope ; nor of many cardinals, as it was in the last general Church Council ; but of the whole world, or rather of God alone. The time of this reformation is known only to Him who has created time." Many regarded the appearance of Luther as the advent of this time. Thus a monk of Steinlausig, when he had read the theses, cried out with joy, "He is the one that will do it ; he has come for whom we have so long waited." And others said, "Now has the time arrived when the darkness must be expelled out of Church and school, and the pure doctrine return to the churches." And old Keuchlin remarked, " Thank God they have now found a man that will give them so much of hard work to do that they will suffer me, poor old man that I am, to depart in peace." Others were not so confident. " Go to your cell and pray, my brother, that the Lord will have mercy upon you" — ^thus said many a one that thought so vast an undertaking by an insignificant monk against the Pope^- of whose might and influence kings were afraid — would surely come to grief. " My dear Brother Martin," said an aged "Westphalian clergyman, "if you can do away with purgatory and the traffic in indulgences, you are indeed a great man !" . Luther's prior and sub-prior came and entreated him not to bring reproach upon his order, for the other orders were already leaping with joy, saying that they were not IiUTHBR AS PKOFESSOR IK WITTEKBERG. 47 the only ones guilty of offenses, but tliat now the Augus- tinians were also in the fire and bearers of shame. Lu- ther replied to them, " Dear fathers, if this work has not been begun in God's name, it will soon come to naught ; but if it has been begim in His name, then let Him rule as He will !" The University of Wittenberg took his part. His sys - tem of theology was the pre vailing one ; his legtmes ~ afew crowds_ flIIEiaJore. The Elector of SaxOny left the matter in the hands of GOdj attentively followed its progress, and neither , praised nor blamed. What he recognized ias good and true he was not dispOsed to assist in suppressing. The Emperor Maximilian, who had read Luther's theses, sent a message to the Elector requesting him to take good care of the monk, for it might yet come to pass that his ser- vices would be needed. " His theses are not to be de- spised," said he; "he will make it very lively for the priests." But above all others did the preachers and traders in indidgences thunder against Luther, threatening that in less than a fortnight he would be burned at the stake. His enemies, foremost among them the mountebank Tet- zel, sought to annihilate him with counter-theses. But they failed in their efforts, for Luther quieted them in a very forcible and expeditious manner. Others remarked, that if he had received a good bishopric he would highly ' exalt indulgences instead of rejecting them. 1 Luther replied, in turn, that if he had had a bishopric in view he would not have spoken as he did ; for they ought not to suppose him to be ignorant of the manner in which bishoprics were obtained in Rome. He was now c harged with irreverence a p;aiDat-th.6-£Qpe. This he re- pelled by saying, "The Pope is, a human being who 48 THE LIFE OJ? IIAKTIN LUTKEK. may be deceived, especially by cunning and hypocritical- people. But God is the truth, and cannot be deceived. Hence I entreat my enemies not to frighten me hereafter by flattering the Pope, nor by their renowned teachers ; but that they instruct and conquer me by well-grounded declarations of the Bible and of the Pope, if they are indeed beiit upon carrying off the victory at all haz- ards.". But how did the Pope act in this violent conflict ? Two of his utterances are recorded : ' ' Brother Martin is a very ingenious fellow ; but the conflict itself is merely a quar- rel between jealous monks. ' ' And again : "A drunken German must have written these theses ; as soon as he. becomes sober he will change his mind." The highest circles of Eome, and the immediate attendants upon the Pope were guilty of the same depreciative and contempt- uous treatment of the Germans and of Luther's theses. in their replies the "obscure German" and his "dog- biting" theses were treated in the most derogatory man- ner. They viewed the Pope as the Church of Rome, and the Eoman Church as equivalent to the universal Chris- tian Church. But whoever presumed to question the right of the Church to do anything it pleased, was a heretic. Thus were they disposed in E.ome, at least in the begin- ning, to assume the position of a haughty security. It was purposed, in a short time, by means of the papal power, to put an end to this unruly German monk. A court of inquisition was appointed, and Luther was cited to appear before it on the 7th of August — within 60 days he was expected to report liimself personally in Eome. But before this time had expired the Pope took up other measures against Luther. The tremendous ex- XUTHER AS PBOPBSSOK IK TVITTBSBBK8. 49 tSitement which the 95 theses had caused no doubt im- pelled him to more vigorous proceedings. Hence the Pope wrote to the Elector and entreated him to avoid the very appearance of the guilt of complicity, and to deliver Luther, the child of wickedness, into the hands of his legate, before whom he was to vindicate himseK. But secretly the Elector was ordered to secure the arrest of the heretic with all the means in his power. His adherents were also to be arrested, and an interdict laid upon every place where Luther was tolerated. But the movement was not to be so quickly and so easily suppressed as the Pope imagined. He was obliged to take into account the influential tendencies prevailing in the German Empire at that time. And these were jiot favorable to him ; for everywhere grievous charges were preferred, and bitter complaints were heard concerning the violent and unlawful proceedings of the Pope, and es- pecially in reference to the immense sum of money that was annually carried to Rome. Accordingly, when in the year 1518 the Pope again desired the grant of a large imperial tax, ostensibly for a war against the Turks, an embittered feeling was manifested, and it was publicly charged that the genuine Turks were to be found in Italy ! The Imperial Parliament declined to accede to his jeque st. but drew up a long list of p;ri'p.vaT^^^pg a^jeawiBt. the Pope : as touc hing the large sums of money which he "c3lected from Germa5 beneffces7and which, "under vari- ous pretexts, he extorte d ; as to the u nta^^j-aBsumption ot power m maEng" "ecclesiastical ap pointments in Ger- many ; as to a continued violation of the ratified con- cordats, ~eW." "'~~ -— ~,~«»----~™--»--~™™™,_.„„™„- . - Luther profited by all this without being aware of it. But the Pope was obliged to take these circumstances into account, and therefore to treat him with consideration. 50 ' THE LIFE OF MABTIN LUTHER- Thus, the papal legate Cajetan* was very careful not to increase the universal feeling of excitement in his pro- ceedings against Luther.. Indeed he promised the Elec- tor of Saxony to hear him in Augsburg, and to treat him with fatherly kindness. And thus Luther, in accordance with the desire of the university authorities, and agree- ably to his own wishes, was cited to agpearin-Augsburg. * Cajetan or Cajetanus (Italian : GaStano) was so called from his' birthplace, Gaeta, in Italy. His real name was Jacob de Yio, but he afterward substituted Thomas fur Jacob, in honor of Thomas Aquinas, his scholastic master. . Cajetan was a zealous Dominican, and became general of his order. He was an able scholar, a very skilful intriguer, a haughty diplomatist, and withal one of the most prominent figures in the history of the Beformation. Be was born in 1469, and died in Borne in 1531. CHAPTER y. liTITHER AND THE PAPAL AMBASBADOKS. In September, 1518, Luther set out on his journey. On the 28th he arrived at Weimar, and lodged in the monastery. On the following day he preached in the castle church in the presence of the Elector, who at that time had established his court in Weimar. Basing his discourse upon the text, Matthew 18 : 1, etc., he warned against a proud self -righteousness and sanctimoniousness, and against the accompanying vices of envy and avarice. In so doing he expressly castigated the bishops, who ought to appear in the form of servants, but who, like Antichrist, seated themselves in the temple of God, and used the imparted powers of their office simply, to their own advantage. He did not refer, however, to his own position. " My thoughts," said he afterward, "on the journey were these : Now I must die ; and often did I remark, What a reproach will I be to my parents !" He undertook the journey on foot, in company with a young monk of Wit- tenberg, by wa^of Nuremberg. Here his friend Link* met him. Whgu — in t.bfl nftighbnrhnod r tt Augsbu rg Luther w.as,aKg££2525_^^°'^^^y ^®*'^°^^®' Faint-heart- ~ed "friends had^ten wariiia^Wnrgirthe- way uot to enter * Link was the successor of Staupitz as Yicar-General of the Augustinian order, and the Rofprmer of the Province of Alten- burg. 52 THE LIFE OF MAETIIT LUTHER. Augsburg. But in reply to tlierri he said, "In Augs- burg, even in the midst of mine enemies, Jesus Christ also reigns. May Christ live, even if Martin should die. " Arriving in the neighborhood of Augsburg, he informs us that he became very uncomfortable, that a demon tor- tured him with evil thoughts. On the Yth of October he arrived, in Augsburg, where he was hospitably enter- tained, at first in the Augustinian and then in the Cai*- melite monastery. He was already the subject of con- versation everywhere in the city. Everybody, said he, wished to see this Herostratus * who had kindled so- great a conflagration. Luther immediately announced his arrival to the papal; legate. But he did not venture to meet the latter until his friends, to whom the Elector had recommended him, . had obtained a safe-conduct from the Emperor, who was. then on a hunt in that neighborhood ; for the Italians are not to be trusted, said Luther. _ In the meanwhile a ser- , vant of the Cardinal Legate delivered the following mes-. sage to him : " The Cardinal offers you his sincere favor ; why do you fear? He is a very affable father." An' Italian, a friend of Cajetafi, also called upon Luther, sent, according to common belief, by the Cardinal ;■ himself. Like a genuine Italian, said Luther, this one; regards the whole matter in a very light-hearted manner, as if it turned about these six letters : revooa {i.e. recant)* Then the Italian added, laughingly : " Do you really think the Elector Frederick would go- to war on your account ?" To wliich Luther replied : . * An Ephesian, who on the night in which Alexander the Great was born, in 856 B.C., set fire to the magnificebt teifiple of Diana, at Ephesusi which -was completely destroyed. .His seU-confessed motive was to render his name immortal. - i LUTHBB AND THE PAPAL AMIJAS3APOB3. 53 . " TKat I would not desire." "And where, then, will you remain ?" returned the former. " Under the heavens," said the latter. " But what would you do were the Pope and cardinals to have you in their power ?" continued the Italian. "I wotdd show them all honor ai^d reverence," con- cluded Luther. y^ Whereupon the former departed laughing, and with a gesture of contempt. But Luther's resolve stood fast ; rather would he die than to recall what he had taught and written. The idea of appealing to a council, in case of necessity, also occurred to him, and was developing in his mind. After the letter of safe-conduct had arrived, Luther proceeded to the papal legate. His friends had directed him as to the proper manner of meeting a cardinal and a papal legate. Luther prostrated himself in the pres- ence of the Cardinal, and even after he had been told to arise he remained in a kneeling position until he. was again commanded. And since neither the Cardinal nor •anyone else ventured to speak, Luther believed that this silence was an intimation that he should begin. Accordingly he delivered himself of the following : " Keverend Father, in obedience to the citation of his Papal Holiness, and to the demand of my gracious Lord, the Elector of Saxony, 1 have appeared and confess that I published the 95 Theses. And I am in obedience both ready and willing to hear what accusations have -been brought against me, and if I have erred, to be in- ■formed and corrected." The legate then addressed him in a gracious and fatherly manner, and in the ;name of the Pope plainly demanded of him that he re- -cant his errors and promise to abstain thereafter from the 54 THK LIFE OP MABIIBr LUTHUB. _prs}mulgatioa-of-aU-view&ihatjgig^t distract tHe Church. Two articles he should recall and withdraw : ^rst, the denial that the "indulgence-treasure" of the Church is the merit of our Lord JeSus Christ ; secondly, his main- tenance that a person who wishes to receive the Lord's Supper must above all things possess the faith and the inner conviction that his sins will be forgiven him. Hereupon a discusmon ensued between Luther and Caje- tan. The attendants of the latter audibly tittered when they heard the explanations of the Augustinian monk, so strange and curious did they seem to the Italians. In vain did Luther appeal to the Bible and its declarations conceniing faith. The Cardinal then confronted Luther with the papal authority, which was above that of coun- cils, the Church and the Scriptures, and declared unto him, " You must recant to-day, whether you will or will not ; otherwise I will condemn all your theses for the reason assigned^ above." But Luther did not recant. He concluded the interview with the request to grant him a few days more for further consideration. On the same day Staupitz also arrived in Augsburg. All action now taken was first deliberated over in com- mon. Luther submitted a written declaration, offering publicly to defend his theses, and prepared to receive the judgment of the faculties at Basel, Freiburg, Lou- vain, and Paris upon them. Cajetan smiled at this pro- posal, and admonished him to give up such idle thoughts, but rather to reflect upon his course and to retreat, for he would find it " hard to kick against the pricks 1" In no case would he admit of a disputation ; but he per- mitted Luther to submit another and a longer explana> tion of the principal points at issue. This document was sent to Cajetan on the following day. In it Luther emphatically declares : that the papal LinHER AKD THE PAPAL AMBASSADORS. 65 decretals may err and conflict with Holy Writ ; that every individual Christian can exercise the right to prove the papal decisions in the light of God's Word ; and in conclusion, Luther entreats the legate to show him a better way, and not to force him to act contrary to his conscience, for we must obey Go djather-than maui The cardinal legate rejected Luther's written declara- tions without examination, and again urged him to re- cant, whereupon a violent war of words ensued. The cardinal threatened with ban and interdict, and dismissed Luther, saying, "Go, and do not show your face again to me, unless it be to recant." Thus was Luther sent away by the cardinal, who is said to have added this remark : " I will not confer with this beast again, for it has deep eyes and wonderful speculations in its head." Staupiitz and Link now de- parted from the city of Augsburg, not believing it to be safe to trust the Italians. But Luther tarried and awaited the pleasure of the legate. The latter, how- ever, remained silent, even after Luther had written again in a humble spirit asking forgiveness for his exhib- ited violence, promising to remain silent if his opponents would do the same, and professing himself as willing to recant, provided he were better instructed. But al- though he made all these concessions, he received no an- swer. And after he had drawn up another declaration, appealing from " the badly informed Pope to the better- to-be-instructed Pope,' ' he sent it to Oajetan, and nailed a copy of it to the door of the cathedral. He then left the city on the 20tli of October. Luther's friends, fearing that he would not be per- mitted to depart from the city, provided for liim a horse and an old companion at arms, and dismissed him at night through a secret gate in the city, walls. Thus he ^6 ; THE LIFB OB MARTIK LUTHER. , reaped npoa a hard-ridiiig trotter, in his monk's coat, without boots or pants, spurs or sword, travelling about forty miles before he sought rest. When he dismounted at the inn at Monheim* he could hardly stand, and for weariness fell down upon the straw. In Grafenthal f he met the friendly Count Albert of Mansfeld, who laughed at Luther's feats of riding, and invited him to join his company. . On the aniuveraary day of the nailing of the theses to the church door, Luther returned to Wittenberg amid the rejoicings of students and citizens. In the evening he sent a message to his friend Spalatin, saying, " By God's grace I have arrived safe and sound, but uncertain how long I shall remain. For ray cause is so situated Jhat I both hope and fear, I am filled with joy and peace, so that I am surprised that the trials which have befallen me should appear to many to be something great." , In possession of inward joy and peace, and surrounded by the circle of his friends at Wittenberg, Luther could jiow continue the conflict against the papacy. Soon there arrived a letter from the cardinal, Cajetan, prefer- ring charges against Luther, and demanding his surrender or expulsion from W ittenberg. But the Elector Frederick did not accede to this demand. He carefully protected Luther, and insisted upon it that the controversy should be settled in Germany. Privately he felt a warm interest in Luther's cause, but desired that he should desist from further provocation. Yet Luther did not refrain from new measures and ijontinued declarations. He published a report of his * Augsburg and Monheim are in Bavaria. + {Jrgfenthal ig in the Thuring^an Forest. LUTHER AKD : TUB. -PAPAL AMBASSASORS. 57' interviews with Cajetan, and added a farthet justification of his procedure, in which he more positively than' ever before attacked the papacy. The doctrine of the" divine right of the papacy and of its necessary existence' as an essential part of the Church of Christ, he de- clared to be "the foolishness of silly people, who in op- position to Christ's own words, that ' the kingdoin of God Cometh not with observation,' would bind the church of Christ to time and place ; and who would dare question the Chi'istian standing of any one not disposed to submit^ to the Pope's domination. " Shortly thereafter Luther alppealed, in a formal and solemn proclamation, to a universal council of the Chris- tian Church. By this act he forever severed his relations to the papacy. Daily he expected to receive the ban of ex- communication from Kome. He made all necessary prep- ' arations, in order, as he wrote to Spalatin,, that he might bexeady, on the arrival of the ban, to go out like Abraham, not knowing whither, but certain that God is everywhere; In one of his sermons he said to the congregation : " I am now a very uncertain preacher j as you have already ■ experienced, and have often gone off without bidding you farewell. If that should happen again, you may take my present words as a farewell greeting, in case I should not return." He was prepared each moment for- flight and exile. He felt also that he must withdraw for • the Elector's sake, in order that no suspicion should at- tach itself to the latter because of any supposed adherence to Luther's teachings upon indulgences and the papal, authority. He also thought if he remained at Witten- berg, that, he could not speak and write as freely as he • would desire, whereas if he departed he could f reely de- ^ liver himself and oSer his life unto Christ. He was filled ' with courage for tile eonflict and with the spirit of -action-. ^ 58 THB XIFB OF MARTIK LUTHER. ' Far more extensive issues are being born of my pen," ■writes Luther ; " I do not know whence these thoughts come ; in my opinion this movement has not yet fairly begun, instead of soon ending, as the noble lords at Rome vainly imagine." "The more they rage and meditate upon the use of force, the less do I fear, and the more freely will I attack the Boman serpents. I am prepared for the worst that may happen and await the counsel of God." " This I know, indeed ; that I would be treated as the dearest and most agreeable person, did I but speak one word : revoco / that is, I recall. But I will not make myself a heretic by the recall of that opinion by which I became a Christian. I would rather die, be burnt, exiled, and accursed." But the danger from Eome did not threaten as speedily as was anticipated or feared. The project there enter- tained, of bringing the rebellious monk back to a state of obedience, had not been given up ; but the time had not yet come for extreme measures. Karl vonMiltitz, a Saxon nobleman and chamberlain of the Pope, was now sent as an ambassador to Germany, with special instructions to the Elector of Saxony. In the person of the latter the papal chair recognized the secret protector of the dangerous monk. The mission of Miltitz was to deprive Luther of his patron's support, and tlien to lead him away to Rome. To this end the papal ambassador appeared before the Elector, presenting him with a distinguished emblem of gi-acious favor, the golden rose. This was " a very precious and mysterious present," which the Pope was accustomed annually to bestow upon that eminent Chris- tian prince who had rendered good service to the apos- tolic authority, the Pope at Rome. Miltitz was commis- sioned to present this golden rose to the Elector of LUTHEB AND THE EAPAL JLMBASSADORS. 5S Saxony, to the intent that the divine fragrance of this flower should penetrate the heart of Frederick, so that he. might receiye the requests of the amba:ssador with a pious regard, and be disposed with glowing ardor to carry out the sacred wishes of the Pope. At least this much was expected in Rome from the fragrance of the golden rose. Irreverent wits remarked, that if the rose had arrived sooner in Wittenberg its perfume would have been more agreeable ; for it had lost its fragrance on the long and wearisome journey I Miltitz was empowered to demand the following, as expressed in a special communication : the Elector should support Miltitz in the measures to be taken against Luther, the child of Satan and the son of perdition, because of his heretical preaching in the lands of Frederick. Messages of similar import were addressed to Spalatin, the magistrate of Wittenberg, and to many others. It is said that Miltitz was armed with more than seventy such papal communications. ? At the close of December Miltitz* arrived in Alten- burg. Well acquainted as he was with the condition of affairs in Germany, he had informed himself on the way, among the cultured as well as among the common people, in regard to the popular opinion of the man against whom he had been sent. He soon found that out of every five * Miltitz had made an appointment to meet Tetzel at Alten- buTg, in Saxony, to reprimand him for his excesses. But the latter,' fearing the popular wrath, did not dare to undertake the journey. After Miltitz had concluded his conferesnce with Luther, he went to Leipsic, and meeting Tetzel he administered so severe a reproof that he sickened and died of chagrin in a Dominican cloister, Jjaly 4th, 1519'. Luther wrote Tetzel a comforting letter during his sickness-^-^an evidence of the nobility of soul and large- heartedness of the great Beformer. THB UFB OF MARTIK LUTHBK. »ersons, scarce two or three had remained loyal to Home. t is possible that because of this discovery he changed is method of procedure, for he confessed that he rould not have dared to take Luther away with him to lome, not even if he had had an army of 25,000 men. In Altenburg Miltitz met Luther in the first week of he new year, 1519. He addressed Luther amid tears ,nd with many words, exhorting him to recant, and howing all possible friendship and affection. He hoped a this way to persuade Luther. But Luther did not trust am. This apparent good-will seemed to him hypocriti- al ; the greeting, a Judas's kiss ; tlie lamentations, croc- idile's tears ! Yet he promised to make concessions so ar as his conscience would permit him to do, but certain- y nothing more. They mutually agreed, furthermore, ' that both parties should be forbidden to write and to each upon the questions at issue." Besides this, Miltitz )roposed to write to the Pope, requesting him to appoint ', learned bishop to act as arbitrator, having in mind the Sirchbishop of Treves (Trier). The joint meeting was to >e held hereafter in the city of Coblentz. Thus far the negotiations seem to have taken a favor- ible turn. Luther, likewise, addressed a meek epistle to he Pope. He also published an address to the German people, in which he seeks to refute the slanders of those i^ho had endeavored to prejudice him and his cause by nisrepresenting his teachings about intercession, purga- ory, indulgences, the commands of the Holy Church, ;ood works, and the Eoman Church ; he aims to show, hat in no wise does he depart from the faith of all Christendom ; that in order to maintain peace he is villing to make sacrifices ; and he also professes Ms be- ief in certain Koman Catholic teachings which he after- «rard publicly rejected. LTTTHSB AXD THB PAFAL AHBAS6AU0RS. 61 Miltitz seems to have been satisfied with these declara- tions of Luther, though it could not yet be known how they would be regarded by the Papal authorities. Fur- ther negotiations to induce Luther to go to Coblentz were unsuccessful, for he would not venture to undergo the risk upon an uncertainty, and hence declined. He pleasantly remarked that he had not so much time to. spare to take 60 long a promenade ! Besides, the Archbishop of Treves had received no mandate from^ Home to hold the proposed conference meeting. In the meanwhile the Emperor Maximilian * had died, and the Elector of Saxony had hecome Imperial Vicar, an event which exercised a favorable influence upon Luther's cause. The papal authorities were obliged, now more than ever, to take the Elector into account in all their plans, for his position in Germany exercised a de- termining influence. The successor of Maximilian was his nineteen-year-old nephew. King Charles f of Spain, He was no friend to German life and institutions. Luther and his cause experienced this on more than one occasion. * Maximilian I. was of the House of Hapsburg, bom in 1459, and died in 1519. He became Emperor of Germany in 1493. t Charles I. of Spain, better known as Charles V., Emperor of Germany, was bom in 1500, and died in 1558. He was chosen Emperor in 1519, and retired into a convent in 1556, his brother Ferdinand succeeding him as Emperor of Germany. CHAPTEK VI. THE DISPUTATIOK AT LEEPSIC. r "Whilst Miltite continued Mb attempts at reconciliation and prepared the way. for a meeting between Luther and. the Archbishop of Treves, Luther felt himself obliged to get ready for a public debate with Dr. Eck.* The^ latter had been carrying on an epistolary war with one of Luther's colleagues, Dr. Karlstadt. This was now to be ended by a public disputation at Leipsic. To this end Dr. Eck published a number of theses which he proposed to defend against Karlstadt. But in these theses Luther was attacked, rather than his colleague, Especially in re- gard to the supremacy of the Pope in the eariy centuries (of the Christian Church. On this point Karlstadt had neither written nor spoken. Hence it was evident that Eck's theses were directed against Luther, who felt him- self obliged once more to enter the arena of conflict. Since he had been attacked by Eck he demanded the right to take part in the debate. His friends endeavored to dissuade him from this step, but he soon convinced them that he. must- go himself and defend his cause, saying : "Even should I perish, the world will not go to destruction on that account. By the grace of God the Wittenbergers [meaning his adherents] have so" far pro- gressed that they do not need me." * John Mayr von Eck was born in Eck, Swabia, in 1486, and died in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in 1543. The latter part of his life vras devoted to efiect a reunion of the conflicting parties. THB DiaPDTATION AT LKIPSIO. fiS The disputation was appointed for the 27th of June, 1519. Duke George of Saxony came from Dresden to Leipsic and ordered the largest hall in his palace, the Pleissenburg, to be used for that purpose, and handsomely decorated. Dr. Eck arrived in time ; the Wittenbergers, on Friday, June 24th. " The latter entered by the Grim- ma gate," thus writes an eye-witness, "escorted by 200 of their students, armed with spears and halberds. Dr. Karlstadt rode first, followed by Luther and Melanchthon in an open wagon, ^f ter they had entered the Grimma gate and had reached the doors of St. Paul's church cemetery, Dr. Karlstadt' s wagon broke down, and the doctor was thrown into the mud. Dr. Martinus and his companion, Philippus, rode by and continued their course. The people that saw it remarked: "Luther will triumph, but Karlstadt wili be defeated." The day before the appointed time, it was agreed upon that Karlstadt and Eck should open the debate. On the 27th of June the disputation was inaugurated with great secular and religious festivities, beginning with an address of welcome in Latin, continuing with a mass in St. Thom- as's church, and concluding with a musical concert. A large number of theologians, as well as educated and un- educated laymen, had assembled to attend the proceed- ings. During four days Eck and Karlstadt contended about theological questions of the free-will of man and his relation to the operations of divine grace. Eck had the advantage over Karlstadt, both in dialectic ability and in power of memory. The members of the Uni- versity of Leipsic supported Eck and exalted him in every possible way. But Xuther and his Wittenberg as- sociates they regarded at a distance. Between the stu- dents of the two universities violent contentions arose upon the questions at issue. 64* THE LIFE OP MABTIW LUTHER: On the 4:th of July the debate began between Lutt«r and Eek. A contemporary and eye-witness has preserved the following sketch of the contending parties : '" Martin Luther is of medium stature, meagre in body, and so ex- hausted by his cares and studies that one can almost count every bone in his frame. He is as yet in the strength of manhood. His voice is cleai and distinct ; his learning and knowledge of the Scriptures are wonderful, so that he has full command. " He understands Greek and Hebrew well enough to- judge of different interpretations of the Scriptures. Nor is he lacking in material for his discourses, for he has pos- session of an extraordinary amount of facts and words. In social life and intercourse he is polite and friendly ; there is nothing gloomy or ptoud about him ; and he has the disposition to accomriiodate himseK to different per- sons and varying circumstances. In society he is cheer- ful and witty. He is always lively, joyful, and positive, and has a pleasing countenance, no matter how hard his opponents threaten him ; so much so that one is obliged ■ to believe that the man cannot bear so heavy a burden without the help of th& gods. By many he is reproached with being intemperate in his attacks and biting in his criticisms, more so indeed than is becoming to a theologian, and to one who is presenting something new in divine things. In the case of Karlstadt all these characteristics are very much reduced in degree ; he is smaller in stat- ure, his face is dark and sunburnt, his voice hollow and disagreeable. Eck, on the contrary, is tall, well-built, and robust, has a full round voice proceeding from a large chest, well-endowed either for an actor or a town-crier. His features are such that he would sooner be taken for a" butcher or -a soldier than for a theologian. His mem- ory is excellent, and if his understanding were likewise,- .THB DISPUTATIOK AT 1IIP8IC. ,65 he: ■VTOTild be regarded as a perfeet work of nature. But he is lacking in quick perceptive faculties and in acute- ness of judgment. , His aim is to adduce a large amount of stujff, to mystify his hearers, and to produce the im- pression of great superiority. To this must be added his incredible audacity, for as soon as he observes that he has been caught in the net of his opponent, he seeks to turn the discussion into another channel. And then he pos- sesses great vivacity in speaking and shouting, and freedom in gesticulating Math the arms .and the whole body.' ' The debate had reached its climax when Luther re- ferred to the theses, of Huss, condemned by the Coun- cil of Constance, in 1415, and in bad repute all over Germany.- Eck endeavored to throw the suspicion of sympathy with the Bohemian heresy upon Luther, in idiscussing the question, whether the supremacy of the Pope was based upon divine or human right. But Luther guarded himself well, and' yet maintained that among the articles of Huss there were many that were Christian and evangeUcalj . such as these : that there is but one universal Christian Church.; and that the behef in the supremacy of the Koman Catholic Chm-ch is not necessary to salvation. Whilst Luther was thus quoting the theses of Huss,* Duke George cried out with a loud voice, audible to all, " May the deuce take that !" shaking his head and planting his arms at his sides. At another time, when Luther declared that the Pope derives his authority not by divine but by human right, Duke George again exclaimed, ■" The Pope *s Pope, whether * Duke George of Saxony remained all his life-time one of the bitterest opponents of Lather and the Reformation. He perse- cuted and punished his own subjects for espousing the new doc- trines. At his death, in 1539, his brother Henry succeeded him and formally introduced Protestantiran. 66 THE LIFE OF MARTIK LUTHHB. by human or by divine right. '* The debate upon the chief question, the supremacy of the Pope, was continued for five days, but without any result. Further disputa- tions concerning purgatory, indulgence, and repentance were of minor importance ; likewise the closing debate between Eck and Karlstadt. On the 15th of July the disputation was closed. Eck claimed the victory. He departed with a display of triumph, extolled by his friends, and rewarded with favor and honors by Duke George of Saxony. Luther left for home in ill-humor. He thus expresses himself about the Leipsic disputation : " Eck and his friends did not seek truth, but fame. No wonder, then, that the debate had a bad beginning and worse ending." But in truth this disputation was very helpful to the dissemination of Reformation thoughts. Everywhere the questions at issue were discussed. ' ' Luther's teachings, ' ' writes a contemporary, " have aroused so much strife, dis- sension, and disturbance among the people, that there is scarce a country or a city, a village or a family, that has not been divided and agitated even unto blows." CHAPTEE YTL CONCERNING THE BAN OF EXCOMMTuNICATION. Anotheb interval of time had elapsed. Luther had once more returned to "Wittenberg and zealously devoted himself to his work in the professor's chair as well as in the pulpit, where he clearly and impressively proclaimed the new truths. In his writings, too, he was not idle. And herein a new controversy developed itself. As yet the Pope had passed no public sentence of condemnation upon Luther, although he had often called him a heretic deserving his anathema. The universities of Cologne and Louvain, as well as the Bishop of Meissen, now brought their complaints against Luther before the Pope. The former maintained that Luther's writings should be destroyed by fire, and he himself forced to recant. The latter called attention to a passage in one of Luther's pamphlets, in which he contended that the Church should again grant the cup (the wine) to the laity in the Lord's Supper. For, why should the priest be entitled to more than the layman ? Christ knows of no such difference. In his profound study of the Scriptures this conviction had grown upon him, and in this point of doctrine he found himself in accord with Hubs and his followers. He was now stigmatized as a fellow-heretic with Hubs ; but he was not much troubled about it. He replied to these accusations as follows : " AU that I have thus far taught, I have learned from / 68 THE LIFE OF MARTIIT LUTHEB. John Hubs *— but vrithout knowing it. John, Staupitz has done the same. In short, we are all Hussites, with- out being aware of it. The Apostle Paul and Augustine were also Hussites ! For fear and trembling, I do not know what to think of the impending judgments of God upon men, who, for more than one hundred years, have condemned the clearest evangelical truth, and have suffered no one to declare it." And at another time he wrote to Spalatin : " Do not imagine that Christ's cause upon earth can be furthered in sweet peace. The word of holiness can never be proclaimed without unrest and danger ; it is a word of eternal majesty, and accom- plishes great things and wonderful, among the high and the great. It kills, as says the prophet, the fat and the strong in Israel (Ezekiel xxxiv. 16). In this matter peace must be given up or else the word of God denied. The war is the Lord's, who came not to bring peace into the world. If thou dost rightly estimate the Gospel, then do not believe that its cause can be conducted without tumult, offence, and disturbance. The word of God is a, sword : it is war, o verthrow, vexatio n. .pQjgQB. It will meet the children of Ephraim, as Amos (v. 19) says, like a bear in the way and a lion in the woods." And con- cerning himself Luther says : "I cannot deny that I am more violent than I ought to be ; they know that, and for that very reason ought not to have excited the dog ! How hard it is to temper the heat and restrain * John Hnss, the Bohemian Befonner, was born in 1373, and burned at the stake July 6th, 1415, On his way to the place of execution he uttered this memorable prophecy ; " You are to-day Yoasting a lean goose (the meaning of his name) ; but after a hun- dred years you will hear the song of a swan, arising from my ashes, whom you will not be able to roast." Hence the swan is pftefi found in piptures of Luther. c6KCEiilTlN-& -Tfiii! BAlC 6» EXGiOMMH--KibATioiir. 69.' the pen, tlloil knowest frbm jierSoiial experience. This is the reason why I have always been unwilling pufeliely to proclaim my catise. And ihe taore I am disposed liot to do so, the more I am compelled against my will ; and this happens becailse of the severest acbiifeatibnS which are heaped upon God's word and mysfeif. And so shameful has this been, that even if my p6n and my impetuosity had not carried me away, a heart of stone wotild have been moved to take up arms ; how much the more I that am impetuous by nature, and possess not a very dull pen !" ^ ; Luther soon had ample opportunity to set his pen in' motion. The-^ entire Dominican order exerted its in* fluence against' Luther. Eck hastened to Eome to work against him. The Bishop of Brandenberg in a moment of excitement is said to have remarked that he would not place his head to rest until he had thrown Martin Luther into the fire ! Duke George of Saxony, shocked at Luther's agreement with the Hussitefe, preferred charges against him before his own ruler, the Elector of Saxony. In short. Tnighiy— nnt»m.iflg.jippparRrl from alt euarterSj bent upon his destruction. ■^ I ifi I ^•^1 _- J JJie A uM >». r - , II III Mil » H|i,| ' As yet the ElectoiFprotectecl him. And from many- other parties did Luther receive active support. His writings were scattered broadcast, in himdreds of copies,' all over the land, gaining for him iriariy friends and adherents. Many who had formerly been at enmity with Eome now united their cause and fortunes with his own. But the most renowned among the learned of his times, Erasmus and Eeuchlin, prudently kept in the back- groimd. On the other hand, Ulrich von Hutten, a German knight, espoused Luther's cause with bolder courage and a powerful activity. Daring and spirited^ he wielded a vigorous peri, kai was prepared to serva 70 THE LIFE OF MAKTIK LUXHER. the Gospel -with his sword. He glowed with ardor for the honor and greatness of Germany, and hated the Italian spirit. From early youth he was an enemy to monkery, and by his boldness he inflicted many a blow upon the papacy. Among the circle of his friends and equals he secured numerous supporters for Luther's cause. At first he regarded the advent of the Augustinian as a pitiable, monkish quarrel ; but soon he was better informed. After many wanderings and manifold ex- periences he found at last an energetic and powerful friend in the person of Franz von Sickingen, experi- enced in war and informed as to political questions. TJlrich von Hutten now united his fortunes with the latter in order to make common cause against the ob- scurantists and the Boman hierarchy. Landstuhl and Ebernburg were the names of the strong castles of Franz von Sickingen, which could afford a safe protection to the oppressed. As such they were now offered to the bold monk who had attacked the papacy with so keen weapons. Should the ban of excommunication arrive, and should Luther no longer be safe in Wittenberg, then Sickingen' 8 burg woidd afford an excellent place of refuge. And another knight, Sylvester von Schauen- burg, wi'ote to him : " Should the Elector and others in authority demand of you to recede, do not let that trouble you ; nor do you take refuge among the Bohe- mians ; for I and hundreds of the nobility will protect you from danger." Such messages must have been highly welcome to Luther. ' ' Sehauenburg and Sickingen, ' ' * said he, ' ' have * Sehauenburg was a satire and inhabitant of Holstein. Sick- jngen was one of the last of the German knights who maintained the right of private warfare. He was noted for his valor and generosity. He died in 1528, of a wound received in defending CONCEENINGt THE BAlf Of BXCOMMUNICATIOIf. 71 delivered me from the fear of men, I shall now have to encounter the wrath of demons." He wished that the Pope be informed that he, Luther, would now find pro- tection from the shafts of his lightnings in the heart of Germany ; and that, thus protected, he would attack the Romanists in a manner far different from that in which he had been able to attack them in his official position. "My opponents shall know," wrote Luther, "that what I have not yet said against them has been owing, not to my leniency, nor to their merit or tyranny, but to the name and fame of the Elector and the common interests of the University of Wittenberg. As far as I am con- cerned, the die is cast ! Rome's favor and wrath are contemned ! I will never become reconciled to them, nor hold fellowship with them. Let them condemn and bum my books !" But Luther's adherents, and especially Ulrich von Hutten,* said, " What have we to do with the Romans and with their bishop ? Have we not archbishops and bishops in Germany ? As if we Were obliged to kiss the feet of the Pope ! Let Germany return, and it will return, to its own bishops and shepherds !" " The time for silence is passed, and the time for speaking is come. " Thus Luther begins his pamphlet, J* To the Christian Nobles of the German Nation : About his castle Landstuhl, near Eaiserslautern, in the Palatinate. His other stronghold, Bbe'rnburg, is now a picturesqiie ruin on the Bhine. * Hutten was born near Fulda in 1488, and died in Switzerland in 1533. He was placed in a cloister to become a monk, but ran away and led a short, wandering, and tempestuous career. His intense national spirit, his bitter enmity against Rome, and his Caustic satires upon the immoral and- superstitious clergy, aided the cause of the Beformation. ■- > 73 THB LIFE OF MABTIK LUTHER. the Eeformation of Christendom." He now appeals to the laity, in the hope that God will use them to deliver His Church, since the clergy have become altogether indif- ferent. Not through wantonness or temerity does he presume to address the Emperor and Christian nobles of the German nation ; but the need and the grievances which afflict all classes in Christendom, and especially in Germany, compel him to cry out and to ask whether God would grant the Spirit to some one to extend the help- ing hand to miserable humanity. "The Eomanists," says Luther, "have with great adroitness built a triple wall about themselves, so that no one has been able to reform them, and because of which all Christendom has fearfuUy'degenerated. In the first place, whenever they have been threatened by the secu- lar power, they have resisted and said. The secular power has no right over the spiritual power ; but, on the con- trary, the latter has control over the former. And when the Holy Scripture was brought to bear upon them, they contended that the Pope alone should interpret it. And, ii^ the third place, when they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one but the Pope can call a council. Thus have they secretly stolen three of our rods, that they may go unpunished ; and having fortified themselves with this triple wall, they have carried on their knavery and wickedness in security." These three walls Luther now proposes to overturn and demolish. He declares the difference between the spirit- ual and secular orders to be fictitious and hypocritical ; he maintains that all Christians belong to the spiritual order, and that there is no difference between them other than that of the respective offices which different members have wherewith to serve one another, according to 1 Peter ii. 9 and Eev. iii. 10. The secular power is not superior to CONCERNING THE BAN OP EXCOMMUNICATION. 73 the spiritual power. The former is entitled to rule free and unhindered upon its own territory. No Pope or bishop herein can interfere ; no priest is exempt from its control. The second wall is even weaker and more un- safe, for they pretend to be masters of Scripture, when during their whole lives they have learned nothing from it. Christ has said of all Christians that they should be taught of Grod. So that even an obscure man, if he be a true Christian, may have the right understanding of the Bible. And, on the other hand, the Pope, if he be not a true Christian, will not be taught of God. If the Pope were always and alone right, then we ought to pray, "I believe in the Pope of Rome." The Chris- tian Church would thus, as it were, be concentrated into one person, which would be nothing else than satanic and infernal error. The third wall, however, falls with the first two ; f or. where the Pope acts contrary to the Scriptures, w e are in duty b ound to stand by the word _o f GodandtoadmonisE Him a ccording to Christ's com mand : '" If thyBroflier sEaTnEfespass against thee, go and tell him his fault, between thee and him alone" (Matt, xviii. 15). But if he is to be accused before the church, then the church must be convened in a council, which should be a free Christian council, bound by no vow to the Pope, nor by any so-called canonical law, but subject only to God's word in the Holy Scriptures. Luther then considers in detail the several points upon which the council is to act, and concerning which a reformation must be insisted upon. He calls the Pope the antichrist. He contrasts his self-exaltation, his worldly pride, the idolatry pra,ctised with him, with the life and person of Christ, who went about in poverty, and offered himself a sacrifice on the cross. He considers at length the tyranny exercised by the Eoman court over 74 THB LIFE OF MAKTIW LUTHER. the local state cliurches, and especially over those of Germany, in frequent extortions. The churches of each country should be pei -mitted to re gulateJih^J.^wji.agajS~ al homeZ— Iheinie protests against the haughty and insolent behavior of the Pope towards the German Emperor, in presuming to control the latter, obliging him to hold his stirrup and kiss his foot ! In his spiritual office, in preaching, in dispensing the word of divine grace, the Pope is indeed superior to the Emperor ; but in all other things the Emperor is superior. Luther demands, furthermore, the abolition of the state of celi- bacy for the clergy ; restriction of the system of monas- tieism, of festivals and holidays, as well as of pil- grimages ; organization of charitable work, and the erection of schools for boys and girls. He is deeply dis- tressed when he regards the condition of the youth, who, in the very centre of Christendom, are languishing in ignorance and going to destruction in sin. And after touching upon many other questions, such as the extor- tionate charges and usurious interest in the loaning of money, he concludes: "I am well aware that I have sung in too lofty a strain, and have said many things in vain, attacking othey things also too sharply. But what shall I do ? I am at least obliged to express my opinion. If I were able I would also do that which I claim should be done. I would rather have the world angry at me than have God angry. They can deprive me of nothing more than my life. I have often offered peace to my op- ponents, but God has obliged me to open my mouth wider and give them enough to do to speak and to write, to bark and to cry. There is one more song that I can sing ; if they are itching for it they shall hear it, and in the loudest strains." And his closing words ai-e : "God give us all a Christian understanding, and CDlTCERKINa THE BAN OF EXCOMMUNICATIOlir. 75 especially to the Christian nobles of the German nation a right spiritual courage, to do the very best for our poor Church. Amen." In the course of a few weeks, in the month of August, 1.520, four thousand copies of this " war-trumpet " were circulated, and Luther was obliged to publish a new edi- tion. Besides this, he also wrote a series of pamphlets for instruction and consolation. He wielded a ready pen. " I have surely a rapid hand and a quick memory," says Luther, "so that what I write flows freely of its own account, and not as if 1 had to produce it ; and yet I am not able to get over the ground.' ' As to the new song he wished to sing of Rome, h& no doubt referred to his treatise about " The Babylonian Cap- tivity of the Church." In this he speaks, with clearness and deep religious fervor, of the meaning of the Sacra- ments. But he opposes the so-called sacraments of confir- mation, marriage, ordination, and supreme unction. At the close he says : "I hear that the papal anathemas are ready to be hurled against me to compel me to recant. If this be so, then I wish that this little book be consid- ered a part of my future recantation, in order that they may not yainly complain about their inflated tyranny. And in a little while I will issue a recantation, by the help of Christ, the like of which the Eoman court has hitherto neither seen nor heard, and therewith I shall prove my obedience, in the name of my Lord Jesus Christ. Amen !" CHAPTER VIII. ' LUTHEB BURNS THE PAPAL BULL OF EXCOMMUNICATION. What had long been anticipated now came to pass. Eck arrived in Germany with the papal buU of excoin- mnnication. On the 2l8t of September, 1520, he pub^ lished it in Meissen. It was also proclaimed elsewhere. In the beginning of October it was published in Witten- berg. The papal bull begins as follows : "Arise, O Lord, and judge thy cause ! Kemember the reproach which the foolish cast against Thee all day long ! St. Peter, St. Paul, the congregation of saints, and the whole church are called upon to arise. The foxes would lay waste the vineyard of the Lord ; a wild boar has entered therein ; a savage beast would pasture there." Then forty-one of Luther's theses are considered and condemned as hereti- cal. He himself is called upon to recant within sixty days. If he and his followers refuse, they will be treated as stifE-necked heretics. His writings are to be burned, BO that his remembrance shall be totally blotted out of the congregation of Christian believers. All intercourse with him and his adherents is forbidden. Every one is commanded to seize Martin Lilther and to deliver him to the Pope in Eome. There he shall be dealt with accord- ing to law. Without doiibt the punishment intimated refers to death at the stake, for the papal bull expressly condemns the d enlaratinr^ ^f Luther : toSumTieretics~iB against the will of the Holy Spirit. BURNIITG THE PAPAL BULL OF EXCOMMTJXICATIOK. 77 Luther himself received the papal interdict with great calmness of soul. What next -would happen he did not know ; he intrusted it to Him whose throne is in the heavens, and who had foreseen this event, its beginning and ending, from all eternity. He had but little hope" in the good- will of the Emperor. " "Would that Charles were a man," he cried out, " and that he would contend for Christ and against Satan. " He called to mind the- Biblical saying, "Put not your trust in princes" (Ps. cxlvi. 3). " They are but men, and cannot help you. If the Gospel were of such a nature that it could be dif- fused and supported by the great men of this world, then God would not have intrusted it to fishermen." Eck, however, was badly received, with his bull, in Germany. In Leipsic the citizens posted warnings against him on every street-corner. To save himself from personal -vdolence he was obliged to take refuge in the monastery of St. Paul's church. The students sang satirical songs for his benefit. He did not meet with better treatment in Erfurt, where the students, arms in hand, made an attack upon him, seized the printed copies of the bull, and threw them into the river Gera. Miltitz was nevertheless encouraged to resume his attempts at reconciliation between the Pope and Luther. And not- -withstanding the bull of excommunication, he did not doubt that the conflict could be allayed. By the ad- ■vice of the Elector, Luther agreed to make another effort, and directed a letter to Pope Leo, inclosing a new treatise, upon the Liberty of the Christian, compre- hending the substance of Christian life. And thus does Luther declare himself : " A Christian is a f^e ma.n,. and fears. I shall now die in Eisleben, where I was born and baptized. " Then his friends comforted him, and iadministered medicines. But again he spoke : " I am passing away; I shall give up my spirit." Then he repeated in Latin, quickly and three times in succession, the words, " Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit : thou hast redeemed me, thou faithful God." Then he rested quietly and closed his eyes. Jonas and Coalius asked him, " Beloved Father, will you die faith- ful to Christ and to the doctrine you have preached ?" He answered distinctly, " Yes." Then he turned over on his right side and slept, so that an iriiprovement Was looked for. But his countenance was growing paler and his feet colder. He breathed once more deeply and easily, and then peacefully fell asleep. It was between three and four o'clock in the morning of the 18th of February, 1546. Scarcely had he died when there arrived the Counts of MansfeW, Prince "Wolfgang of Anhalt, and other lords. And from the city many hastened to the house to see their beloved dead. - On the 19th his remains were exposed to view in the church of St. Andrew's, where Dr. Jonas delivered an excellent sermon. At the command of the Electoi' the mortal remains of Luther were taken to Wittenberg. On the 20th a solemn funeral procession set out from Eisleben to accompany the body to its last resting-place. On the 22d Wittenberg was reached. At the Elster 196 THE LIPE OF MAETIN LUTHEIt. Gate tlie remains were met by an immense' throng arid solemnly escorted through the length of the city tc> tEe Castle Church, where they were deposited. Luther's wife and her sons rode in the procession. After several funeral hymns had been sung, Bngen- hagen, in the presence of several thousand people, delivered an impressive sermon upon 1 Thess. 4 : 13, li: " But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which" are asleep, that ye sorrow not,, even as others which have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so thena also which sleep in Jesus wiU God bring with him." He said that they had doubtless great cause to be heartily sorry, but that in their affliction they should acknowledge God's goodness and mercy who had awakened this man ; and that he had now secured what he had often sincerely desired. He then related the incidents connected with -the closing days of the great Eeformer's life, and in con- clusion, against his enemies, quoted Luther's prophecy and memorial inscription : " Living was I thy plague, and dying wiU I be thy death, oh Pope I" Then Melanchthon delivered a funeral address, speak- ing of the office which Luther had held in the Church. " He is to be reckoned," said he, " among the glorious company of elect men whom God has sent to gather and to build up His Church. Dr. Luther again brought to the .lig]^9f__4?J ^)^^ *^^^ ^^^ pure Christian doctrines whi£5lLha4.be.eB, obscured in so many points, and he also diligently explained them. Especially did he teach what reaTC hristian repe ntanceis . and what that certain, l-eal. and constant comfort of the heartland the conscience may be that is troubled because of God's. wrath-againet sin. Thus, too, did he de clare the ge nuine JEaailine-docr, trine, that man is justified before God through faith THE DEATH OF MARTIiT LUTHEB. 197 alone. Likewise he taught the true ado ratio n of God, """anS now this is exerci8edjii^aith_and^ a good conscience, tad 16311810116 only Mediator, the Son of God, and not to pictures and Images of stone and wood, nor yet unto "^'dead men or departed saints. "T^nd m orcfer "EEat" the pure doctrine might be pre- served and transmitted unto our posterity . he has trans- lated the writings of prophets and apostles into the German language, so clearly and distinctly, that this translation affords more light and understanding to the Christian reader than many other large books and com- mentaries. And as it was said of those that rebuilt Jeru- salem, that with one hand they builded the wall, and with the other they wielded the sword, so did Luther also contend against the enemies of the pure doctrine, and yet w rote so many bea jjJbifuI_explaDatIojiSyJnlLa£.4^^ ing teachings, and also with Christian deed and counsel, aiSste3~"many~ 'podr,^ wafi'dmioK^and burdened con- sciences. " But that some have complained that Luther was too rough and severe in his writings, this 1 will not discuss, whether to praise or to blame ; but I will rather answer, in the language of Erasmus, ' God gave the world at this time, when grievous plagues and ills had gained the upper hand a sharp and severe doctor. ' " And every one that knew him must acknowledge that he was a very gracious man, amiable in speech, friendly and pleasing, and not at all boisterous, self-willed, and quarrelsome ; and yet withal earnest and brave in his words and gestures. In short, his heart was faithful and without deceit ; his words friendly and agreeable. " It would take too long to narrate all his virtues ; and yet I will point out a few. I have often found him bathed in hot tears, praying for the whole Church. 198, THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHEB. And we have seen how great courage and manlinees he has shown, not permitting himself to be frightened at a little noise, nor discouraged because of threats and danger, for he trusted a sure foundation, viz., God's help and support. He possessed also a clear and power- ful understanding, by means of which he could soon see the best course to pursue upon all dark, grievous, and complicated questions, misunderstandings, and quarrels. "His books and writings also show how eloquent ho was, and that he may well be compared with excellent and renowned orators. " We therefore justly sorrow and lament that so true a man and endowed with such virtues, who loved us heartily as a father, is taken out of our midst, away from life and society ; for we are now like poor, miserable, abandoned orphans, to have had so excellent a man as our father, and now to be deprived of him. Hence we should keep our beloved father in everlasting remem- brance, and acknowledge and consider that he was a precious, useful, and blessed instrument in the hands of God. We should also with true diligence study and preserve his teachings, as well as his A'irtues, which wo need, and which we should take as our pattern, earaestly arid according to our ability imitating the same." Close to the pulpit from which Luther had preached^ the coffin was lowered into the, vault. The loss of Luther was most deeply felt, with grief and sorrow, throughout all Germany. Upon Melanch- thon liis death had made the greatest impression. " The pain that rages in my soul is indescribable," said he. " As when two travellers are journeying one and the same way, and after they have gone a long while together one of them should fall down dead and the THE DEATH OF MAHTIK LUTHEB. 199 Other lament ; so do I bewail my Luther. And I had always believed that I should be the first to leave this world ; and now I am obliged to survive him ! Who knows what God may yet have in store for ns ! For now I see clearly that I have not yet accomplished my work ; therefore the Lord sufEers me to live. And I must work while it is called day. I count Luther happy that he did not live to experience a religious war. Per- haps I shall not be so fortunate." Luther's widow wrote to her sister-in-law : " I readily believe that you feel a hearty sympathy for me and my poor children. For who would not be greatly bereaved and troubled at the loss of so faithful a man as my dear husband has been, who belongs not to a single city or country alone, but who lias truly served the whole world. For which reason I am in truth so deeply bereaved, that I cannot reveal my great heart-sorrow to any one ; in- deed I know not, and cannot express, my feelings. And had I possessed a kingdom or an empire, I would have given up all rather than to experience such loss and sor- row, as when our dear Lord and God deprived not only mo but the entire world of this beloved, precious man. Whenever I think of it, I can neither read nor write, because of sorrow and tears, which God kpiows, and which yon, dear sister, can easily realize." " The death of great heroes is said to be the precursor of sad events ; what shall we anticipate, after so great a hero has been taken away from us ?" Thus writes a friend of Luther to Wittenberg. A year after this the Emperor Charles Y. stood at the grave of Luther, hav- ing entered Wittenberg as victor of the battle of Miihl- berg.(April 24th, 1547), over the forces of the Protestant League of Smalcald. One of his companions endeavored ^QO THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHEIi. to persuade him to take vengeance upon the dead her- etic. To which he replied, " My work with Luther is done ; he has now another Judge whose domain I may not invade. I war with the living, and not with the dead." OPINIONS UPON LUTHER KEAUTH. *' The greatness of some men only makes us feel that tliOTigli they did well, others in their place might have done just as they did. Luther had that exceptional greatness which conyinces the world that he alone could have done the work. He was not a mere mountain-top, catching a little earlier the beams which, by their own course, would soon have found the valleys ; but rather, by the divine ordination under which he rose like the sun itself, without which the light on mountain and valley would have been but a starlight or moonlight. He was not a secondary orb, reflecting the light of another orb, as was Melanchthon, and even Calvin ; still less the moon of a planet, as Bucer or Brentius ; but the centre of "undulations which filled a system with glory. Yet, though he rose wondrously to a divine ideal, he did not eease to be a man of men. He won the trophies of power and the garlands of affection. Potentates feared him, and little children played with him. He has monuments in marble and bronze, medals in silver and gold ; but his noblest monument is the best love of the best hearts, and the brightest, purest impression of his image has been left in the souls of regenerated nations. He was the best teacher of freedom and of loyalty. He has made the righteous throne stronger, and the innocent 203 OPINIONS UPON JiUTHBB. cottage happier. He knew how to laugh and how to weep ; therefore millions laughed with him, and millions, wept for him. He was tried by deep sorrow and brill- iant fortune ; he begged the poor scholar's bread, and from emperor and estates of the realm received an embassy, with a prince at its head, to ask him to untie the knot which defied the power of the soldier and the sagacity of the statesman ; it was he who added to the Litany the words : ' In all time of our tribulation, in all time of our prosperity, help us, good Lord ; ' but whether lured by the subtlest flattery or assailed by the powers of hell, tempted with the mitre or threatened -with the stake, he came off more than conqueror in all. He made a world rich forevermore, and, stripping himself in perpetual charities, died in poverty. He knew how to command, for he had learned how to obey. Had he been less courageous, he would have attempted nothing ; had he been less cautious, he would have ruined all ; the torrent was resistless, but the banks were deep. He tore up the mightiest evils by the root, but shielded with his own life the tenderest bud of good ; he combined the aggressiveness of a just radicalism with the moral re- sistance — which seemed to the fanatic the passive weak- ness — of a true conservatism. Faith-inspired, he was faith-inspiring. Great in act as he was great in thought, proving himself fire with fire, ' inferior eyes grew great by his example, and put on the dauntless spirit of resolu- tion.' The world knows his faults. He could not hide what he was. His transparent candor gave his enemies the material of their misrepresentation ; but they cannot blame his infirmities without bearing witness to the nobleness which made him careless of appearances, in a world of defamers. For himself he had as little of the yirtne of caution as he had, toward others, of the vica OPINIONS UPON LTTTHER. 203 of dissimulation. Living under thousands of jealous and hating eyes, in the broadest light of day, the testimony of enemies but fixes the result, that his faults were those of a nature of the most consummate grandeur and ful- ness, faults more precious than the virtues of the com- mon great. Four potentates ruled the mind of Europe in the Reformation — ^the Emperor, Erasmus, the Pope, and Luther. The Pope wanes, Erasmus is little, the Emperor is nothing, but Luther abides as a power for all time. His image casts itself upon the current of ages, as the mountain mirrors itself in the rirer that winds at its foot — the mighty fixing itself immutably upon the changing." BUNSEN. "Luther's life is both the epos and the tragedy of his age. It is an epos because its first part presents a hero and a prophet, who conquers apparently insuperable diNfficulties and opens a new world to the human mind, without any power but that of divine truth and deep conviction, or any authority but that inherent in sincerity and undaunted, unselfish courage. But Luther's life is also a tragedy ; it is the tragedy of Germany as well as of the hero, her son, who in vain tried to rescue his country from unholy oppression, and to regenerate hei- from within, as a nation, by means of the Gospel ; and. who died in unshaken faith in Christ and in His king- dom, although he lived to see his beloved fatherland going to destruction, not through but in spite of the Eeformation. Both parts' of Luther's life are of the highest interest. In the epic part of it we see the most arduous work of the time — the work for two hundred years tried in vain by councils, and by prophets, and martyrs, with and without emperors, kings-, and princes 204: opnaoiTS upon liUXHER. — undertaken by a poor monk alone, wlio carried it ottt Tinder tlie ban both of the Pope and tlie empire. In the second we see him surrounded by friends and disciples, always the spiritual head of his nation, and the revered adviser of princes and preacher of the people ; living in the same poverty as before, and leaving his descendants as unprovided for as Aristides left his daughter. So lived and died the greatest hero of Christendom since the apostles ; the restorer of that form of Christianity which now sustains Europe, and (with all its defects) regenerating and purifying the whole human race ; the founder of the modern German language and literature ; the first speaker and debater o£ his country ; and, at the same time, the first writer in prose and verse of his age." HAEE. " As he has said of St. Paul's words, his own are not dead words, but living creatures, and have hands and feet. It no longer surprises us that this man who wrote and spoke thus, although no more than a poor monk, should have been mightier than the Pope, and the Emperor to boot, with all their hosts, ecclesiastical and civil — that the rivers of living water should have swept half Germany, and in the course of time the chief part of Northern Europe, out of the kingdom of darkness into the region of Evangelical light. No day in spring, when life seems bursting from every bud and gushing from every pore, is fuller of life than his pages ; and if they are not without the strong breezes of spring, these too have to bear their part in the work of purification. How far superior his expositions of Scriptures are in the deep and living apprehension of the primary truths of the Gospel to those of the best among the Fathers, even of Augustine. If we would do justice to any of the I OPINIOKS UPOK rUTHEB. 30S master minds in history, we must compare tliem with their predecessors. When wo come upon these truths in Luther, after wandering through the dusky twilight of tlie preceding centuries, it seems almost like the sun- burst of a new revelation or rather as if the sun, which set when St. Paul was taken away from the earth, had suddenly started up again. "Verily, too, it does us good, when we have been walking about among those who have only dim guesses as to where they are, or whither they are going, and who halt and look back, and turn aside at every other step, to see a man taking his stand on the Eternal Eock, and gazing steadfastly with un- sealed eyes on the very Sun of righteousness." HEINE. " He created the German language. He was not only the greatest but the most German man of our history. In liis character all the faults and all the virtues of the Germans are combined on the largest scale. Then ho had qualities which are very seldom found united, which we are accustomed to regard as iiTecoucilable antago- nisms. He was, at the same time, a dreamy mystic and a practical man of action. His thoughts had not only wings, but hands. He spoke and he acted. He was not only the tongue, but the sword of his time. When he liad plagued himself all day long with his doctrinal dis-. tinctions, in the evening he took his flute and gazed at the stars, dissolved in melody and devotion. He could be as soft as a tender maiden. Sometimes he was wild as the storm that uproots the oak, and then. again he was gentle as the zephyr that dallies with the violet. He was full of the most awful reverence and of self-sacrifice in honor of the Holy Spirit. He could merge himself entire, in pure spirituality. And yet he was well ac- 206 apiNioNS upojsr luthbk. quainted with the glories of this world,; and knew how to prize them. He was a complete man, I wonld say an absolute man, one in whom matter and spirit were not divided. To call him a spiritualist, therefore, would be as great an error as to call him a sensualist. How shall I express it ? He had something original, incom- prehensible, miraculous, such as we find in all providen- tial men — something invincible, spirit-possessed." HALLAM. -' A better tone began with Luther. His language was sometimes rude and low, but persuasive, artless, powerful. He gave many useful precepts, as well as examples, for pulpit eloquence. In the history of the Reformation, Luther is incomparably the greatest name. "We see him, the chief figure of a group of gownsmen, standing in contrast on the canvas with the crowned rivals of France and Austria, and their attendant war- riors, but blended in the unity of that historic picture. It is admitted on all sides that he wrote his own language with force, ^,nd he is reckoned one of its best models. The hymns in use with the Lutheran Church, many of which are his own, possess a simple dignity and devout- ness, never before excelled in that class of poetry, and alike distinguished from the poverty of Stemhold or Brady. It is npt to be imagined that a ma;n of his vivid parts fails to perceive an advantage, in that close grappUng, sentence by sentence, with an adversary, which fills most of his controversial writings, and in scornful irony he had no superior." CAELYLE. " There was bom here, once more, a mighty man ; whose light was to flame as the beacon over long cei;- OPINIOUrS UPON LUTHER. tQ'i turies and epoelis of the world ; the whole world and its history was waiting for this man. It is strange, it is great. It leads us back to another birth-hour, in a still meaner environment, eighteen hundred years ago, of which it is fit that we say nothing, that we think only in silence ; for what words are there ! The Age of Mu-a- cles past ? The Age of Miracles is forever here ! " I will call this Luther a true great man, great in intellect, in courage, afEection, and integrity, one of our most lovable and precious men. Great not as a hewn obelisk, but as an Alpine mountain, so simple, honest, spontaneous, not setting up to be great at all ; there for quite another purpose than being great ! Ah, yes, unsubduable granite, piercing far and wide into the heavens ; yet in the clefts of it fountains, green beauti- ful valleys with flowers ! A right spiritual Hero and Prophet ; once more a true son of Nature and Fact, for whom these centuries and many that are to come yet will be -thankful to heaven." EOSSUET. " In the time oi Luther, the most violent rapture and greatest apostasy occurred which had perhaps ever been seen in (Christendom. The two parties who have called themselves reformed have alike recognized him as the author of this new Reformation. It is not alone his followers, the Lutherans who have lavished upon him the highest praises. Calvin frequently admires his vir- tues, his magnanimity, his constancy, the incomparable industry which he displayed against the Pope. He is the trumpet, or rather he is the thunder — he is the lightning which has roused the world from its lethargy : it was not so much Luther that spoke, as God whose lightnings burst from his lips. And it is true that he 208 OPINIONS UPOir liUXHBR. had a strength of geniusj a vehemence in his discourses, a living and impetuous eloquence which entranced and ravished the people. " CALVIN. We sincerely testify that we regard him as a noble apostle of Christ, by whose labor and ministry the purity of the Gospel has been restored in our times. If any one will carefully consider what was the state of things at the period when Luther arose, he will see that he had to contend with -almost all the difficulties which were en- countered by the apostles. In one respect, indeed, his condition was worse and harder than theirs. There was no kingdom, no principality against which they had to declare war. Whereas Luther could not go forth, ex- cept by the ruin and destruction of that empire which was not only the most powerful of a-U, but regarded all the rest as obnoxious to itself." BANCEOFT. " Luther was more dogmatical than his opponents ; though the deep philosophy with which his mind was imbued repelled the use of violence to effect conversion in religion. He was wont to protest against propagating reform by persecution and massacres ; and with wise moderation, an admirable knowledge of human nature, a familiar and almost ludicrous quaintness of expression, he would deduce from his great principle of justification by faith alone, the sublime doctrine of freedom of con- science." D'AUBIGNfi. "Luther proved through divine grace the living in- fiuenee of Christianity, as no preceding doctor, perhaps, OPINIONS UPON LUTHEK.' 209' had ever felt it before. The Reformation sprang living from his own heart, where God Himself had placed it : ' Some advised the Evangelical princes to meet Charles sword in hand. But this was mere worldly counsel, and the great Reformer Luther, whom so many are pleased to represent as a man of violent temper, succeeded in silencing these rash counsellors.' If in the history of the world there be an individual we love more than another, it is he. Calvin we venerate more, but Luther we love more." GELZEE. " If we recall among other great names in German history the Reformers Melanchthon and Zwingli, the Saxon Electors, Frederick the Wise and John the Con- stant, Gustavus Adolphus and Frederick the Great, or among intellectual celebrities, Klopstoek and Lessing, Haman and Herder, Goethe and Schiller, or turn to the great religious reformers of the last centuries, Spener, Franke, Zinzendorf, Bengel, and Lavater, they all ex- hibit many features of relationship with Luther, and in some qualities may even surpass him, but not one stands out a Luther. ' ' HEEDBK. " Luther has long been recognized as teacher of the German nation, nay, as co-reformer of all of Europe that is this day enlightened. He was a great man and a great patriot. Even nations that do not embrace the principles of his religion, enjoy the fruits of his Reformation. As a preacher, Luther spoke the simple, strong, unadorned language of the understanding ; he spoke from the hearty not from the head and from memory. His sermons have long been the models especially of those preachers in our Church who are of stable minds." 210 OPINIONS UPON LUTHEB. EAITKE. " ThroTigliout we see Luther directing his -weapons on both sides— against the Papacy, which sought to re- conquer the world then struggling for its emancipation — and against the sects of many names which sprang up beside him, assailing Church and State together. The great Keformer, if we may use an expression of our days, was one of the greatest conservatives that ever lived." MELANOHTHON. " Luther is too great> too wonderful for me to depict in words. If there be a man on earth I love with my- whole heart, that nian is Luther. One is an interpreter, one a logician, another an orator, affluent and beautiful in speech, but Luther is all in all — whatever he writes, whatever he utters, pierces to the soul, fixes itself like arrows in the heart — he is a miracle among men." EEASMUS. All the world is agreed among us in commending his moral character. He hath given us good advice on certain points ; and God grant that his success may be equal to the liberty which he hath taken. Luther hath committed two unpardonable crimes : he hath touched the Pope upon the crown, and the monks upon the belly." COLEEIDGE. " How would Christendom have fared without a Luther ? What would Eome have done and dared but for the ocean of the Reformed that bounds her. Luther lives yet — not so beneficially in the Lutheran Church aa OPINIOXS UPOK LUTHER. 211 out of it — an antagonistic spirit to Home, and a purify- ing and preserving spirit in Christendom at large." FEOrOE. " Had there been no Luther, the English, American, and German peoples would be thinking differently, would be acting differently, would be altogether different men and women from what they are at this moment; " LESSING. " In such reverence do I hold Luther that I rejoice in having been able to find some defects in him ; for I have, in fact, been in imminent danger of making him an object of idolatrous veneration,' ' 6T0LBEEG. " Against Luther's person I would not cast a stone. In him I honor, not alone one of the grandest spirits that ever lived, but a great religiousness also, vhich never forsook him." KAHNIB. " Nothing but the narrowness of party can deny that there are respects in which no other reformer can bear comparison with Luther, as the person of the Keforma- tion." WIELAND. " So great was Luther, in whatever aspect we view him, so worthy of admiration, 'so deserving of universal gratitude, alike great as a man, a citizen, and a scholar." CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHER. 1483. November 10th. Martin Luther is born at Eisleben, and Is 1483. " 11th. Baptized in the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul. . 1497. Attends the instruction of the " Null-brothers" at Magdeburg. 1498. Is sent to school at Eisenach— Ursula Cotta. 1501. Attends the University at Erfurt. 1503. Obtains his first degree : Bachelor of Philosophy. 1504. Secures his second degree : Master of Arts or Philosophy.. 1505. July 16th. Enters the Augustinian Cloister at Erfurt. 1506. Ends his novitiate and becomes a monk. 1507. May 2d. Is ordained a priest. 1508. Appointed Professor of Philosophy in Wittenberg University. 1509. March 9th. Receives his degree as Bachelor of Theology. 1511. Visits Rome on business for the Augustinians. 1513. October 18th. Receives his degree as Doctor of Sacred The- ology. 1516. Publishes " German Tlieology." 1517. Translates and publishes the Penitential Psalms. 1517. October 31st. Attaclies his 95 Theses to the doors of the Caatlo Church. 1518. August 7th. Summoned to appear in Rome. 1518. October. Meets Cajetan in Augsburg. 1519. January. Confers with Miltitz at Altenburg. 1519. July 4th-16th. Disputes with Eck at Leipsic. 1520. August. Publishes : " To the Christian Nobles of the German Nation ;" " The Babylonian Captivity of the Church j" " Tha Liberty of the Christian." 1520. November lOtb. Luther bums the Papal Bull. 1521. April 17th and 18th. Appears at the Diet of Worms. 1531. May 5th. Luther on the Wartburg. 1531. May 8th. Charles V. issues his edict against Luthw. i814 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1531. May. Begins the Translation of tlie Scriptures. 1523. Septemter 31st. The New Testament published. 1533. Luther visits Wittenberg and preaches aiiainst the iconoclasts. 1533. March. Returns to Wittenberg and restores order. 1534. Publishes a German hymn-book. 1534. Proceeds against the fanatical " New Prophets." 1534. October 0th. Lays aside his mould's cowl. 1535. June 13th. Marries Catharine de Bora and establishes a home. 1536. June 7th. Hans Luther is born. 1537. January. Suifers from serious illness. 1528. October. Inspects the churches of Wittenberg and vicinity. 1539. Prepares and publishes his two Catechisms. 1539. October. Attends the conference at Marburg. 1530. April-October Luther in Coburg. (Diet at Augsburg.) 1534. Publishes the entire Bible in German. 1536. May. Confers with South German theologians. Wittenberg Concord. 1537. February. Lather in Smalcald. Smalcald Articles. 1545. October. Called to arbitrate between the Counts of Mansreld. 1545. Christmas. Goes again to Mansfeld. 1546. January. Bepeats his visit to Mansfeld. 1546. January 17th. Preaches for the last time in Wittenberg. 1546. January 38th. Arrives in Eisleben. 1548. February 16th. Establishes peace between the Counts of Mans- feld. 1548. February 18th. Dies in Eisleben. 1546. February 3Sd. Martin Luther is buried in the Castle Church at Wittenberg. INDEX, AcBiAN VI., Pope, 119 : threatens Ln- ther, 120. Albert, Archbishop of Ma.vence, 11 ; sells Indulgences ac Halle, 97. Albsbt, of Brandenbarg, 131. Aii-SAiNTs' Day, observed, 7. ALTENBnBO, SOT Amsdorp, 102; Antichrist, 73 ; against his bulls, 79. Apoloqt to the Ans^sbtirg; Confession, 170 ; adapted at Wittenberg, 181. Aristotle, rejected by Luther, 41. AuosBUBO, 53 ; the present city of, 162. AUGSBURO, Confession of, drawn up by Me'anchthon, 16(i ; approved by Lu- ther, 166; presented to the Diet, 168; adopted at, Wittenberg, 181. AUGSBUBO, The Diet of, 162. AuGHSTiNtAN monies, 27; their reputa- tion, 29 ; origin, 29 ; dispute within the order, 37. B. " BabtIiOhian Captivityof the Church," 75. Banobopt, 208. "Battlb-Htmn of the Eeformation," 147; itflverpiona, 147 ; its melody. 148, " Bear, The Black," inn at Jena, 108. Bebka, 91. - Berlei'sch, Hans von, 93. Bible, The, discovered" by Luther, 28 ; translaied by, 97; the whole in print, 170 ; revised, 186. Bishops con vetted to Protestantism, 121. BORNA, IDS. BossuBT, 207. BRANDENBnRG, The Bishop of, 69. Bbukswick, Reformation adopted in, 191. BroER, Martin, at Marburc, 155 ; visits Luf:her at Cobnrg, 180: BuoENHAaEN, 1.33; at Luther's marriage, 134 ; note upon, 139 ; sent to Lubeck, 172 ; called-to Denmirk, 186 ; preaches Luther's funeralsermon, 196. Bull of Excomtuunication, 76 ; how re- ceived, 77 ; how executed, 79.; BuNeBN, 308. O. Cajetan, bo ; meets Lnther, 63 ; tlueat-; ens him, 54 ; prefers charges, 66, Calvin, 208. Capito, Wolfgang, 181. Cablyi,b, 206. Castle Church at Wittenberg, 7. Catschishs of Luther, 149 ; their won- derful influence, 160. Charity student^, 23. Chaklbs v., "61 ; summons Lnther, 83 ; keeps Tits word, 85 ; at Worms, 86 ; opinion of Luther, 89; pronounces sentence, 90 ; issues an edict, 94 ; grants a respite, 170J at his grave, 200. Church, The, in need of reform,, 46 ; not the Pope alone, 73i Cities espousing the Reformation cause, 121. *' Christian nobles of the German na- tion, To the," 71. " Christian, The, a free man," 77. Clehent Vn., Pope, 120. Confession of sin, 97. Cobubg, City and Castle of, 163. Coleridge, 210. Cotta, Ursula, 23 ; protects Luther, 24, D'AUBIGKE, 208. De Boba, Catharine, 133 ; her comfort in Luther's sickness, 145; buded at Torgan,162; effect of Luther's death upon, 199. Dominicans, The, 69. DtlRBR, Albert, 93. Ebernbubg, 70. EcK, Dr., 62 ; disputes with Karlstadt, 63 ; with Lnther, 64 : goes to Rome, 69 ; returns with the Pope's bull, 77. Edict of Spire (1526), 139. EincT of Worms, 94. " EiNB Festb Bdbg," 147 ; its versions, 147 ; its melody, 148. Eisenach, 22 ; its church schopls, 24 ; Luther's sickness at, 84; LntW'* preaching at, 91, 216 INDEX. EisLEBEV, 18 ; visited by a conflagra- tion, 19. Erasmus, 122 ; opinion upon Luther, 210- Erfuut. University of, 25. Eiiicn, iinke of Bnin-'wick, 89. ExCOMliUNlCAIIUN, 67. ¥f.Ti-LV about the crows, lfi3. Fjith, the centciJ point, 40 ; a remark- nbie memorial of. 105. Fat,5B Prophets, 103 ; their views, 125. F.ANATicisH, Keliglous, 103 ; illustrated, 134. FEnDiSASD at Worms, 86 ; at Spire, 100. I!oR6iTENESB of sins, 40 ; alone by God, 14. FoRcx, The nse of, protested against by Lnther, 160 : reiterated, 187. FnEDKBiCK the Wise, 36 ; reCBives Lu- ther^s these?, 47 ; refuses Cajetan^s demands, 66 ; Imperial Vicar, 61 ; conceives the seiznrc of Luther, 95 ; restrains Lniber, 98 ; forbids bis re- turn, IM ; his death, 129. Fbettao, Gnstav, on Lather's home, 135. FltOUDK, 211. Fbunosbkro, George von, 85. G. Galatiahs. Lectures upon, 176. Gelzer, 209. George, Dulse, 65 ; prefers charges, 69 ; commented upon by Luther, 106 ; his treatuieut of Luther, 18S ; his death, 188. " German Mass, The/' 137. Gbrmaks despised in Rome, 30 ; " an in- tractable people," 188. Good works, 9. H. Hallah. 206. HAU.E, indulgences cold at, 97 ; Itcfor- maiion introduced, 191 : its university united wilh Wittenberg, 191 ; visited by Luther, 193. Bark, 204. Heine, 20.5. Henry VIII. of England, 118. Henbt, Elector of Saxony, 188 ; in- ducted, 189 ; assists the Beformation, 188. Hebdeb, 209. Herostbatus, 52. Herb7eli>, 91. BuNTiNo, Sport of, 95. Ht'BS, John, ({5 ; note upon, 68. HuTTEN, Ulrich von, 00; against the Romans. 71 ; note npon, 71 ; ad^ses the use of force, SO. HmHS, Influence of, 33 ; first collec- tion of German, 123 ; iited at Leipsic, X. ICOKOCIASM. 102. , ^ „ Ignorance, I{digiou«. illnstratod, 149 Indui-gbnckp, ^^• warned aL-ainst by Luther, 8 ; their < rigin, 9 ; a matter of profit, 10: 60ld at tariff laten. 1.3 ; deii'iunced by i.uther, 14 ; eold at Hiillu. !.7. Inkstand ftory, 97. Insfeutioh. General, of the churches ordered, 188. Jena, 103. John the Constant, 118: helpful to the Keformation, 136 : his clianicter, 170 ; parts with Charles V., 170 ; his private and family life, 175 ; comforts Luther, 184. JStbrbock.9. Jonas, Justus, 141 ; preaches Luther's funeral sermon, 19$. * Jdlics, II., Pope, 38 ; befrtus St. Peter's Church, 39 ; lays its corner-stone, 10. JcsTipicATioN by Faith, 38; becomes fixed in Luther's sonl. 40; the doc- trine fully developed, 176. K. Kahnib, 211. Karlstadt, Dr., 62; disputes withEck, 63 ; begins radical reforms, 103 ; asjain creates diii^turbauees, 124 ; note upon, 324; stormy interview witli Luther, 126 ; leaves the countiy, 127. Kessler. John Jacob, 109. ICranaoh. Lucas, 133. Ebauth, 201. LANDSTCnL. 70. League, A Defensive, formed at Spire, 160. IiEIFSIC, 63. Leo X., Pope, completes St. Peter's Church, lu ; his record, 10 ; partner with Albert of Mayence, 11 ; his opin- ion of Lntlier, 48 ; cites Liither to ap- pear, 48 ; instructs the Elector, 49 ; requests an Imperial tax, 49 ; pro- ceeds against Luther, 76 ; IsBues an- other bull, 81. LBSsma,211. " Liberty of the Christian, The," 77. Link, SI ; at Aiigsburg, 55. Lord's Supper.The, 67 ; Zwingli's view of, 152 : Luther's view of, 153 ; in the Marburg Articles, 156; difl'erences among Protestantx upon, 18U. LuTHEB, Hans, at MOhra, 18 ; false re- {>orts cnncemine 18 ; Temo^ es to £is> eben, 18 ; to Mansfeld, 19 ; istruggle for e;:ist«ncB : 20 ; is prosperans, & ; designs with Martin, 26 ; ref nses his INDEX. 217 consent. 30 ; loses two sons, 30 : pres- ent at Hartin^B ordination, 32 ; desires his marriaaro, 133 ; dies, 165. IjUtheb, Heinz, 18 ; visited by Martin Luther, 91. Luther, Jacob, 19, LuTHEtt, Martin, Ms birth and parent- age, 17 ; liis ancestors, 18 ; is baptized, 19 ; at Mansfeldi 19 ; his home train- ins;, ao ; School trjiining, 21 ; at Mag- deburg.^a ; at Eisenach, 22 ; a charity scholar, 28 ; is befriended by Ursula Cotta, 23 ; receives further aid, 24 ; goes to Brrurt University, 23 ; his favorite studies, 25 ; obtams his de- grees, 26 ; studies law, 26 ; enters a monastery, 27 ; reasons for the step, 27-39; discovers a Latin Bible, 28; his providential experiences, 29; in the cloister, 30 ; menial labors, 31 ; becomes a monlc and ordained a priest, 31 ; his soul coniiictB, 32 ; receives light, 33 ; appointed professor at Wit- tenberg, 36 ; impressions of the city, 36; obtains his first theological degree, 37; returns to Erfnrt, 37 ; visits T&me, 37 ; soul experiences, 38 ; studies Hebrew, 39 ; returns to Wittenberg, 39; obtains "^is second theological degree, 39 ; lectures upon the Psalms, 40 ; explains Taw and gospel, 40 ; reads Tanler, 41 ; publishes his " German Theology," 41 ; publishes his 95 Theses, 7 ; breaches against Indulgenoes,8 ; attacks Tetzel's traffic, 14 ; influenced by Tauler, 42 ; stands alone at first, 43 ;^ends theses to Pope and bishops, 44 ; still respects the Pope, 46 ; replies to Tetzel's counter-theses, 47 ; preaches at Wei- mar, 51 ; meets Cajetan, 53; leaves Augsburg on horseback, 56 ; appeals to a council, 57; confers with Miltitz, 60 ; disputes with Eck, 64 ; his person^ al appearance, 64; accused of being a Hussite, 68 ; appeals to the Chris- tian nobility, 71 ; receives the papal bull, 77 ; writes to tfie Pope, 77 ; bums the Pope's bull, 79j releases himself from monastic vows, 80 '; opposes the nse of force, 80 ;' at Worms, 80-83, sick at Eisenach, 84; confronts the diet, 86 ; journey home, 91 ; visits MOhra, 91 ; is carried to the Wartburg, 92 ; his treatment there. 95 ; tormented by the devil, 96 ; begins translating the Bible, 97 ; writes against Albert of Mayeuce, 97 ; publishes the New Testament, 101 ; visits Wittenberg suddenly, 103 ; leaves the Wartbnrg, 104; addresses the Elector, 105 ; incident at Jena, 109 ; hishoepitaliiy, 114; meets Ihe false prophets, 117; contends with Henry VHI., 118 ; re- forms the Church pervice, etc., 123 ; proceeds .a^inst the fanatics, 125 ; admonishes the nobles and peasants, 128 • lays aside his monk's cowl. and msRies Catharine de Bora, 132 ;. estab- lishes a home, 134 ; orders a full service in German, 137 ; recommends civil and clerical inspection, 138 ; receives a son, 139; serionaillneBS,140; confirms his faith, 143 ; composes '* Eine f este Bnrg," 147; inspects the churches, 148 ; goes to Marburg, 152 ; is tor- mented with troubles, 156"; draws up the Schwabach Articles, 157 ; writes against theTiirks, 158; protests against nsing force, 160 ; goes to Cohurg, 162 ; translates tlic' Prophets, 164; loses his parents, 165; writes to his son Johnnie, 165 ; strengthens Melanchthon, 166 ; returns to wittehberg, 172 ; takes the place of Bngenhagen, 172 ; warns against the Emperor, 173; lectures on Galatians, 176 ; the whole Bible iu German, 176 ; interview with Ver- gerius, 177 ; unites wiih the South German Theologians, 181 ; prepares the Smalcald Articles, 182 ; visits Bmalcald, 183 ; again afflicted, 183 ; restored and resumes labors. 186 ; writes against neiiry, 187 ; preaches at Leipsic, 189 ; writes agamst the papacy, 190; weary of living, 193; called as arbitrator, 193; goes to Mansfeld, 193 : detained at Halle,193 ; preaches at Eisleben, 194; acts as arbitrator, 194 ; attacked by sickness, 195; Confesses his faith, 193; dies at Eisleben, 196; is buried at Witten- berg, 197; funeral sermons upon, • 195 and 196. M. MAGD^BimG, 23. Mansfbld. city and country, 19. Mansfeld, Counts of, 19 ; meet Lather, 56 ; controversy between, 193. Mabbubg, Conference at, 151 ; Articles of, 155. Marriage of Luther, 132; variously .received, 134. Maximilian I., 47 : death of, 61. Meissen, Bishop of, 67. Melanchthon, 103 ; urgesLuther's re- turn, 104 ; note upon, 115 ; opposed to Lnther!s marriage, 134 ; at Marbnrg, 153 ; at Augsburg, 166 ; too yielding, 169 ; funeral address, 196 ; effect of Luther's death upon, 198; opinion upon Luther, 210. " Milk and Butter letters," 11. Mining at Miihra, 18; at Eisleben. 18. Miltitz, Karl von, 68 ; reproves Tetzel, 69; meets Lather, 60; attempts to reconcile, 77. , ., MBhea, its situation, 17 ;• its population, 17; its mining industry, 18 ; is visited by Luther, 91. Moral victory. A, 98. ' Mother, Luther's, 18 ;' her training of Martin, gO ; her death; 105. MShlhausen, 126. MuNZEB, Thomas, 125 ; his seditious preaching, 127 ; lawless proceedings, 128; killed in battle,. 130; ; : 21S INDEX. N. " TStsw Prophets," The, 125. Kew Testament, The, translated, 99; the price of, 118; prohibited by the Eoman Catholic Church, 119 ; com- ments by the enemy, 119. NiMpracH, Cloister, 133. "NULt-BROTHERS," 22. KnREMBERQ, Diet of, in 1522, 120 ; the religions peace of, 174 ; the Bomau Catholic league of, 187. O. Okolomfab, John, 152 ; present at Marburg, 153 ; his recinest, 154. Opinions upon Luther, 201-211. Order of Church service, 122 ; further improved, 1.37 ; free service con- ceived, 137 ; in German, complete, 189. Ori.au^iIN^I01SrS OF OEITICS. I. Life of Cromwell. JTEIF XOJJK: SVN: " Mr. Hood's biography is a positive Dooa to tile mass of readers, because it presents 9 more correct view of the great Boldioi Oian any of the shorter lives publislned, whether we compare it with Soutiicy's, Guizot's, or even Forster's." 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"It is a clever book, fall of qnaint conceits and deep meditation. There is plenty of entertaining and original thought, and ' Flotsam and Jetsam ' is indeed worth reading." CBBISTIAY ADVOCATE, Nash- ville, Tenn. : " Many of the author's comments are quite acute, and their persoiwl tone will glue them an additional flavo:-." METJSODISTBECOBVEB, Pitta- burgh, Pa. : "In addition to the charming Inci- dents related, it fairly sparkles with fresh and original thoughts which cannot fail to interest and profit." GOOD ZITEBATUBE, New Tork; "... Never fails to amase and Inter- est, and it is one of the pleasantest feat- ures of the book that one may open it at a venture and be sure of finding some- thing original and readable." SEBAJLD AND PBESBTXEB, Cincinnati, Ohio : " His manner of telling the story of his varied observations and experiences, with his reilections accompanying, is to easy and familiar, as to lend his pages a fas- cination which renders it almost impos- sible to lay down the book until it is read to the end." NEW TOBK ZEDOER: "It is quite out of the usual method of books of travel, and will bo relished all the more by those who enjoy bits of quiet humor and piquant sketches of men and things on a yachting journey." SEW TOBK STAB: '*Not too profound for entertainment, and yet pleasantly snggestive. A volnme of clever sayings." CSniSTT AN 8ECBETABY, Hartford, Conn. : "It is a book well worth reading, . . , full of thought." 225 PUEaBYTMHIA.y ^OURKA.L, Philadelphia : "A racy, original, thoaghtfnl bools. On the slight thread of eea-voyagiiig it hangs the terse thoughts of an original mind on many subjects. The style is so spicy that one reads with interest even When not approving." IZmo, 86S pp. Paper, US CHRI8XIAN INTJELZIOBy. CEB, New York : " No one can spend au hour or two in Mr. Bowles' gallery of graphic pen-pict- ures without being so deeply impressed with their originality of conception and lively, spicy expression, as to talk about them to others." cents I fine cloth, $1,00. VI. The Highways of Literature. ITATIONjiZ BAPTIST, Phila. : " A book full of wisdom ; exceedingly bright and practical." PACIFIC CB.T7ItCjamA.N, San Francisco : , •* The best answer we have seen to the common and most pnzzling question, ■What shall I readf Scholarly and beautifhl." HANBUBT NEWS: "Its hints, rules, and directions for reading are, just now, what thousands of people are needing," CHRISTIAN WITNESS, New- market, N. H. ; " Clear, terse, elegant in style. A boon ISmo, 1S6 pp. Paper, IB to young students, a pleasure for schol- ars." NEW YORK BEE ALU: "Mr. David Pryde, the author of ' Highways of Literature ; or. What to Bead, and How to Bead,' is an erudite Scotchman who has taught with much success in Edinburgh. His hints on the best books and the best method of mas- tering them are valuable, and likely to prove of great practical use." NEW YORK TABZET: " This is a most nseful and interesting work. It consists of papers in which the author offers rules by which the reader may discover the best books, and be enabled to study them properly." cents; fine cloth, 75 cents. VII. Colin Clout's Calendar. ZEEDS MERCVBY, England : "The best specimens of popular sci- entific expositions that we have ever had the good fortune to fall in with." NEW. YORK NATION: " The charm of snch books is not a little heightened when, as in this case, a few touches of local history, of cus- toms, words, and places are added." AMERICAN REFORMER, New Tork: ** There certainly is no deterioration'ln the quality of the books of the Standard LiBBABT. This book consists of short chapters upon natural history, written in au easy, fascinating style, giving rare and valuable information concerning trees, plants, flowers, and animals. Such books should have a wide circulation beyond the list of regular subscribers. Some will criticise the author's inclina- tion to attribute the marvellous thingt which are found in these plants, animals, etc., to a long process of development rather than to Bivine agency. But the information is none the less valuable, whatever may be the process of these develi^ments." 226 BDZXB UBGB SCOTSMAN, Scot- land : "There can be no doubt of Grant AJlen's competence as a writer on nat- ural history subjects." NEW TOKK BXlJiAZJi: " A booli that lovers of natural history ffir. read with delight. The author is such a worshipper of nature that be gains our sympathy at oncc.^* THE ACADESTT, London : " The point in which Mr Grant Allen is beyond rivalry is in his command of language. By this we do not mean only his rich vocabulary, but include also his arrangement of thought and his manip- ulation of sentences. We could Imagine few better lessons to a pupil of Eng- lish than to be set to analyze and explain the charm of Mr. Grant Allen's style." CANADIAN BAPTIST, Toronto : "Mr. Grant Allen is one of the few scientific men who can invest common natural objects and processes with poeti- cal beauty and make them attractive to ordinary readers." ISmo, 32S pp. Taper, gB BBMAZV, Monmouth, Oragon ; "A wonderful book by a charming naturalist Lovers of flowers, birds, plants, etc., will prize this volume high- ly." NEW TOSK J^OURNAI, OJP COMMEB.CM: •' A charming volume, i^ee from the taint of exaggeration and sensational- ism." INDIANAPOZIS SHyilNEZ: "He is as keen an observer as Thoreaa or Burroughs." CHRISTIAN STANDAMD, Cin- cinnati : " They are written in a pleasant and captivating style, and contain much valu- able information." METHODIST PROTESTANT. Baltimore. "One of the finest productions of modern times." GOOD ZITMBATUJtE, Kew York: " A trustworthy guide in natural his- tory, as well as a delightful, entertaining writer." cents f fine cloth, $1,00, Till. George Eliot's Essays. SCBE CRITIC, New York : " Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls have done a real service to George Eliot's innumer- able admirers by reprinting in their popular Stahdabd Libbabt the great novelist's occasional contributions to the periodical press." NEW YORK. SVN: "In the case of George Eliot espe- cially, whose reviews were anonymous, and who conld never have supposed that such fugitive ventures would ever he widely associated with the name of a diffident and obscure young woman, we "ain access in her early essays, as in no other of her published writings, to the sanctuary of her deepest convictions, and to the intellectnal workshop In which literary methods and processes were tested, discarded, or approved, and liter- ary tools fashioned and manipulated long before the author had discerned the large purposes to which they were to ha applied. . . . Looking back over the whole ground covered by these admira- ble papers, we are at no loss to under- stand why George Eliot should havo made it a rule to read no criticisms on hei^ own stories. She had nothing to learn from critics. She was justified in assuming that not one of those who took upon themselves to appraise her achieve- ments had given half of the time or a tithe of the intellect, to the determina- tion of the right aims and processes of the English novel, wbich aa these re* 227 ▼lews attest, she had herself ezpeuded on that object before venturing apon that form of compos; tlon which Fielding termed the modern epic." EXAMINER, New York ; "These essays ought to he read by any one who would understand this part of George Eliot's career ; and, In- deed, they furnish the key to all her Bubsegiuent literary achievements." SBOOKZTN DAILT EAG^LE: "It ia rather saprising that these es- says have not been collected and pub- lished before, and it is a matter of con- gratulation that they are now issued." CamSTIAlf AnrOCAXE, New York : " They show the versatility of the great novelist. One on Evangelical Teaching Is especially interesting." INDIAKAPOItlS SElfTISEZ: "Nathan Shepherd's introduction to \ these essays is worth many times the price of the volume." EPISCOPAI, METHOniST, Bal- timore : " Everybody of culture wants to read all George Eliot wrote." 12mo, 388 pp. Paper, 95 NORTBEMN OHMISTIAIT ATt- FO C^TJS, Syracuse: " The compiler of this collection has done a uuique and a useful work." METHODIST PROTESTANT, Baltimore : "They comprise some of the best of the author's writings," ZION'S SERAJjV, Boston : " As remarkable illustrations of her masculine metaphysical ability as is evi- denced in her strongest ilctions." CHURCH VNION, New York: "Nathan Sheppard, the collector of the ten essays in this form, has written a highly laudatory but critical introdnctloH to the book, on her * Analysis of Mo- tives,' and after reading it, it seems to us that every one who would read her works profitably and truly, should first have read it." HARTFOnn EVENING POST: "They are admirable pieces of literary workmanship, but they are much more than that. . . . These essays arc triumphs of critical analysis combined with epi- grammatic pungency, subtle irony, and a wit that never seems strained." cents i fine cloth, $1.00. IX. Charlotte Bronte. DAILT ADVERTISER, NewAiK N. J. : " There was but one Charlotte Brontfi, as there was but one William Shake- speare. To write her life acceptably one must have mad^ It the study of years ; have studied it in the Integrity of all its relations, and considered it from the broadest as well as from the narrowest aspect. This is what Mrs. HoUoway has done." ZION'S HERAZDf'BoBton: " This well-written sketch, with selec- tions from her writings, will be appre- ciated and give a clear idea of the re- markable Intellectual ability of this gifted but heavily-burdened woman." NEW tore: HERALDi " There are, at times, flights of elo- quence that rise to grandeur." BROOEIiTN DAZZT EAGZE: " Managed with the rare skill we might expect' at the hands of tt fair-minded woman dealing with the traits of charac- ter and the actual career of one who, amid extraordinary circumstances of adversity, plodded her way to fame within the span of a brief lifetime." SOTTTHERN CHURCHMAN, Richmond, Va. : "There are few memoirs more sad than those of this gifted woman and her sisters. An Interesting volume at tlK cheap price of fifteen cents." 228 Cmcinoati : *'Thc reader, for a small snm, will obtain quite a tboroagh understanding of the charactcristice and literary abil- ity of Miss Bronte, and also be placed iu possession of some of her rarest thoughts." MPISCOPAI, BECOBDMB, Phil- adelphia : " The manner in which the reminis- cences are narrated is very agreeable, ISmo, 144 pp. raper, IS and the reader wonders how so fascinat- ing a life-story could be found in the prosy confines of literature. . . . A thor- oughly enjoyable style of description and a deep sympathy with the subject render Mrs. Holloway'a slsetch exceed- ingly readable." CBSIRAI, CBRISTIAir AH. roc ATE, St. Louis : "The book will be welcomed by all lovers of pure bibliographical litera- ture." cents f fine cloth/ 7S cents. X. Sam Hobart. DAXTjT rXEB rnJSSS, London, Ontario : " The continual additions made to the Stavsabd Libbabt of works of a high order is evidence that the reading public can easily absorb something more useful than the mere novel. . . . The latest issue deals with the life of a railroad engineer— Sam Hobart, one of the mill- Ion men who are employed In the rail- way service of America. ... It is a marvel of cheapness and biographical excellence." SMw TOBK rronx,T>: "A graphic narrative and a strong picture of a life full of heroism and changes. Full of encouragement, and as thrilling as a romance." 6UABXHAX, Truro, Nova Scotia: " The author's object in writing it was to portray the possibilities of happiness and usefulness within the reach of a workingman content to fill the sphere of usefulness awarded him, and willing to lend a helping hand to do work for God and humanity. It is just such a book as we would like to see in the hands of rail- road men." VAyBUST ITEWS: "It is doubirul if any working person can read this book, and not become a better worker and a better man." I IZtno, Zm pp. Paper, SB EPISCOPAI, JirETBOJ>XST,Bal- timore : " A charming book. All railroad men will be interested in it, and it will pay professional men to read it." cnBISTIAJf SECJtEIAItT,' Hartford, Conn.: " The object of the book is to show how happy and useful a workingman maybe, if content in his work and will- ing to do well. Written in a very in- teresting way, and while it will probably be devoured by railroad men, it will af- ford very pleasurable reading to all." EELIGIOUS BEE Am, Hart- ford. Conn.: "An entertaining book designed to aid in making one true and noble." lUTBEEAir OBSEBVES, Phila- delphia : " Dr. Fnlton has done a good work in writing this story of a railroad man. It is a gennine record of heroic fidelity to duty. Let it bo scattered by the thousands." CBVBCB AnrOCATE, Harris, burgh : "If every workingman and employer would follow its principles, the solution of the Labor Question would be near at hand." cents j fine cloth, $1.00. 229 TJe "Cheap ^ood Boo\" problem. THIS PROBLEM MUST BE SOLVED IF THE MASSES IN AMERICA ARE TO BE HELD TO VIRTUE AND TRUE MANLINESS. The Demoralizing Effects of Bad Boolcs. A man's associates determine his character. Our most intimate compan- ions are tlio authors of the books we read ; they are with ua when others are denied our presence; they enter our homes, and, unciuestioned. cross the threshold of our most prirate cham- bers. The parent can guard his daugh- ter against the wrong comrade, but how watch the author with whom she communes ? The comrade can be seen : the author in his book is easily con- cealed and communed with, in her chamber, when she is thought to be alone. What suggestive words, what descriptions of deception, of betrayal, of plots and counterplots^ what hot words of passion she reads without a thought of wrong which, if she heard' spoken, would crimson her face with blushes I This i3 true, not of those books only that have a bad reputation, but of hundreds of, books that pass as respect- able. Boys and girls, men and women, of the better families, all over the country, are reading daily descriptions that would not dare be uttered aloud in their presence : not now, but by and by, when the evil communication has wrought its perfect work in the cor- ruption of manners, they will be heard and repeated without a blush. There are fathers— men of the world, who would shoot dead the yillain who dared speak in the presence of their daughters words one-tenth as black as these same daughters often read. Yet a thought read is a thought thought and as a man thinketh so he is. O foolish parents and educators I why are ye so careful of what enters the ear and so heedless of what enters the eye? The secret of the failure of many a faithful ministry, of the waywardness and final destruction of thousands of the most promising of boys and girls — the mentally active — is concealed be- tween the covers of the books they read. See to what monstrous proportions this evil has grown I In New York City alone over 200,000 boots of fiction, mostly trashy and hurtful, are printed every week. These books, by circulating libraries or pri- vate lending, pass from family to fami- ly, so that many read the same book. Besides over a million copies of the sensational story papers are issued from the New York presses each week — that is, about one such paper to every ten families I Then, what vast quantities are supplied by other cities I Now, think of the class of men and women who are, usually, the authors of these flashy stories, and who are securing actually a more universal and a closer hearing than our preachers of all denominations. Bepresentatives of this class ca;n ofben be seen on the streets of New York with blear eyes and tangled hair and lecherous looks — beings from whom you instinctively recoil. You had rather see a daughter of yours, just budding into woman- hood, clasp the hand of a smallpo:c patient, than, in social equality, the hand of such an one. Yet, believe it, ye doting fathers, ye thoughtless, con- fiding clergymen, ye educators, phil^- 230 throplstB, these beings from whom you BO recoil are boon companions of four- fifths of the mentally awakened boys and girls of America. Is this an exaggeration ? Looi at a single fjct. A pabliaher of popular boots in New York recently said : " Some time since I inserted in [a popular religious Kew York journal] at a cost of $60.00, a large display adver- tisement of good standard bocks. In the same issue cf this piper I inserted at a cost of $1.25 a small advertisement of a flash sensational book. What do you think was the result ? Well, my $60.00 advertisement brought me six orders for my good books, while my $1.25 advertisem.ent br3Ught me one hund ed and ihirty ordsrs for my bad book. Yet this was a religious paper, and the readera presumably church members 1 " This incident throws a flash of eleo- triollght— revealing (1) the wide spread, ing of this evil of pernicious reading. (2) A reason why it Is so much easier to publish the sensalional book at low rates than lb is to publish the standard book: $1.25 invested in advertising brings over one hundred orders for the one; and $60.00, simil^ly invested, brings but six orders for the othoT. These facts make plain why we must have the co-operation of the clergy and others if good literature is to be pub- lished permanently at low rates. Bad literature .will run Itself. It Is water going down-hill. Some other force than gravity must pull water up-hill. The force that will make cbeap good literature permanently possible must be generated in the hearts of the true educators and philanthropists, devel* oped Christians. The Educational Effect of Good Books. Books beyond anything else are edu- cators of the people. The intellectual, social and moral character of a people must be largely an outgrowth of their reading. The chu^cter of the books already issued in the Standard Library, and of those now announced for future issue, is a suf&cient guarantee that the educa- tional effect of a general reading of the books cocnprising this Library must prove most satisfactory. In the warfare against bad literature our motto has been "Conqeeb by Ee- PLAOiHO." Mere denunciation is of little avail. The mind must be filled. To prove to the people that the books that they are reading are worthless, and often vicious, will not be .of any permanent advantage unless you place in their hands interesting books of positive value. Give them something eiBQ to think about, and they will be easily weined from worthless trash. The quality ,of the matter lu our library is always standard. Science, History, Biography, Essays, and Travels are included in this series. The educar- tional result in a popular dlsLribution of such books cannot be overesti- mated. Good books are needed at low prices to stimulate the masses to higher attainments. ^The question is — Shall the manhood and womanhood of our country s^nk to the standard of the Dime Kovel, or rise to that of the choicest literature in the English lan- guage ? Why should any waste their spare hours over third-ra( e books, when they might spend them with the great- f est and best th'.nkers of the world ? None but absolutely new books get into this Library. Hence a great feature is freshness. Thus there is no danger that a subscriber wiU receive a duplicate of a book he already has. FueuCATWNS ^ OF FUNK dt WAGNALLS, NEW YORK. 231 •• The most Important and practical work o* tbe aee on tha Psalms."— SCHAFF. * SIX VOI,i;U£S KO-W R£ADY. -SPURGEON'S GREAT LIFE WORK- THE TREASURY OF DAVID! To be published in Beyen octavo yolumes of about 470 pages each, nniformly bonnd, and making a library of 3,300 pages, in handy form for reading and reference. It is pnblished simnltaneonsly with, and contains the exact matter of, the English Edition, whioh has eoU at $4.00 per volume in this country— $28.00 for the -work when com- pleted. Our edition is in every way pref- erable, and is famished at OITE-HAIiF THE PBICE 07 TEE ENQUSH KDITION, Price, Per Vol. $2.C0. "Messrs. Funk Sf Wagnalls have entered into an arrangement with me to reprint THE TREAStlR Y OF DA VID in the United States. I have every confidence in them that they will issue it correctly and worthily. It has been the great literary work of my life, and I trust it will be as kindly received in America as in England. J wish for Messrs. Funk sue. eess in a venture which must involve a great risk and much outlay. "Dec. 8, i88t. C. H. SPURGE ON." Volumes L, II., HL, IV., V. and VI. are now ready; volume Vir., which completes the great work, is now under the hand of the author. Subscribers can consult their convenience by ordering all the volumes issued, or one volume at a time, at stated intervals, until the set is completed by the delivery of Volume Vn. From the brge number of hearty commendations of this import- ant work, we give the following to indicate the value set upon the same by EMINENT THEOLOGIANS AND SCHOLARS. Philip Schaif , rr.D., tbe Eminent i tical waA of the age on the Psalter Is Commentator and the President of the • The Treasury of David.' by Charles H American Bible HeviBion Committee, I Spnrgeon. It is full of the force and ■ays: " The most important and prac- I genius of this celebrated preacher, and (OVER.) t^The aiffve luorkt wtU be sent by mall, postage faid, en receipt of the price. 232 Pl/BLICAirONS OF FUNK A WAGNALLS, NEW YORK. rioli in seleotloni from the entire range 01 literature." "W! liam M. Taylor, D.D.y New York says: ' In tlie exposition of tie heart 'The TBEASUity ob David' is sui gen-HSf rich, in experience and pre- eminently deyotional. The expoeition is alwa' s fresh. To the preacher it is especially BUggestive." John Hal', D.O., New york, says: ■• There are two questions that must interest every expositor of the Divine Word. What does a particular passage mean, and to what use la it to \he applied in public teaching? In the department of the latter Mr, Spur- geon's great work on the Fsalms is without an equal. Eminently practical in his own teaching, be has collected in these volumes the best thoughts of the best minds on the Psalter, and espe- cially of that great body^loosely grouped together as the Puritan divines. I am heartily glad that by arrangements, satisfactory to all concerned, tl e Messrs. Funk h Wa^nalls are to bring tnis great work within the reach ot ministers everywhere, as the English edition is necessarily expensive. I wish the highest success to the enterprise." IVillianrfc Ormfston, T>.T>., New York, says: " I consider ' Thk Tkeabuby OF David* a work of surpassing excel- lence.of inestimable value to every stu- dent of the 1 Salter. It will prove a standard work on the Psalms for all time. The instmctlTe introductions, the racy original expositions, the numerous q>iaint illustrations gath- ered from wide and varied fields, and the suggestive sarmonio hints, render the volumes invaluable to all preachers, and indispensable to every minister's library. All who delight in reading the PsalcBB — and what Christian does not? — will prize tbis work. It is a rich cyclopffidia of the literature of tlese ancient odes." Then. L. Tuyler, D.D.. Brook- lyn, says: " I have used Mr, Spurgeon's •Thb Ts£A6ubt of Davtd* for three years, and found it worthy of its name. WhoBO goethin there will find 'rich spoils.' At both my visits to Mr. 8. "he spoke with much enthusiasm of this undertaking as one of his favor; te methods of enriching himself and others," Jesve B. Thomas, D.D , Brook- lyn, says: " I have the highest concep- tion of the sterling worth of i^ Mr. Spurgeon's publications, and I incline to regard his Tbeasuby of David' as having received more of his loving labor thiin any other. I regard its publication at a lower price as a ereat service to American Bible btudents." Ne-w York Observer says: " A rich compendium of suggestive com- ment upon the richest devotional poetry ever given to mankind. ' Th« Congregatlonalist, Bos- ton, says: *' As a devout and spiritually suggestive work, it is meeting with the warmest approval and receiving the hearty commendation of the moss distinguished divines," United Presbyterian, Pitts- burg. Pa., says: "It is unapproached as a commentary on the Fsalms. It is of equal value to ministers and lay- men — a quality that works of the kind rarely possess." North Ameriran, Philadelphia, Pa.: says: "Will find a place in the library of every minister who knows how to appreciate a good thing." NefV York Indepeirdrnt says: ** He has ransacked evangelical litera- ture.and comes forth, like Jessica &om her father's house, 'gilded with ducats' and rich plunder in the shape of good and helptul quotations.' NcTV York Tribune says: ''For the great majority of readers who seek in the Psalms those practicid lessons in which they are so rich, and those wonderful interpretations of heart-life and expression of emotion in which they anticipate Ihe New Testament, we know of no book like tliie, nor as good. It is literally a ' Treasury.' '* S, S. Times sajs: "Mr, Ppurgeon's style is simple, direct and perspicuous, olten reminding one of the matchless prose of Bunyan." AVestf^rn Christian Advo'a^p, Cincinnati, O ., says: •< The price is ex- tremely moderate lor so large and im- portant a work. * * * We have ex- amined this volume vjiih care, and we are greatly pleased with the plan of execution. Christian Herald says: "Con- tains more felicitous illustrations, more valuable sermonic hints, than can be found in all other works on ths same book put together/* The above works wU be sent by mail, postage ^atd, on receipt of the prietm PUBLICATIONS OP FVmC &• WAGNALLS, NBlf YORK. 233 TALKS TO FARMERS. BY CHARLES H. SPURGEON. 300 -pp., ISmo, Cloth, $1.00. This is the last, and ono of the best, of the "wonderful productions of the fertile pen and prolific brain of Mr, Spnrgeon. It consists of a series of Talks to Farmers. Each Talk is a short sermon from a text on some sabjecb concerning agriculture. Mr. SpurgeoH is as mnch at home in, and as familur with, the sceiies of nature as he is with the stores and busineas of mighty London. WHAT IS THOUGHT OF IT. Canatlinn Baptist says: "Our readers need no information ubout Mr. Spnrgeon. His name is a Iiouseliold word. They read his sermons con- Btantly. They have-only lo be told that something new of hie baa appeared, and they are eager to procure and read. In nothing, perhaps, does Kr. Spurgeon's grsatoess manifest itself mere con- spicuously than in his wonderful power of adapting his discourses to the needs of fhuse to wh-m he speaks. •John Ploughman's Talks ' and 'John ^Ploughman's Pictures ' are admirable Illustrations of this power. Bo is the ■faoik before us. It will be esppcially Interesting to farmers, but all will en- joy the practical common sense, the abundance of illustrative anecdote, the depth of spiritual insight, the richness of imagery, that prevail in the volume. The subjects of the different chapters ara: ' The Sluggard's ITarm,' • The Brolcen Fence,' * Frost and Thaw/ 'The Com of Wheat Dying to Bring Forth Fruit,' 'The Ploughman,' 'Ploughing the Rock,' "The Parable of the Sower,' 'The Principal Whpat/ ' Sprinp in the Heart,* ' Farm Labor- er.*,' 'What the Farm Laborers Can Do and What They CanfiotDo,' 'Tho Sheep before the Shearers,' 'In the Hay Field,' * Spiritual Gleaning,' •Meal Time in tho Cornfipld,' 'The leading Wagon,* 'Threshing,' 'The Wheat in the Bam.' Every farmer should read this book." The Christian J»ff>nifor, St. Louis, Mo., says : "Most interesting and unique. The arguments in favor of C'-.ris'iSnity are able and convincing, and there i s not a dry , uninteresting line in the book; the distinguished author, presents the principles of religious life in a novel but instructive manner, and tbe garniture of truth and earnestness in his competent hands makes the book eminently readable, ' Godet's Cozn33:i@33.tar^ on. Kosaa-ans. This American edition is edited by Tai/Bot W. Chambers, D.D. large octavo pages. Cloth, $2.50. Hoiirard Croshy, t>>D., says : '' I consider Godet a man of soundest learning and purest orthodoxy." nrhomas Armftagn, T>aO.,f:ays: "Especially must I commend the fair, painstaking, thorough and devout work of Dr. Godet. All his works are wel- come to every true thinker." 644 Aifthnr Brooks, D.D., s^ys : " A.Tiy one acquainted with Godet's other works wiU congratulate himsnif that the same author's clear -logic and. . deep learning, as brouRht to bear upon the di&culties of the Epistle to the Bo- mans , are to be mado accessible through this publication." The above w rks will be sent by mail, postage ^aid, on receipt qf thepnct^ 224 PVBUCATIONS OF FUNK &• WAGNALLS, NEIV YORK. GEMS OF ILLUSTRATIONS From the Writings of Dr. Guthrie, arranged under the subjects vrhich they illustrate. < "By an American Clergyman. Price, in Cloth, $1.50. This book abounds in picturesque similes. Br. Guthrie has rarely, if ever, been equaled either in the number, beauty or force of the illustrations vath which his sermons and writings abound. They have been collected by an American clergyman, a great admirer of the author, and the book forms a perfect storehouse of anecdotes, comparisons, examples and illustrations. It contains the choicest of his illustrations, arranged under the subjects 'which they illustrate. line Lindon Times says: " Dr. Guthrie is the most elegant orator in Europe,'' Dr. Candlish sajB: "Dr. Guthrie's genius has long since placed him at the head of ail the gifted and popular preachers of our day." Dr. James W. Alexander says : "I listened to him for fifty minutes, but they passed like nothing." The Weslern Chrisuian Ad- vocate says: "Dr. Ontbiie was pe- culiarly happy in the nee of briUiant and forcible Ulustrations in his eer- mons and writings. An American has selected many of these gems of thought and arranged them under the subjects wliich they illustrate. Beaders and preachers will enjoy them, and will find many bsantiful sentiments and seed, thoughts for present and future use." The Boston Sunday Globe says : *'Br, Guthrie's illustrations are rich and well chosen and give great force to his ideas. Love, faith, hope, charity are the pillars of hlB belief." The Ijntlieram Observer, Philar delphia, says: "The power of iUu^tra- tion should be cultivated by preachers of the Gospel, and this volume of speci- mens, if used aright, will furnish valu- able suggestions. A good Ulaetration in a sermon awakens the imagination, helpn the memory and gives the barb to truth that it may fasten in the heart." The Christian TntelllgrnGpr says ; " It is a large repository full of stirring thoughts set in those splendid forms of ' spiritualized imagination,' of which Dr. Guthrie was the peerless master." The Chris* ian Observer, Louis- ville, says: " No words of ours could add to its value." The Boat ->n Post says: "A rare mine of literary wealth." TheObserver, New York, says: "It was not given to every generation to have a Guthrie." The Chr's'luii Advora^e, New Tort, says: " This book will be read with interest by the religious world." The Zion's Her a I'f, Boston, says: "Preachers will appreciate this vol- ume," The Christian Ouardfan. To- ronto, says: "An ezceedinglyinteresting and valuable work." ' TAe abttve works will be sent by mail, postage paid, on receipt of the price. 235 How the Advocates of Good Cheap Books Can Help Us- If Tigorously BUBtained, a good and lasting result -will be Becured. TJnaBBistod -wa can do little. "We can, at most, but supply ammunition ; the fighting must bo dono by the clergy and th,9 advocates of good reading throughout the country. There ia most urgent need for this sreform. If not, why would such men as Drs. Hall, Ezra Abbott, Mark Hop- tins, Wm. M. Taylor, and scores of others of represontative men in differ- ent spheres of life and parts of the country, so unanimously and enthusi- siastically send us words of God- speed ? Is not this enthusiastic support most reasonable ? Bead and act at once. To accomplish the wort this enterprise is fitted to do. we must have your enthusiastic and persistent co-operation. Hundreds of the ablest preachers in the land are giving us their hearty support. Many of them have not deemed it out of place to attack the bad book in tho pulpit and commend the good. Tou can do us effective work by tho distribution of dsscriptive circulars ; urging your friends to purchase tho books I organizing reading circles ia your neighborhoods, and in many other ways that will readily suggest them- selves to your mind. The price of subscription for the entire 2S books is $5.00 — $2.60 now. and $2.50 July 2, when the first half of the series will be completed. Can you not secure for us some sub- scribers? Try it. Representative Clergymen Heartily Indorsing this Plan. Clias. H. Hall t>. D., Holy Trinity Episcopal Chnrch, Brooklyn, says : "In the great strife for the greatest good of tha largeet number, put. me down as on the side of this plan. Place my utime on your subscription list." Pres. Itfarlc Hopkins, D.D., of Williams College, says : "The attempt is worthy of all commendation and encouragement. It will be a grtat boon to the country." Elzra Abotf , H. U,, Lli.D., of Harvard College, says : " I heartily approve of your project." T. IV. Chambers, I>.D., Colle- giate Keformed Church, Kew Yorn, says: " The plan seem.s to me both praise- worthy and feasible." Sylvester F. Scovfl, D.D,, First Presbyterian Church, Pittsburg, Pa., says : " Tour plan deserves a place in the category of moral reforms." J. P. NeTrmaii CD.,NewTork, £ays : •*I recomm,end my friends to sub- scribe for ihe twenty-six books to be issued within the coming year." Geo. C. Lorimer, D.D., Baptist Church, Chicago, says : " I sincerely hope your endeavors to circulate a wholesome and elevating class of books will prove successful. Certainly, clergymen cannot afford that it should fail." Charles 'W. Cnsliiag, D.D., First M. E. Church, Rochester, N. Y., says : •• I have been deeply interested in your effort to make^ood books as cheap as baeZ ones I mentioned the matter from my pulpit. Asa result I at once got fifty -four subscribers for the full set, and more to come." J. O. Peck, D.D., First M. E. Church, Brooklyn, N Y., says : " Your effort is commendable. You ought to have the cooperation of all good men. It is a moral, heroic, and Humane enterp^rise." 23S OLOTH-BOTJIsrX) STANDARD LIBRARY, 1883 SERIES. Edition de Luxe. Each volume of the Library is strongly and luxuriously bound in cloth aa issued, bevelled edges, gold stamp on side and back, extra paper, good ■jnargins. Its cent Numhera. in Cloth.... $1.00. 15 cent Numhers, inCloth 7tf cents, HO NumberSf in Cloth, payable half now, and half tTuly 2, S16.00» Subscribers for the paper-bound may transfer their subscriptions for the cloth-bound by paying the difference. P.S. — ^^The paper used in the volumes succeeding the " Life of Cromwell" will be much superior. »♦• Analytical Bible Concordance, Revised Edition. Analytical Conoorclaiice to the Bible on an entirely new plan. Containing every word in Alphabetical Order, arranged under its Hebrew or Greek original, with the Literal Meaning of Each, and its Pronnnoiation. Exhibiting about 311,000 References, marking 30,0fl0 various rearlings in the New Testament. With the latest information on Biblical Geography and Antiquities. Designed for the simplest reader of the English Bible. By EoBEET TouNO, LL.D., author of "A New Literal Translation of Ihe Hebrew and Greek Scriptures," etc., etc. Fourth Itemieu, Avihorized Miition. Printed on heavy paper. One large volume, 4to, doth, $2'50; sheep, $4.00; Pr, im. morocco, $4.65. Spurgam says: " Cmden's la child's play compared wltli f his gigantic work," John JTall, D.D., New York, sayB: "It is worthy of the lifetime of labor he haa spent upon it." This is fhe Ihurih Bevised EdUion, containing 2,000 cobbbotions not to be lound in the American Reprint. It is the only correct edi- tion. It is invaluable to the reader of either the old or the new version of the Bible. Analytical Biblical Treasury. By RoBBBT ToTTNG, LL.D., author of Analytical Concordance, etc 4to, cloth, $2.00. Contents : (1) Analytical Survey of all the books, (2) Of all the facts, (3) Of all the idioms of the Bible. (4) Bibie Themes, Ques- tions, Canonicity, Rationalism, etc., together with maps anrl plans of Bible lands and places. (5) A complete Hebrew and English Lexicon to tho Old Testament. (6) Idiomatic use of the Hebrew and Greek Tenses. (7) A complete Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament. ter- The above worki witt be sent by mail, pottage paid, on receipt e Reason for the changes made on the Authorized Version. By Alex. Eobeets, D.D., member of the English Ee- vision. Committee, with supplement by a member of the American Committee. Also a full Textual Index, Authorized Milion. Svo^ paper, 117 pp., 25 cents; 16mo, cloth, 213 pp., 75 cents. Complete Preacher. The Complete Preacher. A Sermonio Magazine. Containing nearly one htmdred sermons in full, by many of the greatest preachers in this and other countries in the various denominations. 3 vols., 8vo, cloth. Each $1.50, or, per set, $4.00. j^f The above works wUl be sent by maU,postage paid, on receipt of theprioe. 288 FVSLICATIOXS OF FUNK ., First M. E. Church, Brooklyn, N. T., says: " Tour effort is commendable, yon ought to have the co-operation of all good men. It is a moral, heroic, and humane enterprise." Pres. Mark Hopkins, D.D., of Williams College, says : "The attempt of Messrs. Funk and Wagnalls to place_good literature within reach of the masses is worthy of all commendation and encourage- ment. If the plan can be successfully carried out, it will be a great boon to the country." Geo. C. liorrimer, D.D., Baptist Church, Chicago, says : " I sincerely hope your endeavors to circulate a wholesome and elevat- Ing class of books will prove successful. Certainly, clergymen, and Chris- tians generally, cannot afford that it should fail. In proof of my personal interestin your endeavors, I subscribe for a year." J. P. Newman, D.D., New Torli, says: " I have had faith from the beginning In the mission of Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls. It required great faith on their part, and their snccess is in proof that all things are possible to him that believeth. They have done lor the public what long was needed, but what other publishers did not venture to do." Henry J. Van Dyke, D.D., Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. T., says; " Good books are great blessings. They drive out darkness by letting In light. Tour plan ought, not to fall for lack of support. Pat my name on Uie list of subscribers." THIS STANDARD SKRIKS. Sest Books £bv a Trifle. Thzss books are printed in readable type, on fair paper, and are bound in postal cai'd inanijla. These boc _ of Christ "and bis ' These boolcs are printed wholly without abridgment, except Canon Facrar's " Life "•—■'"—■■-■-■' Life of Pnul." ^•* Price, 1., John Ploughman's Talk. C H. Spiitgeon. On Choice of Books.^ Thomas Carlyio. 4to. Both.... $0 12 S. Manliness of ChriBU Thomas llughes. 4ta 10 3. Essays. Lord Macaulay. 4to... 15 4. Liihtof Asia. Edwin Arnold. 4to. 15 5. Imitation ot Christ. Thomas jl Kempis. 4to . . . . ^ 15 8-7. Life of Christ. Canon Farrar. 4to 50 8. Essays. Thomas Carlyle. 4to.. 20 9-10. Life and Work of St. Paul. Caiiau Farrar. 4to 2 parts, both 50 11. Self-Caliure. Prof.J.S.Blackie. 4to. 2parts,both 10 13-19. Popular History of England. Chas. Knight. 4to 2 80 SO-Sl. Buskin's Letters to Workmen and Laborers. 4ta, 3 parts, both S9 82. Idyls of the King. Alfred Teimy- Bon. 4t0 20 23. Life of Rowland Hill. Bev.V.J. Charlesworth. 4io 15 SI. Town Geology. Charles Kings- ley. .4to 15 35. Alfred tlie Qreat. Thos. Hughes. 4to. 20 28. Outdoor Life in Europe. Ber. E. P.Thwing. 4to 20 27. Calamities of Authors. I. D'ls- . raell. 4to 20 28. Salon of Madame Necker. Fart I. 4k> 15 29. Ethics of the Dust. John Buskin. 4to 15 30r31. Memories Of My Exile. Louis "Kossuth. 4to 40 ^. Mister Horn and His Friends. lUuati'aied. 4to 15 3.3-34. Orations of Demosthenes. 4to. 40 So. Frondes Agrestes. John Bus- kin. 4to 15 36. Joan of Arc. Alphonse de La- martine. 4to 10 37. Thoughts of M. Anrellus Anto- ninus. 4to 15 S8. Salnn of Madame Keeker. Fart n. 4to 15 39. The Herralts. Chas. Kingsley. 4t«). 15 40. John Plonghman''s Pictures. C. H. Snurgeon. 4to IS 41. Falpit Table-Talk. Dean Bam- say. 4ro 10 42. Bible and Newspaper. C. H. Sipurgeon. 4to ■ 15 43. Lacon. Bev. C. C. Colton. 4te. 20 No. Prfcei 4i. Goldsmith's Citizen Of the World. 4to $0 28 45. America Bevi'sited. George Au- fua.ua Sailiu 4lo 20 ife of C. H. Spurgoon. «»o i:8 47. John Calvin. M. UuizoL 4to . . 15 48-49. Dickens' Chriatraas Books. lllustraicd. 8vo 59 50. Shairp'd Culture and Religion. 8v'o. 15 fil-52. Sod<'t'a Commentary on Luke. Ed.byDr.JohnHall. Svo.aparts, both 2 00 53. Diary of a Minister's Wife. Part l. 8vo 15 54-57. Van Doren's Suggestive Com- mentary on Luke. Hew editiou, -enlarged. 8vo 3 00 -58. Diary of a Minister's Wife. Part U. 8vo 15 59. The Nutritive Cure. Dr. Eobert Walter. 8vo 15 60. Sartor Besartias. Thomas Car- lyle. 4to 25 (il-62. Lothair. Lord BeacousHeld. 8vo..... 59 63. The Persian (Jueen and Other Pictnroa of Truth. Eev. E. P. Thwing. 8vo 10 64, Salon of Madame Necker. Part 111. 4to 15 65-66. The Popular History of Eng- lish Bible Translation. H. P. Co- nant. 8vo. Price both parts... 50 fi7. Iiiaereoll Answered. Joseph Par- ker, D.D. 8vo IS 6S-69. Studies in Mark. D. C. HuglK'S. 8vo. in two parts 60 70. Job's Comforlsrs. A Religious Satire. Joseph Parker, IKD. iLon- don.) 12iuo 10 71. TheRevi ers'"EiigliSh. G.Waeh- inijton Moon, PlS.S.L. 12mo.. 20 72. TheConveraioB of Children, Rev. i Edward Payson Hammond. 18mo 30 73. New Tesiament Helps. Eev. W, P. Crafts. 8v6.; -' 20 74. Ojiium— Englanii's Coercive Poli- cy. Eev. Jiio. Liggins. 8vo. .... 10 75. Blood of Jesus. Eer. Wm. A, Bold. With Introduction by E. P. Hammond. 12mo 10 76. Lesson in the Closet for 1883. Churles P. Deems. D D. 12mo.. 20 77-78. .Heroes and Holidays. Rev. W. P. Crafts, lamo. 2 pts., both 39 79. Beniiniscpnres of Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.Di • 8vo 18 FUNK & WAGNALLS, 10 and 12 Dey St, NEW YORK, FROM ONE WHO HAS THJS MIGHT TO SPEAK. " When the publishers sent out the first volume of the series we feared lest they had skimmed the cream, and left what would be less palatable and less nutritious. But we begin to think they have discov- ered some process by which the whole product can be converted into cream."— Chab. W. Cushihg, D.D., Rochester, N. Y. Dr. Cuehing has backed up his opinion by freely forwarding us the names and money of over one hundred annual sub- scribers for the Library. " Every issue of this libraty-may be relied on aa a desirable and nec- essary one." — Botton Oldbe. : ' THE HOYT-WARD CYCLOP/EDIA OF QUOTATIONS aO.UUO QUOTATIONS, 60.000 LI NES OF CONCORDANCE. THE STANDARD BOOK OF QUOTATIONS. *' The eompilaUoM of AlUbone Qover wlUeh W4 have qfUn grmon torathv erufUffh) and Sartlell iichich U dralnt to the (Irege) are quite out qf compttUUm."—V. Y. raiiatlan uC " Thie it by long oMa the beef book of quoUMont te ucMence."— New Tork Henld. Hon. JUDGE EDMUNDS, U. S. Stnator: "Tbe moat complete and beat work of the kind." OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES: "A mamive And teeming Tolame." WENDeLL PHILLIPS: "It is of rare value to the scholar." Gen: STEWART L. WOODFORD: "The moat complete and accurate book of tbe kind." Ex-Speaker RANDALL: "I conaider it the beat book of quotationa." GEO. WASHINGTON CHILDS: "Any one who dipa into it will at once make • place for it among his well-choaen books." HENRY WARD BEECHER: "Good all the wa; throngh." Maj.-Gan. McCLELLAN: "A work that ahonld be in every libnry." ABRAM S. HEWITT: "The completeness of its indices is simply astonishing." OEORCE W. CURTIS: "A most serviceable companion." HENRY W. LONGFELLOW: "Can hardlyfaU tobe a very soccessfui and favorite volume." rrieet : Royal ««e, over 900 pp., Beoe. '*per and Cloth Btmding, $6} Sherp, $e.BOt SalfMoroeem, 9v; X'ull Morocco, $10. FUNK & WAGNALLS, Publishers, 10 and 12 Dey St., New York, 1^ V: \ / ^^'' -&, ^^- ' \