CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY F 117.B37 Indian names in New-Yorl(, with a seiectio 3 1924 020 345 876 OlHUBRAHY-ClRCUlAriOl* DATE DUE 1 /l / far,™i,,™„J i«sa. ^rt ^l-jcp'-- V *IIIS ..^M. -— ■■■■■y AWHT ■ffnSaT V ^«H^ftill ' HBgia MUb L TTDBT '^m^a^jJL.. m'Mn ^^^^^•■^^ \ GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020345876 INDIAN NAMES -IN- NBW = YORK, ■WITH A SBLECTION FROM OTHKR STATKS, -AND SOME- Onondaga Names of Plants, Etc. ■ BY- ■W. M. BKAUCHAMP, S. T. D., BALD-WINSVILLE, N. Y. Fellow of the American Association for the A dtati cement of Science, etc. PRIKTED BY H. C. BEAUCHAMP, RKCORDKR OKKICK, rATETTEVIIiLE, N. T. F 111 b37 COPYllIQHT, 1893, BY AV. IVI. BBAUCHAIVIP. PREFACH. T^HE FAVORABLE RECEPTION of Cusick's History of -*■ the Six Nations, with its accompanying notes, has led to the preparation of this volume on New York Indian local names. Nearly thirteen hundred of these are mcluded, with the addition of about two hundred and sixty general names. To these has been added an interesting collection of Onondaga names in natural history, obtained on the Onondaga reservation in New York. Full notes on the antiquities of New York, with thous- ands of drawings of sites and relics, are in hand for a future vol- ume of this series on the New York Iroquois, as well as a care- fully prepared history, the result of many years' work. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Indian Names in New York i General Observations, i Counties 6 Supposed Iroquois Towns 92 Additional New York Names 93 General Indian Names 94 Onondaga Names of Plants, Quadrupeds, Birds and Reptiles ii. Addenda 123 Index 125 Indian Names in New York. T^HERE are more Indian names of places in use in New York -*■ than is commonly supposed, though many are of Uttle im- portance, and some are much changed from their original sound. This causes a difficulty in obtaining their true meanings when once forgotten. They are referable to the two great Indian families, the Iroquois and Algonquin, the former mainly prevail- ing from Albany westward, and the latter being principally con- fined to the Hudson river valley and the shores o£ Lake Cham- plain, though some will be found along the St. Lawrence and the Susquehanna. Near the former river and m the Adiron- dacks, they are mostly of recent introduction through Algonquin hunters and guides. In a general way the latter class may be recognized by the use of m, b, p, and sometimes by terminations like ick, ing, uck, an, etc. Some names have been introduced, as Alabama, Osceola, Wyoming, and others, but these are few. On the uncertain and trivial character of many Indian narnes Mr. Golden made some good observations in his land re- port of 1732, saying, "There being no previous survey of the grants, their boundaries are generally expressed with much un- certainty, by the Indian names of brooks, rivulets, hills, ponds, falls of water, etc., which were and still are known to very few Christians ; and what adds io their uncertainty is that such 2 INDIAN NAMES. names as are in these grants taken to be the proper name of a brook, hill, or a fall of water, etc., in the Indian language signi- fy only a large brook, or broad brook, or small brook, or high hills, or only a hill, or fall of water in general, so that the Indians show many such places by the same name. Brooks and rivers have different names with the Indians at different places, an3 often change their names, they taking the name often from the abode of some Indian near the place where it is so called." This statement is fully confirmed by observation, nor is it strange in our own experience. Contrary also to a common opinion, the Indian had little poetic taste in giving names, and they might be descriptive, practical, or very odd, as suited him best. They' often seem absurd, because we do not know how they first came into being. Mr. L. H. Morgan refers to a feature mentioned by Golden : " The method of bestowing names was peculiar. It frequently happened that the same lake or river was recognized by them under several different names. This was eminently the case with the larger lakes. It was customary to give to them the name of some village or locality upon their borders. The Sen- eca word Te-car-ne-o-di, means something more than ' lake.' It includes the idea of nearness, hterally, ' the lake at' Hence, if a Seneca were asked the name of Lake Ontario, he would an- swer, Ne-ah-ga Tecar-ne-o-di, 'the lake at Ne-ah-ga.'' This was a Seneca village at the mouth of the Niagara' river. If an Onondaga were asked the same question, he would prefix Swa- geh to the word lake, Hterally, ' the lake of Oswego.' The same multiplicity of names fiequently arose m relation to the principal rivers, where they passed through the territories of more than one nation. It was not, however, the case with village* and other localities." In the Onondaga dialect I find the prefix commonly shortened into Vkah, equivalent to "where," Or "the place at which." INDIAN NAMES. 3 - The Mohawks and Oneidas use the liquid L, and as they were most in contact with the whites their orthography has been largely followed in common use. Mr. Morgan says, "It has been customary to exclude the liquid R from the Iroquois alpha- bet, as not common to the several dialects, but this is clearly erroneous. Although it is principally found in the Mohawk, Sen- eca, and Cayuga, it is yet occasionally discovered in each of the others." I am glad to fortify my published views on this point with the words of so high an authority. Several eminent writers have said that this letter has altogether disappeared from the On- ondaga tongue, yet I have sometimes found it there in words carefully-pronounced for me, and the Onondagas agree in telling me that it is occasionally used by them. In the " League of the Iroquois," Mr. L. H. Morgan has given the best general list of Iroquois local names extant, care- fully taken down from native sources, arid generally with the meaning added. As the Iroquois themselves do not always pro- nounce or define these alike, his list will not always agree with others,- but it will generally be found reliable, though he has a preference for the Seneca sounds. Mr. O. H. Marshall, of Buf- falo, pubHshed a good list of those along the Niagara frontier, and others are found scattered through many volumes, or maybe obtair.ed from the Indians themselves. In compiling my own hst from many sources, most of them were placed irta body under the names of their authors, but-this could not well be done in arrangmg them by counties, nor was it convenient to- ipecify the authority for each word. A few are given in an indefinite way, just as they occur, scattered through books and papers, and' some of these seem purely fanciful, but doubtful ones wiil be 'noted, and probably nine- tenths of the New York names are well' sustained. The name of a village was often of a trivial character, and yet was retained through many removals, -whether applicable or not. 4 mitlAN NAMES. In this case it often became practically meaningless, as so many of our own names have become ; a name, and nothing more. It was very natural that towns should often have more than One of these, for we have no difficulty in recognizing states, cities, and villages, by titles not conferred by law. Indeed, in our intet- course with the Indians, we know many places better as the resi- dence of their chiefs than b^ their own proper titles. Little Beard's, Catharine's, and Cornjjlanter's towns are cases in point. Aboriginal practice was much like our own. In a Hst of 1,885 la-kes of the United States, published for the Fish Commission, 285 have Indian names, but a larger propor- tion is shown in rivers and streams. In a list of principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, but excluding those of the St. Lawrence basin, 724 have Indian names. By adding those of this valley, the Pacific coast, and a multitude of small streams, the list might be doubled. OC pur States and territories half have Indian titles, and the names of most of our lar^e' lakes come from the same source. This is all the more remarkable in the latter casef, from the vary- ing practice of the aborigines, and the "early use the French especially made of other names. In this and other instances, it will be found that early names were sometimes applied quite differently from what they are now. Mr. Morgan carefully noted the sounds of letters, as well as the accented syllables, while Mr. Marshall paid attention only to the latter in affixing signs. This is good as far as it goes,, but only by a peculiar alphabet can we represent all the sounds. In those which I have taken down from the Onondaga, and occa- sionally from other dialects, I have endeavored to represent the sound by the spelling, though not with perfect Success. The effort to do this is one cause of the length of Indian names 'as at first written. In most cases the penult is accented, but there are many exceptions, and this may vary frcm the first to the last syllable. INDIAN NAMES. 5 In collecting early names there is another source of perplexity in the nationality of various writers. The French did not spell , as we would, and allowance has to be made for this fact. They learned the Huron language in Canada, which closely resembled the Mohawk, and their first intercourse with the Iroquois, as mis- sionaries, was with the latter nation. The result was that when they first came to Onondaga, they Wrote down local names in the Mohawk form. The Dutch and English writers did much the same, -following their own linguiktic usage. The Moravians had niarked peculiarities of spelling, but also followed the Mohawk dialect. Zeisberger studied the Mohawk before the Onondaga tongue, yet it is quite curious to find that most of his large On- ondaga lexicon is composed of Mohawk words, and this after he had spent many months at the Onondaga capital. It is not easy to take down Iroquois words accurately, and many names were written under adverse circumstances, and by those whose learning was very limited. It is a common thing to find a name spelled several different ways, in a document of a few hundred words. Besides the lists of Messrs. Marshall and Morgan, many names will be found in the Jesuit Relations. Clark appended quite a list to his History of Onondaga. Hough furnished many in bis |ie%l!ral works. A few occur in Schoolcraft, and a number in De Schweinitz's Life of David Zeisberger. Hoffman has a mixed collection of Adirondack names, partly fanciful it would seem, in his Vigil of Faith. Quite a collection was published by S. G. Boyd in 1885, under the title of "Indian Local Names." But few of this list belong to New York. Heckewelder, Conrad Weiser, Spangenberg and others, furnish some, and many will be- found in the publications of various historical societies. To all these I am indebted, while I have had valuable aid from the Rev. Albert Cusjck, of the Onondaga nation. His early kinsman, David Culick, preserved quite a number in his Sketches of 6 INDIAN NAMES. Ancient History of the Six Nations, often with the meaning, but those without were so essentially correct that it was easy to in- terpret most of them. Experience hasjjroved that a false interpretation cannot easily be set aside, if it is a favcMrite. It pleases the fancy, and will be allowed as at least a harrnless fiction, when found not to be a fact. Some names, however, reveal the truths of history, but these are very few. On the whole we do not always gain by learning the meaning of a name which pleases the eye, however satisfactory it may be to do so. Some names have been pruned, to suit our civilized tastes, and have not. their early forms. Schoolcraft took this liberty with Cusick's names, saying: "I abbreyiate these names from the originals, for jthe sole purpose of making them readable to the ordinary reader." In general, however, this has been less deliberately done, but, changed or unchanged, our Indian names are among the most satisfactory ! we have. In common use they are likely to increase, but due regard should be had to their meaning, and the plaices to which they are assigned. There are Indian names almost as foreign to New York as Syracuse and Utica. ALBANY COUNTY. Both banks of the Hudson were in the territory of the Mohe- gans, and many of the names are early. This nation was known as Wolves to the,pthers, and called Loups by the French, and, with their kindred,, , tribes, occupied the whole of the Hudson river until driven /rpm its upper waters by the Mohawks. Near Albany they had. come forts and much cultivated land. Their language was ^radically different frop\ the Iroquois. Pas-pa-pe-nock, below Albany, is now Bear island. Sne-ackx island is above the city. These marked the north and south limits of the tract purchased west of (he river in 1630. INDIAN NAMES. 7 The Mo-en-em-in-es castle was on an island: at the tnouth of the Mohawk, at that time. Co-hoes Falls had this name at an early day, and it means a shipwrecked canoe, the owners of which had, a very remarkable escape, described in the old annals. Ga-asch-ti-nick was a Delaware name for Albany. Pem-pot a-wut-hut is another name for the same place, mean- ing fireplace of the nation. San-a-ha-gog is Rensselaerwyck. Ha-an-a- kroiSj or Haw-na-kraus creek. This is one of the names which have both an European and Indian air. On the map of the New York grants it is Ham-cram kill. On-is-ke-thau was an early name for Coeyman's creek; Hag-gu-a-to appears between Coeyman's creek and the Batten kill, on the map of New York grants. Nis-cat-ha is on the Helderberg mountains on the same map, and probably has some reference to Indian corn. Ach-que-tuck, or A-que-tuck, was an early name for Coeyman's Hollow. Ta-wa-sent-ha, or Ta-wai-sont-ha, is doubtfully said to mean a place of many dead. Norman's kill. Ta-was-sa-gun-shee has been interpreted as Look-out hill, ap- phed to Kidd's Heights. Shat-e-muc, or Pelican river, was one of the many names given to the Hudson, but properly belongs farther down. The pelican occasionally reaches the small lakes of the State even now. Skah-neh-ta-de, River beyond the pines, and Skagh-negh-ta-da, End of the pine woods, are among the many forms and defini- tions of the name of Schenectady, originally applied to the Hud- son at Albany. A good rule will work both ways, and the name is just as appropriate where it is now fixed, provided the journey is made westward. Morgan gives the name as meaning Beyond the openings, in the Seneca dialect. David Cusick gave it as 8 INDIAN NAMES. Shaw-na-taw-ty, Beyond the fineries, and I received substantially the same definition at Onondaga. San-a-ta-tea and Ko-hs-ta-tea seem other forms of the same word. l-SMt-che-Ta., Hill of oil. Trader's Hill, three miles west of Al- bany. Oi-o-gue, Beautiful river; applied to the Hudson above Albany, but mentioned still farther up by Father Jogues in 1646. ' They passed Lake George by land ; " Six leagues from the lake they crossed a small river that the Iroquois called Oiogue : the Hollanders who are settled on it, but farther down, have named it river Van Maurice," now the Hudson. ALLEGANY COUNTY. Loskiel says of the Allegany, " the Delawares call this river Al-li-ge-wis-i-po, which the Europeans have changed to Al-li-ghe- ne, and the Iroquois call it Ohio, that is, the beautiful river." Heckew.elder also says, "The Delawares call the former Al-ld- ge-wi Si-pu, the River of the Al-li-ge-wi." Some have thought these the mound builders, who were driven off by the northern nations. The name is not uniformly spelled. Ga-ne-o-weh-ga-yat, Head of the stream, Angehca, ' Ga-o-ya-de-o, Where the heavens rest upon the earth, Caneadea. A wide opening in the forest, at this, place, gave a pecuhar appearance to the earth and sky, on which the name is founded. 0-wa-is-ki, finder the banks, Wiscoy creek. Shan-a-ha^-gwa-i-kon creek. An affluent of the Genesee, men- tioned in Morris's deed of 1793. ]3.-go-yo-gth, Hearing place. Black creek. The name of this stream seems to have been continuous. Kar-at-hy-a-di-ra, a Seneca villag-e at Belvidere, in 1765. Con-e-wan-go, Indian village of 1779. Tagh-roon-wa go, another of the same year. On-ogh-sa-dada-go, Where buried things are dug rtp. Meaning INDIAN NAMES. 9 given me by Rev. Albert Cusick. A Seneca town near Canawa- go, in 1744. On-on-dar-ka, Village on a hill, north of Karathyadirha, on a map of 177 1, defined by the same person. R. Sis-to-go-a-et. Part of Genesee nver, on Pouchot's map. Che-nun-da creek, Shon-go, and Canaseraga are other names. brOome county. Nan-ti-coke was one of the early Indian names farther south, and is equivalent to U-necht-go, or Tide water people ; which is very nearly tile meaning of every name given this nation. They were conquered by the Iroquois, and were removed by them to the vicinity of Binghamton about the middle of the last century. Their reputation was bad. Ot-se-ningo, a village near Binghamton in 1779. O-se-win-go is the same, and there are several other forms. Che-nan-go, Bull thistle, is the present spelling of the preced- ing, and essentially the same name appears much farther west. Chug-nutts, or Cho-co-nut, was a village below the last, de- stroyed in 1779. A. Cusick thought the meaning was Place- of tamaracks. On-oh-agh-wa ge is a mountain near Oquaga. Oquaga, On-ogh-qua-ga, or On-ocl>ge-ru-ge, was a village at Windsor, burned in 1779. Cusick thought it meant Place of hulled corn soup. 1 Skow-hi-ang-to, near Windsor, was destroyed at the same time. It means simply Tuscarora town. Ok-kan-um, Kil-la-wog, and Cook-qua go, are other names. _ CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. Ga-da-ges-ga-o, Stinking water. Cattaraugus creek. Con-e-wan-go creek. In the rapids. This may be compared with the Mohawk, Caughnawaga. A fanciful interpretation is They lO INDIAN NAMES. have been long gone. In various forms it was a common name. O-hee-yo, Beautifid river. Allegany river. He-soh, Floating nettles. Ischuna creek. 0-da-squa-wa-teh, Small stone beside a lat-ge one. Little Valley creek. Te-car-nohs, Dropping oil: Oil creek. O-so-a-yeh, Pine forest. Oswaya creek. Je-ga-sa-neh. Burton creek, so called after an Indian. Te-car-no-wun-do, Lime lake, which is the present name. De-as-hen-da-qua, Place of courts. Ellicottville. 0-so-a-went~ha, By the pines. Hasket creek. De-o-na-ga-no, or Te-on-i go-no, Cold Spring. An Allegany village.. To-ne-a-dih, Beyond the great bend. Another village on the same reservation. Da-ude-hok-ta, At the bend. Bend village. , Ga-qua-ga-o-no Wa-a-gwen-ne-yuh, Trail of the Kahrkwahs^ often called Eries. Another village. The words are reversed in translation. Che-na shun-ga-ton. Name of the junction of Cold Spring creek and Allegany river in Mary Jemison's early days. Tu-ne-un-gwant, or Tu-ne-ga-want, An eddy not strong. In CarroUton, and also applied to a valley. Tu-nes-sas-sa, Clear pebbly stream. A village. Go-wan-da and Allegany are other names. CAYUGA COUNTY. Te-car-jik-ha-do, Place of salt. Montezuma, where there are salt springs. For a long_ time the Indians used no salt, and sometimes the Iroquois objected to eating Europeans because of their salty taste. De-a-wen-dote, Constant dawn, called Cho-no-dote in 1779. Aurora. It is odd that the Indian and European names should thus correspond. INDIAN NAMES. H Was-gwas, Long bridge. Cayuga bridge, once the longest in the world. Ga-weh-no-wa-'na, Great island. Rowland island, the largest in Seneca river. Compare with this one Iroquois name of the Susquehanna. Squa-yen-na, A great way up; i. e., from the Seneca river. Otter lake and Muskrat creek. Dats-ka-he, Hard talking. North Sterling creek. We know nothing of this wordy war. Te-ga-hone-sa-o-ta, 'Child in baby frame. Sodus Bay creek. Kan-a-ka-ge, Black water. Owasco inlet. By itself black is kahonji in Mohawk, osuntah in Onondaga, and sweandaea in Cayuga, but a similar meanmg may be otlierwise expressed, and Morgan gives Two Sisters creek, in Erie county, as Te-car-na-ga- ge, or Black waters, the Indian name being essentially the same. De-a-go-ga-ya, Where men were killed. Owasco outlet. Os-co, Bridge over water. . Auburn. Dwas-co. Bridge on the water, or floating. Auburn. This differs a little from Morgan, but A. Cusick told me that both of tliese are used, with this distinction. Kirkland, in 1764, mentioned Owasco as Lake Nascon. Ge-wau-ga, Point running out. Union Springs. Ga-ya-ga-an-ha, Inclined downwards. A village three miles south of Union Springs. Goi-o-guen, the same place. . An early name of the nation and lake. The interpretations vary greatly, as will appear from what follows. Goi-o-gogh, Mountain rising from the water; perhaps in allu- sion to the sight of the distant hills from the marshes. David Cusick. Ca-yu-gSf, Where they haul boats oitt, after passing the marsh- es. Albert Cusick. See also Niagara county, where Morgan 12 INDIAN NAMES. renders Gwa-u-gweh as Taking canoe out, at the Tonawanda por- tage. The name closely resembles another. Gwe-u-gweh, Lake at the mucky land. This is Mr. Morgan's interpretation, but his name can hardly be distinguished from the, preceding. I think these are rather expressive of an idea than an exact interpretation, the passage of the marshes and the firm- er land beyond being kept in view. Gan-i-a-ta-re-ge-chi-at was also a name for the lake given by Zeisberger. In this the first five syllables mean -lake. He. also mentions the villages of San^ni-o, On-da-cha-re, Tga-a-ju, and Gan-a-ta-ra-ge, the last being a-village on the laike'and nearest Onondaga. In the name preceding this will be recognized the prefix tga. On-i-o-en was a name for the whole Cayuga country in 1654I Ti-che-ro was given as the name of Cayuga lake in 1677, by Greenhalgh, but was probably- the same ai the following: Thi-o-he-ro, River of rushes. - Seneca river, in the same year, and also a village of the same name, so called from the abun- dance of flags. The Onondaga Eel tnbe is said to have origin- ated here. Cho-ha-ro, a village Of 1779, is probably the same name. On-on-ta-re, a village on the Seneca river in 1656. The name, refers to a conspicuous hill, probably Fort Hill, south of Savan- nah, where there is a small earthwork. Ther-o-tons, or Chrou-tojns, Little Sodus bay. Chou-e-guen. The earliest appearance of the name of Oswego in the French fornj, was at Cayuga in 1760. "The river Choue- guen, which rises in this lake, soon branches into Feveral canals." It had many names farther down its course. .^ , CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. Chaut-au^qua.has become one of the best known of our In- dian names, and has many interpretations. Mr. Albert S. Gats-. INDIAN NAMES. 1 3 chet was told, on high authority, that "To spell it 'Chatakwa' would conform better to scientific orthography, for the first two syllables are both pronounced short;" but this 'seems a mistake. Alden wrote it as pronounced by the Seneca chief Cornplanter, " Chaud-dauk-wa." Mr. O. H. Marshall added to this, " It is a Seneca name, and in the orthography, of that nation, according to the system of the late Rev. Asher Wright, long a missionary among them, and a fluent speaker of their language, it would be written 'Jah-dah-gwah,' the first two vowels being long, and the last short." Mr. L. H Morgan gives the name in all but the Oneida dialect, with slight variation. In all he makes a sound as 'vt\far. The French spelling might prove but Httle, but Sir William Johnson wrote it "Jadaghque," and thus it appears on the boundary map of 1768. It first appeared historically in De Celoron's expedition of 1749) and was applied to the lake, the portage, and to the terminus of this on Lake Erie. The prevailing French form wasChadakoin. Mr. Marshall gave the various meanings ascribed to the name, as " The place where a child was swept away by the waves, " " the foggy place," " the elevated place," " the sack tied in the middle," in allusion to the lake's outline. He preferred the one given him by " Dr. Peter Wilson, an educated Seneca." Dr. Wilson was a Cayuga chief, who furnished material for many of the notes in Street's " Frontenac. " This is the chiefs account, which agrees with the most reliable interpretation: "A party of Senecas were returning from the Ohio to Lake Erie, while pad- dling through Chautauqua lake, one of them caught a strange fish and tossed it into his canoe. After passing the portage into Lake Erie they" found the fish still alive; and threw it in the water. From th^t time the new species became abundant in Lake Erie, where one was never kiiown tefore. Hence they called the place where it was caught Jah-dah-gwah, the elements of which are Ga-joh, " fish," and Ga-dah-gwah, " drawn out." By dropping 14 INDIAN NAMES. the prefixes, according to Seneca custom, the compound name, " Jah-dah-gwah,'' was formed. In the main this interpretation will stand. Mr. Gatschet sim- ply reverses the story, taking the fish from Lake Erie. On the other hand, Morgan interprets it as Place where one was lost. On Pouchot's map of 1758, the Conewango, flowing from the lake, appears as the River Shatacom. Kas-an-ot-i-a-yo-go, or Jon-as-ky, was at one end of the Chau- tauqua portage, in 1753. Di-on-ta-ro-ga, or At-to-ni-at, was on the same at that time. Can-non-dau-we-gea seems the next creek south of Cattarau- gus, as mentioned in the land purchases, but the distance is not given, and it was ,probably the following : Ga-na-da-wa-o, Running through the hemlocks. Can-a-da-wa creek and Dunkirk. /*, Ga-a-nun-da-ta, A mountain levelled. Silver creek. Ga-nowun-go, In the rapids. A favorite name here given to Chautauqua creek and Conewango river. Gus-da-go, Under the rocks. Cassadaga lake and creek. Ka-e-ou-ag-e-gein is on Pouchot's map for Cattaraugus creek. CHEMUNG COUNTY. Che-mung, £ig horn, from a collection of large elk horns in the water there. The village was burned in 1779. Ru-non-ve-a, destroyed in the same year. Big Flats. Cusick thought this Ru-nonrdea, Place of a Xing; perhaps a rendezvous for royahsts. Con-e-wa-wa, Ka-no-wa-lo-hale, and Kon-a-wa-hol-la, are dif- ferent forms of a favorite name, occunng near Elmira at the same time, and meaning Head on a pole. This was an Oneida name, but the nations, in extending their settlements, carried- names with them, as we have done. She-do-wa, Great plain. Elmira. INDIAN NAMES. 15 Gan-at-o-che-rat, a Cayuga town on the Chemung river in 1750. Possibly a name derived from a town on Cayuga lake. Sing Sing creek is said to have been the name of a resident' Indian, but is more likely to have been taken from the Monsey town of 1750, which was not far off, and was called As-sin-nis sink. CHENANGO COUNTY. 0-che-nang, Bull thistles. Chenango rivef. Otselic, Capful. It has also been rendered Plum -creek, biit shows no resemblance to the Onondaga word for plum. Sa-de-ah-lo-wa-nake, Thick necked- giant. Oxford. This seems connected with Cusick's story of the troublesome giant, whom his friends were obliged to banish, and at last destroy. According to the story he built a fort here, and then at Sidney Plains. There were earth works at both places. Ga-na-da-dele, Steep hill. Sherburne. Ga-na-so-wa-di, The other side of the sand, as given to me. Norwich. Gen-e-ganst-let and Cari-a-sa-was-ta are creeks. CLINTON COUNTY. Squin-an-ton^ or Sque-on-on-ton, rendered a deer, to which the name has some resemblance. The Mohawks call this animal Oskoneantea. Cumberland Head. This is Cape Sco-mo-ti-on on the map of the New York and New Hampshire grants. Seri-hah-lo-ne, Plattsburgh. Cusick thought ,this He is still building. <>' Sar-a-nac. An old form is Sal-a-sa-nac. - COLUMBIA COUNTY. Most of the names of this county are in old patents, and are of httle importance. Nearly all of the following are in tho.se of L ivingston Manor, and vary much, in the several copies. 1 6 ' - INDIAN NAMES. Sank-he-nack, an early name of Jansen's Kill. Kick-u-a, or Kick-pa, and Wa-han-ka-sick, were near this, • Min-nis-sich-ta-nock was north of this creek. A-hash-a-wagh-kick^ a hill in the north-east corner of the manor, with a stone-heap. Ma-nan-o-sick, another in the south part. Ma-wan-a-gwa-sick, or Wa-wan-a-quas-sick on the north Une, "where the heapes *of stones lie, * * which the Indians throw upon another as they pass from an ancient custom amongst them." Wa-han-ka-sick, a creek near Jansen's Kill. Ac-a-wa-nuck, or Ac-a-wai-sik, a rock in the south-east corner. Ma-hask-a-kook, a cripple bush in the south part. I find no definition of cripple bush in any dictionary or botany, but it means a creeping bush, perhaps a species of Viburnum. In the patent some Indians are called Cripple Indians. Na-cha-wach-ka-no, a creek in the south part. Qui-sich-kooh, a small creek. Pott-kook, a creek south of Kinderhook. Wack-an-e-kas-seck, a creek opposite Catskill. Ska-an-kook, a creek. Ta-was^ta-we-kak, the same farther' down. — Kach-ka-wa-yick, west of the mountains. Ma~which-nack, a fiat at the junction of two stream?. No-wan-nag-qua-sick, a flat with a large stone at one end. Ni-chan-kook, a 'plain. Sa-ask-a-hamp-ka, or Sack-a-ham-pa, a dry gully opposite Sau- gerties. Sa-cah-ka, a stream at the extreme east point, near five lime trees. Wich-qua-pak-kat, at the south-east corner of main part of the manor. Nup-pa, Wuh-quas-ka, and Wa-wy-ach-t's-nock are other names. » llSTDIAN NAMKS. 1 7 Tagh-ka-nick lias been interpreted Water enough, from springs there, but others render ta-con-ic, s& forest or wilderness. Scom-pa-muck, in the town of Ghent. Co-pake appears on the map of 1798 as Cook-pake lake, and the. three following are on the same map. Na-na pa-ha-kin kill. Che-co-mm-go kill. Wash-bum mountain. Kah-se-way, Mat-tas-huck, and Wy-o-ma-nock are other names. CORTLAND COUNTY. Te-yogh-a/-go-ga, early form of Ti-ough-ni-o-ga, Meeting of waters. In various forms a frequent name at the forks of rivers. 0-nan-no-gi-is-ka, Shag bark hickory. Onondaga name for the Tioughnioga river. Te-wis-ta^no-ont-sa-nea-ha, Place of silver smith. Homer. 0-no-wan o-ga-wen-se, a tributary of the Tioughnjoga from the west, mentioned in land treaties. It may be a form of a name of the latter already given. Ragh-shough, a creek north of the last, and mentioned with it. Gan-i-o-ta-ra/-gach-rachrat, a small lake mentioned in Spang- enberg's journal of 1745. ■ Mr. Jordan thought this Crandall's pond. Albert Cusick translated it as Long long. Gan-ner-at-ar-as-ke, from the same journal. Cusick thought this meant 2he way to the long lake, and. Mr. Jordan identified it with Big lake; in Preble. Che- nin-go creek and Skan-e-at-e-les inlet are other names. DELAWARE COUNTY. Skah-un do-wa, /« /V5(?//a?«j. Delaware river. Cook-qua-ga, or Cak-qua-go a branch of the same stream. Cusick gave me the meaning as the place of a girl's skirt. Te-whe-ack, affluent of the west branch of this river. ig INDIAN NAMES. As-tra-gun-te-ra, another tributary, may derive its name from Atrakwenda,' a flint. Oul-e-out creek was Au-ly-ou-let in 1768. Given me as a con- tinuing voice, as though that of water. Che-hoc-ton, or Sho-ka-kiii, at the branches of the Delaware river in Hancock, has been said to mean Union of streams. O-wa-ri-o-neck, tributary to the Susquehanna, 1779. -A-wan-da creek belongs to the east branch of the Susquehanna. Ti-a-dagh-ta is a stream flowing into the west fork of this branch. Ad-i-qui-tan-ge, a branch of the Susquehanna in Kortwright. Ad-a-geg^tin-gue, or Ad-a-gugh-tin-gag, a brook in Davenport. The name may- be the same as the preceding. Ad-a-quag-ti-na. The Charlotte river. Given as Ad-a-qui-tan- gie in 1790. On-o-wa-da-gegh, a Mohawk village of 1766, interpreted for me as white clay or muddy place. Coke-ose has been rendered OwVs nest, and from this Cook- house is said -to have been derived. Deposit. Pak-a tagh-kan, an Indian village formerly existing at Mar- garetville, on the Delaware. Ga-shick-a-tunk, a village on Fish creek, which is a branch of the Delaware. 1788. Ut-sy ant-hi-a lake. _ Apparently the same as the next. Ote-se-on-te-o, a spring at the head of Delaware river. Given me as Beautiful Spring, cold and pure.. Pe-pach-ton river. Po-pac-ton and Pa-po-tunk. Ca-do-si-a creek. Given me as Covered with a blanket. Mongaup valley. The names and settlements on the Delaware were mostly of that nation. It is curious how the name of a British nobleman has become so completely identified with an Indian people as to f INDIAN NAMES. 19 seem almost native-to the soil. It became at last the leading name of the Mohegan tribes, but I have no personal interpreter speaking this language. DUTCHESS COUNTY. The names in this county are of the Algonquin family, but are not numerous. Ap-o-keep-sink has been rendered Deep water and safe harbor, but doubtfully, for Poughkeepsie. Early forms arc Pi-cip-si and Po-kip-sie. She-kom-e-ko, a Moravian Indian town of 17 50, at Pine Plains. The creek is sometimes sp>elled Che-kom-i-ko. Ap-o-quage, Round lake. Silver lake. Mat-te-a-wan, Council of good fur. Hack-en-sack, Low land. A New Jersey name. Shen-an-do-ah Corners. Recent application of a Virginia name. Wic-c6-pce Pass. Wap-pin-ger's creek, Opossum. Stis-sing mountains. S.e-pas-co lake. Was-sa-ic, Pough-quag and We-ba-tuck are other names. Ma-re -gond pond, 1779. ERIE COUNTY. The name of Erie, meaning a Cat, was applied to the nations destroyed by the Iroquois in 1655. They .are usually identified with the Kah-kwahs, although some have thought the latter the Neutrals, who at one time had three villages east of the Niagara river. On a map of 1680, the "Ka Koua-go-ga, a nation de- stroyed,'' is located near Buffalo. If this was the Neutral nation, whose villages were mostly in Canada, if not entirely so at that time, this map fakes no notice of the populous and destroyed 20 INDIAN NAMES. Eries. Charlevoix said of the lake, " The name it bears is that of an Indian nation of the Huron language, which was- formerly seated on its banks, and who have been entirely destroyed' by the Iroquois. Erie in that language signifies Cat, and in some accounts this nation is called t^e Cat nation. This name comes probably from the la,rge quantity of these animals formerly found in this country. Some modern maps have given lake Erie the name of Gonti, but with no better success than the names of Conde, Tracy, and Orleans, which have been given, to the lakes Huron, Superior and Mi^chigan." Albert C-usick tells me that - Kah-kwah means an eye swelled like' a cafs or prominent rather than deep set. The Eries may thus have had both names, the one from a fancied resemblance to fhat ai'iifaal ■ Before -this .1 think no definition of Ifcah-kwah has been given. It applfears ■ ■ several times in combinations of local names, and tendS' to strengthen the behef that this was one name of the Eries, con- "'■ cerning whom Seneca traditions alone remain. ''^- '""' '-■ A large proportion of the following names are in O. H. Mar- shall's list, many of them practically agreeing with Mbrgaii's.'' A; few are froni other sources. ,-,. ., , , . ■; - , To-na.-wa.n-da. creek, AlfAe raptds,oi^ougA wafer; a frequent name in various forms. Mas-ki-non-gez, from the fish of that ham e, which is spelled in so many ways. An early'Chipp&wa.B'ameof thesame stream, ,• a part of this nation' having ;lti.'^" villages /in -New York over a , hundred years ago. ' '' ■-a": -.i.i.-.--. ..'jt,..'.'- ,-,-^. ,. \.-'\.. . ,,r^■; ,- Ni-ga-we-nah-a-ah, ^S^za/Z^w/a^/^ri ••Tonawanda island. ; ,-,j^ Swee-ge.was an early name'-fdr Lake'Erie-usedby the English, ■.; - and equivalent to Oswego, in which fprnS' it 'also ^ appeased in -: 1726. It seems to have been derive'd fromtiie'India'fe*n'arhe--Qf-.? ■ Grand river in Canada. In the beaver Ifind deed of 1701, it reads, " The lake called by the natives -Sahiquage, and by the INDIAN NAMES. 21 Christians the lake of Swege." That of 1726 is a' little different: "Beginning from a" creek callecl Canahogue on the Lake Os- weego.'' Sa-hi-qua-ge was an Indian name for this lake, given as above, and seems equivalent to the next. Kau-ha-gwa-rah-ka, A Cap. This is given in Cusick's histofy, and I have had its accuracy confirmed in its translation. It is apphed to the same" lake, and one would infer that it is nearly two thousand years old, from David Cusick's account, which does not agree with Marshall's story. A Seneca name has much the same sou-nd, Ga-i-gwaah-geh. , In the deed of 1726 the for- mer name essentially is applied to the upper part of Niagara river, Ca-ha-qua-ra-gha. As ' Niagara' means a neck, and this word a cap, it may refer to the position of this portion of the river. > ., . . • . ' Marshall, however, relates a story connected with the naiiie which should not be omitted,' thojigh perhaps fanciful. It was applied t'o Fo):t Erie, and he translates it 'PlcKe of hats. " Seneta tradition relates, as its origin, that in olden time, soon after^ the , first visit of the white man, a ba,ttle faccurred on' the lake be- tween a party of French in batteaux and Indians in canoes. The latter were victorious, and the French boats' wfeire sunk and the crews drowned. '. 'Their Ka,ts floated ashore' where thefortwas' subsequently biiilt, and attracting the attenfioh of the Indians from their nov'ejlty, they called the locality the place of hats." There seprhs no historical foundation for this story. Ga-noh-hoh-geh, The place filled up, is sometimes applied to the lake, but j fcpeily belongs tO'Long Point; There Was .an Iridiari tradition that the 'Great Beaver .'built a- dam' across the lake, of which LongPSint and Tresque Isle 'sEre the fragments; ■ Do-sho-weh, Splitting the forks. Buffalo. ' This is from Mor- gan, but is not well EUfctaihed; " Mars'liall gives- the usual dfefin- ition. 2 2 INDIAN NAMES. It will not be amiss to give a few statements regarding the eastward r^,nge of the buffalo, of which fhe first New York ac- count is in Wassetiaer's history, 1621-1632. He is speaking of the Indians among the highlands of the Hudson : " On seeing the head of Taurus, one of the signs of the Zodiac, the women know how to explain that it is a horned head of a big, wild animal, which inhabits the distant country, but nat theirs." In "Van der Donck's New Netherlands, not much later, he says that " Buf- faloes also are tolerably plenty. The animals keep towards the south-west, where few ^ieople go." He speaks of ihem intel- ligently at that early day. In 1 718, M. de Vaudreuil said l3iat "Buffaloes abound on the south shore of Lake Erie, but not on the north." At that time theSre were Buffalo creeks in New York and Pennsylvs^nia. These animals wer^ a}5und?.^it in the open forests of Ohio a hundred years ago, as tvell as in WeSt Virginia. They frecfiiented salt licks. In 1688, La Hontan said that at the foot of Lake Erie, . " We find wild beeves, upon the bf nfcs of two rivers that dis- charge into it without cataracts- or rapid currents." HoWever rare east of the Apalachian range, Lawson relates that two wer-e killed in one year on the Appomatox, a branch of the James river. It seems reasonable, therefore, to suppose that Buffalo had Its name from the occasional presence of this animal. Do-syo-wa, Place of basswood% From their abundance. To-se-o-way and Te-ho-se-ro-ron are among the other forms. Tick-erack-gou-ga-ha-un-da, Buffalo creek,'' is apphed to the stream only. It is disputed whether buffaloes were ever found there, or whether the stream was not called after a Seneca In- dian of the Wolf clan, named De-gi-yah-goh, or Buffalo, who Hved there. As Oak Orchard cjeek, still further east, was known as Riviere aux Boeufs, or Buffalo creek, as early as 1721, the probability is that buffaloes reached that part of New. York at least. INDIAN NAMES. 23 Gah-gwah-ge-ga-aah, or Gah-gwah-geh, Home of the Kah- kwahs. Eighteen Mile creek. This is Kogh-quau-gu, in the land purchase of 1797, otherwise Ga-gwa-ga creek, Creek of the cat nation, Kah-kwah meaning an eye swelled like a cafs. Ta-nun-no-ga-o, Full of Hickory bark, is another name for this creek. Sca-ja-qua-dy creek, named after an Indian. It is called Scoy-gu-quoi-des in the land treaties, arid flows into the Niagara east of Grand Island. ^ Gen-tai-e-ton was an early Erie village, where Catharine Gan- di-ak-te-na, an Oneida convert, was born. A captive girl, she married an Oneida, and after a life of great piety died in 1673. Ga-da-geh, Through the oak openings. Cayuga creek. Foi the same name and place Marshall gives Fishing place with a scoop basket. -Ji-ik-do-waah-geh, Place of crab apple tree. Chicktawauga creek. De-on-gote, Hearing Place. Murderer's creek at Akron. See- un-gut, Roar of distant waters, is the same. Ga-yah-gaawh-doh, The smoke has disappeared, the name of Old Smoke, a noted Seneca chief, who lived on this creek. Ue-dyo-deh-neh-sak-do, A gravel bend,' is beyond Smoke's creek. It is called also Da-de-o-da-na-suk-to, essentially the same, but defined as .a Bend in the shore. Hah-do-neh, Place of June berries. Seneca creek. Ga-e-na-dah-daah, Slate rock bottom. Cazenovia creek. Morgan translates Ga-a-nun-deh-ta as Mountain flattened down, which may have been intended for a flat rocky surface. The different interpretations have often similar harmonies. De-yoh-ho-gah, Forks of the river. The junction of Cayuga and Cazenovia creeks; a common name. Ta-kise-da-ne-yont, Place of the bell.. Red Jacket's, village. 24 INDIAN NAMES. where the mission house was. Marshall renders it Tga-is-da-ni- yont, Place of the suspended bell. Tgah-sgoh-sa-deh, Place of the falls.. Falls above. Upper Ebenezer. « Dyo-nah-da-eeh, Hemlock elevation. Upper Ebenezer village. Tgsi-des' Zong prairie. Meadows above the last. De-dyo-na-wa'h, The ripple. Middle Ebenezar village. On-on-dah-ge-gah-geh, Place of the Onondagas. A former village of that nation, west of Lower Ebenezer. K.an-hai-ta-neck-ge, Place of many streams. The same place, as given by David and interpreted by Albert Cusick. This was occupied by the Onondagas a hundred years a^go; Sha-ga-nah gah-yeh, Place of the Stockbridges, east of the last. ^De-as-gwah-da-ga-neh, Lamper eel place. Lancaster village) after a person who lived there. Ga-squen-da-geh, Place of the lizard. This is the same name, slnd Morgan gives it for the same place. It may refer to one of Cusick's stories. ^ De-yeh-ho-ga-da-ses, The oblique ford. Old ford at the Iron bridge. Tga-non-da-ga-yos-hah, Old village. Site of the first Seneca village on Buffalo creek, on Twichell's flats. They had no vil- lages west of the Genesee valley for a long time after the Erie war. Ni-dyio-nyah-a-ah, Narrow point. Farmer's Brother, Point. This chief was a noted orator of recent times. Yo-da-nyuh-gwah, A fishing place with hook and line. Beach above Black Rock. Tga-si-ya-deh, Rope ferry. Old ferry over Buffalo creek. Tga-no-so-doh, Place of houses. An old village in the forks of Smoke's creek. Dy-os-hoh, Sulphur spring, which is the present name. INDIAN NAMES. 2$ He-yont-gat-hwat-hah, Picturesque place. Cazenovia bluff. Gah-da^ya-deh, Plcue of misery. Williamsville, in allusion to the bleak and open meadows. An old chief, however, referred it to the open sky, where the trail crossed the creek. Ga-sko-sa-da-ne-o, Many falls, is another name for this place. Gar-we-not, Great island, is an early name for Grand island, but Morgan gives Ga-weh-no-geh, On the island. 0-gah-gwah-geh, Home of the sunfish. Mouth of Cornehus creek. The Indian name .is from a negro who lived here at an early day, and whom they called the sunfish, because of a red spot in one of his eyes. He married among them, and became influential, lieaving many descendants. Ken-jock-e-ty creek. Beyond the multitude, called after the son of a Kah-kwah. He lived to a great age, and was an influential chiefl More exactly the name is Sga-dyuh-gwa-dih, and this illustrates the frequent changes of names in our use of them, but this has been written in several other ways. Ga-noh-gwaht-geh. Wild grass of a particular kind, is another name for the same stream. De-o-steh-ga-a, A. rocky shore, is that at Black Rock, so called from the outcrop of dark corniferous Umestone. Te-car-na^ga-ge, Black water. Two Sisters' creek. Ga-da-o-ya-deh, Level heavens. EUicott creek. Pon-ti-ac, the name of the celebrated western chief, has been introduced as the name of a post-office. Dyos-da-o-dah, Rocky island, was the name of Bird island, but the stone of which it was composed has been removed and util- ized. Dyo-e-oh-gwes, Tall grass, ox flag island. Rattlesnake island. Dyu-ne-ga-nooh, Cold-water. Cold Spring. De-dyo-we-rio-guh-do, Divided island. Squaw island, so called from being crossed by a marshy creek. Marshall uses more letters in his spelling than seems necessary. 26 INDIAN NAMES. and Morgan's is far simpler, though not so exact in inflections. The hardening of some sounds will be observed in comparison with words among the eastern Iroquois, though Morgan gener- ally followed the Seneca pronunciation. ESSEX COUNTY. Ka-ya-dos-se-ras, a tract long in dispute about and north of Saratoga. It will be referred to again. Ad-ir-on-dacks, Tree eaters. The present Onondaga name, with the same meaning, is Ha-te-en-tox. Ti-con-de-ro-ga has a bewildering variety of forms. Morgan gives it as Je-hone-ta-lo-ga,' Noisy. It has also been rendered Tsi-non-dro-sie and Che-non-de-ro-ga, with the meaning of brawl- ing waters. The French called it Carillon from the bell-like sound of the falls, and they also called it Ti-on-di-on-do-guin in 1744, applying the name to Lake Champlain. On the map of the land grants it is called, " R. Tycofaderoge, or tale of the Lake." It does not seem, in early sound, essentially different from Tionondorage, or Teondeloga, the early name of the village near Fort Hunter. Hunck-sook, Where every one fights, has been given as a Mo- h&gan name for the same place. Lake Champlain has naturally many names. One of the present ones is O-ne-a^da-lote. Another earlier name was Can- ia-de-ri Gua-run-te, the first word^meaning lake. Teck-ya-dough Ni-gar-i-ge, was applied to the narrows be- tween CrOwn Point and Ticonderoga. Ro-tsi-ich-ni, Coward spirit, is another name, more recent which is given to the lake, referring to an evil spirit who is said to have Uved and died on one of its islands. Ro-ge-o was another rather early name for the lake, after the Mohawk chief, Rogeo, who was drowned at Split Rock. The rock was also called after him, and marked the north-east corner INDIAN NAMES. 27 of the Mohawk territory. It was sometimes called Re-gi-ogh-ne and the point on the east shore by the same name. The Mohawks had a legend that an old Indian lived under this rock, who' re- ceived offerings .and controlled the winds and waves. Corlaer made fun of this story and was drowned, leaving the Indians to warn all scoffers by his fate. Cough-sa-gra^-ge has been given as Dismal Wilderness, and Coux-sa-chra^ga, which is the same, as Their'hunting grounds. Both relate to the wilderness of New York in general, and Albert Cusick thought them a form of Mohawk, having reference to a child. It would seem, however, that the word might be derived from Kogh-se-rage, Winter, from the coolness of the mountain tract. , • Ju.-t o-west-hah, Hunting place, is the present Onondaga name foi the whole wilderness, a? received by me. Ag-an-us chi-on has been rendered Blach mountain range, and applied to the Adirondaeks, but it seems to be the old name which the Iroquois gav^ to their country j»and which means a long house. Kas-kong-sha-di, Broken water, is a rift of the Opalescent river. Skagh-ne-tagh-ro-wah-na, Largest lakes. Thjs has been given as the name from which ^ Schroon lake was derived, and it was interpreted for me as The lake itself is large. Some think it de- rived from the French. Sknoona-pus has also been given as a name for this lake. Skon-o-wah-co. Schroon river. She-gwi-en-daw-kwe, or Gwi-en-dau-qua, Hanging spear, are the same names for the falls of the Opalescent river. Pa-pa-guan-e-luck, River of cranberries. Au Sable river. • San-da-no-na mountain has been thought a corruption of St. Anthony^ but no reasons have been given for this opinion. The interpretation I received was .52^OT^?/«f^m. 2.8 INDIAN NAMES. Ir-o-quois and Al-gon-quin are names recently applied to two mountains. The latter is usually translated Lake, and th^ for- mer will be defined on a later page. Pit-tow-ba-gonk is a little known name for Lake Champlain, probably given by recent hunters. Ou-no-war-lah, Scalp mountain. Ta-ha-wus, He splits the sky. Mt. Marcy. The post office is Ta-ha-wes. Me-tauk, Enchanted wood. Adirondack Pass. Wa-ho-par-te-nie. White face mountain. I believe th e name of The-a-no-guen has been recently given to this, and it is much better, as meaning White Head, and being the name of Old Hendrick, the noted Mohawk chief, who lived to a great age, and was killed at the battle of Lake George in 1755. He. was so called from the remarkable whiteness of his scalp. The French spelling was The-yarno-guen, etc. In the account of his condolence at Canajoharie it, is Ti-ya-no-ga. On the deed of the beaver lands in lyoi, his name^is Te-o-ni-a-hi-ga-ra-we. FRANKLIN COUNTY. To-na-wa-deh, Swift water, or rapids, is the Rack'et or Rac- quette river, which has its common name from the French term for the Indian snow-shoes. The name of Ni-ha-na wa-te. Rapid river, is but a slight variation of the first! In Masta-qua, Lar- gest river, we have an Algonquin name. Tsi-tri-as-ten-ron-we, "Natural dam, is applied to the lower falls of this river. Ou-lus-ka Pass was interpreted for me as Marching through grass and burrs. Ou-kor-lah, Big eye. Mt. Seward. I received the definition of Its eye. Am-per-sand pond and mountain. Kar-is-tau-tee, an island .near St. Regis, and in the St. Law- INDIAN NAMES. 29 rence, oflf the mouth of Salmon river, is so called after an Indian banished there by his tribe. Kil-lo-quaw, With rays, like the sun. Ragged lake. Win-ne-ba-go pond. Stinking-water. A western name. Con-gam-muck, Lower Saranac lake. Pat-tou-gam-muck, Middle Saranac lake. Sin-haJo-nee-in-ne-pus, Large and beautiful lake. Upper Sar- anac lake. Pas-kon-gam-muc, Pleasant lakes. Applied to the whole group. Wah-pole Sin-e-ga hu, the portage from Saranac lake to Rock river. Ak-wis-sas-ne, Where the partridge drums< St. Regis. From the abundance of partridges, or the booming of ice with a sim- ilar sound. Ken-tsi-a-ko-wa-ne, Big fish river. Salmon river. Te-ka-swen-ka-ro-rens, Where they saw boards. Hogansburgh. Te-ka-no-ta-ron-we, Village on both sides of a river. Malone_ Sa-ko-ron-ta-keh-tas, Where small trees are carried on the shoulder. Moira. 0-sar-he-han, A difficult place which struggles make worse. Chateaugay. ^ FULTON COUNTY. Sa-con-da-ga river, ^rcze/K^^ /««pUed to Oneida lake, and varies much in speUing. Te-thir-o-guen, an early name of Oneida lake will have far- ther attention. Goi-en-ho, another early name, has been de- fined for me as Crossing place, either alluding to the ford at Brewerton, or the crossing on the ice. .» Chaniplain crossed at Brewerton in 1615, Fathes LeMoyne in 1654, and two others the following yeas? one of whom passed Oneida lake on the ice, on his return to Cariada in the spring of 1656. Both were customary crossings according to the season' of the y£ar. Ne-wa-gegh-koo, an old name of the bay at the south-east angle of Oneida lake. Interpreted for me as Where I ate heart- ily; a good name for a pleasure resort. A-on-ta-gil-lon, Brook of the pointed rocks. Fish creek. Can-a-das-se-o-a, an early village east of Canaseraga, and on a stream midway on the south side of Oneida lake. Cusick in- terpreted this as a Village spread out as though daubed on, some- what as butter is spread on bread. Da-ude-no^sa-gwa-nose, Round house. Hamilton- She-wa-is-la, Point made by bushes. Lenox- Ah-gote-sa-ga-nage, village of Stockbridges. Besides the abovie Zeisberger mentioned the Tuscarota villages of An-a-jot, Ti-och-rung-we, and Gan-a-tis-go-a, the last of which may be rendered Large or long village; if it does not prove to be Can-a-3as-se-o-a, as seems probable. MONROE COUNTY. I-ron-de-quoit bay is variously spelled and interpreted. In Onondaga it is Che-o-ron-tak. Morgan gives it as Neo-da-on-da- INDIAN NAMES. 4 1 quat, A bay. Kan-i-a-ta-ron-to-quat, Opening into the lake, is quite literal. Spafford, in his gazetteer,' perhaps mistook a name of Toronto for this, and made it Te-o-ron-to, Where the waves die. Early variations are many in number and' Charlevoix called nt the bay of the Tson-nont-houans, or Senecas. He described it as a beautiful place. In a journal of 1759 it appears as'Ni denindequeat. Ga-sko-sa-go, Atthe falls. Rochester. Ga-skon-chi-a-gon, was a frequent early name for the Genesee, or Little Seneca river, in allusion to the falls, the same name being given to Gswego Falls. From this is derived Tsi-nont-chi-ou-ag-on, applied to ' the mouth of the river on early maps. Charlevoix described the lower part of the river in 1721, and regretted that he knew noth- ing of the falls until he had passed the place. " This river i^ called Cas-con-chi-a-gon, and is very narrow and shallow at its discharge into the lake. A little higher it is 240 feet in breadth, and it is affirmed that there is water to float the largest - ships. Two leagues (French) from its mouth you are stopped' by -a- fall, which seems to be about sixty feet high, and 240 feet broad;- a musket shot above this you find a second of the sam6 -breadth,, but not so high by a third ; and half a league higher still a third, which is full a hundred feet high, and 360 feet' broad.^' Je-don-da-go was a place somewhere on the lake east of Irdn- dequoit bay. Go-Ao\s-m., Flace of minnows. Salmon creek. O-neh-chi-geh, Long ag(>. Sandy creek. Sko-sa-is-to, Rebounding falls. Honeoye falls. While Mor- gan applies this name to Honeoye Falls, Mr. George H. Harris assigns essentially the same term, Sgo-sa-is-fhah, Where the swell jdashes against the precipice, to a rift on Irondequoit creek, above the dugway mills. It may very well belong to both places. I follow his division of syllables, as he is well versed in Seneca usages, but the Onondagas do not unite the th. 42 INDIAN NAMES. | Gin-is-a-ga was an early name for Allen's creek. Allen was | a noted and unscrupulous man who lived among the Senecas at and before the white settlement. O-hu-de-a-ra, a Seneca name for Lake Ontario. Gweh-ta-ane-te-car-nun-do-leh, Red village. Brockport. Ne-a-ga Wa-ag-wen-ne-yu, Footpath to Niagara, or Ontario trail. Da-yo-de-hok-tp, A bended stream, is the same as the early village of To-ti-ak-ton, or The-o-de-hac-to, in 1677, in the town ofMendon., MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Albert Cusick interpreted Ga-ro-ga creek as Creek on this' side. At one time there were no Mohawk villages west of this. Chjic-te-nun-da creek has been erroneously interpreted Twin sisters. Mr. Pearson defined it Stone houses, in allusion to the sheltering cliiFs, but the meaning given to me was simply Stony. Co-wil-li^ga creek, Willow creek. Tie-on-de-lo-ga, or I-con-de-ro-ga, Two streams coming toget/her. Also Ti-on-on-do-ra-ge, and various .other forms. Mohawk river at Schoharie creek and Fort Hunter. Also called Og-sa-da-ga. Ju-ta-la-^a, Amsterdam creek. Os-seu-nen-on, or O-ne-on-gon-re, early site of the eastern- most Mohawk' cagtle. ' Ogh-rac-kie, Auries' creek. ; Co-daugh-ri-ty, Steep banks, or wall. A land-slide on Scho- 'harie creek, called Ca-da-re-die in 1779. Ots-qua-ga creek, Under the brids^e. Ots-que-ne, tributary to the last. Ots-tun-go, another tributary. Ta-ra-jor-hies, Hill of health. Site of an Indian village just east of Fort Plain, called also Ta-re-gi-o-ren, in 1726, after its chief, being the same name already given. At one time this was the Indian village of Canajoharie. INDIAN NAMES. 43 Twa-da-al-a-ha-la, Fort on a hill. Fort Plain. Da-den-os-ca-ra creek, or Da-to-sca-re, Trees having excres- cences. •Kan-a^da-rauk creek, Broad. Can-a-jo-ha-rie, Washing, the basin, according to Morgan. The word, however, has reference to a kettle, and other definitions have been Kettle shaped hole in the rocks, Pot that washes itself, alluding to a large pot-hole in the Canajgharie creek. Like othei Indian villages this tpwn was removed from time to time, ^ still retaining the name. Morgan located it at Fort Plain, but said that one would naturally have expected to have found this village on Canajoharie creek. It really was just jvest of this creek at one time, as local antiquarians have abundant proofs. In 1677 Can-a-jor-ha was a village on the north side of the Mo- hawk, enclosed with a single stockade. Te-ko-ha-ra-wa, means a Valley, as interpreted for me, and is applied to a tributary of Canajoharie creek, and sometimes to the stream itself. An-da-ra^-gue was an early Mohawk village, and most of their towns had several names. De-kan-a-ge, another early village, defined for me as Where I lil)e, may be the next. Te-non-at-che, Flowing through a mountain, which is David Cusick's interpretation. He assigns it to the Mohawk river, in giving an account of the settlement of the Five Nations. Mo-hawk, or Ma-qua, A bear. This is not an Iroquois name, though borne by one of the nations. In 1676 this nation was mentioned as "'Maugwa-wogs, or Mohawks, i. e. man-eaters." A later writer supposes it to be Muskrat river, but he also inore properly derives it from moho, to eat, ^.nd makes it Cannibal river. The nation was certainly quite fqnd of human flesh. The French, called them Ag-ni-ers, but their name was Can-ni-un-ga-es, Pcssessors of the flint. They were the first to use guns, and 44 INDIAN NAMES. gathered flints on- Lake Champlain to be used in strikin g" fire. Their sign was the flint and steel, and they usually drew the lat- ter as the national totem. Con-ne-o-ga-ha-ka-lon-on-i-ta-de, another name for the Mo- hawk river. The first part sounds Uke the name of the nation, but A. Cusick was quite sure it meant a Small continuing sky, perhaps in allusion to the glimpses of the heavens afforded by the reflections in the water. Tu-ech-to-na,.a creek south of Amsterdam. Tingh-to-nan-an-da, a creek east of tKe same place. Sdian-a-tis-sa, a village near the middle Mohawk castle, on a map of 1655. The interpretation given me was rather odd. Little long short village, but ih the Indian way of speaking this might be rendered, " Not a very long, in fact a very short village." Cung-stagh-rat-han-kre, Creek that never runs dry, at Stone' •Arabia, 1753. Tha-yen-dak-hi-ke, a cliif on the Mohawk, near the Nose. Et-a-gra-gon, a rock on the south bank of the river. 0-na-we-dake, a great flat on the south side. Was-Gont-ha ajJpears on the map of N. Y. grants, south-east of Canajoharie, and seems the same name as that given by French for Little Lakes, Wa-ri-cont-ha. It means _/"a//r. Ki-na-qua-ri-o-nes, She arrowmaker, " Where the Last Battle was between the Mohawks and the North (river) Indians,'' men- tioned in the Schenectady grant of 1672. Gen. J. S. Clark says this " is the steep rocky hjll on the north side of the Mo- hawk river, just above Hoffman's Ferry. • * The ancient aboriginal name is still preserved in the contracted form of To- we-re-ou-ne." This battle was in 1669, after the unsuccessful - Mohegarf attack on Gan-da-oua-gue. Pearson gives two other forms of the name, and the three vary in sex or person, accord- ing to Albert Cusick. INDIAN NAMES. 45 Hin-qua-ri-0-nes is He arrowmaker, and Can-a-qua-ri-o-ney is I arrow maker, as though the one or the- other dwelt there. Caugh-na-wa-ga, or Gan-da-oua-gue, On the rapids. Fonda. A frequent name, here given to one of the Mohawk castles. It has been erroneously rendered Stone in the water, perhaps from t}ie location of the town on the stream next mentioned. Ca-y^-dut-ta, or Can-i-a-dut-ta, Stone standing out of the water. Besidps other villages mentioned already, Ca-ha-ni-a-ga and Ti-on-op-do-gue, double stockaded towns, and Ca-na-go-ra, a single stockade, wgre on the north side of the river in 1677. Oiveu-gi-Ou-re, or Os-ser-ue-non, were among the names of one >townin 1645. Megapblensis, in 1644, assigns As-ser-ue, the same as the" last, to the Turtl& clan. The Bear clan occupied Ba-na-gi-ro, undoubtedly an erroneous rendering of Cahagora. The Wolf clan, derived from the JBear, dwelt at The-non-di-6-go; The Mohawk villages varied much m number, and their situation was often changed. Theie were no villages in their home ter- ritory until about the end of the sixteenth century. NEW YORK COUNTY. Man-hat-tan, The island, on which New York city is built. Prc^bably from the Delaware word Man-a-tey, an island. Hec- kewelder could not find that there was ever a nation of this name, and 'concluded that the island still called Man-a^hit-ta-ni by the Delawares, was inhabited by them. DeLaet, however, in 1625, said that 'the Manatthans were a wicked nation, and deadly enemies of the Sankikani, who liveid opposite, on the west shoreof the river.- Other early writers take notice of them. The Monseys also called the site df the city La-ap-ha-wach-king, Place of stringing wampum beads. Heckewelder observes that " They say this name was given in consequence of the distribu- tion of beads among them by ' Eurbpeans, and that after the European vessel returned, wherever one looked, the Indians 46 INDIAN NAMES. were seen stringing beads and wampum the whites gave them.' The same author also gives to New York the name of Man-a- hat-ta-nink, Place of general intoxication, .from a great carousal there in early days. By way of variety part of Washington Irving's observations ; may be quoted, "The name most current at the present day, and ' which is likewise countenanced by the great historian Va,nder- Donck, is Manhattan; which is said to have originated in a cus- tom among the squaws, in the eaily settlement of wearing men's hats, as is still done among many tribes. ' Hence,' as we are told by an old governor, who was somewhat of a wag,. and flour- ished almost a, century since, and had paid a visit to ,the wits of Philadelphia, ' hence arose the appellation of man-hat-on, first given to the Indians, and afterwards to the island' — a stupid joke! — but well enough for a governor. * * * There is an- other, founded on still more ancient and indisputable authority, which I particularly delight in, seeing it is at once poetical, me- lodious, and significant, and this is recorded in the before-men- tioned voyage of the great Hudson, written by master Juet; who clearly and correctly calls it Manna-hatta, that is to say, the is- land of Manna, or in other words, 'a land flowing with milk and honey.'" The Sankhicanni, before mentioned, were the Fire workers. The name of Tam-ma-ny has become local in New York, in a sense, and can hardly be omitted. He was an early and em- inent Delaware chief, so virtuous that "his countrymen could only account for the perfections they ascribe to him by suppos- ing him to be favored with the special communications qf the Great Spirit." More than a century ago he was greatly admired by the whites, and they conferred on him the title of St. Tam- many, keeping his festival on the first of May. The Philadelphia society wore buck-tails in their hats, and went to the wigwam on that day, where the calumet was smoked, and speeches and dan- INDIAN NAMES. 47 ces followed. Out of all those formed the New York society alone survives, Heckeweld.er says that most of the stories about him were made up by the whites. Min-ha-hau-ock, At the island. Blackwell's island. Ka-no-no is the Onondaga name for New York, but the mean- ing has been lost, ^and it is applied to the city only. 0-jik-ha-da-ge-ga, Salt water. Atlantic ocean. Hoboken, said to mean Smoke pipe, or tobacco pipe, may be. not{ed here, but Zeisberger defines Ho-po-a-can, as Pipe or flute, and gives quite a different word for tobacco pipe. In the New England dialects, however, Hopuonk meant a pipe, or pipes and tobacco. Wee-haw-ken has been called Maize land, but the translation may not be sound. NIAGARA COUNTY. Though recently in possession of the Senecas this county w,as originally part of the territory of the Neutrals, who had three villages east of the river in 1626, most of their towns being in Canada. They called themselves Akouanke, but the Hurons termed them MCvu-asv&sxovik, A people with a speech a little dif- ferent from their own. They were destroyed by the Iroquois im- mediately after the Huron war. In 1640 they had a village at the mouth of the Niagara river called On-gui-a-ah-ra, and they gave the river the same name. The variations of this are many. Ni- , a-ga-ra means A n^ck, and has no relation to the cataract. It was written 0-n.e-i-gra and O-ni-a-go-rah in 1687. The Tuscar roras call Lewiston, Ne-ah-ga. The. carrying place was formerly called Ja-ga-ra, or. On-j a-ga-ra. Sometimes it had the nanie of Och-swee-ge. 0-ne-a.-\3i, A neck. The mouth of the river. Ga-sko-sa-da, The falls; BaXe-cnT-sVo-sast, HigJiest falls ; Kas- sko-scr-wah-nah, Great^fall, are all applied to the cataract. Ca-ha-qua-ragh-e was a name applied to the upper part of the 48 INDIAN NAMES. river, in i'726, and A. Cusick thinks it means the Neck just under the chin. ■ This is the same as D. Cusick's name for Lake Erie, interpreted a cap. It appears as A-qua-ra-ge in 1687. Shaw-nee, Southern people, is the name of an early nation which has been applied to a hamlet.. They were once subject to the Iroquois. Date-ge-a-de-ha-na-geh, Two creeks near together. Eighteen mile creek. . Te-car-na-ga-ge, Black creek, the east branch of the Tuscaro- ra creek. , De-yo-wuh-yeh, Among the reeds. West branch, of the Tus- carora creek. 0-yon-wa-yea, or O-non-wa-yea, Johnson's creek; A. Cusick called it O-yong-wong yeh, and thought it meant Something sunk to the bottom of the water. This' might allude to somethmg done at the siege of Fort Niagara. A-jo-yok-ta, Fishing creek. This is Morgan's name for the same stream. The British army landed here in 1759 - De-o^o-sote, The spring, referring to the Cold Spring two miles north-east of Lockport. Morgan gives this, but adds De- o-na-ga-no as the name of the spring, and Ta-ga-ote as that of Lockport. There is often quite a difference in his' list and itinerary. Kah-ha-neu-ka, or Ki-eri-u-ka, Where the cannon point down, as given me. David Cusick describes the fort as existing under this name about 800 years ago. A supposed old fort on the rocks on the Tuscarora reservation. Turner defines Kiennka as Fort with a fine view, and it may have been derived frpm Gaano- geh, mentioned below. Gwa-u-gweh, Place oftdking but boats. Carrying place at the falls. Duh-jih-heh-oh, Walking on all fours. Liewiston Heights,' in allusion to carrying burdens up the ledge, at the old portage. INDIAN NAMES. 49 Te-ka-on-do-duk, Place ■with a signpost. Middleport. 0-gea-wa-te-kae, Place of the butternut R'Syalton Centre. Ga-a-no-geh, On the Mountains. Tuscaroia village near Lew- istoa. Hate-keh-neet-ga-on-da. Golden Hill creek. Chu-nu-tah, Where the water comes and overflows all, as given me by A. Cusick. Bloody lane. Ga.-ovfa,h-go-wa.a.h, Pig canoe island. Navy island, so called from the early French ship buildmg there. Ti-yan-a-ga-run-te. A. Cusick interpreted this Where she-threw a stick at me. A river next east of Johnson's Harbor, perhaps Six Mile creek. Dyus-da-nyah-goh, Cleft rocks. Devil's Hole and Bloody Run. Dyu-no-wa-da-se, The current goes round. Whirlpool. Ouar-o-ro-non, the last village of the Neutrals, which wg,s one day from the' Iroquois in 1626. A. Cusick interpreted this A separate people, for it was really an Indian nation. Ou-non-tis-as-ton. De la Roche's residence in 1626. On the same authority I render this The thing that made the hill high. Near by, on the Canada shore, Chipipewa creek was called Jo-no-dak, Shallow water. Pouchot called it Che-non-dac, and it had its present nam'e from the Ojibways, or Mississaugas, who lived there. ONEIDA COUNTY. Ta-ga-soke, Forked like a spear. Fish creek. Te-ge-so-ken, Between two mouths. Really the same name, and applied to the same stream. On-ey-da river, an early name of this creek. The meaning has been already given. A-pn-ta-gil-lon, Creek at the point of rocks. Another name of the same. 50 INDIAN NAMES. Oa-ei-yu-t4, Standing stone. Oneida. It was often spelled On-ei-out at an early day. With aug added, it properly means People of the stone. The council name of the nation was- some- times applied to the principal village, and in this way it appear- ed as, Ni-ha-run-ta-quo-a in 1743. In general Oneida is best do^ fined as simply a stone, referring to the one around which the nation first grouped itself, the idea of standing being added when a smaller stone became its emblefn. Skan-an-do-wa creek, Great hemlock, after the old Oneida chief Skpnandoah, the friend of Kirkland. He pathetically said, in allusion to his grey hairs, that he was an old hemlock, dead at the top. It is retained as a common farnily name. Skun-an-do-wa, Great hemlock. Vernon Centre. Ska-nu-sunk, Place of the fox. Vernon. • Te-ya-nun-so-ke, Beech free standing. Nine mile creek. Orris-ca, on early maps for Oriskany, has been interpreted Where there was a large field. On the other hand, Morgan calls it 0-le-hisk, Nettles. An Cusick told me it meant something growing large in the field, and thus might be applied to this weed. The Mohawk word for nettle is Oh-rhes. . It is 0-chris- ke-ney creek on the map of 1790. Sau-quoit, or Sa-da-quoit creek, . Smooth pebbles in a stream. It is Sa-dagh-que-da on the map just mentioned. Skan-o-wis, Long swamp. Sangerfield. Kan-go-dick, or Kan-e-go-dick, is Wood creek. Date-wa-sunt-ha-go, Great falls. Trenton Falls. These have also been called Kuy-a-ho-ra,, defined as Slanting waters. Ho-sta-yun-twa. Camden. Nun da-da-sis, or TJ-nun-da-da-ges, Around the hill Utica. It was so called because of the peculiar way in which the great trail wound around the hill east of the city. One-te-a-dah-que, In the bone. Trenton. Twa-dali-ah-lo-dah-que, Ruins of a fort, given to Utica from INDIAN NAMES. 5 1 the ruins of Fort Schuyler, of revolutionary days. The-ya-o-guin, Wkife head. Mentioned iu French documents of 1748, and It may have been Rome, but possibly a little far- ther west. This was King Hendrick's name. 0-je-en-rud-de, On the other side of the fire, was mentioned as the proposed site of a French fort, in 1700, on a branch of our (English) river. This would be either the Mohawk or Hudson, but it was probably Ticonderoga, as the Enghsh governors' ideas of American geography were not always clear. ' Che-ga-quat-ka, Kidneys. Whitestown creek and New Hart- ford. Ga^nun-dag-lee, Hills shrunk together. Paris Hill. Ka-da-wis-dag, or Ka-de-wis-day, White field. Clinton. ! Te-o-na-tale, Fine forest. Verona. Da-ya-hoo-wa-quat, Carrying place. Rome. - A Cusick, how- ever, distinguished between this and De-o-wa^in-sta, which is translated in the same way and applied to the-same place. The former is Lifting the boat; the latter. Setting the boat down. In early days boats were carried from the Mohawk to Wood creek. Can-o-wa-rog-ha-re, Head on a pole. Oneida Castle, and sometimes applied to the lake. Many forms of this will be found, and it was given to many villages, though the allusion is not clear. ^ Kan-o-wa-lo-ha^-le. De-ose la-ta-ga-at. Where the cars go fast. Oneida, after the opcHing of the railroad. This is not far from the modern Oneida castle, the nation originally living much farther south. Kun-yous-ka-ta, Foggy place, with suggestions of a rainbow, as given to me. White creek. Egh-wag-ny, a branch of the Unadilla, in this county, in 1701- Can-a-da creek. A. 'Cusick rendered this Kan-a-ta, Dark brown water. It is capable of another interpretation in this form. Kan-agh-ta-ra-ge-a-ra. Dean's creek. £2 INDIAN NAMES. Ka-ny on-scot-ta, given me as Rainbow in a misty place. A branch of Oriskany creek, and perhaps identical with a name previously mentioned. ONONDAGA COUNTY. 0n-6n-da-ga, People of the mountain in its complete form The principal village always had this name, called by the French On- on-ta-e, or On-on-tah-que. Among themselves the Ononda- gas use the broad a in the third and fourth syllables, but not in talking with whites. It was first used in the south-east part of the county about A. D. 1600, remaining near the Limestone creek for over seventy years, and then being transferred" to a village on Butternut creek. Early in the i8th century it crossed over to the east side of Onondaga creek, and about 1750 it was established on the west side. The nation has occupied that valley less than two hundred years, and their present home about a century. The Oneida and Oswego rivers were once called by this name. A. Cusick gave me the name as On-on-dah-ka, Up on a hill. In 1743, the council name of the nation, Sa-gogh-sa- an a-gech-they ky, was apphed to the village. -^ '' Ga-nunt-a-ah, Material for council fire, according to Morgan ; but A. Cusick interprets the early form of this, Ge-nen-ta-ha, as Near the village on a hill. Oh-nen-ta-ha is the present In- dian name of this, and Ka-ne-en-da the early EngUsh forin for a village on the inlet. As applied to the principal village, it may be remarked that Onondaga was descriptive only of the earlier towns. Kotch-a-ka-too, Lake surrounded by salt springs, according to Clark. More exactly it is Ka-chik-ha-to. Te-ya-jik-ha do, Place of salt, applied to Salina, is the same. Nat-a-dunk, Broken pine with drooping top, Syracuse. It was given me as Tu-na-ten-tonk, Hanging pine. Some have imade it Oh-na-ta-toonk, Among the pines, and used it for the vicinity of Syracuse and the mouth of the creek. INDIAN NAMES. 53 Kah-ya-hoo-neh, When the ditch full of water goes through; more correctly Ken-tue-ho-ne, A creek or river that has been made. Syracuse. The Indians pronounce the name of the city ■Sy-kuse. Skan-e-at-e les, Long lake; in the Onondaga form Skan-e-a-ti- es ; not an uncommon name, but also given to much smaller lakes. "In this case it comes from its river-like appearance as seen from some points. It has been erroneously asserted thafc it means beautiful squciw, and this may be persisted in, as it has long been in the past"! A curious memorial of this conflict of opinion may be added, in the form of a statement procured by Mr. J. V. H. Clark, intended to settle the question, but which had little effect. It was made and subscribed by' two Onondaga chiefs, and is as follows : — " Our attention has been lately called to two or three articles ' in the Skaneateles Democrat of March 13th, 1862, which articles aver that the name of Skaneateles means ' Beautiful Squaw.' The authors made the statement, and persevere in it, from in- formation purporting to be derived from Indians many years ago. We would here distinctly state that we have never known among Indians the interpretation of Skaneateles to be 'Beautiful Squaw,' nor do we know of any tradition among the Onondagas, connect- ed with Skaneateles, that has any allusion to a ' Beautiful Squaw,' or 'Tall Virgin,' or any 'Female of graceful form.' The Onon- dagas know the lake by the name Skeh ne a-ties, which, literally rendered, is ' Long Water.' Nothing more or less. We have in- quired of several of our chief men and women, who say that it is the first time they have ever heard that Skaneateles meant ' Beau- tiful Squaw.' They, as well as ourselves, believe such interpre- tation to be a fiction. Totowahganeo,- (Henry Webster) Principal Chief Onondaga Nation. Honoeyahteh, (Capt. George) Prmcipal Chief Onondaga Nation. ■ Onondaga Castle, March rSth, 1862." Kai-yahn-koo, Resting place, where they stop to smoke. Green lake near Kirkville, from its being a resting place between Onon- 54 INDIAN NAMES. daga and Oneida Castle. Mr. Clark interpreted this Satis-lied with tobacco, and assigned it to Green pond west of Jamesville. He said the Indians made an offering'of tobacco there. I give the name as the Indians now place jt. Tue-yah-das-soo, Hemlock knots in the water. This is the name now given by the Onondagas to the pond last mentioned above, and its propriety is evident on looking down from the edge of the cliff. The same name was given in 1743, to a small village a few miles south. Weiser called the village Ca-chi-a- dach-se, in 1743, and it was also known as Ti-a-tach-tont. It was about four miles east of the present council house. Te-a-une-sa-ta-yagh, is given simply as Deep spring, or Fort at deep spring, but there is no evidence of any fortification. It is also rendered De-o-sa-da-ya-ah, Deep basin spring. It has lost its beauty, but was a noted spot in early days, the water coming in on one side of a deep basin and passing out on the other. 0-tis-co lake has many names, the nearest to the present form being Ots-kah, which is equivalent to Us-te-ka, Bitter-nut hickory' On a map of 1825 it is spelled Os-tis-co, which approaches the original. Morgan gives Ga-ah na, another name, as A drowning man rising and sinking. A. Cusick interpreted this as The last seen of anything, with somewhat of the same idea. The name of Kai-oongk has also been appUed-to it. Usteka, Bitter nut hickory, the name of Nine Mile creek, flowing from this lake. I also received the names of Kai-ehn- tah, Trees hanging over water, and T'ka-sent-tah, The tree that hangs over, or One tree falling into another. The name of its estuary at Onondaga lake is Ki-a-heun-ta-ha. The present name of this beautiful stream simply refers to its distance west of On- ondaga creek, and many New York streams were named in a similar way. T'kah-ne-a-da-herneuh, Many lakes on a hill, was given me as the proper term for the Tully lakes. Teka-ne-a-da-he, Lake INDIAN NAMES. 55 on a hill, is the simplest form, but others vary slightly. The In- dians place one Hiawatha story here, and one of the lake ser- pent, following the general tendency to locate traditions in fa- miliar places. 0-nun-o-gese, Long hickory. Apulia. De-is-wa-ga-ha, Place of many ribs. ■ Pompey. Ote-gega-ja-kee, A ^assy place,hs& also been applied to this, and Ote-queh-saJi-he-eh, Field of blood, is said to have been an early name. A. Cusick did not know it by this name, but gave this the meaning of Blood spilt. Applied also to Lafayette. The early Onondaga villages were in this tpwn, but theje were no early battles there. It had many open fields ?ind cemeteries. De-o-wy-un-do, Wind mill. Pompey Hill, there having been one there in early days. It was defined for me more exactly, as Windy place, bemg very much exposed. I have seen monu- ments in the cemetery there swaying in a spring wind, when not made secure. 0-ya-han, Apples split open. Camillus. Ka-no-wa-ya, Skull on a shelf. Elbridge. Ha-nan to, Small hemlock limbs on the water, or more briefiy Hemlock creek. Skaneateles creek. Clark called it Ha-naut-too. U-neen-do, Hemlock tops lying on the water, the name of Cross lake according to Morgan. It is Yu-neen-do on Thur- ber's map. Clark calls it Te-ungk-too, and defines it Residence of the wise man, otherwise Hiawatha. A. Cusick, however, ren- dered it Teunen-to, meaning At the cedars, being just beyond ■a great cedar swamp. Ga-do-quat is an Oneida name for Brewerton,. interpreted for me as I got out of the water, thisbeing a well known fording place. Te wa-skoo-we-goo-na, Long bridge. Present name of Brew- erton. Goi-en-ho was a nime for Oneida lake in 1654, and perhaps for this spot, interpreted for me as , Crossing place. Clark also 56 INDIAN NAMES. calls it Oh-sa-hau-ny-tah-Se-ugh-kah, Where the waters run out - of Oneida lake. Xou-en-hO was a neighboring village in 1688. Among the early names for Oneida lake are Te-chir-o-guen, and Tsi-ro-qui, which are Mohawk forms of the Onondaga name. They have been defined as White water, but erroneously, though with a reference to the true meaning. Clark gives the definition of the Onondaga name, Se ugh-ka, as Blue and white lines meet- ing and parting, and refers this to such lines frequently seen on its surface. A. Cusick, however, called it Se-u-ka, String divided in two (by islands) and uniting again. , On Thurber'^ map it is Ka-no-a-lo-ka lake, a name derived from that of Oneida Castle. In a journal of VanSchaick's expedition it is called Oni-da-hogo, and in one old map it appears as Ca-hung-hage lake. It w.as commonly known, however, by its present name, derived from the People of the stone. Se-u-ka Kah-wha-nah-kee, Frenchman's Island, the latter word meaning island. Se-u-ka Keh-hu-wha-tah-dea, Oneida river, the suffi* meaning river. Clark calls it also Sah-eh. On Thurber's map it is Ta- gu-ne-da., Qui-e-hook,^ We spoke there, is mentioned as the creek flow- ing out of Oneida lake in 1700. Kach-na-ra-ge, or Ka-que-wa-gra-ge, was a ledge on this stream where it was proposed to build a fort in 1700. A. Cusick de- fined this as the J?ed,or Bloody place. He gave the same mean- ing to Qua-quen-de-na, which appears on the map of 1779, be- tween Brewerton and Caughdenoy. It probably belongs to the latter place. In 1792 Ke-quan-de-ra-ga was said to be the only rapid in Oneida river, Probably named from the color of the banks. ,: Ra-rag-hen-he, a place on the Oneida river in 1788, rftay come INDIAN NAMES. 57 from the last, but Cusick thought it meant Place where he con- sidered. • >■ Te-yo-wis-o-don, Ice hanging from the trees, according to my informant. A place east of the last. Teu-ung-hu-ka, Meeting of the waters. Three River Point, according to Clark. I received it as Teu-tune-hoo-kah, Wh»re the river forks. The place has had its present English name for nearly two centuries. Ga-no-wa-ya, Great swa7np. Liverpool. T'kah-skwi-ut-ke, Where the stone stands up, xti^mxyg to the high brick chimneys, as given me. This is a Seneca name for Liverpool. TUn-da-da-qua, Throum out. According to Morgan a creek at Liverpool, but it may mean the excavation of the Onondaga outlet. So-hah-hee, for Onondaga outlet, is Uke a' chiefs' name which means Wearing a weapon in his belt. ' Ga-sun-to, Ka soongk-ta, or Ka-sonda, Bark in the water, is Butternut creek at Jamesville. It refers to the practice of plac- ing bark in the water there in the spring to soak, so that it might not curl when required for making cabins. The village of On- ondaga, which was burned in 1696, was just east of the reservoir. De-a-o-no-he, Where the creek suddenly rises. Limestone creek at Manlius. Clark calls it Te-a-une-nogh-he, with the same meaning, but also abbreviates it to mad or angry stream. Ga-che-a-yo, Place of fresh-water crayfish, locally known as crabs. The same stream at Fayette ville. Swe-no-ga, A hollow. South Onondaga. This I' had from Cusick, with many others in this county. Clark renders it Swe- nugh-kee. Cutting through a deep gulf, applying it to the west branch of Onondaga creek. The location and meaning are the same. Sta-a-ta, Coming from between two barren knolls. Clark gives S8 INDIAN NAMES. this for the east branch. He also has Kah-yungk-wa-tah-toa for the whole stream, interpreted foB me as A creek. Kun-da-qua, on Thurber's map, means the same. Heckewelder and Zeisber- ger called it Zi-noch-sa-a. Cusick told me this meant House on the bank, the Onondagas having gradually removed to the west bank of the creek by 1750, commencing the settlement a few years before. De-o-nake-hus-sink, Never clean. Christian Hollow. Gis-twe-ah-na, Little man. Onondaga Valley, in allusion to the tradition that the friendly pigmies inhabit the ravine just west of the present village, but this I learned quite recently. Teu-a-heugh-wa, Where the path crosses the road, the name of Onondaga Valley according to Clark. Morgan renders it Te-o- ha-ha-hen-wha. Turnpike across the valley; and I received it as Tu-ha-han-wah, To the crossing road. Te-ga-che-qua-ne-o n-ta, Hammer hanging. Onondaga West Hill. Kah-che-qua-ne-ung-ta is the same, but the allusion is now forgotten. On Mitchell's map these hills appear as the Te- gerhunkserode mountains, but this name belongs a little farther west. Ta-gooch-sa-na-gech-ti appears as the name of the lower On- ondaga town in 1750, but this is the council name of the nation already mentioned. It may have had this, however, as being the place of the council-house. There were then two villages in the valley, and afterwards three. Nan-ta-sa-sis, Going partly round a hill. According to Mor- gan a village three miles south of the castle, by which he may have meant the one occupied a century ago, though his map would place it near Cardiff. The name would be significant in either case. Ka-na-ta-go-wa, Large village, is now applied to the settle- ment around the council-housfe, or Kah-na-tah-koon-wah. Te-uh-swen-kien-took, Board hanging down. Castle Hotel, alluding tQ-a swinging sign. INDIAN NAMES. 59 Ta.\\-te-nen-yo-n.es, I'/ace 0/ making stone. Reservation quar- ries. Te-ka-wis'-to-ta, Tinned dome. Lafayette village. Ka-na-sah-ka, Sandy place. Brighton. In the sand there were the foot-pririts of Ta^enyawagon and the great mosquito, for- merly frequently renewed. Ta-ko-a-yent-ha-qua, Place where they used to run. The old race course at Danforth. ' 0-ser-i-gooch, a large lake in TuUy, having this name in 1745. Ka-nugh-wa-ka, Where the rabbits run. Cicero swamp. Ka-na-wah-goon-wah, In a big swamp, is another name for this. T'kah-koon-goon-da-nah-yeh, Eel lying down. Caughdenoyi in allusion to the fisheries there. Teu-nea-yahs-go-na, Place of big stones. Geddes, where large stones were used for the canal. Ste-ha-hah, or Sta-ha-he, Stones in the water. Baldwinsville, in allusion to the rifts, or perhaps two huge bowlders in the river above the village. Kah-yah-tak-ne-t'ke-tah-keh, Where the mosquito lies. Cen- terville, and connected with the story of the great mosquito. Ta-te-EO-weh-nea-ha-qua, Where they made guns. Navarino. Ar-non-i-o-g're, a place from which Lamberville dated a letter, giving Onondaga news, in 1684. The following are reservation names: Ku-na-tah, Where the hemlock bushes grow, is near A. Cusick's house, the hemlocks being small there. T'kah-skoon-Bu-tah^ To the falls, applied to the creek coming from the east, on which there are some pretty falls. ♦ T'kah-neh-sen-te-u, Stony place, or Stones thrown on the road, on the road to Cardiff. T'kah-nah-tah4cae-ye-hoo, At the old village, on the east side of the reservation. 6o INDIAN NAMES. Ku-ste-ha, To the stony place, near William Printup's. Unimportant Ideal names, like some of these, are frequent about all reservations, and many places have: more than one name. Even among the Onondagas, however, some early names are now altogether forgotten. ONTARIO COUNTY. "Father Hennepin twice mentions- the meaning of the name applied to Ontario county, and which should have been given to one bordering on the lakci " TBe river of St. Lawrence derives its- source fron* Lake Ontario, which is likewise called in the Iro- quois language, Ska,nadario, that is to sa.y, very pretty lake." A\so^ "The great river of St. Laurence, which I have often mentioned, runs through the middle of the Iroquois country, and makes a great .lake there, which they call Ontario, viz: the beautifullake." It had other names to be noted elsewhere, but the Senecas some- times called it 0-hu-de-a-ra, and in 1615 Champlain termed it the lake of the Entouhonorons, whom he placed west of the Ir- oquois. "The Antouhonorons are 15 villages • built in strong positions. '* * * 'phe Yroquois and the Antouhonorons make war together against all the other nations, except the Neu- tral nation." They were thus probably the Senecas, who were the last to enter the Iroquois confederacy, and who may have even then been but loosely attached to it. Otherwise they would have been the Eries, but these were too far west. The Dutch gaive the name of Senecas to all the Iroquois but the Mo- hawks. This name will be considered later. ^ Son-nont-ou-ans, an early name of the Senecas, was often ap- pUed by the French to their prmcipal town. Can-a-dice, or Skan-e-a-tice, Long lake, is the same name as Skaneateles. The lakes to which this name was so often given, are not among the largest. They are simply long for their width, or by comparison with others near. INDIAN NAMES, 6 1 Can-an-dai-gua, Place chosen for a settlement, has many forms, all easily identified. As its name implies it was not an early village. Ka-shong creek, on the west side of Seneca lake, was a place where successive villages existed, and the name varied. Gagh- sough-gwa is as near the present form as any. Gagh-congh-wa, another of these, is interpreted The limb has fallen. It was one of the villages burned in 1779.- Hon-e-o-ye lake, Finger lying. This odd name may be re- cognized by its sound through many early forms. Honeoye outlet is O-neh-da, Hemlock, from the trees along its course. Ga-o-sa-ga-o, In the basswood country, is applied to the town of Victor, with a more distinct meaning in the next. Gan-na-ga-ro was the principal Seneca village in 1677, and. was situated on Boughton Hill in Victor. It was also called Gan- non-ga-rae. A. Cusick was hardly certain whether to call this She lived there, or Many animals. The French had other names for these villages. Te-ga-ran-di^es was another for this one. Ko-ha-se-ragh-e and Ka-he-s^-ra-he-ra, Light on ci,hill, ■fiexe names for the same place in 1691. (}reenhalgh called it Cana- gora, which would mean the Greatvillage. In 1847, Mn O. H. Marshall had another name for the village site, which has been applied to Victor in general. It was given him by the Seneca chief Blacksnake, and wa.s Ga-o-sa-eh-ga-aah, The basswood bark lies there. According to the old chief the village was supplied by one fine spring on the hillside, and conductors of basswood bark brought the water to convenient points, the town being quite large. It was burned when De Nqnville invaded the Sen- eca country, and was occupied a long time. Ga-nun-da-ah, Village on a hill. West Bloomfield. Most of the Seneca names and villages are quite recent. Axa-quen-ta, Firestone creek, as given by Zeisberger, was the 62 INDIAN NAME% name of Flint creek. A. Cusick at first thought it meant A child lying down, but the Cayuga name for flint is Atrakwenda, and this fairly agrees with other forms of the name, as Ah-ta- gweh-da-ga. Jen nea-to-wa-ka, or To-na-kah, People of the large hill Fort ■ Hill in Naples. Another form is Nun-da-wa-o, Great hill, ap- plied to the same place, where the Senecas said they had their origin. Ne-ga-te-ca was a spring in the Seneca country, according to - an old map. It was not exactly laid down, and may have been the well-known burning spring ; but there are other reasons for identifying it with the springs at Caledonia. I am inclined to think it the former. 0-toch-shi-a-cho, a stream near Oun-a-chee, in 1750, was Fall Brook. Kan-a-de-sa-ga, or 'Ga^nun-da-sa-ga, near Geneva, was New settlement village. It was burned in 1779. Seneca lake was called by this name for some time. , Ga-en-sa-ra was one name of the Seneca capital in 1687. Other towns mentioned by G*eenhalgh were To-ti-ak-ton or The-o-de-hac-to, meaning' the Bended river ; Ca-na-en-da, and Ke-int-he, the latter meanmg a river. It was afterwards given to an Iroquois town on the north shore of Lake Ontario, and then transferred to the Bay of Quinte. The Seneca dialect is considered to be nearest akin to the Cayuga, asmight be expected. The indications are that both these nations had dwelt longer in the Iroquois country than the three eastern nations, and that they were a different branch of the family, allied to the Fries and Neutrals, as their traditions affirmed. Their early separation from those near the St. Law- rence would account for their differing dialects, and there was nothing to bring them into contact with the others until the forming of the confederacy. This early separation may have occurred either at the eastern or western end of Lake Erie. INDIAN NAMES. 63 ORANGE COUNTY. Cheese-cocks was the early name of a natural meadow. Ma-hack-e-meck was a name of the Neversink, ■ which is an- other Indian- name. It was also called Mag-gagh-ka-mi-sek in 1694. Basher's kill is said to have been named after a squaw called Basha. She fell into the water under a deer she was bringing home, and was drowned. Quas-sa-ic creek derives its name from Qussuck, stone, and* v^s., place, and is properly rendered Stone creek, or Place of the rock. Wa-wa-yan-da has only been interpreted in a half joking way as though it were broken English from an Indian looking out on the fine prospect, and saying "Away, way yonder." M,at-te-a-wan mountains. White rocks. Schun-e-munk moun- tain probably means the sahte. Pon-chunk mountain. Cush-i-e-tank mountains appear on a map of 1768. Pit-kis-ka-ker and Ai-a-skaw-os-ting were names for the high hills west of Murderer's kill. Mis-tuc-ky was an Indian village in Warwick. * Sin-si-pink, a lake near West Point. Min-i-sink has been interpreted Land from which the water has gone, which may be fanciful. Mon-gaup river was also called Mon-gaw-ping, etc. It means Several streams irom its three branches., Other streams were Ramapo river, Potuck, Monwagan, and Paughcaughnanghsink creeks. ORLEANS COUNTY. Da-gea-no-ge-anut, Two sticks coming together. Oak Or- chard creek. De-o-wun-dak-no, Where boats were'burned. Albion. Date-geh-ho-seh, One string across another. Medina. 64 INDIAN NAMES. OSWEGO COUNTY. O-swe-go, Osh-wa-kee, Swageh, are among the forms of a well- known name. It means Flowing out, or Small water flowing into that which is large. The name belongs to the river, but- was applied to the lake by the Onondagas, in which case it meant the lake at Oswego. J. V. H. Clark interpreted it " I see every- where and see nothing," applying it to the view, and connecting it with the story of Hiawatha.- This definition will not stand; L. H. Morgan said it had this name throughout its descending course, but in ascending, the river was called by the name of the nation to which its various parts led. This seems to have been the case. The name was also applied to Lake Erie and the Grand river in Canada. The French sometimes spelled it O- choue-guen. Frontenac first mentioned the port of Oswego by the latter name in 1682, but Raffeix had thus termed the Sen- eca river, near Cayuga lake, in 1676. Le Moyne descended the river in 1654, but did not ascend it, 'It was often called the river of the Onondagas. Lake of En-tou-ho-no-rons^ Champlain called Lake Ontario by this name in 1615, at which time he landed at the mouth of Salmon river, and crossed the county to the foot of Oneida lake. Cat-a-ra-qui, or Cad-a-ra-qui, Fort in the water, was a common name for the same lake, derived from Fort Frontenac at King- ston. This was long a French stronghold. Ne-at-a-want-ha is a name recently apphed to Fish lake, a few rods west of Oswego Falls, and much above the river. A, Cu- sick interprets this as a Lake hiding from the river, which is cer- tainly appropriate, Caugh-de-noy, Eel lying down, according to the same author- ity. A village on Oneida river where there are several eel-weirs. The Indians made some on this riyer. ■ , On-ti-a-han-ta-gue, Large clearing, is the earliest and appro- .priate name for the mouth of Salmon river. It was also called INDIAN NAMES. 65 Ca-no-hage, A-con-hage, and Ga-hen-wa-ga, meaning a creek. Other -names were Kahiaghage, Keyouanouague, Ahanhage, and Asonhage, with Cajonhago in 1687, and Cayhunghage in 1726. In Clark's Onondaga it is confused with the Oswego river. The French commonly called it La Famine, and Charlevoix said that the river' had its name from the half famished condition of De la Barre's troops, when encamped at its mouth lin 1684, but the name appears earlier. It probably, came from the hunger of the French colonists of 1656, as they coasted along on their way to * Onondaga. Two years before the Onondagas had a fishing vil- lage of Huron captives there, and it was the place first intended for the French settlement. He-ah-haw-he, Apples in the croieh of a tree. Grindstone creek. Ka-dis-ko-na, Long marsh. New Haven creek. Ga-nunt-sko-wa, Large bark, was an early name for Salmon creek, and is, essentially the same as Cassonta Chegonar, Great bark. A. Cusick interpreted this more exactly as Large pieces of bark lyin^ down, ready for building. Kuh-na-ta-ha, Where pine trees grow, is the present Indian nan\e of th'e village of Phoenix. Kah-skungh-sa-ka, Many falls following, is the present Onon- daga name of Oswego Falls. It had several names in early chronicles, some of which are but variations of the present one, and it was called Gatkon-thi-a-gue a little later, and A-ha-oue- te in 1656, if the latter is not the name of another rapid. David Cusick called the place Kus-keh-saw-kich. Ten-ca-re Ne-go-ni was interpreted for me as He will scatter his people everywhere, and was an early name for the River de la Planche, or Sandy creek. Kan-a-ta-gi-ron, defined for me as The creek is already there, is a small creek between Salmon river in this county and Big Sandy creek in Jefferson. 66 INDIAN NAMES. Ga-so te-na, High grass. Scriba's creek. Te-qua-no-ta-go-wa, Big marsh. Bay creek. De-non-ta-che river, Flowing through a mountain, a name of uncertain location on a map of 1670, is either Oswego or Salmon river, but David Cusick assigned it to the Mohawk. - The name appears near Oswego. Ke-hook, or Qui-e-hook, We spoke there, a village mentioned in 1665, either at Oswego Falls or Phoenix, These fishing vil- lages were temporary, and the name appears near Oneida lake in 1700. There was a summer fishing village at Phoenix in 1654. Kag-ne-wa-gra-ge, The ledge ov^r which the waterfalls, has been applied to Oswego Falls, and also to a spot on the Oneida river. Ka-so-ag is the name of a post office, and Lycoming an ap- plied name. OTSEGO COUNTY. Ote-sa-ga is Otsego lake, and traditionally is supposed to refer to a large stone at the outlet. In the last century the name also appeared as Os-ten-ha, which A. Cusick tells me is something about a stone, and Cooper, in the preface to Deerslayer, . says that the stone above mentioned still retained the name of the " Otsego Rock." Schen-e-vus, called Shen-i-va creek on a map of 1790, was rendered Se-ha-vus, ox First hoeing of corn, by A. Cusick. It varies in form. Nis-ka-yu-na is a name which appears also in Schenectady county. It was interpreted for me as Corn people, but the mean- ing is given elsewhere as Extensive corn flats. I quote also a conjectural meaning, which is erroneous, from French's Gaz- etteer, on the locality in Otsego county : "About 2 miles north of Clarksville is a rock called by the Indians Nis-ka-yu-na, (prob- ably meaning Council Rock,) where various tribes fiom the S. INDIAN NAMES. 67 were accustomed to meet the Mohawks in council. In former days the rock was covered with hieroglyphics, but from its shaly nature .all are now obliterated." Of course the Mohawks held councils in no such places* O-ne-on-ta, A stony place. De-u-na-dil-la, or U-na^dilla, Place of meeting, perhaps of the Mohawks and Oneidas in southern expeditions, or merely of the streams. Among the early forms of the name were Ti-an-der-ra and Te-yon-a-del-hough. It ■w^s AefrntA a& Meeting of the waters, at an early day. To-wa-no-en-da-lough, the iirst Mohawk town on the Susque- hanna in 1753. seems the same name. Wau-teg-he was a village farther down. Orte-go may be the same as the last. . A-di-ga- creek on the map of 1790, and A-te-ge creek on a map of 1826, flows through Otego township, and is the same name. Kaghne-an-ta-sis, give'n n»&as Where the water whirls, was a whirlpool six or eight miles below Wautgghe. Te-yon-e-an-dakt was three miles north of UnadiMa, O-wa-ri-o-neck creek, east of Pnadilla, was interpreted for me, Where the teacher lives. Ti-on-on-da-don, a small branch of the Susquehanna, near Ot- sego lake, was defined for me as Where she gave him something.' On the map of the N. Y. grants the country about Unadilla is called To-wa-nen-da-don. - Can-i-a-da-ra-ga, On the lake, was the early name of Schuyler's lake. It has been revived as Can-a-da-ra-go and Can-da-ja-ra-go. Con-i-hun to, or Gun-ne-gun-ter, was a village of 1779, four- teen miles below .Unadilla. Golden also gives Co-hon-go-run-to as a name of the Susquehanna, but it probably means the river at that place. Ka-un-seh-wa-ta-u-yea, David Gusick's name for the Susque- 68 INDIAN NAMES. hanna. Albert Cusick, however, gave it to me as Kau-na-seh- wa-de-u-yea, Sandy ; and in Onondaga as Kah-na-se-u, Nice sand. Ga-wa-no-wa-na-neh, Great island river, is another Iroquois name. They called it Scan-an-da^na-ni in 1775, referring to Wyoming. Quen-isch-achsch-gek-han-ne, River with long reaches. Heck- ewelder says that Susquehanna is corrupted from this. On the map of the N. Y. grants it is called the Sus-que-han-ock, and it had this name at an early day among the shore Indians. Capt. John Smith met the gigantic people who lived on its banks and were called by this name. To the Iroquois they were known as Andastes, and seem to have been the Conestogas. Sogh-nie-jah-die, He is lying in the sun again, according to my informant. An east branch of the Susquehanna. Oc-qui-o-nis, He is- a bear, as interpreted for me, is now Fly creek. If this were a Delaware name it would relate to a.fox. Ots-da-wa creek. On a recent postal map Otsego lake appears as Do-se-go lake. A small lake is laid down on Pouchot's map, south of Otsego and Schikyler lakes, called Lake Sa-tei-yi-e-non, which may be Utsyanthia. PUTNAM COUNTY. Os-ka-Wa-no, so called from an Indian, is now Lake Canopus. Ma-cook-pack was an early form of Lake Mahopac. It varies somewhat, and was the name of an Indian tribe. Wick-o-pee pond was also called from an Indian tribe. Ti-o-run-da, Place where two streams meet. Fishkill. Kil-lal-e-my was an early name for the southern part of the county; Pus-sa-pa-num, or Pus-sa-ta-num, Sim-me-wog hill. Lakes To-net-ta, (?) Kish-e-wa-na, and Mo-he-gan. Lake Osrce-q-la, between the last and Lake Mahopac. INDIAN NAMES. ^9 Lake Mo-hen-sick. Crum pond. Of late there has been a disposition to replace local appellations with Indian names. QUEENS COUNTY. Sa-cut, an early name of Success pond. Rock-a-way beach, Bushy. Mer-ic, Mo-roke, or Mer-i-koke, the name of Mer-rick, from an Indian tribe there. Can-o-ras-set was the' name first proposed for Jamaica, and^ the latter is said to mean Za«^ of wood and water in the Wesf Indies, but. here it is founded on a local name. Mas-peth, sometimes Mis-pat. Man-has-set, sometimes called Sint Sink by the Indians. Mat-in-i-cock Point, 1661, may be derived from Martinne- houck, an Indian village on Martin Gerritsen's bay in 1650. • Mock-gon-ne-kouck, 1645. Ca-um-sett, early name of Lloyd's Neck. Se-a-wan-ha-ka, Island of shells, Mat-tan-wake, Long tslana, Pau-man-acke, and Me-i-to-wax, are names for Long Island. Suns-wick, Indian name of a stream near Astoria. Lu-sum, early name of Jencho. Mar-se-ping or Mar-se-peague Indians. Se-que-tanck Indians, 1675. Mat-se-pe, 1644. Now Mas-se-pe river. So-pers and Sy-os-set are other names. RENSSELAER COUNTY. Tom-han-nock creek is Tom-he-nuck on Tryon's map. Pon-o-kose kill. Ti-er-ken creek, Noisy stream. Paps-ka-ifee island is also Poeps-ken-e-koes, etc. It is Pop- she-ny on an early map. Pe-ta-qua-po-en, an early Indian name for Greenbush. Jus- cum-ea-tick is another for the same place. 70 INDIAN NAMES. Me-sho-dac peak, in Nassau. Psan-ti-coke swamp is in the same town. Hoo-sick or Ho-sack, Place of stones. The name of an early settler, however, was Alexander Hosack. It has also been de- fined Along the kettle. Pan-hoo-sick, north of Troy, and included in Van Rensselaer's purchase of 1646. Pa-an-pa-ack, Field of corn, was the site of Troy, and includ- ed in the same purchase. . Tou-har-na, a tributary of the Hoosick, was interpreted for me as Hook or spear caugHt in the water. Na-chas-sick- qua-ack, or Na-cha-quick-quack, an early name at the falls of this river. Qua-quick, early name of Hoosick falls, like the last. Ma-roon-ska-ack, a stream tributary to the Hoosick at Sank- hoick. Ma-qua-con-kaeck, another near the last. Ma-quain-ka-de-ly, another tributary. Per-i-go Hill. Tsat-sa^-was-sa creek, sometimes called Tack-a-wa-sick. Pat-ta-was-sa creek. Wal-loom-sac river is variously spelled on old maps. Ty-o-shoke church, at San Coick, is mentioned early. Ti-a- shoke. Deepi and Kaola kills seem more than doubtful names. On-ti-ke-ho-mawck, an early village of Stockbridge Indians. Scagh-ti-coke, Land slide, is variously spelled. Some New Ettgland Indians settled there in 1672. Pah-ha-koke is the Stockbridge "hame for this place. Wit-ten-a-ge-mo-ta, or Council free, a large oak in the town of Scaghticoke. Pa-en-sic Kill. Po-quam-pa-cake creek, flowing into Hoosick river, 1779. INDIAN NAMES. 7 I Scho-duck island, near Albany. Scho-dack, Fireplace, was the old seat of the Mohegans, and was situated at Castleton on the Hudson, said to have been so called from the Indian castle on the adjacent hills. Is-cho-da is also given as a varying name, meaning Fire meadow. Un-se-wats castle, on the river bank in Rensselaer's map. Pis-ca-wen creek. Sem-es-seer-se, or Se-me-se-eck, was opposite Castle street, Albany. Pe-ta-nock, a mill stream above. Ne-ga-gon-se, three miles north of the last. These four ap- pear on Van Rensselaer's patent, 1630. Pot-quas-sic, Sheep-sha-ack, and Ta-es-ca-rae-a-sick, are all names for Lansingburgh. RICHMOND COUNTY. Mo-ta-nucke. Mo-nock-nong, Aque-hon-ga and Egh-qua-ous were early names of Staten Island, the last two meaning, High sandy banks. There were several small Indian tribes along New York bay. ROCKLAND COUNTY. The Ka-ki-ate Patent is said to have been "called by the In- dians, Whor-i-nims, Pe-ruck, Ge-ma-kie, and Na-nash-nuck." Hack-en-sack river. Low land. Minis-ce-on-go, or Min-is^con-ga creek. Tap-pan naturally suggests an English name, but is Indian. Heckewelder says, " This is from the Delaware language, and de- rived from Thup-hane, or Tup-hanne, 'Cold Spiring.'" Mon-sey, A wolf, from the Muncey Indians, is variously spelled. Ma-haick-a-mack or Ne-ver-sink, Ny-ack, Pas-ca'ck, Ram-a-po, Mat-te-a-wan, Mi-nas, and Scun-ne-mank are other names. 72 INDIAN NAMES. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Os-we-gatch-ie river is Black water, and is locally pronounced Os-We-gotch-ee. It was called La Presentation by the French, who founded a mission there in 1749. It appeared as Swe-ga- gein 1750, and also So-e-gas-ti. J. Macauley told J. Sims that the name meant Going around a hill, but this was On-on-to-hen, a local name on the river at Ox-bow, in Jefferson county. ' 0-tsi-kwa-ke, Where the asfi tree grows with lar^e knots, is a name for both Indian river and Black lake. O-je-quack, Nut river, is another name for Indian river. Che-gwa-ga, In the hip. Black lake. Kan-a-waga, Rapid river, is the St. Lawrence, from its numer- ous and great rapids, which the Iroquois once thought insur- mountable by large boats. 0-ra-co-ten-ton, or O-ra-co-nen-toji, is Chimney island. This was the scene of the last fight between the French and English in 1760, and the ruins of the fort may yet be seen. Chip-pe-wa bay. Pas-kuu-ge-mah is Tupper's lake, called also A-re-yu-na. An- other name is Tsit-kan-i-a-ta-res-ko-wa, Largest lake. Tsi-kan-i-on-wa-res-ko-wa, Long pond, a small lake below the last. The names differ but slightly. Gar-on-ou-oy, the Long Sault in 1673, '^ almost identical with the next. It probably means Where one speaks with a loud voice, or A confused voice. Ka-ron-kwi is the lower Long Sault island, and scarcely differs . from the last. Tsi-io-wen-o-kwa-ra-te, High island. Upper Long Sault island. Ka-wen-o-ko-wa-nen-ne, Big island. Cornwall. O-ton-di-a-ta was interpreted for me as Stone stairs, an appro- priate name. It was applied to Grenadier island as early as 1673, and with slight variations was always prominent. Gan-a-ta-ra-go-in, Big lake. Indian Point, in Lisbon. INDIAN NAMES. 73 0-sa-ken-ta-ke, Grass lake, accurately represents the present name, and in it the name of Kentucky will be observed. Kat-sen-e-kwar, Lake covered with yellow lilies. Yellow lake. • Tsi-ia-ko-ten-nit-ser-ront-ti-et-ha, Where the canoe must be pushed up- stream with poles. Gallop rapid. Tsi-hon-wi-net-ha, Where the canoe is towed with a rope. Isle au Rapid, opposite Waddmgton. Kan-a-ta-ra-ken, Wet village, Waddington. 0-was-ne, Feather island. Sheik's island. . Ti-o hi-on-ho-ken. Place wher^ the river divides, Brasher's Falls. Kan-a-swa-stak-e-ras, Where the mud smells bad. Massena Springs. Indians seem to have been much impressed with the bad odor of mineral springs of all kinds. Kan-a-ta-se-ke, New village. Norfolk. The same as the early name of Geneva. Te-wa-ten-e-ta-ren-ies, Place where the gravel settles under the feet in dragging up a canoe. Potsdam. . Mas-sa-we-pie lake. Point aux Iroquois, in Waddington. Charlevoix says that " Tlie name of Iroquois is purely French, and has been formed from the term hiro, ' I have spoken,' a word by which these In- dians close all their speeches, and koue, which, when long drawn out, is a cry of sorrow, and when briefly uttered is an exclama- tion of joy." This really makes it an Indian word compounded by the French, as Ha-wen-ne-yu was formed by them as a name for the Great Spirit. Horatio Hale, however, properly objects that they had this name when Champlain came, and it appears a little later on maps as Irocoisia. He would derive it from Gar- okwa, a pipe, or else from the indeterminate verb lerokwa, to smoke. Tfie conjecture is ingenious. He suggests, alsOj less probably, the word Bear, which is ohkwari in Mohawk, okwai 74 INDIAN NAMES. .in, Cayuga. On the Dutch map of i6i6 Lake Champlain is in- scribed ." Hcf Meer Vand Irocoisen." Ni^kentrsi-a-ke has also been applied to Grass river, and in- terpreted Full of large- fishes. SARATOG-A COUNTY. The meaning of Saratoga is now purely conjectural, and the conjectures are wild enough. One is Hillside springs ; another Sivift water, apphed to the settlement near Schuylerville ; an- other is Sah-rak-ka for Side hill; but there seems no foundation for any of these. Sar-a-ta-ke, or Sar-a-to-ga, Where the tracks of keels may be seen, from impressions in the rocks, may be better, for an early Iroquois word for heel was E-rata-ge. Among other names the place was called Sar-ach-ta-gue iti 1687.; and Schur-o-tac-qua, an early name for a musical pipe, may have some relation to the meaning. The French mentioned it as Sarastau in 1747, and it always varied much in form. Mr. W. L. Stone, in his "Reminiscences of Saratoga," derives it from Saragh, swift wafer, a,nd a.gA,, a place or people. He makes it equivalent to Kayaderoga and Saraghoga, and illustrates his de- finition by calling Sacondaga, Place of roaring water ; Ticonder- oga, Place where the lake shuts itself in ; and Niagara, Place of falling waters. These definitions do not agree with the best authorities. Tonawadeh or Kanawaga is the proper term for swift water, and I do not recall the word he gives. Twek-to-non-do hill was at an angle of the Kayaderosseras Patent. Nach-te-nack, is applied to Waterford and the mouth of the Mohawk. Fee-go-wese and Ka-ya-wese creeks. Can-is-ta-qua-ha, interpreted for me as People of pounded corn. Half Moon. Chic-o-pee, A large spring. Saratoga Springs. INDIAN NAMES. 75 Chou-en-da-ho-wa, or She-non-de-ho-wa, A great plain. Clif- ton Park. Shan-and-hot is another form. « Os-sar-a-gas, or Wood creek, was mentioned as Os-sar-a-gue, a fishing place between Glen's Falls and the Mohawk river in 16.42. The meaning given me is Place of a knife. Sco-wa-rock-a was the north part of Maxon hill in Greenfield. Ka-ya-de-ros-se-ras creek flows into Saratoga lake, but the name covers a wide territory. A-dri-u-cha was a name at Crane's village. SCHENECTADY COUNTY. Schenectady is the proper name for- Albany, meaning Beyond the pine plains, but it is appropriate here in coming from the east. Several- names follow which have been assigned to Schen- ectady, all of which. I consider unfounded except the last. Bruyas defined Skannatati as The other side, and One side of a village, considered merely as a noun. On-o-a-la-gone-na, Iti the head, has been applied to Schenec- tady. This was defined for me as Big head, but is found else- where. 0-ron-nygh-wur-rie-gugh-re is another name, perhaps like the next. Con-nugh-ha-riTe-gughha-rie, ■ A. great multitude collected to- gether, was the a,ncient Mohawk capital "on this spot, according to Macauley. There seems no foundation for this, and the name suggests Canajoharie. Pearson gives the same story, slightly altering the name and meaning to Con-no-cho-rie-gu-ha^rie, Driftivood, which is the meaning of Schoharie. The Mohawks probably never had a town here, and I cannot imagine how the story originated. Oh-no-wal-a-gan-tle is said, by Macauley, to have bpen a considerable Mohawk town at Schenectady when the Dutch bought lands there between i6r6 and 1620, but this happened many years laj:er. As far as known there were no villages east of Schoharie creek. y6 INDIAN NAMES. Scho-no-We, Great flat, was the name of Schenectady when sold to Corlaer, in 1661. Tou-a-reu-ne, a name given to the neighboring hills. Wach-keer-hoha, the fourth flat near Schenectady. Nis-ka-yu-na, Extensive corn flats. A. Cusick called it Corn pebple, and it is said to be a corruption of Nistigioune, or Con- istigione. Te-quat-se-ra is Verf kill, translated for me as Wooden spoon. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. Scho-har-ie, Driftwood. There are many early forms of ttiis- Ken-han-a-ga-ra, given me as There lies the river, the travelter having arrived at the Mohawk. Another name of the same creek, at its mouth, On-con-ge-na, Mountain of snakes, is near Middleburgh. On-is-ta-gra-wa, Corn mountain, is neat thfeaanssffeeer To-wok-how-ra is now- SgHBg^hinr Mo-he^gon-ter, or a Falling off, is part of Mohegan hill. Ots-ga-ra-gu, Hemp hill, is a name for Coble's Kill. As-ca-le-ge, defined for me as Black cloth, is the same place. Gog-ny-ta-nee, a hill in Seward. O-ne-en-ta-dashe, Round the hill. Another hill in the same town. O-wa-ere-sou-ere, a hill in Carlisle. Ka-righ-on-don-tee, defined for me z.% A line of trees, being a chief's name given to a recent castle in Vrooman"s Land. 0-n^-yz.-^\Vie., A stone. Stone creek. Sa-ga-wan-nah, a mountain in this county. On-its-tah-ra-ga-ra-we, or On-nits-teg-raw, was a name given to Vrooman's Nose in 17 11, much Hke one already mentioned. Kan-jea-ra-go-re, or Can-jea-rag-ra, is a hill south of the last. Kah-owtt-iia-re, a hill west of Schoharie creek in 1734. Ga-la-ra-ga. another hill siniilarlv situated. INDIAN NAMES. 77 : Chaw-tick-og-nack, a creek between the Catskills and the Schoharie, on an early map. SCHUYLER COUNTY. Ca-yu-ta lake and creek. Che-o-quock. Catharine's town, near Havana. This was- burned in 1779. Con-daw-haw. Appletown in Hector, also destroyed in 1779. SENECA COUNTY. Sin-ne-ke, or Sen-e-ka, is an Algonquin name for the nation, ^nd appears on the Dutch maps of 1614 and 16 16 as Sennecas. Some have identified this with the Sickenanes, which is clearly erroneous, as this was a different name of a New England tribe. Gen_J. S. Claik^amL^on. George S. Conover derive it from the Algonquin word shine, to eatj asJxL We-sith-ne, we eat. The reference then might be figurative, or to their character as men- eaters. Mr. Horatio Hale says that Sinako means stone snakes in th? Delaware, but that Mr. Squier was told that, in this con- nection, it meant " Mountain snakes." As the Delawares called all their enemies snakes, they simply added this term to the proper name of the Senecas. The meaning of stone snakes, however, would not be that they were petrified, but that they in- habited rocks or hills. The snake stories of the Senecas may be connected with this translation. Ca-no-ga is said to mean Sweet water by some, while others interpret it as Oil on the water. It is. the reputed birth place of Red Jacket, and is marked by a monument. , Sha-se-ounse, Rolling water. Seneca Falls. Skoi-yase, Place of Whortleberries, according to Morgan. Waterloo. The name, however, appears, in 1779, with the meaning oi Long falls, which is accepted.. It is also defined Rapids in the river. 78 INDIAN NAMES. Skan-na-yu-ten-a-te,' a village of 1779, on the west shore of Cayuga lake, near Canoga. A. Cusick rendered this, On the other side of the lake, most of the Cayuga towns being on the east side. Ken-dai-a, a village of the same date, in Romulus. Swah-ya-wa-na was another near the last, which was defined for me as Place of large fruit. Oe-yen-de-hit, on the west side of Cayuga lake, on Pouchot's map. The meaning given me was There are favorable signs. Nu-qui-age, a Cayuga village near Seneca lake, mentioned by Zeisberger. STEUBEN COUNTY. Tuscarora creek means Shirt wearers, the Tuscaroras having come from the south, and perhaps needing more clothing than others. Te-can-as-e-te-o, Board on the water. Canisteo river. Te-car-nase-te-o-ah, A board sign. Painted Post. The well ^known painted post was at the confluence of Tioga and Conhoc- ton rivers, and marked the grave of a great chief, who is said to have died of his wounds in the Revolutionary war. On it were painted various rude devices, and it remained for many years after the white settlemesnt. Graves were often marked in this way. In the account of the Iroquois in 1666, it is said of the dead, "When it is a man they paint red calumets, calumets of peace on the tomb ; sometimes they plant a stake on which they paint how often he has been in battle : how many prisoners he has taken ; the post ordinarily is only four or five feet high, and much embellished." The name of Canisteo, however, was well known before the Revolution. Con-hoc-ton river. Trees, in the water. Morgan makes this Ga-ha-to, Log in the water, and apphes it to this and the Che- mung river. Michigan creek, in Thurston, is an introduced name. ■INDIAN NAMES, 79 K.e-u-ka, a landing on Crooked lake, which is also now quite commonly known by the same name. Ka-nona, defined for me as On my skin. Five Mile creek. Go-non-gue is a name for the Chemung river, the latter name being rendered Big horn, or Horn in the water. As-sin-nis-sink was a Monsey town of 1750, at or near Pairjted Post. On Guy Johnson's map of 1771, it is given as Sin Sink. It seems an error to derive it from John Sing Sing, a friendly Indian. Ga-wan-is-que, Briery. A creek entering the" Chemung at Painted Post. Do-na-ta^gwen-da, or Ta-nigh-na-quan-da, Opening in an open- ing. Bath. This is a good description. Cataw-ba, a southt*l:iuname introduced. On Pouchot's map are the villages of Kay-gen, Kna-e-to and Kan-es-ti-o ; and also the Kay-gen river. SUFFOLlt COUNTY. Pat-chogue, from Pochough Indians. It is doubtfully said to mean Where they gamble and dance. Co-met-i-co is now Old Field Point. Mi-nas-se-roke is Little Neck. Po-quott is now Dyer's Neck. Cum-se-wogue, Cedar hill cemetery. So-was'-sett is noiy Port Jefferson. Wo-po-wag, an early name of Stony Brook. No-no-wau-tuck is now Mount Sinai. Man-ow-tuss-quott. Blue Point. Se-taU'ket is Sa-ta-tuck on a map of 1825 ; named from Seca- togue Indians. Mas-tic was formerly occupied by the Poospatuck Indians. Parts of this large tract are Sabonock, Necommack, Coosputus, Paterquos, Uncohoug and Mattemoy. 8o INDIAN NAMES. Co-ram is a hamlet named from an Indian chief. Wamp-mis-sic is an Indian name for a neighboring swamp. Quaw-no-ti-wock, Great pond. Konk-hong-a-nok, or Kon -go-nock. Fort pond,near Sag Harbor Mon-cho-nock, or Ma-shon-go-muc. Gardiner's island. Mon-tauk Point is so called from the Montauk Indians. Is- lafid country, or perhaps better, Fort country. Nach-a-qua-tuck. Cold Spring. • Osh-ma-mo-mock, north-west of Greenport. Sun-quams, an early name of Melville. Pen-at-a-quit. A small stream. Con-et-quot river, sometimes written Connecticut. Sam-pa-wam. Thompson's creek. Pan-qua-cum-suclc. Wading river. Nom-mo-nock hills. Nominick, near Neapeague. Mi-a-mog, or Mi-an-rogue. . Jamesport. Man-hon-sack-a-ha-quash-u-wor-nook, An island sheltered by islands. Shelter island. Ga-wa-na-se-geh, A long island. . Long Island, so called by the Five Nations. Mat-o-wacks, Periwinkle, applied to the same in 1682. Se-con-tagh. Foreland of Long Island. O-jik-ha-da-ge-ga, Salt water. The ocean. In general, how- ever, the Iroquois term for this was Caniataregowa, Big lake. Kit-o-a-bo-neck, or Ketch-a-bo-neck. A-que-bague, or Oc-ca-pogue. A creek. Ag-wam, Place abounding in fish. Southampton. Hop-pogue, or Haup-paugs is said to mean Sweet waters. Man-has-set comes from a nation living on Shelter island. Shin-ne-cock bay and hills. Yen-ne-cock, a part of Southold, east of Cutchogue. Cut-chogue may be from the Cor-chogue Indians, who lived east of Wading river. The principal place. r, INDIAN NAMES. 8 1 Po-qua-tuck isnow Orient. This was bouglit in 1641.. Mat-ti-tuck, jP/ace without ioood. Lake Ron-kon-ko-ma, Sand pond, from the shores. ^' Ae-ca-po-nack from Occapand'k, a kmd of ground nut: Sa-ga- pu-n'ak, another kind ; Se-pu-n'ak bluffs, another kind still, at Shinnecock;,Ket-che-pu-n'ak, the largest kind of all, was ap- plied to WesthamptonV I have not undertaken the; difficult work of defining' names in the shore dialects, but liave takeh those that came in my way. Mr. W. W. Tooker, of Sag Harbor, "has done some good work of this kind. ^^'■ Other names are Ne-a-peague, Am-a-gah-sett, Mi-an-ti-cutt, Cor-cha-ki, Noy-ack, Quan-tue, Nis-se-quague, Me-cox, Spe-onk Quogue, Pon-quogue, Shag-wan-gb, Sagg, and Coni-mack or Co-mack. SULLIVAN COUNTY. Mon-gaup river is Man-gam-ping or Ming-wing, on some early maps. It has been defined Several streams, in allusion to its three branches. Cal-li coon river, Turkey. This is KoUi Koen on a map of 1825. Although generally considered an Indian name, with the above meaning, it has been claimed as a derivative from two Dutch words, with some show of reason. I suppose it, however, to have come from the Delaware word Gulukochsoon, a turkey. Co-chec-ton has been translated Low grounds, and also Fin- ished small harbor, the former being preferable. The Cashigton Indians formerly lived on the Delaware river, near this place- Ma-ma-ka-ting is said to have had its name from an Indian chief, and has been interpreted Dividing the wafers. The In- dian village is called Mame Cotink on the map of 1779. Ne-vef-sink has been interpreted Mad river, and also Water between highlands, as well as Fishing place. Some have thought 82 INDIAN NAMES. the name merely an English allusion to the waters of the stre9,m, but it is clearly aboriginal. It is also Mahackamack on the map of 1779. Ki-am-e-sha is now Pleasant pond. Sba-wan-gunk, from Shongum, white, making the name of the mountains, White stones. Po-ca-toc-ton, River almost spent. Kon-ne-on-ga, White lake, in Bethel, so called from its white sands. Chough-ka-wa-ka-no-e, a small creek mentioned in 1665. Al-as-kaye-ring is the continuation of the Shawangunk mountains southward. Ba-sha kill. Basha was an old squaw whose husband killed a deer, and left her to bring it home. She fastened it securely on her back, but in crossing the stream fell under her burden, and being unable to disengage herself was drowned. Other names are Me-ton-gues, Ho-mo-wack, Lack-a-wack, and Wil-low-e-mock, the latter in Rockland township. TIOGA COUNTY. , Cat-a-tunk creek, or Ti-a-tach-schi-unge. O-we-go has been translated Swift water, and also given as Ah-wa-ga, Where the valley widens. N. P. Wilhs mentions Ca- ne-wa-na as a village between his home at Glenmary and Owego. The name has ' disappeared. There are several early forms of the name of Owego. The village was burned in 1779, to cel- ebrate the union of Chnton's and Sullivan's armies. Ti-o-ga, At the forks. Chemung aiid Susquehanna have been defined before. Manck^at-a-wang-um, or Red bank, was opposite the site of Barton in 1779. Ga-now-tach-ge-rage, interpreted for me as There lies the vil- lage. West creek, 1745. INDIAN NAMES. . 83 Gen. J. S. Clark thinks Spanish Hill, at Waverly, the ancient Car-ant-ou-an, a village of the Andastes. Other names are Nan-ti-coke and Ap-a-la-chin or Ap-pa-la-con. TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ca-yu-ga lake and inlet from, the nation of that name, who ad- vanced their villages to the Susquehanna after the conquest of the Andastes. Ne-o-dak-he-at, Head of the lake. Ithaca. Taug-han-ick, or Taug-han-nock falls, a name from Columbia county. To-ti-e-ron-no, interpreted for me as Where guns were made, but it is the name of a nation also. The Iroquois placed a southern nation, called Te-de-righ-roo-nas, at the head of the lake in 1747. Co-re-or-go-nel was a village near Ithaca in 1779. Ga-nont-a-cha-rage, was a stream between Ithaca and Owego, in 1745, elsewhere defined. Some have thought that Poney Hollow came from the name of the Saponeys, who may have had a village there. ULSTER COUNTY. E-so-pus, once Sopus, comes from See-pu, a Delaware term {or river. It has been called See-pus, Sopers, and So-pus, but the present name prevailed at an early day. The Esopus nation was of Algonquin stock, as all the river Indians were. At-kar-kar-ton, or At-kan-kar-ten, wasan early name of Esopus -creek and Kingston, a;nd is said to mean Smooth water. Kuy-kuyt moimtain, or Lookout mountain. Sho-kan, a village in Olive. Mom-bac-cus, Indian name of the town of Rochester. Sh.an-da-ken, Rapid ivater. ': Sha-wan-gunk, White rocks, but some have thought it came 84 INDIAN NAMES. from Showan or Shawnee, meaning south, and Gunk, mountain, thus making it South mountain. Wa-war-singlis said to mean, Blackbird's nest. Wa-wa-sink in 1779. O-nan-gwack creek, east of Rondout creek. Ker-honk-Bon, or Ka-hank-sen, 1665. Ponck-hock-ie, a place near Kingston. Wilt-meet, an Indian fort supposed to have been in Marble- town. Ka-ha-kas-nik, a stream north of Rondout creek. Ma-go-was-in-ginck, another north of the last. Ma-ha-ke-negh-tuc, Continually overflowing water. Hudson's name for Hudson's river, as is said, but it is better Mo-hi-can-it- tuck. River of the Mohicans. Other names are Ky-ser-ike, Nap-a-nock, Ho-mo-wack, Lack- a-wack, Min-ne-was-ka, Ma-chack-a-mock, Met-ta^ca-honts, and Mo-honk. WARREN COUNTY. Te-o-ho-ken, equivalent to Tioga, west branch of the Hudson, and alluding to the forks, At-a-te-ka, east branch of the same river. Hor-i-con seems an early misprint, quite doubtfully said to mean Silver water, and sometimes erroneously applied to Lake George. Cooper is responsible for this, his " Last of the Mohi- cans" being a tale of the vicinity. Some old maps had Horicon for Hir-o-coi. At-al-a-poo-sa, Sliding place. Roger's Slide, but also applied to Tongue mountain. Ka-yan-do-ros-sa, said to be the Indian name of Glens Falls. A. Cusick translated it Long deep hole, which might apply to the ravine, or the cave below the bridge. Pan-gas-ko-link is also given as a name for this place. Che-pon-tuc, Hard climbing, is another. INDIAN NAMES. 81; Can-i-a-de-ros-se-ras, the -country north of Schenectady, per- haps having a reference to a lake. This or the preceding may give light to the meaning of Kayadejpsseras, the patent of which so long caused trouble. Bou-to-keese. Falls at Luzerne. Te-kagh-we-an-ga-ra-negbirton. A mountain west of Lake George, in lyys. Kah-che-bon-cook. Jessups falls. Moos-pot-ten-wa-cha, Thunder's nest. Crane mountain. Waw-kwa-onk. Caldwell. Gan-a-ous-ke, Where yoi^j^ s;prinkled, as interpreted for me. Northwest bay in Lake Georgav ,f. Ti-o-sa-ron-da, Meeting of waters; at Luzerne. Oregon is an introduced name. Se-non-ge-wah, Great upturned pot, a mountain four miles from Luzerne. O-i-o-gue, Beautiful river. The Hudson in the narrative of Father Jogues, who called its upper waters by this name in 1645. Bruyas, however, defined Ohioge, At the river, which may be preferable. Can-i-a-de-ri-oit, Tail of the lake. Lake George, but some- times better applied to the south end of Lake Champlain, where it has a striking significance. I thmk this the proper application. Father Jogues arrived at Lake George in 1645, ^"^ incident de- scribed in the relation of the following year. "They arrived on the eve of Corpus Christi, at the foot of the lake which connects with the great lake Champlain; the Iroquois call it Andiatarocte, which signifies. There where the lake is shut in. The Fathers named it lake St. Sacrement,'' from the day, referring to the Eu- charist, and not to baptism as some have supposed. Part of the name only, first given, is identical with that mentioned by Jogues. ' Lake Champlain was often called Lake of the Iroquois by 86 , INDIAN NAMES. both the Dutch and French, but if had many names. WASHINGTON COUNTY. An-di-a-ta-rac^te, Where the lake is shut in. An early name of Lake George before mentioned, Caniadare meaning lake. On-ja-da-rac-te was mentioned as the head of Lake ChamplaiH' iu 1688, aiid a place where the English might build a fort, ap- parently at Ticonderoga. It is the same as the preceding. O-je-en-rud-de, where the French proposed building a fort in 1701, seems the same name much modified. " R. Tyconderoge or' tale of the lake," appears on the iB^p.ofr New York, grants. The lake seems to have had many tails.. The place was called Chi-nan-de-roga in 1691, and Di-on-da-jQ-. gain 1755. Cos-sa-yu-na, Lake at bur pines. A lake in Argyle. Wam-pa-chook-glen^OrSuck. Whitehall. Wam-pe-cock creek seems derived frorn the last. Kah-cho-quah-na, L'lat^e where they dip fish. Whitehall Lake Rod-si-o-Ca^ny-a^ta-re. Lake Champlain ; the^ last word meaning lake, and the first being the name of a Mohawk chief who was drowned there, Ta-kun-de-wi-de. Harris' bay, on Lake George. Ty-o-shoke, a name for pa,rt of Cambridge. Tom-he-nack, a creek in the same town. Di-on-onrda-ho-wa falls, interpreted for me as She open^ the door for them. Met-to-wee river is the Paw let. An-a-quas-sa-cook is the name of a patent granted in 176* Pom-pan-uck is said to have been the original form of Pump- kin Hook, and to have been so called from Connecticut Indla:ns who settled there. Po-dunk is a name introduced from New England. Kin-gi-a-quah-to-iiee was the portage between Fort Edward and Wood creeks. INDIAN NANES. 87 On-da-wa means Coming again, according to my informant. White creek. On-de-ri-gue-gon is a name for the drowned lands ol this county. Tigh-til-li-gagh-ti-kook is the south branch of Batten kill. Wah-co-loos-en-cooch-a-le-ra. Fort Edward. Fis-quid is a name for the same place on an old powder horn. WAYNE COUNTY. • As-sor-o-dus has been translated Silver water, but there seems no reason for this. It is Aserotus on a map of 1771, but Sodus bay has other names. On PouChot's map it is " Baye des Goy- ogoins," or Cayugas, and was commonly known by this title. In 1759 it was termed Osenodus. On a map of 1662 it is Ganaatio which would be Beautiful water. A map of 1688 calls it Char- aton. According to Morgan the name of Sodus Bay creek was Tegahonesaota, Child in a baby frame. The first two syllables simply mean The place at, and Sodus may have come from the last three syllables. This is the simplest theory which occurs to me, but it may have come, in another form, from Asare, A knife. The Indians can now give no meaning to the word. The bay was the Cayuga landing place. (jan-ar-gwa, A village stiddenly sprung up. Palmyra and Mud creek. Je-donrda-go, a place east of Jerondakat bay, at an early day. Te-ger-hunk-se-rode^ a hill belonging to the Cayugas in 1758, and east of Sodus bay. This may be Morgan's name for Sodus Bay creek above mentioned. Squa-gon-na. Montezuma marshes. This may have cOme from the Cayuga, Naskwagaonta, Toad or frog : . but more prob ably is an abbreviation of the Onondaga Skahhoosootiah, Yellow catfish. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. The most of the names in this county will be found in Bol- 88 INDIAN NAMES. ton's History of Westchester, and they are nearly all Mohegan words, several tribes of this nation having dwelt here. Os-sin-sing, or Os-sin-ing; Stone upon stone, the name of a Mohegan tribe. It is s?rittea Sing Sing, with many other forms. Sint Sink creek has the same meaning and also Sen-si-nick,-pr ; Stony place. Ma-har-n'es river. Me-ha-nas seems the same name. 'W&ec-qaa.&s-gnck.^' Place of a bark kettle,, has many 'forms, of which Wes-sec-ca-now may be the most extreme, Weckquas- keck representing the medium. t)obb's Ferry. Ma-cook-nack point. Ki-wig-tig-nock, an elbow of Crdton river, called also Ke-wigh- teg-nack. He-wegh-ti-quack is another form. It i& west of Pine's bridge. Am-a-walk, an abbreviated Indian name for the east part of Yorktown. Ac-que-a-ho-unck, Hed cedar tree. Hutchinson's creek. A-que-a-no-unck, for East Chester creek, seems the same. Po-nin-goe, Indian name of Rye. Ma-nur-sing, called Min-ne-wies, or Pine island, by the In- dians. Another form is Mi-nu-sing, an island. Mus-coot river. Mus-coo-ta mountain is also near Croton Ts- land. Sach-wra-hung. A brook near West Farms. Quan-na-hung, a neck of land in the same town." Ar-men-pe-rai is Sprain river. Mos-ho-lu IS Tibbett's brook. Among the lakes are Mo-har-sic, Mo-he-gan, Cob-a-mong, Wac-ca-back, Wam-pus, and Ma-gri-ga-ries. The last is also the early name of a stream near Peekskill. Sa-chus, or Sack-hoes, is the vicinity of Peekskill. Kitch-a-wan, Large and swift current. Croton river, called also Kick-ta-wank. Craton has the appearance of an European INDIAN NAMES. , 89 name, but is said to have been changed from Ken-o-tin, Win/i. Sen-as-qua neck is Croton point. As-pe-tong, a hill in Bedford. Ka-to-nah, or Can-ta-toe. The Jay homestead. Mount Kis-ko comes from Kes-kis-ka. There is also a Cis- qua creek. Os-ca-wa-iia island. Me-an-agh is the vicinity of Verplanck's point. , Ap-pa-magh-;pogh, lands near the same. Ap-pa-ragh-pogh, for the county east of Cortland town, scarce- ly differs. Tam-mo-e-sis, a small creek near Verplanck's: point. A-que-hung. Bronx river. Tuck-a-hoe is said to mean Where deer are shy. it is the name, however, of a kind of Indian bread. Al-ip-conck, Place of^elms. Tarrytown. Nep-er-han creek. Also Nep-er-a. Mock-quams, now Blind brook. Mam-ar-o-neck is said to mean Place of rolling stones. Wa-i-man-uck. Orienta. Ran-ach-que. Bronck's land. Shap-pa-qua, or Chap-pa-qua, is said to mean a vegetable root. It is in Newcastle. Po-can-ti-co, or Po-can-te-co river. Ar-monck, Beaver, is now Byram river. Tit-icus river is otherwise Mugh-ti-ti-coss, from the name of an Indian chief. Po-ti-ti-cus is in Bedford. Wis-sa-yek, Rocky place. Dover. Ke-ke-shick. Yonkers. Many of the following are from Bolton's map of 1609, in which he gave the names of places and tribes of that date, as well as they could be ascertained. The Tan-ke-ten-k,es then lived back of Sing Sing. go INDIAN NAMES. Ma-cok-as-si-no was a part of the country along the Hudson. Shor-ack-ap-pock was another place along the river, Pep-pen-eg-hek lake is now Cross pond. To-quams was a place mentioned in 1640. Ship-pan, in New Rochelle, also appears in that year. Rip-po-wams is of the same date. Qua-haug comes from Po-quau-hock, a round clam. Mon-ak-e-we-go. Greenwich point. Sigg-hes is a great rock in Greenburgh. There are many places mentioned, as Kensico, Wennebees, Tanraken, Keakatis, Caranasses, Conoval, Petuquapaen, Be- tuckquapock, Sioascock, Suckebout in Bedford. Cohansey, Nan- ama, Potamus ridge, Pasquashic, Noapain, and Manunketesuck, in the Sound. f Of creeks there are Wishqua or Canopus, Kestaubaiuck, Sas- sachem, Sepeachim, Bissightick, Weghquegtick. Maennepis, Mangopson, Wanmainuck, Apawquammis or Mockquams, Me- hanas, Tatomuck, Cisqua, and Wepuc. , Of islands there are Manakawaghkin, and in the East river Wikisan and Minnahenock. Among early villages are Pechquenakonck, Cantitoe, Nanich- iestawack in Bedford, Pokerhoe, Hokohongus near Pocanteco creek, Nipnichsen, Kikeshiek, and Nauasin. Ap-a-wa-mis is applied to Rye Neck, and also to a stream. Quar-op-pas is now White Plains. Honge was the upper part of Blind brook. E-kuck-etau-pa-cu-son is now Rye Woods. Pock-e-o-tes-sen was a name for Stony brook. Ra-ho-na-ness. A plain in Rye in 1720. Ha-seco has been given as an Indian name of a meadow on Byram river, but it has been thought to be simply hassocky, from hassock, alluding to the tufts of grass. The next would imply that it was really an Indian name. INDIAN NAMES. 9I Mi-os-e-has-sa-ky, another meadow on the same. La-ap-ha-wach-kirig, I'iace of stringing beads. Though this has been applied to New York, it is claimed especially for this county. WYOMING COUNTY. G^-da-ges-ga-o, Fetid banks. Cattaraugus creek. Q-jat-ka creek, Opening. Cayuga creek has been defined. Ga-na-yat.' .SiLver lake. This at first seems an abbreviated* form of the wpr^./aAe, but A. Cusick translated it Stone at the bottom of the water. Ga-da-o, or Gar-dow, Bank in front, /lyas a recent village on the Genesee river, in the town of,Castile, and.near the land-slide. Cusick tells me this means 3. Miiddy place. The Gardow reser- vation was here, and embraced the 10,000 acres which the Sen- ecas reserved in 1797, for Mary Jemison, the celebrated "White woman." She died in Septemberj 1833, ^""^ ^^^ buried in the old Indian cemetery at Bufra,lo. Chi-nose-heh-geh, On the side of the valley. Warsaw. Peoria and Wyoming are introduced names. YATES COUNTY. Ah-ta-gweh-d^-ga, Flint creek 0-go-ya-ga, Promontory projecting into the lake, from the long and elevated. Bluff point. Crooked lake, often called Lake Ke- u-ka, which probably came from this word, by slightly altering the sound of Go-ya-ga. Ke-u-ka. A. Cusick gave this the same meaning as Cayuga, Boats drawn ortt, and it so strongly resembles it in sound that it may be the same. We so often change Indian names, hoiv- ever, that my conjecture may prove true. Otherwise it might refer to a portage, saving the long, voyage around the point, which is so prominent a feature of the lake. 92 INDIAN NAMES. SUPPOSED IROQUOIS TOWNS. In Mr. Hale's "Iroquois Book of Rites," is a list of Iroquois towns in the condoling song of the,. Elder Brothers, and these are here added from John Buck's manuscript, with the supposed meanings. They comprise only the three principal clans, com- mon to all of the Six Nations, and each divisiou may include those of kindred clans. First come those of the Wolf tribe. Karhetyonni, Tfie broad woods; Oghskawaseronhon, Grown up to bushes again; Geadiyo, Beautiful plain; Onenyodeh, Protuding sione; Deseroken, Be- tween two lives; Tehodijenharakwen, Two families in a long house,, one at each end; Teyoweyendon, Drooping wings; Oghre- kyonny is of doubtful meaning, but may be Oriskany. The following are of the two turtle clans. Kanesadakeh, On the hillside; Onkwiiyede, A person standing there. Kahkekdoh- hon, Weghkerhon, Thogwenyoh, a,nd Kahhewake, are not de* fined. In the Bear clan are Deyaohen, The forks; Jonondeseh, // is a high hill; Otshwerakeron, Dry branches fallen to the ground: Oghnaweron, The springs. These were early villages as supposed, and the following were added later, being of the same clan: Karhowenghradan, Taken over the woods; Karaken, White; Deyohero, Place of rushes; Deyosweken, Outlet of the river; and Ox-den-ke, To the old place. Some of these names will be recognized, and others may be alternate names for known villages, but no history records the names of all Iroquois towns, even in recent times. The Mo- hawks had several, in the seventeenth century, whose names are unknown, and the same is true among all the rest. It will be observed, however, that less than two villages are assigned to each of these clans in each nation, allowing almost nothing for a succession of villages. Six towns only are given to the two tur- INDIAN NAMES. 93 ^ tie clans, which are practically one, and this for the whole period of "Iroquois history. Usually the name went with the town in all its removals, but some of the best known names are not in this list. ADDITIONAL NEW YOK NAMES. The following names, mostly of Greene county, I received from Mr. Henry Brace, of New York city, too late for insertion in their proper place. Ma-wig-nack, The place where two streams meet. The low lands at the junction of the Katskill and Katerskill. Also spelled Manchwehenoc. Och-quich-tok or Ac-qui-tack, supposed to mean a stony place. A small plain west of the Katskill, opposite Austins's paper mill. There are five plains mentioned in the Catskill patents of 1680 and 1688, just beyond the stone bridge at Leeds. The first of these is Wa-chach-keek, House-land, or Place of wigwams. Wich- qua-nach-te-kak is the second. Pach-qui-ack is the third, and probably means Clear land. As-sis-ko-wach-keek is the fourth. Po-tick, the fifth, he supposes to be a waterfall Elsewhere it has been given as round. Early in the eighteenth century the Indians called the first four plains Qua-jack, The Christian corn-land. Pas-ca-kook or Pis-ta-kook, was the site of the present village of Leeds, and first appears in an Indian deed of 1675. Quat-a^wich-na-ack or Ka-ta-wig-nack, supposed to mean Place of the greatest ozierfiow, is a. wdAer-ia\\ on the Katerskill, near the bridge on the road to High Falls. Ma-cha-wa-nick was at the north-east corner of Corker's Kill patent. Na-pees-tock, a pond in the west part of Cairo, is equivalent to Nip^is-auke, Small Me place. Can-a-senc is the Sager's Kill. 94 INDIAN NAMES. Pes-quan-ach-qua is now Maquas Hook. Ta-bi-gicht and Mag-quam-ka sick are the Sandy Plains in South Cairo. Po-tam-is-k as-sick was a plain above the last. Can-is-kek, a plain-west of Athens. 1665. Stich-te-kook or Stigh-kook, a plain west of Coxsackie. GE'NERAL INDIAN NAMES. Algonquin names naturally' prevail along the Atlantic coast, with all the usual varieties of dialect, and names originating in the same great family are found far inland. Certain features of these will strike the most careless observer. Michi, with its variations, for great; Auke, etc., for land; Sepe, Gan, and Minne, for water or river, will be among these, and to the-latter may be added Hanne, or Hannock. There is no intention now, however, to give a treatise on the structure of names, although this slight reference to their composition may direct attention to their. origin. Our first clear knowledge of the Huron-Iroquois tongue came from the French missionaries, who made a study of its various dialects at an early day. The Dutch -and English did a less conspicuous work in the seventeenth and, eighteenth centuries, and still more in the nineteenth. Much of the Bible and the Prayer Book, and various hymnals and text-books were printed m the Iroquois tongue in the course of this work, and all are still used. Father Bruyas made a vocabulary of the radical words of the Mohawk language, at an early day, wHich is excellent. Zeisber- ger's Onondaga dictionary is of far less value, but many other writers have supplemented these. A few examples from Bruyas may be of interest. Twasentha is a waterfall, and Twasenthon means to lament, or to groan. The latter seems a poetic adap- tation, as though the falling water suggested falling tears, or the INDIAN NAMES. 95 hollow sound resembled a mourner's groans. In this way the' application of this name to Norman's Kill might refer either to the stream, or a neighboring burial place. Askati means one side ; Skannatati, the other side, and thetfce we have the name of Schenectady. Garonta is a tree; and Ga- rontiagon, to strike a tree. Ohare is to wash; and Gaksohare, to wash a plate. This word will be recognized in Schoharie and Canajoharie. While Indian Agent, Sir William Johnson pointed out somf features of these combinations. Echin meant a man, and Go- wana, great. Thence was formed Echingowana, a great man. Caghyunghaw was a creek, and Caghyungha a river; thence were derived Caghyunghaowana, a great river, and Caghyung- heo, a fine river. Haga stood for the inhabitants of a place, and "tierhan for the morning. Thence the people of the eastern countries were called Tierhansaga, People of the morning, or Eastern people. ' Mr, L. H. Morgan gave some examples of these combinations in the Seneca dialect. Oya if. fruit, and Ogauh is sweet; from these comes Oyagauh, sweet f-uit. From Ganosote, house, and Weyo, good, comes Ganoseyo, a good house. A more erratic combination is from Ganundayeh, a village, aud Newaah, small, from which results Neganundaah, a small village. I have noticed that the Onondagas use Goona and Gowa al- most indifferently for great. Usually a syllable is dropped in combination. Thus the Onondaga name for the soft maple is Ahwehhotkwah, Red flower, from Ahwehhah, flower, and Hot- kwah, red. It is usual to place the adjective after the noun. Names are often derived from resemblances. The Onondaga name for the bobolink is Neettus, a skunk, from having the col- ors of that animal. A few general names follow, but only those of which the mean- 96 INDIAN NAMES. ing can be given, while many of little importance are omitted, though their sense is known. , As before, poetic interpretations are not to be expected, and Mark Twain had the right idea, if no more, in speaking of one well known name. " Tahoe means grasshoppers. It means grasshopper soup. , It is Indian, and suggestive of Indians. People say that Tahoe means- 'Silver lake,' 'Limpid water,' 'Falling leaf.' Bosh! It means grasshop- per soup, the favorite dish of the Digger tribe." Was-to-heh-no is the present Onondaga name for the United States, meaning the People of Boston, probably from their prom- inence at the time of the Revolution. The Iroquois had no labials, and Wasto seems an attempt to pronounce Boston, the remainder of the word referring to the people. Ashaagoona, Big knife, or Sword, is now their name for Penn- sylvania and the states farther south. It was formerly given to Virginia, and is thus described in the conference of 1721: " As- sarigoe, the name of the Governors of Virginia, which signifys a Simeter or Cutlas, which was given to Lord Howard, anno 1684, from the Dutch word Hower, a Cutlas." Tlie name however, is purely Iroquois, but thence came the term of "Long Knives," rather than from Gen. Wayne's campaign. The Iroquois were fond of playing upon words. The name for Pennsylvania is thus described in the same con- ference: "Onas, which signifies a Pen in the language of the 5 Nations, by which nane they call all the Governors of Pennsyl- vania, since it was first settled by William Penn." The Iroquois name for Massachusetts, in 1724, meant Broad- way. The Governor was Yehowanne in 1748. Jaquokranaegare was a name used by the same people for Maryland, in 1684. Manhatans and Corlaer were irequent names for New York. The former was a Delaware name, and the latter came from a Dutchman who was a great favorite with the Mohawks. INDIAN NAMES. 97 Massachusetts is Blue hills, according to Roger Williams, but others have defined it Much mountain place. The meanings are reconcilable. Connecticut has varied from the old pronunciation, and is de- fined Lon^ river, or Land at long tidal river. Kansas has been interpreted Smoky waters, but some such definitions may not be correct, and many of the following must be taken for what they are worth. In the same way Iowa has been rendered Sleepy ones<, hardlj* the name for a wide awake State. It has also been interpreted Beautiful land. The lowas called themselves Pahucha, Dusty noses. Kentucky is an Iroquois word, and is variously rendered Head of a river. Prairies, Among the meadows. I had it from Albert Cusick as Kentahkee, Big Swamp. Yates and Moulton defined it River of blood. Minnesota is interpreted Cloudy water, or that which is slight, ly whitish. Nebraska is rendered Shallow water, and also the Place of broad waters, these being naturally shallow. Tennessee, The river of the great bend. It was often called the River of the Cherokees. Wisconsin, Wild, rushing river. The French termed it the Beautiful river. The meaning of Oregon has been much discussed. Jonathan Carver heard of a river by this name m 1766, but it does not belong to the Oregon dialects, though Okanagan is a river in that State. The former name may have come from an Algon- quin dialect, with the meaning of Great water. Carver men- tioned it as a. great river flowing into the Pacific, and called it- " Oregon, or the river of the West." W. C. Bryant first used it after Carver, in his poem of " Thanatopsis," written in 1817. Some have thought it came from Origanum, an herb, but this is 98 INDIAN NAMES. an error. Nor does it come from the Spanish word, Huracan, a wind, derived from the Mexican, and familiar to us as hurricane. A popular interpretation has been from the Spanish word Orejon, A pulling of the ear or Lop ears. Bancroft decides against this, on good grounds, and Carver's first meaning should be accepted in a general way. A full discussion of this will be found in Ban- croft's Pacific States. Alabama is usually called The place of rest, or Here we rest. It has also been, rendered Thicket clearers, as though cleared up for an abiding place. When interpreted A place of rest, as seems best, the reference is to the sluggish nature of the lower part of the river. Arizona has been derived from Arizonac, a native.,naine fora place on the frontier of Sonora. It is capable of several proper interpretations, and among these are Maiden's valley, Mace of few fountains. Alaska has a flayor of both the American and SibSriaxi coasts, but came from the latter. It is now an English corruption of - the original Alaksha, Great land. . " ■ ' Mississippi is plainly the Great river, irom MXssx,'' great, and Sepe, river. The Onondagas call it Kahnahweyokah, with the same meaning. Missouri, Great muddy river. Michigan, Great water. Da-kota., .Many nations united in one government ; or more sim- ply, Confederate people. ;, Idaho has been derived from two Nez Perce words, Edah and Hoe, Light on the mountains, from the first appearance of sun- light on the high peaks, and thence has come the fanciful inter- pretation, Gem of the mountain. Wyoming, Broad plains, from those on the Susquehanna. The Iroquois name means essentially the same, and is properly Scha- INDIAN NAMES. 99 hentoa, or Schahendowane, Great plains. In the report of a council in 1775 it is written Scanandanani. Arkansas would probably differ but little from Kansas. The Arkansas Indians were the early Quapaws. Illinois is Real men, a name assumed by many Indian tribes. The Ongwe Honwe ot the Six Nations meant the same thing. Ohio, Beautiful river. It has quite as much the meaning of that which is good or great, and in this way is used to express^ fruit, something attractive to the sight and taste. Utah has been defined They who live on the mountains, but I am under the impression that it has a more prosaic meaning. Dwellers in the mountains, however, has good authority. Texas was known by this name to La Salle, who visited it in 1687. Mexico is from Mexitli, the tutelary divinity of the na.tion. Quebec is often rendered Fearful rock, but Charievoix said that the name "in the Algonquin language signifies a strait or narrowing. The Abenaquis, whose language is a dialect of the Algonquin, call it Quelibec, that is to say, shut up," because as they approached the port of Quebec it appeared like a great bay. The name of Te-kia-tan-ta-ri-kon, Twin or Double moun- tain, has also been given to the town. Potomac has been defined Place of burning pines, and also. They are coming by water, which are sufficiently different for a choice. In 1722 the Iroquois called the river Kahongoronton; It has been rendered Pathamook, People arriving by water: Agioochook, Place of the Great Spirit of the forest. Monadnock, Place of spirits. Amoskeag, Fishing place. Cohasset,, Place of pines. Merrimac, Swift water. Nashua does not at first seem an Indian name, but with its lOO INDIAN NAMES. equivalent, Nashuock, it is defined Where water runs over the stones. Pawtucket, Where there are many deer; and a\so, At the falls. Housatonic, River beyond the mountains. Katahdin, Great, or Chief mountain. Rendered also, High- est land, the sense being often given instead of the literal mean- ing. Penobscot, Rocky river, or Falls of the rock. Chesapeake, with its early form of Cicapoa, has been inter- preted Great waters, and A place where a large body of still water is spread out. Aroostook, Good river. Muskingum, EWs eye, according to Heckewelder. Some say that it means A town on the river side, and that the Shawnee name, Wakatamo sepe, means the same. These Indians also called the Ohio, Kiskepila sepe, or Eagle river. Ossipee, Stony river. Winnepiseogee, or Winnepesaukee, ^^a«A/«/ /«/Ji? of the high- lands. Whittier calls it The smile of the Great Spirit. It has also been defined Good water outlet. Pemigewasset, Crooked place of many pines. Pennacook, Crooked place. Pentucket, Prooked place of d(er. Piscataquog, Place of many deer. Although having good au- thority, some of these definitions have a doubtful look. Squam, The water; a name occurring by itself and in combina- tions. Cataraqui, usually defined as Fort in the water, but given me as a £ank of clay rising from the water. Kingston, in Canada. The Indians applied this to Fort Frontenac, and thence to the lake. Chicago, Wild garlic, but nieaning also A skunk. It is sup- posed to have its name from the early abundance of these odor- ous vegetables. INDIAN NAMb'-S. lOI Montreal, the ancient Hochelaga, has been called Oserake. Beaver dam, but more commonly Tiotiake, which Morgan de- fines Almost broken. The meaning given me, however, was Deep water beside shallow, referring to the still water below the rapids. In Hochelaga the last two syllables probably refer to people. I have no equivalent for the rest. Mississippi, Great or many mouths, as of a rivet. Quite a class of words exists with the same prefix. Ottawa. Traders. This word has changed much from the original form, and was given by the French to several nations. Shawnee, Southern people, or place. This nation was so mi^ gratory that its members have been termed American Gipsies. For this reason the name is found in many parts, Suwanee, Se- wanee, and other forms being familiar. Accomac has been assigned two meanings, one of which is As far as the woods reach. The other is quite different, but seems the true one : On the other side, as of the Chesapeake. Winnipeg is Dirty or Foul water. The meaning of this is old and interesting, but was more strictly Stinking water ; that is, not fresh. In the Jesuit Relation of 1639-40, it is said, "Now they (the Algonquins) thus call the waters of the sea ; therefore these people call themselves Ouinipigon, because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; and consequently we must not call them the Nation of the Stinkards, but the Nation of the Sea." This is several times related in the old chronicles. Winnebago, Filthy, is much like the last ; indeed it is nearly identical with the early form. Kineo, Flint, is much like the Mohawk word. Keokuk, «/afc-4>/>a;, the name of a noted chief of this cen- tury. Also Munning fox. K enosha is simply Pickerel. Pisrataauis. Branch of a river. I02 INDIAN NAMES. Piscataway, It is growing dark. Winona is said to mean First born, if a daughter. Yankton, Town at the end. Keweenaw, Portage of canoes. Yemassee, Gentle. Yazoo is rendered Leafy. Lackawanna, Forks of streams. The Iroquois called this Haziroth. Lackauwaxen, Forks of road. Lycoming, Sandy creek. Wissahickon, Catfish stream. Wyalusing, Home of the old warrior. Chesuncook, Where many streams enter in. Another defini- tion is Big lake. Still another is derived from Chesunk or Schunk, a goose, and Auke, a place. Sebago, Large open water. Umbagog, Lake doubled up, from its form. Minnehaha, Laughing water. Assineboin, Stone roaster, from the custom of heating stones for cooking. Sacs, Those who emigrated. This is derived from Osaukee, • They went out of the land. Saginaw, from Sacenong, Country of the Sacs. It is also de- fined Pouring out at the mouth, perhaps in reference to this em- igration, or the flowing out of the water. It suggests Oswego and its meaning. Saco, Pouring out, is suggestive in the same way. Ojibway or Chippewa, from Odji and Bwa, voice and gather- ing up. Menominee, Wild rice Indian, from Monomonick, Wild rice. Pawnee, Shaved heads, the scalp lock alone being left. Arapaho, Good hearts. Cherokee is said to mean Fire nation. Their own name was Tsaraghee. INDIAN NAMES. 103 '^^^^\hocken, Land of turtles or Plenty of turtles. Kittatiny hills, Endless hills, is also" defined Great mountain. These and kindred words have conflicting definitions, as will be seen, though' with a certain harmony. . Kittaning'or Kittany, C-^z^Aiw/e, or Large stream. In the forni of Kithanne, or Largest stream, it Was applied to the Del- aware; and may signify prominence of any kind. ' Pahaquarry, 'End of two mountains, with a stream between theth, as at the Delaware' Water Gap. ^ Passaic, A valley. , , • Ramapo relates to the many tributary round ponds. Pequannock, Dark river. Raritan, Forked river. Kearsarge, Pointed pine mountains. Hock-hocking, Place of a bottle like a gourd. Hocking is contracted frpm this. Chepachet, Where they separate. Cheyenne, Speaking a different language. Kennebec, Large zvater place. NarraganseU. Roger Williams could get no distinct meaning for this, only learning that the name came from a small island. The most probable definition seems At the point, but some have called it The other side of the river; and others, Smooth water place. Mystic, Great stream. Naugatuck, One tree. Milwaukee, Good land. From Mannawahkie. Mauch Chunk, Bear mountain. Mopacan, A spade. • ' ' Monocacy, Stream with many large bends. Monongahela, High banks breaking off and falling. It comes from Mehmannauwinggehlau,- J^/ij land slides. Ashtabula has been rendered Fish creek. "04 INDIAN NAMES. Tuscarawas has been defiped Open mouth, but is apparently the same as Tuscarora, Wearing a shirt. Canada is literally a village, and the meaning is Where they live. It was probably the word which Cartier most frequently heard on the St. Lawrence appUed to the homfes of the people. It is a Mohawk word. Perhaps because the villages were most- ly on streams, one name for creek scarcely differs from this. Maskoutens was defined Fire nation, or Place of fire, in 1670. Charlevoix interpreted this as.prairies, which owe their origin to fire. Gananoqui, in Canada, has been interpreted Wild potatoes, or ground nuts, but it is also rendered Kahnonnokwen, Meadow rising out of the water. Toronto, or Thorontohen, Timber on the waters. Morgan gives it as Deondo, Log floating upon the water. It is quite an old name in its present form, appearing on early maps. Shamokin and Shackamaxon are both defined Place of eels. Seminole, Runaway ; a name given this people because they left the Creeks. It is derived from Isti semole, Wild men. Sheboygan, River flo%ving out of the ground. Shenandoah, Spruce stream. Tobyhanna, Alder stream. Yantic, One side of the tidal river. Youghiogheny, Stream which runs round about. Kenzua, They gobble. Loyalhanna, Middle stream. Loyalsock, Middle creek. Octarora, Where presents were given, a place naturally long remembered. Roanoke was called Konentcheneke by the Iroquois in 1722. Chickahominy, Turkey creek. Chickamauga, River of death. Chigoes, Oldest planted gromict, dm early name for Burlington, New Jersey. INDIAN NAMES. 105 Geauga., Jiaccoon. This was originally Sheauga sepe, or Rac- coon river. Walhonding river, White woman. Cuyahoga, Crooked, but the earlier forms are more like the Iroquois word for creek, or riyer. Cuyahoga Falls were called Coppacow, defined as Shedding tears. Miami, a name for mother in Ottawa. Suckasunny, Black creek. Whippany, Arroiti creek Neshannock, Two streams near each other. Niantio, Fiver where the tide flows. Niobrara, Broad river. Nipsic, Place of a pool. Nockamixon, At the five houses. Omaha, Up stream. Patapsco, Black water. Voti\ia.ta.n, At the falls 0/ the stream. Powathanne, the James river, differs but slightly from this, yet has been interpreted Biver of pregnancy. Pensacola, Hair people. Pequod, Destroyer. New London, in Connecticut, was called Pequot, arid also Manie^ag and Tawawog. 'J '■ - ' Pocasseti Where the strait expands. Quantico, Dancing. Rappahannock, Current returning and flowing agaifi. Muskegoe, &£/«/«/. ' ■ " Tuscaloosa, froin Tushka, Warrior, and Lusa, black: Ta.mpsi,. CJ!ffse to it. TonoDigbee, Cq^n makers, though this' seei\is an odd meaning fqr an Indian name. ■'■•'■.■ ■> Towanda, At the burfing place. ""■ ' ; " Vfenango had its nariie'from an obscene pic'f&r'e' painted"^ on a tree, by the stream. '■'.,';'' Jtofi INDIAN NAMES. Wampanoag, East land. ' Wheeling. Although this has every appearance of an Europe- an name, yet it has been derived, by some, from Whilink, At/Ae head of the river. Willimantic, Good cedar swamp. Skippack, Stinking pool. Taniaqua, Beaver (reek. Tunkhannock and Tunkhanna, Smafler stream. Moyamensing, Maize land. Natchez, One running to war. Ocoligo, Where shakes hibernate in holes. Absecumb bay. Plenty of swans. Chillicothe was the name of a principal tribe of the Shawnees, transferred to the town. Catasauqua, Thirsty land. Catawissa, Becoming fat. Andes has been said to mean Copper, or metal in general. Apache, Poor. In the Indian sign language the appropriate gesture for this expresses extrepe poverty. The name itself is from Eepache, Man. Machhanne, Largest stream. Mahoning is Place of the lick, and Mahanoy is simply the lick itself. Matapony, No bread to be had. Nepaug is Fishpond.. Otsiketa was a name for Lake St. Clair. Teton, Dweller on the plains, as it is said. It seems quite doubtful. \ , Tippecanoe, At the great clearing. Monayunk, A p'lace of rum, is one of several names for Phil- adelphia. Coaquannock, Grove of tall pine trees, has been given as another. Sandusky. The Wyandots said it mesLut At the cold 7mter. INDIAN NAMES. , . 10? . It.has also been rendered Saundustee, Water within water pools. It, IS an^early name, -being called Sandosquet in 1718. , , -Cussawago, Snake with a large belly, , Con,ewago, rendered L^^trip, but jt has been defined more iproperly as the rapids. ^^ jj^N ^ Ontonagon. This .f ..-rtame, according to Schoolcraft, had a very ^simple origin. There is a small bay at the mouth of the river. " An Indian woman had left her wooden dish, or Onagon, on the sands, at the shore of this little bay, where she had be^ engaged. On coming back from her lodge, the out flowing cur- rent had carried off her valued utensil. Nia Nin-do-nau-gon ! she exclaimed, for it was a curious piece of workmanship. That is to sa,y— Alas ! my dish !" Conneaut has been rendered Many fish, and also It is long since they met. Conneauet lake, Snow lake. There is some ground for the second definition,. but all may be wrong. Hackensack has been defined Streams gradually uniting in low land,, which is expressive. Some simply call it Low land. Piquais the name of a Shawnee tribe, signifying A man form- ed of ashes. The Shawftees were seated around a great fire at ■J;heir a,nnual feast, and when this burned down there was a great ■ puffing in; the ash^s., -- Out of these came a mature man,., who ■ was the .first of the Piq.ua tribe, i Froryi this name Pickaway is ; derived; • • • . ■ ' ,-. t ; ^~■, ' Agamenticusmay be defined ^Beyond the river. NipissLng, Still waters^'jind. Place of waters. In 1673 there were some JrpquoiSi villages on the north side of Lake Ontario, (ranatoheskiagon was at Port Hope; Gan- eraski at the. jiiouth--pf Trent river; Kente at. the Bay of Quinte, and Galieious at Nappa.ne. . These, were mostly, oc- .'Cupied by Cayugas. ,, . The Minatar.ees a^rejhe People of the willp^if. . 'I'he Mandans, or'Mifchtanees, were the People of the bank- I08 INDIAN NAMES. They called themselves however, See-pohs-nu-mah-kah-kee, Peo- ple of the pheasant. Catlin adopted the idea that they were partly descended from the Welsh companions of Prince Madoc, of traditional fame, and conjectured that the name of Mandan was derived from Madawgwys, ]j ' ^ wers of Madoc. Curious and prevalent as has been the r' f the Welsh Indians, it seems to have a very slender founaut o>^ The Sioux called the Winnebagoes, Hotanke, Big-voiced peo- ple. In addition to the accepted definition, Mohegan has been ren- dered The good canoe men, by Catlin. The Delawares call themselves Lenape, Real men, like many others. In the transactiohs of the Buffalo Historical Society, for 1885, is a statement by some Delawares of Canada, which differs much from others. The Senecas termed the Delawares, Dyo-hens-govola, From whence the morning springs. The Delawares said : " We often speak of ourselves as the Wapanachki, or People of the morning, in allusion to our supposed eastern origin. Our traditions affirm that at the period of the discovery of America our nation resided on the is- land of New York. We called that island Manahatouh, The place where timber is procured for bows and arrows. The word is compounded of N'manhumin, I gather, and tanning. At the place. At the lower end of the island was a grove of hickory trees, of peculiar strength and toughness. Our fathers held this timber in high esteem, as material for constructing bows, war clubs, etc. When we were driven back by the whites, our nation became divided into two bands ; one was termed Minsi, The great stone ; the other was called Wenawmien, Down the river, they being located farther down the stream th^ji our settlement. We called the Susquehanna, AthethquaneeJ" The roily river. The Monongahela was called Mehmannauwinggehlau, Many landslides. The Alleghany mountains were called by us AUicke- INDIAN NAMES. |09 wany, He is leaving us and may never return. Reference is made, I suppose, to departing hunters or warriors, who were about to enter the passes of those rugged mountains." Besides other meanings, Algonquin has been derived from -A^l- gomequin, Those on the other side of the river. The Caddo Indians have their name from Kaede, A chief. The Chitimacha, a Louisiana tribe, have their name "from tchuti and masha. They possess cooking vessels. Eskimo is from Eskimantik, Eaters of raw flesh. Kiowa has been defined as a rat and as 2, prairie hen. Sioux is a corruption of Nadowessiwag, a term of r^prfakch, meaning The snake-like ones or The enftnies. Apalachian and Apalachicola are from the Apalaches, a tribe mentioned by De Soto. From this people the Spaniards gave the name of Apalachin to a species of Cassia. Yuma, Sons of the river. Zuni, People of the long nails, because the Zuni surgeons keep their finger nails long. Athapasca, Place of hay and reeds. Attacapa, Mati eater. Anahuac is said to mean Near the water. Osceola, Black drink. Tucson is probably Black creek. Otonabee river comes from the name of a fishi. Wapsipinicon river from an edible nut of that name. Oshkosh was the name of one great division of the Sacs alrid Foxes. Nicaragua was the name of a great chief whom Gonzales met in 1522. The lake was called Cocibolca. In the New England States the old Indian names of many places are known, but are disused, and some have been ' tfanfe- ferred to other places. In Massachusetts, Charlestown was Mishawum ; Oxford, Manchage ; RehoBoth, ' Secunk ; Lynn, 110 , ^ INDIAN NAMES. ,S^ugus;„ Dorchester, Mattapan; Milton, Unquety; Salem, Naumkeag; Plymouth, Patuxet ; Pembroke, Namasakeeset.; ■Falmouth,. Sokonesset ; New Bedford, Acushnett. The early name of Boston Was Shawmut ; Natick was the Place of Mils, and others might be cited. f. In Connecticut, Simsbury was Mussauco; Guilford, Menun- katuck; New Haven, QuilUapiack. Providence; R. I., was originally Mooshausick. Martha's Vineyard was Nope, and also Capawack. Detroit, or the Strait, as the French termed it, was called Teuchsagrondie by the Iroquois, The turned channel. The Chippewa. naaie was Waweatunong, with the same meaning. In the early, form it. was Wamyachtenock. Winooski river is the Onion river of Vermont. Navajo means both a pool, and a level piece of ground, b,eing .expressive pf fl3.tness. It has thus been rendered Lake people 'and corn-field people, but might be supposed to be descriptive of their celebrated blankets, when stretched in the loom. Mobile comes from Mavilla, a village mentioned by Garci- lasso de la Vega, in his history of Florida. In De Soto's day the Mauvilians were very powerful. Charlevoix gives Michinipi, Great water, as the Indian name of Lake Superior. Schoolcraft has it Gitshiguma, with the same meaning. In a' foot note in Tanner's Narrative, it is said, " Lakes of the largest class are called by the Ottawwaws, Kitchegawme ; of these they reckon five; one which they commonly call Ojibbeway Kitche- gawme,, l^ake Superior; two Ottawwaw Kitchegawme, Huron and Michigan ; and Erie and Ontario. Lake Winnipeg, and the countless lakes in the north-west, they call Sahkiegunnun." Their , name for a small lake is Sahkiegun. The Chippewas termedthe Minnetarees, the Agutchaninne- wug, or Settled people. INDIAN NAMES. Ill Pembinah was Nebeninnah-ne-sebee, High cranberry river. The Chippewas call Montreal, Moneong. The Nottoways were called Rattlesnakes. Tanner calls tne SioUx, Roasters. Minisotah means Turbid water, by contraction Mendote mini- sotah became Mendota. In Capt. George B. McClellan's general report on the western division of the survey of the Cascades, in Washington Territory, 1853, he gives a large uumber of Indian names, but withou^ their meanings. He says, "The Indian names of these streams, lakes, prairies, etc., were carefully obtained by Mr. Gibbs, dur- ing the trip. They have been adopted in the map and the re- ports as preferable to any names we could give them ; partly for the purpose of endeavoring to perpetuate them, and partly for the reason that they will be of service to persons travelling through the country." Mr. Gibbs also gave the names of the Indian tribes, with their location. Carver gave the meaning of MichiUmackinac as Tortoise, but the prefix meant Great, and his definition properly belongs to the usual contracted form of the word. According to him, the Indian name of. Lake Pepin is Wakonteebe, Dwelling of the Great Spirit. In his vocabulary, Wakaigon, Fort, might be ap- plied to Waukegan. Col. Dodge gives the names of several Indian tribes and bands- Yankton is Village at the end; the Brules are ^^ Burnt thighs ; the Ogallallas are the Wanderers ; the Cheyennes are the Pai- kandoos or Cut wrists ; the Arrapahoes, Dirty noses ; the Kio- was, Prairie me7ij and the Comanches, Serpents. It would be an endless task to give the true or conjectural meanings of all the remaining Indian names of this land. Those which survive are vastly more in number than is commonly sup- posed, and they are among our very best, as far as sound goes. Of a large proportion the meanings cannot be recovered. Onondaga Names of Plants and Animals. 'T^HE Rev. Albert Cusick suggested to me that Indian names ■*■ should not be confined to mere English equivalents, but should be defined. A good beginning was made in this way, but we soon found it was impossible to recover the meanings of many. The difficulty will be appreciated by studying our own common names. Why is a fish thus called? What was the first meaning of a bird ? While the original design thus failed, the actual re- sults were too valuable to be lost, and there may come no better opportunity for their publication and preservation than that now afforded. Indian names, being descriptive, are not everywhere the same, even in the same language or its dialects, and yet the name will be recognized by all. One of the Six Nations calls the elephant, "That great naked animal," while another terms it the "Beast with a long nose." In a similar way our common names of plants are not everywhere the same, but are readily recognized when descriptive. It is curious to see how many names of plants' and animals have become obsolete through disuse by the Indians. Since they have, been practically confined to their reservations they have lost all knowledge of some plants not found upon them. 114 INDIAN NAMES. Nor does their early knowledge seem as great as has been supposed. One name will answer for several things which look much alike, and many species are unnoticed. Of some plants, reputed to be of medicinal. use among them, they seem to have no knowledge. Cowslip, (Caltha,) Ka-nah-wah-hawks, It opens the swamps, from blossoming in the spring. Blood-root, Da-weh-ne-quen-chuks, It breaks blood. Strawberry, Noon-tak-tek-hah-kwa, Groiuing where the ground is burned, or Knoll burned. Gooseberry, Ska-hens-skah-he-goo-na, Large currant. The wild kind has also something to express the thorny fruit. Wild grape, Oh-heun-kwe-sa, Long vine. Cultivated grape, Oh-heun-kwe-sa-goo-na ; Goona meaning large. Burdock, Oo-nuh-kwa-sa-wa-nehs, Big burr. Stick-tights, Ne-uh-noo-kwa-sa-sa-ah, Small burr. Red clover, Ah-seh-ne-u-neh-toon-tah,^ Three leaves. The white clover d,dds the word for white. Timothy grass, Oh-teh->a-hah, Tail at the end. Jack in the pulpit, Kah-a-hoo-sa, Indian cradle. This is very good, the Indian cradle board having a bow near the upper end, over which a coveriiig is drawn to protect the baby's head. Ja-e-goo-nah, White or sweet cherry. Big cherry. Choke cherry, Ne-a-tah-tah-ne, Something that chokes. Pear, Koon-de-soo-kwis, Long lip. Peaches, Oo-goon-why-e, Hairy. Cucumber, Oot-no-skwi-ne, With prickles. Musk melon, Wah-he-yah-yees, Thing that gets ripe, from changing its color. Water melon, Oo-neoh-sa-kah-te, Green melon, ox Melon eaten raw. Squash. This itself is a New England Indian name. In On- INDIAN NAMES. II5 ondaga it is Oo-neoh-sah-oon-we, The real melon; perhaps that which they first 'had. Skomatose, a name for tomatoes derived from our own. Boneset, Da-uh-kah-t£th-ais-te, Leaves that come together, an expressive name. The wild onion has a long name, Oo-noh-sah-kah-hah-koon-wa- ha, Onion that grows in the woods. Oonohsah is simply onion and from this comes the name of leeks, growing in low lands, Oo-noh-so-yah, A queer onion. Lettuce is Oo-na-tah-kah-te, Jiaw leaf, that is, one that is eaten raw. O-je-kwa for the turnip, is Hound or Hammer root. The beet is Oke-ta-ha, Root. By adding syllables distinctions are made in kinds. The yellow lady's slipper, or moccasin flower, is Kwe-ko-heah- o-tah-qua, Whifpoorwill shoe, Oddly enough this is a New England name for the same plant. Ginseng is Da-kien-tookeh, The forked plant, from its root. May-apple, or mandrake, is 0-na-when-stah, Soft fruit. The boft maple is Ah-weh-hot-kwah, The red flower, from Ah- weh-hah,yf(?K^^, and Hot-kwah, red. 0-neh-tah is the pine, Like porcupines holding to a stick, from the needle-like leaves spreading out. 0-ne-tah, the hemlock spruce, means Greens on a stick. O-wah-kwens-tah, njilkweed, is Milk that sticks to the fingers. Ta-keah-noon-wi-tahs is the name of violets. It means Two heads entangled, in allusion to their childish game of interlocking the flowers, and pulling them apart. The Cherokee name for this flower is much like this in meaning. Slippery elm, Oo-hoosk-ah, It slips. The Iroquois madp their canoes out of the bark of this. Swa-hu-na, the apple tree, means Big apple, by contrast with thorns. Il6 INDIANNAMES. Yellow willow, Cheek-kwa-ne-u-boon-too-te, Yellow tree. Red osier, Kwen-tah-ne-u-hoon-too-te, Red-tree. Witch hazel, Oo-eh-nah-kwe-ha-he, Spotted stick. Spice bush, Da-wah-tah-ahn-yuks, Stick that breaks itself; that is, one that is brittle. Sassafras, Wah-eh^nah-kas, Smelling stick. Green osier, probably either Viburnum or Cornus, Tweh-ha- he-he, Broken flower, or leaf. Bull thistle, Ooch-ha-neh-too-wah-neks, Many big thistles. Thistle, Ooch-ha-ne-tah, Something that pricks. Panada thistle, Ooch-ha-ne-tas-ah, Small thistle. Thimble berry, O-nah-joo-kwa-goo-na, Big cap. Red raspberry, O-nah-joo-kwa, Caps, Blackberry, Sa-he-is, Long berry. Huckleberry, 0-heah'che, Black berry. Poke weed, Oo-juh-gwah-sah, Color weed. Canoe Birch, Ga-nah-jeh-kwa, Birch that makes canoes. Basswood,. Ho-ho-sa, It peels. The inner bark of this is much used for fine strings and mats. Chestnut, 0-heh-yah-t ah. Prickly burr. Add goona for horse chestnut. Peppermint, Kah-nah-noos-tah, Colder, or That which makes you coldjm zSS.wsxo'o. to the first sensation. Spearmint has the same name, but is distinguished by naming the stem. Wild thorn. Je-kah-ha-tis, Long eye-lash; that is, Long thorns. Sarsaparilla. Ju-ke-ta-his, Long root. Other plants have this name. Elder. Oo-sa-ha, Frost on the bush. Partridge berry. Noon-yeah-ki-e-oo-nah-yeah. The name is the same as with us, the first four syllables being the name of the bird. Moss. 0-weh-a-stah, or Owenstah, (JwK/z>z^a//(7Z)(?r. Lichens have the same name. INDIAN NAMKS. 1 1? Wintergreen. Kah-nah-koon-sah-gas, Birch smelling plant. Plantain. Tu-hah-hio-e, It covers the road. Ironwood. Skien-tah-gus-tah, Everlasting wood. Aspen. Nut-ki-e, Noisy leaf. Catnip. Ta-koos-ka-na-tuks, Cat eating leaf. Tulip tree. Ko-yen-ta-ka ah-ta, White tree. Creeping blackberry. 0-kah-hak-wah, ^« (j;;?, or Ball of an eye. Tamarack. Ka-neh-tens, The leaves fall, it beingour only de- ciduous conifer. The name of tamarack or hackmatack is an Algonquin word. Balsam fir. Cho-koh-ton, Blisters, on the bark. J'lax. Oo-skah, Threadlike, or Making threads. Water beech. O-tan-tahr-te-weh, A. lean tree. This is very expressive, the tree looking hke a very thin beech. Black 1 aspberry. Teu-tone-hok-toon, The plant that bends over Ginseng. Da-kieen-too-keh, The forked plant. In the Oneida tongue this is Ka-lan-dag-gough. May apple, or Mandrake, 0-na-when-stah, Soft fruit. Mullein. Ki-sit-hi, Flannel. Also, Oo-da-teach-ha, Stockings. Yellow dock. Tea-tah, She stands over yonder. Sycamore. Oo-da-te-cha-wun-nes, Big stockings. Ka-nen- skwa is another name. White oak. Ki-en-tah-eh-tah, White looking tree, Hop. Ah-weh-hah, Flower. It is 0-je-jea in Oneida, Zike a flower. Dicentra, including Dutchman's breeches, and SquirreV corn. Hah-ska-iiah-ho-ne-hah, Ghost corn or food for ghosts. A good name for this spectral flower. White wake robin. 0-je-gen-stah, Wrinkles on the forehead. The purple species is only distinguished by color, and its reputed medicinal virtues seemed unknown to the Onondagas. I was surprised at this, but their best medicine woman knew nothing of it in her practice. Il8 INDIAN NAMES. Elecampane, or perhaps Artichoke, Ook-ta-ha-wa-ne, Big root This has another name, Kah-a-wa-soont-hah, Flower coming from a sunflower. Red maple, small variety. Oot-kwen-tahhe-ehn-yo, New grdwth is red. Blue Cohosh, as well as the others, Oo-kah-ta, Not ripe. Cat-tail. Oo-na-too-kwa, Rushes that grow high, or Plenty of flags growing. Perhaps Much rushes, in the Onondaga idiom, applying to either size or quantity. Another name is sometimes used. Wild Aster. Ka-sa-yein-tuk-wah, /jf brings the frost. Wild Plum. Ka-ha-tak-ne, Dusty fruit. Hound's Tongue. Teu-te-nah-ki-en-tun-oo-noo-kwa-ea, Sheep burr. The first six syllables stand for sheep. Indian tobacco, Nicotiana rustiea. 0-yen-kwa hon-we, Real tobacco. This species is used in religious ceremonies, and is the kind commonly grown by the Onondagas. Oyenkwa conveys no meaning beyond that of a name. Black walnut. Deut-soo-kwa-no-ne, Round nut. White cedar, or Arbor Vitsel. Oo-soo-ha-tah, Feather leaf. Cohosh. Ka-koh-sah-tes-cha-kas, Smells like a horse. It may be some other plant, but was given me as this. Che-ka-se is Rotten wood in Tuscarora, and seems applied to Dirca palustris. Wild rose. Ah-weh-ha-tah-ke, Red flower. This is also called from its medicinal use, Ko-tot-hot-ah, It stops diarrhoea. Ka-nus-ta-che, Black stick, may be Black Alder, or perhaps a Viburnum. Crab apple. 0-yah-hon-we, Real apple. This is the old name for the wild crab, but is now transferred to the Siberian crab apple. Beech-drops. Och-ke-ah-kfck-hah, It grows on beech ground^. American Yew. 0-ne-te-o-ne, Hemlock that lies dojvn. INDIAN NAMES. II9 Samphire. 0-heah gwe-yah, Fingers. Commonly used with Kit-kit, thus meaning Chicken's fingers, or toes. Bladder-nut. Oost-tah-wen-sa, Rattles. Buckwheat. Te-ya-nah-cha-too-ken-ha, Square seed. Crinkle root. (Dentaria.) 0-ech-ken-tah, £raid, in allusion to its zig-zag form. Carrot. O-jeet-kwah-ne-uk-ta-ha-ta, Yellow root Mustard and Ox-eye daisy. Ko-hen-tuk-wus, It takes away your field. This is applied to some other troublesome weeds. Grass. O-win-oka is grass grown to its full height. Short grass, as in turf, is 0-je-go-chah. Flower is Ah-weh-hah, but flower-seed is O-tach-ha. Forest is Kah-hah, and Kah-hah-goon-wah, /« the woods. Ash. Ka-hen-we-yah. This differs somewhat from another form, and seems to have reference to a boat. It is the Black Ash. White Ash is Ka-neh, and a variety growing by the water and used for baskets is Ka-neh-ho-yah, Another kind of Ash. Of the following I could not obtain the primary meaning. Sugar maple. Ho-whah-tah. Beech. Oech-keh-a. . Butternut tree. Oo-ha-wat-tah. The nut is Oo-sook-kwa. Late grey willow. Oo-seh-tah. Sumac. Oot-koo-tah. Currant. Ska-hens-skah-he. Maize. Oo-ne-hah. White corn is Oo-na-hah-keh-ha-tah, and there are names for other varieties. Sweet flag is Oo-a-hoot-tah. The name of the wild iris diff"ers but little. Peas are O-na-kwa, and beans, Oo-sah-ha-tah. \ Wild cherry. A-e. The red cherry is Ja-e. : Potato. Oo-neh-noo-kwa. t Birch. Oo-na-koon-sah. I20 INDIAN NAMES. Hickory. A-nek. The bitter nut kind is Us-teek, while the common nut is Oo-sook-wah. Golden rod. 0-yun-wa. Snake root. 0-skwen e-tah. Sunflower. O-ah-wen-sa. Prickly ash. Ke-un-ton. Elm.. Oo-koh-ha-tah. Alder. Too-see-sa. A tree is Kai-en-ta, and a shrub 0-hoon-tah. Horse. Koo-sah-tis, Rider, perhaps one ridden. Cow. Teu-hone-skwa-hent, Bunch on the face, from the protu- berance in chewing the cud. ■ Beaver. 0-no-ka-yah-ke, It cuts off trees. Fox. Ska-nux-ha, Mischievous. Porcupine. 0-ne-ha-tah,- Full of prickles. Sheep. Teu-te-nah-kien-tun, Horns on. Rabbit. Tah-hoo-tah-na-ke, Two ears together. The smal* kind is Kwa-ye-eh-ah. Skunk. Neet-tus, He breaks wind. House mouse. Che-ten-ah, Small mouse. To this add Ske- non-to, Deer, for the wood mouse. The field mouse is Jun" kwi-se, and the rat, Che-ten-goo-nah, Big mouse. Mole. Che-neugh-kae-ha, Bad nose and bad hands. Bat. Tah-hun-tike-skwa, Ear biter. Flying squirrel. Tok-wah-soon-tun, Flies and spreads itself. The black and grey squirrels are Juk-ha-tah-kee; the red, Hi- se; the chipmuck, Tuch-he-yuh. Raccoon. Ju-a-kuk, and- the woodchuck, 06-nok-kent. Bear. Oo-kwa-e. Wolf Tab-he-yp-ne. Deer. Ske-non-to. Cat. Tah-go(3s. I'he dog is Che-pah, and two dogs, Ta-heech- e-hah. INDIAN NAMES. 121 Weasel. Chu-tah-kwa-haen-ke. Mink. Chu-jah-kok. Muskrat. An-nook-keah. ' The Onondagas have comparatively few bird names. Bird it- self is KaAyu-huh. Rpbin. Jis-kah-kah, from its note. It varies slightly in the varibus dialects. Crow. Kah-kah, also from its note, but with a slower utter- ance. Henhawk. Ta-ka-yah-tach-kwa, It picks up the body, or any- thing else. Eagle. Skah-je-a-nah, Big claws. Humming bird. Che-hone-wa-ge. Shining'-tail, or perhaps re- ferring to the whole form. ;Heron. Ne-ah-sa-kwa-tah, Crooked neck. Pwl. K.aek-hoo-iyah, Big feathery thing. ^ Long eared owL Tah-hoon-too-whe, Putting his ears in water^ or. bringing them together. The screech owl is Kwi-yeh. Oriole. — Jo-heung-ge. . Bobolink. Neet-tus, Skunk, from its color, this being the name of that animal. • Quail. ,Koo-koo-e, from its note. The last syllable is quite emphatic. Partridge. Noon-yeah-ki-e, Noisy step. Swallow. Ta-kah-na-ke-kwa, Picks up water. Wild pigeon. Chu-ha. The common dove is Ju-ha-ah. Snipe. Tah-wish-tah-wish, from its not^i Turkey. No-ta-ha-wha. Toad. Nees-kwah-k'wien-te, Full of warts. Green Snake. O-je-gooch-jah-ah, Green snake. Rattlesnake. Sa-kwe-ehn-tah, He has a spear, alluding to the appended rattle. Black snake. Ski-yea tis. He is a long snake. Oo-si-is-tah, SnakCi is to be prefixed to some of these: 122 INDIAN NAMES. Ring snake. N'yeo-hine-kwen, Redneck. The milk snake is Nees-heh-seh, and the water snake Hah- nah-to. Whale. Ose-wah-ka-hen-tah, Hole in the back. Sturgeon. Ken-chea-go-nah, Big fish. Black bass. O-when-tah, Big body. Sun fish. Ta-you-chees- tah, Fire in the head, in allusion to the red spot. Common sucker. O-noo-whie-you, Good head. Mud sucker. 0-chu-tas-sen, Fat fish. Also Teuch-hoke-tah, Without a full mouth. Trout. Nah-wan-hon-tah, Has the fast running water in his mouth. Pike. Che-go-sis, Long face. Pickerel the same. In Oneida the former is Ska-kah-lux, Bad eye. Red nose chub. Skah^neust-kwa, Prickles on the nose.' White chub. Oo-kah-ah, Bark. Eel. Q-koon-ta-na, Slippery fe^oiv. Yellow catfish Skah-koo-soo-nah, Big face. White catfish. T'kwe-a-ke, Two limbs separated. Mullet, or Red-fin. O-ses-to-wan-n^s, Large scales. White fish. Wah-haste-tah, White fish. , The common bull-head (small catfish) is Ohn-kah-neh : the perch, Ah-wah-gee; and the bony pike, Neu-ju!i-to-tah Fresh water lobster. O-ge-a-ah, Claws. Oysters and fi-esh-water clams. Q-noo-sah. There seems a reference to a shining shell jn their niinds, and the name closely resembles that of the onion. It may refer in both cases to the peeHng off of the outer envelope. Snail. Ge-seh-weh, Brains. A story belongs to this. Cricket. Ge-noo-se-na, Housekeeper. Grasshopper. Chees-tah-a. , Butterfly. Hah-nah-wen, He feels warm, because it delights in the sun. INDIAN NAMES. 1 23 The sun is An-te-kah Ka-ah-qua, Day sun; and the moon, As-so-he-ka Ka-ah-qua, Night sun. Bog. Ka-nah-wah-ke, Place of much water. From this sense it is applied to the rapids of a river, as at Lachine on the St. Lawrence, and Caughnawaga on the Mohawk. Thunder. Ka-wen-non-tone-te, Voices we hear. Lightning. Ta-wen-ne-wus, // makes light. ADDENDA. In the preceding pages a few omissions have been made in. New York names, and some slight errors may have occurred, in spite of all care. The only serious one may be a misprint of Mississippi for Mississauga, on page loi. The Delawares called their river, Lenapewihittuck, or River of the Lenape. The word Hittuck iaea.r\% a rapid river. The village of Sannio, mentioned by Zeisberger, was probably Gannio, which would be Beautiful stream, and may refer to a hamlet on the Seneca river, near Cay- uga lake. Cajucka is the same as Cayuga, giving the soft sound to the second syllable. In Cattaraugus county is Odasquadossa, Around the stone, ap- plied to Great Valley creek. In Dutchess county are Metambesem, now Sawkill ; Tan- quashquieck, now Schuyler's Vly; Waraukameek, now Ferer Cot, or pine Swamp. Lossing calls an island in Schroon lake, Caywanot, and Waw- beek Lodge is a summer resort on the Upper Saranac. In his narrative of 1689, Col. Schuyler mentioned the following places, not far from tlje west shore of Lake Champlain : Kanondoro, Oghraro, and Ogharonde farther north. The village of South Onondaga is called T'kahentootah, Where f he pole is raised. On page 12, twenty'Seventh line, chapge 1760 to 1670. 124 INDIAN NAMES. Page 1 6, read Quisichkook, and Wawyachtonock. Page 17. twenty-third line, read Long lake. " ' Page 44, read Waiontha. Page 72, read Paskungemah. Page loi, seventh line, read Mississauga. Peconic river is the principal stream in the east part of Suffolk county. In the same county is Moriches, and Yaphank is a tributary of the Conetquot, or Connecticut river there. The Siwanoys were a tribe on Long Island Sound and the East river. Nappeckamack was also an InjSian village in West- chester county. Near New York many local nam^s have la'tely been revived, especially for hotel and villa purposes. This is becoming the case in the Adirondack wilderness,' where Some have been introduced. A curious factor in the recent spread of Indian nani^s, has been furnished by the Post Office Department. It has (ioillected lists from which to select names for new offices,' and wfiile most of these are really old, one of my Indian friends formed a num- ber of new, simple and significant names for this purpdse. With a moderate knowledge of Indian dialects this mdy -easily be done. For such purposes the Iroquois language is unsurpassed, though some others are not far behind. Many Delaware words are quite as melodious, though less stately. It is gratifying to know that so many of our native dialects are now being placed in per- manent form, and may thus be drawn upon in- the future. THE END. INDKX. PAGE. Absecumb io6 Accaponack 8i Accomac ioi Achquetuck 7 Acqueahounck 88 Acquitack 93 Acushnett no . Acawanuck 16 Adaquagtina 18 Adiga 67 Adiquitange 18 Adirondack z6 Adjuste 35 Adrincha. . . ; 73 Agamenticus 107 Aganuschion 27 Agioochook 99 Agwatn 80 Ahanhage 65 Ahashawaghkick 16 Ahgotesaganage 40 Ahtagwehdaga 62--,! Ahwagee 39 Aiaskawosting. 63 Ajoyokta 48 PAGE. Akwissasne 29 Alabama 30-98 Alaska ng Alaskayering 82 Algonquin 28-109 Alipconck 89 Allegany. .■ 8 Allickewany 108 Allnapooknapus . ; \ 31 Amagansett 81 Amawalk 88 Amoskeag 99 Ampersand 28 Anaquassacook 86 Anahuac 109 Anajot 40 Andarague 43 Andes ..;....;........ 106 Andiataracte 86 Andiataroete 85 Anjagen 37 Aontagillon-. 40-49 Apaehe. xo6 Apalachian .-109 Apalachin . . .- 83 126 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. PAGE. Apalachicola 109 Apawamis 90 Apokeepsink 19 Apoquague , 19 Appamaghpogh 89 Aquarage 48 Aquebague .'... 80 Aquebonga 71 Aquehung 89 Arkansas 99 Armonck 89 Armenperai 88 Arnoniogre 59 Aroostook 100 Arrapaho 102-1 1 1 Axaquenta 61 Ascalege 76 Aserotus 87 Ashaagona 96 Ashtabula 103 Aspetong 89 Assineboin , . 102 Assinnissink . . 79 Assiskowachkeek 93 Assorodus 87 Astenrogen 33 Astorenga 33 Astraguntera 18 Awanda 18 Atatea 32 Atateka 84 Atalapoosa 84 Atenharakwehtare 34 Athapasca 104 Athethquanee 108 Atkarkarton 83 Attacapa 109 Attoniat 14 Basher 63-82 Betuckquapock 90 Boutokeese 85 Brule Ill Cachiadachse 54 Cadaraqui 64 Caddo 109 Cadosia 18 Cadranghie 33 Cahaniaga 45 Cahaquaragha 21-47 Cahogaronta 32 Cahunghage. 56 Callicoon 81 Canachagala 33 Canada 30-51-104 Canadasseoa 40 Canadice 60 Canaenda 62 Canagora 45 Canajoharie 43 Canandaigua 61 Canarsie 35 Canasawasta 15 Canasenc 93 Canaseraga 9-35-39 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES, 127 PAGE. Canassaderaga 39 Canastota 39 Canawaugus 36 Caneadea 8 Canewana 82 Caniadaraga 67 Caniaderi Guarunte 26 Caniaderioit 85 Caniaderosseras 85 Caniadutta 29 Caniskek 94 Canistaquaha 74 Canisteo 78 Canniungaes 43 Canoga 77 Canohage 65 Canopus 68-90 Canorasset 69 Canowaroghare 51 Canowedage 32 Cantitoe 9° Capawack no Caranasses 90 Carantouan 83 Casawavalatetah 37 Cashickatunk 18 Cashigtoti 81 Cassontachegona 65 Cataraqui 100 Catasaugua 106 Catatunk 82 Catawba , 79 PAGE. Cathatachua 32 Cattaraugus 9-9 * Catawissa 106 Caughdenoy 64 Caughnawaga 45 Caumsett 69 Cayadutta . . , 29-45 Cayuga 11-85-91 Cayuta., 77 Chadakoin 13 Chadaqueh 13 Charaton 87 Chautauqua 12 Chawtickognack 77 Checkanango 30 Checkomingo '. . 17 Cheesecocks 63 Chegaquatka 51 Chegwaga 72 Chehocton 18 Chemung 14-82 Chenango 9-19 Chenashungaton 10 Cheningo 17 Chenondac 49 Chenondanah 36 Chenonderoga. 26 Chenunda 9 Cheoquock 77 Chepachet 33-103 Chepontuc 8 Cherokee 102 128 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Chesapeake loo Chesuncook loa Cheyenne 103-111 Chicago 100 jChicopee 74 ChickahoHiiny 104 Chickamauga . ...... 104 Chictawauga 23 Chigoes 104 Chillicothe 106 Chinosehehgeh gi Chippewa 72-102 Chitimacha 109 Chittenango 38 Choconut 9 Choharo 12 Chonodote 10 Choueguen 12-64 Chouendahowa 75 Choughkawokanoe 82 Choughtighignick 31 Ci;routons 12 Chuctenunda 42 Chugnutts . . 9 Chutonah 49 Chunutah 49 Cicapoa 100 Ciohana 32 Cisqua 90 Coaquannock 106 Cobamong 88 Cochecton '. . 81 Codaughrity 42 Cohansey -i. ■ • 9° Gohasset .,,...... 99 Cohoes . . 7 Cohongorunto 67 Cokeose , 18 Comanches m Cometico . . 79 Commack .81 Condawhaw 77 Conesus 35 Conetquot 80 Conewago 107 Conewango i 8-9 Conewawa 14 Congammuck 29 Conhocton 78 Conihunto .' 67 Conistigione 76 Conneaut 107 Connecticut 97 Connectsio 38 Conneogahakalononitade 44 Connondauwegea . .. 14 Connughhariegughharie . . 75 Conongue 79 Conoval 90 Cookquago ...... 9-1 7 Copake 17 Coppacow 105 Coram 80 Corchaki 81 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 129 Coreorgonel 83 Coshaqua 37 Cossayuna 86 Coughsagrage 27 Cowaselon 39 Cowilliga 42 Coxsackie 31 Croton 88 Cumsewogue 79 Cungstaghrathankre 44 Cushietank 63 Cussawago 107 Cutchogne 80 Cuyahoga 105 Dadeodanasukto 23 Dadenoscara 43 Dageanogeanut 63 Dakota 98 Daosanogeh 30 Datecarskosase 47 Dategeadehanaghe 48 Dategehhosoheh 63 Datewasunthago 50 Datskahe 1 1 Daudehokta 10 Daudenosagwanose 40 Dayahoowaquat 33-5° Dayaitgao 38 Dayodehokto 42 Daweennet 35 Deagogaya, 11 Deaonohe 57 Deasgwahdaganeh 24 Deashendaqua 10 Deawendote 10 Dedyonawa'h 24 Dedyowenoguhdo 25 Deiswagaha 55 Dekanage 43 Denontache 6ft Deodesote 36 Deodosote 48 Deonagano 10 Deonagono 36 Deonakehussink 58 Deoongona 30 Deongote 23 Deonundagaa 36 Deoselatagaat 51 Deostehgaa 25 Deseroken 92 Deshonta 30 Deowainsta 51 Deowesta 38 Deowuudakno 63 Deowyundo 55 Deyaohen 92 Deyehhogadases , 24 Deyoherp 92 Deyohhogah 23 Deyosweken ; . . . 92 Deyowuhyeh 48 Dionondahowa 86 Diontaroga 14 I30 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Donatagwenda 79 Doshoweh 21 Duhjihhehoh ^ 48 Dyoeohgwes 25 Dyohensgovola io8 Dyonahdaeeh 24 Dyosdaodoh 25 Dyoshoh 24 Dyuhahgaih 38 Dyuneganooh 25 Dyuaoadahgaseh 36 Dyunowadase 49 Dyusdanyahgoh 49 Eauketaupuckuson 90 Eghquaous 71 Eghwagny 51 Entouhonorons 60-64 Erie 19 Eskimo 109 Esopus 83 Etagragon 44 Etcatars^arenre 33 Feegowese ." 74 Fisquid -.. 87 Gaahna 54 Gaanadahdaah 23 Gaanogeh 49 Gaanundata 14 Gaaschtinick 7 Gacheayo 57 Gadageh 23 Gadagesgao 91 Gadaoyadeh 25 Gadoquat 55 Gaensara 62 Gaghconghwa 61 Gahdayadeh 25 Gaheawaga 65 Gahgwahgeh 23 Gahnigahdot 38 Gahuagojetwadaalote 34 Galaraga 76 Ganadadele 15 Ganadawao 14 Ganaouske 85 Gananoqui 104 Ganargwa 87 Ganosawadi 15 Ganatarage 12 Ganataragoin 72 Ganaatio 87 Ganatisgoa 40 Ganatocherat 15 Ganatoheskiagon 107 Ganayat 91 Ganeadiya 37 Gaaegatodo 35 Ganehdaontweh 37 Ganentouta 34 Ganeowehgayat ; 8 Ganeraski 107 Ganiataregechiat. ....... 12 Ganiotaragaehrachat 17 Gannagaro 61 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 131 PA09 Ganneidus .* 107 Gannerataraske 17 Gannongarae 6i Gannounata. 3Q Gauoalohale 4P Ganohgwahtgeh 25 Ganolihohgeh 2X Ganqwaya 57 Ganowtecbgerage 8^ Ganowungp . , 14 Gaaundaah 61 Ganundaglee, 51 Ganuntskowa 65 Goosachgaah ,61 Gaosagao 6i Gaowahgowaah; 49 Gaquagaono lO Garoga , . .. 42 Gafonouoy. 72 Gaskonchiagon 41 G'askosada 47 Gaskosadaneo 25 Gasotena 66 Gasquendageh 24 Gaswadah 30 Gaudak 30 Gawanasegeh. 80 Gawanowananeh 68 Gawehnogeh 25 Gawehdowana 11 Gawenot 25 Gawshegwehoh 37 Gayagaanha 11 Gayagaawhdoh 23 Geadiyo 92 Geauga ..105 Geneganstlet 15 Genentaha ... 52 Genesee;. ,. 30-36 Geneseo 30-j6 Geneundahsaiska 30 Gentaieton 23 Ginisaga. 42 Gitshiguma - no Gusdago 14 Godokena i 41 Gognytanee 76 Goienho. 40-SS Gowanda 10 Gowanisque 79 Goyogoins 87 Gwaugweh , 48 Gwehtaanetecarnundodeh 30-42 Gwisteahna 58 Gweugweh r^ Haanakrois. , . . . 7 Hachniage ; 38 Hackensack 19-71-107 Hagguato. 7 Hahdpneh.. 23 Hamcram. 7 Hananto .-. .' . . 55 Haseco ■ 90 132 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. FAQK. Hateeotox 26 Hatekehneetgaondo 49 Heahhawhe '. • 65 Hesoh 10 Heweghtiquack 88 Heyontgathwathah 25 Hoboken . -.- 47 Hochelaga lor Hockhocking .-103 Hokohongus 9° Hom'oiyack .. 82-84 Honeoye ■ 37-^^ Honge , 90 Honnedaga 33 Ho.osick ...,,.,. 70 Hoppogu.e r . ■ - ■ ■ 8° Horicon 84 Ho.stayun.twa, . ; , 50 Hotanke .... ......;;. .108 Housatonic 100 Huncksook 26 Iconideroga. . . . 42 Idaho. .-.. . 98 Illinois 99 Incapahchp.. 32 Iowa 97 Irondequoit ... . 40 Iroquois. ......... 28-40-73 Ischoda 71 Ischuna . , 10 Isutchera 8 Jagooyeh. 30 PAQ>. Jagoyogeh 8 Jamaica 69 Jaquokranaegarae 9.6 Jedpndago . .• 41-87 ^ Jegasaneh 10 Jehonetaloga 2^,; Jeqneatowaka 62 Joaik 30 Jonasky 14 . Jonondeseh 92 Juscumeatick 69 Jutalaga 42 Jutowesthali. 27-31 Kachkawayick 16 Kachnarage 56 Kadewisday 51 Kadiskona 65 Kaeouagegein 14 Kaggais 31 Kaghneantasis :■'.' 67 Kaliakasnik ...'.'' 84 Kahcheboncook 85 Kahchoquahna 86 Kahekanumda ".'.' 33 Kahengouetta 34 Kahesarahera 61 Kahbewake 92 Kahkekdohhon 92 Kahkwah . , 19-20 Kahnaseu .*.... 68 Kahowtthare 76 Kahseway. 17 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 133 Kahskunghsaka 65 Kahuahgo ,^ Kahyahooneh 53 Kahyungkwatahtoa 58 Kaiehntah ^4 Kaioongk ^4 Kaiyahnkoo 53 Kakiate , 71 Kakouagoga 19 Kanadarauk 43 Kanadesaga 62 Kanaghtarageara 51 Kanakage 11 Kanasahka 59 Kanasedahkeh 92 Kanatagiron 65 Kanatagowa 58 Kanataraken 73 Kanataseke 73 Kanataswastakeras 73 Kanawaga 72 Kanawahgoonah 59 Kaneenda 52 Kangodick 50 Kanhaitaneckge 24 Kaniatarontoquat 41 Kanjearagore 76 Kanona 79 Kanono 47 Kanonskegon 38 Kanov^alohale 14 Kanowaya 55 Kansas 97 Kanughwaka 59 Kanuskago 35 Kanvagen ." 38 Kanyonscotta 52 Karathyadira 8 Karaken •. . . 92 Karhetyonni 92 Karhowenghradon 92 Karighondontee 76 Karistaulee 28 Karonkwi 72 Kasanotiayogo 14 Ktisawasahya 37 Kashong 61 Kaskongshadi 27 Kaskosovyahnah 47 Kasoag 66 Kasoongkta 57 Katahdin 100 Katawignack 93 Katonah 89 Katsenekwar 73. Kauhagwarahka 21 Kaunasehwadeuyea 67 Kawenokowanenne 72 Kayaderoga 74 Kayaderosseras 75 Kayadosseras 26 Kayandorossa 84 Kayawese 74 Kaygen 79 134 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Keakatis 90 Kearsarge 103 Kehook 66 Keinthe..,.. 62 Kekeshick 89 Kendaia. 7^ Kenhanagara 76 Kenjockety 25 Kennebec 103 Kenosha loi Kensico 90 Kente 107 Kentsiakowane 29 Kentucky 97 Kentuehone 53 Kennyetto 29 Kenzua ..104 Keokuk , . loi Kestaubaiuck 90 Kerhonkson 84 Ketchepun'ak 81 Keuka. 79-91 Keweenaw 102 Kiaheuntaha 54 Kiamesha 82 Kicktawank 88 Kickua. 16 Kienuka 48 Killalemy 68 Killawog 9 Killoquaw 29 Kinaquariones 44 PAQE. Kineo ^°^ Kingiaquahtonee 86 Kiowa 109-111 Kishewana 68 Kiskatamenakook 31 Kiskatom 3^ Kisko 89 Kitchawan 88 Kitoaboneck 80 Kittaning 103 Kittatiny 103 Kiwigtignock 88 Knaeto 79 Kohatatga 8 Kohpseraghe 36 Kolaneka 30 Konkhonganok 80 Konneonga 82 Kpnyouyhyough 36 Kotchakatoo 52 Kouari ^ . . . . 33 Kuhnataha 65 Kunatah 53 Kundaqua 58 Kunyouskata 51 Kusteha $0 Kuyahora 50 Kuykuyt . . . . , 83 Kyserike 84 Laaphawachking 45-9^ Lackawack 82-84 LackawaPAa, .ipa INDEX TO PAOB. Lackauwaxen 102 Lenape.. 108 Loyalhanna. . . , 104 Loyalsock 104 Lusum 60 Lycoming 66-102 Machackamock 84 Machawanick 93 Machhanne 106 Macokassino 90 Macooknack 88 Macookpack 68 Maennepis 90 Magowasinginck 84 Magquamkasick > 94 Magrigaries 88 Mahockamack 7 j-82 Mahackemeck 63 Mahakeneghtue 84 Mabaska.kook 16 Masoning 106 Mahopac 68 Mamakating 81 - Mamaroneck 89 Mam.ecotink 81 Manakawaghkin 90 Manahatouh , 108 Mananpsick 16 Manphage 109 Manckatawangum 82 Mandans , . 107 JJangopsoa 90 LOCAL NAMES. 135 PAOE. Manhasset 69-80 Manhattan 45-96 Manhonsackahaquashuwor- nook . , 80 Manowtussquott 79 Manunketesuck 90 Manursing 88 Maqua 43 Maquaconkaeck 70 Maquainkadely 70 Maregond 19 'Maroonskaack 70 Marseping 69 Ntaskinongez .20 Maskoutens 104 Maspeth 69 Massachusetts 97 Massawepie 73 Massepe 69 Mastaqua 28 Mastic 79 Matapony 106 Matinicock 69 Matowacks 80 Mattapan no Mattashuk 17 Mattituck 81 Matteawan, 19-63-71 Mauch Chunk 1 03 Mawanagwasick 16 Mawhichnack 16 Mawignack 93 U6 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Meanagh 89 Mecox 81 Mehanas 88 Mendota. 1 11 Menominee ^ . 102 Menunkatuck xio Mereychawick 35 Merrick 69 Merrimac 99 Meshodac 70 Metongues. 82 Mettacahonts ,84 Mettowee. 86 Mexico i . . 99 Miami 105 Miamog 80 Mianrogue 80 Mianticutt 81 Michigan 78-98 Miehilimackinac in Michinipi no Milwaukee 103 Minas 71 Minasseroke 79 Minatarees 107 Mingwing 81 Minisceongo 71 Minisink 63 Minnahauock 47 'Minnahenock 90 •Minnesota 97 Minnehaha 102 Minnetarees no Minnewaska 84 Minnewies 88 Minnissichtariock t 16 Minsi 108 Miosehassaky. 91 Mishawum 109 Mississauga loi Mississippi 98 Missouri 98 Mistucky 63 Mobile no Mockgonnekouck 69 Mockquams 89 Moenemines ,. 7 Mohagan 31 Moharsic 88 Mohawk 3*-43 Mohegan 68-88-108 Mohegonter 76 Mohensick 69 Mohonk 84 Mombaccus 83 Monacan 103 Manadnpck 99 Monakewego 90 Monayunk 106 Monchonock 80 Moneong in Mongaup. 18-63-81 Monocacy 103 Monocknong 71 JNDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 137 Monongahela . . 103 Monsey 71 Montauk 80 Monwagan 63 Mo.oshausick no Mdospottenwacha 85 Mosholu 88 Motanucke 71 Mayamensing 106 Muscoota , 88 Muskegoe 105 Muskingum 100 Mussauco no Mystic T03 Nachaquatuck 80 Nachaquickquack ........ 70 l^achassickquaack .70 S'achawachkano 16 Nachtenack 74 Naganoose 37 Namasakeeset .'.... 1 10 Nanama 90 Nanapahakin 17 Nantasasis 58 Nanticoke 83 Napanock 84 Napeague 81 Napeestock 93 Narragansett 103 Nascon 11 Nashua 99 Nata4u'nk 52 FAOB. Natchez 106 Natick no Nauasin 90 Naugatuck , . .103 Naumkeag no Navajo no Neaga Waagwenneyu 42 Neatawantha 64 Nebraska 97 ^ Negagonse 71 Negateca 37-62 Nehasane 33-35 Neodakheat 83 Nepaug 106 Neperhan 89 Neshannock 105 Nessingh ■. . 32 Neversink 63-71-81 Nev/ageghkoo 40 Niagara 47 Niantic '. . . ..105 Niaoure 34 Nicaragua 109 Nichankook . . . , 16 Nidyionyahaah 24 Nigawenahaah 20 Nihanawate 28 Niharuntaquoa 50 Nikahionhakowa 34 Nikentsiake 74 Niobrara 105 Nipissing 107 '38 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. PAGE. Nipnichsen 90 Nipsic 105 Niscatha 7 Niskayuna 66-76 Nissequague 81 Noapain 90 Nockamixon 105 Nodoneyo 32 Nominick 80 Nonowautuck 79 Nope..... no Nowadaga ...... ...... 32 Nowannagquasick 16 Noyack 81 Nunda 37 Nundadasis 50 Nundawao 62 Nuppa. 16 Nuquiage 78 Nushiona 32 Nyack . . 71 Oageh 31 Oatka ..30-91 Ochquichtok 93 Ochsweege '. 47 Ocoligo , . 106 Ocquionis 68 Octarora 104 Odasquawateh 10 Oeyendehk 78 Ogahgwahgeh 25 Ogallallas in Ogeawatekae 49 Oghnaweron 92 Oghracfcie 42 Oghrekyonny 92 Oghskwawaseronon 92 Ogoyaga 91 Ogsadaga. . . ; 42 Ohadi i 36 Ohagi 38 Oheeo j 10 Ohio 33-99 Ohiokea 39 Ohnentaha. . i . . 52 Ohnowalagantle 75 Ohsahaunytahseughka. . . 56 Ohudeara 42-60 Oiekarontne 35 Oiogue 8-85 Ojeenrudde 5 1-86 Qjequack ....... w ..... . 72 Ojibway 102 Ojikhadagega 47-80 Okkanum 9 Omaha 105 Onaghe... '. . . 37 Onangwack 84 Onannogiiska ; 17 Onas. 96 Onawedake 44 Ondachare 12 Ondawa 87 Onderiguegon 87 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 139 Oneadalote 26 Oneaka 47 Oneentadashe 76 Onehchigeh 41 Onehda 36-61 Oneida 39-5° Onenyodeh 92 Oneongonre 42 Oneonta 67 Oneteadahque 50 Oneyagine 76 Onguiaahra 47 Onioen 12 Oniskethau 7 X)nistade 35 Onistagrawa 76 Onitstahragarawe 76 Onjadaracte 86 Onkwiiyede 92 Onoalagonena 75 Onoghquaga 9 Onoghsadadago 8 Onondaga 52 Onondahgegahgeh 24 Onondarka 9 Onontare 12 Onontohen 34 Ono wadagegh 18 Onowanogawense 17 Ontiahantague 64 On-ikehQsiawck 7° Ontiora 31 Ontonagon 107 Onunogese 55 Oquaga 9 Oracotenton 72 Oregon 85-97 Oriskany 5° Osakentake 73 Osarhehan 29 Oscawana 89 Osceola .35-68-109 Osenodus 87 Oserake loi Oserigooch. ; 59 Oshkosh 109 Oskawano 68 Osoawentha 10 Osoontgeh 31 Ossaragas 75 Osseunenon 42 Ossinsing 88 Ossipee lob Oswegatchie 35-72 Oswego .■ . - 64 Ostenha - - - . 66 Oswaya 10 Otegegajakee 55 Otego 67 Otequehsahhteh 55 Oteseonteo. '. 18 Otisco S4 Otochshiacho ■. 62 Otonabee : 109 140 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES, Otondiata. 72 Otsdawa 68 Otsegb 66 Otselic 15-39 Otseiiingo 9 Otsgaragu 76 Otshwerakeron 92 Otsikwake 72 Otsiketa 106 Otsquaga 33-42 Otsquene 42 Otstungo 42 Ottawa loi Ouaroronon 49 Oucongena 76 . Oukorlah 28 Ouleout 18 Ouluska 28 Ounontisaston 49 Outenessoneta 34 Ovirka 39 Owaeresoueri 76 Owahgenah • »/, 3^. Owaiski 8 Owarioneck 18-67 Owasco ,. . II Owasne 73 Owego t 82 Oxdenhe , 92 Oyahan : . SS Oyonwayea 48 Paanpaack 70 Pachquiack 93 Paensic . . .' 70 Pahaquarry 103 Pahhakoke. 70 Pahiicha 97 Paikandoos m Pakataghkan 18 Pangaskolink 84 Panhoosick 70 Panquacumsuck 80 Papaguanetuck 27 Papotunk 18 Papskanee 69 Pascack , 71 Pascakook 93 Paskongammuc 29 Paskungemah . . . . ; "72 Pasquashic 90 Passaic i xoj Passapenock 6 Patapsco , iQj Patchogue 79 Patomus go Pattawassa 70 Pattougammuck ........ 29 Patuxet , 1 10 Paughcaughnanghsink. . . 63 Pawnee 102 Pawtucket 100 Pechquenakonck 90 Peeteeweemowguesepo ... 34 Pembinah m INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 141 Pemigewasset 100 Pempotawuthut 7 Pennacook 100 Penataquit 80 Penobscot 100 Pensacola 105 Pentucket ..100 Peoria 91 Pepachton 18 Peppeneghek 90 Pequannock 103 Pequod 105 Perigo 70 Pesquanachqua 94 Petanock 71 Petaquapoen 69-90 Pickaway 107 Piqua 107 Piseataquis loi Piscataquog 100 Piscataway 102 Piscawen 71 Piseco 31 Pitkiskaker. 63 Pittowbagonk 28 Piwaket 31 Pocanteco 89 Pocasset. . . ; 105 Pocatocton 82 Pockeotessen 90 Podunk, 86; PokerHoe 90 Pompanuck 86 Ponchunk 63 Ponckhockie 84 Poningoe . 88 Ponokose 69 Ponquogue 81 Pontiac 25 Popsheny 69 Poquampacake . 70 Poquatuck 81 Poquott 79 Potick . . 3 1-93 Potamiskassick 94 Potiticus 89 Potquassic 71 Pottkook 16 Potuck 63 Potomac 99 Poughkeepsie 19 Poughquag 19 Powhatan 105 Psanticoke 70 Pussapanum 68 Quahaug 90 Quajack 93 Quannahung 88 Quantico 105 Quantuc 81 Quapaws 99 Quaquendena 56 Quaroppas 90- Quassaic. 63 142 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Quawnotiwock 80 Quiehook 56-66 Quisichkooh 16 Qmlliapiack no Quin te 107 Quebec , 99 Quequick 70 QuenischacHschgekhanne 68 Quogue. 81 Raghshough 17 Rahonaness qo Ramapo 63-7 1-103 Ranachque ■ ■ 89 Rappahannock' 105 Raraghenhe 56 Raritan 103 Raxetoth .., 33 Regioghne 27 Rippowams 90 Roanoke 30-104 Rockaway 69 Rodsio 86 Rogeo 26 Rokonkoma 81 Rotsiichni 26 Runonvea 14 Sac 102 Sacahka 16 Sachus 88 Sachwrahung. 88 Sackahampa. 16 Saco 102 Sacohdaga 29 Sacut 69 Sadeahlowanake 15 Sagawannah 76 Sagapun'ak 81 Sagg 81 Saginaw 102 Sagohara 32 Sagoghsaanagechtheyky . . 52 Sahiquage 21 Sahrakka 74 Sakorontakehtas 29 Sampawam 80 Sanahagog 7 Sanatatea 8 Sandanona.. 27 Sandusky 106 Sankhenack 16 Sankhicanni 46 Sannio 12 Saranac 15 Saratoga 74 Sasachem 90 Sateiyienon 68 Saugus. no Sauquoit 50 Scajaquady 23 Scaniadoris 39 Scaghticoke 70 Schanatissa 44 Schenectady 75 Schenevus 66 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 143 FAQE. Schodack 7 x Schoharie 76 Schonowe y6 Scompamuck, 17 Scowarocka 75 Scunnemank 71 Sebago 102 Secontagh 80 Secunk 109 Seepohsnumahkahkee 108 Seeungut 23 Semesseerse 71 Seminole 104 Senasqua 89 Seneca 77 Senhahlone 15 Senongewah 85 Sensinick 88 Sepasco 19 Sepeachin 90 Sepun'ak 81 Sequetanck 69 Setauket 79 Seuka ■ 56 Sganatees- 39 Shackamaxon 104 Shaganahgahyeh 24 Shagwango 81 Shamokin -. 104 Shanahasgwaikon 8 Shanandhot 75 Shandaken 83 Shappaqua 89 Shaseounse 77 Shawangunk 82-83 Shawmut no Shawnee 48-101 Sheboygan 104 Shedowa 14 Sheepshaack 71 Shegwiendawkwe 27 Shekomeko 19 Shenandoah 19-104 Shenondehowa 75 Shewaisla 40 Shinnecock 80 Shippan 90 Shokakin 18 Shokan 83 Shongo 9 Shorackappock 90 Sadaghqueeda 50 Sigghes.. 90 Simnmewog 68 Sing Sing 15-88- Sinhalon eeinn epus . . 29 Sinnondowaene 36 Sin Sink 79 Sinsipink 63 Sint Sink 69-88 Sioascock 90 Sioux 109-1 1 1 SiStogoaet 9 Skaankook 16 144 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. Skagh netaghrowahna .... 27 Skahasegao 36 Skahnetade 7 Skahundovva 17 Skanadario. 60 Skanandowa 50 Skaneateles i7-S3 Skaneatice 60 Skannayutenate 78 Skanowis 50 Skanusunk 50 Skenandoah 50 Skippack 106 Sknoonapus 27 Skoiyase 77 Skonowahco 27 Skonyatales 3q Skosaisto 41 Skowhiangto 9 Sneackx 6 Soegasti 72 Sohahhee 57 Sokonesset no Soghniejahdie 68 Sonhontouans 60 Sonojowauga 36 Sopers bg Sowassett 79 Speonk 81 Squagonna .87 Squam 100 Squakie 37 Squayenna 11 Squinanton 15 Staata 57 Stehahah 59 Stichtekook 94 Stissing 19 Suckasunny 105 Suckebout 90 Sunquams 80 Sunswick 69 Susquehanna 68-82 Suwanee loi Swahyawana 78 Sweege 20 Swenoga 57 Swenughkee 57 Syosset 69 Tabigicht 94 Tacolago 31 Taescameasick 71 Tagaote 48 Taghanick 17 Tagoochsanagechti 58 Taghroonwago 8 Taguneda 56 Tahoe „ 96 Takahundiando 35 Takisedaneyont 23 Takoayenthaqua 59 Takundewide 86 Talaquega 33 Tamaqua 106 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. FAOB. Tammany 46 Tammoesi^ 89 Tampa 105 Tanketenkes 89 Tanraken 90 Tanunnogao 23 Tappan 71 Tarajorhies 42 Tatesowehneahaqua 59 Tatomuck 90 Taughanick 83 Tawasentha 7 Tawassagunshee 7 Tawastawekak. , . : 16 Teahpge 32 Tecananouaronesi. 34 Tecardanadujc 30 Tecaresetanpont 31 Tecarhuharloda 29-32 Tecarjikhado lo Tecarnagage 25-48 Tecarnohs 10 Tecarnowundo 10 Tecarnowunnadaneo .... 31 Techiroguen 56 Teckyadough Nigarige. . . 26 Tegachequane'Qnta 58 Tegahonesaota 11-87 Tegarandies 61 Tegatainasghgue 30 Tegerhunkserode 87 Tegesoken 49 14s FAOB Tehodijenharakwen 92 Tekadaogahe 33 Tekaghweangaraneghton 85 Tekanotaronwe 29 Tekaondoduk 49 Tekaswenkarorens 29 Tekawistota 59 Tekiatantarikon 99 Tekoharawa 43 Tencare Negoni •. 65 Tennessee 97 Tenonatche 43 Teohoken 84 Teonatale 51 Teondeloga 42 Teoronto 41 Tequanotagowa 66 ■^equatsera 76 Tessuya 32 Tethiroguen. 40 Teton 106 Teuchsagrondie ....110 Teughtaghrarow 32 Teuhswenkientook 58 Teuneayahsgona 59' Teunento 55 Teaungesatayagh 54 Teutunehookah 57 Tewaskoowegoona 55 Tewatenetarenies 73 Tewheack 17 Tewistanoontsaneaha . . . ^7 146 INDEX' TO LOCAL NaMESi PAGE. Teyajikhado 52 Teyanunsoke 50 Teyonadelhough 67 Teyoneandakt 67 Teyowey'eridon 92 Teyowisbdon 57 Texas 99 Tgaajii : . 12 Tgades 24 Tganondagayoshah .... 24 Tgahsgohsadeh 24 Tganosodoh. 24 Tgasiyadeh 24 Thayendakhike 44 Theyaoguin 51 Therotons 12 Thiohero , 12 Thogwenyoh . 92 Tiadaghta 18 Tiatachschiunge 82 Tiatachtont 54 Tichero 12 Tickeackgougahaunda . . . 22 Ticonderoga 26 Tierken , . 69 Tightilligaghtikook 87 Tingbtonananda 44 Tiochrungwe .... ^ 40 Tioga '. 32-82 Tiohionhoken 73 Tiondiondoguin 26 Tionondadon 67 Tionondogue 45 Tionondorage. 42 Tioratie -. 32 Tiorunda 68 Tiosaronda 85 Tiotiake loi Tioughnioga r? Tippecanoe 106 Titicus 89 Tiyanagariinte 49 T'kahkoongoondanahyeh 59 T'kahnahtahkaeyehoo ... 59 T'kahneadah.erneuh . . .54 T'kahnehsenteu 59 T'kahsenttah 54 T'kahskoonsutah 59 T'kahskwiutke 57 Tombigbee 105 Tobyhanna , 104 Tomhannock 69 Tomhenack 86 Tonawadeh 28 Tonawanda .... . . 20-30 Toneadih 10 Tonetta 68 Toquams 90 Toronto 104 Toseoway. 22 Totiakton 62 Totieronno 83 Touareune 76 Touenho 56 INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. 147 Touharna. 70 Towarida ....'.. 105 Towarlot)nda.h 32 Towoknowra 76 Tsatsawassa 70 Tsihonwiiletha 73 Tsiiakotehhitserronttietha 73 Tsiiowenbskwarate 72 Tsikanionwareskowa .... 72 Tsitiontchioaagon 41 Tsii'bqui. ■....'. . , 56 Tsitkaniatareskowa 72 Tsitriastenrotiwe 28 Tuckahoe 8g Tucson. 109 Tuechtona 44 Tueyahdassooi 54 Tuhahanwah 58 Tuneungwant 10 Tunasasah 32 Tunatentonk 52 Tundadaqua 57 Tunessassa 10 Tunkhannock 106 Tupelhockenr 103 Tuscaloosa 105 Tuscarawas 104 Tuscarora 37-38-78 Twadaalahala . , . : 43 Twadahahlodahque 50 TwektoHondo 74 Twenungasko 32 Tyconderoge 86 Tyoshoke 70-86 Tyschsarondia , . 31 Umbagog 102 Unadilla 67 Unechtgo 9 UneendO 55 Unquety iio« Unsewats 71 Unundadages 50 Usteka 54 Utah 99 Utowanna 31 Utsyanthia 18 Venango . . .' 105 Waccaback 88 Wachachkeek 3 1-93 Wachkeerhoha 76 Wackanekasseck 16 Waconina 33 Wahankasick 16 Wahpole Siriegahu 29 Wahcoloosendoochalera . . 87 Waimanuck 89 Waiontha 33 Wakonteebe iii Walhonding 105 Walloomsac 70 Wampachookglenosuck . . 86 Wampanoag 106 Wampecock 86 Wampmissic 80 I4S INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES. PAGE. Wampus 88 Wanmainuck 90 Wapanachki 108 Wappinger iq Wapsipinicon 109 Wascontha 30-44 Wasgwas 11 Washburn 17 Wassaic 19 Wastohehno 96 Waukegan iit Wauteghe 67 Wawantapekook 31 Wawarsing. 84 Wawayanda 63 Waweatunong no Wawkwaonk 85 Wawyachtenock i6 Webatuck 19 Weecquaesguck 88 Weehawken 47 Weghkethon . 92 Weghquegtick 90 Wenawmiea.' 108 Wennebees 90 Wepuc 90 Weteringhraguentere 34 Whippany 105 Wheeling 106 Wichquanachtekak 93 Wichquapakkat 16 Wickopee 19-68 PAOE- Wikisan 90 Willimantic 106 Willowemock 82 Wiltmeet. 84 Winnebago 29-101-108 Winnepeg loi Winnepiseogee 100 Winona 102 Winooski no Wisconsin 97 Wiscoy 8 Wshqua 90 Wissahickon 102 Wlssayek 89 Wittenagemota 70 Wopowag , . 79 Wuhquaska 16 Wyalusing 102 Wyomanock 17 Wyoming 91-98 Yankton 102-111 Yantic. . ; 104 Yazoo. 102 Yemassee 102 Yennecock 80 Yodanyuhgwah 24 Younghaugh , . . . 38 Youghiogheny 104 Yoxsaw ■•••• 35 Yuma 109 Zinochsaa eg Zuni 109